id
stringlengths 15
20
| title
stringlengths 1
116
| document
stringlengths 629
523k
| question
stringlengths 15
100
| long_answers
sequence | short_answers
sequence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6213242299821577415 | Fluorescence | Fluorescence - wikipedia Fluorescence Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Inflorescence . For the album by Asobi Seksu , see Fluorescence ( album ) . Fluorescent minerals emit visible light when exposed to ultraviolet light . Biofluorescent marine organisms Willemite and calcite in UV light Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation . It is a form of luminescence . In most cases , the emitted light has a longer wavelength , and therefore lower energy , than the absorbed radiation . The most striking example of fluorescence occurs when the absorbed radiation is in the ultraviolet region of the spectrum , and thus invisible to the human eye , while the emitted light is in the visible region , which gives the fluorescent substance a distinct color that can only be seen when exposed to UV light . Fluorescent materials cease to glow nearly immediately when the radiation source stops , unlike phosphorescence , where they continue to emit light for some time after . Fluorescence has many practical applications , including mineralogy , gemology , medicine , chemical sensors ( fluorescence spectroscopy ) , fluorescent labelling , dyes , biological detectors , cosmic - ray detection , and , most commonly , fluorescent lamps . Fluorescence also occurs frequently in nature in some minerals and in various biological states in many branches of the animal kingdom . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Physical principles 2.1 Photochemistry 2.2 Quantum yield 2.3 Lifetime 2.4 Jablonski diagram 2.5 Fluorescence anisotropy 2.6 Fluorence 3 Rules 3.1 Kasha 's rule 3.2 Mirror image rule 3.3 Stokes shift 4 Fluorescence in nature 4.1 Biofluorescence vs. bioluminescence vs. biophosphorescence 4.1. 1 Biofluorescence 4.1. 2 Bioluminescence 4.1. 3 Biophosphorescence 4.2 Mechanisms of biofluorescence 4.2. 1 Epidermal chromatophores 4.3 Phylogenetics 4.3. 1 Evolutionary origins 4.3. 2 Adaptive functions 4.4 Aquatic biofluorescence 4.4. 1 Photic zone 4.4. 1.1 Fish 4.4. 1.2 Coral 4.4. 1.3 Cephalopods 4.4. 1.4 Jellyfish 4.4. 1.5 Mantis shrimp 4.4. 2 Aphotic zone 4.4. 2.1 Siphonophores 4.4. 2.2 Dragonfish 4.5 Terrestrial biofluorescence 4.5. 1 Amphibians 4.5. 2 Butterflies 4.5. 3 Parrots 4.5. 4 Arachnids 4.5. 5 Plants 4.6 Abiotic fluorescence 4.6. 1 Gemology , mineralogy and geology 4.6. 2 Organic liquids 4.6. 3 Atmosphere 4.6. 4 Common materials that fluoresce 5 Applications of fluorescence 5.1 Lighting 5.2 Analytical chemistry 5.3 Spectroscopy 5.4 Biochemistry and medicine 5.4. 1 Microscopy 5.4. 2 Other techniques 5.5 Forensics 5.6 Mechanical engineering 5.7 Signage 5.8 Optical brighteners 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links History ( edit ) Lignum nephriticum cup made from the wood of the narra tree ( Pterocarpus indicus ) , and a flask containing its fluorescent solution Matlaline , the fluorescent substance in the wood of the tree Eysenhardtia polystachya An early observation of fluorescence was described in 1560 by Bernardino de Sahagún and in 1565 by Nicolás Monardes in the infusion known as lignum nephriticum ( Latin for `` kidney wood '' ) . It was derived from the wood of two tree species , Pterocarpus indicus and Eysenhardtia polystachya . The chemical compound responsible for this fluorescence is matlaline , which is the oxidation product of one of the flavonoids found in this wood . In 1819 , Edward D. Clarke and in 1822 René Just Haüy described fluorescence in fluorites , Sir David Brewster described the phenomenon for chlorophyll in 1833 and Sir John Herschel did the same for quinine in 1845 . In his 1852 paper on the `` Refrangibility '' ( wavelength change ) of light , George Gabriel Stokes described the ability of fluorspar and uranium glass to change invisible light beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum into blue light . He named this phenomenon fluorescence : `` I am almost inclined to coin a word , and call the appearance fluorescence , from fluor - spar ( i.e. , fluorite ) , as the analogous term opalescence is derived from the name of a mineral . '' The name was derived from the mineral fluorite ( calcium difluoride ) , some examples of which contain traces of divalent europium , which serves as the fluorescent activator to emit blue light . In a key experiment he used a prism to isolate ultraviolet radiation from sunlight and observed blue light emitted by an ethanol solution of quinine exposed by it . Physical principles ( edit ) Photochemistry ( edit ) Fluorescence occurs when an orbital electron of a molecule , atom , or nanostructure , relaxes to its ground state by emitting a photon from an excited singlet state : Excitation : S 0 + h ν e x → S 1 ( \ displaystyle S_ ( 0 ) + h \ nu _ ( ex ) \ to S_ ( 1 ) ) Fluorescence ( emission ) : S 1 → S 0 + h ν e m + h e a t ( \ displaystyle S_ ( 1 ) \ to S_ ( 0 ) + h \ nu _ ( em ) + heat ) Here h ν ( \ displaystyle h \ nu ) is a generic term for photon energy with h = Planck 's constant and ν ( \ displaystyle \ nu ) = frequency of light . The specific frequencies of exciting and emitted light are dependent on the particular system . S is called the ground state of the fluorophore ( fluorescent molecule ) , and S is its first ( electronically ) excited singlet state . A molecule in S can relax by various competing pathways . It can undergo non-radiative relaxation in which the excitation energy is dissipated as heat ( vibrations ) to the solvent . Excited organic molecules can also relax via conversion to a triplet state , which may subsequently relax via phosphorescence , or by a secondary non-radiative relaxation step . Relaxation from S can also occur through interaction with a second molecule through fluorescence quenching . Molecular oxygen ( O ) is an extremely efficient quencher of fluorescence just because of its unusual triplet ground state . In most cases , the emitted light has a longer wavelength , and therefore lower energy , than the absorbed radiation ; this phenomenon is known as the Stokes shift . However , when the absorbed electromagnetic radiation is intense , it is possible for one electron to absorb two photons ; this two - photon absorption can lead to emission of radiation having a shorter wavelength than the absorbed radiation . The emitted radiation may also be of the same wavelength as the absorbed radiation , termed `` resonance fluorescence '' . Molecules that are excited through light absorption or via a different process ( e.g. as the product of a reaction ) can transfer energy to a second ' sensitized ' molecule , which is converted to its excited state and can then fluoresce . Quantum yield ( edit ) The fluorescence quantum yield gives the efficiency of the fluorescence process . It is defined as the ratio of the number of photons emitted to the number of photons absorbed . Φ = Number of photons emitted Number of photons absorbed ( \ displaystyle \ Phi = ( \ frac ( \ text ( Number of photons emitted ) ) ( \ text ( Number of photons absorbed ) ) ) ) The maximum possible fluorescence quantum yield is 1.0 ( 100 % ) ; each photon absorbed results in a photon emitted . Compounds with quantum yields of 0.10 are still considered quite fluorescent . Another way to define the quantum yield of fluorescence is by the rate of excited state decay : Φ = k f ∑ i k i ( \ displaystyle \ Phi = ( \ frac ( ( k ) _ ( f ) ) ( \ sum _ ( i ) ( k ) _ ( i ) ) ) ) where k f ( \ displaystyle ( k ) _ ( f ) ) is the rate constant of spontaneous emission of radiation and ∑ i k i ( \ displaystyle \ sum _ ( i ) ( k ) _ ( i ) ) is the sum of all rates of excited state decay . Other rates of excited state decay are caused by mechanisms other than photon emission and are , therefore , often called `` non-radiative rates '' , which can include : dynamic collisional quenching , near - field dipole - dipole interaction ( or resonance energy transfer ) , internal conversion , and intersystem crossing . Thus , if the rate of any pathway changes , both the excited state lifetime and the fluorescence quantum yield will be affected . Fluorescence quantum yields are measured by comparison to a standard . The quinine salt quinine sulfate in a sulfuric acid solution is a common fluorescence standard . Lifetime ( edit ) Jablonski diagram . After an electron absorbs a high - energy photon the system is excited electronically and vibrationally . The system relaxes vibrationally , and eventually fluoresces at a longer wavelength . The fluorescence lifetime refers to the average time the molecule stays in its excited state before emitting a photon . Fluorescence typically follows first - order kinetics : ( S 1 ) = ( S 1 ) 0 e − Γ t ( \ displaystyle \ left ( S_ ( 1 ) \ right ) = \ left ( S_ ( 1 ) \ right ) _ ( 0 ) e ^ ( - \ Gamma t ) ) where ( S 1 ) ( \ displaystyle \ left ( S_ ( 1 ) \ right ) ) is the concentration of excited state molecules at time t ( \ displaystyle t ) , ( S 1 ) 0 ( \ displaystyle \ left ( S_ ( 1 ) \ right ) _ ( 0 ) ) is the initial concentration and Γ ( \ displaystyle \ Gamma ) is the decay rate or the inverse of the fluorescence lifetime . This is an instance of exponential decay . Various radiative and non-radiative processes can de-populate the excited state . In such case the total decay rate is the sum over all rates : Γ t o t = Γ r a d + Γ n r a d ( \ displaystyle \ Gamma _ ( tot ) = \ Gamma _ ( rad ) + \ Gamma _ ( nrad ) ) where Γ t o t ( \ displaystyle \ Gamma _ ( tot ) ) is the total decay rate , Γ r a d ( \ displaystyle \ Gamma _ ( rad ) ) the radiative decay rate and Γ n r a d ( \ displaystyle \ Gamma _ ( nrad ) ) the non-radiative decay rate . It is similar to a first - order chemical reaction in which the first - order rate constant is the sum of all of the rates ( a parallel kinetic model ) . If the rate of spontaneous emission , or any of the other rates are fast , the lifetime is short . For commonly used fluorescent compounds , typical excited state decay times for photon emissions with energies from the UV to near infrared are within the range of 0.5 to 20 nanoseconds . The fluorescence lifetime is an important parameter for practical applications of fluorescence such as fluorescence resonance energy transfer and fluorescence - lifetime imaging microscopy . Jablonski diagram ( edit ) The Jablonski diagram describes most of the relaxation mechanisms for excited state molecules . The diagram alongside shows how fluorescence occurs due to the relaxation of certain excited electrons of a molecule . Fluorescence anisotropy ( edit ) Fluorophores are more likely to be excited by photons if the transition moment of the fluorophore is parallel to the electric vector of the photon . The polarization of the emitted light will also depend on the transition moment . The transition moment is dependent on the physical orientation of the fluorophore molecule . For fluorophores in solution this means that the intensity and polarization of the emitted light is dependent on rotational diffusion . Therefore , anisotropy measurements can be used to investigate how freely a fluorescent molecule moves in a particular environment . Fluorescence anisotropy can be defined quantitatively as r = I ∥ − I ⊥ I ∥ + 2 I ⊥ ( \ displaystyle r = ( I_ ( \ parallel ) - I_ ( \ perp ) \ over I_ ( \ parallel ) + 2I_ ( \ perp ) ) ) where I ∥ ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ parallel ) ) is the emitted intensity parallel to polarization of the excitation light and I ⊥ ( \ displaystyle I_ ( \ perp ) ) is the emitted intensity perpendicular to the polarization of the excitation light . Fluorence ( edit ) Strongly fluorescent pigments often have an unusual appearance which is often described colloquially as a `` neon color . '' This phenomenon was termed `` Farbenglut '' by Hermann von Helmholtz and `` fluorence '' by Ralph M. Evans . It is generally thought to be related to the high brightness of the color relative to what it would be as a component of white . Fluorescence shifts energy in the incident illumination from shorter wavelengths to longer ( such as blue to yellow ) and thus can make the fluorescent color appear brighter ( more saturated ) than it could possibly be by reflection alone . Rules ( edit ) There are several general rules that deal with fluorescence . Each of the following rules has exceptions but they are useful guidelines for understanding fluorescence ( these rules do not necessarily apply to two - photon absorption ) . Kasha 's rule ( edit ) Kasha 's rule dictates that the quantum yield of luminescence is independent of the wavelength of exciting radiation . This occurs because excited molecules usually decay to the lowest vibrational level of the excited state before fluorescence emission takes place . The Kasha -- Vavilov rule does not always apply and is violated severely in many simple molecules . A somewhat more reliable statement , although still with exceptions , would be that the fluorescence spectrum shows very little dependence on the wavelength of exciting radiation . Mirror image rule ( edit ) For many fluorophores the absorption spectrum is a mirror image of the emission spectrum . This is known as the mirror image rule and is related to the Franck -- Condon principle which states that electronic transitions are vertical , that is energy changes without distance changing as can be represented with a vertical line in Jablonski diagram . This means the nucleus does not move and the vibration levels of the excited state resemble the vibration levels of the ground state . Stokes shift ( edit ) Main article : Stokes shift In general , emitted fluorescence light has a longer wavelength and lower energy than the absorbed light . This phenomenon , known as Stokes shift , is due to energy loss between the time a photon is absorbed and when a new one is emitted . The causes and magnitude of Stokes shift can be complex and are dependent on the fluorophore and its environment . However , there are some common causes . It is frequently due to non-radiative decay to the lowest vibrational energy level of the excited state . Another factor is that the emission of fluorescence frequently leaves a fluorophore in a higher vibrational level of the ground state . Fluorescence in nature ( edit ) There are many natural compounds that exhibit fluorescence , and they have a number of applications . Some deep - sea animals , such as the greeneye , use fluorescence . Biofluorescence vs. bioluminescence vs. biophosphorescence ( edit ) Biofluorescence ( edit ) Biofluorescence is the absorption of electromagnetic wavelengths from the visible light spectrum by fluorescent proteins in a living organism , and the emission of light at a lower energy level . This causes the light that is emitted to be a different color than the light that is absorbed . Stimulating light excites an electron , raising energy to an unstable level . This instability is unfavorable , so the energized electron is returned to a stable state almost as immediately as it becomes unstable . This return to stability corresponds with the release of excess energy in the form of fluorescence light . This emission of light is only observable when the stimulant light is still providing light to the organism / object and is typically yellow , pink , orange , red , green , or purple . Biofluorescence is often confused with the following forms of biotic light , bioluminescence and biophosphorescence . Bioluminescence ( edit ) Bioluminescence differs from biofluorescence in that it is the natural production of light by chemical reactions within an organism , whereas biofluorescence is the absorption and reemission of light from the environment . Biophosphorescence ( edit ) Biophosphorescence is similar to biofluorescence in its requirement of light wavelengths as a provider of excitation energy . The difference here lies in the relative stability of the energized electron . Unlike with biofluorescence , here the electron retains stability , emitting light that continues to `` glow - in - the - dark '' even long after the stimulating light source has been removed . Mechanisms of biofluorescence ( edit ) Epidermal chromatophores ( edit ) Pigment cells that exhibit fluorescence are called fluorescent chromatophores , and function somatically similar to regular chromatophores . These cells are dendritic , and contain pigments called fluorosomes . These pigments contain fluorescent proteins which are activated by K+ ( potassium ) ions , and it is their movement , aggregation , and dispersion within the fluorescent chromatophore that cause directed fluorescence patterning . Fluorescent cells are innervated the same as other chromatphores , like melanophores , pigment cells that contain melanin . Short term fluorescent patterning and signaling is controlled by the nervous system . Fluorescent chromatophores can be found in the skin ( e.g. in fish ) just below the epidermis , amongst other chromatophores . Epidermal fluorescent cells in fish also respond to hormonal stimuli by the α -- MSH and MCH hormones much the same as melanophores . This suggests that fluorescent cells may have color changes throughout the day that coincide with their circadian rhythm . Fish may also be sensitive to cortisol induced stress responses to environmental stimuli , such as interaction with a predator or engaging in a mating ritual . Phylogenetics ( edit ) Evolutionary origins ( edit ) It is suspected by some scientists that GFPs and GFP like proteins began as electron donors activated by light . These electrons were then used for reactions requiring light energy . Functions of fluorescent proteins , such as protection from the sun , conversion of light into different wavelengths , or for signaling are thought to have evolved secondarily . Fluorescence has multiple origins in the tree of life . This diagram displays the origins within actinopterygians ( ray finned fish ) . The incidence of fluorescence across the tree of life is widespread , and has been studied most extensively in a phylogenetic sense in fish . The phenomenon appears to have evolved multiple times in multiple taxa such as in the anguilliformes ( eels ) , gobioidei ( gobies and cardinalfishes ) , and tetradontiformes ( triggerfishes ) , along with the other taxa discussed later in the article . Fluorescence is highly genotypically and phenotypically variable even within ecosystems , in regards to the wavelengths emitted , the patterns displayed , and the intensity of the fluorescence . Generally , the species relying upon camouflage exhibit the greatest diversity in fluorescence , likely because camouflage is one of the most common uses of fluorescence . Adaptive functions ( edit ) Currently , relatively little is known about the functional significance of fluorescence and fluorescent proteins . However , it is suspected that biofluorescence may serve important functions in signaling and communication , mating , lures , camouflage , UV protection and antioxidation , photoacclimation , dinoflagellate regulation , and in coral health . Aquatic biofluorescence ( edit ) Water absorbs light of long wavelengths , so less light from these wavelengths reflects back to reach the eye . Therefore , warm colors from the visual light spectrum appear less vibrant at increasing depths . Water scatters light of shorter wavelengths , meaning cooler colors dominate the visual field in the photic zone . Light intensity decreases 10 fold with every 75 m of depth , so at depths of 75 m , light is 10 % as intense as it is on the surface , and is only 1 % as intense at 150 m as it is on the surface . Because the water filters out the wavelengths and intensity of water reaching certain depths , different proteins , because of the wavelengths and intensities of light they are capable of absorbing , are better suited to different depths . Theoretically , some fish eyes can detect light as deep as 1000 m . At these depths of the aphotic zone , the only sources of light are organisms themselves , giving off light through chemical reactions in a process called bioluminescence . Fluorescence is simply defined as the absorption of electromagnetic radiation at one wavelength and its reemission at another , lower energy wavelength . Thus any type of fluorescence depends on the presence of external sources of light . Biologically functional fluorescence is found in the photic zone , where there is not only enough light to cause biofluorescence , but enough light for other organisms to detect it . The visual field in the photic zone is naturally blue , so colors of fluorescence can be detected as bright reds , oranges , yellows , and greens . Green is the most commonly found color in the biofluorescent spectrum , yellow the second most , orange the third , and red is the rarest . Fluorescence can occur in organisms in the aphotic zone as a byproduct of that same organism 's bioluminescence . Some biofluorescence in the aphotic zone is merely a byproduct of the organism 's tissue biochemistry and does not have a functional purpose . However , some cases of functional and adaptive significance of biofluorescence in the aphotic zone of the deep ocean is an active area of research . Photic zone ( edit ) Fish ( edit ) Fluorescent marine fish Bony fishes living in shallow water , due to living in a colorful environment , generally have good color vision . Thus , in shallow - water fishes , red , orange , and green fluorescence most likely serves as a means of communication with conspecifics , especially given the great phenotypic variance of the phenomenon . Many fish that exhibit biofluorescence , such as sharks , lizardfish , scorpionfish , wrasses , and flatfishes , also possess yellow intraocular filters . Yellow intraocular filters in the lenses and cornea of certain fishes function as long - pass filters , thus enabling the species that possess them to visualize and potentially exploit fluorescence to enhance visual contrast and patterns that are unseen to other fishes and predators that lack this visual specialization . Fishes that possess the necessary yellow intraocular filters for visualizing biofluorescence potentially exploit a light signal from members of it or a similar functional role . Biofluorescent patterning was especially prominent in cryptically patterned fishes possessing complex camouflage , and that many of these lineages also possess yellow long - pass intraocular filters that could enable visualization of such patterns . Another adaptive use of fluorescence is to generate red light from the ambient blue light of the photic zone to aid vision . Red light can only be seen across short distances due to attenuation of red light wavelengths by water . Many fish species that fluoresce are small , group - living , or benthic / aphotic , and have conspicuous patterning . This patterning is caused by fluorescent tissue and is visible to other members of the species , however the patterning is invisible at other visual spectra . These intraspecific fluorescent patterns also coincide with intra-species signaling . The patterns present in ocular rings to indicate directionality of an individual 's gaze , and along fins to indicate directionality of an individual 's movement . Current research suspects that this red fluorescence is used for private communication between members of the same species . Due to the prominence of blue light at ocean depths , red light and light of longer wavelengths are muddled , and many predatory reef fish have little to no sensitivity for light at these wavelengths . Fish such as the fairy wrasse that have developed visual sensitivity to longer wavelengths are able to display red fluorescent signals that give a high contrast to the blue environment and are conspicuous to conspecifics in short ranges , yet are relatively invisible to other common fish that have reduced sensitivities to long wavelengths . Thus , fluorescence can be used as adaptive signaling and intra-species communication in reef fish . Additionally , it is suggested that fluorescent tissues that surround an organism 's eyes are used to convert blue light from the photic zone or green bioluminescence in the aphotic zone into red light to aid vision . Coral ( edit ) Fluorescence serves a wide variety of functions in coral . Fluorescent proteins in corals may contribute to photosynthesis by converting otherwise unusable wavelengths of light into ones for which the coral 's symbiotic algae are able to conduct photosynthesis . Also , the proteins may fluctuate in number as more or less light becomes available as a means of photoacclimation . Similarly , these fluorescent proteins may possess antioxidant capacities to eliminate oxygen radicals produced by photosynthesis . Finally , through modulating photosynthesis , the fluorescent proteins may also serve as a means of regulating the activity of the coral 's photosynthetic algal symbionts . Cephalopods ( edit ) Alloteuthis subulata and Loligo vulgaris , two types of nearly transparent squid , have fluorescent spots above their eyes . These spots reflect incident light , which may serve as a means of camouflage , but also for signaling to other squids for schooling purposes . Jellyfish ( edit ) Aequoria victoria , biofluorescent jellyfish known for GFP Another , well - studied example of biofluorescence in the ocean is the hydrozoan Aequorea victoria . This jellyfish lives in the photic zone off the west coast of North America and was identified as a carrier of green fluorescent protein ( GFP ) by Osamu Shimomura . The gene for these green fluorescent proteins has been isolated and is scientifically significant because it is widely used in genetic studies to indicate the expression of other genes . Mantis shrimp ( edit ) Several species of mantis shrimp , which are stomatopod crustaceans , including Lysiosquillina glabriuscula , have yellow fluorescent markings along their antennal scales and carapace ( shell ) that males present during threat displays to predators and other males . The display involves raising the head and thorax , spreading the striking appendages and other maxillipeds , and extending the prominent , oval antennal scales laterally , which makes the animal appear larger and accentuates its yellow fluorescent markings . Furthermore , as depth increases , mantis shrimp fluorescence accounts for a greater part of the visible light available . During mating rituals , mantis shrimp actively fluoresce , and the wavelength of this fluorescence matches the wavelengths detected by their eye pigments . Aphotic zone ( edit ) Siphonophores ( edit ) Siphonophorae is an order of marine animals from the phylum Hydrozoa that consist of a specialized medusoid and polyp zooid . Some siphonophores , including the genus Erenna that live in the aphotic zone between depths of 1600 m and 2300 m , exhibit yellow to red fluorescence in the photophores of their tentacle - like tentilla . This fluorescence occurs as a by - product of bioluminescence from these same photophores . The siphonophores exhibit the fluorescence in a flicking pattern that is used as a lure to attract prey . Dragonfish ( edit ) The predatory deep - sea dragonfish Malacosteus niger , the closely related Aristostomias genus and the species Pachystomias microdon are capable of harnessing the blue light emitted from their own bioluminescence to generate red biofluorescence from suborbital photophores . This red fluorescence is invisible to other animals , which allows these dragonfish extra light at dark ocean depths without attracting or signaling predators . Terrestrial biofluorescence ( edit ) Amphibians ( edit ) The Polka - dot tree frog , widely found in the Amazon was discovered to be the first fluorescent amphibian in 2017 . The frog is pale green with dots in white , yellow or light red . The fluorescence of the frog was discovered unintentionally in Buenos Aires , Argentina . The fluorescence was traced to a new compound found in the lymph and skin glads . The main fluorescent compound is Hyloin - L1 and it gives a blue - green glow when exposed to violet or ultra violet light . Scientists behind the discovery say that the fluorescence can be used for communication . They also think that about 100 or 200 species of frogs are likely to be fluorescent . Butterflies ( edit ) Swallowtail ( Papilio ) butterflies have complex systems for emitting fluorescent light . Their wings contain pigment - infused crystals that provide directed fluorescent light . These crystals function to produce fluorescent light best when they absorb radiance from sky - blue light ( wavelength about 420 nm ) . The wavelengths of light that the butterflies see the best correspond to the absorbance of the crystals in the butterfly 's wings . This likely functions to enhance the capacity for signaling . Parrots ( edit ) Parrots have fluorescent plumage that may be used in mate signaling . A study using mate - choice experiments on budgerigars ( Melopsittacus undulates ) found compelling support for fluorescent sexual signaling , with both males and females significantly preferring birds with the fluorescent experimental stimulus . This study suggests that the fluorescent plumage of parrots is not simply a by - product of pigmentation , but instead an adapted sexual signal . Considering the intricacies of the pathways that produce fluorescent pigments , there may be significant costs involved . Therefore , individuals exhibiting strong fluorescence may be honest indicators of high individual quality , since they can deal with the associated costs . Arachnids ( edit ) Fluorescing scorpion Spiders fluoresce under UV light and possess a huge diversity of fluorophores . Remarkably , spiders are the only known group in which fluorescence is `` taxonomically widespread , variably expressed , evolutionarily labile , and probably under selection and potentially of ecological importance for intraspecific and interspecific signaling . '' A study by Andrews et al. ( 2007 ) reveals that fluorescence has evolved multiple times across spider taxa , with novel fluorophores evolving during spider diversification . In some spiders , ultraviolet cues are important for predator - prey interactions , intraspecific communication , and camouflaging with matching fluorescent flowers . Differing ecological contexts could favor inhibition or enhancement of fluorescence expression , depending upon whether fluorescence helps spiders be cryptic or makes them more conspicuous to predators . Therefore , natural selection could be acting on expression of fluorescence across spider species . Scorpions also fluoresce . Plants ( edit ) The Mirabilis jalapa flower contains violet , fluorescent betacyanins and yellow , fluorescent betaxanthins . Under white light , parts of the flower containing only betaxanthins appear yellow , but in areas where both betaxanthins and betacyanins are present , the visible fluorescence of the flower is faded due to internal light - filtering mechanisms . Fluorescence was previously suggested to play a role in pollinator attraction , however , it was later found that the visual signal by fluorescence is negligible compared to the visual signal of light reflected by the flower . Chlorophyll fluoresces a weak red under ultraviolet light . Abiotic fluorescence ( edit ) Gemology , mineralogy and geology ( edit ) Fluorescence of Aragonite Gemstones , minerals , may have a distinctive fluorescence or may fluoresce differently under short - wave ultraviolet , long - wave ultraviolet , visible light , or X-rays . Many types of calcite and amber will fluoresce under shortwave UV , longwave UV and visible light . Rubies , emeralds , and diamonds exhibit red fluorescence under long - wave UV , blue and sometimes green light ; diamonds also emit light under X-ray radiation . Fluorescence in minerals is caused by a wide range of activators . In some cases , the concentration of the activator must be restricted to below a certain level , to prevent quenching of the fluorescent emission . Furthermore , the mineral must be free of impurities such as iron or copper , to prevent quenching of possible fluorescence . Divalent manganese , in concentrations of up to several percent , is responsible for the red or orange fluorescence of calcite , the green fluorescence of willemite , the yellow fluorescence of esperite , and the orange fluorescence of wollastonite and clinohedrite . Hexavalent uranium , in the form of the uranyl cation , fluoresces at all concentrations in a yellow green , and is the cause of fluorescence of minerals such as autunite or andersonite , and , at low concentration , is the cause of the fluorescence of such materials as some samples of hyalite opal . Trivalent chromium at low concentration is the source of the red fluorescence of ruby . Divalent europium is the source of the blue fluorescence , when seen in the mineral fluorite . Trivalent lanthanides such as terbium and dysprosium are the principal activators of the creamy yellow fluorescence exhibited by the yttrofluorite variety of the mineral fluorite , and contribute to the orange fluorescence of zircon . Powellite ( calcium molybdate ) and scheelite ( calcium tungstate ) fluoresce intrinsically in yellow and blue , respectively . When present together in solid solution , energy is transferred from the higher - energy tungsten to the lower - energy molybdenum , such that fairly low levels of molybdenum are sufficient to cause a yellow emission for scheelite , instead of blue . Low - iron sphalerite ( zinc sulfide ) , fluoresces and phosphoresces in a range of colors , influenced by the presence of various trace impurities . Crude oil ( petroleum ) fluoresces in a range of colors , from dull - brown for heavy oils and tars through to bright - yellowish and bluish - white for very light oils and condensates . This phenomenon is used in oil exploration drilling to identify very small amounts of oil in drill cuttings and core samples . Organic liquids ( edit ) Organic solutions such anthracene or stilbene , dissolved in benzene or toluene , fluoresce with ultraviolet or gamma ray irradiation . The decay times of this fluorescence are on the order of nanoseconds , since the duration of the light depends on the lifetime of the excited states of the fluorescent material , in this case anthracene or stilbene . Scintillation is defined a flash of light produced in a transparent material by the passage of a particle ( an electron , an alpha particle , an ion , or a high - energy photon ) . Stilbene and derivatives are used in scintillation counters to detect such particles . Stilbene is also one of the gain mediums used in dye lasers . Atmosphere ( edit ) Fluorescence is observed in the atmosphere when the air is under energetic electron bombardment . In cases such as the natural aurora , high - altitude nuclear explosions , and rocket - borne electron gun experiments , the molecules and ions formed have a fluorescent response to light . Common materials that fluoresce ( edit ) Vitamin B2 fluoresces yellow . Tonic water fluoresces blue due to the presence of quinine . Highlighter ink is often fluorescent due to the presence of pyranine . Banknotes , postage stamps and credit cards often have fluorescent security features . Applications of fluorescence ( edit ) Lighting ( edit ) Further information : Fluorescent lamp Fluorescent paint and plastic lit by UV tubes . Paintings by Beo Beyond The common fluorescent lamp relies on fluorescence . Inside the glass tube is a partial vacuum and a small amount of mercury . An electric discharge in the tube causes the mercury atoms to emit mostly ultraviolet light . The tube is lined with a coating of a fluorescent material , called the phosphor , which absorbs the ultraviolet and re-emits visible light . Fluorescent lighting is more energy - efficient than incandescent lighting elements . However , the uneven spectrum of traditional fluorescent lamps may cause certain colors to appear different than when illuminated by incandescent light or daylight . The mercury vapor emission spectrum is dominated by a short - wave UV line at 254 nm ( which provides most of the energy to the phosphors ) , accompanied by visible light emission at 436 nm ( blue ) , 546 nm ( green ) and 579 nm ( yellow - orange ) . These three lines can be observed superimposed on the white continuum using a hand spectroscope , for light emitted by the usual white fluorescent tubes . These same visible lines , accompanied by the emission lines of trivalent europium and trivalent terbium , and further accompanied by the emission continuum of divalent europium in the blue region , comprise the more discontinuous light emission of the modern trichromatic phosphor systems used in many compact fluorescent lamp and traditional lamps where better color rendition is a goal . Fluorescent lights were first available to the public at the 1939 New York World 's Fair . Improvements since then have largely been better phosphors , longer life , and more consistent internal discharge , and easier - to - use shapes ( such as compact fluorescent lamps ) . Some high - intensity discharge ( HID ) lamps couple their even - greater electrical efficiency with phosphor enhancement for better color rendition . White light - emitting diodes ( LEDs ) became available in the mid-1990s as LED lamps , in which blue light emitted from the semiconductor strikes phosphors deposited on the tiny chip . The combination of the blue light that continues through the phosphor and the green to red fluorescence from the phosphors produces a net emission of white light . Glow sticks sometimes utilize fluorescent materials to absorb light from the chemiluminescent reaction and emit light of a different color . Analytical chemistry ( edit ) Many analytical procedures involve the use of a fluorometer , usually with a single exciting wavelength and single detection wavelength . Because of the sensitivity that the method affords , fluorescent molecule concentrations as low as 1 part per trillion can be measured . Fluorescence in several wavelengths can be detected by an array detector , to detect compounds from HPLC flow . Also , TLC plates can be visualized if the compounds or a coloring reagent is fluorescent . Fluorescence is most effective when there is a larger ratio of atoms at lower energy levels in a Boltzmann distribution . There is , then , a higher probability of excitement and release of photons by lower - energy atoms , making analysis more efficient . Spectroscopy ( edit ) Main article : Fluorescence spectroscopy Usually the setup of a fluorescence assay involves a light source , which may emit many different wavelengths of light . In general , a single wavelength is required for proper analysis , so , in order to selectively filter the light , it is passed through an excitation monochromator , and then that chosen wavelength is passed through the sample cell . After absorption and re-emission of the energy , many wavelengths may emerge due to Stokes shift and various electron transitions . To separate and analyze them , the fluorescent radiation is passed through an emission monochromator , and observed selectively by a detector . Biochemistry and medicine ( edit ) Main article : Fluorescence in the life sciences Endothelial cells under the microscope with three separate channels marking specific cellular components Fluorescence in the life sciences is used generally as a non-destructive way of tracking or analysis of biological molecules by means of the fluorescent emission at a specific frequency where there is no background from the excitation light , as relatively few cellular components are naturally fluorescent ( called intrinsic or autofluorescence ) . In fact , a protein or other component can be `` labelled '' with an extrinsic fluorophore , a fluorescent dye that can be a small molecule , protein , or quantum dot , finding a large use in many biological applications . The quantification of a dye is done with a spectrofluorometer and finds additional applications in : Microscopy ( edit ) When scanning the fluorescence intensity across a plane one has fluorescence microscopy of tissues , cells , or subcellular structures , which is accomplished by labeling an antibody with a fluorophore and allowing the antibody to find its target antigen within the sample . Labelling multiple antibodies with different fluorophores allows visualization of multiple targets within a single image ( multiple channels ) . DNA microarrays are a variant of this . Immunology : An antibody is first prepared by having a fluorescent chemical group attached , and the sites ( e.g. , on a microscopic specimen ) where the antibody has bound can be seen , and even quantified , by the fluorescence . FLIM ( Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy ) can be used to detect certain bio-molecular interactions that manifest themselves by influencing fluorescence lifetimes . Cell and molecular biology : detection of colocalization using fluorescence - labelled antibodies for selective detection of the antigens of interest using specialized software , such as CoLocalizer Pro . Other techniques ( edit ) FRET ( Förster resonance energy transfer , also known as fluorescence resonance energy transfer ) is used to study protein interactions , detect specific nucleic acid sequences and used as biosensors , while fluorescence lifetime ( FLIM ) can give an additional layer of information . Biotechnology : biosensors using fluorescence are being studied as possible Fluorescent glucose biosensors . Automated sequencing of DNA by the chain termination method ; each of four different chain terminating bases has its own specific fluorescent tag . As the labelled DNA molecules are separated , the fluorescent label is excited by a UV source , and the identity of the base terminating the molecule is identified by the wavelength of the emitted light . FACS ( fluorescence - activated cell sorting ) . One of several important cell sorting techniques used in the separation of different cell lines ( especially those isolated from animal tissues ) . DNA detection : the compound ethidium bromide , in aqueous solution , has very little fluorescence , as it is quenched by water . Ethidium bromide 's fluorescence is greatly enhanced after it binds to DNA , so this compound is very useful in visualising the location of DNA fragments in agarose gel electrophoresis . Intercalated ethidium is in a hydrophobic environment when it is between the base pairs of the DNA , protected from quenching by water which is excluded from the local environment of the intercalated ethidium . Ethidium bromide may be carcinogenic -- an arguably safer alternative is the dye SYBR Green . FIGS ( Fluorescence image - guided surgery ) is a medical imaging technique that uses fluorescence to detect properly labeled structures during surgery . Intravascular fluorescence is a catheter - based medical imaging technique that uses fluorescence to detect high - risk features of atherosclerosis and unhealed vascular stent devices . Plaque autofluorescence has been used in a first - in - man study in coronary arteries in combination with optical coherence tomography . Molecular agents has been also used to detect specific features , such as stent fibrin accumulation and enzymatic activity related to artery inflammation . SAFI ( species altered fluorescence imaging ) an imaging technique in electrokinetics and microfluidics . It uses non-electromigrating dyes whose fluorescence is easily quenched by migrating chemical species of interest . The dye ( s ) are usually seeded everywhere in the flow and differential quenching of their fluorescence by analytes is directly observed . Fluorescence - based assays for screening toxic chemicals . The optical assays consist of a mixture of environmental - sensitive fluorescent dyes and human skin cells that generate fluorescence spectra patterns . This approach can reduce the need for laboratory animals in biomedical research and pharmaceutical industry . Forensics ( edit ) Fingerprints can be visualized with fluorescent compounds such as ninhydrin or DFO ( 1 , 8 - Diazafluoren - 9 - one ) . Blood and other substances are sometimes detected by fluorescent reagents , like fluorescein . Fibers , and other materials that may be encountered in forensics or with a relationship to various collectibles , are sometimes fluorescent . Mechanical engineering ( edit ) Fluorescent penetrant inspection is used to find cracks and other defects on the surface of a part . Dye tracing , using fluorescent dyes , is used to find leaks in liquid and gas plumbing systems . Signage ( edit ) Fluorescent colors are frequently used in signage , particularly road signs . Fluorescent colors are generally recognizable at longer ranges than their non-fluorescent counterparts , with fluorescent orange being particularly noticeable . This property has led to its frequent use in safety signs and labels . Optical brighteners ( edit ) Main article : Optical brightener Fluorescent compounds are often used to enhance the appearance of fabric and paper , causing a `` whitening '' effect . A white surface treated with an optical brightener can emit more visible light than that which shines on it , making it appear brighter . The blue light emitted by the brightener compensates for the diminishing blue of the treated material and changes the hue away from yellow or brown and toward white . Optical brighteners are used in laundry detergents , high brightness paper , cosmetics , high - visibility clothing and more . See also ( edit ) Absorption - re-emission atomic line filters use the phenomenon of fluorescence to filter light extremely effectively . Black light Blacklight paint Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy Fluorescence image - guided surgery Fluorescence in plants Fluorescence spectroscopy Fluorescent lamp Fluorescent multilayer card Fluorescent Multilayer Disc Fluorometer High - visibility clothing Integrated fluorometer Laser - induced fluorescence List of light sources Microbial art , using fluorescent bacteria Mössbauer effect , resonant fluorescence of gamma rays Organic light - emitting diodes can be fluorescent Phosphorescence Phosphor thermometry , the use of phosphorescence to measure temperature . Spectroscopy Two - photon absorption Vibronic spectroscopy X-ray fluorescence References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Acuña , A. Ulises ; Amat - Guerri , Francisco ; Morcillo , Purificación ; Liras , Marta ; Rodríguez , Benjamín ( 2009 ) . `` Structure and Formation of the Fluorescent Compound of Lignum nephriticum '' ( PDF ) . Organic Letters. 11 ( 14 ) : 3020 -- 3023 . doi : 10.1021 / ol901022g . PMID 19586062 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Safford , William Edwin ( 1916 ) . `` Lignum nephriticum '' . Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution ( PDF ) . Washington : Government Printing Office . pp. 271 -- 298 . Jump up ^ Valeur , B. ; Berberan - Santos , M.R.N. ( 2011 ) . `` A Brief History of Fluorescence and Phosphorescence before the Emergence of Quantum Theory '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 88 ( 6 ) : 731 -- 738 . Bibcode : 2011JChEd ... 88 ... 731V . doi : 10.1021 / ed100182h . Jump up ^ Muyskens , M. ; Ed Vitz ( 2006 ) . `` The Fluorescence of Lignum nephriticum : A Flash Back to the Past and a Simple Demonstration of Natural Substance Fluorescence '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 83 ( 5 ) : 765 . Bibcode : 2006JChEd ... 83 ... 765M . doi : 10.1021 / ed083p765 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Edward Daniel ( 1819 ) . `` Account of a newly discovered variety of green fluor spar , of very uncommon beauty , and with remarkable properties of colour and phosphorescence '' . The Annals of Philosophy. 14 : 34 -- 36 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2017 . The finer crystals are perfectly transparent . Their colour by transmitted light is an intense emerald green ; but by reflected light , the colour is a deep sapphire blue Jump up ^ Haüy merely repeats Clarke 's observation regarding the colors of the specimen of fluorite which he ( Clarke ) had examined : Haüy , Traité de Minéralogie , 2nd ed . ( Paris , France : Bachelier and Huzard , 1822 ) , vol. 1 , p. 512 Archived 17 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine ... Fluorite is called `` chaux fluatée '' by Haüy : `` ... violette par réflection , et verdâtre par transparence au Derbyshire . '' ( ( the color of fluorite is ) violet by reflection , and greenish by transmission in ( specimens from ) Derbyshire . ) Jump up ^ Brewster , David ( 1834 ) . `` On the colours of natural bodies '' . Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 12 ( 2 ) : 538 -- 545 . doi : 10.1017 / s0080456800031203 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2017 . On page 542 , Brewster mentions that when white light passes through an alcoholic solution of chlorophyll , red light is reflected from it . Jump up ^ Herschel , John ( 1845 ) . `` On a case of superficial colour presented by a homogeneous liquid internally colourless '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . 135 : 143 -- 145 . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1845.0004 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Herschel , John ( 1845 ) . `` On the epipŏlic dispersion of light , being a supplement to a paper entitled , `` On a case of superficial colour presented by a homogeneous liquid internally colourless '' `` . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . 135 : 147 -- 153 . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1845.0005 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Stokes , G.G. ( 1852 ) . `` On the Change of Refrangibility of Light '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . 142 : 463 -- 562 . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1852.0022 . Archived from the original on 17 January 2017 . From page 479 , footnote : `` I am almost inclined to coin a word , and call the appearance fluorescence , from fluor - spar , as the analogous term opalescence is derived from the name of a mineral . '' Jump up ^ Stokes ( 1852 ) , pages 472 -- 473 . In a footnote on page 473 , Stokes acknowledges that in 1843 , Edmond Becquerel had observed that quinine acid sulfate strongly absorbs ultraviolet radiation ( i.e. , solar radiation beyond Fraunhofer 's H band in the solar spectrum ) . See : Edmond Becquerel ( 1843 ) `` Des effets produits sur les corps par les rayons solaires '' Archived 31 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine . ( On the effects produced on substances by solar rays ) , Comptes rendus , 17 : 882 -- 884 ; on page 883 , Becquerel cites quinine acid sulfate ( `` sulfate acide de quinine '' ) as strongly absorbing ultraviolet light . Jump up ^ Lakowicz , p. 1 Jump up ^ Holler , F. James ; Skoog , Douglas A. and Crouch , Stanley R. ( 2006 ) Principles Of Instrumental Analysis . Cengage Learning . ISBN 0495012017 Jump up ^ Lakowicz , p. 10 Jump up ^ Valeur , Bernard , Berberan - Santos , Mario ( 2012 ) . Molecular Fluorescence : Principles and Applications . Wiley - VCH . ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 32837 - 6 . p. 64 Jump up ^ `` Animation for the Principle of Fluorescence and UV - Visible Absorbance '' Archived 9 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... PharmaXChange.info . Jump up ^ Lakowicz , pp. 12 -- 13 Jump up ^ Valeur , Bernard , Berberan - Santos , Mario ( 2012 ) . Molecular Fluorescence : Principles and Applications . Wiley - VCH . ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 32837 - 6 . p. 186 Jump up ^ Schieber , Frank ( October 2001 ) . `` Modeling the Appearance of Fluorescent Colors '' . Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting . 45 ( 18 ) : 1324 -- 1327 . doi : 10.1177 / 154193120104501802 . Jump up ^ IUPAC . Kasha -- Vavilov rule -- Compendium of Chemical Terminology , 2nd ed. ( the `` Gold Book '' ) Archived 21 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Compiled by McNaught , A.D. and Wilkinson , A. Blackwell Scientific Publications , Oxford , 1997 . Jump up ^ Lakowicz , pp. 6 -- 8 Jump up ^ Lakowicz , pp. 6 -- 7 ^ Jump up to : `` Fluorescence in marine organisms '' . Gestalt Switch Expeditions . Archived from the original on 21 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wucherer , M.F. ; Michiels , N.K. ( 2012 ) . `` A Fluorescent Chromatophore Changes the Level of Fluorescence in a Reef Fish '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 6 ) : e37913 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO ... 737913W . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0037913 . PMC 3368913 . PMID 22701587 . Jump up ^ Fujii , R ( 2000 ) . `` The regulation of motile activity in fish chromatophores '' . Pigment cell research / sponsored by the European Society for Pigment Cell Research and the International Pigment Cell Society . 13 ( 5 ) : 300 -- 19 . doi : 10.1034 / j. 1600 - 0749.2000. 130502. x . PMID 11041206 . Jump up ^ Abbott , F.S. ( 1973 ) . `` Endocrine Regulation of Pigmentation in Fish '' . Integrative and Comparative Biology . 13 ( 3 ) : 885 -- 894 . doi : 10.1093 / icb / 13.3. 885 . ^ Jump up to : Beyer , Steffen . `` Biology of underwater fluorescence '' . Fluopedia.org . ^ Jump up to : Sparks , J.S. ; Schelly , R.C. ; Smith , W.L. ; Davis , M.P. ; Tchernov , D. ; Pieribone , V.A. ; Gruber , D.F. ( 2014 ) . Fontaneto , Diego , ed . `` The Covert World of Fish Biofluorescence : A Phylogenetically Widespread and Phenotypically Variable Phenomenon '' . PLoS ONE . 9 ( 1 ) : e83259 . Bibcode : 2014PLoSO ... 983259S . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0083259 . PMC 3885428 . PMID 24421880 . Jump up ^ Matz , M. `` Fluorescence : The Secret Color of the Deep '' . Office of Ocean Exploration and Research , U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Archived from the original on 31 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Heinermann , P ( 2014 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Yellow intraocular filters in fishes '' . Experimental Biology . 43 ( 2 ) : 127 -- 147 . PMID 6398222 . ^ Jump up to : Michiels , N.K. ; Anthes , N. ; Hart , N.S. ; Herler , J.R. ; Meixner , A.J. ; Schleifenbaum , F. ; Schulte , G. ; Siebeck , U.E. ; Sprenger , D. ; Wucherer , M.F. ( 2008 ) . `` Red fluorescence in reef fish : A novel signalling mechanism ? '' . BMC Ecology. 8 : 16 . doi : 10.1186 / 1472 - 6785 - 8 - 16 . PMC 2567963 . PMID 18796150 . Jump up ^ Gerlach , T ; Sprenger , D ; Michiels , N.K. ( 2014 ) . `` Fairy wrasses perceive and respond to their deep red fluorescent coloration '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society B : Biological Sciences . 281 ( 1787 ) : 20140787 . doi : 10.1098 / rspb. 2014.0787 . PMC 4071555 . PMID 24870049 . Jump up ^ Salih , A. ; Larkum , A. ; Cox , G. ; Kühl , M. ; Hoegh - Guldberg , O. ( 2000 ) . `` Fluorescent pigments in corals are photoprotective '' . Nature . 408 ( 6814 ) : 850 -- 3 . Bibcode : 2000Natur. 408 ... 850S . doi : 10.1038 / 35048564 . PMID 11130722 . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Roth , M.S. ; Latz , M.I. ; Goericke , R. ; Deheyn , D.D. ( 2010 ) . `` Green fluorescent protein regulation in the coral Acropora yongei during photoacclimation '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 213 ( 21 ) : 3644 -- 3655 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 040881 . PMID 20952612 . Jump up ^ Bou - Abdallah , F. ; Chasteen , N.D. ; Lesser , M.P. ( 2006 ) . `` Quenching of superoxide radicals by green fluorescent protein '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta ( BBA ) - General Subjects. 1760 ( 11 ) : 1690 -- 1695 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbagen. 2006.08. 014 . PMC 1764454 . PMID 17023114 . Jump up ^ Field , S.F. ; Bulina , M.Y. ; Kelmanson , I.V. ; Bielawski , J.P. ; Matz , M.V. ( 2006 ) . `` Adaptive Evolution of Multicolored Fluorescent Proteins in Reef - Building Corals '' . Journal of Molecular Evolution. 62 ( 3 ) : 332 -- 339 . Bibcode : 2006JMolE ... 62 ... 332F . doi : 10.1007 / s00239 - 005 - 0129 - 9 . PMID 16474984 . Jump up ^ Mäthger , L.M. ; Denton , E.J. ( 2001 ) . `` Reflective properties of iridophores and fluorescent ' eyespots ' in the loliginid squid Alloteuthis subulata and Loligo vulgaris '' . The Journal of Experimental Biology . 204 ( Pt 12 ) : 2103 -- 18 . PMID 11441052 . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Tsien , R.Y. ( 1998 ) . `` The Green Fluorescent Protein '' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 67 : 509 -- 544 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 67.1. 509 . PMID 9759496 . Jump up ^ Mazel , C.H. ( 2004 ) . `` Fluorescent Enhancement of Signaling in a Mantis Shrimp '' . Science . 303 ( 5654 ) : 51 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1089803 . PMID 14615546 . Jump up ^ Bou - Abdallah , F. ; Chasteen , N.D. ; Lesser , M.P. ( 2006 ) . `` Quenching of superoxide radicals by green fluorescent protein '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta ( BBA ) - General Subjects. 1760 ( 11 ) : 1690 -- 1695 . doi : 10.1016 / j. bbagen. 2006.08. 014 . PMC 1764454 . PMID 17023114 . Jump up ^ Douglas , R.H. ; Partridge , J.C. ; Dulai , K. ; Hunt , D. ; Mullineaux , C.W. ; Tauber , A.Y. ; Hynninen , P.H. ( 1998 ) . `` Dragon fish see using chlorophyll '' . Nature . 393 ( 6684 ) : 423 -- 424 . Bibcode : 1998Natur. 393 ... 423D . doi : 10.1038 / 30871 . Jump up ^ Wong , Sam ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Luminous frog is the first known naturally fluorescent amphibian '' . Archived from the original on 20 March 2017 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ King , Anthony ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Fluorescent frog first down to new molecule '' . Archived from the original on 22 March 2017 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Vukusic , P ; Hooper , I ( 2005 ) . `` Directionally controlled fluorescence emission in butterflies '' . Science . 310 ( 5751 ) : 1151 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1116612 . PMID 16293753 . Jump up ^ Arnold , K.E. ( 2002 ) . `` Fluorescent Signaling in Parrots '' . Science . 295 ( 5552 ) : 92 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 295.5552. 92 . PMID 11778040 . Jump up ^ Andrews , K ; Reed , S.M. ; Masta , S.E. ( 2007 ) . `` Spiders fluoresce variably across many taxa '' . Biology Letters. 3 ( 3 ) : 265 -- 7 . doi : 10.1098 / rsbl. 2007.0016 . PMC 2104643 . PMID 17412670 . Jump up ^ Stachel , S.J. ; Stockwell , S.A. ; Van Vranken , D.L. ( 1999 ) . `` The fluorescence of scorpions and cataractogenesis '' . Chemistry & Biology . 6 ( 8 ) : 531 -- 539 . doi : 10.1016 / S1074 - 5521 ( 99 ) 80085 - 4 . PMID 10421760 . Jump up ^ Iriel , A.A. ; Lagorio , M.A.G. ( 2010 ) . `` Is the flower fluorescence relevant in biocommunication ? '' . Naturwissenschaften. 97 ( 10 ) : 915 -- 924 . Bibcode : 2010NW ... 97 ... 915I . doi : 10.1007 / s00114 - 010 - 0709 - 4 . PMID 20811871 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Maurice S. ( 2 June 2003 ) . Photobiology of Higher Plants . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9780470855232 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilmore , F.R. ; Laher , R.R. ; Espy , P.J. ( 1992 ) . `` Franck -- Condon Factors , r - Centroids , Electronic Transition Moments , and Einstein Coefficients for Many Nitrogen and Oxygen Band Systems '' . Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data . 21 ( 5 ) : 1005 . Bibcode : 1992JPCRD ... 21.1005 G . doi : 10.1063 / 1.555910 . Archived from the original on 9 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Tom . `` How Fluorescent Lamps Work '' . HowStuffWorks . Discovery Communications . Archived from the original on 6 July 2010 . Retrieved 27 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Rye , H.S. ; Dabora , J.M. ; Quesada , M.A. ; Mathies , R.A. ; Glazer , A.N. ( 1993 ) . `` Fluorometric Assay Using Dimeric Dyes for Double - and Single - Stranded DNA and RNA with Picogram Sensitivity '' . Analytical Biochemistry . 208 : 144 -- 150 . doi : 10.1006 / abio. 1993.1020 . PMID 7679561 . Jump up ^ Harris , Daniel C. ( 2004 ) . Exploring chemical analysis . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 0571 - 0 . Archived from the original on 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Lakowicz , p. xxvi Jump up ^ Calfon MA , Vinegoni C , Ntziachristos V , Jaffer FA ( 2010 ) . `` Intravascular near - infrared fluorescence molecular imaging of atherosclerosis : toward coronary arterial visualization of biologically high - risk plaques '' . J Biomed Opt. 15 ( 1 ) : 011107 . Bibcode : 2010JBO ... 15a1107C . doi : 10.1117 / 1.3280282 . PMC 3188610 . PMID 20210433 . Jump up ^ Ughi GJ , Wang H , Gerbaud E , Gardecki JA , Fard AM , Hamidi E , et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Clinical Characterization of Coronary Atherosclerosis With Dual - Modality OCT and Near - Infrared Autofluorescence Imaging '' . JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 9 : 1304 -- 1314 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jcmg. 2015.11. 020 . PMC 5010789 . PMID 26971006 . Jump up ^ Hara T , Ughi GJ , McCarthy JR , Erdem SS , Mauskapf A , Lyon SC , et al. ( 2015 ) . `` Intravascular fibrin molecular imaging improves the detection of unhealed stents assessed by optical coherence tomography in vivo '' . Eur Heart J : ehv677 . doi : 10.1093 / eurheartj / ehv677 . PMID 26685129 . Jump up ^ Shkolnikov , V ; Santiago , J.G. ( 2013 ) . `` A method for non-invasive full - field imaging and quantification of chemical species '' ( PDF ) . Lab on a Chip. 13 ( 8 ) : 1632 -- 43 . doi : 10.1039 / c3lc41293h . PMID 23463253 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 5 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Moczko , E ; Mirkes , EM ; Cáceres , C ; Gorban , AN ; Piletsky , S ( 2016 ) . `` Fluorescence - based assay as a new screening tool for toxic chemicals '' . Scientific Reports . 6 : 33922 . Bibcode : 2016NatSR ... 633922M . doi : 10.1038 / srep33922 . PMC 5031998 . PMID 27653274 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , H. Gene ; Carlson , Paul John and Elmquist , Michael ( 2000 ) `` Evaluation of fluorescent orange signs '' Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. , Texas Transportation Institute Report 2962 - S . Bibliography ( edit ) Lakowicz , Joseph R. ( 1999 ) . Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy . Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 387 - 31278 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fluorescence . Fluorophores.org , the database of fluorescent dyes FSU.edu , Basic Concepts in Fluorescence `` A nano - history of fluorescence '' lecture by David Jameson Excitation and emission spectra of various fluorescent dyes Database of fluorescent minerals with pictures , activators and spectra ( fluomin.org ) `` Biofluorescent Night Dive -- Dahab / Red Sea ( Egypt ) , Masbat Bay / Mashraba , `` Roman Rock '' `` . YouTube . 9 October 2012 . Steffen O. Beyer . `` FluoPedia.org : Publications '' . fluopedia.org . Steffen O. Beyer . `` FluoMedia.org : Science '' . fluomedia.org . ( hide ) Lamps Lighting Concepts Accent lighting Color temperature Efficiency Glare Lamp Light fixture Light pollution Lightbulb socket Task lighting Methods of generation Incandescent Regular Halogen Nernst Parabolic aluminized reflector ( PAR ) Luminescent Fluorescent Fluorescent lamp ( compact ) Fluorescent induction Photoluminescent laser lamp Chemiluminescent Solid - state LED bulb Cathodoluminescent Electron - stimulated Electroluminescent field - induced polymer Combustion Acetylene / Carbide Argand Campfire Candle Carcel Diya Flare Gas Kerosene Lantern Limelight Oil Rushlight Safety Tilley Torch Electric arc Carbon arc Klieg light Yablochkov candle Gas discharge Deuterium arc Neon Plasma Sulfur Xenon arc Xenon flash High - intensity discharge ( HID ) Hydrargyrum medium - arc iodide ( HMI ) Hydrargyrum quartz iodide ( HQI ) Mercury - vapor Metal - halide ceramic Sodium vapor Theatrical Cinematic Floodlight Footlight Gobo Scoop Spotlight ellipsoidal reflector Stage lighting instrument Stationary Aircraft warning Balanced - arm lamp Chandelier Emergency light Gas lighting Gooseneck lamp Intelligent street lighting Light tube Nightlight Neon lighting Pendant light Recessed light Sconce Street light Torchère Track lighting Troffer Mobile Flashlight tactical Glow stick Headlamp ( outdoor ) Lantern Laser pointer Navigation light Searchlight Solar lamp Industrial Scientific Germicidal Grow light Infrared lamp Stroboscope Tanning Display Decorative Aroma lamp Black light Bubble light Christmas lights Crackle tube DJ lighting Electroluminescent wire Lava lamp Marquee Plasma globe Strobe light Related topics Bioluminescence Chemiluminescence Electroluminescence Laser Photoluminescence Radioluminescence GND : 4154818 - 8 NDL : 00565352 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fluorescence&oldid=827795253 '' Categories : Fluorescence Dyes Molecular biology Radiochemistry Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from July 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 19 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | explain one activity which reveals dispersion of light | [] | [] |
-4931631673653223828 | List of Blue Exorcist episodes | List of Blue Exorcist episodes - wikipedia List of Blue Exorcist episodes Blue Exorcist anime volume 1 cover Blue Exorcist ( Japanese : 青 の 祓 魔 師 ( エクソシスト ) , Hepburn : Ao no Exorcist ) is an anime series adapted from the manga of the same title by Kazue Kato . It is directed by Tensai Okamura and produced by A-1 Pictures . The series follows a teenager named Rin Okumura who finds out he is the son of Satan and is determined to become an exorcist in order to defeat him after the death of his guardian , Father Fujimoto . Blue Exorcist began broadcasting in Japan on the Mainichi Broadcasting System and the Tokyo Broadcasting System on April 17 , 2011 , The anime then ended on October 2 , 2011 . The series was originally scheduled to start airing on April 10 , 2011 , however due to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , the series ' initial broadcast was delayed by a week . The episodes are being simulcasted with English subtitles online via Hulu , Anime News Network , and Crunchyroll , starting on April 20 , 2011 . and Aniplex of America release Blue Exorcist on DVD in four sets , starting by releasing the first DVD on October 18 , 2011 . Four pieces of theme music are used for the episodes : two opening themes and two ending themes . The opening theme for the first 12 episodes is `` Core Pride '' by Japanese rock band Uverworld , while the opening theme from episode 13 onwards is `` In My World '' by Japanese rock band Rookiez is Punk 'd . The ending theme for the first 12 episodes is `` Take Off '' by South Korean boy band 2PM , while the ending theme from episode 13 onwards is `` Wired Life '' by Japanese singer Meisa Kuroki . Blue Exorcist began broadcasting in the United States and Canada on Viz Media 's online network , Neon Alley , on October 2 , 2012 , and aired on Adult Swim 's Toonami from February 22 , 2014 to August 9 , 2014 . A sequel anime , titled Blue Exorcist : Kyoto Saga , premiered on January 7 , 2017 . The opening theme song is `` Itteki no Eikyō '' ( 一滴 の 影響 , lit . `` Drop 's Influence '' ) by Uverworld , while the ending theme song is `` Kono Te de '' ( コノ 手 デ , lit . `` With This Hand '' ) by Rin Akatsuki . Contents 1 Episode list 1.1 Blue Exorcist 1.2 Blue Exorcist : Kyoto Saga 2 References 3 External links Episode list ( edit ) Blue Exorcist ( edit ) No . Title Original airdate English stream date `` The Devil Resides in Human Souls '' `` Akuma wa Hito no Kokoro ni Sumu '' ( 悪魔 は 人 の 心 に 棲む ) April 17 , 2011 October 2 , 2012 Rin Okumura is always picking fights with delinquents unlike his more studious younger twin brother Yukio Okumura . He is surprisingly hired for a part - time job but gets fired after he encounters a hobgoblin that wreaks havoc in the store . The next day , he encounters a demon that causes his dormant demonic powers to awaken . His guardian , Shiro Fujimoto , saves Rin and reveals that he is the son of Satan born from a human . `` Gehenna Gate '' `` Gehena Gēto '' ( 虚無 界 の 門 ) April 24 , 2011 October 13 , 2012 Demons break into the monastery , targeting Rin . When Rin calls Shiro unworthy as a father , Shiro 's hurt emotional state causes him to let his guard down and be possessed by Satan . Shiro gains control at the last moment and sacrifices himself to protect Rin . Upon seeing this , Rin fights back by unlocking his demonic powers with Kurikara , the sacred sword in which his powers are sealed . At Shiro 's funeral , Rin meets Mephisto Pheles , who agrees with his wish to become an Exorcist to defeat Satan . `` Brothers '' `` Ani to Otōto '' ( 兄 と 弟 ) May 1 , 2011 October 20 , 2012 Rin is enrolled at True Cross Academy 's exorcist cram school by Mephisto , the academy 's chairman . He is shocked to learn that Yukio is one of his teachers , having already been a prodigiously graduated Exorcist . Yukio had always been aware that Rin was a demon . Rin demands to know why Yukio kept this a secret , and Yukio says he blames Rin for Shiro 's death . After Rin protects Yukio from a hobgoblin , Yukio recalls Shiro telling him to protect his brother , which motivated him to become an Exorcist . `` Garden of Amahara '' `` Amahara no Niwa '' ( 天空 の 庭 ) May 8 , 2011 October 27 , 2012 At the academy 's exorcist shop , Rin meets the shopkeeper 's daughter , Shiemi Moriyama . Yukio examines Shiemi 's legs , afflicted by a demon that dwells in Shiemi 's garden . That night , the demon transforms into a flower and merges with Shiemi , prompting the twins to work together to destroy the demon . Inspired by their bravery , Shiemi enrolls in the academy . 5 `` A Boy From the Cursed Temple '' `` Tatari - dera no Ko '' ( 祟り 寺 の 子 ) May 15 , 2011 November 3 , 2012 Rin 's disregard for classes brings forth the anger of his classmate Ryuji Suguro , who is smart and studious despite his delinquent appearance . During physical education class , Rin learns from classmates Konekomaru Miwa and Renzo Shima that Ryuji 's goal is also to defeat Satan , wanting to restore his temple back to its former glory . After Ryuji provokes a reaper demon in the class , Rin steps in and saves him . 6 `` The Phantom Chef '' `` Maboroshi no Ryōrinin '' ( まぼろし の 料理 人 ) May 22 , 2011 November 10 , 2012 Due to a crowded lunch line and expensive cuisine menu , Rin and Yukio talk to Mephisto about meal plans but he is not much help . The brothers go grocery shopping with Yukio 's salary , and Rin cooks lunch for them both . However , when their meals go missing , Mephisto explains that his familiar , Ukobach , is responsible for cooking their meals and dislikes it when anyone else uses the kitchen . Rin and Ukobach engage in a cooking battle and become friends in the result of a draw . 7 `` A Flock of Plovers '' `` Tomochidori '' ( 友 千鳥 ) May 29 , 2011 November 17 , 2012 The class must attend a week - long boot camp in preparation for their exam to qualify as an Esquire , which is an Exorcist candidate . Igor Neuhaus , a teacher , teaches the class how to summon familiars . Shiemi is eager to befriend Izumo Kamiki , but Izumo takes advantage of Shiemi . When Izumo 's best friend , Paku , is attacked by a naberius , a type of ghoul , Izumo summons her white fox familiars , but they turn against her due to her fear . Shiemi protects Paku while the twins deal with the naberius . 8 `` Now a Certain Man Was Sick ... '' `` Koko ni Yameru Mono Ari '' ( 此 に 病める 者 あり ) June 5 , 2011 November 24 , 2012 After an argument arises between Ryuji and Izumo , Yukio punishes the whole class . After Yukio leaves for a mission , the students are attacked by the naberius from yesterday , which splits in half . Rin tries to lead the first ghoul away from the others , leaving it up to Ryuji and the others to work together against the second ghoul . Rin learns that the naberius was sent by Neuhaus , who wanted to confirm that he is the son of Satan . After the incident , Izumo thanks Shiemi for saving her during the attack . 9 `` Memories '' `` Omoide '' ( お も ひで ) June 12 , 2011 December 1 , 2012 Mephisto reveals to the students that the ghoul attack was actually the Esquire exam , and how they dealt with the threat will count as part of their evaluation . Yukio confronts Neuhaus about forcing Rin to use his demonic powers . That night , Yukio realizes Neuhaus will try to kill Rin , and the brothers face him . Neuhaus reveals that he is a survivor of the Blue Night , the night when Satan slaughtered every Exorcist at the temple where Ryuji is from . Mephisto promotes the students as Esquires , and they all celebrate the occasion . 10 `` Black Cat '' `` Ketto Shī '' ( 黒 猫 ) June 19 , 2011 December 8 , 2012 Rin accompanies Yukio on a mission . The threat is Kuro , a cat sídhe familiar owned by Shiro , who has gone berserk after hearing that his master has died . Kuro was a guardian deity , but turned into a demon after the shrine was demolished . Shiro was the only Exorcist able to calm him down without hurting him . Rin confronts Kuro with the same mentality , calms him down , and becomes his new guardian . Yukio gives Kuro silver vine sake , a special present Shiro had left for him . 11 `` Demon of the Deep Seas '' `` Shinkai no Akuma '' ( 深海 の 悪魔 ) June 26 , 2011 December 18 , 2012 Rin , Izumo and Renzo are sent for their first mission as Esquires to a coastal town , where they meet a boy named Yohei . The town has been afflicted by a kraken . Yohei reveals that his father set out to face the kraken six months before and is still missing . Yohei believes that it killed his father . When the kraken appears , Yohei attacks it but is saved by Rin . Yohei 's father then appears , still alive , and explains that the kraken is a good demon . 12 `` A Game of Tag '' `` Onigokko '' ( 鬼 事 ) July 3 , 2011 December 25 , 2012 Mephisto 's amusement park is haunted by a child ghost so the Esquires are tasked to look for him . Rin encounters Amaimon , his and Mephisto 's younger half - brother , who forces him to fight . Rin loses control and goes haywire , almost putting Shiemi in danger . One of the quieter Esquires defends Rin , causing Amaimon to retreat . This Esquire exposes herself to be not a student but a high - level Exorcist , Shura Kirigakure . 13 `` Proof '' `` Shōmei '' ( 証明 ) July 10 , 2011 January 1 , 2013 Shura had been a former apprentice of Shiro , and posed as one of Rin 's classmates because she was tasked to investigate his connection with Satan . Shiro had requested Shura to look after Rin should something happen to him . With orders to kill him if his connection is proven true , she is divided between fulfilling her duty and keeping Shiro 's request . Her doubts are cleared when she discovers that Rin loved Shiro as his father , and Shiro was actually raising him as a son , not a weapon against Satan . 14 `` A Fun Camping Trip '' `` Tanoshii Kyanpu '' ( 愉しい キャンプ ) July 17 , 2011 January 8 , 2013 At the start of summer vacation , the class must take part in a three - day drill . Rin remembers Shiro and is happy he has finally found friends . The class must find peg lanterns hidden in the forest and return with them . Rin , Shiemi , Ryuji , Renzo , and Konekomaru find one of the peg lanterns , a demon that consumes living things , and work together to transport it across a bridge . The plan goes awry when Rin accidentally destroys the bridge and awakens a chuchi , an insect demon . 15 `` Act of Kindness '' `` Yasashii Koto '' ( やさしい 事 ) July 24 , 2011 January 15 , 2013 Ryuji saves Rin from the chuchi , displaying a strong friendship between them . The students return to camp , which is attacked by Amaimon and his behemoth familiar . Amaimon forces Rin to fight again , and Ryuji , Konekomaru and Renzo try to help but are defeated . Having no other way to protect his friends , Rin is forced to reveal his secret . He easily overpowers Amaimon but quickly loses control and goes on a rampage , cracking Kurikara in the process . 16 `` The Wager '' `` Kake '' ( 賭 ) July 31 , 2011 January 22 , 2013 Arthur Auguste Angel , the Paladin , captures Rin and brings him before the Vatican , where Mephisto is placed on trial for treason . Rin 's friends offer their help , except for Konekomaru , who is too afraid . The group travels to a temple in Kyoto to fix Rin 's cracked sword , where Yukio and Ryuji are plunged into doubt by mara , the statue demons , that tell them to kill Rin . At the Vatican , Mephisto states that his reason for keeping Rin alive is to have him defeat Satan . The trial is interrupted by an enraged Amaimon , eager to beat Rin . 17 `` Temptation '' `` Yūwaku '' ( 誘惑 ) August 7 , 2011 January 26 , 2013 The Grigori accepts Mephisto 's bet , which is whether Rin will come to defeat Satan or join him . Rin defeats Amaimon once more , and the Grigori gives him six months to pass the Exorcist exam . Rin 's friends now have mixed feelings about him after learning of his relationship with Satan . Shura gives Rin his first training assignment to learn to control his flames . Konekomaru is haunted by a gufu , a crow demon that preys on his fear of Rin ; Izumo and Rin are then attacked by that same demon . 18 `` Gale '' `` Gufū '' ( 颶風 ) August 14 , 2011 February 2 , 2013 The gufu has possessed Konekomaru to convince him to kill Rin . Knowing Konekomaru is possessed , Rin attacks him , going for the gufu , but this creates a misunderstanding with his friends . Shura locates a portal to an abandoned laboratory in a forest . Ryuji witnesses Konekomaru succumbing to the gufu . Rin slays the gufu and saves his life . Ashamed of causing so much trouble , Konekomaru decides to leave the academy , but Rin convinces him to stay , which helps him reconcile with the others . 19 `` An Ordinary Day '' `` Nandemonai Hi '' ( なんでも ない 日 ) August 21 , 2011 February 9 , 2013 The Esquires decide to throw a surprise birthday party for Izumo . However , Izumo finds out and says that the party should also be dedicated to those whose birthdays have already passed . The friends then include those whose birthdays are yet to come . In the end , the party becomes a celebration to everyone 's birthdays and friendship . Yukio confides to Shiemi that he does not really know his and Rin 's true birthday because Shiro told them it was December 27 , but that was the day he met them orphaned . Yukio then receives a call for help , revealing their monastery has been attacked . 20 `` Mask '' `` Kamen '' ( 假 面 ) August 28 , 2011 February 16 , 2013 The brothers discover that their monastery was attacked by a masked man whose objective is to kill Satan 's relatives . Yukio tranquilizes Rin to keep him from going after the man , upsetting Shura , who feels the move was unlike him . She motivates Rin to control his flames . Ryuji , Konekomaru and Renzo are held hostage by the masked man and Mephisto is arrested by Arthur for unauthorized biological research . Rin manages to control his flames , saving his friends . The culprit flees , and Shura realizes that it is a woman , who is Neuhaus 's wife . 21 `` The Secret Garden '' `` Himitsu no Hanazono '' ( 秘密 の 花園 ) September 4 , 2011 February 23 , 2013 Yukio meets Ernst Frederik Egin , who claims to be his grandfather and reveals the truth about his mother Yuri Egin , who was killed by the Vatican . Rin and Shura learn that Neuhaus 's wife , Michelle Neuhaus , is dead and is now a reanimated corpse possessed by a spider demon . Michelle is now in Shiemi 's garden . Arthur comes to slay her but when Rin risks his life for her , Michelle realizes he is good , and dies protecting him . Ernst takes over the True Cross Order , appointing Yukio as the new Paladin . 22 `` Demon Hunting '' `` Akuma - Gari '' ( 悪魔 狩り ) September 11 , 2011 March 2 , 2013 Armed with special weapons , the Esquires take part in a widespread crusade to destroy all demons , even the good ones . They start questioning the True Cross Order 's actions . Yukio is doing it because Ernst claimed it will help destroy Gehenna , the demon world , meaning both Yukio and Rin would be human again . Rin is arrested , as Ernst plans to use him as a living sacrifice to open the Gehenna Gate . Yukio attempts to intervene , but once their friends reach them , they find that Yukio 's demonic powers , which he did not know he had , have also awakened . 23 `` Truth '' `` Shinjitsu '' ( 真実 ) September 18 , 2011 March 9 , 2013 Ernst opens the Gehenna Gate so he can destroy Gehenna . When Yukio 's blood mixes with that of Rin , it awakens his demonic powers . Satan shows Yuri 's past to Yukio . She was an Exorcist who let him possess her so he could experience Assiah , the human world , as a human , and became pregnant with the twins . Enraged , Ernst ordered her dead . Satan unintentionally caused the Blue Night to free Yuri , who gave birth before dying . Mephisto and Shiro were sent to kill her children , but Shiro was unable to do it , adopting them instead . In the present , Satan possesses Yukio . 24 `` Satan 's Spawn '' `` Majin no Rakuin '' ( 魔神 の 落胤 ) September 25 , 2011 March 16 , 2013 Rin and his friends are defeated by Satan , and flee as Satan begins destroying the town . While the other Esquires help evacuate the academy , Rin manages to get his brother to regain consciousness , though Satan 's possession causes him to shoot Rin . The shock from shooting his brother , the only family he has left , causes Yukio to break through and finally expel Satan from his body , and the brothers reconcile . 25 `` Stop , Time '' `` Toki yo Tomare '' ( 時 よ 止まれ ) October 2 , 2011 March 23 , 2013 Hordes of demons come through the Gehenna Gate , torturing everyone until the Esquires come up with a plan to open a gate to the Vatican , where it is daytime , and reflect the sunlight from there back to the Academy , where it is nighttime , to weaken the monsters . Rin and Yukio seize this opportunity and combine their demonic powers , destroying the Gehenna Gate . One month later , things are back to normal at True Cross Academy and the twins pay a visit to their mother 's grave before returning to their duties as Exorcists . OVA `` Runaway Kuro '' `` Kuro no Iede '' ( クロ の 家出 ) October 26 , 2011 ( DVD / Blu - Ray Only ) July 9 , 2013 ( DVD / Blu - Ray Only ) Kuro searches for a new owner after Rin teases him by threatening to eat all of his food , since cats have a high sensitivity to heat . Kuro searches for Father Fujimoto and along the way runs into Rin 's classmates , teachers , and friends . Kuro finds Father Fujimoto 's ghost sitting on his grave . Finally , Rin comes and apologizes for teasing him and they head home to the academy . Blue Exorcist : Kyoto Saga ( edit ) No . Title Original airdate `` Small Beginnings '' `` Kōshi Ranshō '' ( 嚆矢 濫觴 ) January 7 , 2017 After his secret is exposed , Rin takes part in a special mission along Shura and Yukio to retrieve the `` Left Eye of the Impure King '' , a demon relic that was stolen from the True Cross Academy 's vault . In the occasion , they fail to retrieve it , but discover that the culprit is Saburota Todo , one of the exorcists in charge of the vault , that was corrupted upon being possessed by a demon . After hearing that there was an attempt to steal the Left Eye 's sister relic , the `` Right Eye of the Impure King '' in Kyoto , the Order sends a team there to investigate , including Shura , Yukio and the Esquires , who are in conflict after learning the truth about Rin . Note : Kyoto Saga begins after episode 17 of the first anime series , right at the point where it deviates from the manga ( ignoring the anime original scenes of episodes 16 and 17 ) . `` Strange Bedfellows '' `` Goetsu Doushū '' ( 呉 越 同舟 ) January 14 , 2017 The Esquires arrive at Kyoto , and Ryuji , Konekomaru and Renzo take the opportunity to reunite with their families , while Rin and the others tend to the Exorcists of the Myoda Sect , who got wounded guarding the Right Eye of the Impure King . In the occasion , Rin meets Ryuji 's father , and learns that Ryuji is resentful of him , as despite being the leader of the Myoda Sect , he is not respected by the others , as he relegated his duties since the Sect ( which was weakened after losing several of its members on the Blue Night ) joined the True Cross Order . Meanwhile , Todo , with the Left Eye of the Impure King replacing his own , contacts his mole inside the Sect , planning another attempt to steal the Right Eye . `` Suspicion Will Raise Bogies '' `` Gishinanki '' ( 疑心 暗鬼 ) January 21 , 2017 The Myoda Sect has an emergency meeting to discuss the failed attempt to steal the Right Eye of the Impure King , and discover who among them is the traitor collaborating with Todo . In the occasion , suspicions were raised towards two of the sect 's exorcists , Renzo 's older brother Juzo and Mamushi as they were present at the scene and were Todo 's students in the past , but the head priest , who did not attend the meeting , was counted as a suspect as well , much to Ryuji 's anger . Meanwhile , Rin continues with his training to control his flames while trying to reconcile with his friends , who fear how the Myoda will respond once they learn that he is the son of Satan . `` Act of Treachery '' `` Haishin Kigi '' ( 背信棄義 ) January 28 , 2017 Who is betraying the Myoda sect ? Without high priest Tatsuma in attendance , the general meeting falls into chaos and ends without a conclusion . As Suguro resolves to find and question his father , he witnesses someone sneaking into the Kyoto field office ... 5 `` Mysterious Connections '' `` Aienkien '' ( 合 縁 奇縁 ) February 4 , 2017 Although the traitor was revealed , the Right Eye of the Impure King has been stolen . While confronting Ryuji , Rin loses control of his blue flames in front of the gathered exorcists . In all of the commotion , Tatsuma slips Shura a letter addressed to Rin . 6 `` A Wolf in Sheep 's Clothing '' `` Menrihōshin '' ( 綿 裏 包 針 ) February 11 , 2017 Shiro Fujimoto , Rin and Yukio 's adopted father , encountered Tatsuma Suguro while trying to take the demonic sword , Kurikara . Tatsuma 's letter reveals the circumstances of how the sword , which is the Myoda Sect 's main object of worship , came to Rin . 7 `` Like a Fire Burning Bright '' `` Kienbanjō '' ( 気 炎 万丈 ) February 18 , 2017 The Impure King has been revived ! In his letter , Tatsuma asks Rin to use the Koma Sword to fight , but will that even be possible ? And to make matters worse , Mephisto suddenly appears with the news that Rin has been sentenced to death ! 8 `` From Father to Son '' `` Fushi Sōden '' ( 父子 相伝 ) February 25 , 2017 Miasma spreads through the streets as the exorcists begin to counter the Impure King 's growth . Rin leaves with the other students to find Tatsuma . Yukio is on the front lines , unaware his brother has left his cell , when he notices something strange ... 9 `` Through Thick and Thin '' `` Setchūshōhaku '' ( 雪 中 松柏 ) March 4 , 2017 `` You despise your brother , do n't you ? '' Yukio is shaken as Todo tells him to admit his true feelings . Yukio reflects on the thoughts he 's had since an early age . Meanwhile , Suguro has inherited the Gouha - en , and with it , he and Rin head to the sporangium . 10 `` Unbowed and Unbroken '' `` Futōfukutsu '' ( 不撓 不屈 ) March 11 , 2017 The sporangium has finally burst , revealing the Impure King . Assaulted by the miasma , Suguro barely maintains the barrier . And every passing moment brings him closer to his limit . Rin questions why he ca n't draw his sword , even when backed into a corner . 11 `` Shine Bright as the Sun '' `` Kōkisanzen '' ( 光輝 燦然 ) March 18 , 2017 Rin finally manages to draw the demon sword . Shura tells him to , `` Win a place for yourself in this world ! '' However , there does n't seem to be a way to stop the Impure King 's overwhelming growth . And if Suguro 's strength fails , the barrier will collapse ! 12 `` Candid and Open '' `` Kyoshintankai '' ( 虚心 坦 懐 ) March 25 , 2017 The sight of a blue flame burning in the night sky is reminiscent of `` Blue Night , '' but has brought about a completely different result . Now that the incidents relating to the Impure King have been concluded , those affected are moving on . OVA `` Snake and Poison '' `` Hebi to Doku '' ( 蛇 と 毒 ) April 4 , 2017 ( DVD ) The story centers around Mamushi Hojo and Juzo Shima when they were students studying at the True Cross Academy . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Blue Exorcist to be Simulcast on Hulu , ANN and Crunchyroll '' . Anime News Network . 8 April 2011 . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` News : Anime / Manga Releases Delayed After Quake : Part III '' . Anime News Network . March 19 , 2011 . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Aniplex of America Adds Madoka Magica , Blue Exorcist on Home Video '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` UVERworld の 新曲 が 、 注目 アニメ の テーマ 曲 に 決定 '' ( Uverworld 's new song to be featured as an anime 's theme song ) . Oricon ( in Japanese ) . April 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` アニメ 「 青 の 祓 魔 師 」 テーマ ソング は UVERworld&2PM '' ( Anime Blue Exorcist Theme song by Uverworld & 2PM ) ( in Japanese ) . Natalie . March 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Green , Scott ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` 2017 `` Blue Exorcist '' TV Anime Announcement Spotted `` . Crunchyroll . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Exorcist : Kyoto Saga Anime 's TV Ads Preview Theme Songs '' . Anime News Network . December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blue Exorcist Episodes '' . Crunchyroll . Retrieved August 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Exorcist US Official '' . Aniplex . ^ Jump up to : 青 の 祓 魔 師 ( in Japanese ) . Web Newtype . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2011 . Retrieved May 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neon Alley programming schedule Archived 2012 - 10 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : 青 の 祓 魔 師 ( in Japanese ) . Web Newtype . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2011 . Retrieved May 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : 青 の 祓 魔 師 ( in Japanese ) . Web Newtype . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2011 . Retrieved June 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : 青 の 祓 魔 師 ( in Japanese ) . Web Newtype . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : 青 の 祓 魔 師 ( in Japanese ) . Web Newtype . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2011 . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : 青 の 祓 魔 師 ( in Japanese ) . Web Newtype . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2011 . Retrieved October 1 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Official Website ( in Japanese ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Blue_Exorcist_episodes&oldid=850224296 '' Categories : 2011 Japanese television seasons 2017 Japanese television seasons Lists of anime episodes Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles with Japanese - language external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 14 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is blue exorcist season 2 coming out | [] | [] |
-6172572161533630540 | American Civil War | American Civil War - Wikipedia American Civil War Jump to : navigation , search American Civil War Clockwise from top : Battle of Gettysburg , Union Captain John Tidball 's artillery , Confederate prisoners , ironclad USS Atlanta , ruins of Richmond , Virginia , Battle of Franklin Date April 12 , 1861 -- May 9 , 1865 ( by proclamation ) ( 4 years , 3 weeks and 6 days ) ( Last shot fired June 22 , 1865 ) Location Southern United States , Northeastern United States , Western United States , Atlantic Ocean Result Union victory Dissolution of the Confederate States U.S. territorial integrity preserved Slavery abolished Beginning of the Reconstruction Era Belligerents United States Confederate States Commanders and leaders Abraham Lincoln Ulysses S. Grant William T. Sherman David Farragut George B. McClellan Henry Halleck George Meade and others Jefferson Davis Robert E. Lee J.E. Johnston P.G.T. Beauregard A.S. Johnston † Braxton Bragg and others Strength 2,200,000 : Union Army Union Marines Union Navy Revenue Service 698,000 ( peak ) 750,000 -- 1,000,000 : Confederate Army Confederate Marines Confederate Navy 360,000 ( peak ) Casualties and losses 110,000 + killed in action / died of wounds 230,000 + accident / disease deaths 25,000 -- 30,000 died in Confederate prisons 365,000 + total dead 282,000 + wounded 181,193 captured Total : 828,000 + casualties 94,000 + killed in action / died of wounds 26,000 -- 31,000 died in Union prisons 290,000 + total dead 137,000 + wounded 436,658 captured Total : 864,000 + casualties 50,000 free civilians dead 80,000 + slaves dead Total : 785,000 -- 1,000,000 + dead Theaters of the American Civil War Union blockade Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast The American Civil War was fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865 . The result of a long - standing controversy over slavery , war broke out in April 1861 , when Confederates attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina , shortly after President Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated . The nationalists of the Union proclaimed loyalty to the U.S. Constitution . They faced secessionists of the Confederate States of America , who advocated for states ' rights to expand slavery . Among the 34 U.S. states in February 1861 , seven Southern slave states individually declared their secession from the U.S. to form the Confederate States of America , or the South . The Confederacy grew to include eleven slave states . The Confederacy was never diplomatically recognized by the United States government , nor was it recognized by any foreign country ( although Britain and France granted it belligerent status ) . The states that remained loyal , including the border states where slavery was legal , were known as the Union or the North . The North and South quickly raised volunteer and conscription armies that fought mostly in the South over four years . The Union finally won the war when General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant at the battle of Appomattox followed by a series of surrenders by Confederate generals throughout the southern states . Four years of intense combat left 620,000 to 750,000 soldiers dead , a higher number than the number of American military deaths in all other wars combined . Much of the South 's infrastructure was destroyed , especially the transportation systems , railroads , mills and houses . The Confederacy collapsed , slavery was abolished , and 4 million slaves were freed . The Reconstruction Era ( 1863 -- 1877 ) overlapped and followed the war , with the process of restoring national unity , strengthening the national government , and granting civil rights to freed slaves throughout the country . The Civil War is the most studied and written about episode in American history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prelude to war 2 Causes of secession 2.1 Slavery 2.2 Sectionalism 2.3 Protectionism 2.4 States ' rights 2.5 Territorial crisis 2.6 National elections 2.6. 1 Nationalism and honor 2.6. 2 Lincoln 's election 3 Outbreak of the war 3.1 Secession crisis 3.2 Battle of Fort Sumter 3.3 Attitude of the border states 4 War 4.1 Mobilization 4.1. 1 Motivation 4.1. 2 Prisoners 4.2 Naval war 4.2. 1 Union blockade 4.2. 1.1 Modern navy evolves 4.2. 1.2 Blockade runners 4.2. 1.3 Economic impact 4.2. 2 Rivers 4.3 Eastern theater 4.4 Western theater 4.5 Trans - Mississippi 4.6 End of the war 4.6. 1 Conquest of Virginia 4.6. 2 Confederacy surrenders 5 Diplomacy 6 Union victory and aftermath 6.1 Results 6.2 Costs 6.3 Emancipation 6.3. 1 Slavery as a war issue 6.3. 2 Emancipation Proclamation 6.4 Texas v. White 6.5 Reconstruction 7 Memory and historiography 7.1 Lost Cause 7.2 Beardian historiography 7.3 Civil War commemoration 7.4 Technological significance 8 In works of culture and art 8.1 Literature 8.2 Film 8.3 Song 8.4 Video games 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Citations 10.3 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Prelude to War In the 1860 presidential election , Republicans , led by Abraham Lincoln , supported banning slavery in all the U.S. territories . The Southern states viewed this as a violation of their constitutional rights and as the first step in a grander Republican plan to eventually abolish slavery . The three pro-Union candidates together received an overwhelming 82 % majority of the votes cast nationally : Republican Lincoln 's votes centered in the north , Democrat Stephen A. Douglas ' votes were distributed nationally and Constitutional Unionist John Bell 's votes centered in Tennessee , Kentucky , and Virginia . The Republican Party , dominant in the North , secured a plurality of the popular votes and a majority of the electoral votes nationally , so Lincoln was constitutionally elected president . He was the first Republican Party candidate to win the presidency . However , before his inauguration , seven slave states with cotton - based economies declared secession and formed the Confederacy . The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations , a total of 49 percent . The first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51 % and Louisiana with 55 % . Alabama had voted 46 % for those unionists , Mississippi with 40 % , Florida with 38 % , Texas with 25 % , and South Carolina cast Electoral College votes without a popular vote for president . Of these , only Texas held a referendum on secession . Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession . Outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal . Lincoln 's March 4 , 1861 , inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war . Speaking directly to the `` Southern States '' , he attempted to calm their fears of any threats to slavery , reaffirming , `` I have no purpose , directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists . I believe I have no lawful right to do so , and I have no inclination to do so . '' After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy , efforts at compromise failed and both sides prepared for war . The Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on `` King Cotton '' that they would intervene , but none did , and none recognized the new Confederate States of America . Hostilities began on April 12 , 1861 , when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter . While in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains , in the Eastern Theater , the battle was inconclusive from 1861 -- 1862 . Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation , which made ending slavery a war goal . To the west , by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy , then much of their western armies , and seized New Orleans . The 1863 Union Siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River . In 1863 , Robert E. Lee 's Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg . Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grant 's command of all Union armies in 1864 . Inflicting an ever - tightening naval blockade of Confederate ports , the Union marshaled the resources and manpower to attack the Confederacy from all directions , leading to the fall of Atlanta to William T. Sherman and his march to the sea . The last significant battles raged around the Siege of Petersburg. Lee 's escape attempt ended with his surrender at Appomattox Court House , on April 9 , 1865 . While the military war was coming to an end , the political reintegration of the nation was to take another 12 years , known as the Reconstruction Era . The American Civil War was one of the earliest true industrial wars . Railroads , the telegraph , steamships and iron - clad ships , and mass - produced weapons were employed extensively . The mobilization of civilian factories , mines , shipyards , banks , transportation and food supplies all foreshadowed the impact of industrialization in World War I , World War II and subsequent conflicts . It remains the deadliest war in American history . From 1861 to 1865 , it is estimated that 620,000 to 750,000 soldiers died , along with an undetermined number of civilians . By one estimate , the war claimed the lives of 10 percent of all Northern males 20 -- 45 years old , and 30 percent of all Southern white males aged 18 -- 40 . Causes of secession Main articles : Origins of the American Civil War and Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The causes of secession were complex and have been controversial since the war began , but most academic scholars identify slavery as a central cause of the war . James C. Bradford wrote that the issue has been further complicated by historical revisionists , who have tried to offer a variety of reasons for the war . Slavery was the central source of escalating political tension in the 1850s . The Republican Party was determined to prevent any spread of slavery , and many Southern leaders had threatened secession if the Republican candidate , Lincoln , won the 1860 election . After Lincoln won many Southern leaders felt that disunion had become their only option , because they thought that they were losing representation , which would hamper their ability to promote pro-slavery acts and policies . Slavery Status of the states , 1861 States that seceded before April 15 , 1861 States that seceded after April 15 , 1861 Union states that permitted slavery Union states that banned slavery Territories Slavery was a major cause of disunion . Although there were opposing views even in the Union States , most northern soldiers were largely indifferent on the subject of slavery , while Confederates fought the war , in large measure , to protect southern society , and slavery was an integral part of it . From the anti-slavery perspective , the issue was primarily about whether the system of slavery was an anachronistic evil that was incompatible with republicanism . The strategy of the anti-slavery forces was containment -- to stop the expansion and thus put slavery on a path to gradual extinction . The slave - holding interests in the South denounced this strategy as infringing upon their Constitutional rights . Southern whites believed that the emancipation of slaves would destroy the South 's economy , due to the large amount of capital invested in slaves and fears of integrating the ex-slave black population . Slavery was illegal in much of the North , having been outlawed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries . It was also fading in the border states and in Southern cities , but it was expanding in the highly profitable cotton districts of the rural South and Southwest . Subsequent writers on the American Civil War looked to several factors explaining the geographic divide . Sectionalism Sectionalism refers to the different economies , social structure , customs and political values of the North and South . It increased steadily between 1800 and 1860 as the North , which phased slavery out of existence , industrialized , urbanized , and built prosperous farms , while the deep South concentrated on plantation agriculture based on slave labor , together with subsistence farming for poor freedmen . In the 1840s and 50s , the issue of accepting slavery ( in the guise of rejecting slave - owning bishops and missionaries ) split the nation 's largest religious denominations ( the Methodist , Baptist and Presbyterian churches ) into separate Northern and Southern denominations . Historians have debated whether economic differences between the industrial Northeast and the agricultural South helped cause the war . Most historians now disagree with the economic determinism of historian Charles A. Beard in the 1920s and emphasize that Northern and Southern economies were largely complementary . While socially different , the sections economically benefited each other . New Orleans , the largest cotton exporting port for New England and Great Britain textile mills , shipping Mississippi River Valley goods from North , South and Border states Protectionism Historically , southern slave - holding states , because of their low cost manual labor , had little perceived need for mechanization , and supported having the right to sell cotton and purchase manufactured goods from any nation . Northern states , which had heavily invested in their still - nascent manufacturing , could not compete with the full - fledged industries of Europe in offering high prices for cotton imported from the South and low prices for manufactured exports in return . Thus , northern manufacturing interests supported tariffs and protectionism while southern planters demanded free trade . The Democrats in Congress , controlled by Southerners , wrote the tariff laws in the 1830s , 1840s , and 1850s , and kept reducing rates so that the 1857 rates were the lowest since 1816 . The Whigs and Republicans complained because they favored high tariffs to stimulate industrial growth , and Republicans called for an increase in tariffs in the 1860 election . The increases were only enacted in 1861 after Southerners resigned their seats in Congress . The tariff issue was and is sometimes cited -- long after the war -- by Lost Cause historians and neo-Confederate apologists . In 1860 -- 61 none of the groups that proposed compromises to head off secession raised the tariff issue . Pamphleteers North and South rarely mentioned the tariff , and when some did , for instance , Matthew Fontaine Maury and John Lothrop Motley , they were generally writing for a foreign audience . States ' rights The South argued that each state had the right to secede -- leave the Union -- at any time , that the Constitution was a `` compact '' or agreement among the states . Northerners ( including President Buchanan ) rejected that notion as opposed to the will of the Founding Fathers who said they were setting up a perpetual union . Historian James McPherson writes concerning states ' rights and other non-slavery explanations : While one or more of these interpretations remain popular among the Sons of Confederate Veterans and other Southern heritage groups , few professional historians now subscribe to them . Of all these interpretations , the states ' - rights argument is perhaps the weakest . It fails to ask the question , states ' rights for what purpose ? States ' rights , or sovereignty , was always more a means than an end , an instrument to achieve a certain goal more than a principle . Territorial Crisis Further information : Slave and free states Between 1803 and 1854 , the United States achieved a vast expansion of territory through purchase , negotiation , and conquest . At first , the new states carved out of these territories entering the union were apportioned equally between slave and free states . It was over territories west of the Mississippi that the proslavery and antislavery forces collided . With the conquest of northern Mexico west to California in 1848 , slaveholding interests looked forward to expanding into these lands and perhaps Cuba and Central America as well . Northern `` free soil '' interests vigorously sought to curtail any further expansion of slave territory . The Compromise of 1850 over California balanced a free soil state with stronger fugitive slave laws for a political settlement after four years of strife in the 1840s . But the states admitted following California were all free : Minnesota ( 1858 ) , Oregon ( 1859 ) and Kansas ( 1861 ) . In the southern states the question of the territorial expansion of slavery westward again became explosive . Both the South and the North drew the same conclusion : `` The power to decide the question of slavery for the territories was the power to determine the future of slavery itself . '' Sen. Stephen Douglas , author of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 Sen. John J. Crittenden , of the 1860 Crittenden Compromise By 1860 , four doctrines had emerged to answer the question of federal control in the territories , and they all claimed they were sanctioned by the Constitution , implicitly or explicitly . The first of these `` conservative '' theories , represented by the Constitutional Union Party , argued that the Missouri Compromise apportionment of territory north for free soil and south for slavery should become a Constitutional mandate . The Crittenden Compromise of 1860 was an expression of this view . The second doctrine of Congressional preeminence , championed by Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party , insisted that the Constitution did not bind legislators to a policy of balance -- that slavery could be excluded in a territory as it was done in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 at the discretion of Congress , thus Congress could restrict human bondage , but never establish it . The Wilmot Proviso announced this position in 1846 . Senator Stephen A. Douglas proclaimed the doctrine of territorial or `` popular '' sovereignty -- which asserted that the settlers in a territory had the same rights as states in the Union to establish or disestablish slavery as a purely local matter . The Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 legislated this doctrine . In Kansas Territory , years of pro and anti-slavery violence and political conflict erupted ; the congressional House of Representatives voted to admit Kansas as a free state in early 1860 , but its admission in the Senate was delayed until January 1861 , after the 1860 elections when southern senators began to leave . The fourth theory was advocated by Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis , one of state sovereignty ( `` states ' rights '' ) , also known as the `` Calhoun doctrine '' , named after the South Carolinian political theorist and statesman John C. Calhoun . Rejecting the arguments for federal authority or self - government , state sovereignty would empower states to promote the expansion of slavery as part of the Federal Union under the U.S. Constitution . `` States ' rights '' was an ideology formulated and applied as a means of advancing slave state interests through federal authority . As historian Thomas L. Krannawitter points out , the `` Southern demand for federal slave protection represented a demand for an unprecedented expansion of federal power . '' These four doctrines comprised the major ideologies presented to the American public on the matters of slavery , the territories and the U.S. Constitution prior to the 1860 presidential election . National elections Beginning in the American Revolution and accelerating after the War of 1812 , the people of the United States grew in the sense that their country was a national republic based on the belief that all people had inalienable political liberty and personal rights which could serve as an important example to the rest of the world . Previous regional independence movements such as the Greek revolt in the Ottoman Empire , the division and redivision of the Latin American political map , and the British - French Crimean triumph leading to an interest in redrawing Europe along cultural differences , all conspired to make for a time of upheaval and uncertainty about the basis of the nation - state . In the world of 19th century self - made Americans , growing in prosperity , population and expanding westward , `` freedom '' could mean personal liberty or property rights . The unresolved difference would cause failure -- first in their political institutions , then in their civil life together . Nationalism and honor Abraham Lincoln 16th U.S. President ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Nationalism was a powerful force in the early 19th century , with famous spokesmen such as Andrew Jackson and Daniel Webster . While practically all Northerners supported the Union , Southerners were split between those loyal to the entire United States ( called `` unionists '' ) and those loyal primarily to the southern region and then the Confederacy . C. Vann Woodward said of the latter group , A great slave society ... had grown up and miraculously flourished in the heart of a thoroughly bourgeois and partly puritanical republic . It had renounced its bourgeois origins and elaborated and painfully rationalized its institutional , legal , metaphysical , and religious defenses ... When the crisis came it chose to fight . It proved to be the death struggle of a society , which went down in ruins . Perceived insults to Southern collective honor included the enormous popularity of Uncle Tom 's Cabin ( 1852 ) and the actions of abolitionist John Brown in trying to incite a slave rebellion in 1859 . While the South moved towards a Southern nationalism , leaders in the North were also becoming more nationally minded , and they rejected any notion of splitting the Union . The Republican national electoral platform of 1860 warned that Republicans regarded disunion as treason and would not tolerate it : `` We denounce those threats of disunion ... as denying the vital principles of a free government , and as an avowal of contemplated treason , which it is the imperative duty of an indignant people sternly to rebuke and forever silence . '' The South ignored the warnings : Southerners did not realize how ardently the North would fight to hold the Union together . Lincoln 's election Main article : United States presidential election , 1860 The election of Abraham Lincoln in November 1860 was the final trigger for secession . Efforts at compromise , including the `` Corwin Amendment '' and the `` Crittenden Compromise '' , failed . Southern leaders feared that Lincoln would stop the expansion of slavery and put it on a course toward extinction . The slave states , which had already become a minority in the House of Representatives , were now facing a future as a perpetual minority in the Senate and Electoral College against an increasingly powerful North . Before Lincoln took office in March 1861 , seven slave states had declared their secession and joined to form the Confederacy . According to Lincoln , the people of the United States had shown that they can be successful in establishing and administering a republic , but a third challenge faced the nation , maintaining the republic , based on the people 's vote . The people must now show : `` ... successful maintenance ( of the Republic ) against a formidable internal attempt to overthrow it . It is now for them to demonstrate to the world that those who can fairly carry an election can also suppress a rebellion ; that ballots are the rightful and peaceful successors of bullets ; and that when ballots have fairly and constitutionally decided , there can be no successful appeal back to bullets ; that there can be no successful appeal , except to ballots themselves , at succeeding elections . Such will be a great lesson of peace ; teaching men that what they can not take by an election , neither can they take it by a war ... '' Outbreak of the War Secession Crisis The first published imprint of secession , a broadside issued by the Charleston Mercury , December 20 , 1860 The election of Lincoln caused the legislature of South Carolina to call a state convention to consider secession . Prior to the war , South Carolina did more than any other Southern state to advance the notion that a state had the right to nullify federal laws and , even , secede from the United States . The convention summoned unanimously voted to secede on December 20 , 1860 , and adopted the `` Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union '' . It argued for states ' rights for slave owners in the South , but contained a complaint about states ' rights in the North in the form of opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act , claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their federal obligations under the Constitution . The `` cotton states '' of Mississippi , Florida , Alabama , Georgia , Louisiana , and Texas followed suit , seceding in January and February 1861 . Among the ordinances of secession passed by the individual states , those of three -- Texas , Alabama , and Virginia -- specifically mentioned the plight of the ' slaveholding states ' at the hands of northern abolitionists . The rest make no mention of the slavery issue , and are often brief announcements of the dissolution of ties by the legislatures . However , at least four states -- South Carolina , Mississippi , Georgia , and Texas -- also passed lengthy and detailed explanations of their causes for secession , all of which laid the blame squarely on the movement to abolish slavery and that movement 's influence over the politics of the northern states . The southern states believed slaveholding was a constitutional right because of the Fugitive slave clause of the Constitution . These states agreed to form a new federal government , the Confederate States of America , on February 4 , 1861 . They took control of federal forts and other properties within their boundaries with little resistance from outgoing President James Buchanan , whose term ended on March 4 , 1861 . Buchanan said that the Dred Scott decision was proof that the South had no reason for secession , and that the Union `` ... was intended to be perpetual , '' but that `` The power by force of arms to compel a State to remain in the Union '' was not among the `` ... enumerated powers granted to Congress . '' One quarter of the U.S. Army -- the entire garrison in Texas -- was surrendered in February 1861 to state forces by its commanding general , David E. Twiggs , who then joined the Confederacy . As Southerners resigned their seats in the Senate and the House , Republicans were able to pass bills for projects that had been blocked by Southern Senators before the war , including the Morrill Tariff , land grant colleges ( the Morrill Act ) , a Homestead Act , a transcontinental railroad ( the Pacific Railway Acts ) , the National Banking Act and the authorization of United States Notes by the Legal Tender Act of 1862 . The Revenue Act of 1861 introduced the income tax to help finance the war . On December 18 , 1860 , the Crittenden Compromise was proposed to re-establish the Missouri Compromise line by constitutionally banning slavery in territories to the north of the line while guaranteeing it to the south . The adoption of this compromise likely would have prevented the secession of every southern state apart from South Carolina , but Lincoln and the Republicans rejected it . It was then proposed to hold a national referendum on the compromise . The Republicans again rejected the idea , although a majority of both Northerners and Southerners would have voted in favor of it . A pre-war February Peace Conference of 1861 met in Washington , proposing a solution similar to that of the Crittenden compromise , it was rejected by Congress . The Republicans proposed an alternative compromise to not interfere with slavery where it existed but the South regarded it as insufficient . Nonetheless , the remaining eight slave states rejected pleas to join the Confederacy following a two - to - one no - vote in Virginia 's First Secessionist Convention on April 4 , 1861 . Jefferson Davis , President of the Confederate States of America ( 1861 -- 1865 ) On March 4 , 1861 , Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as President . In his inaugural address , he argued that the Constitution was a more perfect union than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , that it was a binding contract , and called any secession `` legally void '' . He had no intent to invade Southern states , nor did he intend to end slavery where it existed , but said that he would use force to maintain possession of Federal property . The government would make no move to recover post offices , and if resisted , mail delivery would end at state lines . Where popular conditions did not allow peaceful enforcement of Federal law , U.S. Marshals and Judges would be withdrawn . No mention was made of bullion lost from U.S. mints in Louisiana , Georgia and North Carolina . In Lincoln 's inaugural address , he stated that it would be U.S. policy to only collect import duties at its ports ; there could be no serious injury to the South to justify armed revolution during his administration . His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union , famously calling on `` the mystic chords of memory '' binding the two regions . The South sent delegations to Washington and offered to pay for the federal properties and enter into a peace treaty with the United States . Lincoln rejected any negotiations with Confederate agents because he claimed the Confederacy was not a legitimate government , and that making any treaty with it would be tantamount to recognition of it as a sovereign government . Secretary of State William Seward who at that time saw himself as the real governor or `` prime minister '' behind the throne of the inexperienced Lincoln , engaged in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed . President Lincoln was determined to hold all remaining Union - occupied forts in the Confederacy , Fort Monroe in Virginia , in Florida , Fort Pickens , Fort Jefferson , and Fort Taylor , and in the cockpit of secession , Charleston , South Carolina 's Fort Sumter . Battle of Fort Sumter Main article : Battle of Fort Sumter Mass meeting April 20 , 1861 , to support the Government at Washington 's equestrian statue in Union Square NYC Fort Sumter was located in the middle of the harbor of Charleston , South Carolina , where the U.S. fort 's garrison had withdrawn to avoid incidents with local militias in the streets of the city . Unlike Buchanan , who allowed commanders to relinquish possession to avoid bloodshed , Lincoln required Maj . Anderson to hold on until fired upon . Jefferson Davis ordered the surrender of the fort . Anderson gave a conditional reply that the Confederate government rejected , and Davis ordered P.G.T. Beauregard to attack the fort before a relief expedition could arrive . Troops under Beauregard bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12 -- 13 , forcing its capitulation . The attack on Fort Sumter rallied the North to the defense of American nationalism . Historian Allan Nevins said : The thunderclap of Sumter produced a startling crystallization of Northern sentiment ... Anger swept the land . From every side came news of mass meetings , speeches , resolutions , tenders of business support , the muster of companies and regiments , the determined action of governors and legislatures . '' However , much of the North 's attitude was based on the false belief that only a minority of Southerners were actually in favor of secession and that there were large numbers of southern Unionists that could be counted on . Had Northerners realized that most Southerners really did favor secession , they might have hesitated at attempting the enormous task of conquering a united South . Lincoln called on all the states to send forces to recapture the fort and other federal properties . With the scale of the rebellion apparently small so far , Lincoln called for only 75,000 volunteers for 90 days . The governor of Massachusetts had state regiments on trains headed south the next day . In western Missouri , local secessionists seized Liberty Arsenal . On May 3 , 1861 , Lincoln called for an additional 42,000 volunteers for a period of three years . Four states in the middle and upper South had repeatedly rejected Confederate overtures , but now Virginia , Tennessee , Arkansas , and North Carolina refused to send forces against their neighbors , declared their secession , and joined the Confederacy . To reward Virginia , the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond . US Secession map 1863 . The Union vs. the Confederacy . Union states Union territories not permitting slavery Border Union states , permitting slavery Confederate states Union territories permitting slavery ( claimed by Confederacy ) Attitude of the border states Main article : Border states ( American Civil War ) Maryland , Delaware , Missouri , and Kentucky were slave states that were opposed to both secession and coercing the South . West Virginia then joined them as an additional border state after it separated from Virginia and became a state of the Union in 1863 . Maryland 's territory surrounded the United States ' capital of Washington , DC and could cut it off from the North . It had numerous anti-Lincoln officials who tolerated anti-army rioting in Baltimore and the burning of bridges , both aimed at hindering the passage of troops to the South . Maryland 's legislature voted overwhelmingly ( 53 -- 13 ) to stay in the Union , but also rejected hostilities with its southern neighbors , voting to close Maryland 's rail lines to prevent them from being used for war . Lincoln responded by establishing martial law , and unilaterally suspending habeas corpus , in Maryland , along with sending in militia units from the North . Lincoln rapidly took control of Maryland and the District of Columbia , by seizing many prominent figures , including arresting 1 / 3 of the members of the Maryland General Assembly on the day it reconvened . All were held without trial , ignoring a ruling by the Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Roger Taney , a Maryland native , that only Congress ( and not the president ) could suspend habeas corpus ( Ex parte Merryman ) . Indeed , federal troops imprisoned a prominent Baltimore newspaper editor , Frank Key Howard , Francis Scott Key 's grandson , after he criticized Lincoln in an editorial for ignoring the Supreme Court Chief Justice 's ruling . In Missouri , an elected convention on secession voted decisively to remain within the Union . When pro-Confederate Governor Claiborne F. Jackson called out the state militia , it was attacked by federal forces under General Nathaniel Lyon , who chased the governor and the rest of the State Guard to the southwestern corner of the state . ( See also : Missouri secession ) . In the resulting vacuum , the convention on secession reconvened and took power as the Unionist provisional government of Missouri . Kentucky did not secede ; for a time , it declared itself neutral . When Confederate forces entered the state in September 1861 , neutrality ended and the state reaffirmed its Union status , while trying to maintain slavery . During a brief invasion by Confederate forces , Confederate sympathizers organized a secession convention , inaugurated a governor , and gained recognition from the Confederacy . The rebel government soon went into exile and never controlled Kentucky . After Virginia 's secession , a Unionist government in Wheeling asked 48 counties to vote on an ordinance to create a new state on October 24 , 1861 . A voter turnout of 34 percent approved the statehood bill ( 96 percent approving ) . The inclusion of 24 secessionist counties in the state and the ensuing guerrilla war engaged about 40,000 Federal troops for much of the war . Congress admitted West Virginia to the Union on June 20 , 1863 . West Virginia provided about 20,000 -- 22,000 soldiers to both the Confederacy and the Union . A Unionist secession attempt occurred in East Tennessee , but was suppressed by the Confederacy , which arrested over 3,000 men suspected of being loyal to the Union . They were held without trial . War See also : List of American Civil War battles and Military leadership in the American Civil War County map of Civil War battles by theater and year The Civil War was a contest marked by the ferocity and frequency of battle . Over four years , 237 named battles were fought , as were many more minor actions and skirmishes , which were often characterized by their bitter intensity and high casualties . In his book The American Civil War , John Keegan writes that `` The American Civil War was to prove one of the most ferocious wars ever fought '' . Without geographic objectives , the only target for each side was the enemy 's soldier . Mobilization As the first seven states began organizing a Confederacy in Montgomery , the entire U.S. army numbered 16,000 . However , Northern governors had begun to mobilize their militias . The Confederate Congress authorized the new nation up to 100,000 troops sent by governors as early as February . By May , Jefferson Davis was pushing for 100,000 men under arms for one year or the duration , and that was answered in kind by the U.S. Congress . In the first year of the war , both sides had far more volunteers than they could effectively train and equip . After the initial enthusiasm faded , reliance on the cohort of young men who came of age every year and wanted to join was not enough . Both sides used a draft law -- conscription -- as a device to encourage or force volunteering ; relatively few were actually drafted and served . The Confederacy passed a draft law in April 1862 for young men aged 18 to 35 ; overseers of slaves , government officials , and clergymen were exempt . The U.S. Congress followed in July , authorizing a militia draft within a state when it could not meet its quota with volunteers . European immigrants joined the Union Army in large numbers , including 177,000 born in Germany and 144,000 born in Ireland . Union soldiers before Marye 's Heights , Second Fredericksburg Confederate dead overrun at Marye 's Heights , reoccupied next day May 4 , 1863 When the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect in January 1863 , ex-slaves were energetically recruited by the states , and used to meet the state quotas . States and local communities offered higher and higher cash bonuses for white volunteers . Congress tightened the law in March 1863 . Men selected in the draft could provide substitutes or , until mid-1864 , pay commutation money . Many eligibles pooled their money to cover the cost of anyone drafted . Families used the substitute provision to select which man should go into the army and which should stay home . There was much evasion and overt resistance to the draft , especially in Catholic areas . The great draft riot in New York City in July 1863 involved Irish immigrants who had been signed up as citizens to swell the vote of the city 's Democratic political machine , not realizing it made them liable for the draft . Of the 168,649 men procured for the Union through the draft , 117,986 were substitutes , leaving only 50,663 who had their personal services conscripted . In both the North and South , the draft laws were highly unpopular . In the North , some 120,000 men evaded conscription , many of them fleeing to Canada , and another 280,000 soldiers deserted during the war . At least 100,000 Southerners deserted , or about 10 percent . In the South , many men deserted temporarily to take care of their distressed families , then returned to their units . In the North , `` bounty jumpers '' enlisted to get the generous bonus , deserted , then went back to a second recruiting station under a different name to sign up again for a second bonus ; 141 were caught and executed . Rioters attacking a building during the New York anti-draft riots of 1863 From a tiny frontier force in 1860 , the Union and Confederate armies had grown into the `` largest and most efficient armies in the world '' within a few years . European observers at the time dismissed them as amateur and unprofessional , but British historian John Keegan 's assessment is that each outmatched the French , Prussian and Russian armies of the time , and but for the Atlantic , would have threatened any of them with defeat . Motivation Perman and Taylor ( 2010 ) say that historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight , suffer and die over four years : Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology , holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty , Union , or state rights , or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery . Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight , such as the defense of one 's home and family , or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men . Most historians agree that no matter what a soldier thought about when he went into the war , the experience of combat affected him profoundly and sometimes altered his reasons for continuing the fight . Prisoners Main article : American Civil War prison camps At the start of the civil war , a system of paroles operated . Captives agreed not to fight until they were officially exchanged . Meanwhile , they were held in camps run by their own army where they were paid but not allowed to perform any military duties . The system of exchanges collapsed in 1863 when the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners . After that , about 56,000 of the 409,000 POWs died in prisons during the war , accounting for nearly 10 percent of the conflict 's fatalities . Naval War The small U.S. Navy of 1861 was rapidly enlarged to 6,000 officers and 45,000 men in 1865 , with 671 vessels , having a tonnage of 510,396 . Its mission was to blockade Confederate ports , take control of the river system , defend against Confederate raiders on the high seas , and be ready for a possible war with the British Royal Navy . Meanwhile , the main riverine war was fought in the West , where a series of major rivers gave access to the Confederate heartland , if the U.S. Navy could take control . In the East , the Navy supplied and moved army forces about , and occasionally shelled Confederate installations . Union blockade Main article : Union blockade General Scott 's `` Anaconda Plan '' 1861 . Tightening naval blockade , forcing rebels out of Missouri along the Mississippi River , Kentucky Unionists sit on the fence , idled cotton industry illustrated in Georgia . By early 1861 , General Winfield Scott had devised the Anaconda Plan to win the war with as little bloodshed as possible . Scott argued that a Union blockade of the main ports would weaken the Confederate economy . Lincoln adopted parts of the plan , but he overruled Scott 's caution about 90 - day volunteers . Public opinion , however , demanded an immediate attack by the army to capture Richmond . In April 1861 , Lincoln announced the Union blockade of all Southern ports ; commercial ships could not get insurance and regular traffic ended . The South blundered in embargoing cotton exports in 1861 before the blockade was effective ; by the time they realized the mistake , it was too late . `` King Cotton '' was dead , as the South could export less than 10 percent of its cotton . The blockade shut down the ten Confederate seaports with railheads that moved almost all the cotton , especially New Orleans , Mobile , and Charleston . By June 1861 , warships were stationed off the principal Southern ports , and a year later nearly 300 ships were in service . Modern Navy evolves The Civil War occurred during the early stages of the industrial revolution and subsequently many naval innovations emerged during this time , most notably the advent of the ironclad warship . It began when the Confederacy , knowing they had to meet or match the Union 's naval superiority , responded to the Union blockade by building or converting more than 130 vessels , including twenty - six ironclads and floating batteries . Only half of these saw active service . Many were equipped with ram bows , creating `` ram fever '' among Union squadrons wherever they threatened . But in the face of overwhelming Union superiority and the Union 's own ironclad warships , they were unsuccessful . The Confederacy experimented with a submarine , which did not work well , and with building an ironclad ship , the CSS Virginia , which was based on rebuilding a sunken Union ship , the Merrimack . On its first foray on March 8 , 1862 , the Virginia inflicted significant damage to the Union 's wooden fleet , but the next day the first Union ironclad , the USS Monitor , arrived to challenge it in the Chesapeake Bay . The resulting three hour battle between the Ironclads was a draw , but it marked the worldwide transition to ironclad warships . Not long after the battle the Confederacy was forced to scuttle the Virginia to prevent its capture , while the Union built many copies of the Monitor . Lacking the technology and infrastructure to build effective warships , the Confederacy attempted to obtain warships from Britain . Blockade runners Main article : Blockade runners of the American Civil War British investors built small , fast , steam - driven blockade runners that traded arms and luxuries brought in from Britain through Bermuda , Cuba , and the Bahamas in return for high - priced cotton . Many of the ships were designed for speed and were so small that only a small amount of cotton went out . When the Union Navy seized a blockade runner , the ship and cargo were condemned as a Prize of war and sold , with the proceeds given to the Navy sailors ; the captured crewmen were mostly British and they were simply released . The Southern economy nearly collapsed during the war . There were multiple reasons for this : the severe deterioration of food supplies , especially in cities , the failure of Southern railroads , the loss of control of the main rivers , foraging by Northern armies , and the seizure of animals and crops by Confederate armies . Most historians agree that the blockade was a major factor in ruining the Confederate economy ; however , Wise argues that the blockade runners provided just enough of a lifeline to allow Lee to continue fighting for additional months , thanks to fresh supplies of 400,000 rifles , lead , blankets , and boots that the homefront economy could no longer supply . Gunline of nine Union ironclads . South Atlantic Blockading Squadron off Charleston . Continuous blockade of all major ports was sustained by North 's overwhelming war production . Economic impact Surdam argues that the blockade was a powerful weapon that eventually ruined the Southern economy , at the cost of few lives in combat . Practically , the entire Confederate cotton crop was useless ( although it was sold to Union traders ) , costing the Confederacy its main source of income . Critical imports were scarce and the coastal trade was largely ended as well . The measure of the blockade 's success was not the few ships that slipped through , but the thousands that never tried it . Merchant ships owned in Europe could not get insurance and were too slow to evade the blockade ; they simply stopped calling at Confederate ports . To fight an offensive war , the Confederacy purchased ships from Britain , converted them to warships , and raided American merchant ships in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans . Insurance rates skyrocketed and the American flag virtually disappeared from international waters . However , the same ships were reflagged with European flags and continued unmolested . After the war , the U.S. demanded that Britain pay for the damage done , and Britain paid the U.S. $15 million in 1871 . Rivers The 1862 Union strategy called for simultaneous advances along four axes : McClellan would lead the main thrust in Virginia towards Richmond . Ohio forces would advance through Kentucky into Tennessee . The Missouri Department would drive south along the Mississippi River . The westernmost attack would originate from Kansas . Clashes on the rivers were melees of ironclads , cottonclads , gunboats and rams , complicated by torpedoes and by fire rafts . Ulysses Grant used river transport and Andrew Foote 's gunboats of the Western Flotilla to threaten the Confederacy 's `` Gibraltar of the West '' at Columbus , Kentucky . Though rebuffed at Belmont , Grant cut off Columbus . The Confederates , lacking their own gunboats , were forced to retreat and the Union took control of western Kentucky in March 1862 . In addition to ocean - going warships coming up the Mississippi , the Union Navy used timberclads , tinclads , and armored gunboats . Shipyards at Cairo , Illinois , and St. Louis built new boats or modified steamboats for action . They took control of the Red , Tennessee , Cumberland , Mississippi , and Ohio rivers after victories at Fort Henry ( February 6 , 1862 ) and Fort Donelson ( February 11 to 16 , 1862 ) , and supplied Grant 's forces as he moved into Tennessee . At Shiloh ( Pittsburg Landing ) , in Tennessee in April 1862 , the Confederates made a surprise attack that pushed Union forces against the river as night fell . Overnight , the Navy landed additional reinforcements , and Grant counter-attacked . Grant and the Union won a decisive victory -- the first battle with the high casualty rates that would repeat over and over . Memphis fell to Union forces on June 6 , 1862 , and became a key base for further advances south along the Mississippi River . On April 24 , 1862 , U.S. Naval forces under Farragut ran past Confederate defenses south of New Orleans . Confederate forces abandoned the city , giving the Union a critical anchor in the deep South . Naval forces assisted Grant in the long , complex Vicksburg Campaign that resulted in the Confederates surrendering at Vicksburg , Mississippi in July 1863 , and in the Union fully controlling the Mississippi River soon after . Eastern Theater For more details on this topic , see Eastern Theater of the American Civil War . In one of the first highly visible battles , a march by Union troops under the command of Maj. Gen. Irvin McDowell on the Confederate forces near Washington was repulsed . Left : The Battle of Antietam , the Civil War 's deadliest one - day fight . Union troops committed piecemeal had little effect . Right : Confederate ironclads at Norfolk and New Orleans dispersed blockade , until Union ironclads could defeat them . Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan took command of the Union Army of the Potomac on July 26 ( he was briefly general - in - chief of all the Union armies , but was subsequently relieved of that post in favor of Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck ) , and the war began in earnest in 1862 . Upon the strong urging of President Lincoln to begin offensive operations , McClellan attacked Virginia in the spring of 1862 by way of the peninsula between the York River and James River , southeast of Richmond . Although McClellan 's army reached the gates of Richmond in the Peninsula Campaign , Johnston halted his advance at the Battle of Seven Pines , then General Robert E. Lee and top subordinates James Longstreet and Stonewall Jackson defeated McClellan in the Seven Days Battles and forced his retreat . The Northern Virginia Campaign , which included the Second Battle of Bull Run , ended in yet another victory for the South . McClellan resisted General - in - Chief Halleck 's orders to send reinforcements to John Pope 's Union Army of Virginia , which made it easier for Lee 's Confederates to defeat twice the number of combined enemy troops . Emboldened by Second Bull Run , the Confederacy made its first invasion of the North . General Lee led 45,000 men of the Army of Northern Virginia across the Potomac River into Maryland on September 5 . Lincoln then restored Pope 's troops to McClellan . McClellan and Lee fought at the Battle of Antietam near Sharpsburg , Maryland , on September 17 , 1862 , the bloodiest single day in United States military history . Lee 's army , checked at last , returned to Virginia before McClellan could destroy it . Antietam is considered a Union victory because it halted Lee 's invasion of the North and provided an opportunity for Lincoln to announce his Emancipation Proclamation . Union forces performing a bayonet charge , 1862 When the cautious McClellan failed to follow up on Antietam , he was replaced by Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside . Burnside was soon defeated at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13 , 1862 , when more than 12,000 Union soldiers were killed or wounded during repeated futile frontal assaults against Marye 's Heights . After the battle , Burnside was replaced by Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker . Hooker , too , proved unable to defeat Lee 's army ; despite outnumbering the Confederates by more than two to one , he was humiliated in the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863 . Gen. Stonewall Jackson was shot in the arm by accidental friendly fire during the battle and subsequently died of complications . Gen. Hooker was replaced by Maj. Gen. George Meade during Lee 's second invasion of the North , in June . Meade defeated Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg ( July 1 to 3 , 1863 ) . This was the bloodiest battle of the war , and has been called the war 's turning point . Pickett 's Charge on July 3 is often considered the high - water mark of the Confederacy because it signaled the collapse of serious Confederate threats of victory . Lee 's army suffered 28,000 casualties ( versus Meade 's 23,000 ) . However , Lincoln was angry that Meade failed to intercept Lee 's retreat , and after Meade 's inconclusive fall campaign , Lincoln turned to the Western Theater for new leadership . At the same time , the Confederate stronghold of Vicksburg surrendered , giving the Union control of the Mississippi River , permanently isolating the western Confederacy , and producing the new leader Lincoln needed , Ulysses S. Grant . Western Theater For more details on this topic , see Western Theater of the American Civil War . While the Confederate forces had numerous successes in the Eastern Theater , they were defeated many times in the West . They were driven from Missouri early in the war as a result of the Battle of Pea Ridge . Leonidas Polk 's invasion of Columbus , Kentucky ended Kentucky 's policy of neutrality and turned that state against the Confederacy . Nashville and central Tennessee fell to the Union early in 1862 , leading to attrition of local food supplies and livestock and a breakdown in social organization . Left : The Battle of Chickamauga , the highest two - day losses . Confederate victory held off Union offensive for two months . Right : New Orleans captured . Union ironclads forced passage , sank Confederate fleet , destroyed batteries , held docks for Army . The Mississippi was opened to Union traffic to the southern border of Tennessee with the taking of Island No. 10 and New Madrid , Missouri , and then Memphis , Tennessee . In April 1862 , the Union Navy captured New Orleans , which allowed Union forces to begin moving up the Mississippi . Only the fortress city of Vicksburg , Mississippi , prevented Union control of the entire river . General Braxton Bragg 's second Confederate invasion of Kentucky ended with a meaningless victory over Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell at the Battle of Perryville , although Bragg was forced to end his attempt at invading Kentucky and retreat due to lack of support for the Confederacy in that state . Bragg was narrowly defeated by Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans at the Battle of Stones River in Tennessee . The one clear Confederate victory in the West was the Battle of Chickamauga . Bragg , reinforced by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet 's corps ( from Lee 's army in the east ) , defeated Rosecrans , despite the heroic defensive stand of Maj. Gen. George Henry Thomas . Rosecrans retreated to Chattanooga , which Bragg then besieged . The Union 's key strategist and tactician in the West was Ulysses S. Grant , who won victories at Forts Henry and Donelson ( by which the Union seized control of the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers ) ; the Battle of Shiloh ; and the Battle of Vicksburg , which cemented Union control of the Mississippi River and is considered one of the turning points of the war . Grant marched to the relief of Rosecrans and defeated Bragg at the Third Battle of Chattanooga , driving Confederate forces out of Tennessee and opening a route to Atlanta and the heart of the Confederacy . Trans - Mississippi For more details on Missouri in the Civil War , see Trans - Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War . Left : Quantrill 's Raid captured a hotel in free - state Kansas for a day in a town of 2,000 , burned 185 buildings , killed 182 men and boys . Right : Nathaniel Lyon secured St. Louis docks and arsenal , led Union forces to expel Missouri Confederate forces and government . Extensive guerrilla warfare characterized the trans - Mississippi region , as the Confederacy lacked the troops and the logistics to support regular armies that could challenge Union control . Roving Confederate bands such as Quantrill 's Raiders terrorized the countryside , striking both military installations and civilian settlements . The `` Sons of Liberty '' and `` Order of the American Knights '' attacked pro-Union people , elected officeholders , and unarmed uniformed soldiers . These partisans could not be entirely driven out of the state of Missouri until an entire regular Union infantry division was engaged . By 1864 , these violent activities harmed the nationwide anti-war movement organizing against the re-election of Lincoln . Missouri not only stayed in the Union , Lincoln took 70 percent of the vote for re-election . Numerous small - scale military actions south and west of Missouri sought to control Indian Territory and New Mexico Territory for the Union . The Union repulsed Confederate incursions into New Mexico in 1862 , and the exiled Arizona government withdrew into Texas . In the Indian Territory , civil war broke out within tribes . About 12,000 Indian warriors fought for the Confederacy , and smaller numbers for the Union . The most prominent Cherokee was Brigadier General Stand Watie , the last Confederate general to surrender . After the fall of Vicksburg in July 1863 , General Kirby Smith in Texas was informed by Jefferson Davis that he could expect no further help from east of the Mississippi River . Although he lacked resources to beat Union armies , he built up a formidable arsenal at Tyler , along with his own Kirby Smithdom economy , a virtual `` independent fiefdom '' in Texas , including railroad construction and international smuggling . The Union in turn did not directly engage him . Its 1864 Red River Campaign to take Shreveport , Louisiana was a failure and Texas remained in Confederate hands throughout the war . End of the War Conquest of Virginia At the beginning of 1864 , Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union armies . Grant made his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac , and put Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in command of most of the western armies . Grant understood the concept of total war and believed , along with Lincoln and Sherman , that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would end the war . This was total war not in killing civilians but rather in taking provisions and forage and destroying homes , farms , and railroads , that Grant said `` would otherwise have gone to the support of secession and rebellion . This policy I believe exercised a material influence in hastening the end . '' Grant devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the entire Confederacy from multiple directions . Generals George Meade and Benjamin Butler were ordered to move against Lee near Richmond , General Franz Sigel ( and later Philip Sheridan ) were to attack the Shenandoah Valley , General Sherman was to capture Atlanta and march to the sea ( the Atlantic Ocean ) , Generals George Crook and William W. Averell were to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia , and Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks was to capture Mobile , Alabama . These dead soldiers -- from Ewell 's May 1864 attack at Spotsylvania -- delayed Grant 's advance on Richmond in the Overland Campaign . The Peacemakers by George Peter Alexander Healy portrays Sherman , Grant , Lincoln , and Porter discussing plans for the last weeks of the Civil War aboard the steamer River Queen in March 1865 . Grant 's army set out on the Overland Campaign with the goal of drawing Lee into a defense of Richmond , where they would attempt to pin down and destroy the Confederate army . The Union army first attempted to maneuver past Lee and fought several battles , notably at the Wilderness , Spotsylvania , and Cold Harbor . These battles resulted in heavy losses on both sides , and forced Lee 's Confederates to fall back repeatedly . An attempt to outflank Lee from the south failed under Butler , who was trapped inside the Bermuda Hundred river bend . Each battle resulted in setbacks for the Union that mirrored what they had suffered under prior generals , though unlike those prior generals , Grant fought on rather than retreat . Grant was tenacious and kept pressing Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia back to Richmond . While Lee was preparing for an attack on Richmond , Grant unexpectedly turned south to cross the James River and began the protracted Siege of Petersburg , where the two armies engaged in trench warfare for over nine months . Grant finally found a commander , General Philip Sheridan , aggressive enough to prevail in the Valley Campaigns of 1864 . Sheridan was initially repelled at the Battle of New Market by former U.S. Vice President and Confederate Gen. John C. Breckinridge . The Battle of New Market was the Confederacy 's last major victory of the war . After redoubling his efforts , Sheridan defeated Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early in a series of battles , including a final decisive defeat at the Battle of Cedar Creek . Sheridan then proceeded to destroy the agricultural base of the Shenandoah Valley , a strategy similar to the tactics Sherman later employed in Georgia . Meanwhile , Sherman maneuvered from Chattanooga to Atlanta , defeating Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston and John Bell Hood along the way . The fall of Atlanta on September 2 , 1864 , guaranteed the reelection of Lincoln as president . Hood left the Atlanta area to swing around and menace Sherman 's supply lines and invade Tennessee in the Franklin - Nashville Campaign . Union Maj. Gen. John Schofield defeated Hood at the Battle of Franklin , and George H. Thomas dealt Hood a massive defeat at the Battle of Nashville , effectively destroying Hood 's army . Leaving Atlanta , and his base of supplies , Sherman 's army marched with an unknown destination , laying waste to about 20 percent of the farms in Georgia in his `` March to the Sea '' . He reached the Atlantic Ocean at Savannah , Georgia in December 1864 . Sherman 's army was followed by thousands of freed slaves ; there were no major battles along the March . Sherman turned north through South Carolina and North Carolina to approach the Confederate Virginia lines from the south , increasing the pressure on Lee 's army . Lee 's army , thinned by desertion and casualties , was now much smaller than Grant 's . One last Confederate attempt to break the Union hold on Petersburg failed at the decisive Battle of Five Forks ( sometimes called `` the Waterloo of the Confederacy '' ) on April 1 . This meant that the Union now controlled the entire perimeter surrounding Richmond - Petersburg , completely cutting it off from the Confederacy . Realizing that the capital was now lost , Lee decided to evacuate his army . The Confederate capital fell to the Union XXV Corps , composed of black troops . The remaining Confederate units fled west after a defeat at Sayler 's Creek . Confederacy surrenders Map of Confederate territory losses year by year Main article : Conclusion of the American Civil War Initially , Lee did not intend to surrender , but planned to regroup at the village of Appomattox Court House , where supplies were to be waiting , and then continue the war . Grant chased Lee and got in front of him , so that when Lee 's army reached Appomattox Court House , they were surrounded . After an initial battle , Lee decided that the fight was now hopeless , and surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia on April 9 , 1865 , at the McLean House . In an untraditional gesture and as a sign of Grant 's respect and anticipation of peacefully restoring Confederate states to the Union , Lee was permitted to keep his sword and his horse , Traveller . On April 14 , 1865 , President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth , a Southern sympathizer . Lincoln died early the next morning , and Andrew Johnson became the president . Meanwhile , Confederate forces across the South surrendered as news of Lee 's surrender reached them . On April 26 , 1865 , General Joseph E. Johnston surrendered nearly 90,000 men of the Army of Tennessee to Major General William T. Sherman at the Bennett Place near present - day Durham , North Carolina . It proved to be the largest surrender of Confederate forces , effectively bringing the war to an end . President Johnson officially declared a virtual end to the insurrection on May 9 , 1865 ; President Jefferson Davis was captured the following day . On June 2 , Kirby Smith officially surrendered his troops in the Trans - Mississippi Department . On June 23 , Cherokee leader Stand Watie became the last Confederate General to surrender his forces . Diplomacy Main article : Diplomacy of the American Civil War Though the Confederacy hoped that Britain and France would join them against the Union , this was never likely , and so they instead tried to bring Britain and France in as mediators . The Union , under Lincoln and Secretary of State William H. Seward worked to block this , and threatened war if any country officially recognized the existence of the Confederate States of America . In 1861 , Southerners voluntarily embargoed cotton shipments , hoping to start an economic depression in Europe that would force Britain to enter the war to get cotton , but this did not work . Worse , Europe developed other cotton suppliers , which they found superior , hindering the South 's recovery after the war . Crewmembers of USS Wissahickon by the ship 's 11 - inch ( 280 mm ) Dahlgren gun , circa 1863 Cotton diplomacy proved a failure as Europe had a surplus of cotton , while the 1860 -- 62 crop failures in Europe made the North 's grain exports of critical importance . It also helped to turn European opinion further away from the Confederacy . It was said that `` King Corn was more powerful than King Cotton '' , as U.S. grain went from a quarter of the British import trade to almost half . When Britain did face a cotton shortage , it was temporary , being replaced by increased cultivation in Egypt and India . Meanwhile , the war created employment for arms makers , ironworkers , and British ships to transport weapons . Lincoln 's foreign policy was deficient in 1861 in terms of appealing to European public opinion . Diplomats had to explain that United States was not committed to the ending of slavery , but instead they repeated legalistic arguments about the unconstitutionality of secession . Confederate spokesmen , on the other hand , were much more successful by ignoring slavery and instead focusing on their struggle for liberty , their commitment to free trade , and the essential role of cotton in the European economy . In addition , the European aristocracy ( the dominant factor in every major country ) was `` absolutely gleeful in pronouncing the American debacle as proof that the entire experiment in popular government had failed . European government leaders welcomed the fragmentation of the ascendant American Republic . '' U.S. minister to Britain Charles Francis Adams proved particularly adept and convinced Britain not to boldly challenge the blockade . The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial shipbuilders in Britain ( CSS Alabama , CSS Shenandoah , CSS Tennessee , CSS Tallahassee , CSS Florida , and some others ) . The most famous , the CSS Alabama , did considerable damage and led to serious postwar disputes . However , public opinion against slavery created a political liability for politicians in Britain , where the antislavery movement was powerful . War loomed in late 1861 between the U.S. and Britain over the Trent affair , involving the U.S. Navy 's boarding of the British ship Trent and seizure of two Confederate diplomats . However , London and Washington were able to smooth over the problem after Lincoln released the two . In 1862 , the British considered mediation between North and South -- though even such an offer would have risked war with the U.S. British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston reportedly read Uncle Tom 's Cabin three times when deciding on this . The Union victory in the Battle of Antietam caused them to delay this decision . The Emancipation Proclamation over time would reinforce the political liability of supporting the Confederacy . Despite sympathy for the Confederacy , France 's own seizure of Mexico ultimately deterred them from war with the Union . Confederate offers late in the war to end slavery in return for diplomatic recognition were not seriously considered by London or Paris . After 1863 , the Polish revolt against Russia further distracted the European powers , and ensured that they would remain neutral . Union victory and aftermath Results The causes of the war , the reasons for its outcome , and even the name of the war itself are subjects of lingering contention today . The North and West grew rich while the once - rich South became poor for a century . The national political power of the slaveowners and rich southerners ended . Historians are less sure about the results of the postwar Reconstruction , especially regarding the second class citizenship of the Freedmen and their poverty . Historians have debated whether the Confederacy could have won the war . Most scholars , including James McPherson , argue that Confederate victory was at least possible . McPherson argues that the North 's advantage in population and resources made Northern victory likely but not guaranteed . He also argues that if the Confederacy had fought using unconventional tactics , they would have more easily been able to hold out long enough to exhaust the Union . Comparison of Union and Confederacy , 1860 -- 1864 Year Union Confederacy Population 1860 22,100,000 ( 71 % ) 9,100,000 ( 29 % ) 1864 28,800,000 ( 90 % ) 3,000,000 ( 10 % ) Free 1860 21,700,000 ( 81 % ) 5,600,000 ( 19 % ) Slave 1860 400,000 ( 11 % ) 3,500,000 ( 89 % ) 1864 negligible 1,900,000 Soldiers 1860 -- 64 2,100,000 ( 67 % ) 1,064,000 ( 33 % ) Railroad miles 1860 21,800 ( 71 % ) 8,800 ( 29 % ) 1864 29,100 ( 98 % ) negligible Manufactures 1860 90 % 10 % 1864 98 % negligible Arms production 1860 97 % 3 % 1864 98 % negligible Cotton bales 1860 negligible 4,500,000 1864 300,000 negligible Exports 1860 30 % 70 % 1864 98 % negligible Confederates did not need to invade and hold enemy territory to win , but only needed to fight a defensive war to convince the North that the cost of winning was too high . The North needed to conquer and hold vast stretches of enemy territory and defeat Confederate armies to win . Lincoln was not a military dictator , and could only continue to fight the war as long as the American public supported a continuation of the war . The Confederacy sought to win independence by out - lasting Lincoln ; however , after Atlanta fell and Lincoln defeated McClellan in the election of 1864 , all hope for a political victory for the South ended . At that point , Lincoln had secured the support of the Republicans , War Democrats , the border states , emancipated slaves , and the neutrality of Britain and France . By defeating the Democrats and McClellan , he also defeated the Copperheads and their peace platform . Many scholars argue that the Union held an insurmountable long - term advantage over the Confederacy in industrial strength and population . Confederate actions , they argue , only delayed defeat . Civil War historian Shelby Foote expressed this view succinctly : `` I think that the North fought that war with one hand behind its back ... If there had been more Southern victories , and a lot more , the North simply would have brought that other hand out from behind its back . I do n't think the South ever had a chance to win that War . '' A minority view among historians is that the Confederacy lost because , as E. Merton Coulter put it , `` people did not will hard enough and long enough to win . '' Marxist historian Armstead Robinson agrees , pointing to a class conflict in the Confederates army between the slave owners and the larger number of non-owners . He argues that the non-owner soldiers grew embittered about fighting to preserve slavery , and fought less enthusiastically . He attributes the major Confederate defeats in 1863 at Vicksburg and Missionary Ridge to this class conflict . However , most historians reject the argument . James M. McPherson , after reading thousands of letters written by Confederate soldiers , found strong patriotism that continued to the end ; they truly believed they were fighting for freedom and liberty . Even as the Confederacy was visibly collapsing in 1864 -- 65 , he says most Confederate soldiers were fighting hard . Historian Gary Gallagher cites General Sherman who in early 1864 commented , `` The devils seem to have a determination that can not but be admired . '' Despite their loss of slaves and wealth , with starvation looming , Sherman continued , `` yet I see no sign of let up -- some few deserters -- plenty tired of war , but the masses determined to fight it out . '' Also important were Lincoln 's eloquence in rationalizing the national purpose and his skill in keeping the border states committed to the Union cause . The Emancipation Proclamation was an effective use of the President 's war powers . The Confederate government failed in its attempt to get Europe involved in the war militarily , particularly Britain and France . Southern leaders needed to get European powers to help break up the blockade the Union had created around the Southern ports and cities . Lincoln 's naval blockade was 95 percent effective at stopping trade goods ; as a result , imports and exports to the South declined significantly . The abundance of European cotton and Britain 's hostility to the institution of slavery , along with Lincoln 's Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico naval blockades , severely decreased any chance that either Britain or France would enter the war . Historian Don Doyle has argued that the Union victory had a major impact on the course of world history . The Union victory energized popular democratic forces . A Confederate victory , on the other hand , would have meant a new birth of slavery , not freedom . Historian Fergus Bordewich , following Doyle , argues that : The North 's victory decisively proved the durability of democratic government . Confederate independence , on the other hand , would have established an American model for reactionary politics and race - based repression that would likely have cast an international shadow into the twentieth century and perhaps beyond . '' Scholars have debated what the effects of the war were on political and economic power in the South . The prevailing view is that the southern planter elite retained its powerful position in the South . However , a 2017 study challenges this , noting that while some Southern elites retained their economic status , the turmoil of the 1860s created greater opportunities for economic mobility in the South than in the North . Costs The war resulted in at least 1,030,000 casualties ( 3 percent of the population ) , including about 620,000 soldier deaths -- two - thirds by disease , and 50,000 civilians . Binghamton University historian J. David Hacker believes the number of soldier deaths was approximately 750,000 , 20 percent higher than traditionally estimated , and possibly as high as 850,000 . The war accounted for more American deaths than in all other U.S. wars combined . One in thirteen veterans were amputees . Remains of both sides were reinterred . National cemetery in Andersonville , GA . Based on 1860 census figures , 8 percent of all white males aged 13 to 43 died in the war , including 6 percent in the North and 18 percent in the South . About 56,000 soldiers died in prison camps during the War . An estimated 60,000 men lost limbs in the war . Union army dead , amounting to 15 percent of the over two million who served , was broken down as follows : 110,070 killed in action ( 67,000 ) or died of wounds ( 43,000 ) . 199,790 died of disease ( 75 percent was due to the war , the remainder would have occurred in civilian life anyway ) 24,866 died in Confederate prison camps 9,058 killed by accidents or drowning 15,741 other / unknown deaths 359,528 total dead In addition there were 4,523 deaths in the Navy ( 2,112 in battle ) and 460 in the Marines ( 148 in battle ) . Black troops made up 10 percent of the Union death toll , they amounted to 15 percent of disease deaths but less than 3 percent of those killed in battle . Losses among African Americans were high , in the last year and a half and from all reported casualties , approximately 20 percent of all African Americans enrolled in the military lost their lives during the Civil War . Notably , their mortality rate was significantly higher than white soldiers : ( We ) find , according to the revised official data , that of the slightly over two millions troops in the United States Volunteers , over 316,000 died ( from all causes ) , or 15.2 percent . Of the 67,000 Regular Army ( white ) troops , 8.6 percent , or not quite 6,000 , died . Of the approximately 180,000 United States Colored Troops , however , over 36,000 died , or 20.5 percent . In other words , the mortality `` rate '' amongst the United States Colored Troops in the Civil War was thirty - five percent greater than that among other troops , notwithstanding the fact that the former were not enrolled until some eighteen months after the fighting began . Burying Union dead on the Antietam battlefield , 1862 Confederate records compiled by historian William F. Fox list 74,524 killed and died of wounds and 59,292 died of disease . Including Confederate estimates of battle losses where no records exist would bring the Confederate death toll to 94,000 killed and died of wounds . Fox complained , however , that records were incomplete , especially during the last year of the war , and that battlefield reports likely under - counted deaths ( many men counted as wounded in battlefield reports subsequently died of their wounds ) . Thomas L. Livermore , using Fox 's data , put the number of Confederate non-combat deaths at 166,000 , using the official estimate of Union deaths from disease and accidents and a comparison of Union and Confederate enlistment records , for a total of 260,000 deaths . However , this excludes the 30,000 deaths of Confederate troops in prisons , which would raise the minimum number of deaths to 290,000 . The United States National Park Service uses the following figures in its official tally of war losses : Union : 853,838 110,100 killed in action 224,580 disease deaths 275,154 wounded in action 211,411 captured ( including 30,192 who died as POWs ) Confederate : 914,660 94,000 killed in action 164,000 disease deaths 194,026 wounded in action 462,634 captured ( including 31,000 who died as POWs ) While the figures of 360,000 army deaths for the Union and 260,000 for the Confederacy remained commonly cited , they are incomplete . In addition to many Confederate records being missing , partly as a result of Confederate widows not reporting deaths due to being ineligible for benefits , both armies only counted troops who died during their service , and not the tens of thousands who died of wounds or diseases after being discharged . This often happened only a few days or weeks later . Francis Amasa Walker , Superintendent of the 1870 Census , used census and Surgeon General data to estimate a minimum of 500,000 Union military deaths and 350,000 Confederate military deaths , for a total death toll of 850,000 soldiers . While Walker 's estimates were originally dismissed because of the 1870 Census 's undercounting , it was later found that the census was only off by 6.5 % , and that the data Walker used would be roughly accurate . Analyzing the number of dead by using census data to calculate the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm suggests that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 , but most likely 761,000 soldiers , died in the war . This would break down to approximately 350,000 Confederate and 411,000 Union military deaths , going by the proportion of Union to Confederate battle losses . Deaths among former slaves has proven much harder to estimate , due to the lack of reliable census data at the time , though they were known to be considerable , as former slaves were set free or escaped in massive numbers in an area where the Union army did not have sufficient shelter , doctors , or food for them . University of Connecticut Professor James Downs states that tens to hundreds of thousands of slaves died during the war from disease , starvation , exposure , or execution at the hands of the Confederates , and that if these deaths are counted in the war 's total , the death toll would exceed 1 million . Losses were far higher than during the recent defeat of Mexico , which saw roughly thirteen thousand American deaths , including fewer than two thousand killed in battle , between 1846 and 1848 . One reason for the high number of battle deaths during the war was the continued use of tactics similar to those of the Napoleonic Wars at the turn of the century , such as charging . With the advent of more accurate rifled barrels , Minié balls and ( near the end of the war for the Union army ) repeating firearms such as the Spencer Repeating Rifle and the Henry Repeating Rifle , soldiers were mowed down when standing in lines in the open . This led to the adoption of trench warfare , a style of fighting that defined much of World War I . The wealth amassed in slaves and slavery for the Confederacy 's 3.5 million blacks effectively ended when Union armies arrived ; they were nearly all freed by the Emancipation Proclamation . Slaves in the border states and those located in some former Confederate territory occupied before the Emancipation Proclamation were freed by state action or ( on December 6 , 1865 ) by the Thirteenth Amendment . The war destroyed much of the wealth that had existed in the South . All accumulated investment Confederate bonds was forfeit ; most banks and railroads were bankrupt . Income per person in the South dropped to less than 40 percent of that of the North , a condition that lasted until well into the 20th century . Southern influence in the U.S. federal government , previously considerable , was greatly diminished until the latter half of the 20th century . The full restoration of the Union was the work of a highly contentious postwar era known as Reconstruction . Emancipation Slavery as a War issue While not all Southerners saw themselves as fighting to preserve slavery , most of the officers and over a third of the rank and file in Lee 's army had close family ties to slavery . To Northerners , in contrast , the motivation was primarily to preserve the Union , not to abolish slavery . Abraham Lincoln consistently made preserving the Union the central goal of the war , though he increasingly saw slavery as a crucial issue and made ending it an additional goal . Lincoln 's decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation angered both Peace Democrats ( `` Copperheads '' ) and War Democrats , but energized most Republicans . By warning that free blacks would flood the North , Democrats made gains in the 1862 elections , but they did not gain control of Congress . The Republicans ' counterargument that slavery was the mainstay of the enemy steadily gained support , with the Democrats losing decisively in the 1863 elections in the northern state of Ohio when they tried to resurrect anti-black sentiment . Emancipation Proclamation Main article : Emancipation Proclamation The Emancipation Proclamation enabled African - Americans , both free blacks and escaped slaves , to join the Union Army . About 190,000 volunteered , further enhancing the numerical advantage the Union armies enjoyed over the Confederates , who did not dare emulate the equivalent manpower source for fear of fundamentally undermining the legitimacy of slavery . During the Civil War , sentiment concerning slaves , enslavement and emancipation in the United States was divided . In 1861 , Lincoln worried that premature attempts at emancipation would mean the loss of the border states , and that `` to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game . '' Copperheads and some War Democrats opposed emancipation , although the latter eventually accepted it as part of total war needed to save the Union . Left : Contrabands -- fugitive slaves -- cooks , laundresses , laborers , teamsters , railroad repair crews -- fled to the Union Army , but were not officially freed until 1863 . Emancipation Proclamation . Right : In 1863 , the Union army accepted Freedmen . Seen here are Black and White teen - aged soldiers . At first , Lincoln reversed attempts at emancipation by Secretary of War Simon Cameron and Generals John C. Frémont ( in Missouri ) and David Hunter ( in South Carolina , Georgia and Florida ) to keep the loyalty of the border states and the War Democrats . Lincoln warned the border states that a more radical type of emancipation would happen if his gradual plan based on compensated emancipation and voluntary colonization was rejected . But only the District of Columbia accepted Lincoln 's gradual plan , which was enacted by Congress . When Lincoln told his cabinet about his proposed emancipation proclamation , Seward advised Lincoln to wait for a victory before issuing it , as to do otherwise would seem like `` our last shriek on the retreat '' . Lincoln laid the groundwork for public support in an open letter published in abolitionist Horace Greeley 's newspaper . In September 1862 , the Battle of Antietam provided this opportunity , and the subsequent War Governors ' Conference added support for the proclamation . Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22 , 1862 , and his final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1 , 1863 . In his letter to Albert G. Hodges , Lincoln explained his belief that `` If slavery is not wrong , nothing is wrong ... And yet I have never understood that the Presidency conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling ... I claim not to have controlled events , but confess plainly that events have controlled me . '' Lincoln 's moderate approach succeeded in inducing border states , War Democrats and emancipated slaves to fight for the Union . The Union - controlled border states ( Kentucky , Missouri , Maryland , Delaware and West Virginia ) and Union - controlled regions around New Orleans , Norfolk and elsewhere , were not covered by the Emancipation Proclamation . All abolished slavery on their own , except Kentucky and Delaware . Since the Emancipation Proclamation was based on the President 's war powers , it only included territory held by Confederates at the time . However , the Proclamation became a symbol of the Union 's growing commitment to add emancipation to the Union 's definition of liberty . The Emancipation Proclamation greatly reduced the Confederacy 's hope of getting aid from Britain or France . By late 1864 , Lincoln was playing a leading role in getting Congress to vote for the Thirteenth Amendment , which made emancipation universal and permanent . Texas v. white In Texas v. White , 74 U.S. 700 ( 1869 ) the United States Supreme Court ruled that Texas had remained a state ever since it first joined the Union , despite claims that it joined the Confederate States ; the court further held that the Constitution did not permit states to unilaterally secede from the United States , and that the ordinances of secession , and all the acts of the legislatures within seceding states intended to give effect to such ordinances , were `` absolutely null '' , under the constitution . Reconstruction Main article : Reconstruction Era of the United States Northern teachers traveled into the South to provide education and training for the newly freed population . Reconstruction began during the war , with the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1 , 1863 , and it continued until 1877 . It comprised multiple complex methods to resolve the outstanding issues of the war 's aftermath , the most important of which were the three `` Reconstruction Amendments '' to the Constitution , which remain in effect to the present time : the 13th ( 1865 ) , the 14th ( 1868 ) and the 15th ( 1870 ) . From the Union perspective , the goals of Reconstruction were to consolidate the Union victory on the battlefield by reuniting the Union ; to guarantee a `` republican form of government for the ex-Confederate states ; and to permanently end slavery -- and prevent semi-slavery status . President Johnson took a lenient approach and saw the achievement of the main war goals as realized in 1865 , when each ex-rebel state repudiated secession and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment . Radical Republicans demanded proof that Confederate nationalism was dead and that the slaves were truly free . They came to the fore after the 1866 elections and undid much of Johnson 's work . In 1872 the `` Liberal Republicans '' argued that the war goals had been achieved and that Reconstruction should end . They ran a presidential ticket in 1872 but were decisively defeated . In 1874 , Democrats , primarily Southern , took control of Congress and opposed any more reconstruction . The Compromise of 1877 closed with a national consensus that the Civil War had finally ended . With the withdrawal of federal troops , however , whites retook control of every Southern legislature ; the Jim Crow period of disenfranchisement and legal segregation was about to begin . Memory and historiography Left : Monument to the Grand Army of the Republic , a Union veteran organization Right : Cherokee Confederates reunion in New Orleans , 1903 The Civil War is one of the central events in American collective memory . There are innumerable statues , commemorations , books and archival collections . The memory includes the home front , military affairs , the treatment of soldiers , both living and dead , in the war 's aftermath , depictions of the war in literature and art , evaluations of heroes and villains , and considerations of the moral and political lessons of the war . The last theme includes moral evaluations of racism and slavery , heroism in combat and heroism behind the lines , and the issues of democracy and minority rights , as well as the notion of an `` Empire of Liberty '' influencing the world . Professional historians have paid much more attention to the causes of the war , than to the war itself . Military history has largely developed outside academe , leading to a proliferation of solid studies by non-scholars who are thoroughly familiar with the primary sources , pay close attention to battles and campaigns , and write for the large public readership , rather than the small scholarly community . Bruce Catton and Shelby Foote are among the best - known writers . Practically every major figure in the war , both North and South , has had a serious biographical study . Deeply religious Southerners saw the hand of God in history , which demonstrated His wrath at their sinfulness , or His rewards for their suffering . Historian Wilson Fallin has examined the sermons of white and black Baptist preachers after the War . Southern white preachers said : God had chastised them and given them a special mission -- to maintain orthodoxy , strict biblicism , personal piety , and traditional race relations . Slavery , they insisted , had not been sinful . Rather , emancipation was a historical tragedy and the end of Reconstruction was a clear sign of God 's favor . In sharp contrast , Black preachers interpreted the Civil War as : God 's gift of freedom . They appreciated opportunities to exercise their independence , to worship in their own way , to affirm their worth and dignity , and to proclaim the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man . Most of all , they could form their own churches , associations , and conventions . These institutions offered self - help and racial uplift , and provided places where the gospel of liberation could be proclaimed . As a result , black preachers continued to insist that God would protect and help him ; God would be their rock in a stormy land . Lost Cause Main article : Lost Cause of the Confederacy Memory of the war in the white South crystallized in the myth of the `` Lost Cause '' , shaping regional identity and race relations for generations . Alan T. Nolan notes that the Lost Cause was expressly `` a rationalization , a cover - up to vindicate the name and fame '' of those in rebellion . Some claims revolve around the insignificance of slavery ; some appeals highlight cultural differences between North and South ; the military conflict by Confederate actors is idealized ; in any case , secession was said to be lawful . Nolan argues that the adoption of the Lost Cause perspective facilitated the reunification of the North and the South while excusing the `` virulent racism '' of the 19th century , sacrificing African - American progress to a white man 's reunification . He also deems the Lost Cause `` a caricature of the truth . This caricature wholly misrepresents and distorts the facts of the matter '' in every instance . Beginning in 1961 the U.S. Post Office released Commemorative stamps for five famous battles , each issued on the 100th anniversary of the respective battle . Beardian historiography The interpretation of the Civil War presented by Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard in The Rise of American Civilization ( 1927 ) was highly influential among historians and the general public until the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s . The Beards downplayed slavery , abolitionism , and issues of morality . They ignored constitutional issues of states ' rights and even ignored American nationalism as the force that finally led to victory in the war . Indeed , the ferocious combat itself was passed over as merely an ephemeral event . Much more important was the calculus of class conflict . The Beards announced that the Civil War was really : ( A ) social cataclysm in which the capitalists , laborers , and farmers of the North and West drove from power in the national government the planting aristocracy of the South . The Beards themselves abandoned their interpretation by the 1940s and it became defunct among historians in the 1950s , when scholars shifted to an emphasis on slavery . However , Beardian themes still echo among Lost Cause writers . Civil War commemoration Main article : Commemoration of the American Civil War See also : Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Left : Grand Army of the Republic ( Union ) Right : United Confederate Veterans The American Civil War has been commemorated in many capacities ranging from the reenactment of battles , to statues and memorial halls erected , to films being produced , to stamps and coins with Civil War themes being issued , all of which helped to shape public memory . This varied advent occurred in greater proportions on the 100th and 150th anniversary . Hollywood 's take on the war has been especially influential in shaping public memory , as seen in such film classics as Birth of a Nation ( 1915 ) , Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , and more recently Lincoln ( 2012 ) . Ken Burns produced a notable PBS series on television titled The Civil War ( 1990 ) . It was digitally remastered and re-released in 2015 . Technological significance There were numerous technological innovations during the Civil War that had a great impact on 19th century science . The Civil War was one of the earliest examples of an `` industrial war '' , in which technological might is used to achieve military supremacy in a war . New inventions , such as the train and telegraph , delivered soldiers , supplies and messages at a time when horses were considered to be the fastest way to travel . It was also in this war when countries first used aerial warfare , in the form of reconnaissance balloons , to a significant effect . It saw the first action involving steam - powered ironclad warships in naval warfare history . Repeating firearms such as the Henry rifle , Spencer rifle , Colt revolving rifle , Triplett & Scott carbine and others , first appeared during the Civil War ; they were a revolutionary invention that would soon replace muzzle - loading and single - shot firearms in warfare , as well as the first appearances of rapid - firing weapons and machine guns such as the Agar gun and the Gatling gun . In works of culture and art Literature The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government ( 1881 ) by Jefferson Davis The Red Badge of Courage ( 1885 ) by Stephen Crane The Private History of a Campaign That Failed ( 1885 ) by Mark Twain Texar 's Revenge , or , North Against South ( 1887 ) by Jules Verne `` An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge '' ( 1890 ) by Ambrose Bierce Gone with the Wind ( 1936 ) by Margaret Mitchell Shiloh ( 1952 ) by Shelby Foote North and South ( 1982 ) by John Jakes Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All ( 1989 ) by Allan Gurganus Film The Birth of a Nation ( 1915 , US ) The General ( 1926 , US ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 , US ) The Red Badge of Courage ( 1951 , US ) The Horse Soldiers ( 1959 , US ) Shenandoah ( 1965 , US ) The Good , the Bad and the Ugly ( 1966 , Italy - Spain - FRG ) The Beguiled ( 1971 , US ) Glory ( 1989 , US ) Gettysburg ( 1993 , US ) The Last Outlaw ( 1993 , US ) Cold Mountain ( 2003 , US ) Gods and Generals ( 2003 , US ) North and South ( miniseries ) Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter ( 2012 , US ) Lincoln ( 2012 , US ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2012 , US ) Free State of Jones ( 2016 , US ) The Gettysburg Address ( 2017 , US ) Song `` Johnny Reb '' ( 1959 ) written by Merle Kilgore , sung by Johnny Horton `` The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down '' ( 1969 ) written by Robbie Robertson , sung by The Band Video games Sid Meier 's Gettysburg ! ( 1997 , US ) Sid Meier 's Antietam ! ( 1999 , US ) American Conqest : Divided Nation ( 2006 , US ) Forge of Freedom : The American Civil War ( 2006 , US ) The History Channel : Civil War -- A Nation Divided ( 2006 , US ) Ageod 's American Civil War ( 2007 , US / FR ) History Civil War : Secret Missions ( 2008 , US ) Call of Juarez : Bound in Blood ( 2009 , US ) Darkest of Days ( 2009 , US ) Victoria II : A House Divided ( 2011 , US ) Ageod 's American Civil War II ( 2013 , US / FR ) Ultimate General : Gettysburg ( 2014 , UKR ) Ultimate General : Civil War ( 2016 , UKR ) See also General reference Battles of the American Civil War Bibliography of the American Civil War Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant Corps badges of the American Civil War Costliest Battles of the American Civil War Naval bibliography of the American Civil War Origins of the American Civil War Uniforms of the Confederacy Uniforms of the Union Weapons in the American Civil War Union United States Union Army Union Navy Abraham Lincoln Emancipation Proclamation Confederacy Confederate States Confederate Army Confederate Navy Jefferson Davis Ethnic articles African Americans in the American Civil War German Americans in the American Civil War Hispanic Americans in the American Civil War Irish Americans in the American Civil War Italian Americans in the American Civil War Native Americans in the American Civil War American Civil War portal Topical articles Blockade runners of the American Civil War Blockade , Union -- of the American Civil War Casualties in the American Civil War Commemoration of the American Civil War Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Infantry in the American Civil War Nursing in the American Civil War , Dorothea Dix Ships captured during the American Civil War Slaves and the American Civil War Spies in the American Civil War National articles Foreign enlistment in the American Civil War Britain in the American Civil War Canada in the American Civil War Prussia in the American Civil War State articles See articles in the format , `` * state * in the American Civil War '' References Notes ^ Jump up to : Total number that served Jump up ^ A novel way of calculating casualties by looking at the deviation of the death rate of men of fighting age from the norm through analysis of census data found that at least 627,000 and at most 888,000 people , but most likely 761,000 people , died through the war . Jump up ^ `` Union population 1864 '' aggregates 1860 population , average annual immigration 1855 -- 1864 , and population governed formerly by CSA per Kenneth Martis source . Contrabands and after the Emancipation Proclamation freedmen , migrating into Union control on the coasts and to the advancing armies , and natural increase are excluded . Jump up ^ `` Slave 1864 , CSA '' aggregates 1860 slave census of Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , Georgia and Texas . It omits losses from contraband and after the Emancipation Proclamation , freedmen migrating to the Union controlled coastal ports and those joining advancing Union armies , especially in the Mississippi Valley . Jump up ^ At the beginning of the war , some Union commanders thought they were supposed to return escaped slaves to their masters . By 1862 , when it became clear that this would be a long war , the question of what to do about slavery became more general . The Southern economy and military effort depended on slave labor . It began to seem unreasonable to protect slavery while blockading Southern commerce and destroying Southern production . As one Congressman put it , the slaves `` ... can not be neutral . As laborers , if not as soldiers , they will be allies of the rebels , or of the Union . '' The same Congressman -- and his fellow Radical Republicans -- put pressure on Lincoln to rapidly emancipate the slaves , whereas moderate Republicans came to accept gradual , compensated emancipation and colonization . Enslaved African Americans did not wait for Lincoln 's action before escaping and seeking freedom behind Union lines . From early years of the war , hundreds of thousands of African Americans escaped to Union lines , especially in occupied areas like Nashville , Norfolk and the Hampton Roads region in 1862 , Tennessee from 1862 on , the line of Sherman 's march , etc . So many African Americans fled to Union lines that commanders created camps and schools for them , where both adults and children learned to read and write . See Catton , Bruce . Never Call Retreat , p. 335 . The American Missionary Association entered the war effort by sending teachers south to such contraband camps , for instance establishing schools in Norfolk and on nearby plantations . In addition , approximately 180,000 or more African - American men served as soldiers and sailors with Union troops . Most of those were escaped slaves . Probably the most prominent of these African - American soldiers is the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry . Jump up ^ In spite of the South 's shortage of soldiers , most Southern leaders -- until 1865 -- opposed enlisting slaves . They used them as laborers to support the war effort . As Howell Cobb said , `` If slaves will make good soldiers our whole theory of slavery is wrong . '' Confederate generals Patrick Cleburne and Robert E. Lee argued in favor of arming blacks late in the war , and Jefferson Davis was eventually persuaded to support plans for arming slaves to avoid military defeat . The Confederacy surrendered at Appomattox before this plan could be implemented . The great majority of the 4 million slaves were freed by the Emancipation Proclamation , as Union armies moved south . Historian John D. Winters referred to the exhilaration of the slaves when the Union Army came through Louisiana : `` As the troops moved up to Alexandria , the Negroes crowded the roadsides to watch the passing army . They were ' all frantic with joy , some weeping , some blessing , and some dancing in the exuberance of their emotions . ' All of the Negroes were attracted by the pageantry and excitement of the army . Others cheered because they anticipated the freedom to plunder and to do as they pleased now that the Federal troops were there . '' Confederates enslaved captured black Union soldiers , and black soldiers especially were shot when trying to surrender at the Fort Pillow Massacre . See Catton , Bruce . Never Call Retreat , p. 335 . This led to a breakdown of the prisoner and mail exchange program and the growth of prison camps such as Andersonville prison in Georgia , where almost 13,000 Union prisoners of war died of starvation and disease . Citations ^ Jump up to : `` The Belligerent Rights of the Rebels at an End . All Nations Warned Against Harboring Their Privateers . If They Do Their Ships Will be Excluded from Our Ports . Restoration of Law in the State of Virginia . The Machinery of Government to be Put in Motion There . '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . May 10 , 1865 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Facts '' . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` Size of the Union Army in the American Civil War '' : Of which 131,000 were in the Navy and Marines , 140,000 were garrison troops and home defense militia , and 427,000 were in the field army . Jump up ^ Long , E.B. The Civil War Day by Day : An Almanac , 1861 -- 1865 . Garden City , NY : Doubleday , 1971 . OCLC 68283123 . p. 705 . Jump up ^ `` The war of the rebellion : a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies. ; Series 4 -- Volume 2 '' , United States . War Dept 1900 . ^ Jump up to : Fox , William F. Regimental losses in the American Civil War ( 1889 ) ^ Jump up to : Official DOD data Archived February 28 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Chambers & Anderson 1999 , p. 849 . Jump up ^ 211,411 Union soldiers were captured , and 30,218 died in prison . The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double - counting of casualties . Jump up ^ 462,634 Confederate soldiers were captured and 25,976 died in prison . The ones who died have been excluded to prevent double - counting of casualties . ^ Jump up to : Nofi , Al ( June 13 , 2001 ) . `` Statistics on the War 's Costs '' . Louisiana State University . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2007 . Retrieved October 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Professor James Downs . `` Color blindness in the demographic death toll of the Civil War '' . University of Connecticut , April 13th 2012 . `` The rough 19th century estimate was that 60,000 former slaves died from the epidemic , but doctors treating black patients often claimed that they were unable to keep accurate records due to demands on their time and the lack of manpower and resources . The surviving records only include the number of black patients whom doctors encountered ; tens of thousands of other slaves who died had no contact with army doctors , leaving no records of their deaths . '' 60,000 documented plus ' tens of thousands ' undocumented gives a minimum of 80,000 slave deaths . Jump up ^ Recounting the dead , Associate Professor J. David Hacker , `` estimates , based on Census data , indicate that the ( military ) death toll was approximately 750,000 , and may have been as high as 850,000 '' Jump up ^ Professor James Downs . `` Color blindness in the demographic death toll of the Civil War '' . Oxford University Press , April 13th 2012 . `` An 2 April 2012 New York Times article , `` New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll , '' reports that a new study ratchets up the death toll from an estimated 650,000 to a staggering 850,000 people . As horrific as this new number is , it fails to reflect the mortality of former slaves during the war . If former slaves were included in this figure , the Civil War death toll would likely be over a million casualties ... '' Jump up ^ Hutchison , Coleman ( 2015 ) . A History of American Civil War Literature . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ `` Date of Secession Related to 1860 Black Population '' , America 's Civil War Jump up ^ Burnham , Walter Dean . Presidential Ballots , 1836 -- 1892 . Johns Hopkins University Press , 1955 , pp. 247 -- 57 Jump up ^ Deborah Gray White , Mia Bay , and Waldo E. Martin , Jr. , Freedom on My Mind : A History of African Americans ( New York : Bedford / St. Martin 's , 2013 ) , 325 . Jump up ^ Frank J. Williams , `` Doing Less and Doing More : The President and the Proclamation -- Legally , Militarily and Politically , '' in Harold Holzer , ed . The Emancipation Proclamation ( 2006 ) , pp. 74 -- 75 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Civil War Took Bigger Toll Than Previously Estimated , New Analysis Suggests '' . Science Daily . September 22 , 2011 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hacker 2011 , p. 307 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Huddleston 2002 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ James C. Bradford , A Companion to American Military History ( 2010 ) , vol. 1 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ See also Freehling , William W. , The Road to Disunion : Secessionists Triumphant 1854 -- 1861 , pp. 9 -- 24 , and Martis , Kenneth C. , The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress , 1789 -- 1989 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 920170 - 5 , pp. 111 -- 115 , and Foner , Eric . Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War , ( Oxford University Press , 1980 ) , pp. 18 -- 20 , 21 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Coates , Ta - Nehisi ( 22 June 2015 ) . `` What This Cruel War Was Over '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Gary ( February 21 , 2011 ) . Remembering the Civil War ( Speech ) . Sesquicentennial of the Start of the Civil War . Miller Center of Public Affairs UV : C - Span . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Issues related to the institution of slavery precipitated secession ... It was not states ' rights . It was not a tariff . It was not unhappiness with manner and customs that led to secession and eventually to war . It was a cluster of issues profoundly dividing the nation along a fault line delineated by the institution of slavery . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( March 1 , 1994 ) . What They Fought For 1861 - 1865 . Louisiana State University Press . p. 62 . ISBN 9780807119044 . Jump up ^ McPherson , James M. ( April 3 , 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades . Oxford University Press . p. 39 . ISBN 9780195090239 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Gary ( February 21 , 2011 ) . Remembering the Civil War ( Speech ) . Sesquicentennial of the Start of the Civil War . Miller Center of Public Affairs UV : C - Span . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . The loyal citizenry initially gave very little thought to emancipation in their quest to save the union . Most loyal citizens , though profoundly prejudice by 21st century standards , embraced emancipation as a tool to punish slave holders , weaken the confederacy , and protect the union from future internal strife . A minority of the white populous invoked moral grounds to attack slavery , though their arguments carried far less popular weight than those presenting emancipation as a military measure necessary to defeat the rebels and restore the Union . Jump up ^ Eskridge , Larry ( January 29 , 2011 ) . `` After 150 years , we still ask : Why ' this cruel war ' ? . '' . Canton Daily Ledger . Canton , Illinois . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2011 . Retrieved January 29 , 2011 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Weeks 2013 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Olsen 2002 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Chadwick , French Esnor . Causes of the civil war , 1859 -- 1861 ( 1906 ) p. 8 Jump up ^ Charles S. Sydnor , The Development of Southern Sectionalism 1819 -- 1848 ( 1948 ) . Jump up ^ Robert Royal Russel , Economic Aspects of Southern Sectionalism , 1840 -- 1861 ( 1973 ) . Jump up ^ Ahlstrom 1972 , p. 648 -- 649 . Jump up ^ Kenneth M. Stampp , The Imperiled Union : Essays on the Background of the Civil War ( 1981 ) , p. 198 ; Richard Hofstadter , The Progressive Historians : Turner , Beard , Parrington ( 1969 ) . Jump up ^ Woodworth 1996 , p. 145 , 151 , 505 , 512 , 554 , 557 , 684 . Jump up ^ Thornton & Ekelund 2004 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Frank Taussig , The Tariff History of the United States ( 1931 ) , pp. 115 -- 61 Jump up ^ Hofstadter 1938 , p. 50 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Robert Gray Gunderson , Old Gentleman 's Convention : The Washington Peace Conference of 1861 . ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Jon L. Wakelyn ( 1996 ) . Southern Pamphlets on Secession , November 1860 -- April 1861 . U. of North Carolina Press . pp. 23 -- 30 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 6614 - 6 . Jump up ^ Matthew Fontaine Maury ( 1861 / 1967 ) , `` Captain Maury 's Letter on American Affairs : A Letter Addressed to Rear - Admiral Fitz Roy , of England '' , reprinted in Frank Friedel , ed. , Union Pamphlets of the Civil War : 1861 -- 1865 , Cambridge , MA : Harvard , A John Harvard Library Book , Vol . I , pp. 171 -- 73 . Jump up ^ John Lothrop Motley ( 1861 / 1967 ) , `` The Causes of the American Civil War : A Paper Contributed to the London Times '' , reprinted in Frank Friedel , ed. , Union Pamphlets of the Civil War : 1861 -- 1865 , Cambridge , MA : Harvard , A John Harvard Library Book , Vol. 1 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Forrest McDonald , States ' Rights and the Union : Imperium in Imperio , 1776 -- 1876 ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , pp. 3 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Krannawitter 2008 , p. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Stampp 1990 , p. 190 -- 93 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , pp. 19 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Russell 1966 , p. 468 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Bestor , Arthur . `` The American Civil War as a Constitutional Crisis '' , in Lawrence Meir Friedman ( ed . ) `` American Law and the Constitutional Order : Historical Perspectives , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02527 - 1 p. 231 Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , pp. 21 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Johannsen 1973 , p. 406 . Jump up ^ `` Territorial Politics and Government '' . Territorial Kansas Online : University of Kansas and Kansas Historical Society . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Finteg Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Varon 2008 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Russell 1966 , p. 470 . Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 23 -- 24 . Jump up ^ McPherson 2007 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Krannawitter 2008 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Gara , 1964 , p. 190 Jump up ^ Bestor 1964 , p. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Potter 1962 , p. 924 -- 50 . Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward ( 1971 ) , American Counterpoint : Slavery and Racism in the North - South Dialogue , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Bertram Wyatt - Brown , The Shaping of Southern Culture : Honor , Grace , and War , 1760s -- 1880s ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Avery Craven , The Growth of Southern Nationalism , 1848 -- 1861 ( 1953 ) . Jump up ^ `` Republican Platform of 1860 , '' in Kirk H. Porter , and Donald Bruce Johnson , eds . National Party Platforms , 1840 -- 1956 , ( University of Illinois Press , 1956 ) . p. 32 . Jump up ^ Susan - Mary Grant , North over South : Northern Nationalism and American Identity in the Antebellum Era ( 2000 ) ; Melinda Lawson , Patriot Fires : Forging a New American Nationalism in the Civil War North ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976 , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Jaffa , Harry V. ( 2000 ) . A New Birth of Freedom : Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 8476 - 9952 - 8 . p. 1 Jump up ^ Ordinances of Secession by State Archived 2004 - 06 - 11 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The text of the Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union . Jump up ^ The text of A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The text of Georgia 's secession declaration . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The text of A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ President James Buchanan , Message of December 8 , 1860 . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Profile Showing the Grades upon the Different Routes Surveyed for the Union Pacific Rail Road Between the Missouri River and the Valley of the Platte River '' . World Digital Library . 1865 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , James Ford . History of the United States from the compromise of 1850 to the McKinley - Bryan campaign of 1896 Volume III ( 1920 ) pp. 41 -- 66 Jump up ^ Rhodes , James Ford . History of the United States from the compromise of 1850 to the McKinley - Bryan campaign of 1896 Volume III ( 1920 ) pp. 147 -- 52 Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 234 -- 266 . ^ Jump up to : Abraham Lincoln , First Inaugural Address , Monday , March 4 , 1861 . ^ Jump up to : Potter & Fehrenbacher 1976 , p. 572 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , The War for the Union : The Improvised War 1861 -- 1862 ( 1959 ) , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Russell McClintock ( 2008 ) . Lincoln and the Decision for War : The Northern Response to Secession . Chapel Hill : The University of North Carolina Press . pp. 254 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3188 - 5 . Provides details of support across the North . Online preview . Jump up ^ Rhodes , James Ford . History of the United States from the compromise of 1850 to the McKinley - Bryan campaign of 1896 Volume III ( 1920 ) pp. 291 -- 92 Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 274 . Jump up ^ Howard Louis Conard ( 1901 ) . Encyclopedia of the History of Missouri . p. 45 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln : Proclamation 83 -- Increasing the Size of the Army and Navy '' . Presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 276 -- 307 . Jump up ^ `` Civil War and the Maryland General Assembly , Maryland State Archives '' . msa.maryland.gov . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Teaching American History in Maryland -- Documents for the Classroom : Arrest of the Maryland Legislature , 1861 '' . Maryland State Archives . 2005 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 284 -- 87 . Jump up ^ William C. Harris , Lincoln and the Border States : Preserving the Union ( University Press of Kansas , 2011 ) , p. 71 , Jump up ^ Howard , F.K. ( Frank Key ) ( 1863 ) . Fourteen Months in American Bastiles . London : H.F. Mackintosh . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nevins , The War for the Union ( 1959 ) , 1 : 119 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Nevins , The War for the Union ( 1959 ) , 1 : 129 -- 36 . Jump up ^ `` A State of Convenience , The Creation of West Virginia '' . West Virginia Archives & History . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Curry , Richard Orr ( 1964 ) , A House Divided , A Study of the Statehood Politics & the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia , University of Pittsburgh Press , map on p. 49 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Weigley 2004 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Snell , Mark A. , West Virginia and the Civil War , History Press , Charleston , SC , 2011 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Neely 1993 , p. 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Keegan , `` The American Civil War '' , p. 73 . Over 10,000 military engagements took place during the war , 40 percent of them in Virginia and Tennessee . See Gabor Boritt , ed . War Comes Again ( 1995 ) , p. 247 . Jump up ^ `` With an actual strength of 1,080 officers and 14,926 enlisted men on June 30 , 1860 , the Regular Army ... '' Civil War Extracts pp. 199 -- 221 , American Military History . Jump up ^ E. Merton Coulter , Confederate States of America ( 1950 ) p. 308 . John G. Nicolay and John Hay ( Abraham Lincoln : a history , vol. 4 , p. 264 ) state : `` Since the organization of the Montgomery government in February , some four different calls for Southern volunteers had been made ... In his message of April 29 to the rebel Congress , Jefferson Davis proposed to organize for instant action an army of 100,000 ... '' Coulter reports that Alexander Stephens took this to mean Davis wanted unilateral control of a standing army , and from that moment on became his implacable opponent . Jump up ^ Albert Burton Moore . Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy ( 1924 ) online edition . Jump up ^ Albert Bernhardt Faust , The German Element in the United States ( 1909 ) v. 1 , p. 523 online . The railroads and banks grew rapidly . See Oberholtzer , Ellis Paxson . Jay Cooke : Financier Of The Civil War ( 1907 ) , Vol. 2 at Google Books , pp. 378 -- 430 . See also Oberholtzer , A History of the United States Since the Civil War ( 1926 ) , 3 : 69 -- 122 . Jump up ^ Barnet Schecter , The Devil 's Own Work : The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Eugene Murdock , One Million Men : the Civil War draft in the North ( 1971 ) . Jump up ^ Judith Lee Hallock , `` The Role of the Community in Civil War Desertion . '' Civil War History ( 1983 ) 29 # 2 pp. 123 -- 34 . online Jump up ^ Peter S. Bearman , `` Desertion as localism : Army unit solidarity and group norms in the U.S. Civil War . '' Social Forces ( 1991 ) 70 # 2 pp. 321 -- 42 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Robert Fantina , Desertion and the American soldier , 1776 -- 2006 ( 2006 ) , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Keegan 2009 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Perman & Taylor 2010 , p. 177 . Jump up ^ Roger Pickenpaugh ( 2013 ) . Captives in Blue : The Civil War Prisons of the Confederacy . University of Alabama Press . pp. 57 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Pierpaoli & White 2010 , p. 1466 . Jump up ^ Welles 1865 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Pierpaoli & White 2010 , p. 462 . Jump up ^ Canney 1998 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Richter 2009 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Johnson 1998 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1989 , pp. 288 -- 89 , 296 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Nelson 2005 , p. 92 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson 1989 , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Gerald F. Teaster and Linda and James Treaster Ambrose , The Confederate Submarine H.L. Hunley ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Nelson 2005 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ Fuller 2008 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Stern 1962 , pp. 224 - 225 . Jump up ^ Mark E. Neely , Jr . `` The Perils of Running the Blockade : The Influence of International Law in an Era of Total War , '' Civil War History ( 1986 ) 32 # 2 , pp. 101 -- 18 in Project MUSE Jump up ^ Stephen R. Wise , Lifeline of the Confederacy : Blockade Running during the Civil War ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Surdam , David G. ( 1998 ) . `` The Union Navy 's blockade reconsidered '' . Naval War College Review . 51 ( 4 ) : 85 -- 107 . Jump up ^ David G. Surdam , Northern Naval Superiority and the Economics of the American Civil War ( University of South Carolina Press , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Jones 2002 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1989 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Whitsell , Robert D. ( 1963 ) . `` Military and Naval Activity between Cairo and Columbus '' . Register of the Kentucky Historical Society . 62 ( 2 ) : 107 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Myron J. Smith , Tinclads in the Civil War : Union Light - Draught Gunboat Operations on Western Waters , 1862 -- 1865 ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Frank & Reaves 2003 , p. 170 . Jump up ^ Symonds & Clipson 2001 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Ronald Scott Mangum , `` The Vicksburg Campaign : A Study In Joint Operations , '' Parameters : U.S. Army War College ( 1991 ) 21 # 3 , pp. 74 -- 86 online Jump up ^ Foote 1974 , p. 464 -- 519 . Jump up ^ Bruce Catton , Terrible Swift Sword , pp. 263 -- 96 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 424 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson 1988 , pp. 538 -- 44 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 528 -- 33 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 543 -- 45 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 557 -- 558 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 571 -- 74 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 639 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Jonathan A. Noyalas ( 3 Dec 2010 ) . Stonewall Jackson 's 1862 Valley Campaign . Arcadia Publishing . p. 93 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 653 -- 663 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 664 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 404 -- 05 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 418 -- 20 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 419 -- 20 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 480 -- 83 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 405 -- 13 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 637 -- 38 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 677 -- 80 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan 2009 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Keegan 2009 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ James B. Martin , Third War : Irregular Warfare on the Western Border 1861 -- 1865 ( Combat Studies Institute Leavenworth Paper series , number 23 , 2012 ) . See also , Michael Fellman , Inside War : The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri during the Civil War ( 1989 ) . Missouri alone was the scene of over 1,000 engagements between regular units , and uncounted numbers of guerrilla attacks and raids by informal pro-Confederate bands , especially in the recently settled western counties . Jump up ^ Bohl , Sarah ( 2004 ) . `` A War on Civilians : Order Number 11 and the Evacuation of Western Missouri '' . Prologue. 36 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Graves , William H. ( 1991 ) . `` Indian Soldiers for the Gray Army : Confederate Recruitment in Indian Territory '' . Chronicles of Oklahoma . 69 ( 2 ) : 134 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Neet , J. Frederick ; Jr ( 1996 ) . `` Stand Watie : Confederate General in the Cherokee Nation '' . Great Plains Journal . 6 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Keegan 2009 , p. 220 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Mark E. Neely Jr. ; `` Was the Civil War a Total War ? '' Civil War History , Vol. 50 , 2004 , pp. 434 + . Jump up ^ U.S. Grant ( 1990 ) . Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant ; Selected Letters . Library of America . p. 247 . ISBN 0 - 940450 - 58 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ron Field ( 2013 ) . Petersburg 1864 -- 65 : The Longest Siege . Osprey Publishing . p. 6 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 724 -- 42 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 778 -- 79 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 773 -- 76 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 812 -- 15 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 825 -- 30 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 846 -- 47 . Jump up ^ William Marvel , Lee 's Last Retreat : The Flight to Appomattox ( 2002 ) , pp. 158 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Unaware of the surrender of Lee , on April 16 the last major battles of the war were fought at the Battle of Columbus , Georgia and the Battle of West Point . Jump up ^ http://www.civilwar.org/education/history/end-of-war/smith-surrenders.html General Kirby Smith Surrenders the Trans - Mississippi Forces Archived February 7 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Web . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morris , John Wesley , Ghost towns of Oklahoma , University of Oklahoma Press , 1977 , pp. 68 -- 69 , ISBN 0 - 8061 - 1420 - 7 Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 546 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Herring 2011 , p. 237 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson 1988 , p. 386 . Jump up ^ Allan Nevins , War for the Union 1862 -- 1863 , pp. 263 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Don H. Doyle , The Cause of All Nations : An International History of the American Civil War ( 2014 ) , pp. 8 ( quote ) , 69 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Richard Huzzeym , Freedom Burning : Anti-Slavery and Empire in Victorian Britain ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Stephen B. Oates , The Approaching Fury : Voices of the Storm 1820 -- 1861 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Herring 2011 , p. 261 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 851 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 855 . ^ Jump up to : James McPherson , Why did the Confederacy Lose ? . p. ? . Jump up ^ Railroad length is from : Chauncey Depew ( ed . ) , One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795 -- 1895 , p. 111 ; For other data see : 1860 U.S. Census and Carter , Susan B. , ed . The Historical Statistics of the United States : Millennial Edition ( 5 vols ) , 2006 . Jump up ^ Martis , Kenneth C. , `` The Historical Atlas of the Congresses of the Confederate States of America : 1861 -- 1865 '' Simon & Schuster ( 1994 ) ISBN 0 - 13 - 389115 - 1 p. 27 . At the beginning of 1865 , the Confederacy controlled one - third of its congressional districts , which were apportioned by population . The major slave - populations found in Louisiana , Mississippi , Tennessee , and Alabama were effectively under Union control by the end of 1864 . Jump up ^ Digital History Reader , U.S. Railroad Construction , 1860 -- 1880 Virginia Tech , Retrieved August 21 , 2012 . `` Total Union railroad miles '' aggregates existing track reported 1860 @ 21800 plus new construction 1860 -- 1864 @ 5000 , plus southern railroads administered by USMRR @ 2300 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 771 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Murray , Bernstein & Knox 1996 , p. 235 . Jump up ^ HeidlerHeidlerColes 2002 , p. 1207 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Ward 1990 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ E. Merton Coulter , The Confederate States of America , 1861 -- 1865 ( 1950 ) , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Richard E. Beringer , Herman Hattaway , Archer Jones and William N. Still Jr , Why the South Lost the Civil War ( 1991 ) , ch 1 . Jump up ^ Armstead Robinson , Bitter Fruits of Bondage : The Demise of Slavery and the Collapse of the Confederacy , 1861 -- 1865 ( University of Virginia Press , 2004 ) Jump up ^ see Alan Farmer , History Review ( 2005 ) , No. 52 : 15 -- 20 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1997 , pp. 169 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Gallagher 1999 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Fehrenbacher , Don ( 2004 ) . `` Lincoln 's Wartime Leadership : The First Hundred Days '' . University of Illinois . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 382 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Don H. Doyle , The Cause of All Nations : An International History of the American Civil War ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Fergus M. Bordewich , `` The World Was Watching : America 's Civil War slowly came to be seen as part of a global struggle against oppressive privilege '' , Wall Street Journal ( February 7 -- 8 , 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : Dupont , Brandon ; Rosenbloom , Joshua L. `` The Economic Origins of the Postwar Southern Elite '' . Explorations in Economic History . doi : 10.1016 / j. eeh. 2017.09. 002 . ^ Jump up to : Hacker , J. David ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Recounting the Dead '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Associated Press . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. xix . Jump up ^ Vinovskis 1990 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Richard Wightman Fox ( 2008 ). `` National Life After Death '' . Slate.com . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Civil War Prison Camps Claimed Thousands '' . National Geographic News . July 1 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Teresa Riordan ( March 8 , 2004 ) . `` When Necessity Meets Ingenuity : Art of Restoring What 's Missing '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Associated Press . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Herbert Aptheker , `` Negro Casualties in the Civil War '' , The Journal of Negro History , Vol. 32 , No. 1 . ( January 1947 ) . Jump up ^ Professor James Downs . `` Sick from Freedom : African - American Illness and Suffering during the Civil War and Reconstruction '' . January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ron Field and Peter Dennis ( 2013 ) . American Civil War Fortifications ( 2 ) : Land and Field Fortifications . Osprey Publishing . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Claudia Goldin , `` The economics of emancipation . '' The Journal of Economic History 33 # 1 ( 1973 ) : 66 -- 85 . Jump up ^ The Economist , `` The Civil War : Finally Passing '' , April 2 , 2011 , pp. 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Foner 1981 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Foner 2010 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ McPherson , pp. 506 -- 8 . Jump up ^ McPherson . p. 686 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , p. 495 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 355 , 494 -- 96 , 495 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 831 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Winters 1963 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ McPherson 1988 , pp. 791 -- 98 . Jump up ^ Lincoln 's letter to O.H. Browning , September 22 , 1861 . Sentiment among German Americans was largely anti-slavery especially among Forty - Eighters , resulting in hundreds of thousands of German Americans volunteering to fight for the Union . `` Wittke , Carl ( 1952 ) . `` Refugees of Revolution '' . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania press . `` , Christian B. Keller , `` Flying Dutchmen and Drunken Irishmen : The Myths and Realities of Ethnic Civil War Soldiers '' , Journal of Military History , Vol / 73 , No. 1 , January 2009 , pp. 117 -- 45 ; for primary sources see Walter D. Kamphoefner and Wolfgang Helbich , eds , Germans in the Civil War : The Letters They Wrote Home ( 2006 ) . `` On the other hand , many of the recent immigrants in the North viewed freed slaves as competition for scarce jobs , and as the reason why the Civil War was being fought . '' Baker , Kevin ( March 2003 ) . `` Violent City '' , American Heritage . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . `` Due in large part to this fierce competition with free blacks for labor opportunities , the poor and working class Irish Catholics generally opposed emancipation . When the draft began in the summer of 1863 , they launched a major riot in New York City that was suppressed by the military , as well as much smaller protests in other cities . '' Barnet Schecter , The Devil 's Own Work : The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America ( 2007 ) , ch 6 . Many Catholics in the North had volunteered to fight in 1861 , sending thousands of soldiers to the front and taking high casualties , especially at Fredericksburg ; their volunteering fell off after 1862 . Jump up ^ Baker , Kevin ( March 2003 ) . `` Violent City '' , American Heritage . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McPherson , James , in Gabor S. Boritt , ed . Lincoln , the War President , pp. 52 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Oates , Stephen B. , Abraham Lincoln : The Man Behind the Myths , p. 106 . Jump up ^ `` Lincoln Letter to Greeley , August 22 , 1862 '' . Jump up ^ Pulling , Sr. Anne Francis . `` Images of America : Altoona , 2001 , 10 . Jump up ^ Lincoln 's Letter to A.G. Hodges , April 4 , 1864 . Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas ( 2003 ) . `` SLAVERY in DELAWARE '' . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2007 . Retrieved October 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` James McPherson , The War that Never Goes Away '' Jump up ^ Asante & Mazama 2004 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Holzer & Gabbard 2007 , p. 172 -- 174 . Jump up ^ Murray , pp. 155 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Hans L. Trefousse , Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction ( Greenwood , 1991 ) covers all the main events and leaders . Jump up ^ Eric Foner 's A Short History of Reconstruction ( 1990 ) is a brief survey . Jump up ^ C. Vann Woodward , Reunion and Reaction : The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction ( 2nd edn 1991 ) . Jump up ^ Joan Waugh and Gary W. Gallagher , eds ( 2009 ) , Wars within a War : Controversy and Conflict over the American Civil War ( University of North Carolina Press ) . Jump up ^ David W. Blight , Race and Reunion : The Civil War in American Memory ( 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Steven E. Woodworth ( 1996 ) . The American Civil War : A Handbook of Literature and Research . p. 208 . Jump up ^ Stephen Cushman ( 2014 ) . Belligerent Muse : Five Northern Writers and How They Shaped Our Understanding of the Civil War . pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Charles F. Ritter and Jon L. Wakelyn , eds. , Leaders of the American Civil War : A Biographical and Historiographical Dictionary ( 1998 ) Provide short biographies and valuable historiographical summaries Jump up ^ Wilson Fallin Jr , Uplifting the People : Three Centuries of Black Baptists in Alabama ( 2007 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Fallin , Uplifting the People : Three Centuries of Black Baptists in Alabama ( 2007 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Gaines M. Foster ( 1988 ) , Ghosts of the Confederacy : Defeat , the Lost Cause and the Emergence of the New South , 1865 -- 1913 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Alan T. , in Gallagher , Gary W. , and Alan T. Nolan , The Myth of the Lost Cause and Civil War history ( 2000 ) , pp. 12 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Nolan , The Myth of the Lost Cause , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard , The Rise of American Civilization ( 1927 ) , 2 : 54 . Jump up ^ Richard Hofstadter ( 2012 ) ( 1968 ) . Progressive Historians . Knopf Doubleday . p. 304 . Jump up ^ Gary Gallagher , Causes Won , Lost , and Forgotten : How Hollywood and Popular Art Shape What We Know about the Civil War ( Univ of North Carolina Press , 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Bailey , Thomas and David Kennedy : The American Pageant , p. 434 . 1987 Jump up ^ Dome , Steam ( 1974 ) . `` A Civil War Iron Clad Car '' . Railroad History . The Railway & Locomotive Historical Society . 130 ( Spring 1974 ) : 51 -- 53 . Jump up ^ William Rattle Plum , The Military Telegraph During the Civil War in the United States , ed . Christopher H. Sterling ( New York : Arno Press , 1974 ) vol. 1 : 63 . Jump up ^ Buckley , John . Air Power in the Age of Total War ( Warfare and History ) . Routledge ; 1 edition ( December 18 , 1998 ) . pp. 6 , 24 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85728 - 589 - 5 Jump up ^ Sondhaus , Naval Warfare 1815 -- 1914 p. 77 . Jump up ^ Keegan , John ( 2009 ) . The American Civil War : A Military History . Vintage Books . p. 75 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27314 - 7 Bibliography Main article : Bibliography of the American Civil War Ahlstrom , Sydney E. ( 1972 ) . A Religious History of the American People . New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 01762 - 5 . Anderson , Bern ( 1989 ) . By Sea and By River : The naval history of the Civil War . New York , New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80367 - 3 . Asante , Molefi Kete ; Mazama , Ama ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Black Studies . Thousand Oaks , California : SAGE Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 2762 - 4 . Beringer , Richard E. , Archer Jones , and Herman Hattaway , Why the South Lost the Civil War ( 1986 ) , influential analysis of factors ; an abridged version is The Elements of Confederate Defeat : Nationalism , War Aims , and Religion ( 1988 ) Bestor , Arthur ( 1964 ) . `` The American Civil War as a Constitutional Crisis '' . American Historical Review . 69 ( 2 ) : 327 -- 52 . JSTOR 1844986 . Canney , Donald L. ( 1998 ) . Lincoln 's Navy : The Ships , Men and Organization , 1861 -- 65 . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 519 - 4 . Catton , Bruce ( 1960 ) . The Civil War . New York : American Heritage Distributed by Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8281 - 0305 - 3 . Chambers , John W. ; Anderson , Fred ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507198 - 6 . Davis , William C. ( 1983 ) . Stand in the Day of Battle : The Imperiled Union : 1861 -- 1865 . Garden City , New York : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 14895 - 5 . Davis , William C. ( 2003 ) . Look Away ! : A History of the Confederate States of America . New York : Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 3499 - 3 . Donald , David ; Baker , Jean H. ; Holt , Michael F. ( 2001 ) . The Civil War and Reconstruction . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 97427 - 0 . Fehrenbacher , Don E. ( 1981 ) . Slavery , Law , and Politics : The Dred Scott Case in Historical Perspective . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 502883 - 6 . Fellman , Michael ; Gordon , Lesley J. ; Sunderland , Daniel E. ( 2007 ) . This Terrible War : The Civil War and its Aftermath ( 2 ed . ) . New York : Pearson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 38960 - 2 . Foner , Eric ( 1981 ) . Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 502926 - 0 . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Foner , Eric ( 2010 ) . The Fiery Trial : Abraham Lincoln and American Slavery . New York : W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 34066 - 2 . Foote , Shelby ( 1974 ) . The Civil War : A Narrative : Volume 1 : Fort Sumter to Perryville . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 74623 - 4 . Frank , Joseph Allan ; Reaves , George A. ( 2003 ) . Seeing the Elephant : Raw Recruits at the Battle of Shiloh . Urbana , Illinois : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 07126 - 3 . Fuller , Howard J. ( 2008 ) . Clad in Iron -- The American Civil War and the Challenge of British Naval Power . Annapolis , Maryland : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59114 - 297 - 3 . Gallagher , Gary W. ( 1999 ) . The Confederate War . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 16056 - 9 . Gara , Larry . 1964 . The Fugitive Slave Law : A Double Paradox in Essays on the Civil War and Reconstruction , New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , 1970 ( originally published in Civil War History , X , No. 3 , September 1964 ) Green , Fletcher M. ( 2008 ) . Constitutional Development in the South Atlantic States , 1776 -- 1860 : A Study in the Evolution of Democracy . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58477 - 928 - 5 . Guelzo , Allen C. ( 2009 ) . Lincoln : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 536780 - 5 . Guelzo , Allen C. ( 2012 ) . Fateful Lightning : A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 984328 - 2 . Hacker , J. David ( December 2011 ) . `` A Census - Based Count of the Civil War Dead '' . Civil War History . 57 ( 4 ) : 307 -- 48 . PMID 22512048 . doi : 10.1353 / cwh. 2011.0061 . Heidler , David S. ; Heidler , Jeanne T. ; Coles , David J. ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 382 - 3 . Herring , George C. ( 2011 ) . From Colony to Superpower : U.S. Foreign Relations since 1776 . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 976553 - 9 . Hofstadter , Richard ( 1938 ) . `` The Tariff Issue on the Eve of the Civil War '' . American Historical Review . 44 ( 1 ) : 50 -- 55 . JSTOR 1840850 . Holt , Michael F. ( 2005 ) . The Fate of Their Country : Politicians , Slavery Extension , and the Coming of the Civil War . New York : Hill and Wang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 4439 - 9 . Holzer , Harold ; Gabbard , Sara Vaughn ( 2007 ) . Lincoln and Freedom : Slavery , Emancipation , and the Thirteenth Amendment . Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 2764 - 5 . Huddleston , John ( 2002 ) . Killing Ground : The Civil War and the Changing American Landscape . Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 6773 - 6 . Johannsen , Robert W. ( 1973 ) . Stephen A. Douglas . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 501620 - 8 . Johnson , Timothy D. ( 1998 ) . Winfield Scott : The Quest for Military Glory . Lawrence , Kansas : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0914 - 7 . Jones , Howard ( 1999 ) . Abraham Lincoln and a New Birth of Freedom : The Union and Slavery in the Diplomacy of the Civil War . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 2582 - 4 . Jones , Howard ( 2002 ) . Crucible of Power : A History of American Foreign Relations to 1913 . Wilmington , Delaware : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2916 - 2 . Keegan , John ( 2009 ) . The American Civil War : A Military History . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26343 - 8 . Krannawitter , Thomas L. ( 2008 ) . Vindicating Lincoln : defending the politics of our greatest president . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5972 - 6 . Lipset , Seymour Martin ( 1960 ) . Political Man : The Social Bases of Politics . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Company , Inc . McPherson , James M. ( 1988 ) . Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503863 - 7 . McPherson , James M. ( 1992 ) . Ordeal By Fire : The Civil War and Reconstruction ( 2 ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 045842 - 0 . McPherson , James M. ( 1997 ) . For Cause and Comrades : Why Men Fought in the Civil War . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 974105 - 2 . McPherson , James M. ( 2007 ) . This Mighty Scourge : Perspectives on the Civil War . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 539242 - 5 . Thornton , Mark ; Ekelund , Robert Burton ( 2004 ) . Tariffs , Blockades , and Inflation : The Economics of the Civil War . Rowman & Littlefield . Murray , Robert Bruce . Legal Cases of the Civil War ( 2003 ) . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0059 - 3 Murray , Williamson ; Bernstein , Alvin ; Knox , MacGregor ( 1996 ) . The Making of Strategy : Rulers , States , and War . Cabmbridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 56627 - 8 . Neely , Mark ( 1993 ) . Confederate Bastille : Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties . Milwaukee , Wisconsin : Marquette University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87462 - 325 - 3 . Nelson , James L. ( 2005 ) . Reign of Iron : The Story of the First Battling Ironclads , the Monitor and the Merrimack . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 052404 - 3 . Nevins , Allan . Ordeal of the Union , an 8 - volume set ( 1947 -- 1971 ) . the most detailed political , economic and military narrative ; by Pulitzer Prize - winner 1 . Fruits of Manifest Destiny , 1847 -- 1852 online ; 2 . A House Dividing , 1852 -- 1857 ; 3 . Douglas , Buchanan , and Party Chaos , 1857 -- 1859 ; 4 . Prologue to Civil War , 1859 -- 1861 ; vols 5 -- 8 have the series title War for the Union ; 5 . The Improvised War , 1861 -- 1862 ; 6 . online ; War Becomes Revolution , 1862 -- 1863 ; 7 . The Organized War , 1863 -- 1864 ; 8 . The Organized War to Victory , 1864 -- 1865 Olsen , Christopher J. ( 2002 ) . Political Culture and Secession in Mississippi : Masculinity , Honor , and the Antiparty Tradition , 1830 -- 1860 . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516097 - 0 . Perman , Michael ; Taylor , Amy M. ( 2010 ) . Major Problems in the Civil War and Reconstruction : Documents and Essays ( 3 ed . ) . Boston , Massachusetts : Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 87520 - 7 . Potter , David M. ( 1962 ) . `` The Historian 's Use of Nationalism and Vice Versa '' . American Historical Review . 67 ( 4 ) : 924 -- 50 . JSTOR 1845246 . Potter , David M. ; Fehrenbacher , Don E. ( 1976 ) . The Impending Crisis , 1848 -- 1861 . New York : Harper & Row . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 013403 - 7 . Rhodes , John Ford ( 1917 ) . History of the Civil War , 1861 -- 1865 . New York : The Macmillan Company . Richter , William L. ( 2009 ) . The A to Z of the Civil War and Reconstruction . Lanham : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 6336 - 1 . Russell , Robert R. ( 1966 ) . `` Constitutional Doctrines with Regard to Slavery in Territories '' . Journal of Southern History . 32 ( 4 ) : 466 -- 86 . JSTOR 2204926 . doi : 10.2307 / 2204926 . Schott , Thomas E. ( 1996 ) . Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia : A Biography . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 2106 - 1 . Sheehan - Dean , Aaron , ed. ( 2014 ) . A Companion to the U.S. Civil War . New York : Wiley Blackwell . ISBN 1 - 4443 - 5131 - 1 . , 2 vol. 1232 pp ; 64 topical chapters by experts ; emphasis on historiography . Stampp , Kenneth M. ( 1990 ) . America in 1857 : A Nation on the Brink . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503902 - 5 . Stern , Phillip Van Doren ( 1962 ) . The Confederate Navy . Doubleday & Company , Inc . Symonds , Craig L. ; Clipson , William J. ( 2001 ) . The Naval Institute Historical Atlas of the U.S. Navy . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55750 - 984 - 0 . Tucker , Spencer C. ; Pierpaoli , Paul G. ; White , William E. ( 2010 ) . The Civil War Naval Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 338 - 5 . Varon , Elizabeth R. ( 2008 ) . Disunion ! : The Coming of the American Civil War , 1789 -- 1859 . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3232 - 5 . Vinovskis , Maris ( 1990 ) . Toward a Social History of the American Civil War : Exploratory Essays . Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 39559 - 5 . Ward , Geoffrey R. ( 1990 ) . The Civil War : An Illustrated History . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 56285 - 8 . Weeks , William E. ( 2013 ) . The New Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations . Cambridge , New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 00590 - 7 . Weigley , Frank Russell ( 2004 ) . A Great Civil War : A Military and Political History , 1861 -- 1865 . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 33738 - 0 . Welles , Gideon ( 1865 ) . Secretary of the Navy 's Report . 37 -- 38 . American Seamen 's Friend Society . Winters , John D. ( 1963 ) . The Civil War in Louisiana . Baton Rouge , Louisiana : Louisiana State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 0834 - 5 . Woodworth , Steven E. ( 1996 ) . American Civil War : A Handbook of Literature and Research . Wesport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29019 - 0 . Further reading Gugliotta , Guy . New Estimate Raises Civil War Death Toll , The New York Times , April 3 , 2012 , p . D1 ( of the New York edition ) , and April 2 , 2012 , on NYTimes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 03 online . Bibliography of American Civil War naval history `` American Civil War '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Tidball , John C. The Artillery Service in the War of the Rebellion , 1861 - 1865 . Westholme Publishing , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1594161490 . External links Find more aboutAmerican Civil Warat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata American Civil War at DMOZ Civil War photos at the National Archives View images from the Civil War Photographs Collection at the Library of Congress Civil War Trust Civil War Era Digital Collection at Gettysburg College This collection contains digital images of political cartoons , personal papers , pamphlets , maps , paintings and photographs from the Civil War Era held in Special Collections at Gettysburg College . Civil War 150 Washington Post interactive website on the 150th Anniversary of the American Civil War . Civil War in the American South -- An Association of Southeastern Research Libraries ( ASERL ) portal with links to almost 9,000 digitized Civil War - era items -- books , pamphlets , broadsides , letters , maps , personal papers , and manuscripts -- held at ASERL member libraries The Civil War -- site with 7,000 pages , including the complete run of Harper 's Weekly newspapers from the Civil War The short film A HOUSE DIVIDED ( 1960 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive Civil War Living History Reenactments ( videos ) West Point Atlas of Civil War Battles `` American Civil World '' maps at the Persuasive Cartography , The PJ Mode Collection , Cornell University Library Civil War Manuscripts Articles related to the American Civil War ( hide ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. Sandford Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union ( USA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy ( CSA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major Campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson 's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan 's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond - Petersburg Franklin -- Nashville Price 's Raid Sherman 's March Carolinas Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson 's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement ( by state or territory ) AL AK AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Leaders Confederate Military R.H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A.S. Johnston J.E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Price Semmes E.K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D.D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath U.S. Constitution Reconstruction amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks -- Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax Riot of 1873 Eufaula Riot of 1874 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedman 's Savings Bank Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Kirk - Holden War Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Memphis Riot of 1866 Meridian Riot of 1871 New Orleans Riot of 1866 Pulaski ( Tennessee ) Riot of 1867 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Confederate refugees Confederados Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission Homestead acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 White League post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate monuments and memorials Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Southern Historical Society United Daughters of the Confederacy Monuments and memorials Union List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Confederate List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials List of memorials to Robert E. Lee List of memorials to Jefferson Davis Annapolis Roger B. Taney Monument Baltimore Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument Confederate Women 's Monument Roger B. Taney Monument Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument Durham , North Carolina Robert E. Lee Monument New Orleans Battle of Liberty Place Monument Jefferson Davis Monument General Beauregard Equestrian Statue Robert E. Lee Monument Cemeteries Confederate Memorial Day Ladies ' memorial associations U.S. Memorial Day U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg Reunion Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers ' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Related topics Military Arms Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate Revolving Cannon Field artillery Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Leadership Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Other topics Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Revival of 1863 Music Naming the war Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City Riot of 1863 Photographers Richmond Riot of 1863 Sexuality Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Foreign countries in the American Civil War Australia Bahamas Canada France Hawaii Mexico Morocco Prussia Russia San Marino Thailand United Kingdom Foreign soldiers Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces listed chronologically Domestic Shays ' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion Fries 's Rebellion Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Indian Wars Brooks -- Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead Strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army Battle of Athens Foreign Revolutionary War Quasi-War First Barbary War War of 1812 Second Barbary War First Sumatran expedition Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican -- American War First Fiji Expedition Second Opium War Second Fiji Expedition Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Banana Wars Border War World War I Russian Civil War World War II Korean War Vietnam War Invasion of the Dominican Republic Invasion of Grenada Lebanese Civil War Invasion of Panama Gulf War Somali Civil War Bosnian War Kosovo War Afghanistan War Iraq War War in North - West Pakistan Libyan Civil War Intervention against ISIL Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Related articles List of conflicts in the U.S. List of wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in major wars Overseas expansion Military history Covert regime - change actions Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American Civil Rights Movement 1865 -- 1895 / 1896 -- 1954 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Civil Rights Movement Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) Collapse of the Soviet Union War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory states territories counties cities , towns , and villages Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive President Executive Office Cabinet / Executive departments Civil service Independent agencies Law enforcement Public policy Legislature Congress Senate Vice President President pro tempore House of Representatives Speaker Judiciary Federal judiciary Supreme Court Courts of appeals District courts Law Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps Political divisions List of states and territories of the United States States Territories Federal district Native American autonomous administrative divisions United States Minor Outlying Islands Associated states Local government in the United States Federal enclave Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Vetos in the UN Security Council Ideologies Anti-Americanism Exceptionalism Nationalism Parties Democratic Republican Third parties 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State governments governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Wall Street Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing in the United States Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime Incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination Affirmative action Intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights Racism Same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care Health insurance Health care reform Abortion Hunger Obesity Smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal GND : 4136055 - 2 SELIBR : 155276 NDL : 00568022 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_War&oldid=805950768 '' Categories : American Civil War Rebellions in the United States Conflicts in 1861 Conflicts in 1862 Conflicts in 1863 Conflicts in 1864 Conflicts in 1865 19th - century conflicts Wars involving the United States 1860s in the United States Wars of independence Internal wars of the United States 1860s conflicts Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Unfit url Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2016 Use American English from October 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from October 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Languages Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай - малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 18 October 2017 , at 17 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what was the confederate army fighting for in the civil war | [] | [] |
905433389437670410 | Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs | Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs - Wikipedia Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs United States Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs Seal of the United States Department of State Incumbent Manisha Singh since November 22 , 2017 Reports to Under Secretary for Economic Growth , Energy , and the Environment Nominator President of the United States Inaugural holder Willard Long Thorp Formation 1944 Website Official website The Assistant Secretary of State for Economic and Business Affairs is an office in the United States Department of State responsible for managing the Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs . It was known as the Assistant Secretary of State for Economic Affairs from December 1944 to September 15 , 1972 . Assistant Secretaries of State for Economic and Business Affairs ( edit ) Name Assumed Office Left Office President ( s ) served under Willard Long Thorp 1946 1952 Harry S. Truman Harold Francis Linder 1952 1953 Harry S. Truman Samuel Clark Waugh 1953 1955 Dwight D. Eisenhower Thorsten Valentine Kalijarvi 1957 1957 Dwight D. Eisenhower Thomas Clifton Mann 1957 1960 Dwight D. Eisenhower Edwin McCammon Martin 1960 1962 Dwight D. Eisenhower / John F. Kennedy Gove Griffith Johnson Jr . 1962 1965 John F. Kennedy / Lyndon B. Johnson Anthony Morton Solomon 1965 1969 Lyndon B. Johnson Philip Harold Trezise 1969 1971 Richard Nixon Willis Coburn Armstrong 1972 Richard Nixon Thomas Ostrom Enders Gerald Ford Joseph Adolph Greenwald 1976 1976 Gerald Ford Julius Louis Katz 1976 1979 Gerald Ford / Jimmy Carter Deane Roesch Hinton 1979 1981 Jimmy Carter Robert David Hormats 1981 1982 Ronald Reagan Richard T. McCormack 1985 Ronald Reagan Douglas W. McMinn 1985 Ronald Reagan Eugene J. McAllister Ronald Reagan / George H.W. Bush Daniel K. Tarullo Bill Clinton Alan Philip Larson 1999 Bill Clinton Earl Anthony Wayne 2000 2006 George W. Bush Daniel S. Sullivan 2006 2009 George W. Bush Jose W. Fernandez 2009 2013 Barack Obama Charles Rivkin February 13 , 2014 January 20 , 2017 Barack Obama Manisha Singh November 2017 Donald Trump References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Assistant Secretaries of State for Economic , Energy , and Business Affairs '' . Department History . Office of the Historian . Retrieved November 25 , 2013 . Official Website United States Assistant Secretaries of State ( and Equivalent Ranks ) Reporting to the Under Secretary for Political Affairs African Affairs East Asian and Pacific Affairs European and Eurasian Affairs International Organization Affairs Near Eastern Affairs South and Central Asian Affairs Western Hemisphere Affairs Reporting to the Under Secretary for Economic Growth , Energy , and the Environment Economic and Business Affairs Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs Energy Resources Reporting to the Under Secretary for Arms Control and International Security Affairs Arms Control , Verification , and Compliance International Security and Nonproliferation Political - Military Affairs Reporting to the Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs Educational and Cultural Affairs Public Affairs Coordinator for International Information Programs Reporting to the Under Secretary for Management Administration Consular Affairs Diplomatic Security Director General of the Foreign Service Reporting to the Under Secretary for Civilian Security , Democracy , and Human Rights Conflict and Stabilization Operations Coordinator for Counterterrorism ( Ambassador - at - Large ) Democracy , Human Rights , and Labor International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Population , Refugees , and Migration Trafficking in Persons ( Ambassador - at - Large ) War Crimes Issues ( Ambassador - at - Large ) Reporting directly to the Secretary Intelligence and Research Legislative Affairs Executive Secretary Inspector General Legal Adviser Director of Policy Planning Chief of Protocol Global Women 's Issues ( Ambassador - at - Large ) Global AIDS Coordinator ( Ambassador - at - Large ) This United States government -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_Economic_and_Business_Affairs&oldid=828593804 '' Categories : United States government stubs United States Assistant Secretaries of State Lists of political office - holders in the United States United States economic policy Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2017 All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 March 2018 , at 15 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | assistant secretary of state for economic and business affairs | [] | [] |
-1364011085566759492 | Finger of God (Biblical phrase) | Finger of God ( biblical phrase ) - wikipedia Finger of God ( biblical phrase ) Jump to : navigation , search The `` Finger of God '' refers to the words which were written onto stone tablets that later were brought down Mount Sinai by Moses , also known as the Ten Commandments , but was also used once by Jesus Christ in the Gospel of Luke . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hebrew Bible 2 New Testament 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Hebrew Bible ( edit ) The first time the phrase `` finger of God '' appears is in the Hebrew Bible , in the eighth chapter , in the paragraph of verses sixteen through twenty of the Book of Exodus , which reads `` And the LORD said unto Moses , Say unto Aaron , Stretch out thy rod , and smite the dust of the land , that it may become lice throughout all the land of Egypt . And they did so ; for Aaron stretched out his hand with his rod , and smote the dust of the earth , and it became lice in man , and in beast ; all the dust of the land became lice throughout all the land of Egypt . And the magicians did so with their enchantments to bring forth lice , but they could not : so there were lice upon man , and upon beast . Then the magicians said unto Pharaoh , This is the finger of God : and Pharaoh 's heart was hardened , and he hearkened not unto them ; as the LORD had said . '' The second time the phrase `` finger of God '' appears is at the last verse , verse eighteen of the thirty - first chapter of the same book , which reads `` And he gave unto Moses , when he had made an end of communing with him upon mount Sinai , two tables of testimony , tables of stone , written with the finger of God . '' The third time the phrase appears , and the last time in the Hebrew Bible , is a second reference to the tablets of the Ten Commandments , and is found in Deuteronomy 9 : 10 , which says `` And the LORD delivered unto me two tables of stone written with the finger of God ; and on them was written according to all the words , which the LORD spake with you in the mount out of the midst of the fire in the day of the assembly . '' New Testament ( edit ) See also : Exorcising the blind and mute man The phrase is also used once by Jesus in the Christian New Testament during his proof that he did not cast out demons by the power of Beelzebub , because he was questioned by nonbelievers for casting out demons . He said , `` But if I with the finger of God cast out devils , no doubt the kingdom of God is come upon you . '' in the Gospel of Luke , chapter 11 , verse 20 . See also ( edit ) Act of God The Creation of Adam References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Exodus 8 : 19 , 31 : 18 , Deuteronomy 9 : 10 , Luke 11 : 20 External links ( edit ) The Holy Bible - King James Version ( from which was taken the quotes of this article ) Jewish Encyclopedia : Finger `` The finger of God '' ( Exodus 8 : 19 , Luke 11 : 20 ) , `` the hand of the Lord '' ( 1 Samuel 5 : 6 ) , `` the hand of our God '' ( Ezra 8 : 31 ) . '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finger_of_God_(Biblical_phrase)&oldid=738385929 '' Categories : Ten Commandments Biblical phrases Christian terminology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 8 September 2016 , at 17 : 13 . About Wikipedia | the book of genesis was written by the finger of god | [] | [] |
-6641654611595744479 | Gunpowder Plot | Gunpowder plot - wikipedia Gunpowder plot Jump to : navigation , search `` The Gunpowder Plot '' redirects here . For the British television show , see The Gunpowder Plot : Exploding The Legend . For the book by Antonia Fraser , see The Gunpowder Plot : Terror and Faith in 1605 . Gunpowder Plot A late 17th or early 18th - century report of the plot . Details Participants Robert Catesby , John Wright , Thomas Wintour , Thomas Percy , Guy Fawkes , Robert Keyes , Thomas Bates , Robert Wintour , Christopher Wright , John Grant , Ambrose Rookwood , Sir Everard Digby and Francis Tresham Location London , England Date 5 November 1605 Result Failure , plotters executed The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 , in earlier centuries often called the Gunpowder Treason Plot or the Jesuit Treason , was a failed assassination attempt against King James I of England and VI of Scotland by a group of provincial English Catholics led by Robert Catesby . The plan was to blow up the House of Lords during the State Opening of England 's Parliament on 5 November 1605 , as the prelude to a popular revolt in the Midlands during which James 's nine - year - old daughter , Princess Elizabeth , was to be installed as the Catholic head of state . Catesby may have embarked on the scheme after hopes of securing greater religious tolerance under King James had faded , leaving many English Catholics disappointed . His fellow plotters were John Wright , Thomas Wintour , Thomas Percy , Guy Fawkes , Robert Keyes , Thomas Bates , Robert Wintour , Christopher Wright , John Grant , Ambrose Rookwood , Sir Everard Digby and Francis Tresham . Fawkes , who had 10 years of military experience fighting in the Spanish Netherlands in suppression of the Dutch Revolt , was given charge of the explosives . The plot was revealed to the authorities in an anonymous letter sent to William Parker , 4th Baron Monteagle , on 26 October 1605 . During a search of the House of Lords at about midnight on 4 November 1605 , Fawkes was discovered guarding 36 barrels of gunpowder -- enough to reduce the House of Lords to rubble -- and arrested . Most of the conspirators fled from London as they learned of the plot 's discovery , trying to enlist support along the way . Several made a stand against the pursuing Sheriff of Worcester and his men at Holbeche House ; in the ensuing battle , Catesby was one of those shot and killed . At their trial on 27 January 1606 , eight of the survivors , including Fawkes , were convicted and sentenced to be hanged , drawn and quartered . Details of the assassination attempt were allegedly known by the principal Jesuit of England , Father Henry Garnet . Although he was convicted of treason and sentenced to death , doubt has been cast on how much he really knew of the plot . As its existence was revealed to him through confession , Garnet was prevented from informing the authorities by the absolute confidentiality of the confessional . Although anti-Catholic legislation was introduced soon after the plot 's discovery , many important and loyal Catholics retained high office during King James I 's reign . The thwarting of the Gunpowder Plot was commemorated for many years afterwards by special sermons and other public events such as the ringing of church bells , which have evolved into the Bonfire Night of today . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Religion in England 1.2 Succession 1.3 Early reign of James I 1.4 Early plots 2 Plot 2.1 Initial recruitment 2.2 Initial planning 2.3 Further recruitment 2.4 Undercroft 2.5 Monteagle letter 2.6 Discovery 2.7 Flight 2.8 Investigation 2.9 Last stand 3 Reaction 3.1 Interrogations 3.2 Jesuits 3.3 Trials 3.4 Executions 4 Aftermath 4.1 Accusations of state conspiracy 4.2 Bonfire Night 4.3 Reconstructing the explosion 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Religion in England ( edit ) Main article : English Reformation See also : Roman Catholicism in England and Wales Elizabeth I Between 1533 and 1540 , the Tudor King Henry VIII took control of the English Church from Rome , the start of several decades of religious tension in England . English Catholics struggled in a society dominated by the newly separate and increasingly Protestant Church of England . Henry 's daughter , Elizabeth I , responded to the growing religious divide by introducing the Elizabethan Religious Settlement , which required anyone appointed to a public or church office to swear allegiance to the monarch as head of the Church and state . The penalties for refusal were severe ; fines were imposed for recusancy , and repeat offenders risked imprisonment and execution . Catholicism became marginalised , but despite the threat of torture or execution , priests continued to practise their faith in secret . Succession ( edit ) Queen Elizabeth , unmarried and childless , steadfastly refused to name an heir . Many Catholics believed that her Catholic cousin , Mary , Queen of Scots , was the legitimate heir to the English throne , but she was executed for treason in 1587 . The English Secretary of State , Robert Cecil , negotiated secretly with Mary 's son , James VI of Scotland , who had a strong claim to the English throne as Elizabeth 's first cousin twice removed through both his parents . In the months before Elizabeth 's death on 24 March 1603 , Cecil prepared the way for James to succeed her . Some exiled Catholics favoured Philip II of Spain 's daughter , Infanta Isabella , as Elizabeth 's successor . More moderate Catholics looked to James 's and Elizabeth 's cousin Arbella Stuart , a woman thought to have Catholic sympathies . As Elizabeth 's health deteriorated , the government detained those they considered to be the `` principal papists '' , and the Privy Council grew so worried that Arbella Stuart was moved closer to London to prevent her from being kidnapped by papists . Despite competing claims to the English throne , the transition of power following Elizabeth 's death went smoothly . James 's succession was announced by a proclamation from Cecil on 24 March , which was generally celebrated . Leading papists , rather than causing trouble as anticipated , reacted to the news by offering their enthusiastic support for the new monarch . Jesuit priests , whose presence in England was punishable by death , also demonstrated their support for James , who was widely believed to embody `` the natural order of things '' . James ordered a ceasefire in the conflict with Spain , and even though the two countries were still technically at war , King Philip III sent his envoy , Don Juan de Tassis , to congratulate James on his accession . For decades , the English had lived under a monarch who refused to provide an heir , but James arrived with a family and a future line of succession . His wife , Anne of Denmark , was the daughter of a king . Their eldest child , the nine - year - old Henry , was considered a handsome and confident boy , and their two younger children , Princess Elizabeth and Prince Charles , were proof that James was able to provide heirs to continue the Protestant monarchy . Early reign of James I ( edit ) King James , c. 1606 ( portrait by John de Critz ) James 's attitude towards Catholics was more moderate than that of his predecessor , perhaps even tolerant . He promised that he would not `` persecute any that will be quiet and give an outward obedience to the law '' , and believed that exile was a better solution than capital punishment : `` I would be glad to have both their heads and their bodies separated from this whole island and transported beyond seas . '' Some Catholics believed that the martyrdom of James 's mother , Mary , Queen of Scots , would encourage James to convert to the Catholic faith , and the Catholic houses of Europe may also have shared that hope . James received an envoy from the Habsburg Archduke Albert of the Southern Netherlands , ruler of the remaining Catholic territories after over 30 years of war in the Dutch Revolt by English - supported Protestant rebels . For the Catholic expatriates engaged in that struggle , the restoration by force of a Catholic monarchy was an intriguing possibility , but following the failed Spanish invasion of England in 1588 the papacy had taken a longer - term view on the return of a Catholic monarch to the English throne . During the late 16th century , Catholics made several assassination attempts against Protestant rulers in Europe and in England , including plans to poison Elizabeth I . The Jesuit Juan de Mariana 's 1598 On Kings and the Education of Kings explicitly justified the assassination of the French king Henry III -- who had been stabbed to death by a Catholic fanatic in 1589 -- and until the 1620s , some English Catholics believed that regicide was justifiable to remove tyrants from power . Much of the `` rather nervous '' James I 's political writing was `` concerned with the threat of Catholic assassination and refutation of the ( Catholic ) argument that ' faith did not need to be kept with heretics ' '' . Early plots ( edit ) In the absence of any sign that James would move to end the persecution of Catholics , as some had hoped for , several members of the clergy ( including two anti-Jesuit priests ) decided to take matters into their own hands . In what became known as the Bye Plot , the priests William Watson and William Clark planned to kidnap James and hold him in the Tower of London until he agreed to be more tolerant towards Catholics . Cecil received news of the plot from several sources , including the Archpriest George Blackwell , who instructed his priests to have no part in any such schemes . At about the same time , Lord Cobham , Lord Grey de Wilton , Griffin Markham and Walter Raleigh hatched what became known as the Main Plot , which involved removing James and his family and supplanting them with Arbella Stuart . Amongst others , they approached Henry IV of France for funding , but were unsuccessful . All those involved in both plots were arrested in July and tried in autumn 1603 ; Sir George Brooke was executed , but James , keen not to have too bloody a start to his reign , reprieved Cobham , Grey , and Markham while they were at the scaffold . Raleigh , who had watched while his colleagues sweated , and who was due to be executed a few days later , was also pardoned . Arbella Stuart denied any knowledge of the Main Plot . The two priests , condemned by the pope , and `` very bloodily handled '' , were executed . The Catholic community responded to news of these plots with shock . That the Bye Plot had been revealed by Catholics was instrumental in saving them from further persecution , and James was grateful enough to allow pardons for those recusants who sued for them , as well as postponing payment of their fines for a year . On 19 February 1604 , shortly after he discovered that his wife , Queen Anne , had been sent a rosary from the pope via one of James 's spies , Sir Anthony Standen , James denounced the Catholic Church . Three days later , he ordered all Jesuits and all other Catholic priests to leave the country , and reimposed the collection of fines for recusancy . James changed his focus from the anxieties of English Catholics to the establishment of an Anglo - Scottish union . He also appointed Scottish nobles such as George Home to his court , which proved unpopular with the Parliament of England . Some Members of Parliament made it clear that in their view , the `` effluxion of people from the Northern parts '' was unwelcome , and compared them to `` plants which are transported from barren ground into a more fertile one '' . Even more discontent resulted when the King allowed his Scottish nobles to collect the recusancy fines . There were 5,560 convicted of recusancy in 1605 , of whom 112 were landowners . The very few Catholics of great wealth who refused to attend services at their parish church were fined £ 20 per month . Those of more moderate means had to pay two - thirds of their annual rental income ; middle class recusants were fined one shilling a week , although the collection of all these fines was `` haphazard and negligent '' . When James came to power , almost £ 5,000 a year ( equivalent to over £ 10 million in 2008 ) was being raised by these fines . On 19 March , the King gave his opening speech to his first English Parliament in which he spoke of his desire to secure peace , but only by `` profession of the true religion '' . He also spoke of a Christian union and reiterated his desire to avoid religious persecution . For the Catholics , the King 's speech made it clear that they were not to `` increase their number and strength in this Kingdom '' , that `` they might be in hope to erect their Religion again '' . To Father John Gerard , these words were almost certainly responsible for the heightened levels of persecution the members of his faith now suffered , and for the priest Oswald Tesimond they were a rebuttal of the early claims that the King had made , upon which the papists had built their hopes . A week after James 's speech , Lord Sheffield informed the king of over 900 recusants brought before the Assizes in Normanby , and on 24 April a Bill was introduced in Parliament which threatened to outlaw all English followers of the Catholic Church . Plot ( edit ) King James 's daughter Princess Elizabeth , whom the conspirators planned to install on the throne as a Catholic Queen The conspirators ' principal aim was to kill King James , but many other important targets would also be present at the State Opening , including the monarch 's nearest relatives and members of the Privy Council . The senior judges of the English legal system , most of the Protestant aristocracy , and the bishops of the Church of England would all have attended in their capacity as members of the House of Lords , along with the members of the House of Commons . Another important objective was the kidnapping of the King 's daughter , third in the line of succession , Princess Elizabeth . Housed at Coombe Abbey near Coventry , the Princess lived only ten miles north of Warwick -- convenient for the plotters , most of whom lived in the Midlands . Once the King and his Parliament were dead , the plotters intended to install Elizabeth on the English throne as a titular Queen . The fate of Princes Henry and Charles would be improvised ; their role in state ceremonies was , as yet , uncertain . The plotters planned to use Henry Percy , Earl of Northumberland , as Elizabeth 's Protector , but most likely never informed him of this . Initial recruitment ( edit ) Robert Catesby ( 1573 -- 1605 ) , a man of `` ancient , historic and distinguished lineage '' , was the inspiration behind the plot . He was described by contemporaries as `` a good - looking man , about six feet tall , athletic and a good swordsman '' . Along with several other conspirators , he took part in the Earl of Essex 's rebellion in 1601 , during which he was wounded and captured . Queen Elizabeth allowed him to escape with his life after fining him 4,000 marks ( equivalent to more than £ 6 million in 2008 ) , after which he sold his estate in Chastleton . In 1603 Catesby helped to organise a mission to the new king of Spain , Philip III , urging Philip to launch an invasion attempt on England , which they assured him would be well supported , particularly by the English Catholics . Thomas Wintour ( 1571 -- 1606 ) was chosen as the emissary , but the Spanish king , although sympathetic to the plight of Catholics in England , was intent on making peace with James . Wintour had also attempted to convince the Spanish envoy Don Juan de Tassis that `` 3,000 Catholics '' were ready and waiting to support such an invasion . Concern was voiced by Pope Clement VIII that using violence to achieve a restoration of Catholic power in England would result in the destruction of those that remained . According to contemporary accounts , in February 1604 Catesby invited Thomas Wintour to his house in Lambeth , where they discussed Catesby 's plan to re-establish Catholicism in England by blowing up the House of Lords during the State Opening of Parliament . Wintour was known as a competent scholar , able to speak several languages , and he had fought with the English army in the Netherlands . His uncle , Francis Ingleby , had been executed for being a Catholic priest in 1586 , and Wintour later converted to Catholicism . Also present at the meeting was John Wright , a devout Catholic said to be one of the best swordsmen of his day , and a man who had taken part with Catesby in the Earl of Essex 's rebellion three years earlier . Despite his reservations over the possible repercussions should the attempt fail , Wintour agreed to join the conspiracy , perhaps persuaded by Catesby 's rhetoric : `` Let us give the attempt and where it faileth , pass no further . '' Wintour travelled to Flanders to enquire about Spanish support . While there he sought out Guy Fawkes ( 1570 -- 1606 ) , a committed Catholic who had served as a soldier in the Southern Netherlands under the command of William Stanley , and who in 1603 was recommended for a captaincy . Accompanied by John Wright 's brother Christopher , Fawkes had also been a member of the 1603 delegation to the Spanish court pleading for an invasion of England . Wintour told Fawkes that `` some good frends of his wished his company in Ingland '' , and that certain gentlemen `` were uppon a resolution to doe some whatt in Ingland if the pece with Spain healped us nott '' . The two men returned to England late in April 1604 , telling Catesby that Spanish support was unlikely . Thomas Percy , Catesby 's friend and John Wright 's brother - in - law , was introduced to the plot several weeks later . Percy had found employment with his kinsman the Earl of Northumberland , and by 1596 was his agent for the family 's northern estates . About 1600 -- 1601 he served with his patron in the Low Countries . At some point during Northumberland 's command in the Low Countries , Percy became his agent in his communications with James . Percy was reputedly a `` serious '' character who had converted to the Catholic faith . His early years were , according to a Catholic source , marked by a tendency to rely on `` his sword and personal courage '' . Northumberland , although not a Catholic himself , planned to build a strong relationship with James in order to better the prospects of English Catholics , and to reduce the family disgrace caused by his separation from his wife Martha Wright , a favourite of Elizabeth . Thomas Percy 's meetings with James seemed to go well . Percy returned with promises of support for the Catholics , and Northumberland believed that James would go so far as to allow Mass in private houses , so as not to cause public offence . Percy , keen to improve his standing , went further , claiming that the future King would guarantee the safety of English Catholics . Initial planning ( edit ) A contemporary engraving of eight of the thirteen conspirators , by Crispijn van de Passe . Missing are Digby , Keyes , Rookwood , Grant , and Tresham . The first meeting between the five conspirators took place on 20 May 1604 , probably at the Duck and Drake Inn , just off the Strand , Thomas Wintour 's usual residence when staying in London . Catesby , Thomas Wintour , and John Wright were in attendance , joined by Guy Fawkes and Thomas Percy . Alone in a private room , the five plotters swore an oath of secrecy on a prayer book . By coincidence , and ignorant of the plot , Father John Gerard ( a friend of Catesby 's ) was celebrating Mass in another room , and the five men subsequently received the Eucharist . Further recruitment ( edit ) Following their oath , the plotters left London and returned to their homes . The adjournment of Parliament gave them , they thought , until February 1605 to finalise their plans . On 9 June , Percy 's patron , the Earl of Northumberland , appointed him to the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen at Arms , a mounted troop of 50 bodyguards to the King . This role gave Percy reason to seek a base in London , and a small property near the Prince 's Chamber owned by Henry Ferrers , a tenant of John Whynniard , was chosen . Percy arranged for the use of the house through Northumberland 's agents , Dudley Carleton and John Hippisley . Fawkes , using the pseudonym `` John Johnson '' , took charge of the building , posing as Percy 's servant . The building was occupied by Scottish commissioners appointed by the King to consider his plans for the unification of England and Scotland , so the plotters hired Catesby 's lodgings in Lambeth , on the opposite bank of the Thames , from where their stored gunpowder and other supplies could be conveniently rowed across each night . Meanwhile , King James continued with his policies against the Catholics , and Parliament pushed through anti-Catholic legislation , until its adjournment on 7 July . The House of Lords ( highlighted in red ) on John Rocque 's 1746 map of London , within the Old Palace of Westminster An early 19th - century illustration of the east end of the Prince 's Chamber ( extreme left ) and the east wall of the House of Lords ( centre ) The conspirators returned to London in October 1604 , when Robert Keyes , a `` desperate man , ruined and indebted '' , was admitted to the group . His responsibility was to take charge of Catesby 's house in Lambeth , where the gunpowder and other supplies were to be stored . Keyes 's family had notable connections ; his wife 's employer was the Catholic Lord Mordaunt . Tall , with a red beard , he was seen as trustworthy and , like Fawkes , capable of looking after himself . In December Catesby recruited his servant , Thomas Bates , into the plot , after the latter accidentally became aware of it . It was announced on 24 December that the re-opening of Parliament would be delayed . Concern over the plague meant that rather than sitting in February , as the plotters had originally planned for , Parliament would not sit again until 3 October 1605 . The contemporaneous account of the prosecution claimed that during this delay the conspirators were digging a tunnel beneath Parliament . This may have been a government fabrication , as no evidence for the existence of a tunnel was presented by the prosecution , and no trace of one has ever been found . The account of a tunnel comes directly from Thomas Wintour 's confession , and Guy Fawkes did not admit the existence of such a scheme until his fifth interrogation . Logistically , digging a tunnel would have proved extremely difficult , especially as none of the conspirators had any experience of mining . If the story is true , by 6 December the Scottish commissioners had finished their work , and the conspirators were busy tunnelling from their rented house to the House of Lords . They ceased their efforts when , during tunnelling , they heard a noise from above . The noise turned out to be the then - tenant 's widow , who was clearing out the undercroft directly beneath the House of Lords -- the room where the plotters eventually stored the gunpowder . By the time the plotters reconvened at the start of the old style new year on Lady Day , 25 March , three more had been admitted to their ranks ; Robert Wintour , John Grant , and Christopher Wright . The additions of Wintour and Wright were obvious choices . Along with a small fortune , Robert Wintour inherited Huddington Court ( a known refuge for priests ) near Worcester , and was reputedly a generous and well - liked man . A devout Catholic , he married Gertrude Talbot , who was from a family of recusants . Christopher Wright ( 1568 -- 1605 ) , John 's brother , had also taken part in the Earl of Essex 's revolt and had moved his family to Twigmore in Lincolnshire , then known as something of a haven for priests . John Grant was married to Wintour 's sister , Dorothy , and was lord of the manor of Norbrook near Stratford - upon - Avon . Reputed to be an intelligent , thoughtful man , he sheltered Catholics at his home at Snitterfield , and was another who had been involved in the Essex revolt of 1601 . Undercroft ( edit ) In addition , 25 March was the day on which the plotters purchased the lease to the undercroft they had supposedly tunnelled near to , owned by John Whynniard . The Palace of Westminster in the early 17th century was a warren of buildings clustered around the medieval chambers , chapels , and halls of the former royal palace that housed both Parliament and the various royal law courts . The old palace was easily accessible ; merchants , lawyers , and others lived and worked in the lodgings , shops , and taverns within its precincts . Whynniard 's building was along a right - angle to the House of Lords , alongside a passageway called Parliament Place , which itself led to Parliament Stairs and the River Thames . Undercrofts were common features at the time , used to house a variety of materials including food and firewood . Whynniard 's undercroft , on the ground floor , was directly beneath the first - floor House of Lords , and may once have been part of the palace 's medieval kitchen . Unused and filthy , its location was ideal for what the group planned to do . William Capon 's map of Parliament clearly labels the undercroft used by `` Guy Vaux '' to store the gunpowder . The undercroft beneath the House of Lords , as illustrated in 1799 . At about the same time it was described as 77 feet long , 24 feet and 4 inches wide , and 10 feet high . In the second week of June Catesby met in London the principal Jesuit in England , Father Henry Garnet , and asked him about the morality of entering into an undertaking which might involve the destruction of the innocent , together with the guilty . Garnet answered that such actions could often be excused , but according to his own account later admonished Catesby during a second meeting in July in Essex , showing him a letter from the pope which forbade rebellion . Soon after , the Jesuit priest Oswald Tesimond told Garnet he had taken Catesby 's confession , in the course of which he had learnt of the plot . Garnet and Catesby met for a third time on 24 July 1605 , at the house of the wealthy catholic Anne Vaux in Enfield Chase . Garnet decided that Tesimond 's account had been given under the seal of the confessional , and that canon law therefore forbade him to repeat what he had heard . Without acknowledging that he was aware of the precise nature of the plot , Garnet attempted to dissuade Catesby from his course , to no avail . Garnet wrote to a colleague in Rome , Claudio Acquaviva , expressing his concerns about open rebellion in England . He also told Acquaviva that `` there is a risk that some private endeavour may commit treason or use force against the King '' , and urged the pope to issue a public brief against the use of force . According to Fawkes , 20 barrels of gunpowder were brought in at first , followed by 16 more on 20 July . The supply of gunpowder was theoretically controlled by the government , but it was easily obtained from illicit sources . On 28 July , the ever - present threat of the plague again delayed the opening of Parliament , this time until Tuesday 5 November . Fawkes left the country for a short time . The King , meanwhile , spent much of the summer away from the city , hunting . He stayed wherever was convenient , including on occasion at the houses of prominent Catholics . Garnet , convinced that the threat of an uprising had receded , travelled the country on a pilgrimage . It is uncertain when Fawkes returned to England , but he was back in London by late August , when he and Wintour discovered that the gunpowder stored in the undercroft had decayed . More gunpowder was brought into the room , along with firewood to conceal it . The final three conspirators were recruited in late 1605 . At Michaelmas , Catesby persuaded the staunchly Catholic Ambrose Rookwood to rent Clopton House near Stratford - upon - Avon . Rookwood was a young man with recusant connections , whose stable of horses at Coldham Hall in Stanningfield , Suffolk was an important factor in his enlistment . His parents , Robert Rookwood and Dorothea Drury , were wealthy landowners , and had educated their son at a Jesuit school near Calais . Everard Digby was a young man who was generally well liked , and lived at Gayhurst House in Buckinghamshire . He had been knighted by the King in April 1603 , and was converted to Catholicism by Gerard . Digby and his wife , Mary Mulshaw , had accompanied the priest on his pilgrimage , and the two men were reportedly close friends . Digby was asked by Catesby to rent Coughton Court near Alcester . Digby also promised £ 1,500 after Percy failed to pay the rent due for the properties he had taken in Westminster . Finally , on 14 October Catesby invited Francis Tresham into the conspiracy . Tresham was the son of the Catholic Thomas Tresham , and a cousin to Robert Catesby -- the two had been raised together . He was also the heir to his father 's large fortune , which had been depleted by recusant fines , expensive tastes , and by Francis and Catesby 's involvement in the Essex revolt . Catesby and Tresham met at the home of Tresham 's brother - in - law and cousin , Lord Stourton . In his confession , Tresham claimed that he had asked Catesby if the plot would damn their souls , to which Catesby had replied it would not , and that the plight of England 's Catholics required that it be done . Catesby also apparently asked for £ 2,000 , and the use of Rushton Hall in Northamptonshire . Tresham declined both offers ( although he did give £ 100 to Thomas Wintour ) , and told his interrogators that he had moved his family from Rushton to London in advance of the plot ; hardly the actions of a guilty man , he claimed . Monteagle letter ( edit ) An anonymous letter , sent to William Parker , 4th Baron Monteagle , was instrumental in revealing the plot 's existence . Its author 's identity has never been reliably established , although Francis Tresham has long been a suspect . Monteagle himself has been considered responsible , as has Salisbury . The details of the plot were finalised in October , in a series of taverns across London and Daventry . Fawkes would be left to light the fuse and then escape across the Thames , while simultaneously a revolt in the Midlands would help to ensure the capture of Princess Elizabeth . Fawkes would leave for the continent , to explain events in England to the European Catholic powers . The wives of those involved and Anne Vaux ( a friend of Garnet who often shielded priests at her home ) became increasingly concerned by what they suspected was about to happen . Several of the conspirators expressed worries about the safety of fellow Catholics who would be present in Parliament on the day of the planned explosion . Percy was concerned for his patron , Northumberland , and the young Earl of Arundel 's name was brought up ; Catesby suggested that a minor wound might keep him from the chamber on that day . The Lords Vaux , Montague , Monteagle , and Stourton were also mentioned . Keyes suggested warning Lord Mordaunt , his wife 's employer , to derision from Catesby . On Saturday 26 October , Monteagle ( Tresham 's brother - in - law ) received an anonymous letter while at his house in Hoxton . Having broken the seal , he handed the letter to a servant who read it aloud : My Lord , out of the love I bear to some of your friends , I have a care of your preservation . Therefore I would advise you , as you tender your life , to devise some excuse to shift your attendance at this parliament ; for God and man hath concurred to punish the wickedness of this time . And think not slightly of this advertisement , but retire yourself into your country where you may expect the event in safety . For though there be no appearance of any stir , yet I say they shall receive a terrible blow this Parliament ; and yet they shall not see who hurts them . This counsel is not to be condemned because it may do you good and can do you no harm ; for the danger is passed as soon as you have burnt the letter . And I hope God will give you the grace to make good use of it , to whose holy protection I commend you . Uncertain of the letter 's meaning , Monteagle promptly rode to Whitehall and handed it to Cecil ( then Earl of Salisbury ) . Salisbury informed the Earl of Worcester , considered to have recusant sympathies , and the suspected papist Henry Howard , 1st Earl of Northampton , but kept news of the plot from the King , who was busy hunting in Cambridgeshire and not expected back for several days . Monteagle 's servant , Thomas Ward , had family connections with the Wright brothers , and sent a message to Catesby about the betrayal . Catesby , who had been due to go hunting with the King , suspected that Tresham was responsible for the letter , and with Thomas Wintour confronted the recently recruited conspirator . Tresham managed to convince the pair that he had not written the letter , but urged them to abandon the plot . Salisbury was already aware of certain stirrings before he received the letter , but did not yet know the exact nature of the plot , or who exactly was involved . He therefore elected to wait , to see how events unfolded . Discovery ( edit ) The letter was shown to the King on Friday 1 November following his arrival back in London . Upon reading it , James immediately seized upon the word `` blow '' and felt that it hinted at `` some strategem of fire and powder '' , perhaps an explosion exceeding in violence the one that killed his father , Lord Darnley , at Kirk o ' Field in 1567 . Keen not to seem too intriguing , and wanting to allow the King to take the credit for unveiling the conspiracy , Salisbury feigned ignorance . The following day members of the Privy Council visited the King at the Palace of Whitehall and informed him that , based on the information that Salisbury had given them a week earlier , on Monday the Lord Chamberlain Thomas Howard , 1st Earl of Suffolk would undertake a search of the Houses of Parliament , `` both above and below '' . On Sunday 3 November Percy , Catesby and Wintour had a final meeting , where Percy told his colleagues that they should `` abide the uttermost triall '' , and reminded them of their ship waiting at anchor on the Thames . By 4 November Digby was ensconced with a `` hunting party '' at Dunchurch , ready to abduct Princess Elizabeth . The same day , Percy visited the Earl of Northumberland -- who was uninvolved in the conspiracy -- to see if he could discern what rumours surrounded the letter to Monteagle . Percy returned to London and assured Wintour , John Wright , and Robert Keyes that they had nothing to be concerned about , and returned to his lodgings on Gray 's Inn Road . That same evening Catesby , likely accompanied by John Wright and Bates , set off for the Midlands . Fawkes visited Keyes , and was given a pocket watch left by Percy , to time the fuse , and an hour later Rookwood received several engraved swords from a local cutler . The Discovery of the Gunpowder Plot and the Taking of Guy Fawkes ( c. 1823 ) by Henry Perronet Briggs . Although two accounts of the number of searches and their timing exist , according to the King 's version , the first search of the buildings in and around Parliament was made on Monday 4 November -- as the plotters were busy making their final preparations -- by Suffolk , Monteagle , and John Whynniard . They found a large pile of firewood in the undercroft beneath the House of Lords , accompanied by what they presumed to be a serving man ( Fawkes ) , who told them that the firewood belonged to his master , Thomas Percy . They left to report their findings , at which time Fawkes also left the building . The mention of Percy 's name aroused further suspicion as he was already known to the authorities as a Catholic agitator . The King insisted that a more thorough search be undertaken . Late that night , the search party , headed by Thomas Knyvet , returned to the undercroft . They again found Fawkes , dressed in a cloak and hat , and wearing boots and spurs . He was arrested , whereupon he gave his name as John Johnson . He was carrying a lantern now held in the Ashmolean Museum , Oxford , and a search of his person revealed a pocket watch , several slow matches and touchwood. 36 barrels of gunpowder were discovered hidden under piles of faggots and coal . Fawkes was taken to the King early on the morning of 5 November . Flight ( edit ) As news of `` John Johnson 's '' arrest spread among the plotters still in London , most fled northwest , along Watling Street . Christopher Wright and Thomas Percy left together . Rookwood left soon after , and managed to cover 30 miles in two hours on one horse . He overtook Keyes , who had set off earlier , then Wright and Percy at Little Brickhill , before catching Catesby , John Wright , and Bates on the same road . Reunited , the group continued northwest to Dunchurch , using horses provided by Digby . Keyes went to Mordaunt 's house at Drayton . Meanwhile , Thomas Wintour stayed in London , and even went to Westminster to see what was happening . When he realised the plot had been uncovered , he took his horse and made for his sister 's house at Norbrook , before continuing to Huddington Court . On the 5th of November we began our Parliament , to which the King should have come in person , but refrained through a practise but that morning discovered . The plot was to have blown up the King at such time as he should have been set on his Royal Throne , accompanied with all his Children , Nobility and Commoners and assisted with all Bishops , Judges and Doctors ; at one instant and blast to have ruin 'd the whole State and Kingdom of England . And for the effecting of this , there was placed under the Parliament House , where the king should sit , some 30 barrels of powder , with good store of wood , faggots , pieces and bars of iron . Extract of a letter from Sir Edward Hoby ( Gentleman of the Bedchamber ) to Sir Thomas Edwards , Ambassador at Brussells ( sic ) The group of six conspirators stopped at Ashby St Ledgers at about 6 pm , where they met Robert Wintour and updated him on their situation . They then continued on to Dunchurch , and met with Digby . Catesby convinced him that despite the plot 's failure , an armed struggle was still a real possibility . He announced to Digby 's `` hunting party '' that the King and Salisbury were dead , before the fugitives moved west to Warwick . In London , news of the plot was spreading , and the authorities set extra guards on the city gates , closed the ports , and protected the house of the Spanish Ambassador , which was surrounded by an angry mob . An arrest warrant was issued against Thomas Percy , and his patron , the Earl of Northumberland , was placed under house arrest . In `` John Johnson 's '' initial interrogation he revealed nothing other than the name of his mother , and that he was from Yorkshire . A letter to Guy Fawkes was discovered on his person , but he claimed that name was one of his aliases . Far from denying his intentions , `` Johnson '' stated that it had been his purpose to destroy the King and Parliament . Nevertheless , he maintained his composure and insisted that he had acted alone . His unwillingness to yield so impressed the King that he described him as possessing `` a Roman resolution '' . Investigation ( edit ) A torture rack in the Tower of London On 6 November , the Lord Chief Justice , Sir John Popham ( a man with a deep - seated hatred of Catholics ) questioned Rookwood 's servants . By the evening he had learned the names of several of those involved in the conspiracy : Catesby , Rookwood , Keyes , Wynter ( sic ) , John and Christopher Wright , and Grant . `` Johnson '' meanwhile persisted with his story , and along with the gunpowder he was found with , was moved to the Tower of London , where the King had decided that `` Johnson '' would be tortured . The use of torture was forbidden , except by royal prerogative or a body such as the Privy Council or Star Chamber . In a letter of 6 November James wrote : `` The gentler tortours ( tortures ) are to be first used unto him , et sic per gradus ad ima tenditur ( and thus by steps extended to greater ones ) , and so God speed your good work . '' `` Johnson '' may have been placed in manacles and hung from the wall , but he was almost certainly subjected to the horrors of the rack . On 7 November his resolve was broken ; he confessed late that day , and again over the following two days . Last stand ( edit ) On 6 November , with Fawkes maintaining his silence , the fugitives raided Warwick Castle for supplies and continued to Norbrook to collect weapons . From there they continued their journey to Huddington . Bates left the group and travelled to Coughton Court to deliver a letter from Catesby , to Father Garnet and the other priests , informing them of what had transpired , and asking for their help in raising an army . Garnet replied by begging Catesby and his followers to stop their `` wicked actions '' , before himself fleeing . Several priests set out for Warwick , worried about the fate of their colleagues . They were caught , and then imprisoned in London . Catesby and the others arrived at Huddington early in the afternoon , and were met by Thomas Wintour . They received practically no support or sympathy from those they met , including family members , who were terrified at the prospect of being associated with treason . They continued on to Holbeche House on the border of Staffordshire , the home of Stephen Littleton , a member of their ever - decreasing band of followers . Tired and desperate , they spread out some of the now - soaked gunpowder in front of the fire , to dry out . Although gunpowder does not explode unless physically contained , a spark from the fire landed on the powder and the resultant flames engulfed Catesby , Rookwood , Grant , and a man named Morgan ( a member of the hunting party ) . Thomas Wintour and Littleton , on their way from Huddington to Holbeche House , were told by a messenger that Catesby had died . At that point , Littleton left , but Thomas arrived at the house to find Catesby alive , albeit scorched . John Grant was not so lucky , and had been blinded by the fire . Digby , Robert Wintour and his half - brother John , and Thomas Bates , had all left . Of the plotters , only the singed figures of Catesby and Grant , and the Wright brothers , Rookwood , and Percy , remained . The fugitives resolved to stay in the house and wait for the arrival of the King 's men . Richard Walsh ( Sheriff of Worcestershire ) and his company of 200 men besieged Holbeche House on the morning of 8 November . Thomas Wintour was hit in the shoulder while crossing the courtyard . John Wright was shot , followed by his brother , and then Rookwood . Catesby and Percy were reportedly killed by a single lucky shot . The attackers rushed the property , and stripped the dead or dying defenders of their clothing . Grant , Morgan , Rookwood , and Wintour were arrested . Reaction ( edit ) Robert Cecil , 1st Earl of Salisbury . Painting by John de Critz the Elder , 1602 . Bates and Keyes were captured shortly after Holbeche House was taken . Digby , who had intended to give himself up , was caught by a small group of pursuers . Tresham was arrested on 12 November , and taken to the Tower three days later . Montague , Mordaunt , and Stourton ( Tresham 's brother - in - law ) were also imprisoned in the Tower . The Earl of Northumberland joined them on 27 November . Meanwhile the government used the revelation of the plot to accelerate its persecution of Catholics . The home of Anne Vaux at Enfield Chase was searched , revealing the presence of trap doors and hidden passages . A terrified servant then revealed that Garnet , who had often stayed at the house , had recently given a Mass there . Father John Gerard was secreted at the home of Elizabeth Vaux , in Harrowden . Elizabeth was taken to London for interrogation . There she was resolute ; she had never been aware that Gerard was a priest , she had presumed he was a `` Catholic gentleman '' , and she did not know of his whereabouts . The homes of the conspirators were searched , and looted ; Mary Digby 's household was ransacked , and she was made destitute . Some time before the end of November , Garnet moved to Hindlip Hall near Worcester , the home of the Habingtons , where he wrote a letter to the Privy Council protesting his innocence . The foiling of the Gunpowder Plot initiated a wave of national relief at the delivery of the King and his sons , and inspired in the ensuing parliament a mood of loyalty and goodwill , which Salisbury astutely exploited to extract higher subsidies for the King than any ( bar one ) granted in Elizabeth 's reign . Walter Raleigh , who was languishing in the Tower owing to his involvement in the Main Plot , and whose wife was a first cousin of Lady Catesby , declared he had had no knowledge of the conspiracy . The Bishop of Rochester gave a sermon at St. Paul 's Cross , in which he condemned the plot . In his speech to both Houses on 9 November , James expounded on two emerging preoccupations of his monarchy : the divine right of kings and the Catholic question . He insisted that the plot had been the work of only a few Catholics , not of the English Catholics as a whole , and he reminded the assembly to rejoice at his survival , since kings were divinely appointed and he owed his escape to a miracle . Salisbury wrote to his English ambassadors abroad , informing them of what had occurred , and also reminding them that the King bore no ill will to his Catholic neighbours . The foreign powers largely distanced themselves from the plotters , calling them atheists and Protestant heretics . Interrogations ( edit ) Part of a confession by Guy Fawkes . His weak signature , made soon after his torture , is faintly visible under the word `` good '' ( lower right ) . Sir Edward Coke was in charge of the interrogations . Over a period of about ten weeks , in the Lieutenant 's Lodgings at the Tower of London ( now known as the Queen 's House ) he questioned those who had been implicated in the plot . For the first round of interrogations , no real proof exists that these people were tortured , although on several occasions Salisbury certainly suggested that they should be . Coke later revealed that the threat of torture was in most cases enough to elicit a confession from those caught up in the aftermath of the plot . Only two confessions were printed in full : Fawkes 's confession of 8 November , and Wintour 's of 23 November . Having been involved in the conspiracy from the start ( unlike Fawkes ) , Wintour was able to give extremely valuable information to the Privy Council . The handwriting on his testimony is almost certainly that of the man himself , but his signature was markedly different . Wintour had previously only ever signed his name as such , but his confession is signed `` Winter '' , and since he had been shot in the shoulder , the steady hand used to write the signature may indicate some measure of government interference -- or it may indicate that writing a shorter version of his name was less painful . Wintour 's testimony makes no mention of his brother , Robert . Both were published in the so - called King 's Book , a hastily written official account of the conspiracy published in late November 1605 . Etching from a 1904 publication , the caption reads `` Tho Winter , executed in the year 1606 for the Gunpower Plot '' Henry Percy , Earl of Northumberland , was in a difficult position . His midday dinner with Thomas Percy on 4 November was damning evidence against him , and after Thomas Percy 's death there was nobody who could either implicate him or clear him . The Privy Council suspected that Northumberland would have been Princess Elizabeth 's protector had the plot succeeded , but there was insufficient evidence to convict him . Northumberland remained in the Tower and on 27 June 1606 was finally charged with contempt . He was stripped of all public offices , fined £ 30,000 ( about £ 5.9 million in 2017 ) , and kept in the Tower until June 1621 . The Lords Mordaunt and Stourton were tried in the Star Chamber . They were condemned to imprisonment in the Tower , where they remained until 1608 , when they were transferred to the Fleet Prison . Both were also given significant fines . Several other people not involved in the conspiracy , but known or related to the conspirators , were also questioned . Northumberland 's brothers , Sir Allen and Sir Josceline , were arrested . Anthony - Maria Browne , 2nd Viscount Montagu had employed Fawkes at an early age , and had also met Catesby on 29 October , and was therefore of interest ; he was released several months later . Agnes Wenman was from a Catholic family , and related to Elizabeth Vaux . She was examined twice but the charges against her were eventually dropped . Percy 's secretary and later the controller of Northumberland 's household , Dudley Carleton , had leased the vault where the gunpowder was stored , and consequently he was imprisoned in the Tower . Salisbury believed his story , and authorised his release . Jesuits ( edit ) Hindlip Hall in Worcestershire . The building was destroyed by fire in 1820 . Thomas Bates confessed on 4 December , providing much of the information that Salisbury needed to link the Catholic clergy to the plot . Bates had been present at most of the conspirators ' meetings , and under interrogation he implicated Father Tesimond in the plot . On 13 January 1606 he described how he had visited Garnet and Tesimond on 7 November to inform Garnet of the plot 's failure . Bates also told his interrogators of his ride with Tesimond to Huddington , before the priest left him to head for the Habingtons at Hindlip Hall , and of a meeting between Garnet , Gerard , and Tesimond in October 1605 . At about the same time in December , Tresham 's health began to deteriorate . He was visited regularly by his wife , a nurse , and his servant William Vavasour , who documented his strangury . Before he died Tresham had also told of Garnet 's involvement with the 1603 mission to Spain , but in his last hours he retracted some of these statements . Nowhere in his confession did he mention the Monteagle letter . He died early on the morning of 23 December , and was buried in the Tower . Nevertheless he was attainted along with the other plotters , his head was set on a pike either at Northampton or London Bridge , and his estates confiscated . On 15 January a proclamation named Father Garnet , Father Gerard , and Father Greenway ( Tesimond ) as wanted men . Tesimond and Gerard managed to escape the country and live out their days in freedom ; Garnet was not so lucky . Several days earlier , on 9 January , Robert Wintour and Stephen Littleton were captured . Their hiding place at Hagley , the home of Humphrey Littleton ( brother of MP John Littleton , imprisoned for treason in 1601 for his part in the Essex revolt ) was betrayed by a cook , who grew suspicious of the amount of food sent up for his master 's consumption . Humphrey denied the presence of the two fugitives , but another servant led the authorities to their hiding place . On 20 January the local Justice and his retainers arrived at Thomas Habington 's home , Hindlip Hall , to arrest the Jesuits . Despite Thomas Habington 's protests , the men spent the next four days searching the house . On 24 January , starving , two priests left their hiding places and were discovered . Humphrey Littleton , who had escaped from the authorities at Hagley , got as far as Prestwood in Staffordshire before he was captured . He was imprisoned , and then condemned to death at Worcester . On 26 January , in exchange for his life , he told the authorities where they could find Father Garnet . Worn down by hiding for so long , Garnet , accompanied by another priest , emerged from his priest hole the next day . Trials ( edit ) Edward Coke conducted the interrogations of those thought to be involved with the conspiracy . By coincidence , on the same day that Garnet was found , the surviving conspirators were arraigned in Westminster Hall . Seven of the prisoners were taken from the Tower to the Star Chamber by barge . Bates , who was considered lower class , was brought from the Gatehouse Prison . Some of the prisoners were reportedly despondent , but others were nonchalant , even smoking tobacco . The King and his family , hidden from view , were among the many who watched the trial . The Lords Commissioners present were the Earls of Suffolk , Worcester , Northampton , Devonshire , and Salisbury . Sir John Popham was Lord Chief Justice , Sir Thomas Fleming was Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer , and two Justices , Sir Thomas Walmsley and Sir Peter Warburton , sat as Justices of the Common Pleas . The list of traitors ' names was read aloud , beginning with those of the priests : Garnet , Tesimond , and Gerard . The first to speak was the Speaker of the House of Commons ( later Master of the Rolls ) , Sir Edward Philips , who described the intent behind the plot in lurid detail . He was followed by the Attorney - General Sir Edward Coke , who began with a long speech -- the content of which was heavily influenced by Salisbury -- that included a denial that the King had ever made any promises to the Catholics . Monteagle 's part in the discovery of the plot was welcomed , and denunciations of the 1603 mission to Spain featured strongly . Fawkes 's protestations that Gerard knew nothing of the plot were omitted from Coke 's speech . The foreign powers , when mentioned , were accorded due respect , but the priests were accursed , their behaviour analysed and criticised wherever possible . There was little doubt , according to Coke , that the plot had been invented by the Jesuits . Garnet 's meeting with Catesby , at which the former was said to have absolved the latter of any blame in the plot , was proof enough that the Jesuits were central to the conspiracy ; according to Coke the Gunpowder Plot would always be known as the Jesuit Treason . Coke spoke with feeling of the probable fate of the Queen and the rest of the King 's family , and of the innocents who would have been caught up in the explosion . I never yet knew a treason without a Romish priest ; but in this there are very many Jesuits , who are known to have dealt and passed through the whole action . Sir Edward Coke Each of the condemned , said Coke , would be drawn backwards to his death , by a horse , his head near the ground . He was to be `` put to death halfway between heaven and earth as unworthy of both '' . His genitals would be cut off and burnt before his eyes , and his bowels and heart then removed . Then he would be decapitated , and the dismembered parts of his body displayed so that they might become `` prey for the fowls of the air '' . Confessions and declarations from the prisoners were then read aloud , and finally the prisoners were allowed to speak . Rookwood claimed that he had been drawn into the plot by Catesby , `` whom he loved above any worldy man '' . Thomas Wintour begged to be hanged for himself and his brother , so that his brother might be spared . Fawkes explained his not guilty plea as ignorance of certain aspects of the indictment . Keyes appeared to accept his fate , Bates and Robert Wintour begged for mercy , and Grant explained his involvement as `` a conspiracy intended but never effected '' . Only Digby , tried on a separate indictment , pleaded guilty , insisting that the King had reneged upon promises of toleration for Catholics , and that affection for Catesby and love of the Catholic cause mitigated his actions . He sought death by the axe and begged mercy from the King for his young family . His defence was in vain ; his arguments were rebuked by Coke and Northumberland , and along with his seven co-conspirators , he was found guilty by the jury of high treason . Digby shouted `` If I may but hear any of your lordships say , you forgive me , I shall go more cheerfully to the gallows . '' The response was short : `` God forgive you , and we do . '' Garnet may have been questioned on as many as 23 occasions . His response to the threat of the rack was `` Minare ista pueris ( Threats are only for boys ) '' , and he denied having encouraged Catholics to pray for the success of the `` Catholic Cause '' . His interrogators resorted to the forgery of correspondence between Garnet and other Catholics , but to no avail . His jailers then allowed him to talk with another priest in a neighbouring cell , with eavesdroppers listening to every word . Eventually Garnet let slip a crucial piece of information , that there was only one man who could testify that he had any knowledge of the plot . Under torture Garnet admitted that he had heard of the plot from fellow Jesuit Oswald Tesimond , who had learnt of it in confession from Catesby . Garnet was charged with high treason and tried in the Guildhall on 28 March , in a trial lasting from 8 am until 7 pm . According to Coke , Garnet instigated the plot : `` ( Garnet ) hath many gifts and endowments of nature , by art learned , a good linguist and , by profession , a Jesuit and a Superior as indeed he is Superior to all his predecessors in devilish treason , a Doctor of Dissimulation , Deposing of Princes , Disposing of Kingdoms , Daunting and deterring of subjects , and Destruction . '' Garnet refuted all the charges against him , and explained the Catholic position on such matters , but he was nevertheless found guilty and sentenced to death . Executions ( edit ) Print of members of the Gunpowder Plot being hanged , drawn and quartered Although Catesby and Percy escaped the executioner , their bodies were exhumed and decapitated , and their heads exhibited on spikes outside the House of Lords . On a cold 30 January , Everard Digby , Robert Wintour , John Grant , and Thomas Bates , were tied to hurdles -- wooden panels -- and dragged through the crowded streets of London to St Paul 's Churchyard . Digby , the first to mount the scaffold , asked the spectators for forgiveness , and refused the attentions of a Protestant clergyman . He was stripped of his clothing , and wearing only a shirt , climbed the ladder to place his head through the noose . He was quickly cut down , and while still fully conscious was castrated , disembowelled , and then quartered , along with the three other prisoners . The following day , Thomas Wintour , Ambrose Rookwood , Robert Keyes , and Guy Fawkes were hanged , drawn and quartered , opposite the building they had planned to blow up , in the Old Palace Yard at Westminster . Keyes did not wait for the hangman 's command and jumped from the gallows , but he survived the drop and was led to the quartering block . Although weakened by his torture , Fawkes managed to jump from the gallows and break his neck , thus avoiding the agony of the gruesome latter part of his execution . Steven Littleton was executed at Stafford . His cousin Humphrey , despite his cooperation with the authorities , met his end at Red Hill near Worcester . Henry Garnet 's execution took place on 3 May 1606 . Aftermath ( edit ) See also : Gunpowder Plot in popular culture Greater freedom for Roman Catholics to worship as they chose seemed unlikely in 1604 , but the discovery of such a wide - ranging conspiracy , the capture of those involved , and the subsequent trials , led Parliament to consider introducing new anti-Catholic legislation . In the summer of 1606 , laws against recusancy were strengthened ; the Popish Recusants Act returned England to the Elizabethan system of fines and restrictions , introduced a sacramental test , and an Oath of Allegiance , requiring Catholics to abjure as a `` heresy '' the doctrine that `` princes excommunicated by the Pope could be deposed or assassinated '' . Catholic Emancipation took another 200 years , but many important and loyal Catholics retained high office during King James I 's reign . Although there was no `` golden time '' of `` toleration '' of Catholics , which Father Garnet had hoped for , James 's reign was nevertheless a period of relative leniency for Catholics , and few were subject to prosecution . The playwright William Shakespeare had already used the family history of Northumberland 's family in his Henry IV series of plays , and the events of the Gunpowder Plot seem to have featured alongside the earlier Gowrie conspiracy in Macbeth , written some time between 1603 and 1607 . Interest in the demonic was heightened by the Gunpowder Plot . The King had become engaged in the great debate about other - worldly powers in writing his Daemonology in 1597 , before he became King of England as well as Scotland . Inversions seen in such lines as `` fair is foul and foul is fair '' are used frequently , and another possible reference to the plot relates to the use of equivocation ; Garnett 's A Treatise of Equivocation was found on one of the plotters . Another writer influenced by the plot was John Milton , who in 1626 wrote what one commentator has called a `` critically vexing poem '' , In Quintum Novembris . Reflecting `` partisan public sentiment on an English - Protestant national holiday '' , in the published editions of 1645 and 1673 the poem is preceded by five epigrams on the subject of the Gunpowder Plot , apparently written by Milton in preparation for the larger work . The plot may also have influenced his later work , Paradise Lost . Faith , here 's an equivocator , that could swear in both the scales against either scale ; who committed treason enough for God 's sake , yet could not equivocate to heaven Macbeth , Act 2 Scene 3 The Gunpowder Plot was commemorated for years by special sermons and other public acts , such as the ringing of church bells . It added to an increasingly full calendar of Protestant celebrations that contributed to the national and religious life of 17th - century England , and has evolved into the Bonfire Night of today . In What If the Gunpowder Plot Had Succeeded ? historian Ronald Hutton considered the events which might have followed a successful implementation of the plot , and the destruction of the House of Lords and all those within it . He concluded that a severe backlash against suspected Catholics would have followed , and that without foreign assistance a successful rebellion would have been unlikely ; despite differing religious convictions , most Englishmen were loyal to the institution of the monarchy . England might have become a more `` Puritan absolute monarchy '' , as `` existed in Sweden , Denmark , Saxony , and Prussia in the seventeenth century '' , rather than following the path of parliamentary and civil reform that it did . Accusations of State conspiracy ( edit ) Many at the time felt that Salisbury had been involved in the plot to gain favour with the King and enact more stridently anti-Catholic legislation . Such conspiracy theories alleged that Salisbury had either actually invented the plot or allowed it to continue when his agents had already infiltrated it , for the purposes of propaganda . The Popish Plot of 1678 sparked renewed interest in the Gunpowder Plot , resulting in a book by Thomas Barlow , Bishop of Lincoln , which refuted `` a bold and groundless surmise that all this was a contrivance of Secretary Cecil '' . In 1897 Father John Gerard of Stonyhurst College , namesake of John Gerard ( who , following the plot 's discovery , had evaded capture ) , wrote an account called What was the Gunpowder Plot ? , alleging Salisbury 's culpability . This prompted a refutation later that year by Samuel Gardiner , who argued that Gerard had gone too far in trying to `` wipe away the reproach '' which the plot had exacted on generations of English Catholics . Gardiner portrayed Salisbury as guilty of nothing more than opportunism . Subsequent attempts to prove Salisbury 's involvement , such as Francis Edwards 's 1969 work Guy Fawkes : the real story of the gunpowder plot ? , have similarly foundered on the lack of any clear evidence . The cellars under the Houses of Parliament continued to be leased out to private individuals until 1678 , when news of the Popish Plot broke . It was then considered prudent to search the cellars on the day before each State Opening of Parliament , a ritual that survives to this day . Bonfire Night ( edit ) Main article : Guy Fawkes Night Bonfires are lit in Britain every 5th of November to commemorate the failure of the plot . In January 1606 , during the first sitting of Parliament since the plot , the Observance of 5th November Act 1605 was passed , making services and sermons commemorating the event an annual feature of English life ; the act remained in force until 1859 . The tradition of marking the day with the ringing of church bells and bonfires started soon after the Plot 's discovery , and fireworks were included in some of the earliest celebrations . In Britain , the 5th of November is variously called Bonfire Night , Fireworks Night , or Guy Fawkes Night . It remains the custom in Britain , on or around 5 November , to let off fireworks . Traditionally , in the weeks running up to the 5th , children made `` guys '' -- effigies supposedly of Fawkes -- usually made from old clothes stuffed with newspaper , and fitted with a grotesque mask , to be burnt on the 5 November bonfire . These guys were exhibited in the street to collect money for fireworks , although this custom has become less common . The word guy thus came in the 19th century to mean an oddly dressed person , and hence in the 20th and 21st centuries to mean any male person . Remember , remember , The Fifth of November , Gunpowder treason and plot ; For I see no reason Why Gunpowder Treason Should ever be forgot . Nursery rhyme November the 5th firework displays and bonfire parties are common throughout Britain , in major public displays and in private gardens . In some areas , particularly in Sussex , there are extensive processions , large bonfires and firework displays organised by local bonfire societies , the most elaborate of which take place in Lewes . According to the biographer Esther Forbes , the Guy Fawkes Day celebration in the pre-revolutionary American colonies was a very popular holiday . In Boston , the revelry on `` Pope Night '' took on anti-authoritarian overtones , and often became so dangerous that many would not venture out of their homes . Reconstructing the explosion ( edit ) A photograph of the explosion , moments after detonation In the 2005 ITV programme The Gunpowder Plot : Exploding The Legend , a full - size replica of the House of Lords was built and destroyed with barrels of gunpowder . The experiment was conducted on the Advantica Spadeadam test site , and demonstrated that the explosion , if the gunpowder was in good order , would have killed all those in the building . The power of the explosion was such that the 7 - foot ( 2.1 m ) deep concrete walls ( replicating how archives suggest the walls of the old House of Lords were constructed ) were reduced to rubble . Measuring devices placed in the chamber to calculate the force of the blast were themselves destroyed by the explosion ; the skull of the dummy representing King James , which had been placed on a throne inside the chamber surrounded by courtiers , peers and bishops , was found a considerable distance from the site . According to the findings of the programme , no one within 330 feet ( 100 m ) of the blast could have survived , and all of the stained glass windows in Westminster Abbey would have been shattered , as would all of the windows in the vicinity of the Palace . The explosion would have been seen from miles away , and heard from further away still . Even if only half of the gunpowder had gone off , everyone in the House of Lords and its environs would have been killed instantly . The programme also disproved claims that some deterioration in the quality of the gunpowder would have prevented the explosion . A portion of deliberately deteriorated gunpowder , of such low quality as to make it unusable in firearms , when placed in a heap and ignited , still managed to create a large explosion . The impact of even deteriorated gunpowder would have been magnified by its containment in wooden barrels , compensating for the quality of the contents . The compression would have created a cannon effect , with the powder first blowing up from the top of the barrel before , a millisecond later , blowing out . Calculations showed that Fawkes , who was skilled in the use of gunpowder , had deployed double the amount needed . Some of the gunpowder guarded by Fawkes may have survived . In March 2002 workers cataloguing archives of diarist John Evelyn at the British Library found a box containing a number of gunpowder samples , including a compressed bar with a note in Evelyn 's handwriting stating that it had belonged to Guy Fawkes . A further note , written in the 19th century , confirmed this provenance , although in 1952 the document acquired a new comment : `` but there was none left ! '' See also ( edit ) Nicholas Owen ( Jesuit ) References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ James VI of Scotland was a great - great - grandson of Henry VII of England , and thus Elizabeth 's first cousin twice removed since Henry VII was Elizabeth 's paternal grandfather . Jump up ^ Salisbury wrote to James , `` The subject itself is so perilous to touch amongst us as it setteth a mark upon his head forever that hatcheth such a bird '' . Jump up ^ The heir presumptive under the terms of Henry VIII 's will , i.e. either Edward Seymour , Viscount Beauchamp , or Anne Stanley , Countess of Castlehaven , depending on whether one recognised the legitimacy of the first - mentioned 's birth ; and the Lady Arbella Stuart on grounds similar to James 's own . Jump up ^ Historians are divided on when and if Anne converted to Catholicism . `` Some time in the 1590s , Anne became a Roman Catholic . '' `` Some time after 1600 , but well before March 1603 , Queen Anne was received into the Catholic Church in a secret chamber in the royal palace '' . `` ... Sir John Lindsay went to Rome in November 1604 and had an audience with the pope at which he revealed that the queen was already a Catholic '' . `` Catholic foreign ambassadors -- who would surely have welcomed such a situation -- were certain that the Queen was beyond their reach . ' She is a Lutheran ' , concluded the Venetian envoy Nicolo Molin in 1606 . '' `` In 1602 a report appeared , claiming that Anne ... had converted to the Catholic faith some years before . The author , the Scottish Jesuit Robert Abercromby , testified that James had received his wife 's desertion with equanimity , commenting , ' Well , wife , if you can not live without this sort of thing , do your best to keep things as quiet as possible ' . Anne would , indeed , keep her religious beliefs as quiet as possible : for the remainder of her life -- even after her death -- they remained obfuscated . '' Jump up ^ Comparing relative purchasing power of £ 5,000 in 1605 with 2008 . Jump up ^ Comparing relative average earnings of £ 3,000 in 1601 with 2008 . Jump up ^ Some of the information in these accounts would have been given under pain or threat of torture , and may also have been subject to government interference , and should therefore be viewed with caution . Jump up ^ According to his confession . Jump up ^ Haynes ( 2005 ) writes that Tesimond took Thomas Bates ' confession . Jump up ^ Anne Vaux was related to Catesby , and to most of the other plotters . Her home was often used to hide priests . Jump up ^ Gunpowder could be purchased on the black market from soldiers , militia , merchant vessels , and powdermills . Jump up ^ Thomas Tresham had paid Francis 's fine in full and part of Catesby 's fine . Jump up ^ The playwright Ben Jonson was present at one of these parties , and following the discovery of the plot was forced to work hard at distancing himself from the conspirators . Jump up ^ Robert Wintour inherited Huddington Court near Worcester , along with a small fortune . The building became a refuge for priests , and secret Masses were often celebrated there . Jump up ^ As King James put it , Fawkes intended the destruction `` not only ... of my person , nor of my wife and posterity also , but of the whole body of the State in general '' . Jump up ^ The gunpowder was moved to the Tower of London , where it was described as `` decayed '' . Jump up ^ James said that it did not follow `` that all professing that Romish religion were guilty of the same '' . Jump up ^ Vaux had written a letter to Wenman regarding the marriage of her son Edward Vaux . The letter contained certain phrases which were open to interpretation , and was intercepted by Richard Wenman , who thought it suspicious . Jump up ^ Haynes ( 2005 ) appears to have misspelt this as Minute ista pueris . Footnotes Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Willson 1963 , p. 154 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. xxv -- xxvi Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , p. xxv Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. xxvii -- xxix ^ Jump up to : Fraser 2005 , p. 91 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 70 -- 74 Jump up ^ Brice 1994 , p. 88 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , p. 46 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. xxx -- xxxi Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , p. 7 ^ Jump up to : Marshall 2006 , p. 227 Jump up ^ Northcote Parkinson 1976 , pp. 32 -- 33 Jump up ^ Marshall 2006 , p. 228 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , pp. 32 -- 39 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 76 -- 78 Jump up ^ Willson 1963 , p. 95 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Northcote Parkinson 1976 , p. 36 Jump up ^ Stewart 2003 , p. 182 Jump up ^ Hogge 2005 , pp. 303 -- 4 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 41 -- 42 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 100 -- 103 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 103 -- 106 Jump up ^ Northcote Parkinson 1976 , p. 8 Jump up ^ Northcote Parkinson 1976 , p. 34 ^ Jump up to : Officer , Lawrence H. ( 2009 ) , Purchasing Power of British Pounds from 1264 to Present , MeasuringWorth , retrieved 3 December 2009 Jump up ^ Northcote Parkinson 1976 , p. 33 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 106 -- 107 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , p. 108 Jump up ^ Northcote Parkinson 1976 , p. 46 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 140 -- 142 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , p. 47 ^ Jump up to : Northcote Parkinson 1976 , pp. 44 -- 46 Jump up ^ Northcote Parkinson 1976 , pp. 45 -- 46 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , p. 93 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , p. 90 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , p. 50 ^ Jump up to : Fraser 2005 , pp. 59 -- 61 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , p. 58 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 84 -- 89 ^ Jump up to : Nicholls , Mark ( 2004 ) , `` Winter , Thomas ( c. 1571 -- 1606 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) , Oxford University Press , doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 29767 , retrieved 16 November 2009 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Northcote Parkinson 1976 , pp. 46 -- 47 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 47 -- 48 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , p. 49 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 50 -- 52 Jump up ^ Northcote Parkinson 1976 , p. 48 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , p. 120 Jump up ^ Northcote Parkinson 1976 , p. 52 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , pp. 54 -- 55 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 122 -- 124 ^ Jump up to : Northcote Parkinson 1976 , p. 96 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 130 -- 132 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 133 -- 134 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , pp. 55 -- 59 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 56 -- 57 Jump up ^ Nelthorpe , Sutton ( November -- December 1935 ) , `` Twigmore and the Gunpowder Plot '' , Lincolnshire Magazine , 2 ( 8 ) : 229 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 136 -- 137 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , p. 57 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 144 -- 145 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , p. 59 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , p. 62 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , pp. 65 -- 66 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , pp. 62 -- 65 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , pp. 65 -- 67 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , p. 158 ^ Jump up to : Fraser 2005 , pp. 146 -- 147 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 159 -- 162 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 159 -- 162 , pp. 168 -- 169 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 175 -- 176 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 171 -- 173 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , p. 110 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 79 -- 80 , p. 110 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 173 -- 175 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 182 -- 185 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , pp. 85 -- 86 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , p. 179 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 178 -- 179 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , pp. 78 -- 79 Jump up ^ Northcote Parkinson 1976 , pp. 62 -- 63 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , p. 82 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 179 -- 180 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 180 -- 182 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 187 -- 189 Jump up ^ Northcote Parkinson 1976 , p. 70 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , p. 90 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 193 -- 194 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , p. 92 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 196 -- 197 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 199 -- 201 Jump up ^ MacGregor , Arthur ( January 2012 ) , `` Guy Fawkes 's Lantern '' , British Archaeology at the Ashmolean Museum , Tradescant Gallery , Gallery 27 , First Floor , Ashmolean Museum , Oxford , England : britisharchaeology.ashmus.ox.ac.uk , retrieved 19 October 2014 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 201 -- 203 Jump up ^ Northcote Parkinson 1976 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , pp. 94 -- 95 ^ Jump up to : Fraser 2005 , pp. 203 -- 206 Jump up ^ Nichols 1828 , p. 584 ^ Jump up to : Fraser 2005 , p. 226 Jump up ^ Stewart 2003 , p. 219 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 207 -- 209 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 211 -- 212 Jump up ^ Scott 1940 , p. 87 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , p. 215 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 216 -- 217 Jump up ^ Scott 1940 , p. 89 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 218 -- 222 ^ Jump up to : Fraser 2005 , pp. 222 -- 225 ^ Jump up to : Fraser 2005 , pp. 235 -- 236 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 236 -- 241 ^ Jump up to : McCoog , Thomas M. ( September 2004 ) , `` Garnett , Henry ( 1555 -- 1606 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 10389 , retrieved 16 November 2009 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Croft 2003 , p. 64 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , p. 228 ^ Jump up to : Fraser 2005 , pp. 232 -- 233 Jump up ^ Stewart 2003 , p. 225 Jump up ^ Willson 1963 , p. 226 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 241 -- 244 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , p. 106 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 242 -- 245 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , p. 93 Jump up ^ Nicholls , Mark ( 2004 ) , `` Percy , Henry , ninth earl of Northumberland ( 1564 -- 1632 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) , Oxford University Press , doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 21939 , retrieved 16 November 2009 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , p. 333 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , pp. 125 -- 126 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 151 -- 152 Jump up ^ Griffiths , Jane ( 2004 ) , `` Wenman , Agnes , Lady Wenman ( d . 1617 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 29044 , retrieved 16 November 2009 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Reeve , L.J. ( 2004 ) , `` Carleton , Dudley , Viscount Dorchester ( 1574 -- 1632 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 4670 , retrieved 16 November 2009 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , p. 249 Jump up ^ Nicholls , Mark ( 2004 ) , `` Tresham , Francis ( 1567 ? -- 1605 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 27708 , retrieved 16 November 2009 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , p. 104 Jump up ^ McCoog , Thomas M. ( 2004 ) , `` Gerard , John ( 1564 -- 1637 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 10556 , retrieved 20 November 2009 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , p. 79 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 255 -- 256 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 256 -- 257 , p. 260 , p. 261 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 263 -- 265 ^ Jump up to : Haynes 2005 , pp. 110 -- 111 ^ Jump up to : Fraser 2005 , pp. 266 -- 269 Jump up ^ Wilson 2002 , p. 136 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 270 -- 271 Jump up ^ Nicholls , Mark ( September 2004 ) , `` Digby , Sir Everard ( c. 1578 -- 1606 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 7626 , retrieved 16 November 2009 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , p. 273 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , p. 113 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , pp. 116 -- 119 Jump up ^ Northcote Parkinson 1976 , p. 103 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , p. 120 Jump up ^ Thompson 2008 , p. 102 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , pp. 115 -- 116 Jump up ^ Nicholls , Mark ( 2004 ) , `` Rookwood , Ambrose ( c. 1578 -- 1606 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 24066 , retrieved 16 November 2009 ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) Jump up ^ Northcote Parkinson 1976 , pp. 91 -- 92 Jump up ^ Fraser 2005 , pp. 279 -- 283 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , p. 129 Jump up ^ Northcote Parkinson 1976 , pp. 114 -- 115 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , p. 131 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , p. 140 ^ Jump up to : Marshall 2003 , pp. 187 -- 188 Jump up ^ Haynes 2005 , pp. 148 -- 154 Jump up ^ Huntley , Frank L. ( September 1964 ) , `` Macbeth and the Background of Jesuitical Equivocation '' , PMLA , Modern Language Association , 79 ( 4 ) : 390 -- 400 , JSTOR 460744 Jump up ^ Demaray 1984 , pp. 4 -- 5 Jump up ^ Demaray 1984 , p. 17 Jump up ^ Quint , David ( 1991 ) , `` Milton , Fletcher and the Gunpowder Plot '' , Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes , 54 : 261 -- 268 Jump up ^ Cressy 1989 , p. n / a Jump up ^ Hutton , Ronald ( 1 April 2001 ) , What If the Gunpowder Plot Had Succeeded ? , bbc.co.uk , retrieved 7 November 2008 ^ Jump up to : Northcote Parkinson 1976 , p. 118 Jump up ^ Gerard , John ( 1897 ) , What was the Gunpowder Plot ? : the traditional story tested by original evidence , London : Osgood , McIlvaine & Co Jump up ^ Gardiner , Samuel ( 1897 ) , What Gunpowder Plot was , London : Longmans , Green and Co Jump up ^ Edwards , Francis ( 1969 ) , Guy Fawkes : the real story of the gunpowder plot ? , London : Hart - Davis , ISBN 0 - 246 - 63967 - 9 ^ Jump up to : Aftermath : Commemoration , gunpowderplot.parliament.uk , 2005 -- 2006 , archived from the original on 31 October 2010 , retrieved 31 October 2010 ^ Jump up to : House of Commons Information Office ( September 2006 ) , The Gunpowder Plot ( PDF ) , parliament.uk , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 February 2005 , retrieved 6 March 2007 Jump up ^ Bonfire Night : A penny for the Guy , icons.org.uk , retrieved 6 October 2009 Jump up ^ Notes and queries ( Oxford University Press , 1857 ) , p. 450 Jump up ^ Forbes 1999 , p. 94 ^ Jump up to : Sherwin , Adam ( 31 October 2005 ) , Gunpowder plotters get their wish , 400 years on , timesonline.co.uk , retrieved 18 January 2008 Jump up ^ Govan , Fiona ( 31 October 2005 ) , Guy Fawkes had twice the gunpowder needed , telegraph.co.uk , retrieved 18 January 2008 Jump up ^ Guy Fawkes ' gunpowder ' found ' , news.bbc.co.uk , 21 March 2002 , retrieved 3 November 2009 Bibliography Brice , Katherine ( 1994 ) , The Early Stuarts 1603 -- 40 , Hodder Education , ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 57510 - 9 Cressy , David ( 1989 ) , Bonfires and bells : national memory and the Protestant calendar in Elizabethan and Stuart England , Weidenfeld & Nicolson , ISBN 0 - 297 - 79343 - 8 Croft , Pauline ( 2003 ) , King James , Macmillan , ISBN 0 - 333 - 61395 - 3 Demaray , John G. ( 1984 ) , Simmonds , James D. , ed. , `` Gunpowder and the Problem of Theatrical Heroic Form '' , Milton Studies 19 : Urbane Milton : The Latin Poetry , University of Pittsburgh Press , ISBN 0 - 8229 - 3492 - 2 Forbes , Esther ( 1999 ) ( 1942 ) , Paul Revere and the Times He Lived In , Houghton Mifflin , ISBN 0 - 618 - 00194 - 8 Fraser , Antonia ( 2005 ) ( 1996 ) , The Gunpowder Plot , Phoenix , ISBN 0 - 7538 - 1401 - 3 Haynes , Alan ( 2005 ) ( 1994 ) , The Gunpowder Plot : Faith in Rebellion , Hayes and Sutton , ISBN 0 - 7509 - 4215 - 0 Hogge , Alice ( 2005 ) , God 's Secret Agents : Queen Elizabeth 's Forbidden Priests and the Hatching of the Gunpowder Plot , Harper Collins , ISBN 0 - 00 - 715637 - 5 Marshall , John ( 2006 ) , John Locke , Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 65114 - 1 Marshall , Peter ( 2003 ) , Reformation England 1480 -- 1642 , Bloomsbury Academic , ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 70624 - 4 Nichols , John ( 1828 ) , The Progresses , Processions , and Magnificent Festivities of King James the First , His Royal Consort , Family , and Court , J.B. Nichols Northcote Parkinson , C. ( 1976 ) , Gunpowder Treason and Plot , Weidenfeld and Nicolson , ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 77224 - 8 Scott , George Ryley ( 1940 ) , History of Torture Throughout the Ages , Kessinger Publishing , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7661 - 4063 - 9 Stewart , Alan ( 2003 ) , The Cradle King : A Life of James VI & 1 , Chatto and Windus , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7011 - 6984 - 8 Thompson , Irene ( 2008 ) , A to Z of Punishment and Torture , Book Guild Publishing , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84624 - 203 - 8 Willson , David Harris ( 1963 ) ( 1956 ) , King James VI & I , Jonathan Cape Wilson , Richard ( 2002 ) , `` The pilot 's thumb : Macbeth and the Jesuits '' , in Poole , Robert , The Lancashire Witches : Histories and Stories , Manchester University Press , pp. 126 -- 145 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 6204 - 9 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gunpowder Plot . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Gunpowder Plot The Gunpowder Plot The Gunpowder Plot Society The story of Guy Fawkes and The Gunpowder Plot from the BBC , with archive video clips What If the Gunpowder Plot Had Succeeded ? Interactive Guide : Gunpowder Plot Guardian Unlimited Website of a crew member of ITV 's Exploding the Legend programme , with a photograph of the explosion Mark Nicholls , The Gunpowder Plot , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ( accessed 7 November 2010 ) ( hide ) The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 Original plotters Guido Fawkes Robert Catesby John Wright Thomas Wintour Thomas Percy Recruits Robert Keyes Thomas Bates Christopher Wright John Grant Robert Wintour Ambrose Rokewood Everard Digby Francis Tresham See also Gunpowder Plot in popular culture Guy Fawkes Night Guy Fawkes mask Bonfire Night James I of England William Parker , 4th Baron Monteagle ( informer ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunpowder_Plot&oldid=797917230 '' Categories : 17th century in London Anti-Protestantism Gunpowder Plot Conspiracies 1605 in England Attacks on legislatures 1605 events Hidden categories : Featured articles Use British English from February 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 22 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who tried to blow up what in 1605 | [] | [] |
1529724502730979523 | It's a Trap! | It 's a Trap ! - Wikipedia It 's a Trap ! Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Family Guy video . For the phrase , see Admiral Ackbar . This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` It 's a Trap ! '' Family Guy episode DVD cover Episode no . Season 9 Episode 18 Directed by Peter Shin Written by Cherry Chevapravatdumrong David A. Goodman Featured music `` The Games That Daddies Play '' by Conway Twitty Production code 7ACX21 / 7ACX22 Original air date May 22 , 2011 Running time 43 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) H. Jon Benjamin as Carl / Yoda Dee Bradley Baker as Klaus Heissler / Admiral Ackbar Patrick Stewart as Captain Jean - Luc Picard Michael Dorn as Lieutenant Worf Carrie Fisher as Angela / Mon Mothma Rush Limbaugh as himself / Rancor Anne Hathaway as hot blonde Bruce McGill as John Williams Mary Hart as herself Episode chronology ← Previous `` Foreign Affairs '' Next → `` Lottery Fever '' Family Guy ( season 9 ) List of Family Guy episodes `` It 's a Trap ! '' is a direct - to - video special of the animated series Family Guy which later served as the double - episode season finale of the ninth season and is the final part of the series ' Star Wars parody trilogy Laugh It Up , Fuzzball . It is named after the phrase uttered by Admiral Ackbar in the Star Wars film Return of the Jedi . The home video was first released on December 21 , 2010 and later aired on Fox in the United States on May 22 , 2011 . The episode was written by Cherry Chevapravatdumrong and David A. Goodman and directed by Peter Shin . It retells the story of Return of the Jedi as `` Blue Harvest '' did with Star Wars and `` Something , Something , Something , Dark Side '' did with The Empire Strikes Back by recasting characters from Family Guy into roles from the film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Background 4 Production 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The Griffin family experience another power outage , forcing them to reluctantly go through Return of the Jedi . Rather than setting up the plot , the opening crawl states that Fox insisted Seth MacFarlane complete the trilogy . It makes reference to his then - upcoming film Ted in the sentence , `` But Fox suddenly had dollar signs in their eyes , and they said , ' Seth , if you do n't do Jedi , we 're not gon na let you leave to go direct your movie . '' Darth Vader ( Stewie ) arrives on the new , partially constructed Death Star , where Imperial Moff Jerjerrod ( Roger from American Dad ! ) informs him that the new battle station no longer has the design flaws of its predecessor , except for a hole that could destroy the station if fired upon . Vader warns Moff Jerjerrod that they should fix that problem before the Emperor ( Carter ) arrives . On Tatooine , R2 - D2 ( Cleveland ) and C - 3PO ( Quagmire ) find Jabba the Hutt ( Joe ) 's palace in order to initiate a plan to save Han Solo ( Peter ) , still frozen in carbonite for posterity . Leia ( Lois ) unfreezes Han , who releases a long fart . Their reunion is cut short when Jabba captures her and she is outfitted provocatively , and shackled by Jabba 's side . Han , meanwhile , is thrown into a prison cell with Chewbacca ( Brian ) , who got caught eating out of Jabba 's garbage . Luke ( Chris ) arrives at the palace and attempts to bargain for the release of his friends . Jabba opens a trap door and Luke falls into a pit where he battles and kills the Rancor ( Rush Limbaugh ) . Afterwards , Jabba orders Luke and his friends to be eaten by the Sarlacc ( Meg ) . During the execution ceremony , Luke gives Jabba one last chance to release him and his friends . When Jabba refuses , Luke initiates an assault on Jabba 's crew with the help of Lando Calrissian ( Mort ) , disguised as one of Jabba 's henchmen . Many of Jabba 's thugs are knocked into the Sarlacc including Boba Fett ( Ernie the Giant Chicken ) ( according to a dying guard , Boba just fell off ) . Distracted by the carnage , Leia chokes Jabba using her slave chains while her fellow rebels commandeer a transport ship . Luke , Leia , Han , Chewie , Lando , R2 - D2 , and C - 3PO all fly to safety . Luke and R2 - D2 fly to Dagobah so Luke can finish his training with Yoda ( Carl ) while the others rejoin the rebel fleet . On Dagobah , Yoda explains the final part of training is to face Vader . In his dying words , Yoda reveals that Luke has a sibling . The spirit of Obi - Wan Kenobi ( Herbert ) appears to Luke and further explains that his sibling is Princess Leia , `` the only damn woman in the galaxy . '' The rebels begin planning an assault on the new Death Star . Admiral Ackbar ( Klaus from American Dad ! ) explains that the plan will be the same as the last time they destroyed the Death Star , except now they must first destroy a shield generator located on the forest moon of Endor . In order to land on the forest moon of Endor , Han uses a stolen Imperial ship and old access code to sneak past the Empire 's blockade . Vader allows them passage on to the moon , knowing Luke is aboard the ship . When they reach the moon 's surface , the rebels are spotted by Imperial soldiers . The soldiers attempt to retreat to warn others of the rebel attack , but Luke and Leia stop them in an elaborate bicycle chase sequence . Separated from the others , Leia is befriended by Wicket the Ewok ( Tim from The Cleveland Show ) . Luke , Han , Chewie and the droids fall into an Ewok trap while searching for Leia . They are captured and brought to the village where Leia is being housed . The Ewoks believe C - 3PO is a god and begin to worship him . Luke tells Princess Leia they are siblings , but Leia claims to have already known that . She then introduces a Conway Twitty cutaway . Following Yoda 's advice , Luke surrenders to Vader in order to confront him . Vader tries to convince Luke to turn to the dark side . Luke refuses , but is delighted to find out that it is taco night . The two meet with the Emperor , who reveals that Luke 's friends are walking into a trap on the forest moon . When this revelation fails to anger Luke , the Emperor begins to mock actor Seth Green ( who voices Chris ) . Luke defends Green saying that he 's been in successful projects , only to have The Emperor saying the negative side of Green 's roles . Luke becomes enraged and begins dueling with Vader . Back on the forest moon , Han leads the rebels to the shield generator . Complaining about a lack of dark plot content , he forces the three technicians inside to dig their own graves with their helmets , then ordering one of them to stab his companion to death and wear his face . Before they can carry out Han 's disturbing orders , however , the company is ambushed . The Ewoks help the rebels escape from the Imperial troops and destroy the shield generator , while Lando and Nien Nunb ( Rallo from The Cleveland Show ) lead the attack on the Death Star . Luke finally subdues Vader after Seth Green is further mocked , but he refuses to execute him and join the dark side at the Emperor 's request . The Emperor then incapacitates Luke with his powerful Force lightning . Because Luke asks Vader politely for help , Vader gathers his remaining strength and kills the distracted Emperor by throwing him into the reactor core . Vader and Luke manage to flee the Death Star before Lando and his crew blow it up . Unfortunately , when Vader asks Luke to help him remove his mask ( to `` look on you with my own eyes '' ) , Luke accidentally twists and breaks Vader 's neck . Everyone rendezvous back at the Ewok village to celebrate the rebels victory over the Empire . While the Ewoks kill the wounded Imperials , the spirits of Obi - Wan and Yoda appear to Luke , alongside the spirit of the redeemed Anakin Skywalker ( Stewie ) , who angrily accuses Luke of murdering him and starts swearing at him . The Griffins ' power returns just as Peter concludes the story , Meg then asks Peter `` What about the prequel trilogy ? '' with Peter suggesting that The Cleveland Show might do the prequels ( though that show 's subsequent cancellation has made such parodies impossible ) . After that , Chris asks Peter another question about how come he says in the story that Seth Green is a douche . Peter answers saying that in his opinion that Green has done a lot of unsuccessful projects and that Green sucks . Chris retaliates with saying that he thinks Seth MacFarlane is a douche . Peter , Stewie and Brian ( all voiced by MacFarlane ) defend MacFarlane as a talented young man with fresh ideas and good humor . Chris tells the three in anger that he got the whole idea of Family Guy off The Simpsons , with Meg and Lois supporting Chris that MacFarlane `` only brings ten new episodes of the show a year '' and `` we get it , he watched a lot of television in the ' 80s '' ( a reference to the show 's many cutaway gags referencing 1980s television ) . The argument ends with Peter claiming that people will just remember the laughter , before the family looks awkwardly at each other . Cast ( edit ) Chris Griffin as Luke Skywalker Peter Griffin as Han Solo Lois Griffin as Princess Leia Mort Goldman as Lando Calrissian Glenn Quagmire as C - 3PO Cleveland Brown as R2 - D2 Brian Griffin as Chewbacca Klaus Heissler as Admiral Ackbar ( crossover from American Dad ! ) Carter Pewterschmidt as Emperor Palpatine Herbert as Obi - Wan Kenobi Carl as Yoda Stewie Griffin as Darth Vader / Anakin Skywalker Joe Swanson as Jabba the Hutt Ernie the Giant Chicken as Boba Fett Rallo Tubbs as Nien Nunb ( crossover from The Cleveland Show ) Meg Griffin as the Sarlacc Roger as Moff Jerjerrod ( crossover from American Dad ! ) Tim the Bear as Wicket ( crossover from The Cleveland Show ) Angela as Mon Mothma Consuela as the sentry droid Opie as the frog like creature that eats the sentry droid Patrick Stewart as Jean - Luc Picard Michael Dorn as Worf Rush Limbaugh as Rancor Conway Twitty ( archive footage ) as Darth Twitty Ted Knight ( archive footage from Caddyshack ) as Judge Smails Anne Hathaway as Hot Blonde Background ( edit ) It was announced in March 2009 the show had read through an early draft of the script under the working title , Episode VI : The Great Muppet Caper . The second working title , We Have a Bad Feeling About This , was a reference to the recurring catchphrase that is used in the Star Wars films . The settled - upon title is a reference to the line by Admiral Ackbar in the film , which became an Internet meme through YTMND . Due to the declining number of unused Family Guy characters , the episode also features characters from American Dad ! and The Cleveland Show : Roger appears as Moff Jerjerrod , ( with Vader / Stewie commenting `` What , have we run out of our characters already ? '' ) Klaus appears as Admiral Ackbar , Tim appears as Wicket the Ewok and Rallo appears as Nien Nunb . Stan was originally going to appear as Wedge Antilles , but his part got cut ( he is still mentioned when Lando orders him to destroy the Power Station in the main reactor of the Death Star ) . The role of Meg Griffin continues to be minor , this time taking the role of the Sarlacc . The episode featured voice cameos from Patrick Stewart and Michael Dorn reprising their roles of Captain Jean - Luc Picard and Lieutenant Worf from Star Trek : The Next Generation , Adam West , Carrie Fisher and Rush Limbaugh as the Rancor ( Limbaugh had previously made a cameo as himself in `` Blue Harvest '' ) . At the Sarlacc Pit , when the Rebels keep nodding at each other to fight back against Jabba 's minions , an image of an impatient Ted Knight appears from a clip of Caddyshack ( `` Well , we 're waiting ! '' ) . Production ( edit ) David A. Goodman co-wrote the episode , along with Cherry Chevapravatdumrong . The episode was written by Cherry Chevapravatdumrong and David A. Goodman and directed by Peter Shin , in his first episode since the fourth season . A preview of the reading of the episode can be seen on the `` Something , Something , Something , Dark Side '' DVD extras . Home media ( edit ) Both the Blu - ray and DVD versions , titled Family Guy Presents : It 's a Trap ! , were released on region A and region 1 , respectively , on December 21 , 2010 , Region 4 , on December 22 , 2010 , and in Region 2 on December 27 , 2010 . It was broadcast on the Fox network May 22 , 2011 as the 9th - season finale . It was also released in the trilogy collection , Laugh it up , Fuzzball . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` What 's coming in Family Guy 's new Star Wars spoofs '' . SCI FI Wire . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/04/05/473073158/star-wars-voice-actor-who-as-admiral-ackbar-warned-its-a-trap-dies-at-93 Jump up ^ `` Comic - Con 2009 : Family Guy Spoof Empire '' . StarWars.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy to parody Return of the Jedi '' . thrfeed.com. 2009 - 03 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Family Guy : It 's a Trap ! Coming in December Archived July 30 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy -- The Final Star Wars Parody Announced - ' It 's a Trap ! ' '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Family Guy : It 's a Trap ! -- Star Wars spoof , part 3 '' . TechStyles.com.au . Retrieved September 27 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : `` It 's a Trap ! '' Family Guy portal It 's a Trap ! on IMDb It 's a Trap ! at TV.com ( hide ) Family Guy episodes Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Season 9 `` And Then There Were Fewer '' `` Excellence in Broadcasting '' `` Welcome Back , Carter '' `` Halloween on Spooner Street '' `` Baby , You Knock Me Out '' `` Brian Writes a Bestseller '' `` Road to the North Pole '' `` New Kidney in Town '' `` And I 'm Joyce Kinney '' `` Friends of Peter G . '' `` German Guy '' `` The Hand That Rocks the Wheelchair '' `` Trading Places '' `` Tiegs for Two '' `` Brothers & Sisters '' `` The Big Bang Theory '' `` Foreign Affairs '' `` It 's a Trap ! '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It%27s_a_Trap!&oldid=834464581 '' Categories : Family Guy ( season 9 ) episodes 2011 American television episodes Parody television series based on Star Wars Return of the Jedi Crossover animation Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2012 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Italiano Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 21 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | family guy return of the jedi full episode | [] | [] |
-38719689530192953 | A Tale of Two Cities | A Tale of Two Cities - Wikipedia A Tale of Two Cities Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see A Tale of Two Cities ( disambiguation ) . A Tale of Two Cities Cover of serial Vol . V , 1859 Author Charles Dickens Illustrator Hablot Knight Browne ( Phiz ) Cover artist Hablot Knight Browne ( Phiz ) Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Historical novel Published 1859 Publisher London : Chapman & Hall Pages 341 pages ( Paperback ) Preceded by Little Dorrit ( 1855 -- 1857 ) Followed by Great Expectations ( 1860 -- 1861 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1859 ) is a historical novel by Charles Dickens , set in London and Paris before and during the French Revolution . The novel tells the story of the French Doctor Manette , his 18 - year - long imprisonment in the Bastille in Paris and his release to life in London with his daughter Lucie , whom he had never met ; Lucie 's marriage and the collision between her beloved husband and the people who caused her father 's imprisonment ; and Monsieur and Madame Defarge , sellers of wine in a poor suburb of Paris . The story is set against the conditions that led up to the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Book the First : Recalled to Life 1.2 Book the Second : The Golden Thread 1.3 Book the Third : The Track of a Storm 2 Characters 3 Sources and publication 4 Literary significance 5 Analysis 5.1 Themes 5.1. 1 Resurrection 5.1. 2 Water 5.1. 3 Darkness and light 5.1. 4 Social justice 5.2 Autobiographical material 6 Setting 7 Adaptations 7.1 Films 7.2 Radio 7.3 Television 7.4 Stage productions 7.5 Stage musicals 7.6 Opera 7.7 Books 8 Popular culture 9 References 10 Works cited 11 Further reading 12 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Book the first : Recalled to life ( edit ) Dickens 's famous opening sentence introduces the universal approach of the book , the French Revolution , and the drama depicted within : It was the best of times , it was the worst of times , it was the age of wisdom , it was the age of foolishness , it was the epoch of belief , it was the epoch of incredulity , it was the season of Light , it was the season of Darkness , it was the spring of hope , it was the winter of despair , we had everything before us , we had nothing before us , we were all going direct to Heaven , we were all going direct the other way -- in short , the period was so far like the present period , that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received , for good or for evil , in the superlative degree of comparison only . In 1775 , a man flags down the nightly mail - coach on its route from London to Dover . The man is Jerry Cruncher , an employee of Tellson 's Bank in London ; he carries a message for Jarvis Lorry , a passenger and one of the bank 's managers . Mr. Lorry sends Jerry back to deliver a cryptic response to the bank : `` Recalled to Life . '' The message refers to Alexandre Manette , a French physician who has been released from the Bastille after an 18 - year imprisonment . Once Mr. Lorry arrives in Dover , he meets with Dr. Manette 's daughter Lucie and her governess , Miss Pross . Lucie has believed her father to be dead , and faints at the news that he is alive ; Mr. Lorry takes her to France to reunite with him . Dickens ' Book the First makes an early reference to the 1766 torture and execution of the Chevalier de La Barre in Abbeville , France . In the Paris neighbourhood of Saint Antoine , Dr. Manette has been given lodgings by his former servant Ernest Defarge and his wife Therese , owners of a wine shop . Mr. Lorry and Lucie find him in a small garret , where he spends much of his time making shoes -- a skill he learned in prison -- which he uses to distract himself from his thoughts and which has become an obsession for him . He does not recognise Lucie at first but does eventually see the resemblance to her mother through her blue eyes and long golden hair , a strand of which he found on his sleeve when he was imprisoned . Mr. Lorry and Lucie take him back to England . Book the second : the golden thread ( edit ) `` The Golden Thread '' redirects here . For the legal judgement , see Golden thread ( law ) . In 1780 , French émigré Charles Darnay is on trial for treason against the British Crown . The key witnesses against him are two British spies , John Barsad and Roger Cly , who claim that Darnay gave information about British troops in North America to the French . Barsad states that he would recognise Darnay anywhere , at which point Darnay 's defense counsel , Stryver , directs attention to Sydney Carton , a barrister present in the courtroom who looks almost identical to him . With Barsad 's eyewitness testimony now discredited , Darnay is acquitted . In Paris , the hated and abusive Marquis St. Evrémonde orders his carriage driven recklessly fast through the crowded streets , hitting and killing the child of Gaspard in Saint Antoine . The Marquis throws a coin to Gaspard to compensate him for his loss . Defarge , having observed the incident , comes forth to comfort the distraught father , saying the child would be worse off alive . This piece of wisdom pleases the Marquis , who throws a coin to Defarge also . As the Marquis departs , a coin is flung back into his carriage . Arriving at his country château , the Marquis meets with his nephew and heir , Darnay . Out of disgust with his aristocratic family , Darnay has shed his real surname and adopted an anglicized version of his mother 's maiden name , D'Aulnais . The following passage records the Marquis ' principles of aristocratic superiority : `` Repression is the only lasting philosophy . The dark deference of fear and slavery , my friend , '' observed the Marquis , `` will keep the dogs obedient to the whip , as long as this roof , '' looking up to it , `` shuts out the sky . '' That night , Gaspard , who followed the Marquis to his château by riding on the underside of the carriage , stabs and kills him in his sleep . Gaspard leaves a note on the knife saying , `` Drive him fast to his tomb . This , from JACQUES . '' After nearly a year on the run , he is caught and hanged above the village well . In London , Darnay gets Dr. Manette 's permission to wed Lucie ; but Carton confesses his love to Lucie as well . Knowing she will not love him in return , Carton promises to `` embrace any sacrifice for you and for those dear to you '' . Stryver , the barrister who defended Darnay and with whom Carton has a working relationship , considers proposing marriage to Lucie , but Mr. Lorry talks him out of the idea . On the morning of the marriage , Darnay reveals his real name and family lineage to Dr. Manette , a detail he had been asked to withhold until that day . In consequence , Dr. Manette reverts to his obsessive shoemaking after the couple leave for their honeymoon . He returns to sanity before their return , and the whole incident is kept secret from Lucie . Mr. Lorry and Miss Pross destroy the shoemaking bench and tools , which Dr. Manette had brought with him from Paris . As time passes in England , Lucie and Charles begin to raise a family , a son ( who dies in childhood ) and a daughter , little Lucie . Mr. Lorry finds a second home and a sort of family with the Darnays . Stryver marries a rich widow with three children and becomes even more insufferable as his ambitions begin to be realized . Carton , even though he seldom visits , is accepted as a close friend of the family and becomes a special favourite of little Lucie . In July 1789 , the Defarges help to lead the storming of the Bastille , a symbol of royal tyranny . Defarge enters Dr. Manette 's former cell , `` One Hundred and Five , North Tower , '' and searches it thoroughly . Throughout the countryside , local officials and other representatives of the aristocracy are dragged from their homes to be killed , and the St. Evrémonde château is burned to the ground . In 1792 , Mr. Lorry decides to travel to Paris to collect important documents from the Tellson 's branch in that city and bring them to London for safekeeping against the chaos of the French Revolution . Darnay intercepts a letter written by Gabelle , one of his uncle 's servants who has been imprisoned by the revolutionaries , pleading for the Marquis to help secure his release . Without telling his family or revealing his position as the new Marquis , Darnay sets out for Paris . Book the third : the track of a storm ( edit ) `` The Sea Still Rises '' , an illustration for Book 2 , Chapter 22 by `` Phiz '' Shortly after Darnay arrives in Paris , he is denounced for being an emigrated aristocrat from France and jailed in La Force Prison . Dr. Manette , Lucie , little Lucie , Jerry , and Miss Pross travel to Paris and meet Mr. Lorry to try to free Darnay . A year and three months pass , and Darnay is finally tried . Dr Manette , viewed as a hero for his imprisonment in the Bastille , testifies on Darnay 's behalf at his trial . Darnay is released , only to be arrested again later that day . A new trial begins on the following day , under new charges brought by the Defarges and a third individual who is soon revealed as Dr Manette . He had written an account of his imprisonment at the hands of Darnay 's father and hidden it in his cell ; Defarge found it while searching the cell during the storming of the Bastille . While running errands with Jerry , Miss Pross is amazed to see her long - lost brother Solomon , but he does not want to be recognized in public . Carton suddenly steps forward from the shadows and identifies Solomon as Barsad , one of the spies who tried to frame Darnay for treason at his trial in 1780 . Jerry remembers that he has seen Solomon with Cly , the other key witness at the trial and that Cly had faked his death to escape England . By threatening to denounce Solomon to the revolutionary tribunal as a Briton , Carton blackmails him into helping with a plan . At the tribunal , Defarge identifies Darnay as the nephew of the dead Marquis St. Evrémonde and reads Dr Manette 's letter . Defarge had learned Darnay 's lineage from Solomon during the latter 's visit to the wine shop several years earlier . The letter describes Dr Manette 's imprisonment at the hands of Darnay 's father and uncle for trying to report their crimes against a peasant family . Darnay 's uncle had become infatuated with a girl , whom he had kidnapped and raped ; despite Dr. Manette 's attempt to save her , she died . The uncle killed her husband by working him to death , and her father died from a heart attack on being informed of what had happened . Before he died defending the family honour , the brother of the raped peasant had hidden the last member of the family , his younger sister . The Evrémonde brothers imprisoned Dr Manette after he refused their offer of a bribe to keep quiet . He concludes his letter by condemning the Evrémondes , `` them and their descendants , to the last of their race . '' Dr. Manette is horrified , but he is not allowed to retract his statement . Darnay is sent to the Conciergerie and sentenced to be guillotined the next day . Carton wanders into the Defarge 's wine shop , where he overhears Madame Defarge talking about her plans to have both Lucie and little Lucie condemned . Carton discovers that Madame Defarge was the surviving sister of the peasant family savaged by the Evrémondes . At night , when Dr. Manette returns , shattered after spending the day in many failed attempts to save Darnay 's life , he falls into an obsessive search for his shoemaking implements . Carton urges Lorry to flee Paris with Lucie , her father , and Little Lucie , asking them to leave as soon as he joins . Shortly before the executions are to begin , Solomon sneaks Carton into the prison for a visit with Darnay . The two men trade clothes , and Carton drugs Darnay and has Solomon carry him out . Carton has decided to be executed in his place , which he is able to do because of their similar appearances , and has given his own identification papers to Mr Lorry to present on Darnay 's behalf . Following Carton 's earlier instructions , the family and Mr Lorry flee to England with the unconscious Darnay , who slowly comes to consciousness as they travel by stages to cross the waters to England . Meanwhile , Madame Defarge , armed with a dagger and pistol , goes to the Manette residence , hoping to apprehend Lucie and little Lucie and bring them in for execution . However , the family is already gone and Miss Pross stays behind to confront and delay Madame Defarge . As the two women struggle , Madame Defarge 's pistol discharges , killing her and causing Miss Pross to go permanently deaf from noise and shock . The seamstress and Carton , an illustration for Book 3 , Chapter 15 by John McLenan ( 1859 ) The novel concludes with the guillotining of Carton . As he is waiting to board the tumbril , he is approached by a seamstress , also condemned to death , who mistakes him for Darnay ( with whom she had been imprisoned earlier ) but realises the truth once she sees him at close range . Awed by his unselfish courage and sacrifice , she asks to stay close to him and he agrees . Upon their arrival at the guillotine , Carton comforts her , telling her that their ends will be quick but that there is no Time or Trouble `` in the better land where ... ( they ) will be mercifully sheltered '' , and she is able to meet her death in peace . Carton 's unspoken last thoughts are prophetic : I see Barsad , and Cly , Defarge , The Vengeance ( a lieutenant of Madame Defarge ) , the Juryman , the Judge , long ranks of the new oppressors who have risen on the destruction of the old , perishing by this retributive instrument , before it shall cease out of its present use . I see a beautiful city and a brilliant people rising from this abyss , and , in their struggles to be truly free , in their triumphs and defeats , through long years to come , I see the evil of this time and of the previous time of which this is the natural birth , gradually making expiation for itself and wearing out . I see the lives for which I lay down my life , peaceful , useful , prosperous and happy , in that England which I shall see no more . I see Her with a child upon her bosom , who bears my name . I see her father , aged and bent , but otherwise restored , and faithful to all men in his healing office , and at peace . I see the good old man ( Mr. Lorry ) , so long their friend , in ten years ' time enriching them with all he has , and passing tranquilly to his reward . I see that I hold a sanctuary in their hearts , and in the hearts of their descendants , generations hence . I see her , an old woman , weeping for me on the anniversary of this day . I see her and her husband , their course done , lying side by side in their last earthly bed , and I know that each was not more honoured and held sacred in the other 's soul , than I was in the souls of both . I see that child who lay upon her bosom and who bore my name , a man winning his way up in that path of life which once was mine . I see him winning it so well , that my name is made illustrious there by the light of his . I see the blots I threw upon it , faded away . I see him , fore-most of just judges and honoured men , bringing a boy of my name , with a forehead that I know and golden hair , to this place -- then fair to look upon , with not a trace of this day 's disfigurement -- and I hear him tell the child my story , with a tender and a faltering voice . It is a far , far better thing that I do , than I have ever done ; it is a far , far better rest that I go to than I have ever known . After Carton tearfully hears the execution of the seamstress , his final thoughts flash in his mind as he is pushed towards the slot where the blade would fall . Characters ( edit ) Illustration from a serialized edition of the story , showing three tricoteuses knitting , with the Vengeance standing in the center . Sydney Carton : A quick - minded but depressed English barrister . Though he is portrayed in the beginning as a cynical alcoholic , he ultimately becomes a selfless hero . Lucie Manette : An ideal pre-Victorian lady , perfect in every way . She is loved by both Carton and Charles Darnay ( whom she marries ) and is the daughter of Dr. Manette . She is the `` golden thread '' after whom Book the Second is named , so called because she holds her father 's and her family 's lives together ( and because of her blond hair like her mother 's ) . She also ties nearly every character in the book together . Charles Darnay : A young French noble of the Evrémonde family . In disgust at the cruelty of his family to the French peasantry , he took on the name `` Darnay '' ( after his mother 's maiden name , D'Aulnais ) and left France for England . He exhibits an admirable honesty in his decision to reveal to Doctor Manette his true identity as a member of the infamous Evrémonde family . So , too , does he prove his courage in his decision to return to Paris at great personal risk to save the imprisoned Gabelle . Dr. Alexandre Manette : Lucie 's father , kept as a prisoner in the Bastille for eighteen years . Dr. Manette dies 12 years after Sydney Carton . Monsieur Ernest Defarge : The owner of a French wine shop and leader of the Jacquerie ; husband of Madame Defarge ; servant to Dr. Manette as a youth . One of the key revolutionary leaders , he embraces the revolution as a noble cause , unlike many other revolutionaries . Madame Therese Defarge : A vengeful female revolutionary , arguably the novel 's antagonist . She is represented as a more extreme and bloodthirsty personality than her husband Ernest , in part because of the abuses visited on her peasant family by the aristocracy when she was a child . Jacques One , Two , and Three : Revolutionary compatriots of Ernest Defarge . Jacques Three is especially bloodthirsty and serves as a juryman on the Revolutionary Tribunals . The Vengeance : A companion of Madame Defarge referred to as her `` shadow '' and lieutenant , a member of the sisterhood of women revolutionaries in Saint Antoine , and revolutionary zealot . ( Many Frenchmen and women did change their names to show their enthusiasm for the Revolution . ) Carton predicts that the Vengeance , Defarge , Cly , and Barsad will be consumed by the Revolution and end up on the guillotine . The Mender of Roads : A peasant who later works as a woodsawyer and assists the Defarges . Jarvis Lorry : An elderly manager at Tellson 's Bank and a dear friend of Dr. Manette . He serves as a sort of trustee and guardian of the Manette family . Miss Pross : Lucie Manette 's governess since Lucie was ten years old . She is fiercely loyal to Lucie and to England . Marquis St. Evrémonde : The cruel uncle of Charles Darnay . Also called `` The Younger '' . He inherited the title at `` the Elder '' 's death . Lamenting reforms which have imposed some restraints on the abusive powers of his class , the Marquis is out of favor at the royal court at the time of his assassination . The Elder and his wife : The twin brother of the Marquis St. Evrémonde , referred to as `` the Elder '' ( he held the title of Marquis St. Evrémonde at the time of Dr. Manette 's arrest ) , and his wife , who fears him . They are the parents of Charles Darnay . Both are dead by the time the story begins . John Barsad ( real name Solomon Pross ) : An informer in London and later employed by the Marquis St. Evrémonde . Moving to Paris he takes service as a police spy in Saint Antoine , under the French monarchy . Following the revolution , he becomes an agent for revolutionary France ( at which point he must hide his British identity ) . He is the long - lost brother of Miss Pross . Roger Cly : Another spy , Barsad 's collaborator . Jerry Cruncher : Porter and messenger for Tellson 's Bank and secret `` Resurrection Man '' ( body - snatcher ) . His first name is short for Jeremiah ; the latter name shares a meaning with the name of Jarvis Lorry . Young Jerry Cruncher : Son of Jerry and Mrs. Cruncher . Young Jerry often follows his father around to his father 's odd jobs , and at one point in the story , follows his father at night and discovers that his father is a resurrection man . Young Jerry looks up to his father as a role model and aspires to become a resurrection man himself when he grows up . Mrs. Cruncher : Wife of Jerry Cruncher . She is a very religious woman , but her husband , somewhat paranoid , claims she is praying against him , and that is why he does not often succeed at work . She is often abused verbally , and , almost as often , physically , by Jerry , but at the end of the story , he appears to feel a bit guilty about this . Mr. Stryver : An arrogant and ambitious barrister , senior to Sydney Carton . There is a frequent misperception that Stryver 's full name is `` C.J. Stryver '' , but this is very unlikely . The mistake comes from a line in Book 2 , Chapter 12 : `` After trying it , Stryver , C.J. , was satisfied that no plainer case could be . '' The initials C.J. almost certainly refer to a legal title ( probably `` chief justice '' ) ; Stryver is imagining that he is playing every role in a trial in which he attempts to browbeat Lucie Manette into marrying him . The Seamstress : A young woman caught up in The Terror . She precedes Sydney Carton , who comforts her , to the guillotine . She and Barsad are the only people in Paris who know Carton has taken Darnay 's place . Théophile Gabelle : Gabelle is `` the Postmaster , and some other taxing functionary , united '' for the tenants of the Marquis St. Evrémonde . Gabelle is imprisoned by the revolutionaries , and his beseeching letter brings Darnay to France . Gabelle is `` named after the hated salt tax '' . Gaspard : Gaspard is the man whose son is run over by the Marquis . He then kills the Marquis and goes into hiding for a year . He eventually is found , arrested , and executed . `` Monseigneur '' : The appellation `` Monseigneur '' is used to refer to both a specific aristocrat in the novel and the general class of displaced aristocrats in England . A peasant boy and his sister : Victims of the Marquis St. Evrémonde and his brother . They are revealed to be Madame Defarge 's brother and sister . Sources and publication ( edit ) While performing in The Frozen Deep , Dickens was given a play to read called The Dead Heart by Watts Phillips which had the historical setting , the basic storyline , and the climax that Dickens used in A Tale of Two Cities . The play was produced while A Tale of Two Cities was being serialized in All the Year Round and led to talk of plagiarism . Other sources are The French Revolution : A History by Thomas Carlyle ( especially important for the novel 's rhetoric and symbolism ) ; Zanoni by Edward Bulwer - Lytton ; The Castle Spector by Matthew Lewis ; Travels in France by Arthur Young ; and Tableau de Paris by Louis - Sébastien Mercier . Dickens also used material from an account of imprisonment during the Terror by Beaumarchais , and records of the trial of a French spy published in The Annual Register . The 45 - chapter novel was published in 31 weekly instalments in Dickens 's new literary periodical titled All the Year Round . From April 1859 to November 1859 , Dickens also republished the chapters as eight monthly sections in green covers . All but three of Dickens 's previous novels had appeared only as monthly instalments . The first weekly instalment of A Tale of Two Cities ran in the first issue of All the Year Round on 30 April 1859 . The last ran thirty weeks later , on 26 November . A Tale of Two Cities has been cited as one of the best - selling novels of all time . It has been stated to have sold 200 million copies since its first publication , though this figure has been dismissed as `` pure fiction '' by Oxford University 's Peter Thonemann . As with other contenders for the title , such as Don Quixote and Three Musketeers , available sales figures are not reliable , or indeed , for such public domain works , not available . Literary significance ( edit ) Many of Dickens 's characters are `` flat '' , not `` round '' , in the novelist E.M. Forster 's famous terms , meaning roughly that they have only one mood . For example , the Marquis is unremittingly wicked and relishes being so ; Lucie is perfectly loving and supportive . As a corollary , Dickens often gives these characters verbal tics or visual quirks such as the dints in the nose of the Marquis . Forster believed that Dickens never truly created rounded characters . Analysis ( edit ) A Tale of Two Cities is one of only two works of historical fiction by Charles Dickens ( the other being Barnaby Rudge ) . Dickens relies much on The French Revolution : A History by Thomas Carlyle as a historical source . Dickens wrote in his Preface to Tale that `` no one can hope to add anything to the philosophy of Mr. Carlyle 's wonderful book '' . Dickens uses literal translations of French idioms for characters who can not speak English , such as `` What the devil do you do in that galley there ? ! ! '' and `` Where is my wife ? -- - Here you see me . '' The Penguin Classics edition of the novel notes that `` Not all readers have regarded the experiment as a success . '' J.L. Borges quipped : `` Dickens lived in London . In his book A Tale of Two Cities , based on the French Revolution , we see that he really could not write a tale of two cities . He was a resident of just one city : London . '' Themes ( edit ) Resurrection ( edit ) In Dickens ' England , resurrection always sat firmly in a Christian context . Most broadly , Sydney Carton is resurrected in spirit at the novel 's close ( even as he , paradoxically , gives up his physical life to save Darnay 's . ) More concretely , `` Book the First '' deals with the rebirth of Dr. Manette from the living death of his incarceration . Resurrection appears for the first time when Mr. Lorry replies to the message carried by Jerry Cruncher with the words `` Recalled to Life '' . Resurrection also appears during Mr. Lorry 's coach ride to Dover , as he constantly ponders a hypothetical conversation with Dr. Manette : ( `` Buried how long ? '' `` Almost eighteen years . '' ... `` You know that you are recalled to life ? '' `` They tell me so . '' ) He believes he is helping with Dr. Manette 's revival and imagines himself `` digging '' up Dr. Manette from his grave . Resurrection is a major theme in the novel . In Jarvis Lorry 's thoughts of Dr. Manette , resurrection is first spotted as a theme . It is also the last theme : Carton 's sacrifice . Dickens originally wanted to call the entire novel Recalled to Life . ( This instead became the title of the first of the novel 's three `` books '' . ) Jerry is also part of the recurring theme : he himself is involved in death and resurrection in ways the reader does not yet know . The first piece of foreshadowing comes in his remark to himself : `` You 'd be in a blazing bad way , if recalling to life was to come into fashion , Jerry ! '' The black humour of this statement becomes obvious only much later on . Five years later , one cloudy and very dark night ( in June 1780 ) , Mr. Lorry reawakens the reader 's interest in the mystery by telling Jerry it is `` Almost a night ... to bring the dead out of their graves '' . Jerry responds firmly that he has never seen the night do that . It turns out that Jerry Cruncher 's involvement with the theme of resurrection is that he is what the Victorians called a `` Resurrection Man '' , one who ( illegally ) digs up dead bodies to sell to medical men ( there was no legal way to procure cadavers for study at that time ) . The opposite of resurrection is of course death . Death and resurrection appear often in the novel . Dickens is angered that in France and England , courts hand out death sentences for insignificant crimes . In France , peasants had formerly been put to death without any trial , at the whim of a noble . The Marquis tells Darnay with pleasure that `` ( I ) n the next room ( my bedroom ) , one fellow ... was poniarded on the spot for professing some insolent delicacy respecting his daughter -- his daughter ! '' Interestingly , the demolition of Dr. Manette 's shoe - making workbench by Miss Pross and Mr. Lorry is described as `` the burning of the body '' . It seems clear that this is a rare case where death or destruction ( the opposite of resurrection ) has a positive connotation since the `` burning '' helps liberate the doctor from the memory of his long imprisonment . But Dickens 's description of this kind and healing act is strikingly odd : `` The Accomplices '' , an illustration for Book 2 , Chapter 19 by `` Phiz '' So wicked do destruction and secrecy appear to honest minds , that Mr. Lorry and Miss Pross , while engaged in the commission of their deed and in the removal of its traces , almost felt , and almost looked , like accomplices in a horrible crime . Sydney Carton 's martyrdom atones for all his past wrongdoings . He even finds God during the last few days of his life , repeating Christ 's soothing words , `` I am the resurrection and the life '' . Resurrection is the dominant theme of the last part of the novel . Darnay is rescued at the last moment and recalled to life ; Carton chooses death and resurrection to a life better than that which he has ever known : `` it was the peacefullest man 's face ever beheld there ... he looked sublime and prophetic '' . In the broadest sense , at the end of the novel , Dickens foresees a resurrected social order in France , rising from the ashes of the old one . Water ( edit ) Hans Biedermann writes that water `` is the fundamental symbol of all the energy of the unconscious -- an energy that can be dangerous when it overflows its proper limits ( a frequent dream sequence ) . '' This symbolism suits Dickens 's novel ; in A Tale of Two Cities , the frequent images of water stand for the building anger of the peasant mob , an anger that Dickens sympathizes with to a point , but ultimately finds irrational and even animalistic . Early in the book , Dickens suggests this when he writes , `` ( T ) he sea did what it liked , and what it liked was destruction . '' The sea here represents the coming mob of revolutionaries . After Gaspard murders the Marquis , he is `` hanged there forty feet high -- and is left hanging , poisoning the water . '' The poisoning of the well represents the bitter impact of Gaspard 's execution on the collective feeling of the peasants . After Gaspard 's death , the storming of the Bastille is led ( from the St. Antoine neighbourhood , at least ) by the Defarges ; `` As a whirlpool of boiling waters has a centre point , so , all this raging circled around Defarge 's wine shop , and every human drop in the cauldron had a tendency to be sucked towards the vortex ... '' The crowd is envisioned as a sea . `` With a roar that sounded as if all the breath in France had been shaped into a detested word ( the word Bastille ) , the living sea rose , wave upon wave , depth upon depth , and overflowed the city ... '' Darnay 's jailer is described as `` unwholesomely bloated in both face and person , as to look like a man who had been drowned and filled with water . '' Later , during the Reign of Terror , the revolution had grown `` so much more wicked and distracted ... that the rivers of the South were encumbered with bodies of the violently drowned by night ... '' Later a crowd is `` swelling and overflowing out into the adjacent streets ... the Carmagnole absorbed them every one and whirled them away . '' During the fight with Miss Pross , Madame Defarge clings to her with `` more than the hold of a drowning woman '' . Commentators on the novel have noted the irony that Madame Defarge is killed by her own gun , and perhaps Dickens means by the above quote to suggest that such vicious vengefulness as Madame Defarge 's will eventually destroy even its perpetrators . So many read the novel in a Freudian light , as exalting the ( British ) superego over the ( French ) id . Yet in Carton 's last walk , he watches an eddy that `` turned and turned purposeless , until the stream absorbed it , and carried it onto the sea '' -- his fulfilment , while masochistic and superego - driven , is nonetheless an ecstatic union with the subconscious . Darkness and light ( edit ) As is frequent in European literature , good and evil are symbolized by light and darkness . Lucie Manette is the light , as represented literally by her name ; and Madame Defarge is darkness . Darkness represents uncertainty , fear , and peril . It is dark when Mr. Lorry rides to Dover ; it is dark in the prisons ; dark shadows follow Madame Defarge ; dark , gloomy doldrums disturb Dr. Manette ; his capture and captivity are shrouded in darkness ; the Marquis 's estate is burned in the dark of night ; Jerry Cruncher raids graves in the darkness ; Charles 's second arrest also occurs at night . Both Lucie and Mr. Lorry feel the dark threat that is Madame Defarge . `` That dreadful woman seems to throw a shadow on me , '' remarks Lucie . Although Mr. Lorry tries to comfort her , `` the shadow of the manner of these Defarges was dark upon himself '' . Madame Defarge is `` like a shadow over the white road '' , the snow symbolising purity and Madame Defarge 's darkness corruption . Dickens also compares the dark colour of blood to the pure white snow : the blood takes on the shade of the crimes of its shedders . Social justice ( edit ) Charles Dickens was a champion of the poor in his life and in his writings . His childhood included some of the pains of poverty in England , as he had to work in a factory as a child to help his family . His father , John Dickens , continually lived beyond his means and eventually went to debtors ' prison . Charles was forced to leave school and began working ten - hour days at Warren 's Blacking Warehouse , earning six shillings a week . Dickens considered the workings of a mob , in this novel and in Barnaby Rudge , creating believable characters who act differently when the mob mentality takes over . The reasons for revolution by the lower classes are clear , and given in the novel . Some of his characters , notably Madame Defarge , have no limit to their vengeance for crimes against them . The Reign of Terror was a horrific time in France , and she gives some notion for how things went too far from the perspective of the citizens , as opposed to the actions of the de facto government in that year . Dickens does not spare his descriptions of mob actions , including the night Dr Manette and his family arrive at Tellson 's bank in Paris to meet Mr Lorry , saying that the people in the vicious crowd display `` eyes which any unbrutalized beholder would have given twenty years of life , to petrify with a well - directed gun '' . The reader is shown that the poor are brutalised in France and England alike . As crime proliferates , the executioner in England is `` stringing up long rows of miscellaneous criminals ; now hanging housebreaker ... now burning people in the hand '' or hanging a broke man for stealing sixpence . In France , a boy is sentenced to have his hands removed and be burned alive , only because he did not kneel down in the rain before a parade of monks passing some fifty yards away . At the lavish residence of Monseigneur , we find `` brazen ecclesiastics of the worst world worldly , with sensual eyes , loose tongues , and looser lives ... Military officers destitute of military knowledge ... ( and ) Doctors who made great fortunes ... for imaginary disorders '' . ( This incident is fictional , but is based on a true story related by Voltaire in a famous pamphlet , An Account of the Death of the Chevalier de la Barre . ) So riled is Dickens at the brutality of English law that he depicts some of its punishments with sarcasm : `` the whipping - post , another dear old institution , very humanising and softening to behold in action '' . He faults the law for not seeking reform : `` Whatever is , is right '' is the dictum of the Old Bailey . The gruesome portrayal of quartering highlights its atrocity . Dickens wants his readers to be careful that the same revolution that so damaged France will not happen in Britain , which ( at least at the beginning of the book ) is shown to be nearly as unjust as France ; Ruth Glancy has argued that Dickens portrays France and England as nearly equivalent at the beginning of the novel , but that as the novel progresses , England comes to look better and better , climaxing in Miss Pross 's pro-Britain speech at the end of the novel . But his warning is addressed not to the British lower classes , but to the aristocracy . He repeatedly uses the metaphor of sowing and reaping ; if the aristocracy continues to plant the seeds of a revolution through behaving unjustly , they can be certain of harvesting that revolution in time . The lower classes do not have any agency in this metaphor : they simply react to the behaviour of the aristocracy . In this sense it can be said that while Dickens sympathizes with the poor , he identifies with the rich : they are the book 's audience , its `` us '' and not its `` them '' . `` Crush humanity out of shape once more , under similar hammers , and it will twist itself into the same tortured forms . Sow the same seed of rapacious licence and oppression over again , and it will surely yield the same fruit according to its kind '' . With the people starving and begging the Marquis for food , his uncharitable response is to let the people eat grass ; the people are left with nothing but onions to eat and are forced to starve while the nobles are living lavishly upon the people 's backs . Every time the nobles refer to the life of the peasants it is only to destroy or humiliate the poor . Autobiographical material ( edit ) Some have argued that in A Tale of Two Cities Dickens reflects on his recently begun affair with eighteen - year - old actress Ellen Ternan , which was possibly platonic but certainly romantic . Lucie Manette has been noted as resembling Ternan physically . After starring in a play by Wilkie Collins titled The Frozen Deep , Dickens was first inspired to write Tale . In the play , Dickens played the part of a man who sacrifices his own life so that his rival may have the woman they both love ; the love triangle in the play became the basis for the relationships between Charles Darnay , Lucie Manette , and Sydney Carton in Tale . Sydney Carton and Charles Darnay may also bear importantly on Dickens 's personal life . The plot hinges on the near - perfect resemblance between Sydney Carton and Charles Darnay ; the two look so alike that Carton twice saves Darnay through the inability of others to tell them apart . Carton is Darnay made bad . Carton suggests as much : ' Do you particularly like the man ( Darnay ) ? ' he muttered , at his own image ( which he is regarding in a mirror ) ; ' why should you particularly like a man who resembles you ? There is nothing in you to like ; you know that . Ah , confound you ! What a change you have made in yourself ! A good reason for talking to a man , that he shows you what you have fallen away from and what you might have been ! Change places with him , and would you have been looked at by those blue eyes ( belonging to Lucie Manette ) as he was , and commiserated by that agitated face as he was ? Come on , and have it out in plain words ! You hate the fellow . ' Many have felt that Carton and Darnay are doppelgängers , which Eric Rabkin defines as a pair `` of characters that together , represent one psychological persona in the narrative '' . If so , they would prefigure such works as Robert Louis Stevenson 's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde . Darnay is worthy and respectable but dull ( at least to most modern readers ) , Carton disreputable but magnetic . One can only suspect whose psychological persona it is that Carton and Darnay together embody ( if they do ) , but it is often thought to be the psyche of Dickens himself . Dickens might have been quite aware that between them , Carton and Darnay shared his own initials , a frequent property of his characters . However , he denied it when asked . Setting ( edit ) Research published in The Dickensian in 1963 suggests that the house at 1 Greek Street , now The House of St Barnabas , forms the basis for Dr Manette and Lucie 's London house . In a building at the back , attainable by a courtyard where a plane tree rustled its green leaves , church organs claimed to be made , and likewise gold to be beaten by some mysterious giant who had a golden arm starting out of the wall ... as if he had beaten himself precious . The `` golden arm '' ( an arm - and - hammer symbol , an ancient sign of the gold - beater 's craft ) now resides at the Charles Dickens Museum but you could have seen a modern replica sticking out of the wall near the Pillars of Hercules pub at the western end of Manette Street ( formerly Rose Street ) , until this building was demolished in 2017 . Adaptations ( edit ) Classic Comics issue # 6 Films ( edit ) A Tale of Two Cities , a 1911 silent film . A Tale of Two Cities , a 1917 silent film . A Tale of Two Ci. ties , a 1922 silent film . The Only Way , a 1927 silent British film directed by Herbert Wilcox . A Tale of Two Cities , a 1935 black - and - white MGM film starring Ronald Colman , Elizabeth Allan , Reginald Owen , Basil Rathbone , and Edna May Oliver . It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture . A Tale of Two Cities , a 1958 version , starring Dirk Bogarde , Dorothy Tutin , Christopher Lee , Leo McKern , and Donald Pleasence . Radio ( edit ) On 25 July 1938 , The Mercury Theatre on the Air produced a radio adaptation starring Orson Welles . Welles also starred in a version broadcast on Lux Radio Theater on 26 March 1945 . In 1945 , a portion of the novel was adapted to the syndicated programme The Weird Circle as `` Dr. Manette 's Manuscript . '' In 1950 , The BBC broadcast a radio adaptation by Terence Rattigan and John Gielgud of their unproduced 1935 stage play . A half - hour version titled `` Sydney Carton '' was broadcast on 27 March 1954 , on Theatre Royal hosted by and starring Laurence Olivier . In June 1989 , BBC Radio 4 produced a seven - hour drama adapted for radio by Nick McCarty and directed by Ian Cotterell . This adaptation has been occasionally repeated by BBC Radio 7 ( most recently in 2009 ) . In December 2011 , as part of its special season on Charles Dickens ' Bicentenerary , BBC Radio 4 produced a new five - part adaptation for radio by Mike Walker with original music by Lennert Busch and directed by Jessica Dromgoole and Jeremy Mortimer which won the 2012 Bronze Sony Radio Academy Award for Best Drama . Television ( edit ) ABC produced a two - part mini-series in 1953 . The BBC produced an eight - part mini-series in 1957 starring Peter Wyngarde as Sydney Carton , Edward de Souza as Charles Darnay , and Wendy Hutchinson as Lucie Manette . The BBC produced a ten - part mini-series in 1965 . The BBC produced another eight - part mini-series in 1980 starring Paul Shelley as Carton / Darnay , Sally Osborne as Lucie Manette , and Nigel Stock as Jarvis Lorry . A Tale of Two Cities , a 1980 version for TV , starring Chris Sarandon , Peter Cushing , Alice Krige , and Billie Whitelaw . ITV Granada produced a two - part mini-series in 1989 starting James Wilby as Sydney Carton , Xavier Deluc as Charles Darnay , and Serena Gordon as Lucie Manette . The production also aired on Masterpiece Theatre on the PBS in the United States . Plans for a new TV adaptation were announced at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival . Stage productions ( edit ) Royal & Derngate Theatre produced an adaptation of Tale of Two Cities by Mike Poulton with original music by Rachel Portman , directed by James Dacre . The Regent 's Park Open Air Theatre is to stage a new adaptation of Tale of Two Cities by Matthew Dunster as part of their 2017 season , which will be directed by Artistic Director Timothy Sheader . Stage musicals ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A 1968 stage version , Two Cities , the Spectacular New Musical , with music by Jeff Wayne , lyrics by Jerry Wayne and starring Edward Woodward . In 1997 , Paul Nicholas commissioned an adaptation with music by David Pomeranz and book by Steven David Horwich and David Soames . Co-produced by Bill Kenwright , the show ran at the New Alexandra Theatre in Birmingham during their 1998 Christmas season with Paul Nicholas as Sydney Carton . In 2008 , Jill Santoriello wrote a new musical theatre adaptation . Opera ( edit ) Arthur Benjamin 's operatic version of the novel , subtitled Romantic Melodrama in six scenes , was premiered by the BBC on 17 April 1953 , conducted by the composer ; it received its stage premiere at Sadler 's Wells on 22 July 1957 , under the baton of Leon Lovett . Books ( edit ) Dav Pilkey wrote a comic called ' Dog Man , A Tale Of Two Kittys ' which was loosely based off the novel . Popular culture ( edit ) In United States politics , at the 1984 Democratic National Convention , the keynote speaker Gov. Mario Cuomo of New York delivered a scathing criticism of then - President Ronald Reagan 's comparison of the United States to a `` shining city on a hill '' , saying : `` Mr. President , you ought to know that this nation is more a ' Tale of Two Cities ' than it is just a ' Shining City on a Hill ' . '' A Tale of Two Cities served as inspiration to the 2012 Batman film The Dark Knight Rises by Christopher Nolan . The character of Bane is in part inspired by Dickens ' Madame Defarge : he organises kangaroo court trials against the ruling elite of the city of Gotham and is seen knitting in one of the trial scenes like Madame Defarge . There are other hints to Dickens ' novel , such as Talia al Ghul being obsessed with revenge and having a close relationship to the hero , Bane 's catchphrase `` the fire rises '' as an ode to one of the book 's chapters , among others . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Facsimile of the original 1st publication of `` A Tale of Two Cities '' in All the year round `` . S4ulanguages.com . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Charles Dickens , A Tale of Two Cities , Book the First , Chapter I . Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 191 ( Book 2 , Chapter 16 ) . Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 128 ( Book 2 , Chapter 9 ) . This statement ( about the roof ) is truer than the Marquis knows , and another example of foreshadowing : the Evrémonde château is burned down by revolting peasants in Book 2 , Chapter 23 . Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 134 ( Book 2 , Chapter 9 ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 159 ( Book 2 , Chapter 14 ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 330 ( Book 3 , Chapter 9 ) Jump up ^ Emigration is about to be made illegal but is not yet . See Dickens 2003 , p. 258 ( Book 3 , Chapter 1 ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 344 ( Book 3 , Chapter 10 ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , ( Book 3 , Chapter 12 ) ^ Jump up to : Dickens 2003 , p. 390 ( Book 3 , Chapter 15 ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 83 ( Book 2 , Chapter 4 ) Jump up ^ After Dr. Manette 's letter is read , Darnay says that `` It was the always - vain endeavour to discharge my poor mother 's trust , that first brought my fatal presence near you . '' ( Dickens 2003 , p. 347 ( Book 3 , Chapter 11 ) . ) Darnay seems to be referring to the time when his mother brought him , still a child , to her meeting with Dr. Manette in Book 3 , Chapter 10 . But some readers also feel that Darnay is explaining why he changed his name and travelled to England in the first place : to discharge his family 's debt to Dr. Manette without fully revealing his identity . ( See note to the Penguin Classics edition : Dickens 2003 , p. 486 . ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 470 Jump up ^ The Marquis is sometimes referred to as `` Monseigneur the Marquis St. Evrémonde '' . He is not so called in this article because the title `` Monseigneur '' applies to whoever among a group is of the highest status ; thus , this title sometimes applies to the Marquis and other times does not . Jump up ^ Stryver , like Carton , is a barrister and not a solicitor ; Dickens 2003 , p. xi Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 147 Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 120 ( Book 2 , Chapter 8 ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 462 Jump up ^ Dickens by Peter Ackroyd ; Harper Collins , 1990 , p. 777 Jump up ^ Dickens by Peter Ackroyd ; Harper Collins , 1990 , p. 859 ^ Jump up to : Dickens , Charles ( 1970 ) ( 1859 ) . George Woodcock , ed . A tale of Two Cities . Illust . by Hablot L. Browne . Penguin Books . pp. 408 , 410 ; Notes 30 and 41 . ISBN 0140430547 . Jump up ^ Dickens by Peter Ackroyd ; Harper Collins , 1990 , p. 858 - 862 Jump up ^ `` Signed Dickens book up for £ 275,000 '' . 19 August 2014 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Russon , Mary - Ann ( 27 February 2014 ) . `` 50 Shades of Grey Joins Top 10 Bestselling Books : How Many Have You Read ? '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Bible vs. Mao : A `` Best Guess '' of the Top 25 Bestselling Books of All Time - Publishing Perspectives `` . 7 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Thonemann , Peter ( 25 May 2016 ) . `` The all - conquering Wikipedia ? '' . the-tls.co.uk . Retrieved 29 May 2016 . This figure of 200 million is -- to state the obvious -- pure fiction . Its ultimate source is unknown : perhaps a hyperbolic 2005 press release for a Broadway musical adaptation of Dickens 's novel . But the presence of this canard on Wikipedia had , and continues to have , a startling influence . Since 2008 , the claim has been recycled repeatedly ... Jump up ^ As of 2016 , World Cat listed 1,529 editions of the work , including 1,305 print editions. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` In their purest form ( flat characters ) ... are constructed round a single idea or quality ... Part of the genius of Dickens is that he does use types and caricatures , people whom we recognize the instant they re-enter , and yet achieves effects that are not mechanical and a vision of humanity that is not shallow . Those who dislike Dickens have an excellent case . He ought to be bad . '' Forster 1927 , p. 67 , 71 -- 72 Jump up ^ `` www.dickensfellowship.org , ' Dickens as a Fiction Writer ' '' . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Glancy , Ruth , ed. ( 2013 ) . Charles Dickens 's A Tale of Two Cities : A Routledge Study Guide and Sourcebook . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1317797128 . ^ Jump up to : Dickens , Charles ( 2003 ) . A Tale of Two Cities ( Revised ed . ) . London : Penguin Books Ltd . pp. 31 , 55 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 141 - 43960 - 0 . Jump up ^ Borges , Jorge Luis ( 31 July 2013 ) . `` Professor Borges : A Course on English Literature '' . New Directions Publishing -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. xxxix Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , pp. 107 -- 108 ( Book 2 , Chapter 6 ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 103 ( Book 2 , Chapter 9 ) Jump up ^ The Marquis emphasizes his because Dickens is alluding to the ( probably mythical ) Droit du seigneur , under which any girl from the Marquis 's land would belong to the Marquis rather than to her parents . Dickens 2003 , p. 127 ( Book 2 , Chapter 9 ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 212 ( Book 2 , Chapter 19 ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 214 ( Book 2 , Chapter 19 ) Jump up ^ John 11.25 - 6 Jump up ^ Biedermann 1994 , p. 375 Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 21 ( Book 1 , Chapter 4 ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 178 ( Book 2 , Chapter 15 ) ^ Jump up to : Dickens 2003 , p. 223 ( Book 2 , Chapter 21 ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 110 ( Book 2 , Chapter 7 ) Jump up ^ The Chevalier de la Barre was indeed executed for acts of impiety , including failure to pay homage to a procession of monks . These acts were attributed to him , it seems , by his mother 's slighted lover . A synopsis of the story is given by Stanford University 's Victorian Reading Project . See also Andrew Sanders , Companion to A Tale of Two Cities ( London : Unwin Hyman , 1988 ) , p. 31 ; see also Voltaire , An Account of the Death of the Chevalier de la Barre ( 1766 ) ; translated by Simon Harvey , Treatise on Tolerance ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2000 ) . Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 63 ( Book 2 , Chapter 2 ) . Dickens is quoting Alexander Pope 's Essay on Man of 1733 . Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 385 ( Book 3 , Chapter 15 ) Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. xxi Jump up ^ `` Context of A Tale of Two Cities '' . Retrieved 3 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Dickens 2003 , p. 89 ( Book 2 , Chapter 4 ) p. 89 Jump up ^ Rabkin 2007 , course booklet p. 48 Jump up ^ Schlicke 2008 , p. 53 Jump up ^ Chesters & Hampshire , Graeme & David ( 2013 ) . LONDON 'S SECRET PLACES . Bath , England : Survival Books . pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ A Tale of Two Cities , Charles Dickens Jump up ^ Richard Jones . Walking Dickensian London . New Holland Publishers , 2004 . ISBN 9781843304838 . p. 88 . Jump up ^ `` Dickens on Radio 4 '' . Jump up ^ Dromgoole , Jessica . `` A Tale of Two Cities on BBC Radio 4 . And a podcast too ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Sony Radio Academy Award Winners '' . The Guardian . 15 May 2012 . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ chasmilt777 ( 10 August 2006 ) . `` '' The Plymouth Playhouse '' A Tale of Two Cities : Part 1 ( TV Episode 1953 ) `` . IMDb . Jump up ^ `` Benjamin , Arthur '' . Boosey & Hawkes . Retrieved 12 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Eidenmuller , Michael E. `` American Rhetoric : Mario Cuomo - Keynote Address at the 1984 Democratic National Convention '' . www.americanrhetoric.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Shesol , Jeff ( 2015 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Mario Cuomo 's Finest Moment '' . The New Yorker . ISSN 0028 - 792X . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Nolan on The Dark Knight Rises ' Literary Inspiration - ComingSoon.net '' . ComingSoon.net. 2012 - 07 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 29 . Works cited ( edit ) A Tale of Two Cities Shmoop : Study Guides & Teacher Resources . Web . 12 Mar 2014 . Biedermann , Hans . Dictionary of Symbolism . New York : Meridian ( 1994 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 452 - 01118 - 2 Dickens , Charles . A Tale of Two Cities . Edited and with an introduction and notes by Richard Maxwell . London : Penguin Classics ( 2003 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 143960 - 0 Drabble , Margaret , ed . The Oxford Companion to English Literature . 5th ed . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press ( 1985 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 866130 - 4 Forster , E.M. Aspects of the Novel ( 1927 ) . 2005 reprint : London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 144169 - 6 Orwell , George . `` Charles Dickens '' . In A Collection of Essays . New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich ( 1946 ) ISBN 0 - 15 - 618600 - 4 Rabkin , Eric . Masterpieces of the Imaginative Mind : Literature 's Most Fantastic Works . Chantilly , VA : The Teaching Company ( 2007 ) Schlicke , Paul . Coffee With Dickens . London : Duncan Baird Publishers ( 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 84483 - 608 - 6 A Tale of Two Cities : Character List SparkNotes : Today 's Most Popular Study Guides . Web . 11 Apr 2011 . Ackroyd , Peter . Dickens . مخىيخى : HarperCollins ( 1990 ) . ISBN 0 - 06 - 016602 - 9 . Further Reading ( edit ) Alleyn , Susanne . The Annotated A Tale of Two Cities . Albany , NY : Spyderwort Press ( 2014 ) ISBN 978 - 1535397438 Glancy , Ruth . Charles Dickens 's A Tale of Two Cities : A Sourcebook . London : Routledge ( 2006 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 28760 - 9 Sanders , Andrew . The Companion to A Tale of Two Cities . London : Unwin Hyman ( 1989 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 04 - 800050 - 7 Out of print . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : A Tale of Two Cities Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Tale of Two Cities Wikimedia Commons has media related to A Tale of Two Cities . A Tale of Two Cities at Internet Archive . A Tale of Two Cities at Project Gutenberg A Tale of Two Cities -- The original manuscript of the novel , held by the Victoria and Albert Museum ( requires Adobe Flash ) . ' Dickens : A Tale of Two Cities ' , lecture by Dr. Tony Williams on the writing of the book , at Gresham College on 3 July 2007 ( with video and audio files available for download , as well as the transcript ) . A Tale of Two Cities public domain audiobook at LibriVox Analysis of A Tale of Two Cities on Lit React Charles Dickens Bibliography Novels The Pickwick Papers Oliver Twist Nicholas Nickleby The Old Curiosity Shop Barnaby Rudge Martin Chuzzlewit Dombey and Son David Copperfield Bleak House Hard Times Little Dorrit A Tale of Two Cities Great Expectations Our Mutual Friend The Mystery of Edwin Drood Christmas books A Christmas Carol The Chimes The Cricket on the Hearth The Battle of Life The Haunted Man and the Ghost 's Bargain Short stories `` The Long Voyage '' `` The Signal - Man '' Short story collections Sketches by Boz The Mudfog Papers Master Humphrey 's Clock Non-fiction American Notes Pictures from Italy The Life of Our Lord A Child 's History of England The Uncommercial Traveller Letters Plays The Frozen Deep No Thoroughfare : A Drama : In Five Acts Journalism Bentley 's Miscellany Master Humphrey 's Clock The Daily News Household Words All the Year Round Collaborations `` A House to Let '' `` The Haunted House '' `` A Message from the Sea '' `` Mugby Junction '' No Thoroughfare See also Catherine Dickens ( wife ) Epitaph of Charles Irving Thornton Bleak House Dickens and Little Nell ( statue ) Dickens of London ( 1976 miniseries ) Dickens in America ( 2005 documentary ) The Invisible Woman ( 2013 film ) Dickensian ( 2015 TV series ) The Man Who Invented Christmas ( 2017 film ) Book Charles Dickens ' A Tale of Two Cities Characters Sydney Carton Lucie Manette Charles Darnay Alexandre Manette Monsieur Ernest Defarge Madame Thérèse Defarge Jarvis Lorry Miss Pross Marquis St. Evrémonde John Barsad Jerry Cruncher Stryver The Seamstress Film A Tale of Two Cities ( 1911 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1917 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1922 ) The Only Way ( 1927 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1935 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1958 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 1980 ) Musicals Two Cities ( 2006 ) A Tale of Two Cities ( 2007 ) BNF : cb121143327 ( data ) GND : 4293539 - 8 LCCN : n79136233 SUDOC : 111524431 VIAF : 183065840 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Tale_of_Two_Cities&oldid=842855879 '' Categories : A Tale of Two Cities 1859 British novels Novels set in London Novels set in Paris Works originally published in All the Year Round Novels first published in serial form Novels set in the French Revolution 1775 in fiction 1789 in fiction Victorian novels Chapman & Hall books Novels adapted into comics British novels adapted into films British novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into operas Novels adapted into radio programs Novels adapted into television programs Novels by Charles Dickens Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Use dmy dates from May 2014 EngvarB from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from August 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikisource Ænglisc Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kernowek Kurdî Кыргызча Latina മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 03 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who said it is the best of times it is the worst of times | [] | [] |
7758215678189611292 | Columbian Exchange | Columbian Exchange - wikipedia Columbian Exchange Jump to : navigation , search Biological exchange across Atlantic Ocean New World native plants . Clockwise , from top left : 1 . Maize ( Zea mays ) 2 . Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) 3 . Potato ( Solanum tuberosum ) 4 . Vanilla ( Vanilla ) 5 . Pará rubber tree ( Hevea brasiliensis ) 6 . Cacao ( Theobroma cacao ) 7 . Tobacco ( Nicotiana rustica ) Old World native plants . Clockwise , from top left : 1 . Citrus ( Rutaceae ) ; 2 . Apple ( Malus domestica ) ; 3 . Banana ( Musa ) ; 4 . Mango ( Mangifera ) ; 5 . Onion ( Allium ) ; 6 . Coffee ( Coffea ) ; 7 . Wheat ( Triticum spp . ) ; 8 . Rice ( Oryza sativa ) The Columbian Exchange was the widespread transfer of plants , animals , culture , human populations , technology , and ideas between the Americas and the Old World in the 15th and 16th centuries , related to European colonization and trade following Christopher Columbus 's 1492 voyage . Invasive species , including communicable diseases , were a byproduct of the Exchange . The changes in agriculture significantly altered and changed global populations . However , the most significant immediate impact of the Columbian Exchange was the cultural exchanges and the transfer of people between continents . The new contact between the global population circulated a wide variety of crops and livestock , which supported increases in population in both hemispheres , although diseases initially caused precipitous declines in the numbers of indigenous peoples of the Americas . Traders returned to Europe with maize , potatoes , and tomatoes , which became very important crops in Europe by the 18th century . The term was first used in 1972 by American historian Alfred W. Crosby in his environmental history book The Columbian Exchange . It was rapidly adopted by other historians and journalists and has become widely known . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the term 2 Influence 2.1 Crops 2.1. 1 Tomatoes 2.2 Livestock 2.3 Disease 2.4 Cultural exchanges 3 Organism examples 4 Later history 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Origin of the term ( edit ) In 1972 Alfred W. Crosby , an American historian at the University of Texas at Austin , published The Columbian Exchange . This book covers the environmental impact of Columbus ' landing in the new world . The term has become popular among historians and journalists , such as Charles C. Mann , whose book 1493 expands and updates Crosby 's original research . Influence ( edit ) Inca - era terraces on Taquile are used to grow traditional Andean staples such as quinoa and potatoes , alongside wheat , a European introduction . Crops ( edit ) Portuguese trading animals in Japan ; detail of Nanban panel ( 1570 -- 1616 ) Four plants native to the Americas have spread around the world : Potato , maize , tomato , and tobacco . Before 1500 , potatoes were not grown outside of South America . By the 1840s , Ireland was so dependent on the potato that the proximate cause of the Great Famine was a potato disease . Potatoes eventually became an important staple of the diet in much of Europe , contributing to about 25 % of the population growth in Afro - Eurasia between 1700 and 1900 . Many European rulers , including Frederick the Great of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia , encouraged the cultivation of the potato . Maize and cassava , introduced to the Portuguese from South America in the 16th century , have replaced sorghum and millet as Africa 's most important food crops . 16th - century Spanish colonizers introduced new staple crops to Asia from the Americas , including maize and sweet potatoes , and thereby contributed to population growth in Asia . On a larger scale , the coming of potatoes and maize to the old world `` resulted in caloric and nutritional improvements over previously existing staples '' throughout the Eurasian landmass as they created more varied and abundant food production . Tomatoes , which came to Europe from the New World via Spain , were initially prized in Italy mainly for their ornamental value ( see below ) . From the 19th century tomato sauces became typical of Neapolitan cuisine and , ultimately , Italian cuisine in general . Coffee ( introduced in the Americas circa 1720 ) from Africa and the Middle East and sugarcane ( introduced from South Asia ) from the Spanish West Indies became the main export commodity crops of extensive Latin American plantations . Introduced to India by the Portuguese , chili and potatoes from South America have become an integral part of Indian cuisine . Before the Columbian Exchange , there were no oranges in Florida , no bananas in Ecuador , no paprika in Hungary , no potatoes in Ireland , no coffee in Colombia , no pineapples in Hawaii , no rubber trees in Africa , no chili peppers in Thailand , no tomatoes in Italy , and no chocolate in Switzerland . Tomatoes ( edit ) It took three centuries after their introduction in Europe for tomatoes to become widely accepted . Of all the New World plants introduced to Italy , only the potato took as long as the tomato to gain acceptance . In large part this was due to 16th - century physicians believing that this native Mexican fruit was poisonous and the generator of `` melancholic humours . '' In 1544 , Pietro Andrea Mattioli , a Tuscan physician and botanist , suggested that tomatoes might be edible , but no record exists of anyone consuming them at this time . On October 31 , 1548 the tomato was given its first name anywhere in Europe when a house steward of Cosimo I de ' Medici , Duke of Florence , wrote to the De ' Medici 's private secretary that the basket of pomi d'oro `` had arrived safely . '' At this time , the label pomi d'oro was also used to refer to figs , melons , and citrus fruits in treatises by scientists . In the early years , tomatoes were mainly grown as ornamentals in Italy . For example , the Florentine aristocrat Giovan Vettorio Soderini wrote how they `` were to be sought only for their beauty '' and were grown only in gardens or flower beds . Tomatoes were grown in elite town and country gardens in the fifty years or so following their arrival in Europe and were only occasionally depicted in works of art . However , in 1592 the head gardener at the botanical garden of Aranjuez near Madrid , under the patronage of Philip II of Spain wrote , `` it is said ( tomatoes ) are good for sauces . '' Besides this account , tomatoes remained exotic plants grown for ornamental purposes , but rarely for culinary use . The combination of pasta with tomato sauce was developed only in the late nineteenth century . Today around 32,000 acres ( 12,950 ha ) of tomatoes are cultivated in Italy , although there are still areas where relatively few tomatoes are grown and consumed . Livestock ( edit ) Further information : Plains Indians § The horse Initially , at least , the Columbian exchange of animals largely went through one route , from Europe to the New World , as the Eurasian regions had domesticated many more animals . Horses , donkeys , mules , pigs , cattle , sheep , goats , chickens , large dogs , cats and bees were rapidly adopted by native peoples for transport , food , and other uses . One of the first European exports to the Americas , the horse , changed the lives of many Native American tribes in the mountains . They shifted to a nomadic lifestyle , as opposed to agriculture , based on hunting bison on horseback and moved down to the Great Plains . The existing Plains tribes expanded their territories with horses , and the animals were considered so valuable that horse herds became a measure of wealth . Still , the effects of the introduction of European livestock on the environments and peoples of the New World were not always positive . In the Caribbean , the proliferation of European animals had large effects on native fauna and undergrowth and damaged conucos , plots managed by indigenous peoples for subsistence . Disease ( edit ) Further information : Influx of disease in the Caribbean , Virgin soil epidemic , and Cocoliztli epidemics European exploration of tropical areas was aided by the New World discovery of quinine , the first effective treatment for malaria . Europeans suffered from this disease , but some indigenous populations had developed at least partial resistance to it . In Africa , resistance to malaria has been associated with other genetic changes among sub-Saharan Africans and their descendants , which can cause sickle - cell disease . Before regular communication had been established between the two hemispheres , the varieties of domesticated animals and infectious diseases that jumped to humans , such as smallpox , were substantially more numerous in the Old World than in the New due to more extensive long - distance trade networks . Many had migrated west across Eurasia with animals or people , or were brought by traders from Asia , so diseases of two continents were suffered by all occupants . While Europeans and Asians were affected by the Eurasian diseases , their endemic status in those continents over centuries resulted in many people gaining acquired immunity . By contrast , `` Old World '' diseases had a devastating effect when introduced to Native American populations via European carriers , as the people in the Americas had no natural immunity to the new diseases . Measles caused many deaths . The smallpox epidemics are believed to have caused the largest death tolls among Native Americans , surpassing any wars and far exceeding the comparative loss of life in Europe due to the Black Death . It is estimated that upwards of 80 -- 95 percent of the Native American population died in these epidemics within the first 100 -- 150 years following 1492 . Many regions in the Americas lost 100 % . The beginning of demographic collapse on the North American continent has typically been attributed to the spread of a well - documented smallpox epidemic from Hispaniola in December 1518 . At that point in time , approximately only 10,000 indigenous people were still alive in Hispaniola . Similarly , yellow fever is thought to have been brought to the Americas from Africa via the Atlantic slave trade . Because it was endemic in Africa , many people there had acquired immunity . Europeans suffered higher rates of death than did African - descended persons when exposed to yellow fever in Africa and the Americas , where numerous epidemics swept the colonies beginning in the 17th century and continuing into the late 19th century . The disease caused widespread fatalities in the Caribbean during the heyday of slave - based sugar plantation . The replacement of native forests by sugar plantations and factories facilitated its spread in the tropical area by reducing the number of potential natural predators . Yet , the means of the transmission was unknown until 1881 , when Carlos Finlay suggested that the disease was transmitted through mosquitoes , now known to be female mosquitoes of the species Aedes aegypti . The history of syphilis has been well - studied , but the exact origin of the disease is unknown and remains a subject of debate . There are two primary hypotheses : one proposes that syphilis was carried to Europe from the Americas by the crew of Christopher Columbus in the early 1490s , while the other proposes that syphilis previously existed in Europe but went unrecognized . These are referred to as the `` Columbian '' and `` pre-Columbian '' hypotheses . The first written descriptions of the disease in the Old World came in 1493 . The first large outbreak of syphilis in Europe occurred in 1494 / 1495 in Naples , Italy , among the army of Charles VIII , during their invasion of Naples . Cultural exchanges ( edit ) One of the influences related to the migration of people were cultural exchanges . For example , in the article `` The Myth of Early Globalization : The Atlantic Economy , 1500 -- 1800 '' Pieter Remmer makes the point that `` from 1500 onward , a ' clash of cultures ' had begun in the Atlantic '' . This clash of culture transferred European values to indigenous cultures . For example , the emergence of private property in regions where there were little to no rights to lands , the concepts of monogamy and the nuclear family , the role of women and children in the family system , and the `` superiority of free labor '' . An example of this type of cultural exchange occurred during the 1500s in North America . When these early European colonizers first entered North America , they encountered fence-less lands which indicated to them that this land was unimproved . For these Europeans , they were seeking economic opportunities , therefore , land and resources were important for the success of the mission . When these colonizers entered North America they encountered a fully established culture of people called the Powhatan . The Powhatan farmers in Virginia scattered their farm plots within larger cleared areas . These larger cleared areas were a communal place for naturally growing and useful plants . As the Europeans viewed fences as `` hallmarks of civilization '' they set about transforming `` the land into something more suitable for themselves '' . In implementing their practices , the Europeans enslaved , murdered , and exploited indigenous populations . Furthermore , in cases of enslaved peoples ( and in particular , enslaved Africans ) the Europeans simultaneously implemented their value system while at the same time justifying enslaving people through a philosophy which reduced the enslaved people to property . Thus , the slave traders and some of the plantation owners used the concept of family to exploit and control the enslaved people . In other subtle ways , which had a large impact the cultural exchanges involved sharing practices and traditions . An example of this can be found in the tobacco industry . Tobacco was one of the luxury goods which was spread as a direct result of the Columbian Exchange . As is discussed in regard to the trans - Atlantic slave trade , the tobacco trade increased demand for free labor and spread tobacco worldwide . In discussing the widespread uses of tobacco , the Spanish physician Nicolas Monardes ( 1493 -- 1588 ) noted that `` The black people that have gone from these parts to the Indies , have taken up the same manner and use of tobacco that the Indians have '' . As the European colonizers and enslaved Africans traveled the globe and came into contact with indigenous peoples , they took with them the cultural practices related to tobacco , and spread them to additional regions . Therefore , demand for tobacco grew in the course of the cultural exchanges and increased contacts among peoples . Organism examples ( edit ) See also : New World crops , Agriculture in Mesoamerica , and Muisca agriculture Post-Columbian transfers of native organisms with close ties to humans Type of organism Old World to New World New World to Old World Domesticated animals cat ( domestic -- wild species already present ) cattle chicken donkey goat ( the goats of the Old World , genus Capra , are different from the mountain goat of the New World , genus Oreamnos ) guineafowl honey bee ( European honey bee -- other wild and domesticated species already present ) horse rabbit ( domestic ) pig sheep ( domestic ) water buffalo alpaca guinea pig llama Muscovy duck turkey Cultivated plants almond apple apricot asparagus banana ( including cooking banana ) barley basil beetroot Brassica oleracea - derived vegetables broccoli Brussels sprout cabbage cauliflower collard greens kale cantaloupe carrot celery chickpea citrus ( orange , lemon , etc . ) coffee common fig coriander ( also known as cilantro ) cucumber cumin eggplant Elaeis ( oil palm ) fennel flax garlic ginger hemp ( including cannabis ) leek lentil lettuce mango millet Momordica charantia ( bitter melon ) oat okra olive onion opium oregano pea peach pear pistachio pomegranate radish rice rye sesame sorghum soybean spinach sugarcane and sugar beet turmeric turnip watermelon wheat yam ( sometimes misnamed `` sweet potato '' ) Acca sellowiana ( feijoa , pineapple guava , Brazilian guava , guavasteen ) Annona reticulata ( custard apple ) agave allspice amaranth ( as grain ) annatto arrowroot or Maranta arundinacea avocado bell pepper Calathea allouia ( leren ) Canna indica ( achira ) cashew cassava ( manioc , tapioca , yuca ) chili pepper cherimoya cocoa bean cotton ( long - staple species ) cranberry ( large cranberry , or bearberry species ) cucurbita ( squash ) Eryngium foetidum ( culantro , Mexican coriander ) guava ( common ) Helianthus ( sunflower ) Jerusalem artichoke Pachyrhizus erosus ( jícama ) maize ( corn ) Manilkara zapota ( sapodilla ) Opuntia ficus - indica ( prickly pear ) papaya passionfruit peanut pecan Phaseolus vulgaris ( beans : pinto , lima , kidney , etc . ) pineapple pitaya ( dragon fruit ) potato pumpkin quinoa soursop stevia strawberry ( commercial varieties ) sugar - apple sweet potato tobacco tomato vanilla yerba mate yucca zucchini ( courgette ) Infectious diseases bubonic plague chickenpox cholera diphtheria influenza leprosy malaria measles pertussis scarlet fever smallpox typhoid fever typhus yaws yellow fever Chagas disease Nonvenereal endemic syphilis pinta syphilis ( disputed ) Later History ( edit ) Further information : Introduced species , Invasive species , and Lists of invasive species Plants that arrived by land , sea , or air in the times before 1492 are called archaeophytes , and plants introduced to Europe after those times are called neophytes . Invasive species of plants and pathogens also were introduced by chance , including such weeds as tumbleweeds ( Salsola spp . ) and wild oats ( Avena fatua ) . Some plants introduced intentionally , such as the kudzu vine introduced in 1894 from Japan to the United States to help control soil erosion , have since been found to be invasive pests in the new environment . Fungi have also been transported , such as the one responsible for Dutch elm disease , killing American elms in North American forests and cities , where many had been planted as street trees . Some of the invasive species have become serious ecosystem and economic problems after establishing in the New World environments . A beneficial , although probably unintentional , introduction is Saccharomyces eubayanus , the yeast responsible for lager beer now thought to have originated in Patagonia . In addition to these , many animals were introduced to new habitats on the other side of the world either accidentally or incidentally . These include such animals as brown rats , earthworms ( apparently absent from parts of the pre-Columbian New World ) , and zebra mussels , which arrived on ships . Escaped and feral populations of non-indigenous animals have thrived in both the Old and New Worlds , often negatively impacting or displacing native species . In the New World , populations of feral European cats , pigs , horses and cattle are common , and Burmese pythons are considered problematic . In the Old World , Eastern gray squirrel have been particularly successful in colonising Great Britain and populations of raccoons can now be found in some regions of Germany , the Caucasus and Japan . Fur farm escapees such as coypu and American mink have extensive populations . Canada geese are also common . See also ( edit ) Agriculture and agronomy portal Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal New Spain portal Alfred W. Crosby Domestication Great American Interchange Glossary of invasion biology terms Guns , Germs , and Steel Indian Givers : How the Indians of the Americas Transformed the World List of food plants native to the Americas Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact theories Transformation of culture 1493 : Uncovering the New World Columbus Created 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nunn , Nathan ; Qian , Nancy ( 2010 ) . `` The Columbian Exchange : A History of Disease , Food , and Ideas '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 24 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 188 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 24.2. 163 . JSTOR 25703506 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/alfred-w-crosby-on-the-columbian-exchange-98116477/?no-ist Jump up ^ Crosby , Alfred W . The Columbian Exchange : Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 , Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press , 1972 Jump up ^ de Vorsey , Louis ( 2001 ) . `` The Tragedy of the Columbian Exchange '' . In McIlwraith , Thomas F ; Muller , Edward K. North America : The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 27 . Thanks to ... Crosby 's work , the term ' Columbian exchange ' is now widely used ... Jump up ^ Ley , Willy ( December 1965 ) . `` The Healthfull Aromatick Herbe '' . For Your Information . Galaxy Science Fiction . pp. 88 -- 98 . Jump up ^ `` The Impact of the Potato '' , History Magazine Jump up ^ Nathan , Nunn ; Nancy , Qian ( 2011 ) . `` The Potato 's Contribution to Population and Urbanization : Evidence from a Historical Experiment '' . Quarterly Journal of Economics . 2 : 593 -- 650 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Alfred ( 2003 ) . The Columbian Exchange : Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 . Westport , Connecticut : Praeger . p. 184 . Jump up ^ `` Super-Sized Cassava Plants May Help Fight Hunger In Africa '' Archived December 8 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Ohio State University Jump up ^ `` Maize Streak Virus - Resistant Transgenic Maize : an African solution to an African Problem '' , Scitizen , August 7 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` China 's Population : Readings and Maps '' , Columbia University , East Asian Curriculum Project Jump up ^ Nathan , Nunn ; Nancy , Qian ( 2010 ) . `` The Columbian Exchange : A History of Disease , Food and Ideas '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2 : 163 -- 88 , 167 . Jump up ^ Crosby , Alfred W. ( 2003 ) . The Columbian Exchange : Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 . Praeger . p. 177 . Jump up ^ Riley , Gillian , ed. ( 2007 ) . `` Tomato '' . The Oxford Companion to Italian Food . Oxford University Press . pp. 529 -- 530 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 860617 - 8 . Jump up ^ Collingham , Lizzie ( 2006 ) . `` Vindaloo : the Portuguese and the chilli pepper '' . Curry : A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 47 -- 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 988381 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : A History of the Tomato in Italy Pomodoro ! , David Gentilcore ( New York , NY : Columbia University Press , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Michael Francis , John , ed. ( 2006 ) . `` Columbian Exchange -- Livestock '' . Iberia and the Americas : Culture , Politics , and History : a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 303 -- 308 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 421 - 9 . Jump up ^ This transfer reintroduced horses to the Americas , as the species had died out there prior to the development of the modern horse in Eurasia . ^ Jump up to : Palmié , Stephan ( 2011 ) . The Caribbean : A History of the Region and Its Peoples . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 9780226645087 . Jump up ^ `` The Story Of ... Smallpox -- and other Deadly Eurasian Germs '' , Guns , Germs and Steel , PBS Archived 17 January 2010 at WebCite Jump up ^ Kent ME , Romanelli F ( February 2008 ) . `` Reexamining syphilis : an update on epidemiology , clinical manifestations , and management '' . Ann Pharmacother. 42 ( 2 ) : 226 -- 36 . doi : 10.1345 / aph. 1K086 . PMID 18212261 . ^ Jump up to : Farhi , D ; Dupin , N ( Sep -- Oct 2010 ) . `` Origins of syphilis and management in the immunocompetent patient : facts and controversies '' . Clinics in dermatology. 28 ( 5 ) : 533 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. clindermatol. 2010.03. 011 . PMID 20797514 . Jump up ^ Smith , Tara C. ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` Thanks Columbus ! The true story of how syphilis spread to Europe '' . Quartz . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . The first cases of the disease in the Old World were described in 1493 . Jump up ^ Franzen , C ( December 2008 ) . `` Syphilis in composers and musicians -- Mozart , Beethoven , Paganini , Schubert , Schumann , Smetana '' . European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases . 27 ( 12 ) : 1151 -- 7 . doi : 10.1007 / s10096 - 008 - 0571 - x . PMID 18592279 . Jump up ^ A New Skeleton and an Old Debate About Syphilis ; The Atlantic ; Cari Romm ; February 18 , 2016 Jump up ^ Choi , Charles Q. ( December 27 , 2011 ) . `` Case Closed ? Columbus Introduced Syphilis to Europe '' . Scientific American . Retrieved 1 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Emmer , Pieter . `` The Myth of Early Globalization : The Atlantic Economy , 1500 -- 1800 . '' European Review 11 , no . 1 . Feb. 2003 . p. 45 - 46 Jump up ^ Emmer , Pieter . `` The Myth of Early Globalization : The Atlantic Economy , 1500 -- 1800 . '' European Review 11 , no . 1 . Feb. 2003 . p. 46 Jump up ^ Mann , Charles . 1493 : Uncovering the New World Columbus Created . New York , New York : Vintage Books , 2011 . loc. 1094 and 1050 Jump up ^ Monardes , Nicholas . `` Of the Tabaco and of his Greate Vertues . '' Frampton , John trans , Wolf , Michael , ed . Taboacco.org . Accessed June 1 , 2017 http://archive.tobacco.org/History/monardes.html Jump up ^ Simberloff , Daniel ( 2000 ) . `` Introduced Species : The Threat to Biodiversity & What Can Be Done '' . American Institute of Biological Sciences : Bringing biology to informed decision making . Jump up ^ Fernández Pérez , Joaquin and Ignacio González Tascón ( eds . ) ( 1991 ) . La agricultura viajera . Barcelona , Spain : Lunwerg Editores , S.A. Jump up ^ Elusive Lager Yeast Found in Patagonia , Discovery News , August 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ Hoddle , M.S. `` Quagga & Zebra Mussels '' . Center for Invasive Species Research , University of California , Riverside . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) The Columbian Exchange : Plants , Animals , and Disease between the Old and New Worlds by Alfred W. Crosby ( 2009 ) Worlds Together , Worlds Apart by Jeremy Adelman , Stephen Aron , Stephen Kotkin , et al . Foods that Changed the World by Steven R. King from the Wayback Machine The Columbian Exchange video , study guide , analysis , and teaching guide Indigenous peoples of the Americas Pre-history Paleo - Indians Pre-Columbian era Classification Archaeology Genetics Mythology / Religion Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas List of deities Native American religion Mesoamerican mythology Mesoamerican religion European colonization European colonization Population history Columbian Exchange Modern groups by country North America Canada Costa Rica Dominica El Salvador Greenland Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Related topics Indigenous American studies Indigenous languages Indigenous movements Indigenous art Artists Writers Category Portal Pre-Columbian North America Periods Lithic Archaic Formative Classic Post-Classic Archaeological cultures Adena Alachua Ancient Beringian Ancient Pueblo ( Anasazi ) Baytown Belle Glade Buttermilk Creek Complex Caborn - Welborn Calf Creek Caloosahatchee Clovis Coles Creek Comondú Deptford Folsom Fort Ancient Fort Walton Fremont Glacial Kame Glades Hohokam Hopewell List of Hopewell sites La Jolla Las Palmas Leon - Jefferson Mississippian List of Mississippian sites Mogollon Monongahela Old Cordilleran Oneota Paleo - Arctic Paleo - Indians Patayan Plano Plaquemine Poverty Point Red Ocher Santa Rosa - Swift Creek St. Johns Steed - Kisker Tchefuncte Tocobaga Troyville Archaeological sites Angel Mounds Anzick Clovis burial Bandelier National Monument Blue Spring Shelter The Bluff Point Stoneworks Cahokia Candelaria Cave Casa Grande Chaco Canyon Coso Rock Art District Crystal River Archaeological State Park Cuarenta Casas Cueva de la Olla Eaker El Fin del Mundo El Vallecito Effigy Mounds National Monument Etowah Indian Mounds Eva Folsom Site Fort Ancient Fort Center Fort Juelson Four Mounds Site Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument Glenwood Grimes Point Holly Bluff Site Hopewell Culture National Historical Park Huápoca Kimball Village Kincaid Mounds Kolomoki Mounds Lake Jackson Mounds L'Anse aux Meadows Marksville Marmes Rockshelter Meadowcroft Rockshelter Mesa Verde Moaning Cavern Moorehead Circle Morrison Mounds Moundville Mummy Cave Nodena Site Ocmulgee National Monument Old Stone Fort Orwell Site Paquime Parkin Park Pinson Mounds Portsmouth Earthworks Poverty Point Pueblo Bonito Recapture Canyon Rock Eagle Rock Hawk Russell Cave National Monument Salmon Ruins Serpent Mound Sierra de San Francisco Spiro Mounds SunWatch Taos Pueblo Toltec Mounds Town Creek Indian Mound Turkey River Mounds Upward Sun River site Velda Mound West Oak Forest Earthlodge Winterville Wupatki National Monument Human remains Anzick - 1 Arlington Springs Man Buhl Woman Kennewick Man La Brea Woman Leanderthal Lady Minnesota Woman Spirit Cave mummy Miscellaneous Aridoamerica Black drink Ceremonial pipe Chunkey Clovis point Container Revolution Eastern Agricultural Complex Eden point Effigy mound Falcon dancer Folsom point Green Corn Ceremony Horned Serpent Kiva Medicine wheel Metallurgy Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing Mound Builders N.A.G.P.R.A. Norse colonization of North America Oasisamerica Piasa Southeastern Ceremonial Complex Stickball Three Sisters agriculture Thunderbird Underwater panther Water glyphs Related Genetic history Portal of Indigenous peoples of North America Pre-Columbian era Globalization Journals Outline Studies Aspects Alter - globalization Anti-globalization Counter-hegemonic globalization Cultural globalization Deglobalization Democratic globalization Economic globalization Environmental globalization Financial globalization Global citizenship education Global governance Global health History of archaic early modern Military globalization Political globalization Trade globalization Workforce globalization Issues Global Disease Digital divide Labor arbitrage Population Warming Water crisis Other Brain drain reverse Climate change Climate justice Development aid Economic inequality Endangered languages Fair trade Forced migration Human rights Illicit financial flows Invasive species Investor - state disputes New international division of labour North -- South divide Offshoring Race to the bottom pollution havens Transnational crime McDonaldization Westernization American imperialism British Empire World war Theories Capital accumulation Dependency Development Earth system Fiscal localism Modernization ecological history of Primitive accumulation Social change World history World - systems Notable scholars Samir Amin Arjun Appadurai K. Anthony Appiah Daniele Archibugi Giovanni Arrighi Ravi Batra Jean Baudrillard Zygmunt Bauman Ulrich Beck Walden Bello Jagdish Bhagwati Robert Brenner Manuel Castells Noam Chomsky Alfred Crosby Christopher Chase - Dunn Andre G. Frank Thomas Friedman Anthony Giddens Peter Gowan Michael Hardt David Harvey David Held Paul Hirst Michael Hudson Paul James Ibn Khaldun Naomi Klein Antonio Negri George Ritzer Dani Rodrik Jeffrey Sachs Saskia Sassen John R. Saul Vandana Shiva Joseph Stiglitz John Urry Immanuel Wallerstein Portal Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Columbian_Exchange&oldid=842848505 '' Categories : Age of Discovery Agricultural revolutions History of agriculture History of Europe History of globalization History of indigenous peoples of the Americas History of the Americas Horticulture and gardening Introduced species Invasive species Spanish colonization of the Americas Spain in the Age of Discovery History of the Atlantic Ocean Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Articles with short description Use mdy dates from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Latina Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Suomi Tagalog Українська 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 02 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where did bananas come from in the columbian exchange | [] | [] |
2887886133545999830 | John Maxwell Edmonds | John Maxwell Edmonds - wikipedia John Maxwell Edmonds Jump to : navigation , search John Maxwell Edmonds 21 January 1875 Stroud , Gloucestershire , United Kingdom 18 March 1958 ( 1958 - 03 - 18 ) ( aged 83 ) Cambridge , Cambridgeshire , United Kingdom Occupation Classical scholar John Maxwell Edmonds ( 21 January 1875 -- 18 March 1958 ) was an English classicist , poet , and dramatist who is notable as the author of celebrated epitaphs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Epitaphs 3 Bibliography 4 References Biography ( edit ) Edmonds was born in Stroud , Gloucestershire on 21 January 1875 . His father was a schoolmaster and later the vicar of Great Gransden , Huntingdonshire , while his mother was the daughter of a self - made Cornish cloth manufacturer . He was educated at Oundle School before going up to Jesus College , Cambridge in 1896 as a Classical Scholar . He was taught at Oundle by R.P. Brereton and J.H. Vince and at Cambridge under Edwin Abbott Abbott . Periods of illness which had originally made him delay his university career later forced him to be absent from university for several terms , but he nevertheless recovered to take a first in his tripos in 1898 . He taught at Repton School and King 's School , Canterbury before returning to Cambridge University to lecture . Epitaphs ( edit ) `` When you go home tell them of us and say : for your tomorrow we gave our today '' inscribed on a war memorial in Westbury - on - Trym Edmonds is credited with authorship of a famous epitaph in the War Cemetery in Kohima which commemorates the fallen of the Battle of Kohima in April 1944 . When you go home , tell them of us and say For their tomorrow , we gave our today . He was the author of an item in The Times , 6 February 1918 , page 7 , headed `` Four Epitaphs '' composed for graves and memorials to those fallen in battle -- each covering different situations of death . The second of these was used as a theme for the 1942 war movie Went the Day Well ? : Went the day well ? We died and never knew . But , well or ill , Freedom , we died for you . That epitaph was regularly quoted when The Times notified deaths of those who fell during the First World War , and was also regularly used during the Second World War . It appeared on many village and town war memorials . There has been some confusion between ' Went the day well ' and Edmonds ' other famous epitaph published in the same 1919 edition of inscriptions : When you go home , tell them of us and say , For your tomorrows these gave their today . This epitaph was inspired by an epigram of the Greek poet Simonides of Ceos to the fallen at the Battle of Thermopylae , and was later used ( with a misquote ) for the memorial for those who fell at the Battle of Kohima . Some resources incorrectly give Went the day well ? as being the translation of the Simonides epigram . Edmonds was also responsible for translating into Greek elegiacs A.E. Housman 's `` Epitaph on an army of mercenaries '' , a tribute to the British Expeditionary Force on the third anniversary of the battle of Ypres , which appeared in The Times on 31 October 1917 . The Greek version was published in the Classical Review 31 that year . Bibliography ( edit ) 90 eptiaph ' Chelsea 1920 The Fragments of Attic Comedy After Meineke , Bergk , and Kock Leiden 1957 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Fragments of Attic Comedy , Volume 1 ed . John Maxwell Edmonds , p. iii ( Biographical note ) Jump up ^ Noakes , Vivian ( ed . ) Voices of Silence : the Alternative Book of First World War Poetry , History Press 2006 . ISBN 0750945214 Jump up ^ David Butterfield , `` Classical verse translations of the poetry of Housman '' , Housman Society Journal 2011 , pp. 185 - 8 VIAF : 61934542 LCCN : n89644933 ISNI : 0000 0001 1656 0895 GND : 142791873 SUDOC : 086101978 BNF : cb12347499g ( data ) BIBSYS : 90954295 IATH : w6wd6pb2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Maxwell_Edmonds&oldid=793715750 '' Categories : 1875 births 1958 deaths English classical scholars People educated at Oundle School Alumni of Jesus College , Cambridge Fellows of Jesus College , Cambridge English male writers Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2014 Use British English from May 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Latina Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2017 , at 13 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who said for your tomorrow we gave our today | [] | [] |
-7836951324909639319 | Jeopardy! audition process | Jeopardy ! audition process - wikipedia Jeopardy ! audition process Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jeopardy ! is an American television quiz show created by Merv Griffin , in which contestants are presented with clues in the form of answers , and must phrase their responses in the form of a question . Throughout its run , the show has regularly offered auditions for potential contestants , taking place in the Los Angeles area and occasionally in other locations throughout the United States . Unlike those of many other game shows , Jeopardy ! 's audition process involves passing a difficult test of knowledge on a diversity of subjects , approximating the breadth of material encountered by contestants on the show . Since 2006 , an online screener test is conducted annually . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current eligibility requirements 2 Historical practices 3 Internet screenings 4 In - person audition process ( regular play games ) 5 Jeopardy ! Brain Bus 6 Episodes featuring children as contestants 7 Waiting period 8 Auditions in the Art Fleming era 9 References 10 External links Current eligibility requirements ( edit ) As with all television game shows , there are rules in place for who is allowed to appear as a contestant on Jeopardy ! Competitors in the regular episodes must be 18 years of age or older ; contestants in the College Championship must be full - time undergraduates without any previous bachelor 's degree ; competitors in the Teen Tournament must be between the ages of 13 and 17 years ; and contestants in the Kids Week must be between the ages of 10 and 12 years . Those ineligible to compete on Jeopardy ! include employees of Sony Pictures Entertainment and its subsidiaries ( including the show 's production company , Sony Pictures Television ) , distributor CBS Television Distribution , and television stations that broadcast Jeopardy ! and / or its sister show , Wheel of Fortune , as well as family members , relatives , and acquaintances of such employees . Also excluded are individuals who have appeared as contestants on a different nationally broadcast game show of any format , ( including dating shows , relationship shows , and reality shows ) within the past year , on three such shows within the past ten years , or on any episode of Jeopardy ! itself ( including Super Jeopardy ! ) produced since Alex Trebek became the host in 1984 . Historical practices ( edit ) In the original version , prospective contestants could call the Jeopardy ! office in New York to make a preliminary determination of eligibility and arrange an appointment to audition . Approximately 10 to 30 individuals would audition at the Jeopardy ! office at once , the process lasting about an hour and a half , and usually involving a written test , a briefing , and a mock game . Contestants invited to play on the show were generally invited within six weeks of auditioning . When the current version of Jeopardy ! premiered in 1984 , prospective contestants were given a 50 - question written test , with 35 being a passing score . The original contestant tests were written by head writer Jules Minton , and were later written by the show 's writers . Initially , 2 new contestant tests were compiled each year , and were given alternately ; later , the tests were refreshed every six months to accommodate frequent repeat test takers . The makeup of the test was 15 academic questions , 10 lifestyle , 15 pop culture and 10 wordplay . Beginning in 1987 , the number of pop culture questions was reduced to 5 and wordplay to 2 . Those who passed the test at an audition were invited to play a mock game to evaluate their stage presence and colorfulness . Initially , all auditions took place in Southern California , and anyone could call to make an appointment to take the test ; travelling contestant searches did not begin until after the second season of the show . Local affiliates airing the show sponsored regional contestant searches , paying for the travel expenses and accommodations of the contestant coordinators . Invitations to audition were awarded by postcard drawings and other types of contests . A 10 - question pre-test was first devised when contestant coordinators conducted a two - week East Coast search at Merv Griffin 's Resorts Atlantic City hotel and casino . In order to test as many people as possible , hopefuls were invited to take the screener pre-test as often as once per day , and those with a passing score of 7 were invited to return to take the 50 - question full test . The 2 - week Atlantic City auditions were held annually in February while the show was owned by Griffin , and the 10 - question screener is still in use at traveling open auditions . Internet screenings ( edit ) Once each year , a series of screenings for potential contestants are conducted on the Internet through the official Jeopardy ! web site . Online tests are typically conducted over three days , which each day being targeted at a different time zone ( Eastern , Mountain and Pacific ) . During the online testing , a 50 - question qualifying exam is administered to pre-registered applicants , who have 15 seconds to answer each question . and whatever has been typed into the answer bar at the end of 15 seconds is entered as the answer . Unlike on the show , test takers are instructed not to respond in the form of a question . Test takers do not receive their score . A random selection of passers ( generally understood to be those who get 35 or more questions correct ) of this exam are later invited to participate in regional in - person auditions . In - person audition process ( regular play games ) ( edit ) Tryouts for regular play games are administered to groups of 18 to 21 people at scheduled dates and times . Upon arriving , contestant applicants are asked to fill out information sheets with their contact information , eligibility information , and availability , and are asked to provide five anecdotes that may be used during the contestant interview portion of the show ( a form is emailed in advance ) . The first phase of the group audition process is divided into three parts . A contestant coordinator gives an introductory talk reviewing the rules and particularities of the game and providing some guidelines regarding energy , volume , and timing for the applicants . Some sample clues are read aloud ( and displayed on a monitor or projection screen ) and applicants are called upon to raise their hands and give out the responses . Fifty Jeopardy ! - style clues in fifty different categories are displayed on the screen at the front of the room and read aloud in a recording by a Clue Crew member ( previously , Johnny Gilbert , the show 's announcer , did the voice - over on this ) . A potential contestant has eight seconds to write down his or her response ( no need to phrase in the form of a question here ) before the next clue is read . The contestant coordinators take the completed response sheets and grade them . Though some sources state that a score of 35 ( 70 % ) is passing , the contestant coordinators refuse to confirm or deny any passing score number . Exact scores are not disclosed . This is followed by a mock Jeopardy ! competition . A game board is presented , and potential contestants are placed in groups of three to play the game . The emphasis is not on scoring points , or even having correct responses ( though phrasing in the form of a question is required here , like the show ) ; the contestant coordinators know that they possess the knowledge to compete on the show , as they have already passed the test , and are looking for on - the - air - compatible qualities . Auditionees are encouraged to display energy and use a loud , confident voice . After playing a few clues , the contestant coordinators give each potential contestant a few minutes to talk about themselves . The coordinators request that they finish by telling what they would do with any money they won on Jeopardy ! After the end of the tryout , all auditionees who have taken the online test and the in - person test are placed into the `` contestant pool '' and are eligible to be called to compete for the next eighteen months . The show uses 400 contestants per season , and it is emphasized at the audition that test scores are the most important factor in determining who out of the thousands of applicants will be selected . Jeopardy ! Brain Bus ( edit ) The Jeopardy ! Brain Bus For Season 15 ( 1998 -- 99 ) , the show introduced a Winnebago recreational vehicle called the `` Jeopardy ! Brain Bus '' , measuring 32 feet ( 9.8 m ) , which travels 12 times per year to conduct regional contestant searches throughout the United States and Canada . Those who impress the Brain Bus staff during the Brain Bus events and have passed the qualifying tests are invited to attend actual Jeopardy ! auditions in California . The official Jeopardy ! website used to feature a section devoted to the Brain Bus starting during Season 21 ( 2004 -- 05 ) ; by Season 26 ( 2009 -- 10 ) , this section was taken down . During the main events of the Brain Bus searches , known as `` Pre-Test '' events , attendees are given a 10 - question version of the qualifying test ; the number of attendees at this event may not exceed 1,000 . Attendees who pass the test are invited back to attempt the full 50 - question qualifier the next day . People who have passed the 50 - question test move on to a final interview , during which show producers determine whether the contestant is someone by whom the TV audiences would be impressed . In addition to the `` Pre-Test '' events conducted there , Brain Bus searches also feature an event where individuals not wishing to compete for a chance to appear on Jeopardy ! can play a `` mock version '' of the quiz show 's game hosted by one or more members of the `` Clue Crew '' , the program 's team of roving correspondents ; instead of cash , the attendees of this event play for various prizes , such as T - shirts , hats , mugs , water bottles , pens , and other merchandise related to the show . During the `` mock Jeopardy ! '' events , the hosting Clue Crew members will occasionally interact with fans in attendance . Episodes featuring children as contestants ( edit ) Tryouts for Kids Week , Holiday Kids Week , and Back to School Week are slightly different in that the mock Jeopardy ! game is played before the thirty - question test is given . During the mock game , coordinators sometimes open up triple stumper questions to the other potential contestants . Potential contestants are called or notified by the station on which Jeopardy ! airs in that particular market . Fifteen children who are between ten and twelve years old are chosen for each filming , along with one alternate . Waiting period ( edit ) The mandatory waiting period after taking the online contestant exam is one year , although this may be adjusted by the show 's production team based on the test schedule . Prospective contestants who have completed an in - person test and interview remain in the contestant pool for 18 months , only after the expiration of which may they take the online test again and attend another in - person audition . Auditions in the art fleming era ( edit ) Tryouts for the original version were conducted somewhat differently . In a classroom - type arrangement , potential contestants wrote their questions to the answers held up by the contestant coordinator , who used cards which had previously actually been used on the show . While the exams were being scored , the staff explained that on any given day , the contestants who actually appear all scored the same number , ( or very nearly the same number ) on this tryout . For the next day , the staff would select two new contestants who had scored a point or two higher than the winner that day , and so on day after day . This typically resulted in a pattern in which almost no contestant was able to win 5 days in a row ( because she or he was subsequently competing with contestants who were probably better ) -- until the scores escalated to the point at which all three contestants had scored at or near the maximum possible score . When these high scorers , competing against each other day after day , eventually produced an undefeated champion , the contestant pool was `` reset '' back to scorers who barely passed with the minimum score . Potential contestants were told that if their score was not in the range that they were seeking that particular day , their names and information would be put into a contestant pool , and that -- if they lived near New York -- they might be called to come to the studio at any time in the next several months when their `` number '' came up ( although this was , they made it clear , unlikely , due to the large number of contestants who had tried out ) . Since potential contestants had no idea what the target score was for that day , they had no idea whether it would be a good thing to deliberately score lower than they were capable of scoring . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Be a Contestant -- FAQs '' . Jeopardy !. Jeopardy Productions , Inc . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Art ( 1979 ) , Art Fleming 's TV Game Show Fact Book , Salt Lake City , Utah : Osmond Publishing Company , pp. 14 -- 15 , ISBN 0 - 89888 - 005 - X Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Harry ( 1993 ) . Inside `` Jeopardy ! '' : What Really Goes on at TV 's Top Quiz Show . Salt Lake City , Utah : Northwest Publishing Inc . pp. 32 -- 35 . ISBN 1 - 56901 - 177 - X . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , first edition , page 278 . ^ Jump up to : Dupée , Michael ( 1998 ) . How to Get on Jeopardy ! and Win ! : Valuable Information from a Champion . Seacaucus , New Jersey : Citadel Press . pp. 3 -- 10 . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 1991 - 6 . Jump up ^ Dandes , Rick ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` Geisinger biomedical engineer wins on ' Jeopardy ! ' '' The Daily Item ( Sunbury , Pennsylvania ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Be a Contestant FAQs '' . Jeopardy.com . Sony Pictures Entertainment , Inc . Retrieved 30 January 2018 . Do not respond in the form of a question ... Will I receive my test results ? No , you will not receive your score . ^ Jump up to : David , Peter ( 2009 ) . More Digressions . Second Age , Inc . pp. 48 . ^ Jump up to : Nguyen , Tina ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` How You Can Get On Jeopardy ! '' . The Mary Sue . Jump up ^ In the 2005 DVD documentary Jeopardy ! : 21 Years of Answers and Questions , Gilbert mis - speaks in stating when the Brain Bus was introduced ; he says it debuted in 1988 . Jump up ^ Richmond , Ray ( 2004 ) . This is Jeopardy ! : Celebrating America 's Favorite Quiz Show . New York : Barnes & Noble Books . p. 170 . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 5374 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Grosvenor , Carrie . `` Ongoing Game Show Casting Calls '' . About.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` This is JEOPARDY ! -- Brain Bus Page ( earliest known archive ) '' . Sony Pictures Digital and Jeopardy Productions . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2005 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` This is JEOPARDY ! -- Page Not Found ( former Brain Bus URL after retirement ) '' . Sony Pictures Digital and Jeopardy Productions . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Vevea , Becky ( April 4 , 2008 ) . `` Students vie for Jeopardy ! spot '' . The Badger Herald . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ JEOPARDY ! Teen FAQ Archived February 20 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. - Will I receive my teen 's test results ? Jump up ^ `` This is JEOPARDY ! -- Contestant FAQ '' . If you took last year 's test , you are welcome to participate in this round of testing even if it has n't been a full year . There are two exceptions to this rule : 1 . You are not eligible if you took the test and attended an in - person audition within the last 18 months . If you did attend an audition , but you would like to take the test `` just for fun , '' please select `` Yes '' for the appropriate show history eligibility question . You will not be considered for a contestant audition . 2 . If you attended an authorized Jeopardy ! contestant event ( e.g. , Jeopardy ! Challenge ) , passed a qualifying test and participated in an audition , you must wait 18 months from the date of that audition before you are eligible to take the online test . If you did not pass the qualifying test , the regular online test rules apply . Any attempt to take the online test during your period of ineligibility could result in disqualification . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Harry ( 1997 ) . Jeopardy ! : A Revealing Look Inside TV 's Top Quiz Show Contestant and Questions Selection Process Unveiled . Frederick Fell Publishers , Incorporated . ISBN 0811908615 . External links ( edit ) Official Jeopardy ! Web site -- Contestant FAQ ( hide ) Jeopardy ! Tournaments Tournament of Champions Teen Tournament College Championship Ultimate Tournament of Champions Teachers Tournament Battle of the Decades Other tournaments Notable references in culture `` I Lost on Jeopardy '' `` What Is ... Cliff Clavin ? '' White Men Ca n't Jump Celebrity Jeopardy ! ( Saturday Night Live ) `` Miracle on Evergreen Terrace '' `` Little Expressionless Animals '' `` I Take Thee Quagmire '' Ellen 's Energy Adventure Adaptations Jep ! Rock & Roll Jeopardy ! Sports Jeopardy ! Related articles Alex Trebek Audition process Broadcast information List of notable contestants Merchandising Watson Book : Jeopardy ! Category : Jeopardy ! Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeopardy!_audition_process&oldid=829353668 '' Categories : Jeopardy ! Recruitment Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Use mdy dates from February 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 March 2018 , at 02 : 54 . About Wikipedia | can you take the jeopardy online test more than once | [] | [] |
5694226988171857089 | Republic of Cuba (1902–1959) | Republic of Cuba ( 1902 -- 1959 ) - wikipedia Republic of Cuba ( 1902 -- 1959 ) Jump to : navigation , search Republic of Cuba República de Cuba 1902 -- 1906 1909 -- 1959 Flag Coat of arms Anthem La Bayamesa `` The Bayamo Song '' Capital Havana Languages Spanish Religion Roman Catholic Government 1902 -- 1940 : Unitary presidential republic 1940 -- 1952 : Semi-presidential republic 1952 -- 1959 : Military dictatorship President 1902 -- 1906 Tomás Estrada Palma ( first ) 1952 -- 1959 Fulgencio Batista ( last ) Prime Minister 1940 -- 1942 Carlos Saladrigas Zayas ( first ) 1959 José Miró Cardona ( last ) Legislature Congress Upper Chamber Senate Lower Chamber House of Representatives Historical era Modern Era Platt Amendment 2 March 1901 Constitution adopted 20 May 1902 Treaty of Relations 17 February 1903 Treaty of Relations 29 May 1934 1940 Constitution 10 October 1940 Admitted to the United Nations 24 October 1945 Cuban Revolution 1 January 1959 Currency Cuban peso Preceded by Succeeded by United States Protectorate over Cuba Second Occupation of Cuba Second Occupation of Cuba Republic of Cuba ( present ) Today part of Cuba Part of a series on the History of Cuba Governorate of Cuba ( 1511 -- 1519 ) Viceroyalty of New Spain ( 1535 -- 1821 ) Captaincy General of Cuba ( 1607 -- 1898 ) Cuban War of Independence Spanish -- American War Treaty of Paris US Military Government ( 1898 -- 1902 ) Republic of Cuba ( 1902 -- 1959 ) Cuban Pacification ( 1906 -- 1909 ) Negro Rebellion ( 1912 ) Sugar Intervention ( 1917 -- 1922 ) Cuban Revolution ( 1953 -- 1959 ) Republic of Cuba ( 1959 -- ) Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Intervention in Angola Special Period Cuban Thaw Timeline Topical Military history Cuba portal The Republic of Cuba ( Spanish : República de Cuba ) of 1902 to 1959 , refers to the historical period in Cuba from 1902 , when Cuba seceded from US rule in the aftermath of the Spanish -- American War that took Cuba from Spanish rule in 1898 , until communist revolutionaries took power in 1959 . The official form of government was representative democracy though at times it was controlled by a military junta or otherwise unelected government . After becoming head of the armed forces in 1933 , colonel Fulgencio Batista played a dominant role in Cuban politics over the next decades . The Cuban Revolution of 1953 -- 1959 massively changed Cuban society , creating a socialist state and ending US economic dominance in Cuba , as it aligned the country with the Soviet Union . The Republic of Cuba has been regarded as a client state of the United States . From 1902 -- 1932 Cuban and United States law included the Platt Amendment , which guaranteed the US right to intervene in Cuba and placed restrictions on Cuban foreign relations . In 1934 , Cuba and the United States signed the Treaty of Relations in which Cuba was obligated to give preferential treatment of its economy to the United States , in exchange the United States gave Cuba a guaranteed 22 percent share of the US sugar market that later was amended to a 49 percent share in 1949 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early independent governments 1.1 US occupation , 1906 -- 1908 1.2 1908 -- 1924 1.3 Machado era 2 Revolution of 1933 3 Constitution of 1940 4 Batista dictatorship 5 References Early independent governments ( edit ) Raising the Cuban flag on the Governor General 's Palace at noon on May 20 , 1902 . After the Spanish -- American War , Spain and the United States signed the Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) , by which Spain ceded Puerto Rico , the Philippines , and Guam to the United States for the sum of $20 million . Cuba gained formal independence from the U.S. on May 20 , 1902 , as the Republic of Cuba . Under Cuba 's new constitution , the U.S. retained the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances and foreign relations . Under the Platt Amendment , the U.S. leased the Guantánamo Bay naval base from Cuba . U.S. occupation , 1906 -- 1908 ( edit ) Main article : Second Occupation of Cuba Following disputed elections in 1906 , the first president , Tomás Estrada Palma , faced an armed revolt by veterans of the war for independence who defeated the government 's meager forces . The U.S. intervened by occupying Cuba and named Charles Edward Magoon as Governor for three years . Cuban historians have attributed Magoon 's governorship as having introduced political and social corruption . 1908 -- 1924 ( edit ) In 1908 , self - government was restored when José Miguel Gómez was elected President , but the U.S. continued intervening in Cuban affairs . In 1912 , the Partido Independiente de Color attempted to establish a separate black republic in Oriente Province , but was suppressed by General Monteagudo with considerable bloodshed . Sugar production played an important rule in Cuban politics and economics . In the 1910s , during and after World War I , a shortage in the world sugar supply fueled an economic boom in Cuba , marked by prosperity and the conversion of more and more farmland to sugar cultivation . Prices peaked and then crashed in 1920 , ruining the country financially and allowing foreign investors to gain more power than they already had . This economic turbulence was called `` the Dance of the Millions '' . Machado era ( edit ) In 1924 , Gerardo Machado was elected president . During his administration , tourism increased markedly , and American - owned hotels and restaurants were built to accommodate the influx of tourists . The tourist boom led to increases in gambling and prostitution in Cuba . Machado initially enjoyed support from much of the public and from all the country 's major political parties . However , his popularity declined steadily . In 1928 he held an election which was to give him another term , this one of six years , despite his promise to serve only for one term . Revolution of 1933 ( edit ) The Wall Street Crash of 1929 led to precipitous drops in the price of sugar , political unrest , and repression . Protesting students , known as the Generation of 1930 , and a clandestine terrorist organization known as the ABC , turned to violence in opposition to the increasingly unpopular Machado . US ambassador Sumner Welles arrived in May 1933 and began a diplomatic campaign which involved `` mediation '' with opposition groups in including the ABC . This campaign significantly weakened Machado 's government and , backed with the threat of military intervention , set the stage for a regime change . A general strike ( in which the Communist Party sided with Machado ) , uprisings among sugar workers , and an army revolt forced Machado into exile in August 1933 . He was replaced by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada , son of Cuban patriot Carlos Manuel de Céspedes and former ambassador to the US . The Pentarchy of 1933 . Fulgencio Batista , who controlled the armed forces , appears at far right . In September 1933 , the Sergeants ' Revolt , led by Sergeant Fulgencio Batista , overthrew Céspedes . General Alberto Herrera served briefly as president ( August 12 -- 13 ) followed by Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y Quesada from August 13 until September 5 , 1933 . A five - member executive committee ( the Pentarchy of 1933 ) was chosen to head a provisional government . They were ousted by a student - led organization , the Student Directory , which appointed Ramon Grau San Martin as provisional president and passed various reforms during the ensuing One Hundred Days Government . Grau resigned in 1934 , after which Batista dominated Cuban politics for the next 25 years , at first through a series of puppet - presidents . The period from 1933 to 1937 was a time of `` virtually unremitting social and political warfare '' . Constitution of 1940 ( edit ) A new constitution was adopted in 1940 , which engineered radical progressive ideas , including the right to labor and health care . Batista was elected president in the same year , holding the post until 1944 . He is so far the only non-white Cuban to win the nation 's highest political office . His government carried out major social reforms . Several members of the Communist Party held office under his administration . Cuban armed forces were not greatly involved in combat during World War II , although president Batista suggested a joint U.S. - Latin American assault on Francoist Spain in order to overthrow its authoritarian regime . Batista adhered to the 1940 constitution 's strictures preventing his re-election . Ramon Grau San Martin was the winner of the next election , in 1944 . Grau further corroded the base of the already teetering legitimacy of the Cuban political system , in particular by undermining the deeply flawed , though not entirely ineffectual , Congress and Supreme Court . Carlos Prío Socarrás , a protégé of Grau , became president in 1948 . The two terms of the Auténtico Party saw an influx of investment which fueled a boom and raised living standards for all segments of society and created a prosperous middle class in most urban areas . Batista dictatorship ( edit ) Slum ( bohio ) dwellings in Havana , Cuba in 1954 , just outside Havana baseball stadium . In the background is advertising for a nearby casino . After running unsuccessfully for the presidency in 1952 , Batista staged a coup . He outlawed the Cuban Communist Party in 1952 . Cuba had Latin America 's highest per capita consumption rates of meat , vegetables , cereals , automobiles , telephones and radios , though about one third of the population was considered poor and enjoyed relatively little of this consumption . In 1958 , Cuba was a relatively well - advanced country by Latin American standards , and in some cases by world standards . On the other hand , Cuba was affected by perhaps the largest labor union privileges in Latin America , including bans on dismissals and mechanization . They were obtained in large measure `` at the cost of the unemployed and the peasants '' , leading to disparities . Between 1933 and 1958 , Cuba extended economic regulations enormously , causing economic problems . Unemployment became a problem as graduates entering the workforce could not find jobs . The middle class , which was comparable to that of the United States , became increasingly dissatisfied with unemployment and political persecution . The labor unions supported Batista until the very end . Batista stayed in power until he was forced into exile in December 1958 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pérez , Louis A. ( 1991 ) . Cuba Under the Platt Amendment , 1902 -- 1934 . Pittsburgh , PA : Pittsburgh University Press . p. xvi . Jump up ^ Pérez , Louis A. ( 1991 ) . Cuba Under the Platt Amendment , 1902 -- 1934 . Pittsburgh , PA : Pittsburgh University Press . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Miller , John ; Kenedi , Aaron ( 2003 ) . Inside Cuba : The History , Culture , and Politics of an Outlaw Nation . New York : Marlowe & Company . pp. 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain '' . The Avalon Project . Yale Law School . December 10 , 1898 . Jump up ^ Louis A. Pérez ( 1998 ) . Cuba Between Empires : 1878 -- 1902 . University of Pittsburgh Pre . p. xv . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 7197 - 9 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Diaz - Briquets , Sergio ; Pérez - López , Jorge F. ( 2006 ) . Corruption in Cuba : Castro and Beyond . Austin : University of Texas Press . p. 63 . ISBN 0 - 292 - 71321 - 5 . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Hugh ( 1998 ) . Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom . pp. 283 -- 287 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80827 - 2 . Jump up ^ Beede , Benjamin , ed. ( 1994 ) . The War of 1898 , and U.S. interventions , 1898 -- 1934 : an encyclopedia . New York : Garland . p. 134 . ISBN 0 - 8240 - 5624 - 8 . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kevin Grogan , Cuba 's Dance of the Millions : Examining the Causes and Consequences of Violent Price Fluctuations in the Sugar Market Between 1919 and 1920 ; Masters ' Thesis accepted at University of Florida , August 2004 . Jump up ^ Ralph Lee Woodward , Jr. , `` Dance of the Millions '' ; Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Terry K Sanderlin , Ed D ( April 24 , 2012 ) . The Last American Rebel in Cuba . AuthorHouse . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4685 - 9430 - 0 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wilber Albert Chaffee ; Gary Prevost ( 1992 ) . Cuba : A Different America . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 7694 - 1 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Philip Dur & Christopher Gilcrease , `` U.S. Diplomacy and the Downfall of a Cuban Dictator : Machado in 1933 '' ; Journal of Latin American Studies Vol. 34 , No. 2 , May 2002 ; DOI : 10.01 / S0022216X02006417 ; JSTOR . Jump up ^ Argote - Freyre , Frank ( 2006 ) . Fulgencio Batista. 1 . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press . p. 50 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3701 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Melanie ( 2001 ) . Jacqueline West , ed . South America , Central America and the Caribbean 2002 . Routledge . p. 303 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 121 - 6 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Jaime Suchlicki ( 2002 ) . Cuba : From Columbus to Castro and Beyond . Potomac Books , Inc. p. 95 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57488 - 436 - 4 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Domínguez , Jorge I. Cuba : Order and Revolution . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 76 . Jump up ^ Domínguez , Jorge I. Cuba : Order and Revolution . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. ? . ^ Jump up to : Frank R. Villafana ( December 31 , 2011 ) . Expansionism : Its Effects on Cuba 's Independence . Transaction Publishers . p. 201 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4128 - 4656 - 1 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Horowitz , Irving Louis , ed. ( 1998 ) ( 1988 ) . Cuban Communism ( 6 ed . ) . Transition Books . p. 662 . ^ Jump up to : Bethell , Leslie ( 1993 ) . Cuba . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 43682 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sweig , Julia E. ( 2004 ) . Inside the Cuban Revolution : Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Sweig , Julia E. ( 2004 ) . Inside the Cuban Revolution : Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. ? . Jump up ^ `` Batista 's Boot '' . Time . January 18 , 1943 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Domínguez , Jorge I. Cuba : Order and Revolution . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 101 . Jump up ^ Domínguez , Jorge I. Cuba : Order and Revolution . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 110 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Maureen Ihrie ; Salvador Oropesa ( October 31 , 2011 ) . World Literature in Spanish : An Encyclopedia : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . p. 262 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 08083 - 8 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sweig , Julia E. ( 2004 ) . Inside the Cuban Revolution : Fidel Castro and the Urban Underground . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Paul H. Lewis ( 2006 ) . Authoritarian Regimes in Latin America . Oxford , UK : Rowman & Littlefield . p. 186 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 3739 - 0 . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith & Llorens 1998 . Jump up ^ Baklanoff 1998 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Hugh ( 1998 ) . Cuba or the Pursuit of Freedom . p. 1173 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80827 - 2 . Cuba topics History Pre-Revolution Timeline Colonial governors Slavery Ten Years ' War Little War Cuban War of Independence Sinking of the USS Maine Spanish -- American War Platt Amendment World War I Republic 1932 hurricane World War II Revolution Post-Revolution Escambray Rebellion Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban intervention in Angola Mariel boatlift Special Period Fidel 's transfer of power United States -- Cuban thaw Cities History of Havana Timeline Other cities Timelines : Camagüey , Cienfuegos , Guantánamo , Holguín , Matanzas , Santiago de Cuba Geography Cities Bayamo Camagüey Ciego de Ávila Cienfuegos Guantánamo Havana Holguín Las Tunas Matanzas Pinar del Río Sancti Spíritus Santa Clara Santiago de Cuba Provinces Artemisa Camagüey Ciego de Ávila Cienfuegos Ciudad de La Habana Granma Guantánamo Holguín Isla de la Juventud Las Tunas Matanzas Mayabeque Pinar del Río Sancti Spíritus Santiago de Cuba Villa Clara Other Almendares River Earthquakes List of islands Sierra Maestra Tropical cyclones World Heritage Sites Governance Security Economy Governance Armed Forces Castroism Constitution Elections Foreign relations Law Politics Presidency Cuba -- United States relations Bay of Pigs Invasion Brothers to the Rescue Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations Cuban American Cuban - American lobby Cuban dissident movement Cuban Five Cuban Missile Crisis Elián González affair Fair Play for Cuba Committee Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Helms -- Burton Act Cuba -- United States hijackings Luis Posada Carriles Mariel boatlift Orlando Bosch Operation Northwoods Operation Peter Pan Platt Amendment Spanish -- American War United States ambassador United States embargo United States Interests Section Political parties Current Communist Party Christian Democratic Democratic Social - Revolutionary Democratic Socialist Current Democratic Solidarity Liberal Liberal Movement Social Democratic Co-ordination Former Auténtico Cuban National Democratic Union Independent Republican Ortodoxo Popular Socialist Republican ( Havana ) Security Military Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces ( MINFAR ) Air Force Army Navy Territorial Troops Militia Law enforcement National Revolutionary Police Force Intelligence Dirección General de Inteligencia Military Counterintelligence Directorate Economy Agriculture Agrarian reform Cooperatives Central bank Peso ( currency ) Convertible peso International rankings Telecommunications Tourism Transport airline Society Culture Society Censorship Committees for the Defense of the Revolution Education Health care Human rights LGBT LGBT history Women Language Rationing Scouting and Guiding Sociolismo Culture Art Cinema Cuisine Internet Literature Media Newspapers TV Music Musical theater Festivals Public holidays Radio Religion Santería Sport baseball boxing football Universities Demographics People Demographics Cubans Afro - Cubans Americans Cape Verdean Chinese Ciboney Filipino French German Haitian Isleños Italian Japanese Jews Koreans Lebanese Mexicans Spanish White People By name Desi Arnaz Fulgencio Batista Leo Brouwer Fidel Castro Raúl Castro Celia Cruz Ibrahim Ferrer Osmani García Máximo Gómez Elián González Nicolás Guillén José Martí Pablo Milanés Omara Portuondo Silvio Rodríguez Compay Segundo Félix Varela By occupation Architects Artists Athletes baseball players Painters abstract Writers women Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Republic_of_Cuba_(1902 -- 1959 ) &oldid = 836411197 '' Categories : Former countries in the Caribbean States and territories established in 1902 States and territories disestablished in 1959 History of Cuba by period Former polities of the Cold War Former republics Cuban nationalism 1900s in Cuba 1910s in Cuba 1920s in Cuba 1930s in Cuba 1940s in Cuba 1950s in Cuba 1902 establishments in Cuba 1959 disestablishments in Cuba Former member states of the United Nations History of Cuba 20th century in Cuba Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Former country articles requiring maintenance Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Español فارسی Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 17 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did cuba gain independence from the united states | [
"After the Spanish–American War, Spain and the United States signed the Treaty of Paris (1898), by which Spain ceded Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam to the United States for the sum of $20 million.[4] Cuba gained formal independence from the U.S. on May 20, 1902, as the Republic of Cuba.[5] Under Cuba's new constitution, the U.S. retained the right to intervene in Cuban affairs and to supervise its finances and foreign relations. Under the Platt Amendment, the U.S. leased the Guantánamo Bay naval base from Cuba."
] | [
"May 20, 1902"
] |
-4292491101496863290 | Second Amendment to the United States Constitution | Second Amendment to the United States Constitution - wikipedia Second Amendment to the United States Constitution `` Second Amendment '' redirects here . For other uses , see Second Amendment ( disambiguation ) . This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Bill of Rights in the National Archives . Close up image of the Second Amendment Firearm legal topics of the United States of America Amendment II Assault weapon Assault weapons legislation Bump stocks Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act Campus carry in the U.S. Concealed carry in the U.S. Connecticut Children 's Safety Act Constitutional carry Domestic Violence Offender Gun Ban Federal Assault Weapons Ban Federal Firearms Act of 1938 Federal Firearms License Firearm case law Firearm Owners Protection Act Gun Control Act of 1968 Gun - Free School Zones Act ( GFSZA ) Gun law in the U.S. Gun laws in the U.S. by state Gun politics in the U.S. High - capacity magazine ban International treaties for arms control National Instant Criminal Background Check System ( NICS ) National Firearms Act ( NFA ) NY SAFE Act Open carry in the U.S. Right to keep and bear arms in the U.S. Sullivan Act ( New York ) Suppressor Tiahrt Amendment Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act United States portal The Second Amendment ( Amendment II ) to the United States Constitution protects the right of the people to keep and bear arms and was adopted on December 15 , 1791 , as part of the first ten amendments contained in the Bill of Rights . The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that the right belongs to individuals for self defense . while also ruling that the right is not unlimited and does not prohibit all regulation of either firearms or similar devices . State and local governments are limited to the same extent as the federal government from infringing this right , per the incorporation of the Bill of Rights . The Second Amendment was based partially on the right to keep and bear arms in English common law and was influenced by the English Bill of Rights of 1689 . Sir William Blackstone described this right as an auxiliary right , supporting the natural rights of self - defense and resistance to oppression , and the civic duty to act in concert in defense of the state . While both James Monroe and John Adams supported the Constitution being ratified , its most influential framer was James Madison . In Federalist No. 46 , Madison wrote how a federal army could be kept in check by state militias , `` a standing army ... would be opposed ( by ) a militia . '' He argued that state militias `` would be able to repel the danger '' of a federal army , `` It may well be doubted , whether a militia thus circumstanced could ever be conquered by such a proportion of regular troops . '' He confidently contrasted the federal government of the United States to the European kingdoms , which he contemptuously described as `` afraid to trust the people with arms . '' He assured his fellow citizens that they need never fear their government because `` besides the advantage of being armed , which the Americans possess over the people of almost every other nation , the existence of subordinate governments , to which the people are attached , and by which the militia officers are appointed , forms a barrier against the enterprises of ambition '' . By January 1788 , Delaware , Pennsylvania , New Jersey , Georgia and Connecticut ratified the Constitution without insisting upon amendments . Several specific amendments were proposed , but were not adopted at the time the Constitution was ratified . For example , the Pennsylvania convention debated fifteen amendments , one of which concerned the right of the people to be armed , another with the militia . The Massachusetts convention also ratified the Constitution with an attached list of proposed amendments . In the end , the ratification convention was so evenly divided between those for and against the Constitution that the federalists agreed to amendments to assure ratification . In United States v. Cruikshank ( 1876 ) , the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that , `` The right to bear arms is not granted by the Constitution ; neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence . The Second Amendments means no more than that it shall not be infringed by Congress , and has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the National Government '' and thus limited the scope of the Second Amendment 's protections to the federal government . In United States v. Miller ( 1939 ) , the Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment did not protect weapon types not having a `` reasonable relationship to the preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia '' . In the twenty - first century , the amendment has been subjected to renewed academic inquiry and judicial interest . In District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court handed down a landmark decision that held the amendment protects an individual 's right to keep a gun at home for self - defense . This was the first time in American history The Court had ruled the Second Amendment guarantees an individual 's right to own a gun . In McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) , the Court clarified its earlier decisions that limited the amendment 's impact to a restriction on the federal government , expressly holding that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment incorporates the Second Amendment against state and local governments . In Caetano v. Massachusetts ( 2016 ) , the Supreme Court reiterated its earlier rulings that `` the Second Amendment extends , prima facie , to all instruments that constitute bearable arms , even those that were not in existence at the time of the founding '' and that its protection is not limited to `` only those weapons useful in warfare '' . Due to these decisions , the debate between various organizations regarding gun control and gun rights continues . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 Pre-Constitution background 2.1 Influence of the English Bill of Rights of 1689 2.2 Experience in America prior to the U.S. Constitution 3 State Constitutional Precursors to the Second Amendment 3.1 Virginia , June 12 , 1776 3.2 Pennsylvania , September 28 , 1776 3.3 Maryland , November 11 , 1776 3.4 North Carolina , December 18 , 1776 3.5 New York , April 20 , 1777 3.6 Vermont , July 8 , 1777 3.7 Massachusetts , June 15 , 1780 4 Drafting and adoption of the Constitution 5 Ratification debates 5.1 Argument for state power 5.2 Government tyranny 5.3 Preserving slave patrols 6 Conflict and compromise in Congress produce the Bill of Rights 7 Militia in the decades following ratification 8 Scholarly commentary 8.1 Early commentary 8.1. 1 Richard Henry Lee 8.1. 2 George Mason 8.1. 3 Tench Coxe 8.1. 4 Tucker / Blackstone 8.1. 5 William Rawle 8.1. 6 Joseph Story 8.1. 7 Lysander Spooner 8.1. 8 Timothy Farrar 8.1. 9 Judge Thomas Cooley 8.2 Late 20th century commentary 8.3 Meaning of `` well regulated militia '' 8.4 Meaning of `` the right of the People '' 8.5 Meaning of `` keep and bear arms '' 9 Supreme Court cases 9.1 United States v. Cruikshank 9.2 Presser v. Illinois 9.3 Miller v. Texas 9.4 Robertson v. Baldwin 9.5 United States v. Miller 9.6 District of Columbia v. Heller 9.6. 1 Judgment 9.6. 2 Notes and analysis 9.7 McDonald v. City of Chicago 9.8 Caetano v. Massachusetts 10 United States Courts of Appeals decisions before and after Heller 10.1 Before Heller 10.2 After Heller 11 Calls for repeal 12 See also 13 Notes and citations 14 References 14.1 Books 14.2 Periodicals 14.3 Other publications 15 Further reading 16 External links Text ( edit ) There are several versions of the text of the Second Amendment , each with capitalization or punctuation differences . Differences exist between the drafted and ratified copies , the signed copies on display , and various published transcriptions . The importance ( or lack thereof ) of these differences has been the source of debate regarding the meaning and interpretation of the amendment , particularly regarding the importance of the prefatory clause . One version was passed by the Congress , and a slightly different version was ratified . As passed by the Congress and preserved in the National Archives , with the rest of the original handwritten copy of the Bill of Rights prepared by scribe William Lambert , the amendment says : A well regulated Militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed . The hand - written copy of the proposed Bill of Rights , 1789 , cropped to show only the text that would later be edited and ratified as the Second Amendment Here is the amendment as ratified by the States and authenticated by Thomas Jefferson , the Secretary of State : A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . Pre-constitution background ( edit ) Influence of the English Bill of rights of 1689 ( edit ) The right to bear arms in English history is regarded in English law as a subordinate auxiliary right of the primary rights to personal security , personal liberty , and private property . According to Sir William Blackstone , `` The ... last auxiliary right of the subject ... is that of having arms for their ( defense ) , suitable to their condition and degree , and such as are allowed by law . Which is ... declared by ... statute , and is indeed a public allowance , under due restrictions , of the natural right of resistance and self - preservation , when the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression . '' The English Bill of Rights of 1689 emerged from a tempestuous period in English politics during which two issues were major sources of conflict : the authority of the King to govern without the consent of Parliament , and the role of Catholics in a country that was becoming ever more Protestant . Ultimately , the Catholic James II was overthrown in the Glorious Revolution , and his successors , the Protestants William III and Mary II , accepted the conditions that were codified in the Bill . One of the issues the Bill resolved was the authority of the King to disarm his subjects , after James II had attempted to disarm many Protestants , and had argued with Parliament over his desire to maintain a standing ( or permanent ) army . The bill states that it is acting to restore `` ancient rights '' trampled upon by James II , though some have argued that the English Bill of Rights created a new right to have arms , which developed out of a duty to have arms . In District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court did not accept this view , remarking that the English right at the time of the passing of the English Bill of Rights was `` clearly an individual right , having nothing whatsoever to do with service in the militia '' and that it was a right not to be disarmed by the Crown and was not the granting of a new right to have arms . The text of the English Bill of Rights of 1689 includes language protecting the right of Protestants against disarmament by the Crown . This document states : `` That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law . '' It also contained text that aspired to bind future Parliaments , though under English constitutional law no Parliament can bind any later Parliament . Nevertheless , the English Bill of Rights remains an important constitutional document , more for enumerating the rights of Parliament over the monarchy than for its clause concerning a right to have arms . The statement in the English Bill of Rights concerning the right to bear arms is often quoted only in the passage where it is written as above and not in its full context . In its full context it is clear that the bill was asserting the right of Protestant citizens not to be disarmed by the King without the consent of Parliament and was merely restoring rights to Protestants that the previous King briefly and unlawfully had removed . In its full context it reads : Whereas the late King James the Second by the Assistance of diverse evill Councellors Judges and Ministers imployed by him did endeavour to subvert and extirpate the Protestant Religion and the Lawes and Liberties of this Kingdome ( list of grievances including ) ... by causing severall good Subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when Papists were both Armed and Imployed contrary to Law , ( Recital regarding the change of monarch ) ... thereupon the said Lords Spirituall and Temporall and Commons pursuant to their respective Letters and Elections being now assembled in a full and free Representative of this Nation takeing into their most serious Consideration the best meanes for attaining the Ends aforesaid Doe in the first place ( as their Auncestors in like Case have usually done ) for the Vindicating and Asserting their ancient Rights and Liberties , Declare ( list of rights including ) ... That the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their Conditions and as allowed by Law . The historical link between the English Bill of Rights and the Second Amendment , which both codify an existing right and do not create a new one , has been acknowledged by the U.S. Supreme Court . The English Bill of Rights includes the proviso that arms must be as `` allowed by law . '' This has been the case before and after the passage of the Bill . While it did not override earlier restrictions on the ownership of guns for hunting , it is subject to the parliamentary right to implicitly or explicitly repeal earlier enactments . There is some difference of opinion as to how revolutionary the events of 1688 -- 89 actually were , and several commentators make the point that the provisions of the English Bill of Rights did not represent new laws , but rather stated existing rights . Mark Thompson wrote that , apart from determining the succession , the English Bill of Rights did `` little more than set forth certain points of existing laws and simply secured to Englishmen the rights of which they were already posessed ( sic ) . '' Before and after the English Bill of Rights , the government could always disarm any individual or class of individuals it considered dangerous to the peace of the realm . In 1765 , William Blackstone wrote the Commentaries on the Laws of England describing the right to have arms in England during the 18th century as a subordinate auxiliary right of the subject that was `` also declared '' in the English Bill of Rights . The fifth and last auxiliary right of the subject , that I shall at present mention , is that of having arms for their defence , suitable to their condition and degree , and such as are allowed by law . Which is also declared by the same statute 1 W. & M. st. 2 . c. 2 . and is indeed a public allowance , under due restrictions , of the natural right of resistance and self - preservation , when the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression . Although there is little doubt that the writers of the Second Amendment were heavily influenced by the English Bill of Rights , it is a matter of interpretation as to whether they were intent on preserving the power to regulate arms to the states over the federal government ( as the English Parliament had reserved for itself against the monarch ) or whether it was intent on creating a new right akin to the right of others written into the Constitution ( as the Supreme Court decided in Heller ) . Some in the United States have preferred the `` rights '' argument arguing that the English Bill of Rights had granted a right . The need to have arms for self - defence was not really in question . Peoples all around the world since time immemorial had armed themselves for the protection of themselves and others , and as organized nations began to appear these arrangements had been extended to the protection of the state . Without a regular army and police force ( which in England was not established until 1829 ) , it had been the duty of certain men to keep watch and ward at night and to confront and capture suspicious persons . Every subject had an obligation to protect the king 's peace and assist in the suppression of riots . Experience in America prior to the U.S. Constitution ( edit ) Ideals that helped to inspire the Second Amendment in part are symbolized by the minutemen . Early English settlers in America viewed the right to arms and / or the right to bear arms and / or state militias as important for one or more of these purposes ( in no particular order ) : enabling the people to organize a militia system ; participating in law enforcement ; safeguarding against tyrannical government ; repelling invasion ; suppressing insurrection , allegedly including slave revolts , though some scholars say these claims are factually incorrect ; facilitating a natural right of self - defense . Which of these considerations were thought of as most important and ultimately found expression in the Second Amendment is disputed . Some of these purposes were explicitly mentioned in early state constitutions ; for example , the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 asserted that , `` the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of themselves and the state '' . During the 1760s pre-revolutionary period , the established colonial militia was composed of colonists , including many who were loyal to British imperial rule . As defiance and opposition to British rule developed , a distrust of these Loyalists in the militia became widespread among the colonists , known as Patriots , who favored independence from British rule . As a result , some Patriots created their own militias that excluded the Loyalists and then sought to stock independent armories for their militias . In response to this arms build up , the British Parliament established an embargo of firearms , parts and ammunition against the American colonies . British and Loyalist efforts to disarm the colonial Patriot militia armories in the early phases of the American Revolution resulted in the Patriot colonists protesting by citing the Declaration of Rights , Blackstone 's summary of the Declaration of Rights , their own militia laws and common law rights to self - defense . While British policy in the early phases of the Revolution clearly aimed to prevent coordinated action by the Patriot militia , some have argued that there is no evidence that the British sought to restrict the traditional common law right of self - defense . Patrick J. Charles disputes these claims citing similar disarming by the patriots and challenging those scholars ' interpretation of Blackstone . The right of the colonists to arms and rebellion against oppression was asserted , for example , in a pre-revolutionary newspaper editorial in 1769 Boston objecting to the British army suppression of colonial opposition to the Townshend Acts : Instances of the licentious and outrageous behavior of the military conservators of the peace still multiply upon us , some of which are of such nature , and have been carried to such lengths , as must serve fully to evince that a late vote of this town , calling upon its inhabitants to provide themselves with arms for their defense , was a measure as prudent as it was legal : such violences are always to be apprehended from military troops , when quartered in the body of a populous city ; but more especially so , when they are led to believe that they are become necessary to awe a spirit of rebellion , injuriously said to be existing therein . It is a natural right which the people have reserved to themselves , confirmed by the Bill of Rights , to keep arms for their own defence ; and as Mr. Blackstone observes , it is to be made use of when the sanctions of society and law are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression . The armed forces that won the American Revolution consisted of the standing Continental Army created by the Continental Congress , together with regular French army and naval forces and various state and regional militia units . In opposition , the British forces consisted of a mixture of the standing British Army , Loyalist militia and Hessian mercenaries . Following the Revolution , the United States was governed by the Articles of Confederation . Federalists argued that this government had an unworkable division of power between Congress and the states , which caused military weakness , as the standing army was reduced to as few as 80 men . They considered it to be bad that there was no effective federal military crackdown on an armed tax rebellion in western Massachusetts known as Shays ' Rebellion . Anti-federalists on the other hand took the side of limited government and sympathized with the rebels , many of whom were former Revolutionary War soldiers . Subsequently , the Constitutional Convention proposed in 1787 to grant Congress exclusive power to raise and support a standing army and navy of unlimited size . Anti-federalists objected to the shift of power from the states to the federal government , but as adoption of the Constitution became more and more likely , they shifted their strategy to establishing a bill of rights that would put some limits on federal power . Modern scholars Thomas B. McAffee and Michael J. Quinlan have stated that James Madison `` did not invent the right to keep and bear arms when he drafted the Second Amendment ; the right was pre-existing at both common law and in the early state constitutions . '' In contrast , historian Jack Rakove suggests that Madison 's intention in framing the Second Amendment was to provide assurances to moderate Anti-Federalists that the militias would not be disarmed . One aspect of the gun control debate is the conflict between gun control laws and the right to rebel against unjust governments . Blackstone in his Commentaries alluded to this right to rebel as the natural right of resistance and self preservation , to be used only as a last resort , exercisable when `` the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression '' . Some believe that the framers of the Bill of Rights sought to balance not just political power , but also military power , between the people , the states and the nation , as Alexander Hamilton explained in his Concerning the Militia essay published in 1788 : ... it will be possible to have an excellent body of well - trained militia , ready to take the field whenever the defence of the State shall require it . This will not only lessen the call for military establishments , but if circumstances should at any time oblige the Government to form an army of any magnitude , that army can never be formidable to the liberties of the People , while there is a large body of citizens , little , if at all , inferior to them in discipline and the use of arms , who stand ready to defend their own rights , and those of their fellow - citizens . This appears to me the only substitute that can be devised for a standing army , and the best possible security against it , if it should exist . Some scholars have said that it is wrong to read a right of armed insurrection in the Second Amendment because clearly the founding fathers sought to place trust in the power of the ordered liberty of democratic government versus the anarchy of insurrectionists . Other writers , such as Glenn Reynolds , contend that the framers did believe in an individual right to armed insurrection . They cite examples , such as the Declaration of Independence ( describing in 1776 `` the Right of the People to ... institute new Government '' ) and the Constitution of New Hampshire ( stating in 1784 that `` nonresistance against arbitrary power , and oppression , is absurd , slavish , and destructive of the good and happiness of mankind '' ) . There was an ongoing debate beginning in 1789 about `` the people '' fighting governmental tyranny ( as described by Anti-Federalists ) ; or the risk of mob rule of `` the people '' ( as described by the Federalists ) related to the increasingly violent French Revolution . A widespread fear , during the debates on ratifying the Constitution , was the possibility of a military takeover of the states by the federal government , which could happen if the Congress passed laws prohibiting states from arming citizens , or prohibiting citizens from arming themselves . Though it has been argued that the states lost the power to arm their citizens when the power to arm the militia was transferred from the states to the federal government by Article I , Section 8 of the Constitution , the individual right to arm was retained and strengthened by the Militia Acts of 1792 and the similar act of 1795 . State constitutional precursors to the Second Amendment ( edit ) Related Articles & Sections within the first State Constitutions Adopted after May 10 , 1776 . Note : On May 10 , 1776 , Congress passed a resolution recommending that any colony with a government that was not inclined toward independence should form one that was . Virginia , June 12 , 1776 ( edit ) Virginia 's Constitution lists the reasons for dissolving its ties with the King in the formation of its own independent state government . Including the following : Keeping among us , in times of peace , standing armies and ships of war . Effecting to render the military independent of , and superior to , the civil power . * These same reasons would later be outlined within the Declaration of Independence . A Declaration of Rights . Section 13 . That a well - regulated militia , composed of the body of the people , trained to arms , is the proper , natural , and safe defence of a free State ; that standing armies , in time of peace , should be avoided , as dangerous to liberty ; and that in all cases the military should be under strict subordination to , and governed by , the civil power . Pennsylvania , September 28 , 1776 ( edit ) Article 13 . That the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of themselves and the state ; and as standing armies in the time of peace are dangerous to liberty , they ought not to be kept up ; And that the military should be kept under strict subordination to , and governed by , the civil power . IMPORTANT NOTE : This is the first instance in relationship to U.S. Constitutional Law of the phrase `` right to bear arms . '' It is of relevance that Pennsylvania was a Quaker Colony traditionally opposed to bearing arms . `` In settling Pennsylvania , William Penn had a great experiment in view , a ' holy experiment , ' as he term ( ed ) it . This was no less than to test , on a scale of considerable magnitude , the practicability of founding and governing a State on the sure principles of the Christian religion ; where the executive should be sustained without arms ; where justice should be administered without oaths ; and where real religion might flourish without the incubus of a hierarchical system . '' The Non-Quaker residents , many from the Western Counties , complained often and loudly of being denied the right to a common defense . By the time of the American Revolution , through what could be described as a revolution within a revolution , the pro-militia factions had gained ascendancy in the state 's government . And by a manipulation through the use of oaths , disqualifying Quaker members , they made up a vast majority of the convention forming the new state constitution ; it was only natural that they would assert their efforts to form a compulsory State Militia in the context of a `` right '' to defend themselves and the state . Maryland , November 11 , 1776 ( edit ) Articles XXV - XXVII. 25 . That a well - regulated militia is the proper and natural defence of a free government . 26 . That standing armies are dangerous to liberty , and ought not to be raised or kept up , without consent of the Legislature. 27 . That in all cases , and at all times , the military ought to be under strict subordination to and control of the civil power . North Carolina , December 18 , 1776 ( edit ) A Declaration of Rights . Article XVII . That the people have a right to bear arms , for the defence of the State ; and , as standing armies , in time of peace , are dangerous to liberty , they ought not to be kept up ; and that the military should be kept under strict subordination to , and governed by , the civil power . New York , April 20 , 1777 ( edit ) Article XL . And whereas it is of the utmost importance to the safety of every State that it should always be in a condition of defence ; and it is the duty of every man who enjoys the protection of society to be prepared and willing to defend it ; this convention therefore , in the name and by the authority of the good people of this State , doth ordain , determine , and declare that the militia of this State , at all times hereafter , as well in peace as in war , shall be armed and disciplined , and in readiness for service . That all such of the inhabitants of this State being of the people called Quakers as , from scruples of conscience , may be averse to the bearing of arms , be therefrom excused by the legislature ; and do pay to the State such sums of money , in lieu of their personal service , as the same ; may , in the judgment of the legislature , be worth . And that a proper magazine of warlike stores , proportionate to the number of inhabitants , be , forever hereafter , at the expense of this State , and by acts of the legislature , established , maintained , and continued in every county in this State . Vermont , July 8 , 1777 ( edit ) Chapter 1 . Section XVIII . That the people have a right to bear arms for the defence of the themselves and the State ; and as standing armies , in the time of peace , are dangerous to liberty , they ought not to be kept up ; and that the military should be kept under strict subordination to , and governed by , the civil power . Massachusetts , June 15 , 1780 ( edit ) A Declaration of Rights . Chapter 1 . Article XVII . The people have a right to keep and to bear arms for the common defence . And as , in time of peace , armies are dangerous to liberty , they ought not to be maintained without the consent of the legislature ; and the military power shall always be held in an exact subordination to the civil authority and be governed by it . Drafting and adoption of the Constitution ( edit ) Further information : Constitutional Convention James Madison ( left ) is known as the `` Father of the Constitution '' and `` Father of the Bill of Rights '' while George Mason ( right ) with Madison is also known as the `` Father of the Bill of Rights '' Patrick Henry ( left ) believed that a citizenry trained in arms was the only sure guarantor of liberty while Alexander Hamilton ( right ) wrote in Federalist No. 29 that `` little more can be reasonably aimed at , with respect to the people at large , than to have them properly armed ... '' In March 1785 , delegates from Virginia and Maryland assembled at the Mount Vernon Conference to fashion a remedy to the inefficiencies of the Articles of Confederation . The following year , at a meeting in Annapolis , Maryland , 12 delegates from five states ( New Jersey , New York , Pennsylvania , Delaware , and Virginia ) met and drew up a list of problems with the current government model . At its conclusion , the delegates scheduled a follow - up meeting in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania for May 1787 to present solutions to these problems , such as the absence of : interstate arbitration processes to handle quarrels between states ; sufficiently trained and armed intrastate security forces to suppress insurrection ; a national militia to repel foreign invaders . It quickly became apparent that the solution to all three of these problems required shifting control of the states ' militias to the federal congress and giving that congress the power to raise a standing army . Article 1 , Section 8 of the Constitution codified these changes by allowing the Congress to provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States by doing the following : raise and support armies , but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; provide and maintain a navy ; make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union , suppress insurrections and repel invasions ; provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining the militia , and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States , reserving to the states respectively , the appointment of the officers , and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . Some representatives mistrusted proposals to enlarge federal powers , because they were concerned about the inherent risks of centralizing power . Federalists , including James Madison , initially argued that a bill of rights was unnecessary , sufficiently confident that the federal government could never raise a standing army powerful enough to overcome a militia . Federalist Noah Webster argued that an armed populace would have no trouble resisting the potential threat to liberty of a standing army . Anti-federalists , on the other hand , advocated amending the Constitution with clearly defined and enumerated rights providing more explicit constraints on the new government . Many Anti-federalists feared the new federal government would choose to disarm state militias . Federalists countered that in listing only certain rights , unlisted rights might lose protection . The Federalists realized there was insufficient support to ratify the Constitution without a bill of rights and so they promised to support amending the Constitution to add a bill of rights following the Constitution 's adoption . This compromise persuaded enough Anti-federalists to vote for the Constitution , allowing for ratification . The Constitution was declared ratified on June 21 , 1788 , when nine of the original thirteen states had ratified it . The remaining four states later followed suit , although the last two states , North Carolina and Rhode Island , ratified only after Congress had passed the Bill of Rights and sent it to the states for ratification . James Madison drafted what ultimately became the Bill of Rights , which was proposed by the first Congress on June 8 , 1789 , and was adopted on December 15 , 1791 . Ratification Debates ( edit ) The debate surrounding the Constitution 's ratification is of practical importance , particularly to adherents of originalist and strict constructionist legal theories . In the context of such legal theories and elsewhere , it is important to understand the language of the Constitution in terms of what that language meant to the people who wrote and ratified the Constitution . The Second Amendment was relatively uncontroversial at the time of its ratification . Robert Whitehill , a delegate from Pennsylvania , sought to clarify the draft Constitution with a bill of rights explicitly granting individuals the right to hunt on their own land in season , though Whitehill 's language was never debated . Argument for state power ( edit ) There was substantial opposition to the new Constitution , because it moved the power to arm the state militias from the states to the federal government . This created a fear that the federal government , by neglecting the upkeep of the militia , could have overwhelming military force at its disposal through its power to maintain a standing army and navy , leading to a confrontation with the states , encroaching on the states ' reserved powers and even engaging in a military takeover . Article VI of the Articles of Confederation states : No vessel of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any State , except such number only , as shall be deemed necessary by the united States in congress assembled , for the defense of such State , or its trade ; nor shall any body of forces be kept up by any State in time of peace , except such number only , as in the judgement of the united States , in congress assembled , shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts necessary for the defense of such State ; but every State shall always keep up a well - regulated and disciplined militia , sufficiently armed and accoutered , and shall provide and constantly have ready for use , in public stores , a due number of field pieces and tents , and a proper quantity of arms , ammunition and camp equipage . In contrast , Article I , Section 8 , Clause 16 of the U.S. Constitution states : To provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the Militia , and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States , reserving to the States respectively , the Appointment of the Officers , and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . Government tyranny ( edit ) A foundation of American political thought during the Revolutionary period was concerned about political corruption and governmental tyranny . Even the federalists , fending off their opponents who accused them of creating an oppressive regime , were careful to acknowledge the risks of tyranny . Against that backdrop , the framers saw the personal right to bear arms as a potential check against tyranny . Theodore Sedgwick of Massachusetts expressed this sentiment by declaring that it is `` a chimerical idea to suppose that a country like this could ever be enslaved ... Is it possible ... that an army could be raised for the purpose of enslaving themselves or their brethren ? or , if raised whether they could subdue a nation of freemen , who know how to prize liberty and who have arms in their hands ? '' Noah Webster similarly argued : Before a standing army can rule the people must be disarmed ; as they are in almost every kingdom in Europe . The supreme power in America can not enforce unjust laws by the sword ; because the whole body of the people are armed , and constitute a force superior to any band of regular troops that can be , on any pretence , raised in the United States . George Mason also argued the importance of the militia and right to bear arms by reminding his compatriots of England 's efforts `` to disarm the people ; that it was the best and most effectual way to enslave them ... by totally disusing and neglecting the militia . '' He also clarified that under prevailing practice the militia included all people , rich and poor . `` Who are the militia ? They consist now of the whole people , except a few public officers . '' Because all were members of the militia , all enjoyed the right to individually bear arms to serve therein . Writing after the ratification of the Constitution , but before the election of the first Congress , James Monroe included `` the right to keep and bear arms '' in a list of basic `` human rights '' , which he proposed to be added to the Constitution . Patrick Henry argued in the Virginia ratification convention on June 5 , 1788 , for the dual rights to arms and resistance to oppression : Guard with jealous attention the public liberty . Suspect everyone who approaches that jewel . Unfortunately , nothing will preserve it but downright force . Whenever you give up that force , you are inevitably ruined . Preserving slave patrols ( edit ) According to Thom Hartmann , the Virginians James Madison , Patrick Henry , and George Mason were concerned that `` slave patrols , '' organized groups of white men who enforced discipline upon enslaved African Americans , needed to remain armed and , therefore , the Constitution needed to clarify that states have the right to organize white men in such militias . Also , Patrick Henry argued against the ratification of both the Constitution and the Second Amendment . Most Southern white men age 18 -- 45 were required to serve on such patrols . For example , Georgia law required the slave patrol militia , led by commissioned militia officers , to visit each plantation each month , to inspect slave dwellings for weapons and to apprehend and punish slaves who were found off premises . Patrick Henry formulated his concern that : `` If there should happen an insurrection of slaves , the country can not be said to be invaded . They can not , therefore , suppress it without the interposition of Congress ... Congress , and Congress only ( under the Constitution without a Second Amendment ) , can call forth the militia . '' Legal historian Paul Finkelman disputes Hartmann 's claim that the Second Amendment was adopted to protect slave patrols , arguing that Hartmann 's claim is `` factually incorrect and misleading '' and that there is no historical evidence for this assertion . Conflict and compromise in Congress produce the Bill of rights ( edit ) James Madison 's initial proposal for a bill of rights was brought to the floor of the House of Representatives on June 8 , 1789 , during the first session of Congress . The initial proposed passage relating to arms was : The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; a well armed and well regulated militia being the best security of a free country : but no person religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person . On July 21 , Madison again raised the issue of his bill and proposed a select committee be created to report on it . The House voted in favor of Madison 's motion , and the Bill of Rights entered committee for review . The committee returned to the House a reworded version of the Second Amendment on July 28 . On August 17 , that version was read into the Journal : A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the people , being the best security of a free State , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; but no person religiously scrupulous shall be compelled to bear arms . In late August 1789 , the House debated and modified the Second Amendment . These debates revolved primarily around risk of `` mal - administration of the government '' using the `` religiously scrupulous '' clause to destroy the militia as Great Britain had attempted to destroy the militia at the commencement of the American Revolution . These concerns were addressed by modifying the final clause , and on August 24 , the House sent the following version to the Senate : A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the people , being the best security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ; but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person . The next day , August 25 , the Senate received the amendment from the House and entered it into the Senate Journal . However , the Senate scribe added a comma before `` shall not be infringed '' and changed the semicolon separating that phrase from the religious exemption portion to a comma : A well regulated militia , composed of the body of the people , being the best security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed , but no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms shall be compelled to render military service in person . By this time , the proposed right to keep and bear arms was in a separate amendment , instead of being in a single amendment together with other proposed rights such as the due process right . As a Representative explained , this change allowed each amendment to `` be passed upon distinctly by the States . '' On September 4 , the Senate voted to change the language of the Second Amendment by removing the definition of militia , and striking the conscientious objector clause : A well regulated militia , being the best security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed . The Senate returned to this amendment for a final time on September 9 . A proposal to insert the words `` for the common defence '' next to the words `` bear arms '' was defeated . A motion passed to replace the words `` the best , '' and insert in lieu there of `` necessary to the '' . The Senate then slightly modified the language to read as the fourth article and voted to return the Bill of Rights to the House . The final version by the Senate was amended to read as : A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed . The House voted on September 21 , 1789 to accept the changes made by the Senate . The enrolled original Joint Resolution passed by Congress on September 25 , 1789 , on permanent display in the Rotunda , reads as : A well regulated militia , being necessary to the security of a free State , the right of the People to keep and bear arms , shall not be infringed . On December 15 , 1791 , the Bill of Rights ( the first ten amendments to the Constitution ) was adopted , having been ratified by three - fourths of the states , having been ratified as a group by all the fourteen states then in existence except Connecticut , Massachusetts , and Georgia -- which added ratifications in 1939 ; Vermont ratified them all . Militia in the decades following ratification ( edit ) Ketland brass barrel smooth bore pistol common in Colonial America During the first two decades following the ratification of the Second Amendment , public opposition to standing armies , among Anti-Federalists and Federalists alike , persisted and manifested itself locally as a general reluctance to create a professional armed police force , instead relying on county sheriffs , constables and night watchmen to enforce local ordinances . Though sometimes compensated , often these positions were unpaid -- held as a matter of civic duty . In these early decades , law enforcement officers were rarely armed with firearms , using billy clubs as their sole defensive weapons . In serious emergencies , a posse comitatus , militia company , or group of vigilantes assumed law enforcement duties ; these individuals were more likely than the local sheriff to be armed with firearms . On May 8 , 1792 , Congress passed `` ( a ) n act more effectually to provide for the National Defence , by establishing an Uniform Militia throughout the United States '' requiring : ( E ) ach and every free able - bodied white male citizen of the respective States , resident therein , who is or shall be of age of eighteen years , and under the age of forty - five years ( except as is herein after excepted ) shall severally and respectively be enrolled in the militia ... ( and ) every citizen so enrolled and notified , shall , within six months thereafter , provide himself with a good musket or firelock , a sufficient bayonet and belt , two spare flints , and a knapsack , a pouch with a box therein to contain not less than twenty - four cartridges , suited to the bore of his musket or firelock , each cartridge to contain a proper quantity of powder and ball : or with a good rifle , knapsack , shot - pouch and powder - horn , twenty balls suited to the bore of his rifle , and a quarter of a pound of powder ; and shall appear , so armed , accoutred and provided , when called out to exercise , or into service , except , that when called out on company days to exercise only , he may appear without a knapsack . The act also gave specific instructions to domestic weapon manufacturers `` that from and after five years from the passing of this act , muskets for arming the militia as herein required , shall be of bores sufficient for balls of the eighteenth part of a pound . '' In practice , private acquisition and maintenance of rifles and muskets meeting specifications and readily available for militia duty proved problematic ; estimates of compliance ranged from 10 to 65 percent . Compliance with the enrollment provisions was also poor . In addition to the exemptions granted by the law for custom - house officers and their clerks , post-officers and stage drivers employed in the care and conveyance of U.S. mail , ferrymen , export inspectors , pilots , merchant mariners and those deployed at sea in active service ; state legislatures granted numerous exemptions under Section 2 of the Act , including exemptions for : clergy , conscientious objectors , teachers , students , and jurors . And though a number of able - bodied white men remained available for service , many simply did not show up for militia duty . Penalties for failure to appear were enforced sporadically and selectively . None is mentioned in the legislation . The Model 1795 Musket was made in the U.S. and used in the War of 1812 . The first test of the militia system occurred in July 1794 , when a group of disaffected Pennsylvania farmers rebelled against federal tax collectors whom they viewed as illegitimate tools of tyrannical power . Attempts by the four adjoining states to raise a militia for nationalization to suppress the insurrection proved inadequate . When officials resorted to drafting men , they faced bitter resistance . Forthcoming soldiers consisted primarily of draftees or paid substitutes as well as poor enlistees lured by enlistment bonuses . The officers , however , were of a higher quality , responding out of a sense of civic duty and patriotism , and generally critical of the rank and file . Most of the 13,000 soldiers lacked the required weaponry ; the war department provided nearly two - thirds of them with guns . In October , President George Washington and General Harry Lee marched on the 7,000 rebels who conceded without fighting . The episode provoked criticism of the citizen militia and inspired calls for a universal militia . Secretary of War Henry Knox and Vice-President John Adams had lobbied Congress to establish federal armories to stock imported weapons and encourage domestic production . Congress did subsequently pass `` ( a ) n act for the erecting and repairing of Arsenals and Magazines '' on April 2 , 1794 , two months prior to the insurrection . Nevertheless , the militia continued to deteriorate and twenty years later , the militia 's poor condition contributed to several losses in the War of 1812 , including the sacking of Washington , D.C. , and the burning of the White House in 1814 . Scholarly commentary ( edit ) Early commentary ( edit ) William Rawle of Pennsylvania ( left ) was a lawyer and district attorney ; Thomas M. Cooley of Michigan ( right ) was an educator and judge . Joseph Story of Massachusetts ( left ) became a U.S. Supreme Court justice ; Tench Coxe of Pennsylvania ( right ) was a political economist and delegate to the Continental Congress . Richard Henry Lee ( edit ) In May of 1788 , Richard Henry Lee wrote in Additional Letters From The Federal Farmer # 169 or Letter XVIII regarding the definition of a `` militia '' : A militia , when properly formed , are in fact the people themselves , and render regular troops in a great measure unnecessary . George Mason ( edit ) In June of 1788 , George Mason addressed the Virginia Ratifying Convention regarding a `` militia : '' A worthy member has asked , who are the militia , if they be not the people , of this country , and if we are not to be protected from the fate of the Germans , Prussians , &c. by our representation ? I ask who are the militia ? They consist now of the whole people , except a few public officers . But I can not say who will be the militia of the future day . If that paper on the table gets no alteration , the militia of the future day may not consist of all classes , high and low , and rich and poor ; but may be confined to the lower and middle classes of the people , granting exclusion to the higher classes of the people . If we should ever see that day , the most ignominious punishments and heavy fines may be expected . Under the present government all ranks of people are subject to militia duty . Tench Coxe ( edit ) In 1792 , Tench Coxe made the following point in a commentary on the Second Amendment : As civil rulers , not having their duty to the people duly before them , may attempt to tyrannize , and as the military forces which must be occasionally raised to defend our country , might pervert their power to the injury of their fellow citizens , the people are confirmed by the next article in their right to keep and bear their private arms . Tucker / Blackstone ( edit ) The earliest published commentary on the Second Amendment by a major constitutional theorist was by St. George Tucker . He annotated a five - volume edition of Sir William Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England , a critical legal reference for early American attorneys published in 1803 . Tucker wrote : A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep , and bear arms , shall not be infringed . Amendments to C.U.S. Art . 4 . This may be considered as the true palladium of liberty ... The right of self defence is the first law of nature : in most governments it has been the study of rulers to confine this right within the narrowest limits possible . Wherever standing armies are kept up , and the right of the people to keep and bear arms is , under any colour or pretext whatsoever , prohibited , liberty , if not already annihilated , is on the brink of destruction . In England , the people have been disarmed , generally , under the specious pretext of preserving the game : a never failing lure to bring over the landed aristocracy to support any measure , under that mask , though calculated for very different purposes . True it is , their bill of rights seems at first view to counteract this policy : but the right of bearing arms is confined to protestants , and the words suitable to their condition and degree , have been interpreted to authorise the prohibition of keeping a gun or other engine for the destruction of game , to any farmer , or inferior tradesman , or other person not qualified to kill game . So that not one man in five hundred can keep a gun in his house without being subject to a penalty . In footnotes 40 and 41 of the Commentaries , Tucker stated that the right to bear arms under the Second Amendment was not subject to the restrictions that were part of English law : `` The right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . Amendments to C.U.S. Art . 4 , and this without any qualification as to their condition or degree , as is the case in the British government '' and `` whoever examines the forest , and game laws in the British code , will readily perceive that the right of keeping arms is effectually taken away from the people of England . '' Blackstone himself also commented on English game laws , Vol. II , p. 412 , `` that the prevention of popular insurrections and resistance to government by disarming the bulk of the people , is a reason oftener meant than avowed by the makers of the forest and game laws . '' Blackstone discussed the right of self - defense in a separate section of his treatise on the common law of crimes . Tucker 's annotations for that latter section did not mention the Second Amendment but cited the standard works of English jurists such as Hawkins . Further , Tucker criticized the English Bill of Rights for limiting gun ownership to the very wealthy , leaving the populace effectively disarmed , and expressed the hope that Americans `` never cease to regard the right of keeping and bearing arms as the surest pledge of their liberty . '' William Rawle ( edit ) Tucker 's commentary was soon followed , in 1825 , by that of William Rawle in his landmark text , A View of the Constitution of the United States of America . Like Tucker , Rawle condemned England 's `` arbitrary code for the preservation of game , '' portraying that country as one that `` boasts so much of its freedom , '' yet provides a right to `` protestant subjects only '' that it `` cautiously describ ( es ) to be that of bearing arms for their defence '' and reserves for `` ( a ) very small proportion of the people ( . ) '' In contrast , Rawle characterizes the second clause of the Second Amendment , which he calls the corollary clause , as a general prohibition against such capricious abuse of government power , declaring bluntly : No clause could by any rule of construction be conceived to give to congress a power to disarm the people . Such a flagitious attempt could only be made under some general pretence by a state legislature . But if in any blind pursuit of inordinate power , either should attempt it , this amendment may be appealed to as a restraint on both . Speaking of the Second Amendment generally , Rawle said : The prohibition is general . No clause in the Constitution could by any rule of construction be conceived to give to congress a power to disarm the people . Such a flagitious attempt could only be made under some general pretence by a state legislature . But if in any blind pursuit of inordinate power , either should attempt it , this amendment may be appealed to as a restraint on both . Rawle , long before the concept of incorporation was formally recognized by the courts , or Congress drafted the Fourteenth Amendment , contended that citizens could appeal to the Second Amendment should either the state or federal government attempt to disarm them . He did warn , however , that `` this right ( to bear arms ) ought not ... be abused to the disturbance of the public peace '' and , paraphrasing Coke , observed : `` An assemblage of persons with arms , for unlawful purpose , is an indictable offence , and even the carrying of arms abroad by a single individual , attended with circumstances giving just reason to fear that he purposes to make an unlawful use of them , would be sufficient cause to require him to give surety of the peace . '' Joseph Story ( edit ) Joseph Story articulated in his influential Commentaries on the Constitution the orthodox view of the Second Amendment , which he viewed as the amendment 's clear meaning : The right of the citizens to keep and bear arms has justly been considered , as the palladium of the liberties of a republic ; since it offers a strong moral check against the usurpations and arbitrary power of rulers ; and it will generally , even if these are successful in the first instance , enable the people to resist and triumph over them . And yet , though this truth would seem so clear , and the importance of a well - regulated militia would seem so undeniable , it can not be disguised , that among the American people there is a growing indifference to any system of militia discipline , and a strong disposition , from a sense of its burdens , to be rid of all regulations . How it is practicable to keep the people duly armed without some organization , it is difficult to see . There is certainly no small danger , that indifference may lead to disgust , and disgust to contempt ; and thus gradually undermine all the protection intended by this clause of our National Bill of Rights . Story describes a militia as the `` natural defence of a free country , '' both against foreign foes , domestic revolts and usurpation by rulers . The book regards the militia as a `` moral check '' against both usurpation and the arbitrary use of power , while expressing distress at the growing indifference of the American people to maintaining such an organized militia , which could lead to the undermining of the protection of the Second Amendment . Lysander Spooner ( edit ) Abolitionist Lysander Spooner , commenting on bills of rights , stated that the object of all bills of rights is to assert the rights of individuals against the government and that the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms was in support of the right to resist government oppression , as the only security against the tyranny of government lies in forcible resistance to injustice , for injustice will certainly be executed , unless forcibly resisted . Spooner 's theory provided the intellectual foundation for John Brown and other radical abolitionists who believed that arming slaves was not only morally justified , but entirely consistent with the Second Amendment . An express connection between this right and the Second Amendment was drawn by Lysander Spooner who commented that a `` right of resistance '' is protected by both the right to trial by jury and the Second Amendment . The congressional debate on the proposed Fourteenth Amendment concentrated on what the Southern States were doing to harm the newly freed slaves , including disarming the former slaves . Timothy Farrar ( edit ) In 1867 , Judge Timothy Farrar published his Manual of the Constitution of the United States of America , which was written when the Fourteenth Amendment was `` in the process of adoption by the State legislatures . '' : The States are recognized as governments , and , when their own constitutions permit , may do as they please ; provided they do not interfere with the Constitution and laws of the United States , or with the civil or natural rights of the people recognized thereby , and held in conformity to them . The right of every person to `` life , liberty , and property , '' to `` keep and bear arms , '' to the `` writ of habeas corpus '' to `` trial by jury , '' and divers others , are recognized by , and held under , the Constitution of the United States , and can not be infringed by individuals or even by the government itself . Judge Thomas Cooley ( edit ) Judge Thomas M. Cooley , perhaps the most widely read constitutional scholar of the nineteenth century , wrote extensively about this amendment , and he explained in 1880 how the Second Amendment protected the `` right of the people , '' : It might be supposed from the phraseology of this provision that the right to keep and bear arms was only guaranteed to the militia ; but this would be an interpretation not warranted by the intent . The militia , as has been elsewhere explained , consists of those persons who , under the law , are liable to the performance of military duty , and are officered and enrolled for service when called upon . But the law may make provision for the enrolment of all who are fit to perform military duty , or of a small number only , or it may wholly omit to make any provision at all ; and if the right were limited to those enrolled , the purpose of this guaranty might be defeated altogether by the action or neglect to act of the government it was meant to hold in check . The meaning of the provision undoubtedly is , that the people , from whom the militia must be taken , shall have the right to keep and bear arms ; and they need no permission or regulation of law for the purpose . But this enables the government to have a well - regulated militia ; for to bear arms implies something more than the mere keeping ; it implies the learning to handle and use them in a way that makes those who keep them ready for their efficient use ; in other words , it implies the right to meet for voluntary discipline in arms , observing in doing so the laws of public order . Late 20th century commentary ( edit ) Assortment of 20th century handguns In the latter half of the 20th century , there was considerable debate over whether the Second Amendment protected an individual right or a collective right . The debate centered on whether the prefatory clause ( `` A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State '' ) declared the amendment 's only purpose or merely announced a purpose to introduce the operative clause ( `` the right of the People to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed '' ) . Scholars advanced three competing theoretical models for how the prefatory clause should be interpreted . The first , known as the `` states ' rights '' or `` collective right '' model , held that the Second Amendment does not apply to individuals ; rather , it recognizes the right of each state to arm its militia . Under this approach , citizens `` have no right to keep or bear arms , but the states have a collective right to have the National Guard '' . Advocates of collective rights models argued that the Second Amendment was written to prevent the federal government from disarming state militias , rather than to secure an individual right to possess firearms . Prior to 2001 , every circuit court decision that interpreted the Second Amendment endorsed the `` collective right '' model . However , beginning with the Fifth Circuit 's opinion United States v. Emerson in 2001 , some circuit courts recognized that the Second Amendment protects an individual right to bear arms . The second , known as the `` sophisticated collective right model '' , held that the Second Amendment recognizes some limited individual right . However , this individual right could only be exercised by actively participating members of a functioning , organized state militia . Some scholars have argued that the `` sophisticated collective rights model '' is , in fact , the functional equivalent of the `` collective rights model . '' Other commentators have observed that prior to Emerson , five circuit courts specifically endorsed the `` sophisticated collective right model '' . The third , known as the `` standard model '' , held that the Second Amendment recognized the personal right of individuals to keep and bear arms . Supporters of this model argued that `` although the first clause may describe a general purpose for the amendment , the second clause is controlling and therefore the amendment confers an individual right ' of the people ' to keep and bear arms '' . Additionally , scholars who favored this model argued the `` absence of founding - era militias mentioned in the Amendment 's preamble does not render it a ' dead letter ' because the preamble is a ' philosophical declaration ' safeguarding militias and is but one of multiple ' civic purposes ' for which the Amendment was enacted '' . Under both of the collective right models , the opening phrase was considered essential as a pre-condition for the main clause . These interpretations held that this was a grammar structure that was common during that era and that this grammar dictated that the Second Amendment protected a collective right to firearms to the extent necessary for militia duty . However , under the standard model , the opening phrase was believed to be prefatory or amplifying to the operative clause . The opening phrase was meant as a non-exclusive example -- one of many reasons for the amendment . This interpretation is consistent with the position that the Second Amendment protects a modified individual right . The question of a collective right versus an individual right was progressively resolved in favor of the individual rights model , beginning with the Fifth Circuit ruling in United States v. Emerson ( 2001 ) , along with the Supreme Court 's rulings in District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , and McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) . In Heller , the Supreme Court resolved any remaining circuit splits by ruling that the Second Amendment protects an individual right . Although the Second Amendment is the only Constitutional amendment with a prefatory clause , such linguistic constructions were widely used elsewhere in the late eighteenth century . Warren E. Burger , a conservative Republican appointed Chief Justice of the United States by President Richard Nixon , wrote in 1990 following his retirement : `` The Constitution of the United States , in its Second Amendment , guarantees a ' right of the people to keep and bear arms . ' However , the meaning of this clause can not be understood except by looking to the purpose , the setting and the objectives of the draftsmen ... People of that day were apprehensive about the new `` monster '' national government presented to them , and this helps explain the language and purpose of the Second Amendment ... We see that the need for a state militia was the predicate of the ' right ' guaranteed ; in short , it was declared ' necessary ' in order to have a state military force to protect the security of the state . '' And in 1991 Burger stated : `` If I were writing the Bill of Rights now , there would n't be any such thing as the Second Amendment ... that a well regulated militia being necessary for the defense of the state , the peoples ' rights to bear arms . This has been the subject of one of the greatest pieces of fraud -- I repeat the word ' fraud ' -- on the American public by special interest groups that I have ever seen in my lifetime . '' In a 1992 opinion piece , six former American attorneys general wrote : `` For more than 200 years , the federal courts have unanimously determined that the Second Amendment concerns only the arming of the people in service to an organized state militia ; it does not guarantee immediate access to guns for private purposes . The nation can no longer afford to let the gun lobby 's distortion of the Constitution cripple every reasonable attempt to implement an effective national policy toward guns and crime . '' Research by Robert Spitzer found that every law journal article discussing the Second Amendment through 1959 `` reflected the Second Amendment affects citizens only in connection with citizen service in a government organized and regulated militia . '' Only beginning in 1960 did law journal articles begin to advocate an `` individualist '' view of gun ownership rights . Meaning of `` well regulated militia '' ( edit ) The term `` regulated '' means `` disciplined '' or `` trained '' . In Heller , the U.S. Supreme Court stated that `` ( t ) he adjective ' well - regulated ' implies nothing more than the imposition of proper discipline and training . '' In the year prior to the drafting of the Second Amendment , in Federalist No. 29 Alexander Hamilton wrote the following about `` organizing '' , `` disciplining '' , `` arming '' , and `` training '' of the militia as specified in the enumerated powers : If a well regulated militia be the most natural defence of a free country , it ought certainly to be under the regulation and at the disposal of that body which is constituted the guardian of the national security ... confiding the regulation of the militia to the direction of the national authority ... ( but ) reserving to the states ... the authority of training the militia ... A tolerable expertness in military movements is a business that requires time and practice . It is not a day , or even a week , that will suffice for the attainment of it . To oblige the great body of the yeomanry , and of the other classes of the citizens , to be under arms for the purpose of going through military exercises and evolutions , as often as might be necessary to acquire the degree of perfection which would entitle them to the character of a well - regulated militia , would be a real grievance to the people , and a serious public inconvenience and loss ... Little more can reasonably be aimed at , with respect to the People at large , than to have them properly armed and equipped ; and in order to see that this be not neglected , it will be necessary to assemble them once or twice in the course of a year . Justice Scalia , writing for the Court in Heller : `` In Nunn v. State , 1 Ga . 243 , 251 ( 1846 ) , the Georgia Supreme Court construed the Second Amendment as protecting the ' natural right of self - defence ' and therefore struck down a ban on carrying pistols openly . Its opinion perfectly captured the way in which the operative clause of the Second Amendment furthers the purpose announced in the prefatory clause , in continuity with the English right '' : Nor is the right involved in this discussion less comprehensive or valuable : `` The right of the people to bear arms shall not be infringed . '' The right of the whole people , old and young , men , women and boys , and not militia only , to keep and bear arms of every description , not such merely as are used by the militia , shall not be infringed , curtailed , or broken in upon , in the smallest degree ; and all this for the important end to be attained : the rearing up and qualifying a well - regulated militia , so vitally necessary to the security of a free State . Our opinion is , that any law , State or Federal , is repugnant to the Constitution , and void , which contravenes this right , originally belonging to our forefathers , trampled under foot by Charles I. and his two wicked sons and successors , reestablished by the revolution of 1688 , conveyed to this land of liberty by the colonists , and finally incorporated conspicuously in our own Magna Charta ! And Lexington , Concord , Camden , River Raisin , Sandusky , and the laurel - crowned field of New Orleans , plead eloquently for this interpretation ! And the acquisition of Texas may be considered the full fruits of this great constitutional right . Justice Stevens in dissent : When each word in the text is given full effect , the Amendment is most naturally read to secure to the people a right to use and possess arms in conjunction with service in a well - regulated militia . So far as appears , no more than that was contemplated by its drafters or is encompassed within its terms . Even if the meaning of the text were genuinely susceptible to more than one interpretation , the burden would remain on those advocating a departure from the purpose identified in the preamble and from settled law to come forward with persuasive new arguments or evidence . The textual analysis offered by respondent and embraced by the Court falls far short of sustaining that heavy burden . And the Court 's emphatic reliance on the claim `` that the Second Amendment ... codified a pre-existing right , '' ante , at 19 ( refers to p. 19 of the opinion ) , is of course beside the point because the right to keep and bear arms for service in a state militia was also a pre-existing right . Meaning of `` the right of the people '' ( edit ) Justice Antonin Scalia , writing for the majority in Heller , stated : Nowhere else in the Constitution does a `` right '' attributed to `` the people '' refer to anything other than an individual right . What is more , in all six other provisions of the Constitution that mention `` the people , '' the term unambiguously refers to all members of the political community , not an unspecified subset . This contrasts markedly with the phrase `` the militia '' in the prefatory clause . As we will describe below , the `` militia '' in colonial America consisted of a subset of `` the people '' -- those who were male , able bodied , and within a certain age range . Reading the Second Amendment as protecting only the right to `` keep and bear Arms '' in an organized militia therefore fits poorly with the operative clause 's description of the holder of that right as `` the people '' . An earlier case , United States v. Verdugo - Urquidez ( 1990 ) , dealt with nonresident aliens and the Fourth Amendment , but led to a discussion of who are `` the People '' when referred to elsewhere in the Constitution : The Second Amendment protects `` the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , '' and the Ninth and Tenth Amendments provide that certain rights and powers are retained by and reserved to `` the people '' ... While this textual exegesis is by no means conclusive , it suggests that `` the people '' protected by the Fourth Amendment , and by the First and Second Amendments , and to whom rights and powers are reserved in the Ninth and Tenth Amendments , refers to a class of persons who are part of a national community or who have otherwise developed sufficient connection with this country to be considered part of that community . According to the majority in Heller , there were several different reasons for this amendment , and protecting militias was only one of them ; if protecting militias had been the only reason then the amendment could have instead referred to `` the right of the militia to keep and bear arms '' instead of `` the right of the people to keep and bear arms '' . Meaning of `` keep and bear arms '' ( edit ) In Heller the majority rejected the view that the term `` to bear arms '' implies only the military use of arms : Before addressing the verbs `` keep '' and `` bear , '' we interpret their object : `` Arms . '' The term was applied , then as now , to weapons that were not specifically designed for military use and were not employed in a military capacity . Thus , the most natural reading of `` keep Arms '' in the Second Amendment is to `` have weapons . '' At the time of the founding , as now , to `` bear '' meant to `` carry . '' In numerous instances , `` bear arms '' was unambiguously used to refer to the carrying of weapons outside of an organized militia . Nine state constitutional provisions written in the 18th century or the first two decades of the 19th , which enshrined a right of citizens `` bear arms in defense of themselves and the state '' again , in the most analogous linguistic context -- that `` bear arms '' was not limited to the carrying of arms in a militia . The phrase `` bear Arms '' also had at the time of the founding an idiomatic meaning that was significantly different from its natural meaning : `` to serve as a soldier , do military service , fight '' or `` to wage war . '' But it unequivocally bore that idiomatic meaning only when followed by the preposition `` against , '' . Every example given by petitioners ' amici for the idiomatic meaning of `` bear arms '' from the founding period either includes the preposition `` against '' or is not clearly idiomatic . In any event , the meaning of `` bear arms '' that petitioners and Justice Stevens propose is not even the ( sometimes ) idiomatic meaning . Rather , they manufacture a hybrid definition , whereby `` bear arms '' connotes the actual carrying of arms ( and therefore is not really an idiom ) but only in the service of an organized militia . No dictionary has ever adopted that definition , and we have been apprised of no source that indicates that it carried that meaning at the time of the founding . Worse still , the phrase `` keep and bear Arms '' would be incoherent . The word `` Arms '' would have two different meanings at once : `` weapons '' ( as the object of `` keep '' ) and ( as the object of `` bear '' ) one - half of an idiom . It would be rather like saying `` He filled and kicked the bucket '' to mean `` He filled the bucket and died . '' In a dissent , joined by Justices Souter , Ginsburg , and Breyer , Justice Stevens said : The Amendment 's text does justify a different limitation : the `` right to keep and bear arms '' protects only a right to possess and use firearms in connection with service in a state - organized militia . Had the Framers wished to expand the meaning of the phrase `` bear arms '' to encompass civilian possession and use , they could have done so by the addition of phrases such as `` for the defense of themselves '' . A May 2018 analysis by Dennis Baron contradicted the majority opinion : A search of Brigham Young University 's new online Corpus of Founding Era American English , with more than 95,000 texts and 138 million words , yields 281 instances of the phrase `` bear arms . '' BYU 's Corpus of Early Modern English , with 40,000 texts and close to 1.3 billion words , shows 1,572 instances of the phrase . Subtracting about 350 duplicate matches , that leaves about 1,500 separate occurrences of `` bear arms '' in the 17th and 18th centuries , and only a handful do n't refer to war , soldiering or organized , armed action . These databases confirm that the natural meaning of `` bear arms '' in the framers ' day was military . Supreme Court Cases ( edit ) U.S. Supreme Court See also : Firearm case law in the United States In the century following the ratification of the Bill of Rights , the intended meaning and application of the Second Amendment drew less interest than it does in modern times . The vast majority of regulation was done by states , and the first case law on weapons regulation dealt with state interpretations of the Second Amendment . A notable exception to this general rule was Houston v. Moore , 18 U.S. 1 ( 1820 ) , where the U.S. Supreme Court mentioned the Second Amendment in an aside . In the Dred Scott decision ( 1857 ) , the opinion of the court stated that if African Americans were considered U.S. citizens , `` It would give to persons of the negro race , who were recognised as citizens in any one State of the Union , the right ... to keep and carry arms wherever they went . '' State and federal courts historically have used two models to interpret the Second Amendment : the `` individual rights '' model , which holds that individuals hold the right to bear arms , and the `` collective rights '' model , which holds that the right is dependent on militia membership . The `` collective rights '' model has been rejected by the Supreme Court , in favor of the individual rights model . The Supreme Court 's primary Second Amendment cases include United States v. Miller , ( 1939 ) ; District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) ; and McDonald v. Chicago ( 2010 ) . Heller and McDonald supported the individual rights model , under which the Second Amendment protects the right to keep and bear arms much as the First Amendment protects the right to free speech . Under this model , the militia is composed of members who supply their own arms and ammunition . This is generally recognized as the method by which militias have historically been armed , as the Supreme Court in Miller said : The signification attributed to the term Militia appears from the debates in the Convention , the history and legislation of Colonies and States , and the writings of approved commentators . These show plainly enough that the Militia comprised all males physically capable of acting in concert for the common defense . ' A body of citizens enrolled for military discipline . ' And further , that ordinarily when called for service these men were expected to appear bearing arms supplied by themselves and of the kind in common use at the time . Of the collective rights model that holds that the right to arms is based on militia membership , the Supreme Court in Heller said : A purposive qualifying phrase that contradicts the word or phrase it modifies is unknown this side of the looking glass ( except , apparently , in some courses on Linguistics ) . If `` bear arms '' means , as we think , simply the carrying of arms , a modifier can limit the purpose of the carriage ( `` for the purpose of self - defense '' or `` to make war against the King '' ) . But if `` bear arms '' means , as the petitioners and the dissent think , the carrying of arms only for military purposes , one simply can not add `` for the purpose of killing game . '' The right `` to carry arms in the militia for the purpose of killing game '' is worthy of the mad hatter . United States v. Cruikshank ( edit ) Main article : United States v. Cruikshank In the Reconstruction Era case of United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 ( 1875 ) , the defendants were white men who had killed more than sixty black people in what was known as the Colfax massacre and had been charged with conspiring to prevent blacks from exercising their right to bear arms . The Court dismissed the charges , holding that the Bill of Rights restricted Congress but not private individuals . The Court concluded , `` ( f ) or their protection in its enjoyment , the people must look to the States . '' The Court stated that `` ( t ) he Second Amendment ... has no other effect than to restrict the powers of the national government ... '' Likewise , the Court held that there was no state action in this case , and therefore the Fourteenth Amendment was not applicable : The fourteenth amendment prohibits a State from depriving any person of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law ; but this adds nothing to the rights of one citizen as against another . Thus , the Court held a federal anti-Ku - Klux - Klan statute to be unconstitutional as applied in that case . Presser v. Illinois ( edit ) Main article : Presser v. Illinois In Presser v. Illinois , 116 U.S. 252 ( 1886 ) , Herman Presser headed a German - American paramilitary shooting organization and was arrested for leading a parade group of 400 men , training and drilling with military weapons with the declared intention to fight , through the streets of Chicago as a violation of Illinois law that prohibited public drilling and parading in military style without a permit from the governor . At his trial , Presser argued that the State of Illinois had violated his Second Amendment rights . The Supreme Court reaffirmed Cruikshank , and also held that the Second Amendment prevented neither the States nor Congress from barring private militias that parade with arms ; such a right `` can not be claimed as a right independent of law . '' This decision upheld the States ' authority to regulate the militia and that citizens had no right to create their own militias or to own weapons for semi-military purposes . However the court said : `` A state can not prohibit the people therein from keeping and bearing arms to an extent that would deprive the United States of the protection afforded by them as a reserve military force . '' Miller v. Texas ( edit ) In Miller v. Texas , 153 U.S. 535 ( 1894 ) , Franklin Miller was convicted and sentenced to be executed for shooting a police officer to death with an illegally carried handgun in violation of Texas law . Miller sought to have his conviction overturned , claiming his Second Amendment rights were violated and that the Bill of Rights should be applied to state law . The Supreme Court ruled that the Second Amendment did not apply to state laws such as the Texas law : `` As the proceedings were conducted under the ordinary forms of criminal prosecutions there certainly was no denial of due process of law . '' Robertson v. Baldwin ( edit ) In Robertson v. Baldwin , 165 U.S. 275 ( 1897 ) , the Court stated in dicta that laws regulating concealed arms did not infringe upon the right to keep and bear arms and thus were not a violation of the Second Amendment : The law is perfectly well settled that the first ten amendments to the Constitution , commonly known as the `` Bill of Rights , '' were not intended to lay down any novel principles of government , but simply to embody certain guaranties and immunities which we had inherited from our English ancestors , and which had , from time immemorial , been subject to certain well recognized exceptions arising from the necessities of the case . In incorporating these principles into the fundamental law , there was no intention of disregarding the exceptions , which continued to be recognized as if they had been formally expressed . Thus , the freedom of speech and of the press ( Art . I ) does not permit the publication of libels , blasphemous or indecent articles , or other publications injurious to public morals or private reputation ; the right of the people to keep and bear arms ( Art . II ) is not infringed by laws prohibiting the carrying of concealed weapons . United States v. Miller ( edit ) Main article : United States v. Miller In United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. 174 ( 1939 ) , the Supreme Court rejected a Second Amendment challenge to the National Firearms Act prohibiting the interstate transportation of unregistered Title II weapons : Jack Miller and Frank Layton `` did unlawfully ... transport in interstate commerce from ... Claremore ... Oklahoma to ... Siloam Springs ... Arkansas a certain firearm ... a double barrel ... shotgun having a barrel less than 18 inches in length ... at the time of so transporting said firearm in interstate commerce ... not having registered said firearm as required by Section 1132d of Title 26 , United States Code ... and not having in their possession a stamp - affixed written order ... as provided by Section 1132C ... '' In a unanimous opinion authored by Justice McReynolds , the Supreme Court stated `` the objection that the Act usurps police power reserved to the States is plainly untenable . '' As the Court explained : In the absence of any evidence tending to show that possession or use of a ' shotgun having a barrel of less than eighteen inches in length ' at this time has some reasonable relationship to any preservation or efficiency of a well regulated militia , we can not say that the Second Amendment guarantees the right to keep and bear such an instrument . Certainly it is not within judicial notice that this weapon is any part of the ordinary military equipment or that its use could contribute to the common defense . Gun rights advocates claim that the Court in Miller ruled that the Second Amendment protected the right to keep arms that are part of `` ordinary military equipment . '' They also claim that the Court did not consider the question of whether the sawed - off shotgun in the case would be an applicable weapon for personal defense , instead looking solely at the weapon 's suitability for the `` common defense . '' Law professor Andrew McClurg states , `` The only certainty about Miller is that it failed to give either side a clear - cut victory . Most modern scholars recognize this fact . '' District of Columbia v. Heller ( edit ) Main article : District of Columbia v. Heller Judgment ( edit ) The Justices who decided Heller According to the syllabus prepared by the U.S. Supreme Court Reporter of Decisions , in District of Columbia v. Heller , 554 U.S. 570 ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court held : 1 . The Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia , and to use that arm for traditionally lawful purposes , such as self - defense within the home . pp. 2 -- 53 . ( a ) The Amendment 's prefatory clause announces a purpose , but does not limit or expand the scope of the second part , the operative clause . The operative clause 's text and history demonstrate that it connotes an individual right to keep and bear arms . pp. 2 -- 22 . ( b ) The prefatory clause comports with the Court 's interpretation of the operative clause . The `` militia '' comprised all males physically capable of acting in concert for the common defense . The Antifederalists feared that the Federal Government would disarm the people in order to disable this citizens ' militia , enabling a politicized standing army or a select militia to rule . The response was to deny Congress power to abridge the ancient right of individuals to keep and bear arms , so that the ideal of a citizens ' militia would be preserved . pp. 22 -- 28 . ( c ) The Court 's interpretation is confirmed by analogous arms - bearing rights in state constitutions that preceded and immediately followed the Second Amendment . pp. 28 -- 30 . ( d ) The Second Amendment 's drafting history , while of dubious interpretive worth , reveals three state Second Amendment proposals that unequivocally referred to an individual right to bear arms . pp. 30 -- 32 . ( e ) Interpretation of the Second Amendment by scholars , courts and legislators , from immediately after its ratification through the late 19th century also supports the Court 's conclusion . pp. 32 -- 47 . ( f ) None of the Court 's precedents forecloses the Court 's interpretation . Neither United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 , nor Presser v. Illinois , 116 U.S. 252 , refutes the individual - rights interpretation . United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. 174 , does not limit the right to keep and bear arms to militia purposes , but rather limits the type of weapon to which the right applies to those used by the militia , i.e. , those in common use for lawful purposes . pp. 47 -- 54 . 2 . Like most rights , the Second Amendment right is not unlimited . It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose : For example , concealed weapons prohibitions have been upheld under the Amendment or state analogues . The Court 's opinion should not be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill , or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings , or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms . Miller 's holding that the sorts of weapons protected are those `` in common use at the time '' finds support in the historical tradition of prohibiting the carrying of dangerous and unusual weapons . pp. 54 -- 56 . 3 . The handgun ban and the trigger - lock requirement ( as applied to self - defense ) violate the Second Amendment . The District 's total ban on handgun possession in the home amounts to a prohibition on an entire class of `` arms '' that Americans overwhelmingly choose for the lawful purpose of self - defense . Under any of the standards of scrutiny the Court has applied to enumerated constitutional rights , this prohibition -- in the place where the importance of the lawful defense of self , family , and property is most acute -- would fail constitutional muster . Similarly , the requirement that any lawful firearm in the home be disassembled or bound by a trigger lock makes it impossible for citizens to use arms for the core lawful purpose of self - defense and is hence unconstitutional . Because Heller conceded at oral argument that the D.C. licensing law is permissible if it is not enforced arbitrarily and capriciously , the Court assumes that a license will satisfy his prayer for relief and does not address the licensing requirement . Assuming he is not disqualified from exercising Second Amendment rights , the District must permit Heller to register his handgun and must issue him a license to carry it in the home . pp. 56 -- 64 . There are similar legal summaries of the Supreme Court 's findings in Heller . For example , the Illinois Supreme Court in People v. Aguilar ( 2013 ) , summed up Heller 's findings and reasoning : In District of Columbia v. Heller , 554 U.S. 570 ( 2008 ) , the Supreme Court undertook its first - ever `` in - depth examination '' of the second amendment 's meaning Id . at 635 . After a lengthy historical discussion , the Court ultimately concluded that the second amendment `` guarantee ( s ) the individual right to possess and carry weapons in case of confrontation '' ( id . at 592 ) ; that `` central to '' this right is `` the inherent right of self - defense '' ( id . at 628 ) ; that `` the home '' is `` where the need for defense of self , family , and property is most acute '' ( id . at 628 ) ; and that , `` above all other interests , '' the second amendment elevates `` the right of law - abiding , responsible citizens to use arms in defense of hearth and home '' ( id . at 635 ) . Based on this understanding , the Court held that a District of Columbia law banning handgun possession in the home violated the second amendment . Id . at 635 . Notes and analysis ( edit ) Heller has been widely described as a landmark decision . To clarify that its ruling does not invalidate a broad range of existing firearm laws , the majority opinion , written by Justice Antonin Scalia , said : Like most rights , the right secured by the Second Amendment is not unlimited ... Although we do not undertake an exhaustive historical analysis today of the full scope of the Second Amendment , nothing in our opinion should be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill , or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings , or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms . The Court 's statement that the right is limited has been widely discussed by lower courts and the media . The majority opinion also said that the amendment 's prefatory clause ( referencing the `` militia '' ) serves to clarify the operative clause ( referencing `` the people '' ) , but does not limit the scope of the operative clause , because `` the ' militia ' in colonial America consisted of a subset of ' the people ' ... '' Justice Stevens ' dissenting opinion , which was joined by the three other dissenters , said : The question presented by this case is not whether the Second Amendment protects a `` collective right '' or an `` individual right . '' Surely it protects a right that can be enforced by individuals . But a conclusion that the Second Amendment protects an individual right does not tell us anything about the scope of that right . Stevens went on to say the following : The Second Amendment was adopted to protect the right of the people of each of the several States to maintain a well - regulated militia . It was a response to concerns raised during the ratification of the Constitution that the power of Congress to disarm the state militias and create a national standing army posed an intolerable threat to the sovereignty of the several States . Neither the text of the Amendment nor the arguments advanced by its proponents evidenced the slightest interest in limiting any legislature 's authority to regulate private civilian uses of firearms . Specifically , there is no indication that the Framers of the Amendment intended to enshrine the common - law right of self - defense in the Constitution . This dissent called the majority opinion `` strained and unpersuasive '' and said that the right to possess a firearm exists only in relation to the militia and that the D.C. laws constitute permissible regulation . In the majority opinion , Justice Stevens ' interpretation of the phrase `` to keep and bear arms '' was referred to as a `` hybrid '' definition that Stevens purportedly chose in order to avoid an `` incoherent '' and `` ( g ) rotesque '' idiomatic meeting . Justice Breyer , in his own dissent joined by Stevens , Souter , and Ginsburg , stated that the entire Court subscribes to the proposition that `` the amendment protects an ' individual ' right -- i.e. , one that is separately possessed , and may be separately enforced , by each person on whom it is conferred '' . Regarding the term `` well regulated '' , the majority opinion said , `` The adjective ' well - regulated ' implies nothing more than the imposition of proper discipline and training . '' The majority opinion quoted Spooner from The Unconstitutionality of Slavery as saying that the right to bear arms was necessary for those who wanted to take a stand against slavery . The majority opinion also stated that : A purposive qualifying phrase that contradicts the word or phrase it modifies is unknown this side of the looking glass ( except , apparently , in some courses on Linguistics ) . If `` bear arms '' means , as we think , simply the carrying of arms , a modifier can limit the purpose of the carriage ( `` for the purpose of self - defense '' or `` to make war against the King '' ) . But if `` bear arms '' means , as the petitioners and the dissent think , the carrying of arms only for military purposes , one simply can not add `` for the purpose of killing game . '' The right `` to carry arms in the militia for the purpose of killing game '' is worthy of the mad hatter . The dissenting justices were not persuaded by this argument . Reaction to Heller has varied , with many sources giving focus to the ruling referring to itself as being the first in Supreme Court history to read the Second Amendment as protecting an individual right . The majority opinion , authored by Justice Scalia , gives explanation of the majority legal reasoning behind this decision . The majority opinion made clear that the recent ruling did not foreclose the Court 's prior interpretations given in United States v. Cruikshank , Presser v. Illinois , and United States v. Miller though these earlier rulings did not limit the right to keep and bear arms solely to militia purposes , but rather limits the type of weapon to which the right applies to those used by the militia ( i.e. , those in common use for lawful purposes ) . Heller pertained to three District of Columbia ordinances involving restrictions on firearms amounting to a total ban . These three ordinances were a ban on handgun registration , a requirement that all firearms in a home be either disassembled or have a trigger lock , and licensing requirement that prohibits carrying an unlicensed firearm in the home , such as from one room to another . Under any of the standards of scrutiny the Court has applied to enumerated constitutional rights , this prohibition -- in the place where the importance of the lawful defense of self , family , and property is most acute -- would fail constitutional muster ... Because Heller conceded at oral argument that the District 's licensing law is permissible if it is not enforced arbitrarily and capriciously , the Court assumed that a license will satisfy his prayer for relief and did not address the licensing requirement . Assuming he is not disqualified from exercising Second Amendment rights , the District must permit Heller to register his handgun and must issue him a license to carry it in the home . '' Justice Ginsburg has been a vocal critic of Heller . Speaking in an interview on public radio station WNYC , she called the Second Amendment `` outdated , '' saying : When we no longer need people to keep muskets in their home , then the Second Amendment has no function ... If the Court had properly interpreted the Second Amendment , the Court would have said that amendment was very important when the nation was new ; it gave a qualified right to keep and bear arms , but it was for one purpose only -- and that was the purpose of having militiamen who were able to fight to preserve the nation . McDonald v. City of Chicago ( edit ) Main article : McDonald v. City of Chicago On June 28 , 2010 , the Court in McDonald v. City of Chicago , 561 U.S. 3025 ( 2010 ) , held that the Second Amendment was incorporated , saying that `` ( i ) t is clear that the Framers and ratifiers of the Fourteenth Amendment counted the right to keep and bear arms among those fundamental rights necessary to our system of ordered liberty . '' This means that the Court ruled that the Second Amendment limits state and local governments to the same extent that it limits the federal government . It also remanded a case regarding a Chicago handgun prohibition . Four of the five Justices in the majority voted to do so by way of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment , while the fifth Justice , Clarence Thomas , voted to do so through the amendment 's Privileges or Immunities Clause . Justice Thomas noted that the Privileges or Immunities Clause refers to `` citizens '' whereas the Due Process Clause refers more broadly to any `` person '' , and therefore Thomas reserved the issue of non-citizens for later decision . After McDonald , many questions about the Second Amendment remain unsettled , such as whether non-citizens are protected through the Equal Protection Clause . In People v. Aguilar ( 2013 ) , the Illinois Supreme Court summed up the central Second Amendment findings in McDonald : Two years later , in McDonald v. City of Chicago , 561 U.S. ___ , ___ , 130 S. Ct. 3020 , 3050 ( 2010 ) , the Supreme Court held that the second amendment right recognized in Heller is applicable to the states through the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment . In so holding , the Court reiterated that `` the Second Amendment protects the right to keep and bear arms for the purpose of self - defense '' ( id . at ___ , 130 S. Ct . at 3026 ) ; that `` individual self - defense is ' the central component ' of the Second Amendment right '' ( emphasis in original ) ( id . at ___ , 130 S. Ct . at 3036 ( quoting Heller , 554 U.S. at 599 ) ) ; and that `` ( s ) elf - defense is a basic right , recognized by many legal systems from ancient times to the present day '' ( id . at ___ , 130 S. Ct . at 3036 ) . Caetano v. Massachusetts ( edit ) Main article : Caetano v. Massachusetts On March 21 , 2016 , in a per curiam decision the Court vacated a Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court decision upholding the conviction of a woman who carried a stun gun for self defense . The Court reiterated that the Heller and McDonald decisions saying that `` the Second Amendment extends , prima facie , to all instruments that constitute bearable arms , even those that were not in existence at the time of the founding '' , that `` the Second Amendment right is fully applicable to the States '' , and that the protection is not restricted to `` only those weapons useful in warfare '' . United States courts of Appeals decisions before and after Heller ( edit ) Before Heller ( edit ) Until District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ) , United States v. Miller ( 1939 ) had been the only Supreme Court decision that `` tested a congressional enactment against ( the Second Amendment ) . '' Miller did not directly mention either a collective or individual right , but for the 62 - year period from Miller until the Fifth Circuit 's decision in United States v. Emerson ( 2001 ) , federal courts recognized only the collective right , with `` courts increasingly referring to one another 's holdings ... without engaging in any appreciably substantive legal analysis of the issue '' . Emerson changed this by addressing the question in depth , with the Fifth Circuit determining that the Second Amendment protects an individual right . Subsequently , the Ninth Circuit conflicted with Emerson in Silveira v. Lockyer , and the D.C. Circuit supported Emerson in Parker v. District of Columbia . Parker evolved into District of Columbia v. Heller , in which the U.S. Supreme Court determined that the Second Amendment protects an individual right . After Heller ( edit ) Since Heller , the United States courts of appeals have ruled on many Second Amendment challenges to convictions and gun control laws . The following are post-Heller cases , divided by Circuit , along with summary notes : D.C. Circuit Heller v. District of Columbia , Civil Action No. 08 - 1289 ( RMU ) , No. 23. , 25 -- On March 26 , 2010 , the D.C. Circuit denied the follow up appeal of Dick Heller who requested the court to overturn the new District of Columbia gun control ordinances newly enacted after the 2008 Heller ruling . The court refused to do so , stating that the firearms registration procedures , the prohibition on assault weapons , and the prohibition on large capacity ammunition feeding devices were found to not violate the Second Amendment . On September 18 , 2015 , the D.C. Circuit ruled that requiring gun owners to re-register a gun every three years , make a gun available for inspection or pass a test about firearms laws violated the Second Amendment , although the court upheld requirements that gun owners be fingerprinted , photographed , and complete a safety training course . Wrenn v. District of Columbia , No. 16 - 7025 -- On July 25 , 2017 , the D.C. Circuit ruled that a District of Columbia regulation that limited conceal - carry licenses only to those individuals who could demonstrate , to the satisfaction of the chief of police , that they have a `` good reason '' to carry a handgun in public was essentially designed to prevent the exercise of the right to bear arms by most District residents and so violated the Second Amendment by amounting to a complete prohibition on firearms possession . First Circuit United States v. Rene E. , 583 F. 3d 8 ( 1st Cir. 2009 ) -- On August 31 , 2009 , the First Circuit affirmed the conviction of a juvenile for the illegal possession of a handgun as a juvenile , under 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( x ) ( 2 ) ( A ) and 18 U.S.C. § 5032 , rejecting the defendant 's argument that the federal law violated his Second Amendment rights under Heller . The court cited `` the existence of a longstanding tradition of prohibiting juveniles from both receiving and possessing handguns '' and observed `` the federal ban on juvenile possession of handguns is part of a longstanding practice of prohibiting certain classes of individuals from possessing firearms -- those whose possession poses a particular danger to the public . '' Second Circuit Kachalsky v. County of Westchester , 11 - 3942 -- On November 28 , 2012 , the Second Circuit upheld New York 's may - issue concealed carry permit law , ruling that `` the proper cause requirement is substantially related to New York 's compelling interests in public safety and crime prevention . '' Fourth Circuit United States v. Hall , 551 F. 3d 257 ( 4th Cir. 2009 ) -- On August 4 , 2008 , the Fourth Circuit upheld as constitutional the prohibition of possession of a concealed weapon without a permit . United States v. Chester , 628 F. 3d 673 ( 4th Cir. 2010 ) -- On December 30 , 2010 , the Fourth Circuit vacated William Chester 's conviction for possession of a firearm after having been convicted of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence , in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( g ) ( 9 ) . The court found that the district court erred in perfunctorily relying on Heller 's exception for `` presumptively lawful '' gun regulations made in accordance with `` longstanding prohibitions '' . Kolbe v. Hogan , No. 14 - 1945 ( 4th Cir. 2016 ) -- On February 4 , 2016 , the Fourth Circuit vacated a U.S. District Court decision upholding a Maryland law banning high - capacity magazines and semi-automatic rifles , ruling that the District Court was wrong to have applied intermediate scrutiny . The Fourth Circuit ruled that the higher strict scrutiny standard is to be applied on remand . On March 4 , 2016 , the court agreed to rehear the case en banc on May 11 , 2016 . Fifth Circuit United States v. Dorosan , 350 Fed . Appx. 874 ( 5th Cir. 2009 ) -- On June 30 , 2008 , the Fifth Circuit upheld 39 C.F.R. 232.1 ( l ) , which bans weapons on postal property , sustaining restrictions on guns outside the home , specifically in private vehicles parked in employee parking lots of government facilities , despite Second Amendment claims that were dismissed . The employee 's Second Amendment rights were not infringed since the employee could have instead parked across the street in a public parking lot , instead of on government property . United States v. Bledsoe , 334 Fed . Appx. 771 ( 5th Cir. 2009 ) -- The Fifth Circuit affirmed the decision of a U.S. District Court decision in Texas , upholding 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( a ) ( 6 ) , which prohibits `` straw purchases . '' A `` straw purchase '' occurs when someone eligible to purchase a firearm buys one for an ineligible person . Additionally , the court rejected the request for a strict scrutiny standard of review . United States v. Scroggins , 551 F. 3d 257 ( 5th Cir. 2010 ) -- On March 4 , 2010 , the Fifth Circuit affirmed the conviction of Ernie Scroggins for possession of a firearm as a convicted felon , in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922 ( g ) ( 1 ) . The court noted that it had , prior to Heller , identified the Second Amendment as providing an individual right to bear arms , and had already , likewise , determined that restrictions on felon ownership of firearms did not violate this right . Moreover , it observed that Heller did not affect the longstanding prohibition of firearm possession by felons . Sixth Circuit Tyler v. Hillsdale Co . Sheriff 's Dept. , 775 F. 3d 308 ( 6th Cir. 2014 ) -- On December 18 , 2014 , the Sixth Circuit ruled that strict scrutiny should be applied to firearms regulations when regulations burden `` conduct that falls within the scope of the Second Amendment right , as historically understood . '' At issue in this case was whether the Second Amendment is violated by a provision of the Gun Control Act of 1968 that prohibits possession of a firearm by a person who has been involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital . The court did not rule on the provision 's constitutionality , instead remanding the case to the United States district court that has earlier heard this case . On April 21 , 2015 , the Sixth Circuit voted to rehear the case en banc , thereby vacating the December 18 opinion . Seventh Circuit United States v. Skoien , 587 F. 3d 803 ( 7th Cir. 2009 ) -- Steven Skoien , a Wisconsin man convicted of two misdemeanor domestic violence convictions , appealed his conviction based on the argument that the prohibition violated the individual rights to bear arms , as described in Heller . After initial favorable rulings in lower court based on a standard of intermediate scrutiny , on July 13 , 2010 , the Seventh Circuit , sitting en banc , ruled 10 -- 1 against Skoien and reinstated his conviction for a gun violation , citing the strong relation between the law in question and the government objective . Skoien was convicted and sentenced to two years in prison for the gun violation , and will thus likely be subject to a lifetime ban on gun ownership . Editorials favoring gun rights sharply criticized this ruling as going too far with the enactment of a lifetime gun ban , while editorials favoring gun regulations praised the ruling as `` a bucket of cold water thrown on the ' gun rights ' celebration '' . Moore v. Madigan ( Circuit docket 12 - 1269 ) -- On December 11 , 2012 , the Seventh Circuit ruled that the Second Amendment protected a right to keep and bear arms in public for self - defense . This was an expansion of the Supreme Court 's decisions in Heller and McDonald , each of which referred only to such a right in the home . Based on this ruling , the court declared Illinois 's ban on the concealed carrying of firearms to be unconstitutional . The court stayed this ruling for 180 days , so Illinois could enact replacement legislation . On February 22 , 2013 , a petition for rehearing en banc was denied by a vote of 5 -- 4 . On July 9 , 2013 , the Illinois General Assembly , overriding Governor Quinn 's veto , passed a law permitting the concealed carrying of firearms . Ninth Circuit Nordyke v. King , 2012 WL 1959239 ( 9th Cir. 2012 ) -- On July 29 , 2009 , the Ninth Circuit vacated an April 20 panel decision and reheard the case en banc on September 24 , 2009 . The April 20 decision had held that the Second Amendment applies to state and local governments , while upholding an Alameda County , California ordinance that makes it a crime to bring a gun or ammunition on to , or possess either while on , county property . The en banc panel remanded the case to the three - judge panel . On May 2 , 2011 , that panel ruled that intermediate scrutiny was the correct standard by which to judge the ordinance 's constitutionality and remanded the case to the United States District Court for the Northern District of California . On November 28 , 2011 , the Ninth Circuit vacated the panel 's May 2 decision and agreed to rehear the case en banc . On April 4 , 2012 , the panel sent the case to mediation . The panel dismissed the case on June 1 , 2012 , but only after Alameda County officials changed their interpretation of the challenged ordinance . Under the new interpretation , gun shows may take place on county property under the ordinance 's exception for `` events '' , subject to restrictions regarding the display and handling of firearms . Teixeira v. County of Alameda , ( Circuit docket 13 - 17132 ) -- On May 16 , 2016 , the Ninth Circuit ruled that the right to keep and bear arms included being able to buy and sell firearms . The court ruled that a county law prohibiting a gun store being within 500 feet of a `` ( r ) esidentially zoned district ; elementary , middle or high school ; pre-school or day care center ; other firearms sales business ; or liquor stores or establishments in which liquor is served '' violated the Second Amendment . Peruta v. San Diego No. 10 - 56971 ( 9th Cir. 2016 ) , ( Circuit docket 13 - 17132 ) -- On June 9 , 2016 , pertaining to the legality of San Diego County 's restrictive policy regarding requiring documentation of `` good cause '' before issuing a concealed carry permit , the Ninth Circuit upheld the policy , finding that `` there is no Second Amendment right for members of the general public to carry concealed firearms in public . '' Calls for repeal ( edit ) This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( April 2018 ) On June 27 , 2008 , a day after the Supreme Court handed down its decision in District of Columbia v. Heller , the Chicago Tribune wrote in an editorial that the Second Amendment should be repealed so local governments could ban firearms in an effort to protect their residents . On October 5 , 2017 , political commentator Bret Stephens called for the repeal of the Second Amendment , arguing that repeal is the only effective way to regulate firearms . On March 27 , 2018 , former Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens said the Second Amendment should be repealed . Stevens said that Heller went against the settled understanding of the Second Amendment as being militia - based and that overruling that decision by repealing the Second Amendment would be `` simple . '' President Trump responded the next day to Stevens 's call for repeal by saying that it would never happen . Elizabeth Wydra , president of the Constitutional Accountability Center , says that Stevens 's comments were `` staggeringly misplaced '' and could set back demands for gun control . She also said an attempt at repeal would be `` a daunting task '' likely to fail . See also ( edit ) 2nd Amendment Day Gun culture in the United States Gun law in the US -- 2nd Amendment Gun politics in the United States List of amendments to the United States Constitution Right to keep and bear arms -- international views on the concept by country Second Amendment Caucus -- a Congressional caucus dedicated to supporting the right to bear arms ' Uniform Firearms Act -- a set of statutes in Pennsylvania that define and amplify the right to bear arms in that state 's Constitution . Notes and citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Constitutional Law . Casenotes . Jump up ^ Jilson , Cal . American Government : Political Development and Institutional Change . Jump up ^ Shaman , Jeffrey . `` After Heller : What Now for the Second Amendment '' . Santa Clara Law Review . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` US Senate Annotated Constitution '' . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Case 1 : 11 - cv - 10644 - DPW Document 31 # 124 ; Memorandum and Order '' . 30 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 October 2017 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Permanent resident aliens have second amendment rights too Monachus Lex '' . monachuslex.com . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Lee ; Walk , Thomas G. ( September 18 , 2012 ) . Constitutional Law for a Changing America : Rights , Liberties and Justice ( 8 ed . ) . CQ Press . pp. 395 -- 96 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 2674 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Law Review : The Fourteenth Amendment and Incorporation '' . www.americanbar.org . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England -- Book the First -- Chapter the First : Of the Absolute Rights of Individuals , p. 139 '' . Avalon.law.yale.edu . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States of America v. Timothy Joe Emerson -- The Ratification Debates '' . Law.umkc.edu . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Federalist No. 46 , at 371 ( James Madison ) ( John . C. Hamilton Ed. , 1864 ) Jump up ^ `` United States v. Cruikshank 92 U.S. 542 ( 1875 ) '' . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Miller , 307 U.S. 174 ( 1939 ) '' . Cornell University Law School . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : CRS Report for Congress District of Columbia v. Heller : The Supreme Court and the Second Amendment April 11 , 2008 Congressional Research Service T.J. Halsted , Legislative Attorney , American Law Division . Order Code RL34446 `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 27 ... Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( 27 June 2008 ) . `` Justices , Ruling 5 -- 4 , Endorse Personal Right to Own Gun '' . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via NYTimes.com . ^ Jump up to : `` How the NRA Rewrote the Second Amendment -- Brennan Center for Justice '' . www.brennancenter.org . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( 27 June 2008 ) . `` Justices Reject D.C. Ban On Handgun Ownership '' . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via www.washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ Vicini , James . `` Americans have right to guns under landmark ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Justices Extend Firearm Rights in 5 - to - 4 Ruling '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2013 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Supreme Court Declines to Hear Challenge to Colorado 's Marijuana Laws '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ editor , Gregg Lee Carter , . Guns in American society : an encyclopedia of history , politics , culture , and the law ( 2nd ed . ) . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . p . Introduction . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38670 - 1 . Jump up ^ Davies , pp. 209 -- 16 . Jump up ^ The second amendment 's capitalization and punctuation are not uniformly reported ; another version has four commas , after `` militia , '' `` state , '' and `` arms . '' Since documents were at that time copied by hand , variations in punctuation and capitalization are common , and the copy retained by the first Congress , the copies transmitted by it to the state legislatures , and the ratifications returned by them show wide variations in such details . Letter from Marlene McGuirl , Chief , British - American Law Division , Library of Congress ( Oct. 29 , 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Freedman , Adam ( December 16 , 2007 ) . `` Clause and Effect '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Errors in the Constitution '' . archives.gov . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Second Amendment Controversy Explained -- Theodore L. Johnson -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Writing Instruction for Generation 2.0 -- Gloria E. Jacobs -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Mythologies : New Perspectives on Controlling the State -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Separation of Powers in Practice -- Thomas Campbell -- Google Books '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How A Comma Gave Americans The Right To Own Guns '' Archived 2016 - 06 - 19 at the Wayback Machine ... Business Insider . Retrieved on 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clause and Effect '' Archived 2017 - 01 - 26 at the Wayback Machine ... The New York Times . 16 December 2007 . Retrieved on 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ In Part II - A of the Opinion of the Court in District of Columbia v. Heller , the Supreme Court cited this version of the amendment , but another version is found in the copies distributed and then ratified by them . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of the United States of America : Analysis , and Interpretation -- 1992 Edition -- Second Amendment -- Bearing Arms '' . Gpo.gov . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Second Amendment Foundation Online '' . Saf.org. 1995 - 08 - 09 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Arnheim ( 2009 - 04 - 29 ) . `` U.S. Constitution For Dummies '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Reading the Second Amendment : The Freeman : Foundation for Economic Education '' . Fee.org . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Archives -- Bill of Rights '' . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates , 1774 -- 1875 '' . memory.loc.gov . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blackstone 's Commentaries Book 1 Ch 1 -- `` The fifth and last auxiliary right of the subject ... is that of having arms for their defence '' . Jump up ^ From the English Civil War until the Glorious Revolution militias occasionally disarmed Catholics , and the King , without Parliament 's consent , likewise occasionally disarmed Protestants . Malcolm , `` The Role of the Militia , '' pp. 139 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Joyce Lee Malcolm , To Keep and Bear Arms . Jump up ^ `` They accordingly obtained an assurance from William and Mary , in the ... ( Bill of Rights ) , that Protestants would never be disarmed : ... This right has long been understood to be the predecessor to our Second Amendment ... It was clearly an individual right , having nothing whatever to do with service in a militia . To be sure , it was an individual right not available to the whole population , given that it was restricted to Protestants , and like all written English rights it was held only against the Crown , not Parliament . '' Opinion of the Court in Heller Archived 2013 - 03 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` 1688 c. 2 1 Will. and Mar . Sess. 2 '' . Statutelaw.gov.uk . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Law , p. 172 . Jump up ^ `` This meaning is strongly confirmed by the historical background of the Second Amendment . We look to this because it has always been widely understood that the Second Amendment , like the First and Fourth Amendments , codified a pre-existing right . The very text of the Second Amendment implicitly recognizes the pre-existence of the right and declares only that it `` shall not be infringed . '' As we ( the United States Supreme Court ) said in United States v. Cruikshank , 92 U.S. 542 , 553 ( 1876 ) , `` ( t ) his is not a right granted by the Constitution . Neither is it in any manner dependent upon that instrument for its existence . The Second amendment declares that it shall not be infringed ... '' . Between the Restoration and the Glorious Revolution , the Stuart Kings Charles II and James II succeeded in using select militias loyal to them to suppress political dissidents , in part by disarming their opponents . See J. Malcolm , To Keep and Bear Arms 31 -- 53 ( 1994 ) ( hereinafter Malcolm ) ; L. Schwoerer , The Declaration of Rights , 1689 , p. 76 ( 1981 ) . Under the auspices of the 1671 Game Act , for example , the Catholic James II had ordered general disarmaments of regions home to his Protestant enemies . See Malcolm 103 -- 106 . These experiences caused Englishmen to be extremely wary of concentrated military forces run by the state and to be jealous of their arms . They accordingly obtained an assurance from William and Mary , in the Declaration of Right ( which was codified as the English Bill of Rights ) , that Protestants would never be disarmed : `` That the subjects which are Protestants may have arms for their defense suitable to their conditions and as allowed by law . '' 1 W. & M. , c. 2 , § 7 , in 3 Eng . Stat . at Large 441 ( 1689 ) . This right has long been understood to be the predecessor to our Second Amendment . See E. Dumbauld , The Bill of Rights and What It Means Today 51 ( 1957 ) ; W. Rawle , A View of the Constitution of the United States of America 122 ( 1825 ) ( hereinafter Rawle ) . '' From the Opinion of the Court in District of Coöimbia versus Heller `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2013 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 25 . Jump up ^ Justice Antonin Scalia , wrote that `` the right of the people to keep and bear Arms , shall not be infringed '' was a just a controlling one and referred to it as a pre-existing right of individuals to possess and carry personal weapons for self - defense and intrinsically for defense against tyranny . As with the English law `` like most rights , the Second Amendment is not unlimited . It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose . '' District of Columbia v Heller Archived 2013 - 03 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Where a later enactment does not expressly repeal an earlier enactment which it has power to override , but the provisions of the later enactment are contrary to those of the earlier , the latter by implication repeals the earlier . '' R v. Burke , ( 1998 ) EWHC Admin 913 ; `` ( T ) he Bill of Rights ... was declaratory of the common law . It contained in it its own words of limitation , namely that the right to have arms for self - defence is limited by the words ' and as allowed by Law ' . The law is a changing thing . Parliament by statute can repeal the common law ... Where the Bill of Rights says that ' the Subjects may have arms for their defence suitable for their condition and as allowed by law ' , ' and as allowed by law ' means ' and as allowed by law for the time being ' ( . ) '' R v. Burke , ( 1999 ) EWCA Civ 923 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Mark ( 1938 ) . Constitutional History of England . qtd. in Maer and Gay , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Malcolm , To Keep and Bear Arms , p. 51 . ^ Jump up to : Ely and Bodenhamer , pp. 89 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Heyman , pp. 253 -- 59 . `` Finally , we should note that ( contrary to Kates 's assertion ) , Blackstone nowhere suggests that the right to arms derives from `` the common law . '' Instead , this is a right that is secured by `` the constitution , '' and in particular by the Bill of Rights . '' Jump up ^ `` English Bill of Rights , 1689 , `` An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown '' `` . The Avalon Project . Yale Law School . 2008 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2008 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ e.g. , King Henry II 's Assize of Arms and the Statute of Winchester of 1285 . See `` The history of policing in the West , Collective responsibility in early Anglo - Saxon times '' , Encyclopædia Britannica online Archived 2009 - 06 - 07 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Levy , pp. 136 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Cornell , Gun Control , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Hardy , p. 1237 . `` Early Americans wrote of the right in light of three considerations : ( 1 ) as auxiliary to a natural right of self - defense ; ( 2 ) as enabling an armed people to deter undemocratic government ; and ( 3 ) as enabling the people to organize a militia system . '' Jump up ^ Malcolm , `` That Every Man Be Armed , '' pp. 452 , 466 . `` The Second Amendment reflects traditional English attitudes toward these three distinct , but intertwined , issues : the right of the individual to protect his life , the challenge to government of an armed citizenry , and the preference for a militia over a standing army . The framers ' attempt to address all three in a single declarative sentence has contributed mightily to the subsequent confusion over the proper interpretation of the Second Amendment . '' Jump up ^ Levy , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , pp. 62 , 179 ff , 183 , 188 ff , 306 . `` ( T ) he right to bear arms was articulated as a civic right inextricably linked to the civic obligation to bear arms for the public defense . '' Jump up ^ Spitzer , pp. 155 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Dulaney , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Bogus , Carl T. ( editor ) ; Bellesiles , Michael A. ( contributor ) ( 2001 ) . The Second Amendment in Law and History : Historians and Constitutional Scholars on the Right to Bear Arms . New Press , The . pp. 67 -- 69 , 239 -- 40 . ISBN 1565846990 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , pp. 62 , 179 ff , 183 , 188 ff , 306 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , Oliver Ayer ( 1895 ) . History of the Military Company of the Massachusetts , Now Called , the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company of Massachusetts : 1637 -- 1888 , Vol. 1 . Boston : Alfred Mudge & Son . p. 1 - 2 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Hubert ( February 1960 ) . `` Know Your Lawmaker '' ( PDF ) . Guns . George E. von Rosen . p. 4 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2014 - 12 - 17 . Retrieved Mar 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bogus , Carl T. ; Professor , Roger Williams University School of Law ( Winter 1998 ) . `` The Hidden History of the Second Amendment '' . U.C. Davis Law Review . 31 : 309 -- 408 . SSRN 1465114 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Hartmann , Thom ( 2013 - 01 - 15 ) . `` The Second Amendment was Ratified to Preserve Slavery '' . Truthout.org . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Whitewashing the Second Amendment '' . 2008 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2013 . the `` well - regulated militias '' cited in the Constitution almost certainly referred to state militias that were used to suppress slave insurrections . ^ Jump up to : Paul Finkelman , professor of law and public policy at Albany Law School ; 2nd Amendment Passed to Protect Slavery ? No ! Archived 2018 - 02 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . The Root ( magazine ) Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 '' . The Avalon Project . Yale Law School . 2008 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2008 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : DeConde , Alexander ( 2001 ) . Gun Violence in America : The Struggle for Control . Northeastern University Press . ISBN 9781555534868 . Retrieved 29 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston , March 17 '' . N.Y.J. , Supplement : 1 , Col. 3 . April 13 , 1769 . qtd. in Halbrook , A Right to Bear Arms , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Charles , `` Arms for Their Defence ? '' , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Anderson and Horwitz , pp. 91 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Vest , Rose . `` Shay 's Rebellion '' Archived 2008 - 12 - 25 at the Wayback Machine. , Home of Heroes . Jump up ^ Pole and Greene , p. 386 . Jump up ^ Vile , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , p. 79 . Jump up ^ McAffee and Quinlan , p. 781 . Jump up ^ Rakove , p. ? Jump up ^ William Blackstone , Commentaries on the Laws of England , Book 1 , Chapter 1 `` the fifth and last auxiliary right ... when the sanctions of society and laws are found insufficient to restrain the violence of oppression '' . ^ Jump up to : Millis , p. 49 . `` The founders sought to balance military , as they did political , power , between people , states , and nation ( . ) '' ^ Jump up to : The Federalist Papers No. 29 ( Alexander Hamilton ) ( concerning the militia ) . Jump up ^ Bogus , Carl T. `` Do We Place our Faith in Law or Guns ? '' . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Henigan , p. ? . `` ( A ) generalized constitutional right of all citizens to engage in armed insurrection against their government ... would threaten the rule of law itself . '' Jump up ^ Reynolds , p. ? Jump up ^ `` Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams , 22 December 1793 '' . Masshist.org . Archived from the original on 16 October 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cooke , p. 100 . `` This is another protection against a possible abuse by Congress . The right protected is really the right of a state to maintain an armed militia , or national guard , as we call it now . In the eighteenth century people feared that Congress might , by passing a law , prohibit the states from arming their citizens . Then having all the armed strength at its command , the national government could overwhelm the states . Such a circumstance has never happened , but this amendment would prevent it . The Second Amendment does not give anybody or everybody the right to possess and use firearms . The states may very properly prescribe regulations and permits governing the use of guns within their borders . '' Jump up ^ US Constitution Article 1 Section 8 To provide for organizing , arming , and disciplining , the Militia , and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States , reserving to the States respectively , the Appointment of the Officers , and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress . Jump up ^ `` Elliots Debates Vol 3 , Virginia Convention , Saturday June 14 , 1788 '' . Teachingamericanhistory.org . January 1 , 1980 . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . The national government has an exclusive right to provide for arming , organizing , and disciplining the militia , and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States . The state governments have the power of appointing the officers , and of training the militia , according to the discipline prescribed by Congress , if they should think proper to prescribe any . Should the national government wish to render the militia useless , they may neglect them , and let them perish , in order to have a pretence of establishing a standing army . Jump up ^ Dunlap , John ( 1778 ) . `` Journals of Congress Containing the Proceedings FROM JANUARY 1 , 1776 , TO JANUARY 1 , 1776 ; Volume II . ( Second Continental Congress ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Declaration of Rights '' . The Avalon Project . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Pennsylvania -- September 28 , 1776 '' . The Avalon Project . Jump up ^ Bowden , James ( 1854 ) . The History of the Society of Friends in America . London : W. & F.G. Cash . p. 123 . Jump up ^ Ford , Paul Leicester ( September 1895 ) . `` The Adoption of the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 '' . Political Science Quarterly . Vol. 10 , No. 3 : 426 -- 459 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Maryland -- November 11 , 1776 '' . The Avalon Project . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of North Carolina : December 18 , 1776 '' . The Avalon Project . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution of New York : April 20 , 1777 '' . The Avalon Project . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Vermont -- July 8 , 1777 '' . The Avalon Project . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts Constitution of 1780 '' . General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Jump up ^ Mulloy , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 591 , 600 . Jump up ^ Cress , Lawrence . An Armed Community : The Origins and Meaning of the Right to Bear Arms . p. 31 . qtd. in Cottrol , p. 283 . Jump up ^ Vile , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Schmidt et al. , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Williams , pp. 41 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Story , Joseph . `` Commentaries on the Constitution 2 : § § 904 -- 25 , 927 -- 30 , 946 -- 52 , 954 -- 70 , 972 -- 76 , 988 '' . The Founders Constitution . The University of Chicago Press . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Federalist Papers No. 46 ( James Madison ) ( concerning the influence of state and federal governments ) . Jump up ^ Webster , Noah . `` An Examination of the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution '' Archived 2010 - 08 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . ( October 10 , 1787 ) . Jump up ^ Young , pp. 38 -- 41 . `` A Citizen of America ( Noah Webster ) October 10 , 1787 Pamphlet : An Examination into the leading principles of the Federal Constitution . '' Jump up ^ Foner and Garraty , p. 914 . `` The Massachusetts compromise determined the fate of the Constitution , as it permitted delegates with doubts to vote for it in the hope that it would be amended . '' Jump up ^ Adamson , p. 63 . Jump up ^ See Theories of Constitutional Interpretation Archived 2011 - 12 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. , maintained by Doug Linder , University of Missouri - Kansas City Law School . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . ( Author cites Robert Bork : `` If the Constitution is law , then presumably its meaning , like that of all other law , is the meaning the lawmakers were understood to have intended . '' ) Jump up ^ Garry Wills , A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government , Simon and Schuster , 1999 , p. 252 . ( `` Until recently , the Second Amendment was a little - visited area of the Constitution . A two thousand - page commentary on the Constitution put out by the Library of Congress in 1973 has copious annotation for most clauses , but less than a page and a half for the Second Amendment . '' ) Jump up ^ Garry Wills , A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government , Simon and Schuster , 1999 , pp. 253 -- 54 . ( `` Whitehill deals with guns in three of his fifteen headings . Article 8 begins : ' The inhabitants of the several states shall have liberty to fowl and hunt in seasonable times ... ' article 7 : ' That the people have a right to bear arms for the defense of themselves and their own state , or the United States , or for the purposes of killing game ... ' '' ) Jump up ^ Garry Wills , A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government , Simon and Schuster , 1999 , p. 253 . ( `` The items on the ( Whitehill 's ) list were never discussed in the convention , which when on to approve the Constitution . '' ) Jump up ^ `` Articles of Confederation '' . Usconstitution.net . May 19 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US Library of Congress , repro of original text '' . Memory.loc.gov . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2011 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` US Constitution '' . US Constitution . Archived from the original on August 30 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ 2 Jonathan Elliot , The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution 97 ( 2d ed. 1863 ) Jump up ^ Noah Webster , An Examination into the Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution ( 1787 ) , Reprinted in Pamphlets on the Constitution of the United States , Published During Its Discussion by the People , 1787 -- 1788 , at 56 ( Paul L. Ford , ed. 1971 ) ( 1888 ) Jump up ^ 3 Jonathan Elliot , The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution 425 ( 3d Ed . 1937 ) Jump up ^ James Monroe Papers , New York Public Library ( Miscellaneous Papers of James Monroe ) Jump up ^ Speech on the Federal Constitution , Virginia Ratifying Convention , 1788 ^ Jump up to : Raw Story , 22 Feb. 2018 , `` The Second Amendment Was Ratified to Preserve Slavery , '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ Raw Story , 22 Feb. 2018 , `` The Second Amendment Was Ratified to Preserve Slavery , '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2018 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . citing U.C. Davis Law Review , Winter 1998 , Bogus , Carl T . `` The Hidden History of the Second Amendment '' Jump up ^ James Madison ( June 8 , 1789 ) . Gales & Seaton 's History of Debates in Congress Archived 2011 - 01 - 11 at the Wayback Machine. , `` Amendments to the Constitution '' , House of Representatives , 1st Congress , 1st Session : pp. 448 -- 459 ( 451 ) . Jump up ^ Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States Archived 2015 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 1 : p. 64 . Jump up ^ Annals of Congress Archived 2015 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , House of Representatives , 1st Congress , 1st Session : p. 669 . Jump up ^ Annals of Congress Archived 2011 - 01 - 10 at the Wayback Machine. , House of Representatives , 1st Congress , 1st Session : p. 778 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate of the United States of America Archived 2017 - 01 - 26 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 1 : pp. 63 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Letter from Roger Sherman to Simeon Baldwin ( Aug. 22 , 1789 ) qtd. in Bickford , et al. , p. 16 See also letter from James Madison to Alexander White ( Aug. 24 , 1789 ) qtd. in Madison , Writings , pp. 418 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate of the United States of America Archived 2016 - 12 - 19 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 1 : p. 71 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Senate of the United States of America Archived 2015 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , Vol. 1 : p. 77 . Jump up ^ `` The Bill of Rights : A Transcription '' . 4 November 2015 . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Amendments to the Constitution of the United States ( Washington , Government Printing Office , n.d. ) `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2018 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : 1 Stat. 272 Archived 2011 - 01 - 12 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , pp. 293 -- 94 . ^ Jump up to : Merkel and Uviller , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Szatmary , p. 107 . Jump up ^ 1 Stat. 351 Archived 2015 - 09 - 04 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ `` Remarks on the First Part of the Amendments to the Federal Constitution , '' Federal Gazette , June 18 , 1792 , at 2 , col. 1 Jump up ^ Glenn Harlan Reynolds . `` A Critical Guide to the Second Amendment '' . guncite.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved September 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Halbrook , Stephen P. ( 1998 ) . Freedmen , the 14th Amendment , and the Right to Bear Arms , 1866 -- 1876 . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 9780275963316 . Retrieved March 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker , p. 490 and Kopel , David B . `` The Second Amendment in the Nineteenth Century '' . Second Amendment Project . Archived from the original on 2006 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Blackstone , Sir William ; Tucker , St. George ; Christian , Edward ( 1803 ) . Blackstone 's Commentaries : With Notes of Reference , to the Constitution and Laws , of the Federal Government of the United States ; and of the Commonwealth of Virginia . In Five Volumes . With an Appendix to Each Volume , Containing Short Tracts Upon Such Subjects as Appeared Necessary to Form a Connected View of the Laws of Virginia , as a Member of the Federal Union . William Young Birch , and Abraham Small , no . 17 , South Second - street , Robert Carr , printer . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ For two radically different views of Blackstone on the Second Amendment , see Heyman , Chicago - Kent , and Volokh , Senate Testimony . ^ Jump up to : Rawle , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Rawle , pp. 125 -- 26 . ^ Jump up to : Rawle , William ( 1825 ) . A View of the Constitution of the United States of America . H.C. Carey & I. Lea . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . In the second article , it is declared , that a well regulated militia is necessary to the security of a free state ; a proposition from which few will dissent . Although in actual war , the services of regular troops are confessedly more valuable ; yet , while peace prevails , and in the commencement of a war before a regular force can be raised , the militia form the palladium of the country . They are ready to repel invasion , to suppress insurrection , and preserve the good order and peace of government . That they should be well regulated , is judiciously added . A disorderly militia is disgraceful to itself , and dangerous not to the enemy , but to its own country . The duty of the state government is , to adopt such regulations as will tend to make good soldiers with the least interruptions of the ordinary and useful occupations of civil life . In this all the Union has a strong and visible interest . The corollary , from the first position , is , that the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . Jump up ^ Rawle , William ( 2011 ) . `` A View to the Constitution of the United States of America '' ( PDF ) . Portage Publications . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2013 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Containing a Brief Commentary on Every Clause , Explaining the True Nature , Reasons , and Objects Thereof : Designed for the Use of School Libraries and General Readers : with an Appendix , Containing Important Public Documents , Illustrative of the Constitution . 1833 Jump up ^ Story , Joseph ( 1865 ) . A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States : Containing a Brief Commentary on Every Clause , Explaining the True Nature , Reasons , and Objects Thereof : Designed for the Use of School Libraries and General Readers : with an Appendix , Containing Important Public Documents , Illustrative of the Constitution . The Lawbook Exchange , Ltd . ISBN 9781886363717 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . The next amendment is , ' A well - regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state , the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed . ' One of the ordinary modes , by which tyrants accomplish their purposes without resistance , is , by disarming the people , and making it an offence to keep arms , and by substituting a regular army in the stead of a resort to the militia . The friends of a free government can not be too watchful , to overcome the dangerous tendency of the public mind to sacrifice , for the sake of mere private convenience , this powerful check upon the designs of ambitious men . § 451 . The importance of this article will scarcely be doubted by any persons , who have duly reflected upon the subject . The militia is the natural defence of a free country against sudden foreign invasions , domestic insurrections , and domestic usurpations of power by rulers . It is against sound policy for a free people to keep up large military establishments and standing armies in time of peace , both from the enormous expenses , with which they are attended , and the facile means , which they afford to ambitious and unprincipled rulers , to subvert the government , or trample upon the rights of the people . The right of the citizens to keep and bear arms has justly been considered , as the palladium of the liberties of a republic ; since it offers a strong moral check against the usurpations and arbitrary power of rulers ; and it will generally , even if these are successful in the first instance , enable the people to resist and triumph over them . And yet , though this truth would seem so clear , and the importance of a well - regulated militia would seem so undeniable , it can not be disguised , that among the American people there is a growing indifference to any system of militia discipline , and a strong disposition , from a sense of its burdens , to be rid of all regulations . How it is practicable to keep the people duly armed without some organization , it is difficult to see . There is certainly no small danger , that indifference may lead to disgust , and disgust to contempt ; and thus gradually undermine all the protection intended by this clause of our National Bill of Rights . ^ Jump up to : Story , Joseph ( 1833 ) . Commentaries on the U.S. Constitution . Harper & Brothers . pp. § 1890 . Jump up ^ Spooner , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Renehan , pp. 172 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Spooner , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Cramer , p. ? Jump up ^ Farrar , Timothy ( 1872 ) . Manual of the Constitution of the United States of America . Little , Brown . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . § 34 . The people of the United States , in making their Constitution , do not create or confer on themselves any new rights , but they expressly reserve all the rights they then held , except what were delegated for their own benefit ; and they particularly and expressly recognize and perpetuate many natural and civil common - law rights , which , of course , are placed beyond the reach of any subordinate government , and even of their own . Among these are the following : 1 . The right to be , what they call themselves , ' the people of the United States , ' citizens , and component members of the body politic , -- the nation ; and to participate in all the privileges , immunities , and benefits the Constitution was designed to obtain or secure for all the American people , especially the right to be protected and governed according to the provisions of the Constitution . 2 . A right to the privileges and immunities of citizens in any of the several States . Among these is the fundamental and elementary right of suffrage . The Representatives to the national and State legislatures must be chosen by the people , the citizens ( Section 2 ) . Consequently , the citizens must choose them , and have a right to choose them . Am. 14 , § 2 . 3 . A right to the common - law writ of habeas corpus , to protect the other common - law right , as well as natural and constitutional right , of personal liberty . 4 . A right to trial by jury in any criminal case . 5 . A right to keep and bear arms . 6 . A right to life , liberty , and property , unless deprived by due process of law . 7 . A right to just compensation for private property legally taken for public use . 8 . A right to participate in all rights retained by , or reserved to , the people . Most of these rights , with many others , belong by the Constitution not only to the citizens , -- the people of the United States , strictly so called , by reason of the franchise of natural birth or otherwise , -- but also to all persons who may be allowed to be and remain under the jurisdiction and protection of our government . These are a part only of the rights held by every member of the nation , under and by virtue of the Constitution of the United States , independent of any other earthly power , and which , of course , ' can not be destroyed or abridged by the laws of any particular State . ' Who , then , in the United States is destitute of rights ? ... The States are recognized as governments , and , when their own constitutions permit , may do as they please ; provided they do not interfere with the Constitution and laws of the United States , or with the civil or natural rights of the people recognized thereby , and held in conformity to them . The right of every person to ' life , liberty , and property , ' to ' keep and bear arms , ' to the ' writ of habeas corpus ' to ' trial by jury , ' and divers others , are recognized by , and held under , the Constitution of the United States , and can not be infringed by individuals or even by the government itself . Jump up ^ Cooley , Thomas M. ( November 1883 ) . `` The Abnegation of Self - Government '' . Princeton Review : 213 -- 14 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 21 -- via University of Michigan Law School . Jump up ^ Cooley , Thomas McIntyre ( 1871 ) . A treatise on the constitutional limitations which rest upon the legislative power of the states of the American union . Little , Brown and company . p. 381 . Jump up ^ Cooley , Thomas McIntyre ( 1880 ) . The General Principles of Constitutional Law in the United States of America . F.B. Rothman . p. 271 . Jump up ^ Right to Keep and Bear Arms , U.S. Senate . 2001 Paladin Press . ISBN 1 - 58160 - 254 - 5 . Jump up ^ United States v. Emerson Archived 2012 - 08 - 17 at the Wayback Machine. , 270 F. 3d 203 , 218 -- 19 ( 5th Cir. 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Armed by Right : The Emerging Jurisprudence Of The Second Amendment , 18 Geo . Mason U. Civ . Rts . L.J. 167 , 176 ( 2008 ) ( `` Advocates of the collective theories posit that the Second Amendment was written out of fear that the new central government would disarm state militias needed for local defense . Under any sort of collective theory , the government could completely ban all firearm ownership whatsoever . '' ) Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2133 ( 2008 ) ( `` Up until 2001 , every federal circuit court of appeals that ruled on the issue had adopted the collective right approach . '' ) . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Citizen Gun Rights : Incorporating the Second Amendment Through the Privileges or Immunities Clause , 39 N.M.L. Rev. 195 , 199 -- 200 ( 2009 ) . Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2133 -- 34 ( 2008 ) ; cf . Silveira v. Lockyer , 312 F. 3d 1052 , 1087 ( 9th Cir. 2002 ) ( endorsing collective rights model ) . Jump up ^ Barnett , Randy E. ( 2004 ) . Was the Right to Keep and Bear Arms Conditioned on Service in an Organized Militia ? . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Armed by Right : The Emerging Jurisprudence Of The Second Amendment , 18 Geo . Mason U. Civ . Rts . L.J. 167 , 176 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2133 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Klukowski , Citizen Gun Rights : Incorporating the Second Amendment Through the Privileges or Immunities Clause , 39 N.M.L. Rev. 195 , 200 ( 2009 ) ( citing United States v. Wright , 117 F. 3d 1265 , 1273 -- 74 ( 11th Cir. 1997 ) ; United States v. Rybar , 103 F. 3d 273 , 286 ( 3d Cir. 1996 ) ; United States v. Hale , 978 F. 2d 1016 , 1020 ( 8th Cir. 1992 ) ; United States v. Oakes , 564 F. 2d 384 , 387 ( 10th Cir. 1977 ) ; Cases v. United States , 131 F. 2d 916 , 923 ( 1st Cir. 1942 ) ) . Jump up ^ Dorothy J. Hernaez , `` Parker v. District of Columbia : Understanding the Broader Implications for the Future of Gun Control '' , 6 Geo . J.L. & Pub . Pol'y 693 , 696 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ George A. Mocsary , `` Explaining Away the Obvious : The Infusibility of Characterizing the Second Amendment as a Nonindividual Right '' , 76 Fordham L. Rev. 2113 , 2134 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Merkel and Uviller , p. 150 . `` The linguistically correct reading of this unique construction is as though it said : ' Congress shall not limit the right of the people ( that is , the potential members of the state militia ) to acquire and keep the sort of arms appropriate to their military duty , so long as the following statement remains true : `` an armed , trained , and controlled militia is the best -- if not the only -- way to protect the state government and the liberties of its people against uprisings from within and incursions or oppression from without . ' '' Jump up ^ Winterer , pp. 1 -- 21 Jump up ^ `` Amicus Brief , ACRU , Case No. 03 - CV - 0213 - EGS , Shelly Parker , et al. vs. District of Columbia '' ( PDF ) . p. 14 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 4 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Frey and Wellman , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Volokh , `` Commonplace , '' p. 793 . `` The Second Amendment is widely seen as quite unusual , because it has a justification clause as well as an operative clause . Professor Volokh points out that this structure was actually quite commonplace in American constitutions of the Framing era : State Bills of Rights contained justification clauses for many of the rights they secured . '' Jump up ^ Rottenberg , Annette T. ; Winchell , Donna Haisty ( 3 August 2011 ) . `` Elements of Argument : A Text and Reader '' . Macmillan . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Frank Staheli ( 28 August 2016 ) . `` Warren Burger `` 2nd Amendment Fraud '' -- 1991 PBS News Hour `` . PBS . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` IT 'S TIME TO PASS THE BRADY BILL '' . The Washington Post . 3 October 1992 . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via www.washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ https://scholarship.kentlaw.iit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3294&context=cklawreview Jump up ^ `` How the NRA Rewrote the Second Amendment -- Brennan Center for Justice '' . www.brennancenter.org . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Merkel , p. 361 . `` Well - regulated meant well trained , rather than subject to rules and regulations . '' ^ Jump up to : Heller , Opinion of the Court , Part II - A-2 . Jump up ^ `` Scalia in Heller '' . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stevens ' dissent '' . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` District of Columbia v Heller '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kopel , David B. ( 1999 ) . The Supreme Court 's Thirty - five Other Gun Cases : What the Supreme Court Has Said about the Second Amendment . Independence Institute . Retrieved March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Crooker , Constance . Gun Control and Gun Rights , p. 55 ( Greenwood Publishing Group , 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Lund , Nelson . `` The Past and Future of the Individual 's Right to Arms Archived 2018 - 03 - 25 at the Wayback Machine . '' , Georgia Law Review , Volume 31 , p. 26 ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia v Heller '' . Cornell University Law School . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Baron , Dennis ( 21 May 2018 ) . `` Opinion -- Antonin Scalia was wrong about the meaning of ' bear arms ' '' . Retrieved 23 May 2018 -- via www.washingtonpost.com . Jump up ^ Cornell , Gun Control , p. 6 . Neither of the two modern theories that have defined public debate over the right to bear arms is faithful to the original understanding of this provision of the Bill of Rights . Jump up ^ Justice Story `` misidentified '' it as the `` 5th Amendment . '' Several public officials , including James Madison and Supreme Court Justice Joseph Story , retained the confusing practice of referring to each of the ten amendments in the Bill of Rights by the enumeration found in the first draft ; the fifth article is the Second Amendment . Jump up ^ `` FindLaw Cases and Codes '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved July 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Miller '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia v. Heller '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 552 . Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 553 . Jump up ^ Cruikshank , at 554 . Jump up ^ Doherty , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Lehr und Wehr Verein '' . The New York Times . July 20 , 1886 . p. 5 . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cramer , Clayton E. ( 1994 ) . For the defense of themselves and the state : the original intent and judicial interpretation of the right to keep and bear arms . Praeger . ISBN 9780275949136 . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Miller , at 539 . Jump up ^ Robertson , at 281 . Jump up ^ Miller , at 175 . Jump up ^ Miller , at 177 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Miller , at 178 . Jump up ^ Fezell , Howard J. `` The misconstruction of United States v. Miller '' . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Paul Helmke ( March 28 , 2008 ) . `` One Court 's Second Amendment Fantasy '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McClurg , p. 139 . `` But when all is said and done , the only certainty about Miller is that it failed to give either side a clear - cut victory . Most modern scholars recognize this fact . For example , Professor Eugene Volokh describes Miller as ' deliciously and usefully ambiguous ' in an article about using the Second Amendment as a teaching tool in constitutional law . That is probably the most accurate statement that can be made about the case . '' ^ Jump up to : `` District of Columbia v. Heller ( No. 07 - 290 ) '' . Legal Information Institute . Cornell University Law School . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cornell School of Law Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Law.cornell.edu . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Witkin Legal Institute Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Witkin.com . June 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nathan Moore Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Mooredefenselaw.com . June 30 , 2008 . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Global Legal Information Network Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Glin.gov . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Veronica Rose ; Principal Analyst . `` OLR Research Institute 's Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Cga.ct.gov . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oyez Summary of the Heller Decision '' . Oyez.org . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Legal Community Against Violence '' Summary of the Heller Decision '' ( PDF ) . Lcav.org . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` People v. Aguilar , 2013 IL 112116 '' ( PDF ) . Illinois Supreme Court . Illinois Supreme Court . September 12 , 2013 . pp. 5 -- 6 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on June 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court Strikes Down D.C. Gun Ban '' . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . In a historic 5 -- 4 decision ... the landmark ruling ... Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan & Johnson , Kevin ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Landmark ruling fires challenges to gun laws '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Vicini , James ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Americans have right to guns under landmark ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Justices , Ruling 5 -- 4 , Endorse Personal Right to Own Gun '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . The landmark ruling ... Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( March 16 , 2009 ) . `` Few Ripples From Supreme Court Ruling on Guns '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2011 . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . The Heller case is a landmark decision that has not changed very much at all ... Jump up ^ Robert A. Sedler ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` Ruling upholds most gun control laws '' . The Detroit News . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Heller , Opinion of the Court , Part III . Jump up ^ Harris , Andrew . `` Illinois Bid for Rehearing of Gun - Carry Appeal Rejected '' Archived 2013 - 11 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , Bloomberg News ( February 22 , 2013 ) : `` The U.S. Court of Appeals in Denver today ruled the constitutional provision does n't guarantee a right to carry a concealed firearm ... . '' Jump up ^ Kirkland , Michael . `` Scalia in ' 08 -- Right to bear arms is ' not unlimited ' '' Archived 2013 - 11 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , UPI ( December 16 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Henigan , Dennis . Lethal Logic : Exploding the Myths That Paralyze American Gun Policy , p. 204 ( Potomac Books 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Epstein , Lee and Walk , Thomas . Constitutional Law : Rights , Liberties and Justice , p. 396 ( SAGE 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Huebert , Jacob . Libertarianism Today , p. 147 ( ABC - CLIO , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia v. Heller '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Heller , Justice Stevens dissenting '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Heller , Opinion of the Court , Part II - A-1 - b . Jump up ^ `` Heller , Justice Breyer dissenting '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Heller , Opinion of the Court , Part II - D - 1 '' . Supreme.justia.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ District of Columbia v. Heller Archived 2008 - 07 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , 128 S. Ct. 2783 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Justices Rule for Individual Gun Rights '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2010 . ( A ) dramatic upheaval in the law , Justice Stevens said in a dissent Jump up ^ `` Justice Ginsburg Part II : Gender , the Second Amendment , Immigration & More '' . wnyc.org . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rose , Veronica ( August 20 , 2010 ) . `` Summary of the Recent McDonald v. Chicago Gun Case '' . Office of Legal Research -- Connecticut General Assembly . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scarola , Matthew ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Analysis : state gun regulations and McDonald '' . SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2010 . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Duignan , Brian . The U.S. Constitution and Constitutional Law , pp. 31 -- 32 ( Rosen Publishing Group , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` The Second Amendment expands , but maybe not by much '' . SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : CRS Report for Congress District of Columbia v. Heller : The Supreme Court and the Second Amendment April 11 , 2008 Congressional Research Service T.J. Halsted , Legislative Attorney , American Law Division . Order Code RL34446 `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 07 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 27 ... Jump up ^ Cases v. United States , 131 F. 2d 916 ( 1st Cir. 1942 ) ; United States v. Toner , 728 F. 2d 115 ( 2nd Cir. 1984 ) ; United States v. Rybar , 103 F. 3d 273 ( 3rd Cir. 1997 ) ; Love v. Peppersack , 47 F. 3d 120 ( 4th Cir. 1995 ) ; United States v. Johnson , 441 F. 2d 1134 ( 5th Cir. 1971 ) ; United States v. Warin , 530 F. 2d 103 ( 6th Cir. 1976 ) ; Quilici v. Village of Morton Grove , 695 F. 2d 261 ( 7th Cir. 1983 ) ; United States v. Hale , 978 F. 2d 1016 ( 8th Cir. 1993 ) ; Hickman v. Block , 81 F. 3d 98 ( 9th Cir. 1996 ) ; United States v. Oakes , 564 F. 2d 384 ( 10th Cir. 1978 ) ; and United States v. Wright , 117 F. 3d 1265 ( 11th Cir. 1997 ) Jump up ^ Winkler , `` Heller 's Catch 22 , '' p. 14 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( March 17 , 2009 ) . `` Few Ripples From Supreme Court Ruling on Guns '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved March 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Heller v. District of Columbia 2010 '' . Leagle . March 26 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Some D.C. Gun Laws Unconstitutional '' . U.S. News & World Report . September 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In Major Win for 2nd Amendment Advocates , Federal Court Blocks D.C. from Enforcing Conceal - Carry Restriction '' . Reason . July 25 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rene E. , at 12 -- 15 . Jump up ^ N.Y. 's Concealed Gun Licensing Scheme Is Upheld by Circuit -- New York Law Journal ^ Jump up to : Winkler , `` Heller 's Catch 22 , '' p. 15 . Jump up ^ `` United States Court of Appeals , Fourth Circuit '' . FindLaw . Thomson Reuters . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Part III of the decision . Jump up ^ Santiago , Matthew ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Fourth Circuit requires application of strict scrutiny in challenge to Maryland gun law '' . JURIST . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2016 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Order granting rehearing en banc Archived 2016 - 03 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Weisselberg , pp. 99 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Text of decision in Dorosan Archived 2012 - 08 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Tyler v. Hillsdale Co . Sheriff 's Dept. , 775 F. 3d 308 , 317 -- 19 ( 6th Cir. 2014 ) ( internal quotations omitted ) . Jump up ^ `` Federal Circuit Court Holds That Involuntary Mental Commitment Cannot Prevent A Person From Asserting His ' Fundamental Right ' Of Gun Ownership '' . Gielow , Groom , Terpstra & McEvoy . January 21 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tyler v. Hillsdale County Sheriff 's Dep 't , 2015 U.S. App . LEXIS 6638 ( 2015 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Skoien and the many challenges of Second Amendment jurisprudence '' . Sentencing Law and Policy . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2010 . Retrieved August 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. v. Skoien No. 08 - 3770 '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Laws , Life , and Legal Matters -- Court Cases and Legal Information at Leagle.com -- All Federal and State Appeals Court Cases in One Search '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The right to regain the right to own a gun '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Dennis A. Henigan : New Court Ruling Throws Cold Water on `` Gun Rights '' Celebration `` . Huffington Post . July 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Moore v. Madigan ( Circuit docket 12 - 1269 ) '' . United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit . suntimes.com . December 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2013 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( December 11 , 2012 ) . `` Broader gun right declared '' . SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2012 . Retrieved December 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( December 18 , 2012 ) . `` Supreme Court Gun Ruling Does n't Block Proposed Controls '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kopel , David ( December 11 , 2012 ) . `` Moore v. Madigan , key points '' . The Volokh Conspiracy . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Volokh , Eugene ( February 22 , 2013 ) . `` Rehearing En Banc Denied in Case Invalidating Illinois ' Ban on Carrying Loaded Guns in Public '' . The Volokh Conspiracy . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2013 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Todd D. Steenson , Phillip M. Schreiber and Adam R. Young ( 5 August 2013 ) . `` Illinois Firearm Concealed Carry Act Will Require Employers to Take Action '' . Holland & Koch . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved November 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Volokh , Eugene ( July 29 , 2009 ) . `` Ninth Circuit Will Rehear Nordyke v. King En Banc '' . The Volokh Conspiracy . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2009 . Retrieved July 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McCullagh , Declan ( August 25 , 2009 ) . `` High - Profile Gun Rights Case Inches Toward Supreme Court '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2009 . Retrieved August 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , John ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Appeals Court Sets Rehearing on Ruling That Eased Gun Restrictions '' . NYTimes.com . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2012 . Retrieved August 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` Second Amendment : Less chance of review ? '' . SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2010 . Retrieved July 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Nordyke v. King Archived 2009 - 05 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . ( 9th Cir. 2009 ) Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( April 20 , 2009 ) . `` Second Amendment extended '' . SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2010 . Retrieved April 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( May 4 , 2011 ) . `` Circuit Court bolsters gun rights '' . SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Text of November 28 order granting rehearing '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 13 , 2012 . Retrieved September 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mintz , Howard ( November 29 , 2011 ) . `` 9th Circuit agrees to rehear long - running Alameda County gun rights case '' . Oakland Tribune . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2011 . Retrieved November 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` Major gun case shunted aside '' . SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( June 2 , 2012 ) . `` Nordyke gun case nears end '' . SCOTUSblog . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved June 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Teixeira v. County of Alameda ( Circuit docket 13 - 17132 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit . May 16 , 2016 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peruta v. San Diego Archived 2016 - 06 - 15 at the Wayback Machine . No. 10 - 56971 ( 9th Cir. 2016 ) Jump up ^ Repeal the 2nd Amendment Archived 2018 - 03 - 31 at the Wayback Machine. , Chicago Tribune , June 27 , 2008 Jump up ^ Repeal the Second Amendment Archived 2018 - 03 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , The New York Times , October 5 , 2017 Jump up ^ John Paul Stevens : Repeal the Second Amendment Archived 2018 - 03 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , The New York Times -- March 27 , 2018 Jump up ^ Trump on proposed repeal of the second amendment : ' NO WAY ' Archived 2018 - 03 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , Business insider , March 28 , 2018 Jump up ^ No , Justice Stevens , We Do n't Need to Repeal the Second Amendment Archived 2018 - 03 - 31 at the Wayback Machine. , Slate , March 29 , 2018 References ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Adams , Les ( 1996 ) . The Second Amendment Primer : A Citizen 's Guidebook to the History , Sources , and Authorities for the Constitutional Guarantee of the Right to Keep and Bear Arms . Birmingham , Alabama : Paladium Press . Adamson , Barry ( 2008 ) . Freedom of Religion , the First Amendment , and the Supreme Court . Pelican Publishing . ISBN 1 - 58980 - 520 - 8 . Anderson , Casey ; Horwitz , Joshua ( 2009 ) . Guns , Democracy , and the Insurrectionist Idea . Ann Arbor , MI : University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 03370 - 0 . Barnett , Hilaire ( 2004 ) . Constitutional & Administrative Law . Routledge Cavendish . ISBN 1 - 85941 - 927 - 5 . Bickford , Charlene ; et al. , eds. ( 2004 ) . Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America , March 4 , 1789 -- March 3 , 1791 : Correspondence : First Session , September -- November 1789 . 17 . The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 7162 - 7 . Bogus , Carl T. ( 2001 ) . The Second Amendment in Law and History : Historians and Constitutional Scholars on the Right to Bear Arms . New York : The New Press . ISBN 1 - 56584 - 699 - 0 . Boynton , Lindsay Oliver J. ( 1971 ) . The Elizabethan Militia 1558 -- 1638 . David & Charles . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 5244 - X . OCLC 8605166 . Carter , Gregg Lee ( 2002 ) . Guns in American Society . ABC - CLIO . Charles , Patrick J. ( 2009 ) . The Second Amendment : The Intent and Its Interpretation by the States and the Supreme Court . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4270 - 6 . Cooke , Edward Francis ( 2002 ) . A Detailed Analysis of the Constitution . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 2238 - 5 . Cornell , Saul ( 2006 ) . A Well - Regulated Militia -- The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 514786 - 5 . Cottrol , Robert ( 1994 ) . Gun Control and the Constitution : Sources and Explorations on the Second Amendment . Taylor & Francis . Cramer , Clayton E. ; Olson , Joseph ( 2008 ) . `` What Did `` Bear Arms '' Mean in the Second Amendment ? `` . Geo . J.L. & Pub . Pol'y. 6 ( 2 ) . SSRN 1086176 . Crooker , Constance Emerson ( 2003 ) . Gun Control and Gun Rights . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32174 - 0 . Denson , John V. ( 1999 ) . The Costs of War : America 's Pyrrhic Victories ( 2 ed . ) . Transaction Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0487 - 7 . Doherty , Brian ( 2008 ) . Gun Control on Trial : Inside the Supreme Court Battle Over the Second Amendment . Washington , D.C. : Cato Institute . ISBN 1 - 933995 - 25 - 4 . Dulaney , W. Marvin ( 1996 ) . Black Police in America . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21040 - 2 . Ely , James W. ; Bodenhamer , David J. ( 2008 ) . The Bill of Rights in Modern America . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 21991 - 4 . Foner , Eric ; Garraty , John Arthur ( 1991 ) . The Reader 's Companion to American History . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 - 395 - 51372 - 3 . Frey , Raymond ; Wellman , Christopher ( 2003 ) . A Companion to Applied Ethics . Cambridge , MA : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 1 - 55786 - 594 - 9 . Halbrook , Stephen P. ( 1989 ) . A Right to Bear Arms : State and Federal Bills of Rights and Constitutional Guarantees . Greenwood Publishing Group . Halbrook , Stephen P. ( 1994 ) . That Every Man Be Armed : The Evolution of a Constitutional Right ( Independent Studies in Political Economy ) . Oakland , CA : The Independent Institute . ISBN 0 - 945999 - 38 - 0 . Hemenway , David ( 2007 ) . Private Guns , Public Health . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 03162 - 7 . Kruschke , Earl R. ( 1995 ) . Gun Control : A Reference Handbook . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 0 - 87436 - 695 - X . Levy , Leonard W. ( 1999 ) . Origins of the Bill of Rights . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 07802 - 1 . Madison , James ( 2010 ) . The Writings of James Madison : 1787 -- 1790 . Nabu Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 144 - 58273 - 7 . Malcolm , Joyce Lee ( 1996 ) . To Keep and Bear Arms : The Origins of an Anglo - American Right . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 89307 - 7 . Merkel , William G. ; Uviller , H. Richard ( 2002 ) . The Militia and the Right to Arms , Or , How the Second Amendment Fell Silent . Durham , NC : Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 3017 - 2 . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Millis , Walter ( 1981 ) . Arms and Men . Rutgers University Press . Mulloy , D. ( 2004 ) . American Extremism . Routledge . Pepper , John ; Petrie , Carol ; Wellford , Charles F. ( 2005 ) . Firearms and Violence . A Critical Review . Washington , DC : National Academies Press . ISBN 0 - 309 - 09124 - 1 . Pole , J.R. ; Greene , Jack P. ( 2003 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution ( Blackwell Companions to American History ) . Cambridge , MA : Blackwell Publishers . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1674 - 9 . Renehan , Edward J. ( 1997 ) . The Secret Six : The True Tale of the Men Who Conspired With John Brown . Columbia , SC : University of South Carolina Press . ISBN 1 - 57003 - 181 - 9 . Schmidt , Steffen ; Bardes , Barbara A. ; Shelley , Mack C. ( 2008 ) . American Government and Politics Today : The Essentials . Belmont , CA : Wadsworth Publishing . ISBN 0 - 495 - 57170 - 9 . Shapiro , Ilya ( 2008 ) . Cato Supreme Court Review 2007 -- 2008 . Washington , D.C : Cato Institute . ISBN 1 - 933995 - 17 - 3 . Smith , Rich ( 2007 ) . The Bill of Rights : Defining Our Freedoms . ABDO Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59928 - 913 - 7 . Spitzer , Robert J. ( 2001 ) . The Right to Bear Arms : Rights and Liberties under the Law . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 57607 - 347 - 5 . Szatmary , David P. ( 1980 ) . Shays ' Rebellion : the Making of an Agrarian Insurrection . Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 295 - 9 . Tucker , St. George ; Blackstone , William ( 1996 ) . Blackstone 's Commentaries : With Notes of Reference to the Constitution and Laws , of the Federal Government of the United States , and of the Commonwealth of Virginia : In Five Volumes . The Lawbook Exchange , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 886363 - 15 - 1 . Tushnet , Mark V. ( 2007 ) . Out of Range : Why the Constitution Ca n't End the Battle Over Guns . Oxford University Press . p. xv . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530424 - 4 . Rabban , David ( 1999 ) . Free Speech in its Forgotten Years . Cambridge University Press . Rawle , William ( 1829 ) . A View of the Constitution of the United States of America ( 2 ed . ) . P.H. Nicklin . Spooner , Lysander ( 1852 ) . An Essay on the Trial by Jury . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Vile , John R. ( 2005 ) . The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America 's Founding ( 2 Volume Set ) . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 669 - 8 . Williams , David H. ( 2003 ) . The Mythic Meanings of the Second Amendment : Taming Political Violence in a Constitutional Republic . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09562 - 7 . Wills , Garry ( 2000 ) . Saul , Cornell , ed . Whose Right to Bear Arms did the Second Amendment Protect ? . Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's . ISBN 0 - 312 - 24060 - 0 . Wills , Garry ( 2002 ) . A Necessary Evil : A History of American Distrust of Government . New York : Simon & Schuster . pp. 256 -- 57 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 87026 - 6 . Winterer , Caroline ( 2002 ) . The Culture of Classicism : Ancient Greece and Rome in American Intellectual Life , 1780 -- 1910 . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . Young , David E. ( 2001 ) . The Origin of the Second Amendment : A Documentary History of the Bill of Rights 1787 -- 1792 ( 2 ed . ) . Golden Oak Books . ISBN 0 - 9623664 - 3 - 9 . Periodicals ( edit ) Barnett , Gary E. ( June 24 , 2008 ) . `` The Reasonable Regulation of the Right to Keep and Bear Arms '' . Geo . J.L. & Pub . Pol'y. 6 ( 2 ) . SSRN 1152102 . Bogus , Carl T. ( Winter 1998 ) . `` The Hidden History of the Second Amendment '' ( PDF ) . U.C. Davis Law Review . 31 ( 2 ) : 309 -- 408 . Breen , T.H. ( 1972 ) . `` English Origins and New World Development : The Case of the Covenanted Militia in Seventeenth - Century Massachusetts '' . Past & Present. 57 ( 1 ) : 74 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 57.1. 74 . Charles , Patrick J. ( 2009 ) . `` ' Arms for Their Defence ? ' : An Historical , Legal , and Textual Analysis of the English Right to Have Arms and Whether the Second Amendment should Be Incorporated in McDonald v. City of Chicago '' . Clev . St. L. Rev. SSRN 1550768 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Cramer , Clayton ( 15 June 2007 ) . `` The Racist Roots of Gun Control '' . Libcom.org . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Davies , Ross ( Winter 2008 ) . `` Which is the Constitution '' ( PDF ) . Green Bag 2d. 11 ( 2 ) : 209 -- 16 . Gunn , Steven H. ( 1998 ) . `` A Lawyer 's Guide to the Second Amendment '' . BYU L. Rev. 35 . Hardy , David ( 2007 ) . `` Book Review : A Well - Regulated Militia : The Founding Fathers and the Origins of Gun Control in America '' . Wm . & Mary Bill of Rts. J. 15 . SSRN 947334 . Henigan , Denis ( 1991 ) . `` Arms , Anarchy , and the Second Amendment '' . Val . L. Rev. 26 ( 107 ) . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2008 . Heyman , Stephen ( 2000 ) . `` Natural Rights and the Second Amendment '' . Chi. - Kent . L. Rev. 76 ( 237 ) . Kates Jr. , Don B. ( November 1983 ) . `` Handgun Prohibition and the Original Meaning of the Second Amendment '' . Mich . L. Rev. 82 ( 2 ) : 204 -- 73 . doi : 10.2307 / 1288537 . JSTOR 1288537 . Konig , David Thomas ( Spring 2004 ) . `` The Second Amendment : A Missing Transatlantic Context for the Historical Meaning of `` the Right of the People to Keep and Bear Arms '' `` . Law and History Review . 22 ( 1 ) : 120 -- 59 . doi : 10.2307 / 4141667 . Lund , Nelson . `` Heller and Second Amendment Precedent '' . Lewis & Clark L. Rev. SSRN 1235537 . Malcolm , Joyce Lee ( 1986 ) . `` Book Review : That Every Man Be Armed '' . 54 . Malcolm , Joyce Lee ( 1993 ) . `` The Role of the Militia in the Development of the Englishman 's Right to be Armed -- Clarifying the Legacy '' . J. On Firearms & Pub . Pol'y. 5 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 23 . McAffee , Thomas B. ; Quinlan , Michael J. ( March 1997 ) . `` Bringing Forward the Right to Keep and Bear Arms : Do Text , History , or Precedent Stand in the Way ? '' . N.C.L. Rev. Archived from the original on 2000 - 08 - 16 . McClurg , Andrew ( 1999 ) . `` Lotts ' More Guns and Other Fallacies Infecting the Gun Control Debate '' . J. Of Firearms & Pub . Pol'y. 11 . Merkel , William ( Summer 2009 ) . `` Heller and Scalia 's Originalism '' . Lewis & Clark L. Rev. 13 ( 2 ) . SSRN 1422048 . Rakove , Jack ( 2000 ) . `` The Second Amendment : The Highest Stage of Originalism '' . Chi. - Kent . L. Rev. 76 . Reynolds , Glenn ( 1995 ) . `` A Critical Guide to the Second Amendment '' . Tenn . L. Rev. 62 ( 461 ) . SSRN 960788 . Schmidt , Christopher ( February 2007 ) . `` An International Human Right to Keep and Bear Arms '' . Wm . & Mary Bill of Rts. J. 15 ( 3 ) : 983 . Smith , Douglas ( 2008 ) . `` The Second Amendment and the Supreme Court '' . Geo . J.L. & Pub . Pol'y. 6 . SSRN 1093751 . Volokh , Eugene ( 1998 ) . `` The Commonplace Second Amendment '' . NYU L. Rev. 73 ( 793 ) . Volokh , Eugene ( November -- December 1998 ) . `` Testimony of Eugene Volokh on the Second Amendment , Senate Subcommittee on the Constitution , September 23 , 1998 '' . Cal . Pol. Rev . Weisselberg , Charles D. ( 2009 ) . `` Selected Criminal Law Cases in the Supreme Court 's 2007 -- 2008 Term , and a Look Ahead '' ( PDF ) . Court Review . 44 . Winkler , Adam ( February 2007 ) . `` Scrutinizing the Second Amendment '' . Mich . L. Rev. 105 . Winkler , Adam ( June 2009 ) . `` Heller 's Catch 22 '' . UCLA L. Rev. 56 . SSRN 1359225 . Other publications ( edit ) Maer , Lucinda ; Gay , Oonagh ( 2009 ) . `` The Bill of Rights 1689 '' . Parliament and Constitution Centre . Further reading ( edit ) Tahmassebi , S.B. ( 1991 ) . `` Gun Control and Racism '' . George Mason University Civil Rights Law Journal . 2 ( 1 ) : 67 -- 100 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2000 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Second Amendment to the United States Constitution Works related to United States Bill of Rights at Wikisource District of Columbia v. Heller National Archives Scanned Image of the Bill of Rights , including the Second Amendment The short film Big Picture : To Keep and Bear Arms is available for free download at the Internet Archive State Constitutional Right to Keep and Bear Arms Provisions as provided by Prof. Eugene Volokh , UCLA Law School hide United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 Reconstruction Amendments 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Congressional enforcement Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Pardon Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book GND : 4489472 - 7 LCCN : n97009276 VIAF : 175899205 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution&oldid=846583879 '' Categories : 1791 in American politics 1791 in American law Amendments to the United States Constitution Militia in the United States United States federal firearms legislation Gun politics in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2011 Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing POV - check from April 2018 Pages using web citations with no URL Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Ænglisc Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית മലയാളം Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 17 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the second amendment of the constitution written | [
"Some representatives mistrusted proposals to enlarge federal powers, because they were concerned about the inherent risks of centralizing power. Federalists, including James Madison, initially argued that a bill of rights was unnecessary, sufficiently confident that the federal government could never raise a standing army powerful enough to overcome a militia.[108] Federalist Noah Webster argued that an armed populace would have no trouble resisting the potential threat to liberty of a standing army.[109][110] Anti-federalists, on the other hand, advocated amending the Constitution with clearly defined and enumerated rights providing more explicit constraints on the new government. Many Anti-federalists feared the new federal government would choose to disarm state militias. Federalists countered that in listing only certain rights, unlisted rights might lose protection. The Federalists realized there was insufficient support to ratify the Constitution without a bill of rights and so they promised to support amending the Constitution to add a bill of rights following the Constitution's adoption. This compromise persuaded enough Anti-federalists to vote for the Constitution, allowing for ratification.[111] The Constitution was declared ratified on June 21, 1788, when nine of the original thirteen states had ratified it. The remaining four states later followed suit, although the last two states, North Carolina and Rhode Island, ratified only after Congress had passed the Bill of Rights and sent it to the states for ratification.[112] James Madison drafted what ultimately became the Bill of Rights, which was proposed by the first Congress on June 8, 1789, and was adopted on December 15, 1791."
] | [
"1789"
] |
712159481248551059 | United States Declaration of Independence | United States Declaration of Independence - Wikipedia United States Declaration of Independence Jump to : navigation , search United States Declaration of Independence 1823 facsimile of the engrossed copy Created June -- July 1776 Ratified July 4 , 1776 Location Engrossed copy : National Archives Rough draft : Library of Congress Author ( s ) Thomas Jefferson et al. ( engrosser : probably Timothy Matlack ) Signatories 56 delegates to the Continental Congress Purpose To announce and explain separation from Great Britain The United States Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House ( Independence Hall ) in Philadelphia on July 4 , 1776 , which announced that the thirteen American colonies , then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain , regarded themselves as thirteen independent sovereign states , no longer under British rule . These states would found a new nation -- the United States of America . John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence , which was passed on July 2 with no opposing vote cast . A committee of five had already drafted the formal declaration , to be ready when Congress voted on independence . John Adams persuaded the committee to select Thomas Jefferson to compose the original draft of the document , which Congress would edit to produce the final version . The Declaration was ultimately a formal explanation of why Congress had voted on July 2 to declare independence from Great Britain , more than a year after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War . The next day , Adams wrote to his wife Abigail : `` The Second Day of July 1776 , will be the most memorable Epocha , in the History of America . '' But Independence Day is actually celebrated on July 4 , the date that the Declaration of Independence was approved . After ratifying the text on July 4 , Congress issued the Declaration of Independence in several forms . It was initially published as the printed Dunlap broadside that was widely distributed and read to the public . The source copy used for this printing has been lost , and may have been a copy in Thomas Jefferson 's hand . Jefferson 's original draft , complete with changes made by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin , and Jefferson 's notes of changes made by Congress , are preserved at the Library of Congress . The best - known version of the Declaration is a signed copy that is displayed at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. , and which is popularly regarded as the official document . This engrossed copy was ordered by Congress on July 19 and signed primarily on August 2 . The sources and interpretation of the Declaration have been the subject of much scholarly inquiry . The Declaration justified the independence of the United States by listing colonial grievances against King George III , and by asserting certain natural and legal rights , including a right of revolution . Having served its original purpose in announcing independence , references to the text of the Declaration were few in the following years . Abraham Lincoln made it the centerpiece of his rhetoric ( as in the Gettysburg Address of 1863 ) and his policies . Since then , it has become a well - known statement on human rights , particularly its second sentence : We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . This has been called `` one of the best - known sentences in the English language '' , containing `` the most potent and consequential words in American history '' . The passage came to represent a moral standard to which the United States should strive . This view was notably promoted by Abraham Lincoln , who considered the Declaration to be the foundation of his political philosophy and argued that it is a statement of principles through which the United States Constitution should be interpreted . The U.S. Declaration of Independence inspired many other similar documents in other countries , the first being the 1789 Declaration of Flanders issued during the Brabant Revolution in the Austrian Netherlands ( modern - day Belgium ) . It also served as the primary model for numerous declarations of independence across Europe and Latin America , as well as Africa ( Liberia ) and Oceania ( New Zealand ) during the first half of the 19th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Congress convenes 2 Toward independence 2.1 Revising instructions 2.2 May 15 preamble 2.3 Lee 's resolution 2.4 The final push 3 Draft and adoption 4 Annotated text of the engrossed declaration 5 Influences and legal status 6 Signing 7 Publication and reaction 8 History of the documents 9 Legacy 9.1 Influence in other countries 9.2 Revival of interest 9.3 John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence ( 1817 -- 1826 ) 9.4 Slavery and the Declaration 9.5 Lincoln and the Declaration 9.6 Women 's suffrage and the Declaration 9.7 Twentieth century and later 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Background Thomas Jefferson , the principal author of the Declaration Believe me , dear Sir : there is not in the British empire a man who more cordially loves a union with Great Britain than I do . But , by the God that made me , I will cease to exist before I yield to a connection on such terms as the British Parliament propose ; and in this , I think I speak the sentiments of America . -- Thomas Jefferson , November 29 , 1775 By the time that the Declaration of Independence was adopted in July 1776 , the Thirteen Colonies and Great Britain had been at war for more than a year . Relations had been deteriorating between the colonies and the mother country since 1763 . Parliament enacted a series of measures to increase revenue from the colonies , such as the Stamp Act of 1765 and the Townshend Acts of 1767 . Parliament believed that these acts were a legitimate means of having the colonies pay their fair share of the costs to keep them in the British Empire . Many colonists , however , had developed a different conception of the empire . The colonies were not directly represented in Parliament , and colonists argued that Parliament had no right to levy taxes upon them . This tax dispute was part of a larger divergence between British and American interpretations of the British Constitution and the extent of Parliament 's authority in the colonies . The orthodox British view , dating from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , was that Parliament was the supreme authority throughout the empire , and so , by definition , anything that Parliament did was constitutional . In the colonies , however , the idea had developed that the British Constitution recognized certain fundamental rights that no government could violate , not even Parliament . After the Townshend Acts , some essayists even began to question whether Parliament had any legitimate jurisdiction in the colonies at all . Anticipating the arrangement of the British Commonwealth , by 1774 American writers such as Samuel Adams , James Wilson , and Thomas Jefferson were arguing that Parliament was the legislature of Great Britain only , and that the colonies , which had their own legislatures , were connected to the rest of the empire only through their allegiance to the Crown . Congress convenes The issue of Parliament 's authority in the colonies became a crisis after Parliament passed the Coercive Acts ( known as the Intolerable Acts in the colonies ) in 1774 to punish the Province of Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party of 1773 . Many colonists saw the Coercive Acts as a violation of the British Constitution and thus a threat to the liberties of all of British America . In September 1774 , the First Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia to coordinate a response . Congress organized a boycott of British goods and petitioned the king for repeal of the acts . These measures were unsuccessful because King George and the ministry of Prime Minister Lord North were determined not to retreat on the question of parliamentary supremacy . As the king wrote to North in November 1774 , `` blows must decide whether they are to be subject to this country or independent '' . Most colonists still hoped for reconciliation with Great Britain , even after fighting began in the American Revolutionary War at Lexington and Concord in April 1775 . The Second Continental Congress convened at the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia in May 1775 , and some delegates hoped for eventual independence , but no one yet advocated declaring it . Many colonists no longer believed that Parliament had any sovereignty over them , yet they still professed loyalty to King George , who they hoped would intercede on their behalf . They were disappointed in late 1775 , when the king rejected Congress 's second petition , issued a Proclamation of Rebellion , and announced before Parliament on October 26 that he was considering `` friendly offers of foreign assistance '' to suppress the rebellion . A pro-American minority in Parliament warned that the government was driving the colonists toward independence . Toward Independence Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense was published in January 1776 , just as it became clear in the colonies that the king was not inclined to act as a conciliator . Paine had only recently arrived in the colonies from England , and he argued in favor of colonial independence , advocating republicanism as an alternative to monarchy and hereditary rule . Common Sense introduced no new ideas and probably had little direct effect on Congress 's thinking about independence ; its importance was in stimulating public debate on a topic that few had previously dared to openly discuss . Public support for separation from Great Britain steadily increased after the publication of Paine 's enormously popular pamphlet . The Assembly Room in Philadelphia 's Independence Hall , where the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence Some colonists still held out hope for reconciliation , but developments in early 1776 further strengthened public support for independence . In February 1776 , colonists learned of Parliament 's passage of the Prohibitory Act , which established a blockade of American ports and declared American ships to be enemy vessels . John Adams , a strong supporter of independence , believed that Parliament had effectively declared American independence before Congress had been able to . Adams labeled the Prohibitory Act the `` Act of Independency '' , calling it `` a compleat Dismemberment of the British Empire '' . Support for declaring independence grew even more when it was confirmed that King George had hired German mercenaries to use against his American subjects . Despite this growing popular support for independence , Congress lacked the clear authority to declare it . Delegates had been elected to Congress by thirteen different governments , which included extralegal conventions , ad hoc committees , and elected assemblies , and they were bound by the instructions given to them . Regardless of their personal opinions , delegates could not vote to declare independence unless their instructions permitted such an action . Several colonies , in fact , expressly prohibited their delegates from taking any steps towards separation from Great Britain , while other delegations had instructions that were ambiguous on the issue . As public sentiment grew for separation from Great Britain , advocates of independence sought to have the Congressional instructions revised . For Congress to declare independence , a majority of delegations would need authorization to vote for independence , and at least one colonial government would need to specifically instruct ( or grant permission for ) its delegation to propose a declaration of independence in Congress . Between April and July 1776 , a `` complex political war '' was waged to bring this about . Revising instructions In the campaign to revise Congressional instructions , many Americans formally expressed their support for separation from Great Britain in what were effectively state and local declarations of independence . Historian Pauline Maier identifies more than ninety such declarations that were issued throughout the Thirteen Colonies from April to July 1776 . These `` declarations '' took a variety of forms . Some were formal written instructions for Congressional delegations , such as the Halifax Resolves of April 12 , with which North Carolina became the first colony to explicitly authorize its delegates to vote for independence . Others were legislative acts that officially ended British rule in individual colonies , such as the Rhode Island legislature declaring its independence from Great Britain on May 4 , the first colony to do so . Many `` declarations '' were resolutions adopted at town or county meetings that offered support for independence . A few came in the form of jury instructions , such as the statement issued on April 23 , 1776 by Chief Justice William Henry Drayton of South Carolina : `` the law of the land authorizes me to declare ... that George the Third , King of Great Britain ... has no authority over us , and we owe no obedience to him . '' Most of these declarations are now obscure , having been overshadowed by the declaration approved by Congress on July 2 , and signed July 4 . Some colonies held back from endorsing independence . Resistance was centered in the middle colonies of New York , New Jersey , Maryland , Pennsylvania , and Delaware . Advocates of independence saw Pennsylvania as the key ; if that colony could be converted to the pro-independence cause , it was believed that the others would follow . On May 1 , however , opponents of independence retained control of the Pennsylvania Assembly in a special election that had focused on the question of independence . In response , Congress passed a resolution on May 10 which had been promoted by John Adams and Richard Henry Lee , calling on colonies without a `` government sufficient to the exigencies of their affairs '' to adopt new governments . The resolution passed unanimously , and was even supported by Pennsylvania 's John Dickinson , the leader of the anti-independence faction in Congress , who believed that it did not apply to his colony . May 15 preamble This Day the Congress has passed the most important Resolution , that ever was taken in America . -- John Adams , May 15 , 1776 As was the custom , Congress appointed a committee to draft a preamble to explain the purpose of the resolution . John Adams wrote the preamble , which stated that because King George had rejected reconciliation and was hiring foreign mercenaries to use against the colonies , `` it is necessary that the exercise of every kind of authority under the said crown should be totally suppressed '' . Adams 's preamble was meant to encourage the overthrow of the governments of Pennsylvania and Maryland , which were still under proprietary governance . Congress passed the preamble on May 15 after several days of debate , but four of the middle colonies voted against it , and the Maryland delegation walked out in protest . Adams regarded his May 15 preamble effectively as an American declaration of independence , although a formal declaration would still have to be made . Lee 's resolution Main article : Lee Resolution On the same day that Congress passed Adams 's radical preamble , the Virginia Convention set the stage for a formal Congressional declaration of independence . On May 15 , the Convention instructed Virginia 's congressional delegation `` to propose to that respectable body to declare the United Colonies free and independent States , absolved from all allegiance to , or dependence upon , the Crown or Parliament of Great Britain '' . In accordance with those instructions , Richard Henry Lee of Virginia presented a three - part resolution to Congress on June 7 . The motion was seconded by John Adams , calling on Congress to declare independence , form foreign alliances , and prepare a plan of colonial confederation . The part of the resolution relating to declaring independence read : Resolved , that these United Colonies are , and of right ought to be , free and independent States , that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is , and ought to be , totally dissolved . Lee 's resolution met with resistance in the ensuing debate . Opponents of the resolution conceded that reconciliation was unlikely with Great Britain , while arguing that declaring independence was premature , and that securing foreign aid should take priority . Advocates of the resolution countered that foreign governments would not intervene in an internal British struggle , and so a formal declaration of independence was needed before foreign aid was possible . All Congress needed to do , they insisted , was to `` declare a fact which already exists '' . Delegates from Pennsylvania , Delaware , New Jersey , Maryland , and New York were still not yet authorized to vote for independence , however , and some of them threatened to leave Congress if the resolution were adopted . Congress , therefore , voted on June 10 to postpone further discussion of Lee 's resolution for three weeks . Until then , Congress decided that a committee should prepare a document announcing and explaining independence in the event that Lee 's resolution was approved when it was brought up again in July . The final push This idealized depiction of ( left to right ) Franklin , Adams , and Jefferson working on the Declaration was widely reprinted ( by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris , 1900 ) . Support for a Congressional declaration of independence was consolidated in the final weeks of June 1776 . On June 14 , the Connecticut Assembly instructed its delegates to propose independence and , the following day , the legislatures of New Hampshire and Delaware authorized their delegates to declare independence . In Pennsylvania , political struggles ended with the dissolution of the colonial assembly , and a new Conference of Committees under Thomas McKean authorized Pennsylvania 's delegates to declare independence on June 18 . The Provincial Congress of New Jersey had been governing the province since January 1776 ; they resolved on June 15 that Royal Governor William Franklin was `` an enemy to the liberties of this country '' and had him arrested . On June 21 , they chose new delegates to Congress and empowered them to join in a declaration of independence . Only Maryland and New York had yet to authorize independence towards the end of June . Previously , Maryland 's delegates had walked out when the Continental Congress adopted Adams 's radical May 15 preamble , and had sent to the Annapolis Convention for instructions . On May 20 , the Annapolis Convention rejected Adams 's preamble , instructing its delegates to remain against independence . But Samuel Chase went to Maryland and , thanks to local resolutions in favor of independence , was able to get the Annapolis Convention to change its mind on June 28 . Only the New York delegates were unable to get revised instructions . When Congress had been considering the resolution of independence on June 8 , the New York Provincial Congress told the delegates to wait . But on June 30 , the Provincial Congress evacuated New York as British forces approached , and would not convene again until July 10 . This meant that New York 's delegates would not be authorized to declare independence until after Congress had made its decision . Draft and adoption Main article : Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence Political maneuvering was setting the stage for an official declaration of independence even while a document was being written to explain the decision . On June 11 , 1776 , Congress appointed a `` Committee of Five '' to draft a declaration , consisting of John Adams of Massachusetts , Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania , Thomas Jefferson of Virginia , Robert R. Livingston of New York , and Roger Sherman of Connecticut . The committee left no minutes , so there is some uncertainty about how the drafting process proceeded ; contradictory accounts were written many years later by Jefferson and Adams , too many years to be regarded as entirely reliable -- although their accounts are frequently cited . What is certain is that the committee discussed the general outline which the document should follow and decided that Jefferson would write the first draft . The committee in general , and Jefferson in particular , thought that Adams should write the document , but Adams persuaded the committee to choose Jefferson and promised to consult with him personally . Considering Congress 's busy schedule , Jefferson probably had limited time for writing over the next seventeen days , and likely wrote the draft quickly . He then consulted the others and made some changes , and then produced another copy incorporating these alterations . The committee presented this copy to the Congress on June 28 , 1776 . The title of the document was `` A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America , in General Congress assembled . '' Portable writing desk that Jefferson used to draft and write the Declaration of Independence Congress ordered that the draft `` lie on the table '' . For two days , Congress methodically edited Jefferson 's primary document , shortening it by a fourth , removing unnecessary wording , and improving sentence structure . They removed Jefferson 's assertion that Britain had forced slavery on the colonies in order to moderate the document and appease persons in Britain who supported the Revolution . Jefferson wrote that Congress had `` mangled '' his draft version , but the Declaration that was finally produced was `` the majestic document that inspired both contemporaries and posterity , '' in the words of his biographer John Ferling . Congress tabled the draft of the declaration on Monday , July 1 and resolved itself into a committee of the whole , with Benjamin Harrison of Virginia presiding , and they resumed debate on Lee 's resolution of independence . John Dickinson made one last effort to delay the decision , arguing that Congress should not declare independence without first securing a foreign alliance and finalizing the Articles of Confederation . John Adams gave a speech in reply to Dickinson , restating the case for an immediate declaration . A vote was taken after a long day of speeches , each colony casting a single vote , as always . The delegation for each colony numbered from two to seven members , and each delegation voted amongst themselves to determine the colony 's vote . Pennsylvania and South Carolina voted against declaring independence . The New York delegation abstained , lacking permission to vote for independence . Delaware cast no vote because the delegation was split between Thomas McKean ( who voted yes ) and George Read ( who voted no ) . The remaining nine delegations voted in favor of independence , which meant that the resolution had been approved by the committee of the whole . The next step was for the resolution to be voted upon by Congress itself . Edward Rutledge of South Carolina was opposed to Lee 's resolution but desirous of unanimity , and he moved that the vote be postponed until the following day . `` Declaration House '' , the boarding house at Market and S. 7th Street where Jefferson wrote the Declaration On July 2 , South Carolina reversed its position and voted for independence . In the Pennsylvania delegation , Dickinson and Robert Morris abstained , allowing the delegation to vote three - to - two in favor of independence . The tie in the Delaware delegation was broken by the timely arrival of Caesar Rodney , who voted for independence . The New York delegation abstained once again since they were still not authorized to vote for independence , although they were allowed to do so a week later by the New York Provincial Congress . The resolution of independence had been adopted with twelve affirmative votes and one abstention . With this , the colonies had officially severed political ties with Great Britain . John Adams predicted in a famous letter , written to his wife on the following day , that July 2 would become a great American holiday . He thought that the vote for independence would be commemorated ; he did not foresee that Americans -- including himself -- would instead celebrate Independence Day on the date when the announcement of that act was finalized . `` I am apt to believe that ( Independence Day ) will be celebrated , by succeeding Generations , as the great anniversary Festival . It ought to be commemorated , as the Day of Deliverance by solemn Acts of Devotion to God Almighty . It ought to be solemnized with Pomp and Parade , with shews , Games , Sports , Guns , Bells , Bonfires and Illuminations from one End of this Continent to the other from this Time forward forever more . '' After voting in favor of the resolution of independence , Congress turned its attention to the committee 's draft of the declaration . Over several days of debate , they made a few changes in wording and deleted nearly a fourth of the text and , on July 4 , 1776 , the wording of the Declaration of Independence was approved and sent to the printer for publication . The opening of the original printing of the Declaration , printed on July 4 , 1776 under Jefferson 's supervision . The engrossed copy was made later ( shown at the top of this article ) . Note that the opening lines differ between the two versions . There is a distinct change in wording from this original broadside printing of the Declaration and the final official engrossed copy . The word `` unanimous '' was inserted as a result of a Congressional resolution passed on July 19 , 1776 : Resolved , That the Declaration passed on the 4th , be fairly engrossed on parchment , with the title and stile of `` The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America , '' and that the same , when engrossed , be signed by every member of Congress . Historian George Billias says : Independence amounted to a new status of interdependence : the United States was now a sovereign nation entitled to the privileges and responsibilities that came with that status . America thus became a member of the international community , which meant becoming a maker of treaties and alliances , a military ally in diplomacy , and a partner in foreign trade on a more equal basis . Annotated text of the engrossed Declaration The declaration is not divided into formal sections ; but it is often discussed as consisting of five parts : introduction , preamble , indictment of King George III , denunciation of the British people , and conclusion . Introduction Asserts as a matter of Natural Law the ability of a people to assume political independence ; acknowledges that the grounds for such independence must be reasonable , and therefore explicable , and ought to be explained . In CONGRESS , July 4 , 1776 . The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America , When in the Course of human events , it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another , and to assume among the powers of the earth , the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature 's God entitle them , a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation . Preamble Outlines a general philosophy of government that justifies revolution when government harms natural rights . We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness . That to secure these rights , Governments are instituted among Men , deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed , That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends , it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it , and to institute new Government , laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form , as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness . Prudence , indeed , will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shewn , that mankind are more disposed to suffer , while evils are sufferable , than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed . But when a long train of abuses and usurpations , pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism , it is their right , it is their duty , to throw off such Government , and to provide new Guards for their future security . Indictment A bill of particulars documenting the king 's `` repeated injuries and usurpations '' of the Americans ' rights and liberties . Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies ; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government . The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations , all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States . To prove this , let Facts be submitted to a candid world . He has refused his Assent to Laws , the most wholesome and necessary for the public good . He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance , unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended , he has utterly neglected to attend to them . He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people , unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature , a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only . He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual , uncomfortable , and distant from the depository of their Public Records , for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures . He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly , for opposing with manly firmness of his invasions on the rights of the people . He has refused for a long time , after such dissolutions , to cause others to be elected , whereby the Legislative Powers , incapable of Annihilation , have returned to the People at large for their exercise ; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without , and convulsions within . He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States ; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither , and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands . He has obstructed the Administration of Justice by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers . He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone for the tenure of their offices , and the amount and payment of their salaries . He has erected a multitude of New Offices , and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people and eat out their substance . He has kept among us , in times of peace , Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislatures . He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power . He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution , and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : For protecting them , by a mock Trial from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States : For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world : For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent : For depriving us in many cases , of the benefit of Trial by Jury : For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences : For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province , establishing therein an Arbitrary government , and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies For taking away our Charters , abolishing our most valuable Laws and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments : For suspending our own Legislatures , and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever . He has abdicated Government here , by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us . He has plundered our seas , ravaged our coasts , burnt our towns , and destroyed the lives of our people . He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to compleat the works of death , desolation , and tyranny , already begun with circumstances of Cruelty & Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages , and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation . He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country , to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren , or to fall themselves by their Hands . He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us , and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers , the merciless Indian Savages whose known rule of warfare , is an undistinguished destruction of all ages , sexes and conditions . In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms : Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury . A Prince , whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant , is unfit to be the ruler of a free people . Denunciation This section essentially finishes the case for independence . The conditions that justified revolution have been shown . Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren . We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us . We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here . We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity , and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations , which , would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence . They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity . We must , therefore , acquiesce in the necessity , which denounces our Separation , and hold them , as we hold the rest of mankind , Enemies in War , in Peace Friends . Conclusion The signers assert that there exist conditions under which people must change their government , that the British have produced such conditions and , by necessity , the colonies must throw off political ties with the British Crown and become independent states . The conclusion contains , at its core , the Lee Resolution that had been passed on July 2 . We , therefore , the Representatives of the united States of America , in General Congress , Assembled , appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions , do , in the Name , and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies , solemnly publish and declare , That these united Colonies are , and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States ; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown , and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain , is and ought to be totally dissolved ; and that as Free and Independent States , they have full Power to levy War , conclude Peace , contract Alliances , establish Commerce , and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do . And for the support of this Declaration , with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence , we mutually pledge to each other our Lives , our Fortunes and our sacred Honor . Signatures The first and most famous signature on the engrossed copy was that of John Hancock , President of the Continental Congress . Two future presidents ( Thomas Jefferson and John Adams ) and a father and great - grandfather of two other presidents ( Benjamin Harrison ) were among the signatories . Edward Rutledge ( age 26 ) was the youngest signer , and Benjamin Franklin ( age 70 ) was the oldest signer . The fifty - six signers of the Declaration represented the new states as follows ( from north to south ) : New Hampshire : Josiah Bartlett , William Whipple , Matthew Thornton Massachusetts : Samuel Adams , John Adams , John Hancock , Robert Treat Paine , Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island : Stephen Hopkins , William Ellery Connecticut : Roger Sherman , Samuel Huntington , William Williams , Oliver Wolcott New York : William Floyd , Philip Livingston , Francis Lewis , Lewis Morris New Jersey : Richard Stockton , John Witherspoon , Francis Hopkinson , John Hart , Abraham Clark Pennsylvania : Robert Morris , Benjamin Rush , Benjamin Franklin , John Morton , George Clymer , James Smith , George Taylor , James Wilson , George Ross Delaware : George Read , Caesar Rodney , Thomas McKean Maryland : Samuel Chase , William Paca , Thomas Stone , Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia : George Wythe , Richard Henry Lee , Thomas Jefferson , Benjamin Harrison , Thomas Nelson , Jr. , Francis Lightfoot Lee , Carter Braxton North Carolina : William Hooper , Joseph Hewes , John Penn South Carolina : Edward Rutledge , Thomas Heyward , Jr. , Thomas Lynch , Jr. , Arthur Middleton Georgia : Button Gwinnett , Lyman Hall , George Walton Influences and legal status English political philosopher John Locke ( 1632 -- 1704 ) Historians have often sought to identify the sources that most influenced the words and political philosophy of the Declaration of Independence . By Jefferson 's own admission , the Declaration contained no original ideas , but was instead a statement of sentiments widely shared by supporters of the American Revolution . As he explained in 1825 : Neither aiming at originality of principle or sentiment , nor yet copied from any particular and previous writing , it was intended to be an expression of the American mind , and to give to that expression the proper tone and spirit called for by the occasion . Jefferson 's most immediate sources were two documents written in June 1776 : his own draft of the preamble of the Constitution of Virginia , and George Mason 's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights . Ideas and phrases from both of these documents appear in the Declaration of Independence . They were , in turn , directly influenced by the 1689 English Declaration of Rights , which formally ended the reign of King James II . During the American Revolution , Jefferson and other Americans looked to the English Declaration of Rights as a model of how to end the reign of an unjust king . The Scottish Declaration of Arbroath ( 1320 ) and the Dutch Act of Abjuration ( 1581 ) have also been offered as models for Jefferson 's Declaration , but these models are now accepted by few scholars . Jefferson wrote that a number of authors exerted a general influence on the words of the Declaration . English political theorist John Locke is usually cited as one of the primary influences , a man whom Jefferson called one of `` the three greatest men that have ever lived '' . In 1922 , historian Carl L. Becker wrote , `` Most Americans had absorbed Locke 's works as a kind of political gospel ; and the Declaration , in its form , in its phraseology , follows closely certain sentences in Locke 's second treatise on government . '' The extent of Locke 's influence on the American Revolution has been questioned by some subsequent scholars , however . Historian Ray Forrest Harvey argued in 1937 for the dominant influence of Swiss jurist Jean Jacques Burlamaqui , declaring that Jefferson and Locke were at `` two opposite poles '' in their political philosophy , as evidenced by Jefferson 's use in the Declaration of Independence of the phrase `` pursuit of happiness '' instead of `` property '' . Other scholars emphasized the influence of republicanism rather than Locke 's classical liberalism . Historian Garry Wills argued that Jefferson was influenced by the Scottish Enlightenment , particularly Francis Hutcheson , rather than Locke , an interpretation that has been strongly criticized . Legal historian John Phillip Reid has written that the emphasis on the political philosophy of the Declaration has been misplaced . The Declaration is not a philosophical tract about natural rights , argues Reid , but is instead a legal document -- an indictment against King George for violating the constitutional rights of the colonists . Historian David Armitage has argued that the Declaration was strongly influenced by de Vattel 's The Law of Nations , the dominant international law treatise of the period , and a book that Benjamin Franklin said was `` continually in the hands of the members of our Congress '' . Armitage writes , `` Vattel made independence fundamental to his definition of statehood '' ; therefore , the primary purpose of the Declaration was `` to express the international legal sovereignty of the United States '' . If the United States were to have any hope of being recognized by the European powers , the American revolutionaries first had to make it clear that they were no longer dependent on Great Britain . The Declaration of Independence does not have the force of law domestically , but nevertheless it may help to provide historical and legal clarity about the Constitution and other laws . Signing Main article : Signing of the United States Declaration of Independence The signed copy of the Declaration is now badly faded because of poor preserving practices in the 19th century . It is on display at the National Archives in Washington , D.C. The Declaration became official when Congress voted for it on July 4 ; signatures of the delegates were not needed to make it official . The handwritten copy of the Declaration of Independence that was signed by Congress is dated July 4 , 1776 . The signatures of fifty - six delegates are affixed ; however , the exact date when each person signed it has long been the subject of debate . Jefferson , Franklin , and Adams all wrote that the Declaration had been signed by Congress on July 4 . But in 1796 , signer Thomas McKean disputed that the Declaration had been signed on July 4 , pointing out that some signers were not then present , including several who were not even elected to Congress until after that date . The Declaration was transposed on paper , adopted by the Continental Congress , and signed by John Hancock , President of the Congress , on July 4 , 1776 , according to the 1911 record of events by the U.S. State Department under Secretary Philander C. Knox . On August 2 , 1776 , a parchment paper copy of the Declaration was signed by 56 persons . Many of these signers were not present when the original Declaration was adopted on July 4 . Signer Matthew Thornton from New Hampshire was seated in the Continental Congress in November ; he asked for and received the privilege of adding his signature at that time , and signed on November 4 , 1776 . On July 4 , 1776 , Continental Congress President John Hancock 's signature authenticated the United States Declaration of Independence . Historians have generally accepted McKean 's version of events , arguing that the famous signed version of the Declaration was created after July 19 , and was not signed by Congress until August 2 , 1776 . In 1986 , legal historian Wilfred Ritz argued that historians had misunderstood the primary documents and given too much credence to McKean , who had not been present in Congress on July 4 . According to Ritz , about thirty - four delegates signed the Declaration on July 4 , and the others signed on or after August 2 . Historians who reject a July 4 signing maintain that most delegates signed on August 2 , and that those eventual signers who were not present added their names later . Two future U.S. presidents were among the signatories : Thomas Jefferson and John Adams . The most famous signature on the engrossed copy is that of John Hancock , who presumably signed first as President of Congress . Hancock 's large , flamboyant signature became iconic , and the term John Hancock emerged in the United States as an informal synonym for `` signature '' . A commonly circulated but apocryphal account claims that , after Hancock signed , the delegate from Massachusetts commented , `` The British ministry can read that name without spectacles . '' Another apocryphal report indicates that Hancock proudly declared , `` There ! I guess King George will be able to read that ! '' Various legends emerged years later about the signing of the Declaration , when the document had become an important national symbol . In one famous story , John Hancock supposedly said that Congress , having signed the Declaration , must now `` all hang together '' , and Benjamin Franklin replied : `` Yes , we must indeed all hang together , or most assuredly we shall all hang separately . '' The quotation did not appear in print until more than fifty years after Franklin 's death . The Syng inkstand used at the signing was also used at the signing of the United States Constitution in 1787 . Publication and reaction Johannes Adam Simon Oertel 's painting Pulling Down the Statue of King George III , N.Y.C. , ca . 1859 , depicts citizens destroying a statue of King George after the Declaration was read in New York City on July 9 , 1776 . After Congress approved the final wording of the Declaration on July 4 , a handwritten copy was sent a few blocks away to the printing shop of John Dunlap . Through the night , Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides for distribution . Before long , the Declaration was read to audiences and reprinted in newspapers throughout the thirteen states . The first official public reading of the document was by John Nixon in the yard of Independence Hall on July 8 ; public readings also took place on that day in Trenton , New Jersey and Easton , Pennsylvania . A German translation of the Declaration was published in Philadelphia by July 9 . President of Congress John Hancock sent a broadside to General George Washington , instructing him to have it proclaimed `` at the Head of the Army in the way you shall think it most proper '' . Washington had the Declaration read to his troops in New York City on July 9 , with thousands of British troops on ships in the harbor . Washington and Congress hoped that the Declaration would inspire the soldiers , and encourage others to join the army . After hearing the Declaration , crowds in many cities tore down and destroyed signs or statues representing royal authority . An equestrian statue of King George in New York City was pulled down and the lead used to make musket balls . William Whipple , signer of the Declaration of Independence , freed his slave believing that he could not both fight for liberty and own a slave . British officials in North America sent copies of the Declaration to Great Britain . It was published in British newspapers beginning in mid-August , it had reached Florence and Warsaw by mid-September , and a German translation appeared in Switzerland by October . The first copy of the Declaration sent to France got lost , and the second copy arrived only in November 1776 . It reached Portuguese America by Brazilian medical student `` Vendek '' José Joaquim Maia e Barbalho , who had met with Thomas Jefferson in Nîmes . The Spanish - American authorities banned the circulation of the Declaration , but it was widely transmitted and translated : by Venezuelan Manuel García de Sena , by Colombian Miguel de Pombo , by Ecuadorian Vicente Rocafuerte , and by New Englanders Richard Cleveland and William Shaler , who distributed the Declaration and the United States Constitution among creoles in Chile and Indians in Mexico in 1821 . The North Ministry did not give an official answer to the Declaration , but instead secretly commissioned pamphleteer John Lind to publish a response entitled Answer to the Declaration of the American Congress . British Tories denounced the signers of the Declaration for not applying the same principles of `` life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness '' to African Americans . Thomas Hutchinson , the former royal governor of Massachusetts , also published a rebuttal . These pamphlets challenged various aspects of the Declaration . Hutchinson argued that the American Revolution was the work of a few conspirators who wanted independence from the outset , and who had finally achieved it by inducing otherwise loyal colonists to rebel . Lind 's pamphlet had an anonymous attack on the concept of natural rights written by Jeremy Bentham , an argument that he repeated during the French Revolution . Both pamphlets asked how the American slaveholders in Congress could proclaim that `` all men are created equal '' without freeing their own slaves . William Whipple , a signer of the Declaration of Independence who had fought in the war , freed his slave Prince Whipple because of revolutionary ideals . In the postwar decades , other slaveholders also freed their slaves ; from 1790 to 1810 , the percentage of free blacks in the Upper South increased to 8.3 percent from less than one percent of the black population . All Northern states abolished slavery by 1804 . History of the documents Main article : Physical history of the United States Declaration of Independence The official copy of the Declaration of Independence was the one printed on July 4 , 1776 under Jefferson 's supervision . It was sent to the states and to the Army and was widely reprinted in newspapers . The slightly different `` engrossed copy '' ( shown at the top of this article ) was made later for members to sign . The engrossed version is the one widely distributed in the 21st century . Note that the opening lines differ between the two versions . The copy of the Declaration that was signed by Congress is known as the engrossed or parchment copy . It was probably engrossed ( that is , carefully handwritten ) by clerk Timothy Matlack . A facsimile made in 1823 has become the basis of most modern reproductions rather than the original because of poor conservation of the engrossed copy through the 19th century . In 1921 , custody of the engrossed copy of the Declaration was transferred from the State Department to the Library of Congress , along with the United States Constitution . After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941 , the documents were moved for safekeeping to the United States Bullion Depository at Fort Knox in Kentucky , where they were kept until 1944 . In 1952 , the engrossed Declaration was transferred to the National Archives and is now on permanent display at the National Archives in the `` Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom '' . The Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom in the National Archives building The document signed by Congress and enshrined in the National Archives is usually regarded as the Declaration of Independence , but historian Julian P. Boyd argued that the Declaration , like Magna Carta , is not a single document . Boyd considered the printed broadsides ordered by Congress to be official texts , as well . The Declaration was first published as a broadside that was printed the night of July 4 by John Dunlap of Philadelphia . Dunlap printed about 200 broadsides , of which 26 are known to survive . The 26th copy was discovered in The National Archives in England in 2009 . In 1777 , Congress commissioned Mary Katherine Goddard to print a new broadside that listed the signers of the Declaration , unlike the Dunlap broadside . Nine copies of the Goddard broadside are known to still exist . A variety of broadsides printed by the states are also extant . Several early handwritten copies and drafts of the Declaration have also been preserved . Jefferson kept a four - page draft that late in life he called the `` original Rough draught '' . It is not known how many drafts Jefferson wrote prior to this one , and how much of the text was contributed by other committee members . In 1947 , Boyd discovered a fragment of an earlier draft in Jefferson 's handwriting . Jefferson and Adams sent copies of the rough draft to friends , with slight variations . During the writing process , Jefferson showed the rough draft to Adams and Franklin , and perhaps to other members of the drafting committee , who made a few more changes . Franklin , for example , may have been responsible for changing Jefferson 's original phrase `` We hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable '' to `` We hold these truths to be self - evident '' . Jefferson incorporated these changes into a copy that was submitted to Congress in the name of the committee . The copy that was submitted to Congress on June 28 has been lost , and was perhaps destroyed in the printing process , or destroyed during the debates in accordance with Congress 's secrecy rule . On April 21 , 2017 it was announced that a second engrossed copy had been discovered in an archive in Sussex , England . Named by its finders the `` Sussex Declaration '' , it differs from the National Archives copy ( which the finders refer to as the `` Matlack Declaration '' ) in that the signatures on it are not grouped by States . How it came to be in England is not yet known , but the finders believe that the randomness of the signatures points to an origin with signatory James Wilson , who had argued strongly that the Declaration was made not by the States but by the whole people . Legacy The Declaration was neglected in the years immediately following the American Revolution , having served its original purpose in announcing the independence of the United States . Early celebrations of Independence Day largely ignored the Declaration , as did early histories of the Revolution . The act of declaring independence was considered important , whereas the text announcing that act attracted little attention . The Declaration was rarely mentioned during the debates about the United States Constitution , and its language was not incorporated into that document . George Mason 's draft of the Virginia Declaration of Rights was more influential , and its language was echoed in state constitutions and state bills of rights more often than Jefferson 's words . `` In none of these documents '' , wrote Pauline Maier , `` is there any evidence whatsoever that the Declaration of Independence lived in men 's minds as a classic statement of American political principles . '' Influence in other countries Many leaders of the French Revolution admired the Declaration of Independence but were also interested in the new American state constitutions . The inspiration and content of the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen ( 1789 ) emerged largely from the ideals of the American Revolution . Its key drafts were prepared by Lafayette , working closely in Paris with his friend Thomas Jefferson . It also borrowed language from George Mason 's Virginia Declaration of Rights . The declaration also influenced the Russian Empire . The document had a particular impact on the Decembrist revolt and other Russian thinkers . According to historian David Armitage , the Declaration of Independence did prove to be internationally influential , but not as a statement of human rights . Armitage argued that the Declaration was the first in a new genre of declarations of independence that announced the creation of new states . Other French leaders were directly influenced by the text of the Declaration of Independence itself . The Manifesto of the Province of Flanders ( 1790 ) was the first foreign derivation of the Declaration ; others include the Venezuelan Declaration of Independence ( 1811 ) , the Liberian Declaration of Independence ( 1847 ) , the declarations of secession by the Confederate States of America ( 1860 -- 61 ) , and the Vietnamese Proclamation of Independence ( 1945 ) . These declarations echoed the United States Declaration of Independence in announcing the independence of a new state , without necessarily endorsing the political philosophy of the original . Other countries have used the Declaration as inspiration or have directly copied sections from it . These include the Haitian declaration of January 1 , 1804 during the Haitian Revolution , the United Provinces of New Granada in 1811 , the Argentine Declaration of Independence in 1816 , the Chilean Declaration of Independence in 1818 , Costa Rica in 1821 , El Salvador in 1821 , Guatemala in 1821 , Honduras in ( 1821 ) , Mexico in 1821 , Nicaragua in 1821 , Peru in 1821 , Bolivian War of Independence in 1825 , Uruguay in 1825 , Ecuador in 1830 , Colombia in 1831 , Paraguay in 1842 , Dominican Republic in 1844 , Texas Declaration of Independence in March 1836 , California Republic in November 1836 , Hungarian Declaration of Independence in 1849 , Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand in 1835 , and the Czechoslovak declaration of independence from 1918 drafted in Washington D.C. with Gutzon Borglum among the drafters . The Rhodesian declaration of independence , ratified in November 1965 , is based on the American one as well ; however , it omits the phrases `` all men are created equal '' and `` the consent of the governed '' . The South Carolina declaration of secession from December 1860 also mentions the U.S. Declaration of Independence , though it , like the Rhodesian one , omits references to `` all men are created equal '' and `` consent of the governed '' . Revival of interest Interest in the Declaration was revived in the 1790s with the emergence of the United States 's first political parties . Throughout the 1780s , few Americans knew or cared who wrote the Declaration . But in the next decade , Jeffersonian Republicans sought political advantage over their rival Federalists by promoting both the importance of the Declaration and Jefferson as its author . Federalists responded by casting doubt on Jefferson 's authorship or originality , and by emphasizing that independence was declared by the whole Congress , with Jefferson as just one member of the drafting committee . Federalists insisted that Congress 's act of declaring independence , in which Federalist John Adams had played a major role , was more important than the document announcing it . But this view faded away , like the Federalist Party itself , and , before long , the act of declaring independence became synonymous with the document . A less partisan appreciation for the Declaration emerged in the years following the War of 1812 , thanks to a growing American nationalism and a renewed interest in the history of the Revolution . In 1817 , Congress commissioned John Trumbull 's famous painting of the signers , which was exhibited to large crowds before being installed in the Capitol . The earliest commemorative printings of the Declaration also appeared at this time , offering many Americans their first view of the signed document . Collective biographies of the signers were first published in the 1820s , giving birth to what Garry Wills called the `` cult of the signers '' . In the years that followed , many stories about the writing and signing of the document were published for the first time . When interest in the Declaration was revived , the sections that were most important in 1776 were no longer relevant : the announcement of the independence of the United States and the grievances against King George . But the second paragraph was applicable long after the war had ended , with its talk of self - evident truths and unalienable rights . The Constitution and the Bill of Rights lacked sweeping statements about rights and equality , and advocates of groups with grievances turned to the Declaration for support . Starting in the 1820s , variations of the Declaration were issued to proclaim the rights of workers , farmers , women , and others . In 1848 , for example , the Seneca Falls Convention of women 's rights advocates declared that `` all men and women are created equal '' . John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence ( 1817 -- 1826 ) Main article : Declaration of Independence ( Trumbull ) John Trumbull 's famous painting is often identified as a depiction of the signing of the Declaration , but it actually shows the drafting committee presenting its work to the Congress . A key step marking the evolution of the Declaration in the nation 's consciousness is the now well - known painting Declaration of Independence by Connecticut political painter John Trumbull . It was commissioned by the United States Congress in 1817 . 12 - by - 18 - foot ( 3.7 by 5.5 m ) in size , it has hung in the United States Capitol Rotunda since 1826 . It has been often reproduced , and is the visual image most associated by Americans with the Declaration . The painting is sometimes incorrectly described as the signing of the Declaration of Independence . In fact , the painting actually shows the five - man drafting committee presenting their draft of the Declaration to the Second Continental Congress , an event that took place on June 28 , 1776 , and not the signing of the document , which took place later . The painting , the figures painted from life when possible , does not contain all the signers . Some had died and images could not be located . One figure had participated in the drafting but did not sign the final document ; another refused to sign . In fact the membership of the Second Continental Congress changed as time passed , and the figures in the painting were never in the same room at the same time . It is , however , an accurate depiction of the room in the building known today as Independence Hall , the centerpiece of the Independence National Historical Park in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Trumbull visited the room , which was where the Second Continental Congress met , when researching for his painting . At the time it was the Pennsylvania State House . Slavery and the Declaration Further information : Slavery in the colonial United States The apparent contradiction between the claim that `` all men are created equal '' and the existence of American slavery attracted comment when the Declaration was first published . As mentioned above , Jefferson had included a paragraph in his initial draft that strongly indicted Great Britain 's role in the slave trade , but this was deleted from the final version . Jefferson himself was a prominent Virginia slave holder , having owned hundreds of slaves . Referring to this seeming contradiction , English abolitionist Thomas Day wrote in a 1776 letter , `` If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature , it is an American patriot , signing resolutions of independency with the one hand , and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves . '' In the 19th century , the Declaration took on a special significance for the abolitionist movement . Historian Bertram Wyatt - Brown wrote that `` abolitionists tended to interpret the Declaration of Independence as a theological as well as a political document '' . Abolitionist leaders Benjamin Lundy and William Lloyd Garrison adopted the `` twin rocks '' of `` the Bible and the Declaration of Independence '' as the basis for their philosophies . `` As long as there remains a single copy of the Declaration of Independence , or of the Bible , in our land , '' wrote Garrison , `` we will not despair . '' For radical abolitionists such as Garrison , the most important part of the Declaration was its assertion of the right of revolution . Garrison called for the destruction of the government under the Constitution , and the creation of a new state dedicated to the principles of the Declaration . The controversial question of whether to add additional slave states to the United States coincided with the growing stature of the Declaration . The first major public debate about slavery and the Declaration took place during the Missouri controversy of 1819 to 1821 . Antislavery Congressmen argued that the language of the Declaration indicated that the Founding Fathers of the United States had been opposed to slavery in principle , and so new slave states should not be added to the country . Proslavery Congressmen led by Senator Nathaniel Macon of North Carolina argued that the Declaration was not a part of the Constitution and therefore had no relevance to the question . With the antislavery movement gaining momentum , defenders of slavery such as John Randolph and John C. Calhoun found it necessary to argue that the Declaration 's assertion that `` all men are created equal '' was false , or at least that it did not apply to black people . During the debate over the Kansas -- Nebraska Act in 1853 , for example , Senator John Pettit of Indiana argued that the statement `` all men are created equal '' was not a `` self - evident truth '' but a `` self - evident lie '' . Opponents of the Kansas -- Nebraska Act , including Salmon P. Chase and Benjamin Wade , defended the Declaration and what they saw as its antislavery principles . Lincoln and the Declaration Congressman Abraham Lincoln Shepherd , 1845 -- 1846 The Declaration 's relationship to slavery was taken up in 1854 by Abraham Lincoln , a little - known former Congressman who idolized the Founding Fathers . Lincoln thought that the Declaration of Independence expressed the highest principles of the American Revolution , and that the Founding Fathers had tolerated slavery with the expectation that it would ultimately wither away . For the United States to legitimize the expansion of slavery in the Kansas - Nebraska Act , thought Lincoln , was to repudiate the principles of the Revolution . In his October 1854 Peoria speech , Lincoln said : Nearly eighty years ago we began by declaring that all men are created equal ; but now from that beginning we have run down to the other declaration , that for some men to enslave others is a `` sacred right of self - government ''. ... Our republican robe is soiled and trailed in the dust. ... Let us repurify it . Let us re-adopt the Declaration of Independence , and with it , the practices , and policy , which harmonize with it. ... If we do this , we shall not only have saved the Union : but we shall have saved it , as to make , and keep it , forever worthy of the saving . The meaning of the Declaration was a recurring topic in the famed debates between Lincoln and Stephen Douglas in 1858 . Douglas argued that the phrase `` all men are created equal '' in the Declaration referred to white men only . The purpose of the Declaration , he said , had simply been to justify the independence of the United States , and not to proclaim the equality of any `` inferior or degraded race '' . Lincoln , however , thought that the language of the Declaration was deliberately universal , setting a high moral standard to which the American republic should aspire . `` I had thought the Declaration contemplated the progressive improvement in the condition of all men everywhere , '' he said . During the seventh and last joint debate with Steven Douglas at Alton , Illinois on October 15 , 1858 , Lincoln said about the declaration : I think the authors of that notable instrument intended to include all men , but they did not mean to declare all men equal in all respects . They did not mean to say all men were equal in color , size , intellect , moral development , or social capacity . They defined with tolerable distinctness in what they did consider all men created equal -- equal in `` certain inalienable rights , among which are life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . '' This they said , and this they meant . They did not mean to assert the obvious untruth that all were then actually enjoying that equality , or yet that they were about to confer it immediately upon them . In fact , they had no power to confer such a boon . They meant simply to declare the right , so that the enforcement of it might follow as fast as circumstances should permit . They meant to set up a standard maxim for free society which should be familiar to all , constantly looked to , constantly labored for , and even , though never perfectly attained , constantly approximated , and thereby constantly spreading and deepening its influence , and augmenting the happiness and value of life to all people , of all colors , everywhere . According to Pauline Maier , Douglas 's interpretation was more historically accurate , but Lincoln 's view ultimately prevailed . `` In Lincoln 's hands , '' wrote Maier , `` the Declaration of Independence became first and foremost a living document '' with `` a set of goals to be realized over time '' . ( T ) here is no reason in the world why the negro is not entitled to all the natural rights enumerated in the Declaration of Independence , the right to life , liberty , and the pursuit of happiness . I hold that he is as much entitled to these as the white man . Abraham Lincoln , 1858 Like Daniel Webster , James Wilson , and Joseph Story before him , Lincoln argued that the Declaration of Independence was a founding document of the United States , and that this had important implications for interpreting the Constitution , which had been ratified more than a decade after the Declaration . The Constitution did not use the word `` equality '' , yet Lincoln believed that the concept that `` all men are created equal '' remained a part of the nation 's founding principles . He famously expressed this belief in the opening sentence of his 1863 Gettysburg Address : `` Four score and seven years ago ( i.e. in 1776 ) our fathers brought forth on this continent , a new nation , conceived in Liberty , and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal . '' Lincoln 's view of the Declaration became influential , seeing it as a moral guide to interpreting the Constitution . `` For most people now , '' wrote Garry Wills in 1992 , `` the Declaration means what Lincoln told us it means , as a way of correcting the Constitution itself without overthrowing it . '' Admirers of Lincoln such as Harry V. Jaffa praised this development . Critics of Lincoln , notably Willmoore Kendall and Mel Bradford , argued that Lincoln dangerously expanded the scope of the national government and violated states ' rights by reading the Declaration into the Constitution . Women 's suffrage and the Declaration Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her two sons ( 1848 ) . In July 1848 , the first woman 's rights convention , the Seneca Falls Convention , was held in Seneca Falls , New York . The convention was organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton , Lucretia Mott , Mary Ann McClintock , and Jane Hunt . In their `` Declaration of Sentiments '' , patterned on the Declaration of Independence , the convention members demanded social and political equality for women . Their motto was that `` All men and women are created equal '' and the convention demanded suffrage for women . The suffrage movement was supported by William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass . Twentieth century and later Presentation of the Declaration depicted on a United States postal issue of 1869 Bicentennial Eisenhower dollar ( 1976 ) . Obverse : Eisenhower portrait , US national motto , `` Liberty '' on top , US Independence year ( 1776 ) and year of minting ( 1976 ) . Reverse : Liberty Bell in front of the moon , country name , face value , two stars , and E pluribus unum ( Out of many , one ) . Dollar coin made of silver . Minted to commemorate 200th anniversary of United States Independence . The adoption of the Declaration of Independence was dramatized in the 1969 Tony Award -- winning musical 1776 , and the 1972 movie of the same name , as well as in the 2008 television miniseries John Adams . The Declaration was chosen to become the first digitized text ( 1971 ) . Since 1976 ( the United States Bicentennial ) , Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence has been used on the back of the United States two - dollar bill . In 1984 , the Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration was dedicated in Constitution Gardens on the National Mall in Washington , D.C. , where the signatures of all the original signers are carved in stone with their names , places of residence , and occupations . The new One World Trade Center building in New York City ( 2014 ) is 1776 feet high , to symbolize the year that the Declaration of Independence was signed . References Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 5 . Jump up ^ The thirteen colonies were : New Hampshire , Massachusetts Bay , Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , Connecticut , New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Maryland , Delaware , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia . ^ Jump up to : `` Declaring Independence '' , Revolutionary War , Digital History , University of Houston . From Adams ' notes : `` Why will you not ? You ought to do it . '' `` I will not . '' `` Why ? '' `` Reasons enough . '' `` What can be your reasons ? '' `` Reason first , you are a Virginian , and a Virginian ought to appear at the head of this business . Reason second , I am obnoxious , suspected , and unpopular . You are very much otherwise . Reason third , you can write ten times better than I can . '' `` Well , '' said Jefferson , `` if you are decided , I will do as well as I can . '' `` Very well . When you have drawn it up , we will have a meeting . '' Jump up ^ Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams , 3 July 1776 Jump up ^ Boyd ( 1976 ) , The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original , p. 438 Jump up ^ `` Did You Know ... Independence Day Should Actually Be July 2 ? '' ( Press release ) . National Archives and Records Administration . June 1 , 2005 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ The Declaration of Independence : A History , The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ Stephen E. Lucas , `` Justifying America : The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document '' , in Thomas W. Benson , ed. , American Rhetoric : Context and Criticism , Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1989 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Ellis , American Creation , 55 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : McPherson , Second American Revolution , 126 . Jump up ^ Armitage , David ( 2007 ) . The Declaration of Independence : A Global History . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . pp. 113 -- 126 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 02282 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 19 . Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree , Empire or Independence , 31 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 162 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 200 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 180 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 241 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 224 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 241 -- 42 . The writings in question include Wilson 's Considerations on the Authority of Parliament and Jefferson 's A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( both 1774 ) , as well as Samuel Adams 's 1768 Circular Letter . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 168 ; Ferling , Leap in the Dark , 123 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 13 ; Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 318 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , 318 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 . The text of the 1775 king 's speech is online , published by the American Memory project . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 25 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Beginnings of National Politics , 88 -- 90 . Jump up ^ Christie and Labaree , Empire or Independence , 270 ; Maier , American Scripture , 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 667 . Jump up ^ Rakove , Beginnings of National Politics , 89 ; Maier , American Scripture , 33 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 33 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 209 ; Maier , American Scripture , 25 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 67 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 77 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 30 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 59 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 671 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 78 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 48 , and Appendix A , which lists the state and local declarations . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 678 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 679 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 69 -- 72 , quoted on 72 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 48 . The modern scholarly consensus is that the best - known and earliest of the local declarations is most likely inauthentic , the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence , allegedly adopted in May 1775 ( a full year before other local declarations ) ; Maier , American Scripture , 174 . ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Founding , 682 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 683 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 684 ; Maier , American Scripture , 37 . For the full text of the May 10 resolve , see the Journals of the Continental Congress . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 684 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 159 . The text of Adams 's letter is online . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 37 ; Jensen , Founding , 684 . For the full text of the May 15 preamble see the Journals of the Continental Congress . Jump up ^ Rakove , National Politics , 96 ; Jensen , Founding , 684 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 94 . Jump up ^ Rakove , National Politics , 97 ; Jensen , Founding , 685 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 38 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 18 ; Maier , American Scripture , 63 . The text of the May 15 Virginia resolution is online Archived June 20 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . at Yale Law School 's Avalon Project . Jump up ^ Jefferson , Thomas ( July 4 , 1776 ) . `` Declaration of Independence . In Congress , July 4 , 1776 , a Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America , in General Congress Assembled '' . World Digital Library . Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 41 ; Boyd , Evolution , 19 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 689 -- 90 ; Maier , American Scripture , 42 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 689 ; Armitage , Global History , 33 -- 34 . The quotation is from Jefferson 's notes ; Boyd , Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 311 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 42 -- 43 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 106 . Jump up ^ Dupont and Onuf , 3 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 691 -- 92 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 106 -- 07 ; Jensen , Founding , 691 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 692 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 693 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 694 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 694 -- 96 ; Friedenwald , Interpretation , 96 ; Maier , American Scripture , 68 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 118 ; Jensen , Founding , 698 . Jump up ^ Friedenwald , Interpretation , 119 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 97 -- 105 ; Boyd , Evolution , 21 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 22 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 104 . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 4 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 701 . ^ Jump up to : John E. Ferling , Setting the World Ablaze : Washington , Adams , Jefferson , and the American Revolution , Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513409 - 4 . OCLC 468591593 , pp. 131 -- 37 Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 181 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 699 . Jump up ^ Burnett , Continental Congress , 182 ; Jensen , Founding , 700 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 45 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 19 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Founding , 703 -- 04 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 160 -- 61 . Jump up ^ As quoted in Adams , John ( 2007 ) . My Dearest Friend : Letters of Abigail and John Adams . Harvard University Press . p. 125 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02606 - 3 . Adams predicted that the celebration date would be July 2 , the date the independence resolution was adopted , rather than July 4 , the date the declaration was approved . Though he may have predicted the wrong celebration date , his thoughts were prophetic . ^ Jump up to : Julian P. Boyd , `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , p. 456 Jump up ^ Journals of the Continental Congress -- FRIDAY , JULY 19 , 1776 Jump up ^ George Billias American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 - 1989 ( 2011 ) p 17 . ^ Jump up to : Lucas , Stephen E. `` The Stylistic Artistry of the Declaration of Independence '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Index of Signers by State '' . ushistory.org -- Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia . Retrieved October 12 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` TO HENRY LEE -- Thomas Jefferson The Works , vol. 12 ( Correspondence and Papers 1816 -- 1826 ; 1905 ) '' . The Online Library of Liberty . May 8 , 1825 . Retrieved March 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Malone , Jefferson the Virginian , 221 ; Maier , American Scripture , 125 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 126 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 53 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Maier found no evidence that the Dutch Act of Abjuration served as a model for the Declaration , and considers the argument `` unpersuasive '' ( American Scripture , p. 264 ) . Armitage discounts the influence of the Scottish and Dutch acts , and writes that neither was called `` declarations of independence '' until fairly recently ( Global History , pp. 42 -- 44 ) . For the argument in favor of the influence of the Dutch act , see Stephen E. Lucas , `` The ' Plakkaat van Verlatinge ' : A Neglected Model for the American Declaration of Independence '' , in Rosemarijn Hofte and Johanna C. Kardux , eds. , Connecting Cultures : The Netherlands in Five Centuries of Transatlantic Exchange ( Amsterdam , 1994 ) , 189 -- 207 , and Barbara Wolff , `` Was the Declaration of Independence Inspired by the Dutch ? '' University of Wisconsin Madison News , June 29 , 1988 , http://www.news.wisc.edu/3049 Accessed July 3 , 2013 Jump up ^ Boyd , Evolution , 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ `` The Three Greatest Men '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jefferson identified Bacon , Locke , and Newton as `` the three greatest men that have ever lived , without any exception '' . Their works in the physical and moral sciences were instrumental in Jefferson 's education and world view . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 27 . Jump up ^ Ray Forrest Harvey , Jean Jacques Burlamaqui : A Liberal Tradition in American Constitutionalism ( Chapel Hill , North Carolina , 1937 ) , 120 . Jump up ^ A brief , online overview of the classical liberalism vs. republicanism debate is Alec Ewald , `` The American Republic : 1760 -- 1870 '' ( 2004 ) . In a similar vein , historian Robert Middlekauff argues that the political ideas of the independence movement took their origins mainly from the `` eighteenth - century commonwealthmen , the radical Whig ideology '' , which in turn drew on the political thought of John Milton , James Harrington , and John Locke . See Robert Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , The Glorious Cause , pp. 3 -- 6 , 51 -- 52 , 136 Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , especially chs. 11 -- 13 . Wills concludes ( p. 315 ) that `` the air of enlightened America was full of Hutcheson 's politics , not Locke 's '' . Jump up ^ Hamowy , `` Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment '' , argues that Wills gets much wrong ( p. 523 ) , that the Declaration seems to be influenced by Hutcheson because Hutcheson was , like Jefferson , influenced by Locke ( pp. 508 -- 09 ) , and that Jefferson often wrote of Locke 's influence , but never mentioned Hutcheson in any of his writings ( p. 514 ) . See also Kenneth S. Lynn , `` Falsifying Jefferson '' , Commentary 66 ( Oct. 1978 ) , 66 -- 71 . Ralph Luker , in `` Garry Wills and the New Debate Over the Declaration of Independence '' ( The Virginia Quarterly Review , Spring 1980 , 244 -- 61 ) agreed that Wills overstated Hutcheson 's influence to provide a communitarian reading of the Declaration , but he also argued that Wills 's critics similarly read their own views into the document . Jump up ^ John Phillip Reid , `` The Irrelevance of the Declaration '' , in Hendrik Hartog , ed. , Law in the American Revolution and the Revolution in the Law ( New York University Press , 1981 ) , 46 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Franklin to Charles F.W. Dumas , December 19 , 1775 , in The Writings of Benjamin Franklin , ed . Albert Henry Smyth ( New York : 1970 ) , 6 : 432 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 21 , 38 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Gulf , C. & SFR Co. v. Ellis , 165 US 150 ( 1897 ) : `` While such declaration of principles may not have the force of organic law , or be made the basis of judicial decision as to the limits of right and duty ... it is always safe to read the letter of the Constitution in the spirit of the Declaration of Independence . '' Jump up ^ Wills , Gary . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence , p. 25 ( Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , 2002 ) : `` the Declaration is not a legal instrument , like the Constitution '' . Jump up ^ Cuomo , Mario . Why Lincoln Matters : Now More Than Ever , p. 137 ( Harcourt Press 2004 ) ( it `` is not a law and therefore is not subjected to rigorous interpretation and enforcement '' ) . Jump up ^ Strang , Lee `` Originalism 's Subject Matter : Why the Declaration of Independence Is Not Part of the Constitution '' , Southern California Law Review , Vol. 89 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , 242 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 299 -- 302 ; Burnett , Continental Congress , 192 . ^ Jump up to : The U.S. State Department ( 1911 ) , The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , pp. 10 , 11 . Jump up ^ Warren , `` Fourth of July Myths '' , 245 -- 46 ; Hazelton , Declaration History , 208 -- 19 ; Wills , Inventing America , 341 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , 179 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` Authentication '' , 194 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 208 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Hazelton , Declaration History , 209 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster online ; Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ `` TeachAmericanHistory.org : John Hancock '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , 91 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , American Scripture , 156 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 72 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 155 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 156 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 73 . Jump up ^ `` The Declaration of Independence in World Context '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : The Contagion of Sovereignty : Declarations of Independence since 1776 Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 75 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jessup , John J. ( September 20 , 1943 ) . `` America and the Future '' . Life : 105 . Retrieved March 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Thomas ( 1776 ) , Eicholz , Hans , ed. , Strictures upon the Declaration of the Congress at Philadelphia in a Letter to a Noble Lord , &c. , London Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 74 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 155 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 79 -- 80 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 76 -- 77 . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery , 1619 -- 1877 ( 1993 ) , pp. 77 -- 79 , 81 ^ Jump up to : `` The Declaration of Independence : A History '' . Charters of Freedom . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Malone , Story of the Declaration , 263 . Jump up ^ `` Charters of Freedom Re-encasement Project '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rare copy of United States Declaration of Independence found in Kew '' . The Daily Telegraph . July 3 , 2009 . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ann Marie Dube ( May 1996 ) . `` The Declaration of Independence '' . A Multitude of Amendments , Alterations and Additions : The Writing and Publicizing of the Declaration of Independence , the Articles of Confederation , and the Constitution of the United States . National Park Service . Retrieved July 1 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Boyd , `` Lost Original '' , 446 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 421 . Jump up ^ Becker , Declaration of Independence , 142 note 1 . Boyd ( Papers of Jefferson , 1 : 427 -- 28 ) casts doubt on Becker 's belief that the change was made by Franklin . Jump up ^ Boyd , `` Lost Original '' , 448 -- 50 . Boyd argued that , if a document was signed on July 4 ( which he thought unlikely ) , it would have been the Fair Copy , and probably would have been signed only by Hancock and Thomson . Jump up ^ Ritz , `` From the Here '' , speculates that the Fair Copy was immediately sent to the printer so that copies could be made for each member of Congress to consult during the debate . All of these copies were then destroyed , theorizes Ritz , to preserve secrecy . Jump up ^ Yuhas , Alan ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Rare parchment copy of US Declaration of Independence found in England '' . The Guardian . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sussex Declaration '' . Declaration Resources Project . Harvard University . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 87 -- 88 ; Maier , American Scripture , 162 , 168 -- 69 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 178 -- 79 ; Maier , American Scripture , 160 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 92 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 90 ; Maier , American Scripture , 165 -- 67 . ^ Jump up to : Maier , American Scripture , 167 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 82 . Jump up ^ Georges Lefebvre ( 2005 ) . The Coming of the French Revolution . Princeton UP . p. 212 . Jump up ^ George Athan Billias , ed. ( 2009 ) . American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 -- 1989 : A Global Perspective . NYU Press . p. 92 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Susan Dunn , Sister Revolutions : French Lightning , American Light ( 1999 ) pp. 143 -- 45 Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 113 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 120 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Armitage , Global History , 104 , 113 . Jump up ^ Palley , Claire ( 1966 ) . The Constitutional History and Law of Southern Rhodesia 1888 -- 1965 , with Special Reference to Imperial Control ( First ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Press . p. 750 . OCLC 406157 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Tim ( 1998 ) . Sourcebook on Public International Law ( First ed . ) . London & Sydney : Cavendish Publishing . p. 207 . ISBN 1 - 85941 - 050 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gowlland - Debbas , Vera ( 1990 ) . Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law : United Nations action in the question of Southern Rhodesia ( First ed . ) . Leiden and New York : Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . p. 71 . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 0811 - 5 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 172 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 172 , 179 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 179 ; Maier , American Scripture , 168 -- 71 . Jump up ^ McDonald , `` Jefferson 's Reputation '' , 180 -- 84 ; Maier , American Scripture , 171 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 571 -- 72 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 572 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Changing Reputation '' , 572 ; Maier , American Scripture , 175 -- 76 ; Wills , Inventing America , 324 . See also John C. Fitzpatrick , Spirit of the Revolution ( Boston 1924 ) . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 176 . Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , 90 . Jump up ^ Armitage , `` Global History '' , 93 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 196 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 197 . See also Philip S. Foner , ed. , We , the Other People : Alternative Declarations of Independence by Labor Groups , Farmers , Woman 's Rights Advocates , Socialists , and Blacks , 1829 -- 1975 ( Urbana 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 197 ; Armitage , Global History , 95 . Jump up ^ Wills , Inventing America , 348 . Jump up ^ John Hazelton , The Historical Value of Trumbull 's -- Declaration of Independence , The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography -- Volume 31 , ( Historical Society of Pennsylvania , 1907 ) , 38 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 146 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Cohen ( 1969 ) , Thomas Jefferson and the Problem of Slavery Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Armitage , Global History , 77 . ( 2 ) Day , Thomas . Fragment of an original letter on the Slavery of the Negroes , written in the year 1776 . London : Printed for John Stockdale ( 1784 ) . Boston : Re-printed by Garrison and Knapp , at the office of `` The Liberator '' ( 1831 ) . p. 10 . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . If there be an object truly ridiculous in nature , it is an American patriot , signing resolutions of independency with the one hand , and with the other brandishing a whip over his affrighted slaves . At : Internet Archive : The Johns Hopkins University Sheridan Libraries : James Birney Collection of Antislavery Pamphlets . Jump up ^ Wyatt - Brown , Lewis Tappan , 287 . Jump up ^ Mayer , All on Fire , 53 , 115 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 198 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 598 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 604 . Jump up ^ Detweiler , `` Congressional Debate '' , 605 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 199 ; Bailyn , Ideological Origins , 246 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 200 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 200 -- 01 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 201 -- 02 . Jump up ^ McPherson , Second American Revolution , 126 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 204 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 204 -- 05 . Jump up ^ `` Abraham Lincoln ( 1809 -- 1865 ) : Political Debates Between Lincoln and Douglas 1897 '' . Bartleby . p. 415 . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture , 207 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 100 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 129 -- 31 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 145 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 147 . Jump up ^ Wills , Lincoln at Gettysburg , 39 , 145 -- 46 . See also Harry V. Jaffa , Crisis of the House Divided ( 1959 ) and A New Birth of Freedom : Abraham Lincoln and the Coming of the Civil War ( 2000 ) ; Willmoore Kendall and George W. Carey , The Basic Symbols of the American Political Tradition ( 1970 ) ; and M.E. Bradford , `` The Heresy of Equality : A Reply to Harry Jaffa '' ( 1976 ) , reprinted in A Better Guide than Reason ( 1979 ) and Modern Age , the First Twenty - five Years ( 1988 ) . Jump up ^ Norton , et al ( 2010 ) , p. 301 . Jump up ^ `` Modern History Sourcebook : Seneca Falls : The Declaration of Sentiments , 1848 '' . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( September 8 , 2011 ) . `` Michael Hart , inventor of the ebook , dies aged 64 '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Crews finish installing World Trade Center spire '' . CNN . May 10 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest buildings in NY '' . Skyscraperpage.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tallest buildings under construction in the world '' . Skyscraperpage.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Bibliography Main article : Bibliography of Thomas Jefferson Armitage , David . The Declaration Of Independence : A Global History , Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02282 - 9 . Bailyn , Bernard . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . Enlarged edition . Originally published 1967 . Harvard University Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44302 - 0 . Becker , Carl . The Declaration of Independence : A Study in the History of Political Ideas. 1922 . Available online from The Online Library of Liberty and Google Book Search . Revised edition New York : Vintage Books , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 70060 - 0 . Boyd , Julian P . The Declaration of Independence : The Evolution of the Text . Originally published 1945 . Revised edition edited by Gerard W. Gawalt . University Press of New England , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 8444 - 0980 - 4 . Boyd , Julian P. , ed . The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , vol. 1 . Princeton University Press , 1950 . Boyd , Julian P . `` The Declaration of Independence : The Mystery of the Lost Original '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 100 , number 4 ( October 1976 ) , 438 -- 67 . Burnett , Edward Cody . The Continental Congress . New York : Norton , 1941 . Christie , Ian R. and Benjamin W. Labaree . Empire or Independence , 1760 -- 1776 : A British - American Dialogue on the Coming of the American Revolution . New York : Norton , 1976 . Detweiler , Philip F. `` Congressional Debate on Slavery and the Declaration of Independence , 1819 -- 1821 '' , American Historical Review 63 ( April 1958 ) : 598 -- 616 . in JSTOR Detweiler , Philip F. `` The Changing Reputation of the Declaration of Independence : The First Fifty Years '' . William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd series , 19 ( 1962 ) : 557 -- 74 . in JSTOR Dumbauld , Edward . The Declaration of Independence And What It Means Today . Norman : University of Oklahoma Press , 1950 . Ellis , Joseph . American Creation : Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic . New York : Knopf , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 26369 - 8 . Dupont , Christian Y. and Peter S. Onuf , eds . Declaring Independence : The Origins and Influence of America 's Founding Document . Revised edition . Charlottesville , Virginia : University of Virginia Library , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9799997 - 1 - 0 . Ferling , John E. A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . New York : Oxford University Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 515924 - 1 . Friedenwald , Herbert . The Declaration of Independence : An Interpretation and an Analysis . New York : Macmillan , 1904 . Accessed via the Internet Archive . Gustafson , Milton . `` Travels of the Charters of Freedom '' . Prologue Magazine 34 , no 4 . ( Winter 2002 ) . Hamowy , Ronald . `` Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment : A Critique of Garry Wills 's Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence '' . William and Mary Quarterly , 3rd series , 36 ( October 1979 ) , 503 -- 23 . Hazelton , John H. The Declaration of Independence : Its History . Originally published 1906 . New York : Da Capo Press , 1970 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 71987 - 8 . 1906 edition available on Google Book Search Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 , Vol. 5 ( Library of Congress , 1904 -- 1937 ) Jensen , Merrill . The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 . New York : Oxford University Press , 1968 . Mahoney , D.J. ( 1986 ) . `` Declaration of independence '' . Society . 24 : 46 -- 48 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02695936 . Lucas , Stephen E. , `` Justifying America : The Declaration of Independence as a Rhetorical Document '' , in Thomas W. Benson , ed. , American Rhetoric : Context and Criticism , Carbondale , Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press , 1989 Maier , Pauline . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . New York : Knopf , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 45492 - 6 . Malone , Dumas . Jefferson the Virginian . Volume 1 of Jefferson and His Time . Boston : Little Brown , 1948 . Mayer , David ( 2008 ) . `` Declaration of Independence '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 113 -- 15 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n72 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . Mayer , Henry . All on Fire : William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 18740 - 8 . McDonald , Robert M.S. `` Thomas Jefferson 's Changing Reputation as Author of the Declaration of Independence : The First Fifty Years '' . Journal of the Early Republic 19 , no . 2 ( Summer 1999 ) : 169 -- 95 . McPherson , James . Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution . New York : Oxford University Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505542 - X . Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . Revised and expanded edition . New York : Oxford University Press , 2005 . Norton , Mary Beth , et al. , A People and a Nation , Eighth Edition , Boston , Wadsworth , 2010 . ISBN 0 - 547 - 17558 - 2 . Rakove , Jack N. The Beginnings of National Politics : An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress . New York : Knopf , 1979 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2864 - 3 . Ritz , Wilfred J. `` The Authentication of the Engrossed Declaration of Independence on July 4 , 1776 '' . Law and History Review 4 , no . 1 ( Spring 1986 ) : 179 -- 204 . Ritz , Wilfred J. `` From the Here of Jefferson 's Handwritten Rough Draft of the Declaration of Independence to the There of the Printed Dunlap Broadside '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 116 , no . 4 ( October 1992 ) : 499 -- 512 . Tsesis , Alexander . For Liberty and Equality : The Life and Times of the Declaration of Independence ( Oxford University Press ; 2012 ) 397 pages ; explores the impact on American politics , law , and society since its drafting . Warren , Charles . `` Fourth of July Myths '' . The William and Mary Quarterly , Third Series , vol. 2 , no . 3 ( July 1945 ) : 238 -- 72 . JSTOR 1921451 . United States Department of State , `` The Declaration of Independence , 1776 , 1911 . Wills , Garry . Inventing America : Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence . Garden City , New York : Doubleday , 1978 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 08976 - 7 . Wills , Garry . Lincoln at Gettysburg : The Words That Rewrote America . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 76956 - 1 . Wyatt - Brown , Bertram . Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War Against Slavery . Cleveland : Press of Case Western Reserve University , 1969 . ISBN 0 - 8295 - 0146 - 0 . External links Listen to this article ( 2 parts ) ( info ) Part 1 Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` United States Declaration of Independence '' dated 2006 - 11 - 18 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Find more aboutUnited States Declaration of Independenceat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource `` Declare the Causes : The Declaration of Independence '' lesson plan for grades 9 -- 12 from National Endowment for the Humanities Declaration of Independence at the National Archives Declaration of Independence at the Library of Congress `` The Stylistic Artistry of the Declaration of Independence '' by Stephen E. Lucas Short film released in 2002 with actors reading the Declaration , with an introduction by Morgan Freeman Mobile - Friendly Declaration of Independence Various editions of the Declaration of Independence at the Online Books Page Loyalist responses to the Declaration of Independence Strictures upon the Declaration of the Congress at Philadelphia ( London 1776 ) , Thomas Hutchinson 's reaction to the Declaration The Loyalist Declaration of Independence published in The Royal Gazette , ( New York ) on November 17 , 1781 ( Transcription provided by Bruce Wallace and posted on The On - Line Institute for Advanced Loyalist Studies . ) Historical documents of the United States Constitution Preamble & Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin ( State Domestic Institutions ) Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights See also List of Constitutional Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Conventions to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility ( Emolument ) Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Signatories Convention President George Washington New Hampshire John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman New York Alexander Hamilton New Jersey William Livingston David Brearley William Paterson Jonathan Dayton Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris Delaware George Read Gunning Bedford Jr . John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia John Blair James Madison North Carolina William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abraham Baldwin Convention Secretary William Jackson Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence Declaration of Independence Primary author Thomas Jefferson Signatories President of Congress John Hancock ( Massachusetts ) New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Matthew Thornton Massachusetts Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins William Ellery Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott New York William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris New Jersey Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark Pennsylvania Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross Delaware George Read Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean Maryland Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson Jr . Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn South Carolina Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward Jr . Thomas Lynch Jr . Arthur Middleton Georgia Button Gwinett Lyman Hall George Walton See also Virginia Declaration of Rights Lee Resolution Committee of Five Document 's history signing portrait Second Continental Congress `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Independence Hall Syng inkstand American Revolution Articles of Confederation Signatories Primary drafter John Dickinson New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . Massachusetts John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten Rhode Island William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy See also Continental Congress Congress of the Confederation American Revolution Perpetual Union Continental Association Signatories President of Congress Peyton Randolph New Hampshire John Sullivan Nathaniel Folsom Massachusetts Bay Thomas Cushing Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins Samuel Ward Connecticut Eliphalet Dyer Roger Sherman Silas Deane New York Isaac Low John Alsop John Jay James Duane Philip Livingston William Floyd Henry Wisner Simon Boerum New Jersey James Kinsey William Livingston Stephen Crane Richard Smith John De Hart Pennsylvania Joseph Galloway John Dickinson Charles Humphreys Thomas Mifflin Edward Biddle John Morton George Ross The Lower Counties Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean George Read Maryland Matthew Tilghman Thomas Johnson , Junr William Paca Samuel Chase Virginia Richard Henry Lee George Washington Patrick Henry , Junr Richard Bland Benjamin Harrison Edmund Pendleton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes Richard Caswell South Carolina Henry Middleton Thomas Lynch Christopher Gadsden John Rutledge Edward Rutledge See also Virginia Association First Continental Congress Carpenters ' Hall Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress Origins of the American Revolution : writings American resolves , declarations , petitions , essays and pamphlets prior to the Declaration of Independence ( July 1776 ) Following the Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Virginia Resolves ( May 1765 ) Braintree Instructions ( September 1765 ) Declaration of Rights and Grievances ( October 1765 ) An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies ( 1766 ) Following the Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania ( 1767 , 1768 ) Massachusetts Circular Letter ( February 1768 ) Journal of Occurrences ( 1768 , 1769 ) Virginia Association ( May 1769 ) Boston Pamphlet ( 1772 ) Sheffield Declaration ( January 1773 ) Following the Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Maryland Chestertown Resolves ( May 1774 ) Bush River Resolution ( March 1775 ) Massachusetts Suffolk Resolves ( September 1774 ) New York Orangetown Resolutions ( July 1774 ) A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( December 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( February 1775 ) North Carolina Mecklenburg Resolves or Declaration ( May 1775 ) Liberty Point Resolves ( June 1775 ) Tryon Resolves ( August 1775 ) Halifax Resolves ( April 1776 ) Virginia Fairfax Resolves ( July 1774 ) Fincastle Resolutions ( January 1775 ) Virginia Declaration of Rights ( June 1776 ) 1st Continental Congress Declaration and Resolves ( October 1774 ) Continental Association ( October 1774 ) Petition to the King ( October 1774 ) 2nd Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition ( July 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( July 1775 ) May 15 preamble ( May 1776 ) Lee Resolution ( July 1776 ) Essays and pamphlets `` Letters to the inhabitants of Canada '' ( 1774 , 1775 , 1776 ) A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Novanglus ( 1775 ) Common Sense ( January 1776 ) Thoughts on Government ( Spring , 1776 ) Signers of the United States Declaration of Independence Physical history of the Declaration of Independence , Memorial J. Adams S. Adams Bartlett Braxton Carroll Chase Clark Clymer Ellery Floyd Franklin Gerry Gwinnett Hall Hancock Harrison Hart Hewes Heyward Hooper Hopkins Hopkinson Huntington Jefferson F. Lee R. Lee Lewis Livingston Lynch McKean Middleton L. Morris R. Morris Morton Nelson Paca Paine Penn Read Rodney Ross Rush Rutledge Sherman Smith Stockton Stone Taylor Thornton Walton Whipple Williams Wilson Witherspoon Wolcott Wythe United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier America 's Critical Period Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 Spanish -- American War Imperialism World War I Roaring Twenties Great Depression World War II home front Nazism in the United States American Century Cold War Korean War Space Race Feminist Movement Vietnam War Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) War on Terror War in Afghanistan Iraq War Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) By topic Outline of U.S. history Demographic Discoveries Economic debt ceiling Inventions before 1890 1890 -- 1945 1946 -- 91 after 1991 Military Postal Technological and industrial Geography Territory counties federal district federal enclaves Indian reservations insular zones minor outlying islands populated places states Earthquakes Extreme points Islands Mountains peaks ranges Appalachian Rocky National Park Service National Parks Regions East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Rivers Colorado Columbia Mississippi Missouri Ohio Rio Grande Yukon Time Water supply and sanitation Politics Federal Executive Cabinet Civil service Executive departments Executive Office Independent agencies Law enforcement President of the United States Public policy Legislative House of Representatives current members Speaker Senate current members President pro tempore Vice President Judicial Courts of appeals District courts Supreme Court Law Bill of Rights civil liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution federalism preemption separation of powers Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed Armed Forces Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps 51st state political status of Puerto Rico District of Columbia statehood movement Elections Electoral College Foreign relations Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies anti-Americanism exceptionalism nationalism Local government Parties Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states Purple America Scandals State government governor state legislature state court Uncle Sam Economy By sector Agriculture Banking Communications Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Tourism Trade Transportation Companies by state Currency Exports Federal budget Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society Culture Americana Architecture Cinema Cuisine Dance Demography Education Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Languages American English Indigenous languages ASL Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media Journalism Internet Newspapers Radio Television Music Names People Philosophy Public holidays Religion Sexuality Sports Theater Visual art Social class Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home - ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Professional and working class conflict Standard of living Wealth Issues Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination affirmative action antisemitism intersex rights islamophobia LGBT rights racism same - sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental movement Gun politics Health care abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration illegal International rankings National security Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state Outline Index Book Portal Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War 1774 First Continental Congress Articles of Association 1775 Independence Hall Second Continental Congress 1776 United States Declaration of Independence Pennsylvania Constitution Washington Crosses the Delaware 1777 Articles of Confederation Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of the Clouds Liberty Bell moved to Allentown Battle of Paoli Battle of Germantown Siege of Fort Mifflin Battle of White Marsh Battle of Matson 's Ford Valley Forge 1778 Battle of Crooked Billet Battle of Barren Hill British occupation of Philadelphia ends Wyoming Valley battle and massacre 1781 Congress of the Confederation Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line 1783 1783 Mutiny VIAF : 179420344 LCCN : n79029194 GND : 4187277 - 0 SUDOC : 03432576X BNF : cb125091927 ( data ) NLA : 35068086 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Declaration_of_Independence&oldid=821758629 '' Categories : United States Declaration of Independence 1776 in law 1776 in the United States 1776 works American Enlightenment American political philosophy literature American Revolution Continental Congress History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) Independence Day ( United States ) National human rights instruments Official documents of the United States Thomas Jefferson United States historical documents 1776 in international relations Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use American English from July 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from June 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Spoken articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Good articles Talk Read View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikisource Languages Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Patois Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 13 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote we hold these truths to be self evident | [] | [] |
-5724008280716886544 | Responses to sneezing | Responses to sneezing - wikipedia Responses to sneezing Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In English - speaking countries , the common verbal response to another person 's sneeze is `` bless you '' , or , less commonly in the United States and Canada , `` Gesundheit '' , the German word for health ( and the response to sneezing in German - speaking countries ) . There are several proposed bless - you origins for use in the context of sneezing . In non-English - speaking cultures , words referencing good health or a long life are often used instead of `` bless you , '' though some also use references to God . In some Asian cultures such as Korean and Japanese cultures , the practice of responding to another person 's sneeze does not exist . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of responses in other languages 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading List of responses in other Languages ( edit ) Language Usual Responses and Notes Response Meaning in English Sneezer Reply and Pronunciation Reply Meaning in English Albanian Shëndet ( shuhn - det ) `` Health ! '' Faleminderit or Shëndet paç `` Thank you ! '' and `` May you have health , '' respectively Amharic ይማርሽ ( yimarish ) for female or ይማርህ ( yimarih ) for male `` May God forgive you ! '' ያኑሪሽ ( yanurish ) for female or ያኑርህ ( yanurih ) for male `` May you live for long . '' Afrikaans Gesondheid `` Health ! '' Dankie `` Thank You '' Arabic ( Islamic ) Correct Way : يرحمكم الله ( yarhamkum Allah ) if the sneezer says الحمدلله ( Alhamdulillah ) , as an alternative interaction . Rude Way : فرج ( Faraj ) , صحة ( Sahha ) . `` God have mercy on you '' if the sneezer says `` All praise is for God . '' `` Relief ! '' , `` Health ! '' علينا و عليك ( Alayna wa Alayk ) , شكراً ( Shukran ) or يهديكم الله و يصلح بالكم ( Yahdeekum Allah wa youslah balakum ) after the alternative interaction `` For you and me '' , `` Thank you ! '' or `` God guide you and set your affairs aright . '' Armenian առողջություն ( aroghjootyoon ) `` Health '' շնորհակալություն ( shnorhakalutyun ) `` Thank you '' Assamese মঙ্গল হওক ( môngôl hôwk ) `` May good happen . '' Unknown Unknown Azeri Sağlam ol , or sometimes Afiat ( see Persian ) `` Be healthy . '' Sağ ol Thank You Bangla ( Bangladesh ) Yarhamukallah ( আল্লাহ তোমার উপর রহম দান করুন ) ( India ) Jibah Jibah ( জীবঃ জীবঃ ) `` ( Bangladesh ) May Allah have mercy on you '' `` ( India ) May you live long '' `` Silence '' `` Silence '' Basque Doministiku , from Latin `` dominus tecum '' `` The Lord be with you . '' Unknown Unknown Belarusian будзь здаровы for both genders , or будзь здароў ( Budz zdarovy / budz zdarou ) for male and будзь здаровая ( Budz zdarovaja ) for female `` Be healthy '' for each gender дзякуй ( dziakuj ) `` Thank you . '' Bosnian Nazdravlje `` To your good health . '' Hvala `` Thank you . '' Breton Doue d'ho pennigo . `` God will bless you . '' Bulgarian Наздраве ( Nazdrave ) `` To your health . '' or `` Cheers . '' Благодаря ( Blagodarya ) `` Thank you . '' Burmese Ta Baw Pout Pi Lar ? `` Understood ? '' or `` Got it ? '' Hote , Pout Pi `` Yes or No . '' Khmer សុខភាព ( sokhpheap ) `` Health '' Unknown N / A Catalan Jesús or Salut `` Jesus . '' or `` Health ! '' Gràcies `` Thank you . '' Cantonese ' 大 吉利 事 / `` 好 嘅 '' . Sneezing in Southern Chinese culture means that someone is speaking ill behind your back . `` A great fortunate occurrence . '' / `` A good one . '' 唔 好意思 `` Excuse me . '' Chechen Dukha vehil for male or Dukha yehil for female `` Live for a long time . '' Dela reze hiyla `` Thank you , literally means `` I wish God will bless you '' . '' Chinese Chinese speakers do n't typically comment on another person 's sneeze . When someone does give a response , he or she might say 百 岁 ( bǎisuì ) . More rarely there is the expression 多 保重 ( duōbǎozhòng ) `` live to 100 '' ( years old ) . `` Take care '' 不 好意思 ( bùhǎoyìsi ) `` Excuse me . '' Croatian Nazdravlje or Istina ! `` To your health . '' or `` Truth ! '' Hvala `` Thank you . '' Czech Na zdraví or Pozdrav Pánbůh or Je to pravda `` To your health . '' or `` Bless God . '' or `` It is true . '' Ať slouží or Dejž to Pánbůh ( in reply to Pozdrav Pánbůh ) `` May it last . '' or `` May God let it happen ( bless you ) '' Danish Prosit `` May it help . '' Tak `` Thank you . '' Dutch Gezondheid , Proost , or if the person has sneezed three times , ( Drie keer ) morgen mooi weer `` Health ! '' , the equivalent of respectively `` Gesundheit '' as said in English , `` Cheers '' , or if the person has sneezed three times , `` ( Three times ) the weather will be nice tomorrow . '' Dank u ( wel ) formally , or Dank je ( wel ) `` Thank you . '' English ( God ) bless you `` ( God ) bless you '' Thank you `` Thank you '' Esperanto Sanon `` Health ! '' Dankon `` Thank you '' Estonian Terviseks `` For your health . '' Aitäh `` Thank you '' Faroese Jesuspápi vælsigni teg ! This can be shortened to Vælsigni teg ! `` May Jesus bless you . '' or `` Bless you . '' Takk ( fyri ) ! `` Thanks ( for ( it ) ) ! '' Finnish Terveydeksi `` For health ! '' Kiitos `` Thank you '' French à tes / vos souhaits or Santé Old - fashioned : à tes / vos amours after the second sneeze , and qu'elles durent toujours after the third . More archaically , one can say Que dieu te / vous bénisse . `` To your wishes '' or `` health '' . Old - fashioned : after the first sneeze , `` To your loves . '' after the second , and `` that they last forever '' after the third . More archaically , the translation is `` God bless you '' . Merci or Merci , que les tiennes durent toujours after the second sneeze `` Thank you '' or `` Thanks , may yours last forever '' after the second sneeze Georgian იცოცხლე ( itsotskhle ) `` Live long . '' გმადლობთ ( gmadlobt ) `` Thank you . '' German 1 ) Gesundheit ! 2 ) Helf Gott ! / Helfgott ! ( Southern Germany / Austria / Transylvanian - Saxon ; archaic / mostly used by more or less religious elderly ) 3 ) Großwachsen ! ( Transylvanian - Saxon ; from Romanian `` Să creşti mare ! '' ; used solely for children , usually after the usual `` Gesundheit '' for the first and / or second response ) 1 ) `` Health ! '' ( in the meaning of I wish you good health or I wish that you do n't get sick ) 2 ) `` May God help you ! '' 3 ) `` You shall grow tall ! '' Danke ( schön ) `` Thank you ( very much ) . '' Greek στην υγεία σου ( steen ygeia su ) or γείτσες ( geitses ) `` To your health ! '' or `` Healths ! '' Ευχαριστώ ( Efharisto ) `` Thank You '' Gujarati Ghanu Jivo `` May God bless you with a long life . '' Aabhar `` Thank You '' Hawaiian Kihe , a mauli ola , or simply Ola `` Sneeze , and you shall live '' , or simply `` live '' Mahalo `` Thank You '' Hebrew לבריאות ( livri'oot or labri'oot ) `` To your health ! '' תודה ( todah ) `` Thank you ! '' Sanskrit शतम् जीवः ( Shatam Jeevah ) , `` चिरञ्जीवी भव '' `` Live 100 years '' , `` May you live long `` धन्यवादः , धन्यवादाः ( Dhanyavaadah , Dhanyavaadaah ) '' `` Thanks '' Hungarian Egészségedre ! `` To your health ! '' Köszönöm `` Thank you . '' Igbo Ndo `` Sorry . '' Daalu `` Thank you . '' Icelandic Guð hjálpi þér ! to first sneeze , styrki þig to second sneeze , og styðji to third sneeze . This can be shortened to Hjálpi þér . `` God help you ! '' to first sneeze , `` strengthen you '' to second sneeze , `` and support . '' to third sneeze . This can be shortened to `` Bless you . '' Takk fyrir `` Thank you '' Indonesian Tuhan berkati `` God bless . '' Terima Kasih `` Thank you . '' Irish Dia linn or Dia leat or Deiseal which may be a form of Dia seal The first two both mean `` God be with us . '' The last means `` May it go right , '' but might be a form of `` God with us for a while . '' gabh mo leithscéal `` Excuse me . '' Italian Salute ! `` Health ! '' Grazie or ( ironic ) Che se ne va The former meaning `` Thank you '' , the latter ( ironic ) meaning `` Which is going away '' Japanese お 大事 に ( Odaiji - ni ) as assuming one got cold . Or , an Asian superstition says that if one sneezes , they are being talked about by someone , somewhere . Note , however , that it is very rare for anyone to acknowledge a sneeze in Japan , and it is customary not to say anything at all . `` Take care of yourself . '' すみません ( sumimasen ) or 失礼 しま した ( shitsurei shimashita ) `` Sorry . '' or `` Excuse me . '' Kannada ದೇವರು ಕಾಪಾಡಲಿ ( devaru kaapadali ) `` Let God protect you '' ' ಧನ್ಯವಾದಗಳು ' `` Thanks ! '' Kazakh Сау Болыңыз ( Saw Bolıñız ) `` Be healthy . '' Рахмет ! `` Thank you ! '' Khmer ស្បើយ ( S'baoi ) `` Fast recovery . '' សាធុ ( Satu ) `` Amen '' Kirundi Kira `` Be healthy . '' Twese `` Us all . '' Kinyarwanda Urakire `` May you be healthy . '' Twese `` Us all . '' Korean 개치네쒜 ( gae - chi - ne - sswe ) or 에이 쒜 ( e-i - sswe ) . However , in Korean culture , the practice of responding to someone 's sneeze is rare . Only a small number of old people use these words . These may be based on an onomatopœia of the sound of a sneeze Kurdish Kher be inshalla . Many times when one sneezes , they say that the thing they are about to do will not happen . So , a listener says Kher be . `` It will be a good thing , God willing , '' or the shorter version , `` A good sign hopefully . '' Unknown Unknown Kyrgyz Ак чүч ! ( aqˈt͡ʃut͡ʃ ) . This may be based on an onomatopœia of the sound of a sneeze , like the English `` Atchoo . '' Рахмат , if the person who spoke after the sneeze is liked . `` Thank you . '' Ladino Vivas , or Crescas after a second sneeze . `` May you live , '' or `` May you grow '' after a second sneeze . Unknown Unknown Latgalian Veseleibā `` To your health . '' Paldis `` Thank you . '' Latvian Uz veselību `` To your health . '' Paldies `` Thank you . '' Lithuanian Į sveikatą ( pronounced ' EE sweh kata ' ) `` To your health . '' Says Atsiprašau immediately ; responds to a responder with Ačiū . Says `` Excuse me '' immediately ; responds to a responder with `` Thank you . '' Lojban No set phrase , but one commonly says kanro . a'o ( kanro aho ) or . a'o do kanro . `` ( hopefully ) Health ! '' or `` ( said with hope ) You are healthy , '' respectively . Unknown Unknown Luganda Bbuka `` Recover . '' Unknown Unknown Luxembourgish Gesondheet `` Health ! '' Merci `` Thank you . '' Macedonian На здравје ( na zdravye ) `` To your health . '' Здравје да имаш ( zdravye da imash ) or Благодарам ( blagodaram ) or Фала ( fala ) `` Have health yourself . '' or `` Thank you . '' or `` Thanks . '' Malayalam Depending on the religion , one would say Hari Krishna ( ഹരി കൃഷ്ണാ ) or Eesho rakshikka ( ഈശോ രക്ഷിക്ക ) Let Lord Krishna bless you or Jesus save you നന്ദി Thanks Maltese Evviva `` May he / she live . '' An alternate translation is `` Long live _____ . '' Grazzi `` Thank you . '' Marathi सत्य आहे `` It 's the Truth '' Unknown Unknown Mongolian Бурхан өршөө ( Burkhan örshöö ) `` May God forgive you . '' Unknown Unknown Navajo T'áá bí ání or Háíshį́į́ naa ntsékees / naa yáłti ' `` That / the one said it '' ( lit . `` S / he in particular said it '' ) or `` Someone is thinking of you / talking about you '' ' Aoo ' t'áá bí ání ( in response to `` Someone is thinking / talking about you '' ) `` Yes , that / the one said it '' Nepali चिरञ्जीवी भव ( Chiranjeevi Bhawa ) `` May you live long . '' धन्यवाद ( Dhan - ya - bad ) `` Thank You '' Norwegian Prosit From Latin `` ( tibi ) prosit , '' lit . `` May it be of benefit ( to you ) . '' Takk `` Thank you . '' Afaan Oromo Gudadhu Huddu Sarre Dhungadhu `` Progress . '' Galatoomi `` Thank you . '' Pashto صبر ( Sah - bur ) . `` Patience '' مننه ( Mah - nah - nah ) . `` Thank you . '' Persian عافیت باشه ( Afiat Basheh ) . `` May Cleanliness / Purity be bestowed upon you , '' or `` may it be for your health . '' The sneezer will often say سلامت باشید ( Salaamat Bashid ) . The sneezer will say `` Be healthy . '' Polish Na zdrowie ! or Sto lat ! or Zdrówko ! ( a diminutive form of `` zdrowie '' -- health ) `` To your health ! '' or `` Live a hundred years ! '' or `` ( To your ) health ! '' Dziękuję / Dzięki . Thank you / Thanks . Portuguese Saúde or Deus te crie or Deus te abafe or Santinho ! These mean , in order : `` Health '' or `` May God raise you '' or `` May God keep you covered ( as in warm and covered ) '' or `` Little Saint ! '' obrigado / a or Amém `` Thank you '' or `` Amen . '' Punjabi ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ ( Waheguru ) or ਤੇਰਾ ਭਲਾ ਹੋਵੇ ! `` Glorious Lord '' or `` May you be blessed , '' respectively . Thanvaad `` Thank you '' Romanian 1 ) Sănătate / Sănătos or Noroc 2 ) Să creşti mare ! ( for children ; usually `` Noroc '' comes first , then `` Sănătate '' and , as a third option , `` Să creşti mare ! '' ) 1 ) `` To your health / Healthy '' or `` To your luck , '' respectively . 2 ) `` May you grow up ! '' Mulţumesc Thank you Russian будь здоров ( bood ' zdorov ) for male ( informal ) or будь здорова ( bood ' zdorova ) for female ( informal ) or будьте здоровы ( boot'tye zdorovy ) for both genders ( formal ) . Someone might say правду говорю ( pravdu govor'u ) if they sneeze while talking . `` Be healthy . '' `` I 'm telling the truth . '' спасибо ( spasiba ) `` Thank you . '' Serbian 1 ) Наздравље 2 ) Pis Maco mostly used with children 1 ) `` To your health . '' 2 ) `` go away kitten '' as sound of sneezing often sounds like cat 's cough Хвала or less frequently Истина or Здравље да имаш . `` Thank you , '' or less frequently `` It is true '' or `` Health you have '' . Sinhala ආයුබෝවන් ( Ayubowan ) `` Have a long life . '' Thank you `` Thank you '' Slovak Na zdravie `` To your health . '' Ďakujem `` Thank you . '' Slovenian Na zdravje , Res je or the old - fashioned Bog pomagaj `` To your health , '' `` it is true '' or `` God help to you . '' Folk belief has it that a sneeze , which is involuntary , proves the truth of whatever was said just prior to it . Hvala `` Thank you . '' Spanish In Latin America , Salud , or Dios te bendiga . In Spain , it can also be Jesús after the first , María after the second and y José after the third , while in Latin America , particularly in Venezuela , Colombia and Argentina , it 's replaced by salud after the first , dinero after the second and amor after the third . `` To your health '' , `` Jesus '' , or `` God bless you '' , or `` Jesus '' after the first , `` Mary '' after the second and `` and Joseph '' after the third in Spain , while in Latin America , they say health , money and love . Gracias `` Thank you '' Kiswahili Afya or often , no response `` Health '' Asante `` Thank you . '' Swedish Prosit Latin prōsit ( `` may it be good '' ) , the third - person singular present active subjunctive of prōsum ( `` to be good '' ) : literally `` may it be good ( for you ) '' Tack `` Thank you . '' Tamil Needu valgha Also , Dheergayusu , Poornayusu , Sadayusu , `` Cheeranjeevi bhava '' `` Live long . '' Different variations of long life after consecutive sneezes. , `` Live long '' Nandri `` Thank You '' Telugu Chiranjeevi bhava or దీర్ఘాయుష్మాన్ భవ `` May you be blessed with a life without death , '' or `` may you live long . '' `` ధన్యవాద '' `` Thank You '' Turkish Çok yaşa followed by Sağlıklı yaşa if a second sneeze occurs `` Live long , live healthy . '' Sen de gör or Hep beraber or ' Siz de görün `` And I hope that you live to see it ( my long life ) , '' or `` All together , '' or `` And may you witness it ( my long life ) , '' respectively . Ukrainian будь здоровий ( BООD ' zdoh - RO - vyy ) to an informal male sneezer , будь здорова ( BООD ' zdoh - RO - va ) to an informal female sneezer , or будьте здорові ( BООD ' - te zdoh - RO - vee ) to a formal sneezer . На здоров'я ! ( na zdoh - RO - v - ia ) . Правда ( pra - vda ) if person sneezes while other person 's speech . `` Be healthy . '' `` To your health ! '' `` It is true . '' дякую ( DIA - koo - you ) `` Thank you . '' Urdu yar - hum - o - kullah ( First the person who sneezed says `` Alhamdulillah , '' i.e. , praise be to God ) `` May God have mercy on you . '' Yah - de-kum - ullah `` May God guide you to the right path . '' Uzbek Sogʻ boʻling or Salomat boʻling `` Be healthy . '' Rahmat `` Thank you . '' Vietnamese Cơm muối . In Vietnamese culture , the custom of responding to someone 's sneeze is very rare . `` Rice with salt . '' Cảm ơn / Cám ơn `` Thank you . '' Welsh Bendith or Bendith ( Duw ) arnat ti ( familiar ) or Bendith ( Duw ) arnoch chi ( respectful ) `` God 's blessing on you . '' Diolch `` Thank You '' Yiddish זײַ געזונט ( zay gezunt ) , or צו געזונט ( tzu gezunt ) after a second sneeze . Another response among Yiddish and Hebrew speaking Jews is אסותא ( asute ) , from Aramaic . `` Be healthy , '' `` to health , '' and `` health , '' respectively . A sneezer responds to his or her own sneeze with חיים ( chaim ) in another Jewish custom . `` Life . '' Yoruba kara o le ( cara oh lay ) `` Be healthy '' ose ( oh shay ) `` Thank you . '' See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sneeze . Look up sneeze in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Photic sneeze reflex Snatiation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Duden ( in German ) , DE / RO Jump up ^ Duden ( in German ) , DE / RO Jump up ^ `` Siebenbürgisches Wörterbuch zwischen Ajuria und Ziweben '' by Monika Ronneberger ( in German ) , DE / RO Jump up ^ Visindavefur ( in Icelandic ) , IS . Jump up ^ The Korean Standard Unabridged Dictionary ( in Korean ) Jump up ^ The Korean Standard Unabridged Dictionary ( in Korean ) Jump up ^ ThemeFuse ( 26 April 2012 ) . `` Say Cheers in 50 Different Languages '' . Retrieved 5 July 2017 . Jump up ^ dict.leo.org ( in German ) , RO Further reading ( edit ) Barbara Mikkelson ( 2001 ) . `` Bless You ! '' Urban Legends Reference Pages . Karen Stollznow ( 2014 ) `` `` God Bless You ! '' -- A Blessing in Disguise ? '' `` Skeptic Magazine ( 19 ) 4 . The Origins of Popular Superstitions and Customs - T. Sharper Knowlson ( 1910 ) , a book that listed many superstitions and customs that are still common today . ( hide ) Common cold Viruses Adenovirus Coronavirus Enterovirus Human metapneumovirus Human parainfluenza viruses Human respiratory syncytial virus Orthomyxoviruses Influenza A virus Influenza B virus Influenza C virus Rhinovirus Symptoms Cough Fatigue Fever Headache Loss of appetite Malaise Muscle aches Nasal congestion Rhinorrhea Sneezing Sore throat Weakness Complications Acute bronchitis Bronchiolitis Croup Otitis media Pharyngitis Pneumonia Sinusitis Strep throat Drugs Antiviral drugs Pleconaril ( experimental ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Responses_to_sneezing&oldid=842873312 '' Categories : Sneeze Physiology Etiquette lists Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) Articles needing additional references from November 2009 All articles needing additional references Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 07 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what to say in spanish after someone sneezes | [] | [] |
-3725288854668348128 | List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle | List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle - Wikipedia List of Major League Baseball players to hit for the cycle This article is about Major League Baseball players who have hit for the cycle . For information on the accomplishment proper , see hitting for the cycle . John Reilly , Bob Meusel , Babe Herman , and Adrián Beltré ( left to right ) are the only four players to hit for the cycle three times in their Major League Baseball careers . In baseball , completing the cycle is the accomplishment of hitting a single , a double , a triple , and a home run in the same game . Collecting the hits in that order is known as a `` natural cycle '' , which has occurred 14 times in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . The cycle itself is rare in MLB , occurring a total of 319 times , starting with Curry Foley in 1882 . In terms of frequency , the cycle is roughly as common as a no - hitter ; Baseball Digest calls it `` one of the rarest feats in baseball '' . Only one current team in Major League Baseball has never had a player hit for the cycle : the Miami Marlins . The most cycles hit by a single player in Major League Baseball is three , accomplished by four players ; John Reilly was the first to hit a third when he completed the cycle on August 6 , 1890 , after hitting his first two in a week ( September 12 and 19 , 1883 ) for the Cincinnati Reds . Bob Meusel became the second man to complete three cycles , playing for the New York Yankees ; his first occurred on May 7 , 1921 , the next on July 3 , 1922 , and his final cycle on July 26 , 1928 . Babe Herman accomplished the feat for two different teams -- the Brooklyn Robins ( May 18 and July 24 , 1931 ) and the Chicago Cubs ( September 30 , 1933 ) . Adrián Beltré is the most recent addition to this list , cycling first for the Seattle Mariners ( September 1 , 2008 ) before cycling twice as a member of the Texas Rangers ( August 24 , 2012 and August 3 , 2015 ) . Beltré is the only player to have completed all three cycles in the same ballpark , with the first occurring as an opponent of the Texas Rangers at Globe Life Park in Arlington . The most cycles hit in a single major league season is eight , which has occurred twice : first in the 1933 season , and then again in the 2009 season ; all eight cycles in each of those seasons were hit by different players . Cycles have occurred on the same day twice in Major League Baseball history : on September 17 , 1920 , hit by Bobby Veach of the Detroit Tigers and George Burns of the New York Giants ; and again on September 1 , 2008 , when the Arizona Diamondbacks ' Stephen Drew and the Seattle Mariners ' Adrián Beltré each completed the four - hit group . Conversely , the longest period of time between two players hitting for the cycle was 5 years , 1 month , and 10 days , a drought lasting from Bill Joyce 's cycle in 1896 to Harry Davis ' in 1901 . Three players -- John Olerud , Bob Watson and Michael Cuddyer -- have hit for the cycle in both the National and American Leagues . Family pairs to hit for the cycle include father and son Gary and Daryle Ward , who accomplished the feat in 1980 and 2004 , respectively ; and grandfather and grandson Gus and David Bell , the elder of whom hit for the cycle in 1951 , and the younger in 2004 . Dave Winfield and Mel Ott are the oldest and youngest players to hit for the cycle at ages 39 and 20 , respectively . Of multiple - cycle hitters , John Reilly holds the record for the shortest amount of time between cycles ( 7 days ) , while Aaron Hill holds the record since the formation of the American League , with his two 2012 feats coming within an 11 - day span . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cycles by player 2 Cycles by franchise 3 Notes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Cycles by player ( edit ) Curry Foley was the first player in Major League Baseball history to hit for the cycle . Jim O'Rourke is the earliest cycle hitter to be elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame . George Wood 's cycle on June 12 , 1885 , was the third in National League history . On May 7 , 1887 , Tip O'Neill became the second player to hit multiple cycles . Hall of Famer Roger Connor hit his only cycle in the Players ' League . Lave Cross hit for the cycle against the Brooklyn Bridegrooms ( now the Los Angeles Dodgers ) . In 1894 , the triple of Sam Thompson 's cycle was 1 of his 28 that year , setting the Philadelphia Phillies ' single - season franchise record . Herman Long hit the first cycle in Atlanta Braves franchise history ( when the team played as the `` Boston Beaneaters '' ) . Harry Davis hit the first cycle in American League history , in 1901 for the Philadelphia Athletics . Hall of Famer Nap Lajoie hit his cycle on July 30 , 1901 . Fred Clarke 's two cycles for the Pirates came during the era when the team 's city was spelled as `` Pittsburg '' . Frank `` Home Run '' Baker 's cycle came against the New York Highlanders in 1911 , the only cycle that season . Baker 's cycle was followed the next season by Tris Speaker 's , playing for the Boston Red Sox . Honus Wagner 's cycle was the last of the 1912 season . Goose Goslin hit for the cycle on August 28 , 1924 for the Washington Senators . Cy Williams ' cycle came against the Pittsburgh Pirates in 1927 . In 1929 , Mel Ott hit one of that season 's three cycles . Joe Cronin 's cycles came 11 seasons apart : in 1929 and in 1940 . Hall of Famer Hack Wilson hit for the cycle on June 23 , 1930 . Chuck Klein hit the first of two cycles to occur in July 1931 , also the first of his career ; his second came two seasons later . The last cycle of the 1930s was hit by Arky Vaughn . Ted Williams hit for the cycle on July 21 , 1946 , after spending the three previous seasons serving in the military during World War II . The first cycle of the 1950s was hit by George Kell as a member of the Detroit Tigers . Mickey Mantle hit for the cycle in 1957 . Ken Boyer hit for the cycle in 1961 and 1964 , as a member of the St. Louis Cardinals . Carl Yastrzemski hit for the cycle against the Detroit Tigers in 1965 . Rod Carew was one of five players to hit for the cycle in 1970 . Willie McGee hit for the cycle in 1984 . Eric Davis hit for the cycle in 1989 . Paul Molitor hit for the cycle for the Milwaukee Brewers in 1991 , before their transition to the National League . John Olerud is one of three players to hit for the cycle in both the National and American Leagues . The last cycle by a Montreal Expos player was hit by Vladimir Guerrero in 2003 . Aubrey Huff hit the third and final cycle of the 2007 season . Bengie Molina was one of three players to hit for the cycle in July 2010 . The only cycle of 2014 was hit by Michael Cuddyer ; it was the second cycle of his career . Rangers outfielder Shin - Soo Choo hit for the cycle on July 21 , 2015 ; his teammate Adrián Beltré hit for his third career cycle 13 days later . Carlos Gómez is the most recent player to hit for the cycle more than once . José Abreu of the Chicago White Sox is the most recent player to hit for the cycle . Key to symbols in player table * Player recorded a natural cycle ( 1B , 2B , 3B , HR in that order ) ( x ) Number of cycles recorded to that point ( if the player recorded more than one ) ( d ) Cycle is disputed by baseball historians Player inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame ‡ Player is still active Major League Baseball players who have hit for the cycle No . Player Date Team League Opponent Ref -- George Hall ( d ) June 14 , 1876 Philadelphia Athletics National League Cincinnati Red Stockings Curry Foley May 25 , 1882 Buffalo Bisons National League Cleveland Blues Lon Knight July 30 , 1883 Philadelphia Athletics American Association Pittsburgh Alleghenys John Reilly ( 1 ) September 12 , 1883 Cincinnati Reds American Association Pittsburgh Alleghenys John Reilly ( 2 ) September 19 , 1883 Cincinnati Reds American Association Philadelphia Athletics 5 Jim O'Rourke June 16 , 1884 Buffalo Bisons National League Chicago White Stockings 6 Dave Orr ( 1 ) June 12 , 1885 New York Metropolitans American Association St. Louis Brown Stockings 7 George Wood June 13 , 1885 Detroit Wolverines National League Chicago White Stockings 8 Henry Larkin June 16 , 1885 Philadelphia Athletics American Association Pittsburgh Alleghenys 9 Mox McQuery September 28 , 1885 Detroit Wolverines National League Providence Grays 10 Fred Dunlap May 24 , 1886 St. Louis Maroons National League New York Gothams 11 Pete Browning ( 1 ) August 8 , 1886 Louisville Colonels American Association New York Metropolitans 12 Jack Rowe August 21 , 1886 Detroit Wolverines National League Chicago White Stockings 13 Chippy McGarr September 23 , 1886 Philadelphia Athletics American Association St. Louis Brown Stockings 14 Tip O'Neill ( 1 ) April 30 , 1887 St. Louis Brown Stockings American Association Cleveland Blues 15 Fred Carroll May 2 , 1887 Pittsburgh Alleghenys National League Detroit Wolverines 16 Tip O'Neill ( 2 ) May 7 , 1887 St. Louis Brown Stockings American Association Louisville Colonels 17 Dave Orr ( 2 ) August 10 , 1887 New York Metropolitans American Association Baltimore Orioles 18 Bid McPhee August 26 , 1887 Cincinnati Red Stockings American Association Baltimore Orioles 19 Harry Stovey May 15 , 1888 Philadelphia Athletics American Association Baltimore Orioles 20 Sam Barkley June 13 , 1888 Kansas City Cowboys American Association Cincinnati Red Stockings 21 Jimmy Ryan ( 1 ) July 28 , 1888 Chicago White Stockings National League Detroit Wolverines 22 Mike Tiernan ( 1 ) August 25 , 1888 New York Giants National League Philadelphia Quakers 23 Pete Browning ( 2 ) June 7 , 1889 Louisville Colonels American Association Philadelphia Athletics 24 Jack Glasscock August 8 , 1889 Indianapolis Hoosiers National League New York Metropolitans 25 Larry Twitchell August 15 , 1889 Cleveland Spiders National League Boston Beaneaters 26 Mike Tiernan ( 2 ) June 28 , 1890 New York Giants National League Cincinnati Reds 27 Bill Van Dyke July 5 , 1890 Toledo Maumees American Association Syracuse Stars 28 Jumbo Davis July 18 , 1890 Brooklyn Gladiators American Association Louisville Colonels 29 Roger Connor July 21 , 1890 New York Giants Players ' League Buffalo Bisons 30 Oyster Burns August 1 , 1890 Brooklyn Bridegrooms National League Pittsburgh Alleghenys 31 John Reilly ( 3 ) August 6 , 1890 Cincinnati Reds National League Pittsburgh Alleghenys 32 Farmer Weaver August 12 , 1890 Louisville Colonels American Association Syracuse Stars 33 Jimmy Ryan ( 2 ) July 1 , 1891 Chicago Colts National League Cleveland Spiders 34 Abner Dalrymple September 12 , 1891 Milwaukee Brewers American Association Washington Senators 35 Lave Cross April 24 , 1894 Philadelphia Phillies National League Brooklyn Bridegrooms 36 Bill Hassamaer June 13 , 1894 Washington Senators National League St. Louis Brown Stockings 37 Sam Thompson August 17 , 1894 Philadelphia Phillies National League Louisville Colonels 38 Tom Parrott September 28 , 1894 Cincinnati Reds National League New York Giants 39 Tommy Dowd August 16 , 1895 St. Louis Brown Stockings National League Louisville Colonels 40 Ed Cartwright September 30 , 1895 Washington Senators National League Boston Beaneaters 41 Herman Long May 9 , 1896 Boston Beaneaters National League Louisville Colonels 42 Bill Joyce May 30 , 1896 Washington Senators National League Pittsburgh Pirates 43 Harry Davis July 10 , 1901 Philadelphia Athletics American League Boston Americans 44 Fred Clarke ( 1 ) July 23 , 1901 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Cincinnati Reds 45 Nap Lajoie July 30 , 1901 Philadelphia Athletics American League Cleveland Blues 46 Fred Clarke ( 2 ) May 7 , 1903 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Cincinnati Reds 47 Buck Freeman June 21 , 1903 Boston Red Sox American League Cleveland Naps 48 Patsy Dougherty July 29 , 1903 Boston Red Sox American League New York Highlanders 49 Bill Bradley September 24 , 1903 Cleveland Indians American League Washington Senators 50 Duff Cooley June 20 , 1904 Boston Beaneaters National League Philadelphia Phillies 51 Sam Mertes October 4 , 1904 New York Giants National League St. Louis Cardinals 52 Johnny Bates April 26 , 1907 Boston Doves National League Brooklyn Superbas 53 Otis Clymer October 2 , 1908 Washington Senators American League New York Highlanders 54 Chief Wilson July 3 , 1910 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Cincinnati Reds 55 Danny Murphy August 25 , 1910 Philadelphia Athletics American League St. Louis Browns 56 Bill Collins * October 6 , 1910 Boston Doves National League Philadelphia Phillies 57 Frank Baker July 3 , 1911 Philadelphia Athletics American League New York Highlanders 58 Tris Speaker June 9 , 1912 Boston Red Sox American League St. Louis Browns 59 Chief Meyers June 10 , 1912 New York Giants National League Chicago Cubs 60 Bert Daniels July 25 , 1912 New York Highlanders American League Chicago White Sox 61 Honus Wagner August 22 , 1912 Pittsburgh Pirates National League New York Giants 62 Ed Lennox May 6 , 1914 Pittsburgh Rebels Federal League Kansas City Packers 63 Heinie Groh July 5 , 1915 Cincinnati Reds National League Chicago Cubs 64 Cliff Heathcote June 13 , 1918 St. Louis Cardinals National League Philadelphia Phillies 65 George Sisler ( 1 ) August 8 , 1920 St. Louis Browns American League Washington Senators 66 George Burns September 17 , 1920 New York Giants National League Pittsburgh Pirates 67 Bobby Veach September 17 , 1920 Detroit Tigers American League Boston Red Sox 68 Bob Meusel ( 1 ) May 7 , 1921 New York Yankees American League Washington Senators 69 Dave Bancroft June 1 , 1921 New York Giants National League Philadelphia Phillies 70 George Sisler ( 2 ) August 13 , 1921 St. Louis Browns American League Detroit Tigers 71 Dave Robertson August 30 , 1921 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Brooklyn Robins 72 Ross Youngs April 29 , 1922 New York Giants National League Boston Braves 73 Jimmy Johnston May 25 , 1922 Brooklyn Robins National League Philadelphia Phillies 74 Ray Schalk June 27 , 1922 Chicago White Sox American League Detroit Tigers 75 Bob Meusel ( 2 ) July 3 , 1922 New York Yankees American League Philadelphia Athletics 76 Pie Traynor July 7 , 1923 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Philadelphia Phillies 77 Baby Doll Jacobson April 17 , 1924 St. Louis Browns American League Chicago White Sox 78 Goose Goslin August 28 , 1924 Washington Senators American League New York Yankees 79 Kiki Cuyler June 4 , 1925 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Philadelphia Phillies 80 Max Carey June 20 , 1925 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Brooklyn Robins 81 Roy Carlyle July 21 , 1925 Boston Red Sox American League Chicago White Sox 82 Bob Fothergill * September 26 , 1926 Detroit Tigers American League Boston Red Sox 83 Jim Bottomley July 15 , 1927 St. Louis Cardinals National League Philadelphia Phillies 84 Cy Williams August 5 , 1927 Philadelphia Phillies National League Pittsburgh Pirates 85 Bill Terry May 29 , 1928 New York Giants National League Brooklyn Robins 86 Bob Meusel ( 3 ) July 26 , 1928 New York Yankees American League Detroit Tigers 87 Mel Ott May 16 , 1929 New York Giants National League Boston Braves 88 Ski Melillo May 23 , 1929 St. Louis Browns American League Cleveland Indians 89 Joe Cronin ( 1 ) September 2 , 1929 Washington Senators American League Boston Red Sox 90 Freddie Lindstrom May 8 , 1930 New York Giants National League Pittsburgh Pirates 91 Hack Wilson June 23 , 1930 Chicago Cubs National League Philadelphia Phillies 92 Chick Hafey August 21 , 1930 St. Louis Cardinals National League Philadelphia Phillies 93 Babe Herman ( 1 ) May 18 , 1931 Brooklyn Robins National League Cincinnati Reds 94 Chuck Klein ( 1 ) July 1 , 1931 Philadelphia Phillies National League Chicago Cubs 95 Babe Herman ( 2 ) July 24 , 1931 Brooklyn Robins National League Pittsburgh Pirates 96 Tony Lazzeri * June 3 , 1932 New York Yankees American League Philadelphia Athletics 97 Mickey Cochrane ( 1 ) July 22 , 1932 Philadelphia Athletics American League Washington Senators 98 Pepper Martin May 5 , 1933 St. Louis Cardinals National League Philadelphia Phillies 99 Chuck Klein ( 2 ) May 26 , 1933 Philadelphia Phillies National League St. Louis Cardinals 100 Arky Vaughan ( 1 ) June 24 , 1933 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Brooklyn Dodgers 101 Mickey Cochrane ( 2 ) August 2 , 1933 Philadelphia Athletics American League New York Yankees 102 Pinky Higgins August 6 , 1933 Philadelphia Athletics American League Washington Senators 103 Jimmie Foxx August 14 , 1933 Philadelphia Athletics American League Cleveland Indians 104 Earl Averill August 17 , 1933 Cleveland Indians American League Philadelphia Athletics 105 Babe Herman ( 3 ) September 30 , 1933 Chicago Cubs National League St. Louis Cardinals 106 Doc Cramer June 10 , 1934 Philadelphia Athletics American League New York Yankees 107 Lou Gehrig ( 1 ) June 25 , 1934 New York Yankees American League Chicago White Sox 108 Moose Solters August 19 , 1934 Boston Red Sox American League Detroit Tigers 109 Joe Medwick June 29 , 1935 St. Louis Cardinals National League Cincinnati Reds 110 Sam Leslie May 24 , 1936 New York Giants National League Philadelphia Phillies 111 Gee Walker April 20 , 1937 Detroit Tigers American League Cleveland Indians 112 Joe DiMaggio ( 1 ) July 9 , 1937 New York Yankees American League Washington Senators 113 Lou Gehrig ( 2 ) August 1 , 1937 New York Yankees American League St. Louis Browns 114 Odell Hale July 12 , 1938 Cleveland Indians American League Washington Senators 115 Sam Chapman May 5 , 1939 Philadelphia Athletics American League St. Louis Browns 116 Charlie Gehringer * May 27 , 1939 Detroit Tigers American League St. Louis Browns 117 Arky Vaughan ( 2 ) July 19 , 1939 Pittsburgh Pirates National League New York Giants 118 Harry Craft June 8 , 1940 Cincinnati Reds National League Brooklyn Dodgers 119 Harry Danning June 15 , 1940 New York Giants National League Pittsburgh Pirates 120 Johnny Mize July 13 , 1940 St. Louis Cardinals National League New York Giants 121 Buddy Rosar July 19 , 1940 New York Yankees American League Cleveland Indians 122 Joe Cronin ( 2 ) August 2 , 1940 Boston Red Sox American League Detroit Tigers 123 Joe Gordon September 8 , 1940 New York Yankees American League Boston Red Sox 124 George McQuinn July 19 , 1941 St. Louis Browns American League Boston Red Sox 125 Leon Culberson * July 3 , 1943 Boston Red Sox American League Cleveland Indians 126 Bobby Doerr ( 1 ) May 17 , 1944 Boston Red Sox American League St. Louis Browns 127 Bob Johnson July 6 , 1944 Boston Red Sox American League Detroit Tigers 128 Dixie Walker September 2 , 1944 Brooklyn Dodgers National League New York Giants 129 Bob Elliott July 15 , 1945 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Brooklyn Dodgers 130 Bill Salkeld August 4 , 1945 Pittsburgh Pirates National League St. Louis Cardinals 131 Mickey Vernon May 19 , 1946 Washington Senators American League Chicago White Sox 132 Ted Williams July 21 , 1946 Boston Red Sox American League St. Louis Browns 133 Bobby Doerr ( 2 ) May 13 , 1947 Boston Red Sox American League Chicago White Sox 134 Vic Wertz September 14 , 1947 Detroit Tigers American League Washington Senators 135 Joe DiMaggio ( 2 ) May 20 , 1948 New York Yankees American League Chicago White Sox 136 Wally Westlake ( 1 ) July 30 , 1948 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Brooklyn Dodgers 137 Jackie Robinson August 29 , 1948 Brooklyn Dodgers National League St. Louis Cardinals 138 Wally Westlake ( 2 ) June 14 , 1949 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Boston Braves 139 Gil Hodges June 25 , 1949 Brooklyn Dodgers National League Pittsburgh Pirates 140 Stan Musial July 24 , 1949 St. Louis Cardinals National League Brooklyn Dodgers 141 George Kell June 2 , 1950 Detroit Tigers American League Philadelphia Athletics 142 Ralph Kiner June 25 , 1950 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Brooklyn Dodgers 143 Roy Smalley June 28 , 1950 Chicago Cubs National League St. Louis Cardinals 144 Elmer Valo August 2 , 1950 Philadelphia Athletics American League Chicago White Sox 145 Hoot Evers September 7 , 1950 Detroit Tigers American League Cleveland Indians 146 Gus Bell June 4 , 1951 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Philadelphia Phillies 147 Larry Doby June 4 , 1952 Cleveland Indians American League Boston Red Sox 148 Don Mueller July 11 , 1954 New York Giants National League Pittsburgh Pirates 149 Lee Walls July 2 , 1957 Chicago Cubs National League Cincinnati Redlegs 150 Mickey Mantle July 23 , 1957 New York Yankees American League Chicago White Sox 151 Frank Robinson May 2 , 1959 Cincinnati Reds National League Los Angeles Dodgers 152 Brooks Robinson May 15 , 1960 Baltimore Orioles American League Chicago White Sox 153 Bill White August 14 , 1960 St. Louis Cardinals National League Pittsburgh Pirates 154 Ken Boyer ( 1 ) September 14 , 1961 St. Louis Cardinals National League Chicago Cubs 155 Lou Clinton July 13 , 1962 Boston Red Sox American League Kansas City Athletics 156 Johnny Callison June 27 , 1963 Philadelphia Phillies National League Pittsburgh Pirates 157 Jim Hickman * August 7 , 1963 New York Mets National League St. Louis Cardinals 158 Jim King May 26 , 1964 Washington Senators American League Boston Red Sox 159 Ken Boyer * ( 2 ) June 16 , 1964 St. Louis Cardinals National League Houston Colt . 45s 160 Willie Stargell July 22 , 1964 Pittsburgh Pirates National League St. Louis Cardinals 161 Jim Fregosi ( 1 ) July 28 , 1964 Los Angeles Angels American League New York Yankees 162 Carl Yastrzemski May 14 , 1965 Boston Red Sox American League Detroit Tigers 163 Billy Williams * July 17 , 1966 Chicago Cubs National League St. Louis Cardinals 164 Randy Hundley August 11 , 1966 Chicago Cubs National League Houston Astros 165 Jim Fregosi ( 2 ) May 20 , 1968 California Angels American League Boston Red Sox 166 Wes Parker May 7 , 1970 Los Angeles Dodgers National League New York Mets 167 Rod Carew May 20 , 1970 Minnesota Twins American League Kansas City Royals 168 Tony Horton July 2 , 1970 Cleveland Indians American League Baltimore Orioles 169 Tommie Agee July 6 , 1970 New York Mets National League St. Louis Cardinals 170 Jim Ray Hart July 8 , 1970 San Francisco Giants National League Atlanta Braves 171 Freddie Patek July 9 , 1971 Kansas City Royals American League Minnesota Twins 172 Dave Kingman April 16 , 1972 San Francisco Giants National League Houston Astros 173 César Cedeño ( 1 ) August 2 , 1972 Houston Astros National League Cincinnati Reds 174 Bobby Murcer August 29 , 1972 New York Yankees American League Texas Rangers 175 César Tovar September 19 , 1972 Minnesota Twins American League Texas Rangers 176 Joe Torre June 27 , 1973 St. Louis Cardinals National League Pittsburgh Pirates 177 Richie Zisk June 9 , 1974 Pittsburgh Pirates National League San Francisco Giants 178 Lou Brock May 27 , 1975 St. Louis Cardinals National League San Diego Padres 179 Tim Foli * April 22 , 1976 Montreal Expos National League Chicago Cubs 180 Larry Hisle June 4 , 1976 Minnesota Twins American League Baltimore Orioles 181 Mike Phillips June 25 , 1976 New York Mets National League Chicago Cubs 182 Lyman Bostock July 24 , 1976 Minnesota Twins American League Chicago White Sox 183 César Cedeño ( 2 ) August 9 , 1976 Houston Astros National League St. Louis Cardinals 184 Mike Hegan September 3 , 1976 Milwaukee Brewers American League Detroit Tigers 185 Bob Watson ( 1 ) June 24 , 1977 Houston Astros National League San Francisco Giants 186 John Mayberry August 5 , 1977 Kansas City Royals American League Chicago White Sox 187 Jack Brohamer September 24 , 1977 Chicago White Sox American League Seattle Mariners 188 Andre Thornton April 22 , 1978 Cleveland Indians American League Boston Red Sox 189 Chris Speier ( 1 ) July 20 , 1978 Montreal Expos National League Atlanta Braves 190 Mike Cubbage July 27 , 1978 Minnesota Twins American League Toronto Blue Jays 191 George Brett ( 1 ) May 28 , 1979 Kansas City Royals American League Baltimore Orioles 192 Dan Ford August 10 , 1979 California Angels American League Seattle Mariners 193 Bob Watson * ( 2 ) September 15 , 1979 Boston Red Sox American League Baltimore Orioles 194 Frank White ( 1 ) September 26 , 1979 Kansas City Royals American League California Angels 195 Iván DeJesús April 22 , 1980 Chicago Cubs National League St. Louis Cardinals 196 Fred Lynn May 13 , 1980 Boston Red Sox American League Minnesota Twins 197 Mike Easler June 12 , 1980 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Cincinnati Reds 198 Gary Ward September 18 , 1980 Minnesota Twins American League Milwaukee Brewers 199 Charlie Moore October 1 , 1980 Milwaukee Brewers American League California Angels 200 Frank White ( 2 ) August 3 , 1982 Kansas City Royals American League Detroit Tigers 201 Cal Ripken , Jr . May 6 , 1984 Baltimore Orioles American League Texas Rangers 202 Carlton Fisk May 16 , 1984 Chicago White Sox American League Kansas City Royals 203 Willie McGee June 23 , 1984 St. Louis Cardinals National League Chicago Cubs 204 Dwight Evans June 28 , 1984 Boston Red Sox American League Seattle Mariners 205 Jeffrey Leonard June 27 , 1985 San Francisco Giants National League Cincinnati Reds 206 Keith Hernandez July 4 , 1985 New York Mets National League Atlanta Braves 207 Oddibe McDowell July 23 , 1985 Texas Rangers American League Cleveland Indians 208 Rich Gedman September 18 , 1985 Boston Red Sox American League Toronto Blue Jays 209 Tony Phillips May 16 , 1986 Oakland Athletics American League Baltimore Orioles 210 Kirby Puckett August 1 , 1986 Minnesota Twins American League Oakland Athletics 211 Andre Dawson April 29 , 1987 Chicago Cubs National League San Francisco Giants 212 Candy Maldonado May 4 , 1987 San Francisco Giants National League St. Louis Cardinals 213 Tim Raines August 16 , 1987 Montreal Expos National League Pittsburgh Pirates 214 Albert Hall September 23 , 1987 Atlanta Braves National League Houston Astros 215 Robin Yount June 12 , 1988 Milwaukee Brewers American League Chicago White Sox 216 Chris Speier ( 2 ) July 9 , 1988 San Francisco Giants National League St. Louis Cardinals 217 Mike Greenwell September 14 , 1988 Boston Red Sox American League Baltimore Orioles 218 Kelly Gruber April 16 , 1989 Toronto Blue Jays American League Kansas City Royals 219 Eric Davis June 2 , 1989 Cincinnati Reds National League San Diego Padres 220 Kevin McReynolds August 1 , 1989 New York Mets National League St. Louis Cardinals 221 Gary Redus August 25 , 1989 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Cincinnati Reds 222 George Brett ( 2 ) July 25 , 1990 Kansas City Royals American League Toronto Blue Jays 223 Robby Thompson April 22 , 1991 San Francisco Giants National League San Diego Padres 224 Paul Molitor May 15 , 1991 Milwaukee Brewers American League Minnesota Twins 225 Dave Winfield June 24 , 1991 California Angels American League Kansas City Royals 226 Ray Lankford September 15 , 1991 St. Louis Cardinals National League New York Mets 227 Andújar Cedeño August 25 , 1992 Houston Astros National League St. Louis Cardinals 228 Mark Grace May 9 , 1993 Chicago Cubs National League San Diego Padres 229 Jay Buhner June 23 , 1993 Seattle Mariners American League Oakland Athletics 230 Travis Fryman July 28 , 1993 Detroit Tigers American League New York Yankees 231 Scott Cooper April 12 , 1994 Boston Red Sox American League Kansas City Royals 232 Rondell White June 11 , 1995 Montreal Expos National League San Francisco Giants 233 Gregg Jefferies August 25 , 1995 Philadelphia Phillies National League Los Angeles Dodgers 234 Tony Fernández September 3 , 1995 New York Yankees American League Oakland Athletics 235 John Mabry * May 18 , 1996 St. Louis Cardinals National League Colorado Rockies 236 John Valentin June 6 , 1996 Boston Red Sox American League Chicago White Sox 237 Alex Ochoa July 3 , 1996 New York Mets National League Philadelphia Phillies 238 Alex Rodriguez June 5 , 1997 Seattle Mariners American League Detroit Tigers 239 John Olerud ( 1 ) September 11 , 1997 New York Mets National League Montreal Expos 240 Mike Blowers May 18 , 1998 Oakland Athletics American League Chicago White Sox 241 Dante Bichette June 10 , 1998 Colorado Rockies National League Texas Rangers 242 Neifi Pérez July 25 , 1998 Colorado Rockies National League St. Louis Cardinals 243 Jeff Kent May 3 , 1999 San Francisco Giants National League Pittsburgh Pirates 244 Todd Helton June 19 , 1999 Colorado Rockies National League Florida Marlins 245 Chris Singleton July 6 , 1999 Chicago White Sox American League Kansas City Royals 246 José Valentín * April 27 , 2000 Chicago White Sox American League Baltimore Orioles 247 Jason Kendall May 19 , 2000 Pittsburgh Pirates National League St. Louis Cardinals 248 Mike Lansing June 18 , 2000 Colorado Rockies National League Arizona Diamondbacks 249 Eric Chavez June 21 , 2000 Oakland Athletics American League Baltimore Orioles 250 Luis Gonzalez July 5 , 2000 Arizona Diamondbacks National League Houston Astros 251 Damion Easley June 8 , 2001 Detroit Tigers American League Milwaukee Brewers 252 John Olerud ( 2 ) June 16 , 2001 Seattle Mariners American League San Diego Padres 253 Jeff Bagwell July 18 , 2001 Houston Astros National League St. Louis Cardinals 254 Jeff Frye August 17 , 2001 Toronto Blue Jays American League Texas Rangers 255 Miguel Tejada September 29 , 2001 Oakland Athletics American League Seattle Mariners 256 Craig Biggio April 8 , 2002 Houston Astros National League Colorado Rockies 257 Greg Colbrunn September 18 , 2002 Arizona Diamondbacks National League San Diego Padres 258 Brad Wilkerson * ( 1 ) June 24 , 2003 Montreal Expos National League Pittsburgh Pirates 259 Eric Byrnes June 29 , 2003 Oakland Athletics American League San Francisco Giants 260 Travis Hafner August 14 , 2003 Cleveland Indians American League Minnesota Twins 261 Vladimir Guerrero September 14 , 2003 Montreal Expos National League New York Mets 262 Chad Moeller April 27 , 2004 Milwaukee Brewers National League Cincinnati Reds 263 Daryle Ward May 26 , 2004 Pittsburgh Pirates National League St. Louis Cardinals 264 David Bell June 28 , 2004 Philadelphia Phillies National League Montreal Expos 265 Eric Valent July 29 , 2004 New York Mets National League Montreal Expos 266 Mark Teixeira August 17 , 2004 Texas Rangers American League Cleveland Indians 267 Jeff DaVanon August 25 , 2004 Anaheim Angels American League Kansas City Royals 268 Brad Wilkerson ( 2 ) April 6 , 2005 Washington Nationals National League Philadelphia Phillies 269 Mark Grudzielanek April 27 , 2005 St. Louis Cardinals National League Milwaukee Brewers 270 Randy Winn August 15 , 2005 San Francisco Giants National League Cincinnati Reds 271 José Reyes June 21 , 2006 New York Mets National League Cincinnati Reds 272 Luke Scott July 28 , 2006 Houston Astros National League Arizona Diamondbacks 273 Carlos Guillén August 1 , 2006 Detroit Tigers American League Tampa Bay Devil Rays 274 Gary Matthews , Jr. * September 13 , 2006 Texas Rangers American League Detroit Tigers 275 Chone Figgins September 16 , 2006 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim American League Texas Rangers 276 Fred Lewis May 13 , 2007 San Francisco Giants National League Colorado Rockies 277 Mark Ellis June 4 , 2007 Oakland Athletics American League Boston Red Sox 278 Aubrey Huff June 29 , 2007 Baltimore Orioles American League Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 279 Carlos Gómez ( 1 ) May 7 , 2008 Minnesota Twins American League Chicago White Sox 280 Mark Kotsay August 14 , 2008 Atlanta Braves National League Chicago Cubs 281 Cristian Guzmán August 28 , 2008 Washington Nationals National League Los Angeles Dodgers 282 Stephen Drew September 1 , 2008 Arizona Diamondbacks National League St. Louis Cardinals 283 Adrián Beltré ( 1 ) September 1 , 2008 Seattle Mariners American League Texas Rangers 284 Orlando Hudson April 13 , 2009 Los Angeles Dodgers National League San Francisco Giants 285 Ian Kinsler April 15 , 2009 Texas Rangers American League Baltimore Orioles 286 Jason Kubel April 17 , 2009 Minnesota Twins American League Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 287 Michael Cuddyer ( 1 ) May 22 , 2009 Minnesota Twins American League Milwaukee Brewers 288 Melky Cabrera August 2 , 2009 New York Yankees American League Chicago White Sox 289 Troy Tulowitzki August 10 , 2009 Colorado Rockies National League Chicago Cubs 290 Félix Pie August 14 , 2009 Baltimore Orioles American League Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 291 B.J. Upton October 2 , 2009 Tampa Bay Rays American League New York Yankees 292 Jody Gerut May 8 , 2010 Milwaukee Brewers National League Arizona Diamondbacks 293 Bengie Molina July 16 , 2010 Texas Rangers American League Boston Red Sox 294 Kelly Johnson July 23 , 2010 Arizona Diamondbacks National League San Francisco Giants 295 Carlos González July 31 , 2010 Colorado Rockies National League Chicago Cubs 296 George Kottaras September 3 , 2011 Milwaukee Brewers National League Houston Astros 297 Pablo Sandoval September 15 , 2011 San Francisco Giants National League Colorado Rockies 298 Scott Hairston April 27 , 2012 New York Mets National League Colorado Rockies 299 Aaron Hill ( 1 ) June 18 , 2012 Arizona Diamondbacks National League Seattle Mariners 300 Aaron Hill ( 2 ) June 29 , 2012 Arizona Diamondbacks National League Milwaukee Brewers 301 Adrián Beltré ( 2 ) August 24 , 2012 Texas Rangers American League Minnesota Twins 302 Mike Trout May 21 , 2013 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim American League Seattle Mariners 303 Brandon Barnes July 19 , 2013 Houston Astros American League Seattle Mariners 304 Alex Ríos September 23 , 2013 Texas Rangers American League Houston Astros 305 Michael Cuddyer ( 2 ) August 17 , 2014 Colorado Rockies National League Cincinnati Reds 306 Brock Holt June 16 , 2015 Boston Red Sox American League Atlanta Braves 307 Shin - Soo Choo July 21 , 2015 Texas Rangers American League Colorado Rockies 308 Adrián Beltré ( 3 ) August 3 , 2015 Texas Rangers American League Houston Astros 309 Matt Kemp August 14 , 2015 San Diego Padres National League Colorado Rockies 310 Freddie Freeman June 15 , 2016 Atlanta Braves National League Cincinnati Reds 311 Rajai Davis July 2 , 2016 Cleveland Indians American League Toronto Blue Jays 312 John Jaso September 28 , 2016 Pittsburgh Pirates National League Chicago Cubs 313 Wil Myers April 10 , 2017 San Diego Padres National League Colorado Rockies 314 Trea Turner April 25 , 2017 Washington Nationals National League Colorado Rockies 315 Carlos Gómez ( 2 ) April 29 , 2017 Texas Rangers American League Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 316 Nolan Arenado June 18 , 2017 Colorado Rockies National League San Francisco Giants 317 Cody Bellinger July 15 , 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers National League Miami Marlins 318 Evan Longoria August 1 , 2017 Tampa Bay Rays American League Houston Astros 319 José Abreu September 9 , 2017 Chicago White Sox American League San Francisco Giants Cycles by franchise ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . In particular : columns need to sum to 319 . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( November 2017 ) Italic text indicates the current name of a current MLB franchise ; names not in italics indicate either defunct teams or defunct team names . Teams are listed only as major league squads ; minor league teams promoted into MLB do not have minor league names or tenures listed . Initial table sorting is by number of cycles hit per franchise and then by ratio of cycles hit to cycles allowed . Only one current MLB team has never had a player hit for the cycle , the Miami Marlins . List of franchises , showing MLB - active dates and numbers of cycles achieved and allowed Franchise Active dates Cycles hit Cycles allowed Allegheny ( AA ) / Pittsburgh Alleghenys / Pittsburgh Innocents / Pittsburgh Pirates 1882 -- present 24 19 New York Gothams / New York Giants / San Francisco Giants 1883 -- present 24 16 Boston Americans / Boston Red Sox 1901 -- present 21 12 Philadelphia Athletics / Kansas City Athletics / Oakland Athletics 1901 -- present 21 8 St. Louis Stockings ( AA ) / St. Louis Perfectos / St. Louis Cardinals 1882 -- present 19 24 Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 02 ) / New York Highlanders / New York Yankees 1901 -- present 15 9 Washington Senators ( 1901 -- 60 ) / Minnesota Twins 1901 -- present 14 13 Chicago White Stockings / Chicago Colts / Chicago Orphans / Chicago Cubs 1876 -- present 11 13 New York Mets 1962 -- present 10 Washington Senators ( 1961 -- 71 ) / Texas Rangers 1961 -- present 10 7 Detroit Tigers 1901 -- present 10 11 Brooklyn Atlantics / Brooklyn Grays / Brooklyn Bridegrooms / Brooklyn Superbas / Brooklyn Robins / Brooklyn Dodgers / Los Angeles Dodgers 1883 -- present 10 14 Cincinnati Red Stockings ( AA ) / Cincinnati Redlegs / Cincinnati Reds 1882 -- present 9 17 Milwaukee Brewers ( 1901 ) / St. Louis Browns / Baltimore Orioles 1901 -- present 9 16 Montreal Expos / Washington Nationals 1969 -- present 9 Cleveland Bluebirds / Cleveland Bronchos / Cleveland Naps / Cleveland Indians 1901 -- present 8 10 Houston Colt . 45s / Houston Astros 1962 -- present 8 8 Colorado Rockies 1993 -- present 8 9 Philadelphia Quakers / Philadelphia Phillies 1883 -- present 8 16 Los Angeles Angels / California Angels / Anaheim Angels / Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 1961 -- present 7 6 Seattle Pilots / Milwaukee Brewers 1969 -- present 7 5 Boston Red Caps / Boston Beaneaters / Boston Doves / Boston Rustlers / Boston Bees / Boston Braves / Milwaukee Braves / Atlanta Braves 1876 -- present 7 9 Arizona Diamondbacks 1998 -- present 6 Kansas City Royals 1969 -- present 6 7 Chicago White Sox 1901 -- present 6 17 Seattle Mariners 1977 -- present 7 Philadelphia Athletics ( AA ) 1882 -- 1890 Washington Senators ( 1891 -- 99 ) 1891 -- 1899 Detroit Wolverines 1881 -- 1888 Louisville Eclipse / Louisville Colonels ( AA / NL ) 1882 -- 1891 5 Toronto Blue Jays 1977 -- present Buffalo Bisons ( NL ) 1879 -- 1885 0 St. Louis Maroons / Indianapolis Hoosiers 1884 -- 1889 0 New York Metropolitans 1883 -- 1887 Tampa Bay Devil Rays / Tampa Bay Rays 1998 -- present San Diego Padres 1969 -- present 6 Brooklyn Gladiators 1890 0 Kansas City Cowboys 1888 -- 1889 0 Milwaukee Brewers ( AA ) 1891 0 New York Giants ( PL ) 1890 0 Pittsburgh Rebels 1914 -- 1915 0 Toledo Maumees 1890 0 Cleveland Forest Citys / Cleveland Blues ( AA ) / Cleveland Spiders 1887 -- 1899 Florida Marlins / Miami Marlins 1993 -- present 0 Buffalo Bisons ( PL ) 1890 0 Cleveland Blues ( NL ) 1879 -- 1884 0 Kansas City Packers 1914 -- 1915 0 Providence Grays 1878 -- 1885 0 Syracuse Stars 1890 0 Baltimore Orioles ( 1882 -- 1899 ) 1882 -- 1899 0 Notes ( edit ) The Milwaukee Brewers were members of the American League until 1997 , when the team switched leagues due to an expansion - driven realignment of Major League Baseball 's divisions . The Brewers have been members of the National League since 1998 . The Houston Astros were members of the National League until 2012 , when , as part of the franchise 's sale agreement , the team switched leagues to create divisional balance . The Astros have been members of the American League since 2013 . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal List of Nippon Professional Baseball players to hit for the cycle -- the Japanese equivalent References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dickson , Paul ( 1999 ) . The new Dickson baseball dictionary . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 250 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 600580 - 8 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hitting for the Cycle Records '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cycles Chronologically '' . Retrosheet.org . December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . Note : Retrosheet includes George Hall 's cycle , which is disputed by baseball historians . ^ Jump up to : Huber , Mike . `` June 14 , 1876 : George Hall gets five hits , but is it a cycle ? '' . SABR . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swearingen , Randall ( 2007 ) . `` 13 '' . A Great Teammate : The Legend of Mickey Mantle . Sports Publishing LLC . p. 85 . ISBN 1 - 59670 - 194 - 3 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rare Feats : No - hitters '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McMurray , John ( August 2005 ) . `` Brad Wilkerson : A Versatile Performer for the Nationals '' . Baseball Digest . Lakeside. 64 ( 6 ) : 32 . ISSN 0005 - 609X . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rare Feats : Players who have hit for the cycle '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Baltov , Victor A. ; Baltov , Jr. , Victor A. ( 2010 ) . Baseball Is America : Origins and History : The Good , the Bad , and the Ugly . AuthorHouse . p. 305 . ISBN 1 - 4520 - 0486 - 2 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gary Ward 1980 Batting Gamelogs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Daryle Ward 2004 Batting Gamelogs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Gus Bell 1951 Batting Gamelogs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` David Bell 2004 Batting Gamelogs '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Phillies Top 10 Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates Team History & Encyclopedia '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cycles Chronologically '' . Retrosheet . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cycles '' . Retrosheet.org . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Phillies 8 , St. Louis Cardinals 8 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 13 , 1918 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Browns 11 , Washington Senators 4 ( 2 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . August 8 , 1920 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants 4 , Pittsburgh Pirates 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 17 , 1920 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Tigers 14 , Boston Red Sox 13 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 17 , 1920 . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 6 , Washington Senators 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 7 , 1921 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants 8 , Philadelphia Phillies 3 ( 2 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . June 1 , 1921 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Browns 7 , Detroit Tigers 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 13 , 1921 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 8 , Brooklyn Robins 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 30 , 1921 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants 15 , Boston Braves 4 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 29 , 1922 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Robins 8 , Philadelphia Phillies 7 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . May 25 , 1922 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago White Sox 9 , Detroit Tigers 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 27 , 1922 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 12 , Philadelphia Athletics 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 3 , 1922 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 18 , Philadelphia Phillies 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 7 , 1923 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago White Sox 6 , St. Louis Browns 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Senators 11 , New York Yankees 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 28 , 1924 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 16 , Philadelphia Phillies 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 4 , 1925 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 21 , Brooklyn Robins 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 20 , 1925 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 6 , Chicago White Sox 3 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . July 21 , 1925 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Tigers 11 , Boston Red Sox 2 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . September 26 , 1926 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 9 , Philadelphia Phillies 7 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 15 , 1927 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Phillies 9 , Pittsburgh Pirates 7 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 5 , 1927 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants 12 , Brooklyn Robins 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 29 , 1928 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 12 , Detroit Tigers 1 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . July 26 , 1928 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Braves 5 , New York Giants 4 ( 2 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . May 16 , 1929 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Browns 7 , Cleveland Indians 5 ( 2 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . May 23 , 1929 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Senators 10 , Boston Red Sox 7 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . September 2 , 1929 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants 13 , Pittsburgh Pirates 10 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 8 , 1930 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs 21 , Philadelphia Phillies 8 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 23 , 1930 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 16 , Philadelphia Phillies 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 21 , 1930 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Robins 14 , Cincinnati Reds 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 18 , 1931 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Phillies 11 , Chicago Cubs 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 1 , 1931 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 8 , Brooklyn Robins 7 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 24 , 1931 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 20 , Philadelphia Athletics 13 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 3 , 1932 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Athletics 8 , Washington Senators 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 22 , 1932 . Retrieved September 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 5 , Philadelphia Phillies 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 5 , 1933 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 5 , Philadelphia Phillies 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 26 , 1933 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 15 , Brooklyn Dodgers 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 24 , 1933 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Athletics 16 , New York Yankees 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 2 , 1933 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Athletics 12 , Washington Senators 8 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 6 , 1933 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Athletics 11 , Cleveland Indians 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 14 , 1933 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Indians 15 , Philadelphia Athletics 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 17 , 1933 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs 12 , St. Louis Cardinals 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 30 , 1933 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 7 , Philadelphia Athletics 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 10 , 1934 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 13 , Chicago White Sox 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 25 , 1934 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Tigers 8 , Boston Red Sox 6 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . August 19 , 1934 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Reds 8 , St. Louis Cardinals 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 29 , 1935 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants 13 , Philadelphia Phillies 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 24 , 1936 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Tigers 4 , Cleveland Indians 3 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 20 , 1937 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 16 , Washington Senators 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 9 , 1937 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 14 , St. Louis Browns 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 1 , 1937 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Senators 9 , Cleveland Indians 8 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 12 , 1938 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Athletics 10 , St. Louis Browns 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 5 , 1939 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Tigers 12 , St. Louis Browns 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 27 , 1939 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 10 , New York Giants 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 19 , 1939 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Reds 23 , Brooklyn Dodgers 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 8 , 1940 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants 12 , Pittsburgh Pirates 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 15 , 1940 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 7 , New York Giants 6 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . July 13 , 1940 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 15 , Cleveland Indians 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 19 , 1940 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 12 , Detroit Tigers 9 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 2 , 1940 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 9 , Boston Red Sox 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 8 , 1940 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Browns 9 , Boston Red Sox 3 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . July 19 , 1941 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 12 , Cleveland Indians 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 3 , 1943 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Browns 12 , Boston Red Sox 8 ( 2 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . May 17 , 1944 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 13 , Detroit Tigers 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 6 , 1944 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Dodgers 8 , New York Giants 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 2 , 1944 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 15 , Brooklyn Dodgers 3 ( 2 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . July 15 , 1945 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 6 , Pittsburgh Pirates 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 4 , 1945 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Senators 7 , Chicago White Sox 1 ( 2 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . May 19 , 1946 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 7 , St. Louis Browns 4 ( 2 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . July 21 , 1946 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 19 , Chicago White Sox 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 13 , 1947 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Tigers 16 , Washington Senators 6 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . September 14 , 1947 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 13 , Chicago White Sox 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 20 , 1948 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 10 , Brooklyn Dodgers 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 30 , 2011 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Dodgers 12 , St. Louis Cardinals 7 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . August 29 , 1948 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 4 , Boston Braves 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 14 , 1949 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Dodgers 17 , Pittsburgh Pirates 10 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 25 , 1949 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 14 , Brooklyn Dodgers 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 24 , 1949 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Tigers 16 , Philadelphia Athletics 5 ( 2 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . June 2 , 1950 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 16 , Brooklyn Dodgers 11 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 25 , 1950 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs 15 , St. Louis Cardinals 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 28 , 1950 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Athletics 10 , Chicago White Sox 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 2 , 1950 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Tigers 13 , Cleveland Indians 13 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 7 , 1950 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 12 , Philadelphia Phillies 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 4 , 1951 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 13 , Cleveland Indians 11 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 4 , 1952 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants 13 , Pittsburgh Pirates 7 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . July 11 , 1954 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Reds 8 , Chicago Cubs 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 2 , 1957 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 10 , Chicago White Sox 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 23 , 1957 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Reds 16 , Los Angeles Dodgers 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 2 , 1959 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Orioles 5 , Chicago White Sox 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 15 , 1960 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 9 , St. Louis Cardinals 4 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . August 14 , 1960 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 6 , Chicago Cubs 5 ( 2 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . September 14 , 1961 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 11 , Kansas City Athletics 10 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 13 , 1962 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Phillies 13 , Pittsburgh Pirates 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 27 , 1963 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Mets 7 , St. Louis Cardinals 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 7 , 1963 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 3 , Washington Senators 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 26 , 1964 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 7 , Houston Colt . 45s 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 16 , 1964 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 13 , St. Louis Cardinals 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 22 , 1964 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Angels 3 , New York Yankees 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 28 , 1964 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Tigers 12 , Boston Red Sox 8 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 14 , 1965 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs 7 , St. Louis Cardinals 2 ( 2 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . July 17 , 1966 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs 9 , Houston Astros 8 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . August 11 , 1966 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` California Angels 5 , Boston Red Sox 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 20 , 1968 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Dodgers 7 , New York Mets 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 7 , 1970 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins 10 , Kansas City Royals 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 20 , 1970 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Indians 10 , Baltimore Orioles 9 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 2 , 1970 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Mets 10 , St. Louis Cardinals 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 6 , 1970 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Giants 13 , Atlanta Braves 0 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 8 , 1970 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Royals 6 , Minnesota Twins 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 9 , 1971 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Giants 10 , Houston Astros 6 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 16 , 2011 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros 10 , Cincinnati Reds 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 2 , 1972 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Retrosheet Boxscore : New York Yankees 7 , Texas Rangers 6 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . August 29 , 1972 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins 5 , Texas Rangers 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 19 , 1972 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 15 , Pittsburgh Pirates 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 27 , 1973 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 14 , San Francisco Giants 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 9 , 1974 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 7 , San Diego Padres 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 27 , 1975 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal Expos 12 , Chicago Cubs 6 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 21 , 1976 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins 8 , Baltimore Orioles 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 4 , 1976 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Mets 7 , Chicago Cubs 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 25 , 1976 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins 17 , Chicago White Sox 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 24 , 1976 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros 13 , St. Louis Cardinals 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 9 , 1976 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Brewers 11 , Detroit Tigers 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 3 , 1976 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros 6 , San Francisco Giants 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 24 , 1977 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Royals 12 , Chicago White Sox 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 5 , 1977 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago White Sox 8 , Seattle Mariners 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 24 , 2011 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Indians 13 , Boston Red Sox 4 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 22 , 1978 . Retrieved September 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal Expos 7 , Atlanta Braves 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 20 , 1978 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins 6 , Toronto Blue Jays 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 27 , 1978 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Royals 5 , Baltimore Orioles 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 28 , 1979 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Mariners 8 , California Angels 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 10 , 1979 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 10 , Baltimore Orioles 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 15 , 1979 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Royals 4 , California Angels 0 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 26 , 1979 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs 16 , St. Louis Cardinals 12 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 22 , 1980 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 10 , Minnesota Twins 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 13 , 1980 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 10 , Cincinnati Reds 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 12 , 1980 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Brewers 9 , Minnesota Twins 8 ( 1 ) '' . Retrosheet.org . September 18 , 1980 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Brewers 10 , California Angels 7 '' . Retrosheet.org . October 1 , 1980 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Royals 6 , Detroit Tigers 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 3 , 1982 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Orioles 6 , Texas Rangers 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 6 , 1984 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Royals 7 , Chicago White Sox 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 16 , 1984 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs 12 , St. Louis Cardinals 11 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 23 , 1984 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 9 , Seattle Mariners 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 28 , 1984 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Reds 7 , San Francisco Giants 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 27 , 1985 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Mets 16 , Atlanta Braves 13 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 4 , 1985 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers 8 , Cleveland Indians 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 23 , 1985 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 13 , Toronto Blue Jays 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 18 , 1985 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Athletics 8 , Baltimore Orioles 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 16 , 1986 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2010 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins 10 , Oakland Athletics 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 1 , 1986 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs 8 , San Francisco Giants 4 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 29 , 1987 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Giants 10 , St. Louis Cardinals 7 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 4 , 1987 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal Expos 10 , Pittsburgh Pirates 7 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 16 , 1987 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Braves 5 , Houston Astros 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 23 , 1987 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Brewers 16 , Chicago White Sox 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 12 , 1988 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Giants 21 , St. Louis Cardinals 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 9 , 1988 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 4 , Baltimore Orioles 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 14 , 1988 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Blue Jays 15 , Kansas City Royals 8 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 16 , 1989 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Reds 9 , San Diego Padres 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 2 , 1989 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Mets 11 , St. Louis Cardinals 0 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 1 , 1989 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 12 , Cincinnati Reds 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 25 , 1989 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Royals 6 , Toronto Blue Jays 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 25 , 1990 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Padres 7 , San Francisco Giants 5 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 22 , 1991 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Brewers 4 , Minnesota Twins 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 15 , 1991 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` California Angels 9 , Kansas City Royals 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 24 , 1991 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 7 , New York Mets 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 15 , 1991 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 5 , Houston Astros 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 25 , 1992 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Padres 5 , Chicago Cubs 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 9 , 1993 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Mariners 8 , Oakland Athletics 7 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 23 , 1993 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 12 , Detroit Tigers 7 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 28 , 1993 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 22 , Kansas City Royals 11 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 12 , 1994 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal Expos 10 , San Francisco Giants 8 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 11 , 1995 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Phillies 17 , Los Angeles Dodgers 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 25 , 1995 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Athletics 10 , New York Yankees 9 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 3 , 1995 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Rockies 9 , St. Louis Cardinals 8 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 18 , 1996 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox 7 , Chicago White Sox 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 6 , 1996 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Mets 10 , Philadelphia Phillies 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 3 , 1996 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Mariners 14 , Detroit Tigers 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 5 , 1997 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Mets 9 , Montreal Expos 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 11 , 1997 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Athletics 14 , Chicago White Sox 0 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 18 , 1998 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Rockies 9 , Texas Rangers 8 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 10 , 1998 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Rockies 5 , St. Louis Cardinals 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 25 , 1998 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 9 , San Francisco Giants 8 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 3 , 1999 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Rockies 10 , Florida Marlins 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 19 , 1999 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Royals 8 , Chicago White Sox 7 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 6 , 1999 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago White Sox 13 , Baltimore Orioles 4 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 27 , 2000 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 13 , St. Louis Cardinals 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 19 , 2000 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Rockies 19 , Arizona Diamondbacks 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 18 , 2000 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Athletics 10 , Baltimore Orioles 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 21 , 2000 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Diamondbacks 12 , Houston Astros 9 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 5 , 2000 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Tigers 9 , Milwaukee Brewers 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 8 , 2001 . Retrieved September 12 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Mariners 9 , San Diego Padres 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 16 , 2001 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros 17 , St. Louis Cardinals 11 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 18 , 2001 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto Blue Jays 11 , Texas Rangers 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 17 , 2001 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Athletics 8 , Seattle Mariners 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 29 , 2001 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros 8 , Colorado Rockies 4 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 8 , 2002 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Diamondbacks 10 , San Diego Padres 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 18 , 2002 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal Expos 6 , Pittsburgh Pirates 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 24 , 2003 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Athletics 5 , San Francisco Giants 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 29 , 2003 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland Indians 8 , Minnesota Twins 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 14 , 2003 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Montreal Expos 7 , New York Mets 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 14 , 2003 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Brewers 9 , Cincinnati Reds 8 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 27 , 2004 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Pirates 11 , St. Louis Cardinals 8 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 26 , 2004 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Phillies 14 , Montreal Expos 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 28 , 2004 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Mets 10 , Montreal Expos 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 29 , 2004 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers 16 , Cleveland Indians 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 17 , 2004 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Anaheim Angels 21 , Kansas City Royals 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 25 , 2004 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Nationals 7 , Philadelphia Phillies 3 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 6 , 2005 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals 6 , Milwaukee Brewers 3 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 27 , 2005 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Giants 7 , Cincinnati Reds 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 15 , 2005 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Reds 6 , New York Mets 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 21 , 2006 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Diamondbacks 8 , Houston Astros 7 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 28 , 2006 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Tigers 10 , Tampa Bay Devil Rays 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 1 , 2006 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers 11 , Detroit Tigers 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 13 , 2006 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers 12 , Anaheim Angels 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 16 , 2006 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Giants 15 , Colorado Rockies 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 13 , 2007 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oakland Athletics 5 , Boston Red Sox 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 4 , 2007 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Anaheim Angels 9 , Baltimore Orioles 7 '' . Retrosheet.org . June 29 , 2007 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins 13 , Chicago White Sox 1 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 7 , 2008 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Cubs 11 , Atlanta Braves 7 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 14 , 2008 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Nationals 11 , Los Angeles Dodgers 2 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 28 , 2008 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Diamondbacks 8 , St. Louis Cardinals 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 1 , 2008 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seattle Mariners 12 , Texas Rangers 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . September 1 , 2008 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Dodgers 11 , San Francisco Giants 1 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 13 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers 19 , Baltimore Orioles 6 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 15 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins 11 , Anaheim Angels 9 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins 11 , Milwaukee Brewers 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees 8 , Chicago White Sox 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 2 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Rockies 11 , Chicago Cubs 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 10 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baltimore Orioles 16 , Anaheim Angels 6 '' . Retrosheet.org . August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Rays 13 , New York Yankees 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . October 2 , 2009 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Brewers 17 , Arizona Diamondbacks 3 '' . Retrosheet.org . May 8 , 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers 8 , Boston Red Sox 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 16 , 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Giants 7 , Arizona Diamondbacks 4 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 23 , 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Rockies 6 , Chicago Cubs 5 '' . Retrosheet.org . July 31 , 2010 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Brewers at Houston Astros Box Score and Play by Play '' . Baseball-Reference.com . September 3 , 2011 . Retrieved September 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Giants / Colorado Rockies Box Score '' . Yahoo ! Sports . September 15 , 2011 . Retrieved September 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Rockies 18 , New York Mets 9 '' . Retrosheet.org. April 27 , 2012 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Diamondbacks / Seattle Mariners Box Score '' . Yahoo ! Sports . June 18 , 2012 . Retrieved June 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Diamondbacks / Milwaukee Brewers Box Score '' . Yahoo ! Sports . June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers / Minnesota Twins Box Score '' . Yahoo ! Sports . August 24 , 2012 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Angels / Seattle Mariners Box Score '' . Yahoo ! Sports . May 21 , 2013 . Retrieved May 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros / Seattle Mariners Box Score '' . Yahoo ! Sports . July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers / Houston Astros Box Score '' . Yahoo ! Sports . September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved September 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Colorado Rockies / Cincinnati Reds Box Score '' . Yahoo ! Sports . August 17 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boston Red Sox / Atlanta Braves Box Score '' . Yahoo ! Sports . June 16 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers / Colorado Rockies Box Score '' . Yahoo ! Sports . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Rangers / Houston Astros Box Score '' . Yahoo ! Sports . August 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Padres / Colorado Rockies Box Score '' . MLB . August 14 , 2015 . Retrieved August 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://m.braves.mlb.com/news/article/184321684?game_pk=447844 Jump up ^ http://m.mlb.com/news/article/187538744/indians-rajai-davis-hits-for-cycle Jump up ^ http://m.mlb.com/news/article/203959344/pirates-john-jaso-hits-for-1st-pnc-park-cycle/ Jump up ^ http://m.mlb.com/news/article/20170410223560686/padres-wil-myers-hits-for-cycle-in-victory/?game_pk=490200 Jump up ^ http://m.mlb.com/news/article/226540454/nationals-trea-turner-hits-for-cycle/ Jump up ^ Anderson , R.J. ( April 29 , 2017 ) . `` WATCH : The third cycle of the 2017 season belongs to the Rangers ' Carlos Gomez '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Matt ( June 18 , 2017 ) . `` Rockies ' Nolan Arenado hits walk - off home run to complete the cycle vs. Giants '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sattell , Glenn ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Bellinger is 1st Dodgers rookie to hit for cycle '' . mlb.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rapaport , Daniel ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Evan Longoria Hits for Second Cycle in Rays History '' . SI.com . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jose Abreu Hits for First Cycle in White Sox History in over 17 years ! '' . whitesox.com . September 9 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rare Feats : Players who have hit for the cycle '' . MLB.com . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Cycle records at MLB.com Cycle records at Retrosheet Cycle records at Baseball Almanac Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Titles leaders Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Runs Stolen bases Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitter Perfect game List of perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Individual streaks Titles streaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Major_League_Baseball_players_to_hit_for_the_cycle&oldid=849396244 '' Categories : Major League Baseball lists Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles in need of updating from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 18 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the first met to hit for the cycle | [
"\nMajor League Baseball players who have hit for the cycle\n\n\nNo.\n\nPlayer\n\nDate\n\nTeam\n\nLeague\n\nOpponent\n\nRef\n\n\n—\n\nGeorge Hall (d)\n\nJune 14, 1876\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nNational League\nCincinnati Red Stockings\n[4][16]\n\n\n1\n\nCurry Foley\n\nMay 25, 1882\nBuffalo Bisons\nNational League\nCleveland Blues\n[17]\n\n\n2\n\nLon Knight\n\nJuly 30, 1883\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican Association\nPittsburgh Alleghenys\n[17]\n\n\n3\n\nJohn Reilly (1)\n\nSeptember 12, 1883\nCincinnati Reds\nAmerican Association\nPittsburgh Alleghenys\n[17]\n\n\n4\n\nJohn Reilly (2)\n\nSeptember 19, 1883\nCincinnati Reds\nAmerican Association\nPhiladelphia Athletics\n[17]\n\n\n5\n\nJim O'Rourke\n\nJune 16, 1884\nBuffalo Bisons\nNational League\nChicago White Stockings\n[17]\n\n\n6\n\nDave Orr (1)\n\nJune 12, 1885\nNew York Metropolitans\nAmerican Association\nSt. Louis Brown Stockings\n[17]\n\n\n7\n\nGeorge Wood\n\nJune 13, 1885\nDetroit Wolverines\nNational League\nChicago White Stockings\n[17]\n\n\n8\n\nHenry Larkin\n\nJune 16, 1885\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican Association\nPittsburgh Alleghenys\n[17]\n\n\n9\n\nMox McQuery\n\nSeptember 28, 1885\nDetroit Wolverines\nNational League\nProvidence Grays\n[17]\n\n\n10\n\nFred Dunlap\n\nMay 24, 1886\nSt. Louis Maroons\nNational League\nNew York Gothams\n[17]\n\n\n11\n\nPete Browning (1)\n\nAugust 8, 1886\nLouisville Colonels\nAmerican Association\nNew York Metropolitans\n[17]\n\n\n12\n\nJack Rowe\n\nAugust 21, 1886\nDetroit Wolverines\nNational League\nChicago White Stockings\n[17]\n\n\n13\n\nChippy McGarr\n\nSeptember 23, 1886\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican Association\nSt. Louis Brown Stockings\n[17]\n\n\n14\n\nTip O'Neill (1)\n\nApril 30, 1887\nSt. Louis Brown Stockings\nAmerican Association\nCleveland Blues\n[17]\n\n\n15\n\nFred Carroll\n\nMay 2, 1887\nPittsburgh Alleghenys\nNational League\nDetroit Wolverines\n[17]\n\n\n16\n\nTip O'Neill (2)\n\nMay 7, 1887\nSt. Louis Brown Stockings\nAmerican Association\nLouisville Colonels\n[17]\n\n\n17\n\nDave Orr (2)\n\nAugust 10, 1887\nNew York Metropolitans\nAmerican Association\nBaltimore Orioles\n[17]\n\n\n18\n\nBid McPhee\n\nAugust 26, 1887\nCincinnati Red Stockings\nAmerican Association\nBaltimore Orioles\n[17]\n\n\n19\n\nHarry Stovey\n\nMay 15, 1888\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican Association\nBaltimore Orioles\n[17]\n\n\n20\n\nSam Barkley\n\nJune 13, 1888\nKansas City Cowboys\nAmerican Association\nCincinnati Red Stockings\n[17]\n\n\n21\n\nJimmy Ryan (1)\n\nJuly 28, 1888\nChicago White Stockings\nNational League\nDetroit Wolverines\n[17]\n\n\n22\n\nMike Tiernan (1)\n\nAugust 25, 1888\nNew York Giants\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Quakers\n[17]\n\n\n23\n\nPete Browning (2)\n\nJune 7, 1889\nLouisville Colonels\nAmerican Association\nPhiladelphia Athletics\n[17]\n\n\n24\n\nJack Glasscock\n\nAugust 8, 1889\nIndianapolis Hoosiers\nNational League\nNew York Metropolitans\n[17]\n\n\n25\n\nLarry Twitchell\n\nAugust 15, 1889\nCleveland Spiders\nNational League\nBoston Beaneaters\n[17]\n\n\n26\n\nMike Tiernan (2)\n\nJune 28, 1890\nNew York Giants\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[17]\n\n\n27\n\nBill Van Dyke\n\nJuly 5, 1890\nToledo Maumees\nAmerican Association\nSyracuse Stars\n[17]\n\n\n28\n\nJumbo Davis\n\nJuly 18, 1890\nBrooklyn Gladiators\nAmerican Association\nLouisville Colonels\n[17]\n\n\n29\n\nRoger Connor\n\nJuly 21, 1890\nNew York Giants\nPlayers' League\nBuffalo Bisons\n[17]\n\n\n30\n\nOyster Burns\n\nAugust 1, 1890\nBrooklyn Bridegrooms\nNational League\nPittsburgh Alleghenys\n[17]\n\n\n31\n\nJohn Reilly (3)\n\nAugust 6, 1890\nCincinnati Reds\nNational League\nPittsburgh Alleghenys\n[17]\n\n\n32\n\nFarmer Weaver\n\nAugust 12, 1890\nLouisville Colonels\nAmerican Association\nSyracuse Stars\n[17]\n\n\n33\n\nJimmy Ryan (2)\n\nJuly 1, 1891\nChicago Colts\nNational League\nCleveland Spiders\n[17]\n\n\n34\n\nAbner Dalrymple\n\nSeptember 12, 1891\nMilwaukee Brewers\nAmerican Association\nWashington Senators\n[17]\n\n\n35\n\nLave Cross\n\nApril 24, 1894\nPhiladelphia Phillies\nNational League\nBrooklyn Bridegrooms\n[17]\n\n\n36\n\nBill Hassamaer\n\nJune 13, 1894\nWashington Senators\nNational League\nSt. Louis Brown Stockings\n[17]\n\n\n37\n\nSam Thompson\n\nAugust 17, 1894\nPhiladelphia Phillies\nNational League\nLouisville Colonels\n[17]\n\n\n38\n\nTom Parrott\n\nSeptember 28, 1894\nCincinnati Reds\nNational League\nNew York Giants\n[17]\n\n\n39\n\nTommy Dowd\n\nAugust 16, 1895\nSt. Louis Brown Stockings\nNational League\nLouisville Colonels\n[17]\n\n\n40\n\nEd Cartwright\n\nSeptember 30, 1895\nWashington Senators\nNational League\nBoston Beaneaters\n[17]\n\n\n41\n\nHerman Long\n\nMay 9, 1896\nBoston Beaneaters\nNational League\nLouisville Colonels\n[17]\n\n\n42\n\nBill Joyce\n\nMay 30, 1896\nWashington Senators\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[17]\n\n\n43\n\nHarry Davis\n\nJuly 10, 1901\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican League\nBoston Americans\n[17]\n\n\n44\n\nFred Clarke (1)\n\nJuly 23, 1901\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[17]\n\n\n45\n\nNap Lajoie\n\nJuly 30, 1901\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican League\nCleveland Blues\n[17]\n\n\n46\n\nFred Clarke (2)\n\nMay 7, 1903\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[17]\n\n\n47\n\nBuck Freeman\n\nJune 21, 1903\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nCleveland Naps\n[17]\n\n\n48\n\nPatsy Dougherty\n\nJuly 29, 1903\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nNew York Highlanders\n[17]\n\n\n49\n\nBill Bradley\n\nSeptember 24, 1903\nCleveland Indians\nAmerican League\nWashington Senators\n[17]\n\n\n50\n\nDuff Cooley\n\nJune 20, 1904\nBoston Beaneaters\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[17]\n\n\n51\n\nSam Mertes\n\nOctober 4, 1904\nNew York Giants\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[17]\n\n\n52\n\nJohnny Bates\n\nApril 26, 1907\nBoston Doves\nNational League\nBrooklyn Superbas\n[17]\n\n\n53\n\nOtis Clymer\n\nOctober 2, 1908\nWashington Senators\nAmerican League\nNew York Highlanders\n[17]\n\n\n54\n\nChief Wilson\n\nJuly 3, 1910\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[17]\n\n\n55\n\nDanny Murphy\n\nAugust 25, 1910\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican League\nSt. Louis Browns\n[17]\n\n\n56\n\nBill Collins*\n\nOctober 6, 1910\nBoston Doves\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[17]\n\n\n57\n\nFrank Baker\n\nJuly 3, 1911\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican League\nNew York Highlanders\n[17]\n\n\n58\n\nTris Speaker\n\nJune 9, 1912\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nSt. Louis Browns\n[17]\n\n\n59\n\nChief Meyers\n\nJune 10, 1912\nNew York Giants\nNational League\nChicago Cubs\n[17]\n\n\n60\n\nBert Daniels\n\nJuly 25, 1912\nNew York Highlanders\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[17]\n\n\n61\n\nHonus Wagner\n\nAugust 22, 1912\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nNew York Giants\n[17]\n\n\n62\n\nEd Lennox\n\nMay 6, 1914\nPittsburgh Rebels\nFederal League\nKansas City Packers\n[17]\n\n\n63\n\nHeinie Groh\n\nJuly 5, 1915\nCincinnati Reds\nNational League\nChicago Cubs\n[17]\n\n\n64\n\nCliff Heathcote\n\nJune 13, 1918\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[18]\n\n\n65\n\nGeorge Sisler (1)\n\nAugust 8, 1920\nSt. Louis Browns\nAmerican League\nWashington Senators\n[19]\n\n\n66\n\nGeorge Burns\n\nSeptember 17, 1920\nNew York Giants\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[20]\n\n\n67\n\nBobby Veach\n\nSeptember 17, 1920\nDetroit Tigers\nAmerican League\nBoston Red Sox\n[21]\n\n\n68\n\nBob Meusel (1)\n\nMay 7, 1921\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nWashington Senators\n[22]\n\n\n69\n\nDave Bancroft\n\nJune 1, 1921\nNew York Giants\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[23]\n\n\n70\n\nGeorge Sisler (2)\n\nAugust 13, 1921\nSt. Louis Browns\nAmerican League\nDetroit Tigers\n[24]\n\n\n71\n\nDave Robertson\n\nAugust 30, 1921\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nBrooklyn Robins\n[25]\n\n\n72\n\nRoss Youngs\n\nApril 29, 1922\nNew York Giants\nNational League\nBoston Braves\n[26]\n\n\n73\n\nJimmy Johnston\n\nMay 25, 1922\nBrooklyn Robins\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[27]\n\n\n74\n\nRay Schalk\n\nJune 27, 1922\nChicago White Sox\nAmerican League\nDetroit Tigers\n[28]\n\n\n75\n\nBob Meusel (2)\n\nJuly 3, 1922\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nPhiladelphia Athletics\n[29]\n\n\n76\n\nPie Traynor\n\nJuly 7, 1923\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[30]\n\n\n77\n\nBaby Doll Jacobson\n\nApril 17, 1924\nSt. Louis Browns\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[31]\n\n\n78\n\nGoose Goslin\n\nAugust 28, 1924\nWashington Senators\nAmerican League\nNew York Yankees\n[32]\n\n\n79\n\nKiki Cuyler\n\nJune 4, 1925\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[33]\n\n\n80\n\nMax Carey\n\nJune 20, 1925\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nBrooklyn Robins\n[34]\n\n\n81\n\nRoy Carlyle\n\nJuly 21, 1925\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[35]\n\n\n82\n\nBob Fothergill*\n\nSeptember 26, 1926\nDetroit Tigers\nAmerican League\nBoston Red Sox\n[36]\n\n\n83\n\nJim Bottomley\n\nJuly 15, 1927\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[37]\n\n\n84\n\nCy Williams\n\nAugust 5, 1927\nPhiladelphia Phillies\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[38]\n\n\n85\n\nBill Terry\n\nMay 29, 1928\nNew York Giants\nNational League\nBrooklyn Robins\n[39]\n\n\n86\n\nBob Meusel (3)\n\nJuly 26, 1928\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nDetroit Tigers\n[40]\n\n\n87\n\nMel Ott\n\nMay 16, 1929\nNew York Giants\nNational League\nBoston Braves\n[41]\n\n\n88\n\nSki Melillo\n\nMay 23, 1929\nSt. Louis Browns\nAmerican League\nCleveland Indians\n[42]\n\n\n89\n\nJoe Cronin (1)\n\nSeptember 2, 1929\nWashington Senators\nAmerican League\nBoston Red Sox\n[43]\n\n\n90\n\nFreddie Lindstrom\n\nMay 8, 1930\nNew York Giants\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[44]\n\n\n91\n\nHack Wilson\n\nJune 23, 1930\nChicago Cubs\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[45]\n\n\n92\n\nChick Hafey\n\nAugust 21, 1930\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[46]\n\n\n93\n\nBabe Herman (1)\n\nMay 18, 1931\nBrooklyn Robins\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[47]\n\n\n94\n\nChuck Klein (1)\n\nJuly 1, 1931\nPhiladelphia Phillies\nNational League\nChicago Cubs\n[48]\n\n\n95\n\nBabe Herman (2)\n\nJuly 24, 1931\nBrooklyn Robins\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[49]\n\n\n96\n\nTony Lazzeri*\n\nJune 3, 1932\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nPhiladelphia Athletics\n[50]\n\n\n97\n\nMickey Cochrane (1)\n\nJuly 22, 1932\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican League\nWashington Senators\n[51]\n\n\n98\n\nPepper Martin\n\nMay 5, 1933\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[52]\n\n\n99\n\nChuck Klein (2)\n\nMay 26, 1933\nPhiladelphia Phillies\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[53]\n\n\n100\n\nArky Vaughan (1)\n\nJune 24, 1933\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nBrooklyn Dodgers\n[54]\n\n\n101\n\nMickey Cochrane (2)\n\nAugust 2, 1933\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican League\nNew York Yankees\n[55]\n\n\n102\n\nPinky Higgins\n\nAugust 6, 1933\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican League\nWashington Senators\n[56]\n\n\n103\n\nJimmie Foxx\n\nAugust 14, 1933\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican League\nCleveland Indians\n[57]\n\n\n104\n\nEarl Averill\n\nAugust 17, 1933\nCleveland Indians\nAmerican League\nPhiladelphia Athletics\n[58]\n\n\n105\n\nBabe Herman (3)\n\nSeptember 30, 1933\nChicago Cubs\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[59]\n\n\n106\n\nDoc Cramer\n\nJune 10, 1934\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican League\nNew York Yankees\n[60]\n\n\n107\n\nLou Gehrig (1)\n\nJune 25, 1934\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[61]\n\n\n108\n\nMoose Solters\n\nAugust 19, 1934\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nDetroit Tigers\n[62]\n\n\n109\n\nJoe Medwick\n\nJune 29, 1935\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[63]\n\n\n110\n\nSam Leslie\n\nMay 24, 1936\nNew York Giants\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[64]\n\n\n111\n\nGee Walker\n\nApril 20, 1937\nDetroit Tigers\nAmerican League\nCleveland Indians\n[65]\n\n\n112\n\nJoe DiMaggio (1)\n\nJuly 9, 1937\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nWashington Senators\n[66]\n\n\n113\n\nLou Gehrig (2)\n\nAugust 1, 1937\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nSt. Louis Browns\n[67]\n\n\n114\n\nOdell Hale\n\nJuly 12, 1938\nCleveland Indians\nAmerican League\nWashington Senators\n[68]\n\n\n115\n\nSam Chapman\n\nMay 5, 1939\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican League\nSt. Louis Browns\n[69]\n\n\n116\n\nCharlie Gehringer*\n\nMay 27, 1939\nDetroit Tigers\nAmerican League\nSt. Louis Browns\n[70]\n\n\n117\n\nArky Vaughan (2)\n\nJuly 19, 1939\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nNew York Giants\n[71]\n\n\n118\n\nHarry Craft\n\nJune 8, 1940\nCincinnati Reds\nNational League\nBrooklyn Dodgers\n[72]\n\n\n119\n\nHarry Danning\n\nJune 15, 1940\nNew York Giants\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[73]\n\n\n120\n\nJohnny Mize\n\nJuly 13, 1940\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nNew York Giants\n[74]\n\n\n121\n\nBuddy Rosar\n\nJuly 19, 1940\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nCleveland Indians\n[75]\n\n\n122\n\nJoe Cronin (2)\n\nAugust 2, 1940\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nDetroit Tigers\n[76]\n\n\n123\n\nJoe Gordon\n\nSeptember 8, 1940\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nBoston Red Sox\n[77]\n\n\n124\n\nGeorge McQuinn\n\nJuly 19, 1941\nSt. Louis Browns\nAmerican League\nBoston Red Sox\n[78]\n\n\n125\n\nLeon Culberson*\n\nJuly 3, 1943\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nCleveland Indians\n[79]\n\n\n126\n\nBobby Doerr (1)\n\nMay 17, 1944\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nSt. Louis Browns\n[80]\n\n\n127\n\nBob Johnson\n\nJuly 6, 1944\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nDetroit Tigers\n[81]\n\n\n128\n\nDixie Walker\n\nSeptember 2, 1944\nBrooklyn Dodgers\nNational League\nNew York Giants\n[82]\n\n\n129\n\nBob Elliott\n\nJuly 15, 1945\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nBrooklyn Dodgers\n[83]\n\n\n130\n\nBill Salkeld\n\nAugust 4, 1945\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[84]\n\n\n131\n\nMickey Vernon\n\nMay 19, 1946\nWashington Senators\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[85]\n\n\n132\n\nTed Williams\n\nJuly 21, 1946\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nSt. Louis Browns\n[86]\n\n\n133\n\nBobby Doerr (2)\n\nMay 13, 1947\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[87]\n\n\n134\n\nVic Wertz\n\nSeptember 14, 1947\nDetroit Tigers\nAmerican League\nWashington Senators\n[88]\n\n\n135\n\nJoe DiMaggio† (2)\n\nMay 20, 1948\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[89]\n\n\n136\n\nWally Westlake (1)\n\nJuly 30, 1948\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nBrooklyn Dodgers\n[90]\n\n\n137\n\nJackie Robinson†\n\nAugust 29, 1948\nBrooklyn Dodgers\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[91]\n\n\n138\n\nWally Westlake (2)\n\nJune 14, 1949\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nBoston Braves\n[92]\n\n\n139\n\nGil Hodges\n\nJune 25, 1949\nBrooklyn Dodgers\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[93]\n\n\n140\n\nStan Musial\n\nJuly 24, 1949\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nBrooklyn Dodgers\n[94]\n\n\n141\n\nGeorge Kell\n\nJune 2, 1950\nDetroit Tigers\nAmerican League\nPhiladelphia Athletics\n[95]\n\n\n142\n\nRalph Kiner\n\nJune 25, 1950\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nBrooklyn Dodgers\n[96]\n\n\n143\n\nRoy Smalley\n\nJune 28, 1950\nChicago Cubs\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[97]\n\n\n144\n\nElmer Valo\n\nAugust 2, 1950\nPhiladelphia Athletics\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[98]\n\n\n145\n\nHoot Evers\n\nSeptember 7, 1950\nDetroit Tigers\nAmerican League\nCleveland Indians\n[99]\n\n\n146\n\nGus Bell\n\nJune 4, 1951\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[100]\n\n\n147\n\nLarry Doby\n\nJune 4, 1952\nCleveland Indians\nAmerican League\nBoston Red Sox\n[101]\n\n\n148\n\nDon Mueller\n\nJuly 11, 1954\nNew York Giants\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[102]\n\n\n149\n\nLee Walls\n\nJuly 2, 1957\nChicago Cubs\nNational League\nCincinnati Redlegs\n[103]\n\n\n150\n\nMickey Mantle\n\nJuly 23, 1957\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[104]\n\n\n151\n\nFrank Robinson\n\nMay 2, 1959\nCincinnati Reds\nNational League\nLos Angeles Dodgers\n[105]\n\n\n152\n\nBrooks Robinson\n\nMay 15, 1960\nBaltimore Orioles\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[106]\n\n\n153\n\nBill White\n\nAugust 14, 1960\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[107]\n\n\n154\n\nKen Boyer (1)\n\nSeptember 14, 1961\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nChicago Cubs\n[108]\n\n\n155\n\nLou Clinton\n\nJuly 13, 1962\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nKansas City Athletics\n[109]\n\n\n156\n\nJohnny Callison\n\nJune 27, 1963\nPhiladelphia Phillies\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[110]\n\n\n157\n\nJim Hickman*\n\nAugust 7, 1963\nNew York Mets\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[111]\n\n\n158\n\nJim King\n\nMay 26, 1964\nWashington Senators\nAmerican League\nBoston Red Sox\n[112]\n\n\n159\n\nKen Boyer* (2)\n\nJune 16, 1964\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nHouston Colt .45s\n[113]\n\n\n160\n\nWillie Stargell\n\nJuly 22, 1964\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[114]\n\n\n161\n\nJim Fregosi (1)\n\nJuly 28, 1964\nLos Angeles Angels\nAmerican League\nNew York Yankees\n[115]\n\n\n162\n\nCarl Yastrzemski\n\nMay 14, 1965\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nDetroit Tigers\n[116]\n\n\n163\n\nBilly Williams*\n\nJuly 17, 1966\nChicago Cubs\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[117]\n\n\n164\n\nRandy Hundley\n\nAugust 11, 1966\nChicago Cubs\nNational League\nHouston Astros\n[118]\n\n\n165\n\nJim Fregosi (2)\n\nMay 20, 1968\nCalifornia Angels\nAmerican League\nBoston Red Sox\n[119]\n\n\n166\n\nWes Parker\n\nMay 7, 1970\nLos Angeles Dodgers\nNational League\nNew York Mets\n[120]\n\n\n167\n\nRod Carew\n\nMay 20, 1970\nMinnesota Twins\nAmerican League\nKansas City Royals\n[121]\n\n\n168\n\nTony Horton\n\nJuly 2, 1970\nCleveland Indians\nAmerican League\nBaltimore Orioles\n[122]\n\n\n169\n\nTommie Agee\n\nJuly 6, 1970\nNew York Mets\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[123]\n\n\n170\n\nJim Ray Hart\n\nJuly 8, 1970\nSan Francisco Giants\nNational League\nAtlanta Braves\n[124]\n\n\n171\n\nFreddie Patek\n\nJuly 9, 1971\nKansas City Royals\nAmerican League\nMinnesota Twins\n[125]\n\n\n172\n\nDave Kingman\n\nApril 16, 1972\nSan Francisco Giants\nNational League\nHouston Astros\n[126]\n\n\n173\n\nCésar Cedeño (1)\n\nAugust 2, 1972\nHouston Astros\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[127]\n\n\n174\n\nBobby Murcer\n\nAugust 29, 1972\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nTexas Rangers\n[128]\n\n\n175\n\nCésar Tovar\n\nSeptember 19, 1972\nMinnesota Twins\nAmerican League\nTexas Rangers\n[129]\n\n\n176\n\nJoe Torre\n\nJune 27, 1973\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[130]\n\n\n177\n\nRichie Zisk\n\nJune 9, 1974\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nSan Francisco Giants\n[131]\n\n\n178\n\nLou Brock\n\nMay 27, 1975\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nSan Diego Padres\n[132]\n\n\n179\n\nTim Foli*\n\nApril 22, 1976\nMontreal Expos\nNational League\nChicago Cubs\n[133]\n\n\n180\n\nLarry Hisle\n\nJune 4, 1976\nMinnesota Twins\nAmerican League\nBaltimore Orioles\n[134]\n\n\n181\n\nMike Phillips\n\nJune 25, 1976\nNew York Mets\nNational League\nChicago Cubs\n[135]\n\n\n182\n\nLyman Bostock\n\nJuly 24, 1976\nMinnesota Twins\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[136]\n\n\n183\n\nCésar Cedeño (2)\n\nAugust 9, 1976\nHouston Astros\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[137]\n\n\n184\n\nMike Hegan\n\nSeptember 3, 1976\nMilwaukee Brewers\nAmerican League\nDetroit Tigers\n[138]\n\n\n185\n\nBob Watson (1)\n\nJune 24, 1977\nHouston Astros\nNational League\nSan Francisco Giants\n[139]\n\n\n186\n\nJohn Mayberry\n\nAugust 5, 1977\nKansas City Royals\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[140]\n\n\n187\n\nJack Brohamer\n\nSeptember 24, 1977\nChicago White Sox\nAmerican League\nSeattle Mariners\n[141]\n\n\n188\n\nAndre Thornton\n\nApril 22, 1978\nCleveland Indians\nAmerican League\nBoston Red Sox\n[142]\n\n\n189\n\nChris Speier (1)\n\nJuly 20, 1978\nMontreal Expos\nNational League\nAtlanta Braves\n[143]\n\n\n190\n\nMike Cubbage\n\nJuly 27, 1978\nMinnesota Twins\nAmerican League\nToronto Blue Jays\n[144]\n\n\n191\n\nGeorge Brett (1)\n\nMay 28, 1979\nKansas City Royals\nAmerican League\nBaltimore Orioles\n[145]\n\n\n192\n\nDan Ford\n\nAugust 10, 1979\nCalifornia Angels\nAmerican League\nSeattle Mariners\n[146]\n\n\n193\n\nBob Watson* (2)\n\nSeptember 15, 1979\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nBaltimore Orioles\n[147]\n\n\n194\n\nFrank White (1)\n\nSeptember 26, 1979\nKansas City Royals\nAmerican League\nCalifornia Angels\n[148]\n\n\n195\n\nIván DeJesús\n\nApril 22, 1980\nChicago Cubs\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[149]\n\n\n196\n\nFred Lynn\n\nMay 13, 1980\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nMinnesota Twins\n[150]\n\n\n197\n\nMike Easler\n\nJune 12, 1980\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[151]\n\n\n198\n\nGary Ward\n\nSeptember 18, 1980\nMinnesota Twins\nAmerican League\nMilwaukee Brewers\n[152]\n\n\n199\n\nCharlie Moore\n\nOctober 1, 1980\nMilwaukee Brewers\nAmerican League\nCalifornia Angels\n[153]\n\n\n200\n\nFrank White (2)\n\nAugust 3, 1982\nKansas City Royals\nAmerican League\nDetroit Tigers\n[154]\n\n\n201\n\nCal Ripken, Jr.\n\nMay 6, 1984\nBaltimore Orioles\nAmerican League\nTexas Rangers\n[155]\n\n\n202\n\nCarlton Fisk\n\nMay 16, 1984\nChicago White Sox\nAmerican League\nKansas City Royals\n[156]\n\n\n203\n\nWillie McGee\n\nJune 23, 1984\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nChicago Cubs\n[157]\n\n\n204\n\nDwight Evans\n\nJune 28, 1984\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nSeattle Mariners\n[158]\n\n\n205\n\nJeffrey Leonard\n\nJune 27, 1985\nSan Francisco Giants\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[159]\n\n\n206\n\nKeith Hernandez\n\nJuly 4, 1985\nNew York Mets\nNational League\nAtlanta Braves\n[160]\n\n\n207\n\nOddibe McDowell\n\nJuly 23, 1985\nTexas Rangers\nAmerican League\nCleveland Indians\n[161]\n\n\n208\n\nRich Gedman\n\nSeptember 18, 1985\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nToronto Blue Jays\n[162]\n\n\n209\n\nTony Phillips\n\nMay 16, 1986\nOakland Athletics\nAmerican League\nBaltimore Orioles\n[163]\n\n\n210\n\nKirby Puckett\n\nAugust 1, 1986\nMinnesota Twins\nAmerican League\nOakland Athletics\n[164]\n\n\n211\n\nAndre Dawson\n\nApril 29, 1987\nChicago Cubs\nNational League\nSan Francisco Giants\n[165]\n\n\n212\n\nCandy Maldonado\n\nMay 4, 1987\nSan Francisco Giants\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[166]\n\n\n213\n\nTim Raines\n\nAugust 16, 1987\nMontreal Expos\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[167]\n\n\n214\n\nAlbert Hall\n\nSeptember 23, 1987\nAtlanta Braves\nNational League\nHouston Astros\n[168]\n\n\n215\n\nRobin Yount\n\nJune 12, 1988\nMilwaukee Brewers\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[169]\n\n\n216\n\nChris Speier (2)\n\nJuly 9, 1988\nSan Francisco Giants\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[170]\n\n\n217\n\nMike Greenwell\n\nSeptember 14, 1988\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nBaltimore Orioles\n[171]\n\n\n218\n\nKelly Gruber\n\nApril 16, 1989\nToronto Blue Jays\nAmerican League\nKansas City Royals\n[172]\n\n\n219\n\nEric Davis\n\nJune 2, 1989\nCincinnati Reds\nNational League\nSan Diego Padres\n[173]\n\n\n220\n\nKevin McReynolds\n\nAugust 1, 1989\nNew York Mets\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[174]\n\n\n221\n\nGary Redus\n\nAugust 25, 1989\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[175]\n\n\n222\n\nGeorge Brett (2)\n\nJuly 25, 1990\nKansas City Royals\nAmerican League\nToronto Blue Jays\n[176]\n\n\n223\n\nRobby Thompson\n\nApril 22, 1991\nSan Francisco Giants\nNational League\nSan Diego Padres\n[177]\n\n\n224\n\nPaul Molitor\n\nMay 15, 1991\nMilwaukee Brewers\nAmerican League\nMinnesota Twins\n[178]\n\n\n225\n\nDave Winfield\n\nJune 24, 1991\nCalifornia Angels\nAmerican League\nKansas City Royals\n[179]\n\n\n226\n\nRay Lankford\n\nSeptember 15, 1991\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nNew York Mets\n[180]\n\n\n227\n\nAndújar Cedeño\n\nAugust 25, 1992\nHouston Astros\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[181]\n\n\n228\n\nMark Grace\n\nMay 9, 1993\nChicago Cubs\nNational League\nSan Diego Padres\n[182]\n\n\n229\n\nJay Buhner\n\nJune 23, 1993\nSeattle Mariners\nAmerican League\nOakland Athletics\n[183]\n\n\n230\n\nTravis Fryman\n\nJuly 28, 1993\nDetroit Tigers\nAmerican League\nNew York Yankees\n[184]\n\n\n231\n\nScott Cooper\n\nApril 12, 1994\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nKansas City Royals\n[185]\n\n\n232\n\nRondell White\n\nJune 11, 1995\nMontreal Expos\nNational League\nSan Francisco Giants\n[186]\n\n\n233\n\nGregg Jefferies\n\nAugust 25, 1995\nPhiladelphia Phillies\nNational League\nLos Angeles Dodgers\n[187]\n\n\n234\n\nTony Fernández\n\nSeptember 3, 1995\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nOakland Athletics\n[188]\n\n\n235\n\nJohn Mabry*\n\nMay 18, 1996\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nColorado Rockies\n[189]\n\n\n236\n\nJohn Valentin\n\nJune 6, 1996\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[190]\n\n\n237\n\nAlex Ochoa\n\nJuly 3, 1996\nNew York Mets\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[191]\n\n\n238\n\nAlex Rodriguez\n\nJune 5, 1997\nSeattle Mariners\nAmerican League\nDetroit Tigers\n[192]\n\n\n239\n\nJohn Olerud (1)\n\nSeptember 11, 1997\nNew York Mets\nNational League\nMontreal Expos\n[193]\n\n\n240\n\nMike Blowers\n\nMay 18, 1998\nOakland Athletics\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[194]\n\n\n241\n\nDante Bichette\n\nJune 10, 1998\nColorado Rockies\nNational League\nTexas Rangers\n[195]\n\n\n242\n\nNeifi Pérez\n\nJuly 25, 1998\nColorado Rockies\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[196]\n\n\n243\n\nJeff Kent\n\nMay 3, 1999\nSan Francisco Giants\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[197]\n\n\n244\n\nTodd Helton\n\nJune 19, 1999\nColorado Rockies\nNational League\nFlorida Marlins\n[198]\n\n\n245\n\nChris Singleton\n\nJuly 6, 1999\nChicago White Sox\nAmerican League\nKansas City Royals\n[199]\n\n\n246\n\nJosé Valentín*\n\nApril 27, 2000\nChicago White Sox\nAmerican League\nBaltimore Orioles\n[200]\n\n\n247\n\nJason Kendall\n\nMay 19, 2000\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[201]\n\n\n248\n\nMike Lansing\n\nJune 18, 2000\nColorado Rockies\nNational League\nArizona Diamondbacks\n[202]\n\n\n249\n\nEric Chavez\n\nJune 21, 2000\nOakland Athletics\nAmerican League\nBaltimore Orioles\n[203]\n\n\n250\n\nLuis Gonzalez\n\nJuly 5, 2000\nArizona Diamondbacks\nNational League\nHouston Astros\n[204]\n\n\n251\n\nDamion Easley\n\nJune 8, 2001\nDetroit Tigers\nAmerican League\nMilwaukee Brewers\n[205]\n\n\n252\n\nJohn Olerud (2)\n\nJune 16, 2001\nSeattle Mariners\nAmerican League\nSan Diego Padres\n[206]\n\n\n253\n\nJeff Bagwell\n\nJuly 18, 2001\nHouston Astros\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[207]\n\n\n254\n\nJeff Frye\n\nAugust 17, 2001\nToronto Blue Jays\nAmerican League\nTexas Rangers\n[208]\n\n\n255\n\nMiguel Tejada\n\nSeptember 29, 2001\nOakland Athletics\nAmerican League\nSeattle Mariners\n[209]\n\n\n256\n\nCraig Biggio\n\nApril 8, 2002\nHouston Astros\nNational League\nColorado Rockies\n[210]\n\n\n257\n\nGreg Colbrunn\n\nSeptember 18, 2002\nArizona Diamondbacks\nNational League\nSan Diego Padres\n[211]\n\n\n258\n\nBrad Wilkerson* (1)\n\nJune 24, 2003\nMontreal Expos\nNational League\nPittsburgh Pirates\n[212]\n\n\n259\n\nEric Byrnes\n\nJune 29, 2003\nOakland Athletics\nAmerican League\nSan Francisco Giants\n[213]\n\n\n260\n\nTravis Hafner\n\nAugust 14, 2003\nCleveland Indians\nAmerican League\nMinnesota Twins\n[214]\n\n\n261\n\nVladimir Guerrero\n\nSeptember 14, 2003\nMontreal Expos\nNational League\nNew York Mets\n[215]\n\n\n262\n\nChad Moeller\n\nApril 27, 2004\nMilwaukee Brewers\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[216]\n\n\n263\n\nDaryle Ward\n\nMay 26, 2004\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[217]\n\n\n264\n\nDavid Bell\n\nJune 28, 2004\nPhiladelphia Phillies\nNational League\nMontreal Expos\n[218]\n\n\n265\n\nEric Valent\n\nJuly 29, 2004\nNew York Mets\nNational League\nMontreal Expos\n[219]\n\n\n266\n\nMark Teixeira\n\nAugust 17, 2004\nTexas Rangers\nAmerican League\nCleveland Indians\n[220]\n\n\n267\n\nJeff DaVanon\n\nAugust 25, 2004\nAnaheim Angels\nAmerican League\nKansas City Royals\n[221]\n\n\n268\n\nBrad Wilkerson (2)\n\nApril 6, 2005\nWashington Nationals\nNational League\nPhiladelphia Phillies\n[222]\n\n\n269\n\nMark Grudzielanek\n\nApril 27, 2005\nSt. Louis Cardinals\nNational League\nMilwaukee Brewers\n[223]\n\n\n270\n\nRandy Winn\n\nAugust 15, 2005\nSan Francisco Giants\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[224]\n\n\n271\n\nJosé Reyes\n\nJune 21, 2006\nNew York Mets\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[225]\n\n\n272\n\nLuke Scott\n\nJuly 28, 2006\nHouston Astros\nNational League\nArizona Diamondbacks\n[226]\n\n\n273\n\nCarlos Guillén\n\nAugust 1, 2006\nDetroit Tigers\nAmerican League\nTampa Bay Devil Rays\n[227]\n\n\n274\n\nGary Matthews, Jr.*\n\nSeptember 13, 2006\nTexas Rangers\nAmerican League\nDetroit Tigers\n[228]\n\n\n275\n\nChone Figgins\n\nSeptember 16, 2006\nLos Angeles Angels of Anaheim\nAmerican League\nTexas Rangers\n[229]\n\n\n276\n\nFred Lewis\n\nMay 13, 2007\nSan Francisco Giants\nNational League\nColorado Rockies\n[230]\n\n\n277\n\nMark Ellis\n\nJune 4, 2007\nOakland Athletics\nAmerican League\nBoston Red Sox\n[231]\n\n\n278\n\nAubrey Huff\n\nJune 29, 2007\nBaltimore Orioles\nAmerican League\nLos Angeles Angels of Anaheim\n[232]\n\n\n279\n\nCarlos Gómez (1)\n\nMay 7, 2008\nMinnesota Twins\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[233]\n\n\n280\n\nMark Kotsay\n\nAugust 14, 2008\nAtlanta Braves\nNational League\nChicago Cubs\n[234]\n\n\n281\n\nCristian Guzmán\n\nAugust 28, 2008\nWashington Nationals\nNational League\nLos Angeles Dodgers\n[235]\n\n\n282\n\nStephen Drew\n\nSeptember 1, 2008\nArizona Diamondbacks\nNational League\nSt. Louis Cardinals\n[236]\n\n\n283\n\nAdrián Beltré (1)\n\nSeptember 1, 2008\nSeattle Mariners\nAmerican League\nTexas Rangers\n[237]\n\n\n284\n\nOrlando Hudson\n\nApril 13, 2009\nLos Angeles Dodgers\nNational League\nSan Francisco Giants\n[238]\n\n\n285\n\nIan Kinsler\n\nApril 15, 2009\nTexas Rangers\nAmerican League\nBaltimore Orioles\n[239]\n\n\n286\n\nJason Kubel\n\nApril 17, 2009\nMinnesota Twins\nAmerican League\nLos Angeles Angels of Anaheim\n[240]\n\n\n287\n\nMichael Cuddyer (1)\n\nMay 22, 2009\nMinnesota Twins\nAmerican League\nMilwaukee Brewers\n[241]\n\n\n288\n\nMelky Cabrera\n\nAugust 2, 2009\nNew York Yankees\nAmerican League\nChicago White Sox\n[242]\n\n\n289\n\nTroy Tulowitzki\n\nAugust 10, 2009\nColorado Rockies\nNational League\nChicago Cubs\n[243]\n\n\n290\n\nFélix Pie\n\nAugust 14, 2009\nBaltimore Orioles\nAmerican League\nLos Angeles Angels of Anaheim\n[244]\n\n\n291\n\nB. J. Upton\n\nOctober 2, 2009\nTampa Bay Rays\nAmerican League\nNew York Yankees\n[245]\n\n\n292\n\nJody Gerut\n\nMay 8, 2010\nMilwaukee Brewers\nNational League\nArizona Diamondbacks\n[246]\n\n\n293\n\nBengie Molina\n\nJuly 16, 2010\nTexas Rangers\nAmerican League\nBoston Red Sox\n[247]\n\n\n294\n\nKelly Johnson\n\nJuly 23, 2010\nArizona Diamondbacks\nNational League\nSan Francisco Giants\n[248]\n\n\n295\n\nCarlos González\n\nJuly 31, 2010\nColorado Rockies\nNational League\nChicago Cubs\n[249]\n\n\n296\n\nGeorge Kottaras\n\nSeptember 3, 2011\nMilwaukee Brewers\nNational League\nHouston Astros\n[250]\n\n\n297\n\nPablo Sandoval\n\nSeptember 15, 2011\nSan Francisco Giants\nNational League\nColorado Rockies\n[251]\n\n\n298\n\nScott Hairston\n\nApril 27, 2012\nNew York Mets\nNational League\nColorado Rockies\n[252]\n\n\n299\n\nAaron Hill (1)\n\nJune 18, 2012\nArizona Diamondbacks\nNational League\nSeattle Mariners\n[253]\n\n\n300\n\nAaron Hill (2)\n\nJune 29, 2012\nArizona Diamondbacks\nNational League\nMilwaukee Brewers\n[254]\n\n\n301\n\nAdrián Beltré (2)\n\nAugust 24, 2012\nTexas Rangers\nAmerican League\nMinnesota Twins\n[255]\n\n\n302\n\nMike Trout\n\nMay 21, 2013\nLos Angeles Angels of Anaheim\nAmerican League\nSeattle Mariners\n[256]\n\n\n303\n\nBrandon Barnes\n\nJuly 19, 2013\nHouston Astros\nAmerican League\nSeattle Mariners\n[257]\n\n\n304\n\nAlex Ríos\n\nSeptember 23, 2013\nTexas Rangers\nAmerican League\nHouston Astros\n[258]\n\n\n305\n\nMichael Cuddyer (2)\n\nAugust 17, 2014\nColorado Rockies\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[259]\n\n\n306\n\nBrock Holt\n\nJune 16, 2015\nBoston Red Sox\nAmerican League\nAtlanta Braves\n[260]\n\n\n307\n\nShin-Soo Choo\n\nJuly 21, 2015\nTexas Rangers\nAmerican League\nColorado Rockies\n[261]\n\n\n308\n\nAdrián Beltré (3)\n\nAugust 3, 2015\nTexas Rangers\nAmerican League\nHouston Astros\n[262]\n\n\n309\n\nMatt Kemp\n\nAugust 14, 2015\nSan Diego Padres\nNational League\nColorado Rockies\n[263]\n\n\n310\n\nFreddie Freeman\n\nJune 15, 2016\nAtlanta Braves\nNational League\nCincinnati Reds\n[264]\n\n\n311\n\nRajai Davis\n\nJuly 2, 2016\nCleveland Indians\nAmerican League\nToronto Blue Jays\n[265]\n\n\n312\n\nJohn Jaso\n\nSeptember 28, 2016\nPittsburgh Pirates\nNational League\nChicago Cubs\n[266]\n\n\n313\n\nWil Myers\n\nApril 10, 2017\nSan Diego Padres\nNational League\nColorado Rockies\n[267]\n\n\n314\n\nTrea Turner\n\nApril 25, 2017\nWashington Nationals\nNational League\nColorado Rockies\n[268]\n\n\n315\n\nCarlos Gómez (2)\n\nApril 29, 2017\nTexas Rangers\nAmerican League\nLos Angeles Angels of Anaheim\n[269]\n\n\n316\n\nNolan Arenado\n\nJune 18, 2017\nColorado Rockies\nNational League\nSan Francisco Giants\n[270]\n\n\n317\n\nCody Bellinger\n\nJuly 15, 2017\nLos Angeles Dodgers\nNational League\nMiami Marlins\n[271]\n\n\n318\n\nEvan Longoria\n\nAugust 1, 2017\nTampa Bay Rays\nAmerican League\nHouston Astros\n[272]\n\n\n319\n\nJosé Abreu\n\nSeptember 9, 2017\nChicago White Sox\nAmerican League\nSan Francisco Giants\n[273]\n"
] | [
"Dave Orr"
] |
8976074175058128961 | Major League Baseball | Major League Baseball - wikipedia Major League Baseball `` MLB '' redirects here . For Minor League Baseball , see Minor League Baseball . For other uses , see MLB ( disambiguation ) . Major League Baseball Current season , competition or edition : 2018 Major League Baseball season Sport Baseball Founded 1903 ; 115 years ago ( 1903 ) ( National League , 1876 ) ( American League , 1901 ) Commissioner Rob Manfred No. of teams 30 Countries United States ( 29 teams ) Canada ( 1 team ) Headquarters New York City , New York , United States Most recent champion ( s ) Houston Astros ( 1st title ) Most titles New York Yankees ( 27 titles ) TV partner ( s ) United States : Fox / FS1 TBS ESPN / ESPN2 MLB Network Canada : Sportsnet RDS TVA Sports TSN / TSN2 MLB Network Official website mlb.com Major League Baseball ( MLB ) is a professional baseball organization , the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada . A total of 30 teams play in the National League ( NL ) and American League ( AL ) , with 15 teams in each league . The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 respectively . After cooperating but remaining legally separate entities beginning in 1903 , the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball in 2000 . The organization also oversees Minor League Baseball , which comprises about 240 teams affiliated with the Major League clubs . With the World Baseball Softball Confederation , MLB manages the international World Baseball Classic tournament . Baseball 's first openly all - professional team was founded in Cincinnati in 1869 . ( There had been teams in the past that paid some players , and some that had paid all players but under the table . ) The first few decades of professional baseball were characterized by rivalries between leagues and by players who often jumped from one team or league to another . The period before 1920 in baseball was known as the dead - ball era ; players rarely hit home runs during this time . Baseball survived a conspiracy to fix the 1919 World Series , which came to be known as the Black Sox Scandal . The sport rose in popularity in the 1920s , and survived potential downturns during the Great Depression and World War II . Shortly after the war , Jackie Robinson broke baseball 's color barrier . The 1950s and 1960s were a time of expansion for the AL and NL , then new stadiums and artificial turf surfaces began to change the game in the 1970s and 1980s . Home runs dominated the game during the 1990s , and media reports began to discuss the use of anabolic steroids among Major League players in the mid-2000s . In 2006 , an investigation produced the Mitchell Report , which implicated many players in the use of performance - enhancing substances , including at least one player from each team . Today , MLB is composed of 30 teams : 29 in the United States and one in Canada . Teams play 162 games each season and five teams in each league advance to a four - round postseason tournament that culminates in the World Series , a best - of - seven championship series between the two league champions that dates to 1903 . Baseball broadcasts are aired on television , radio , and the Internet throughout North America and in several other countries throughout the world . MLB has the highest season attendance of any sports league in the world with more than 73 million spectators in 2015 . Contents 1 Organizational structure 2 League organization 3 Teams 4 History 4.1 Founding 4.2 Dead - ball era 4.3 Rise in popularity 4.4 World War II era 4.5 Breaking the color barrier 4.6 Women in baseball 4.7 Expanding west , south and north 4.8 Pitching dominance and rule changes 4.9 New stadiums and artificial surfaces 4.10 Steroid era 5 Uniforms 6 Season structure 6.1 Spring training 6.2 Regular season 6.3 All - Star Game 6.4 Postseason 7 International play 8 Steroids in baseball 9 Media coverage 9.1 Television 9.2 Blackout policy 9.3 Radio and Internet 9.4 International broadcasting 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Organizational structure ( edit ) MLB is governed by the Major League Baseball Constitution . This document has undergone several incarnations since its creation in 1876 . Under the direction of the Commissioner of Baseball , MLB hires and maintains the sport 's umpiring crews , and negotiates marketing , labor , and television contracts . MLB maintains a unique , controlling relationship over the sport , including most aspects of Minor League Baseball . This is due in large part to the 1922 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Federal Baseball Club v. National League , which held that baseball is not interstate commerce and therefore not subject to federal antitrust law . This ruling has been weakened only slightly in subsequent years . The weakened ruling granted more stability to the owners of teams and has resulted in values increasing at double - digit rates . There were several challenges to MLB 's primacy in the sport between the 1870s and the Federal League in 1916 ; the last attempt at a new major league was the aborted Continental League in 1960 . The chief executive of MLB is the commissioner , currently Rob Manfred . The chief operating officer is Tony Petitti . There are five other executives : president ( business and media ) , chief communications officer , chief legal officer , chief financial officer , and chief baseball officer . The multimedia branch of MLB , which is based in Manhattan , is MLB Advanced Media . This branch oversees MLB.com and each of the 30 teams ' websites . Its charter states that MLB Advanced Media holds editorial independence from the league , but it is under the same ownership group and revenue - sharing plan . MLB Productions is a similarly structured wing of the league , focusing on video and traditional broadcast media . MLB also owns 67 percent of MLB Network , with the other 33 percent split between several cable operators and satellite provider DirecTV . It operates out of studios in Secaucus , New Jersey , and also has editorial independence from the league . League organization ( edit ) In 1920 , the weak National Commission , which had been created to manage relationships between the two leagues , was replaced with the much more powerful Commissioner of Baseball , who had the power to make decisions for all of professional baseball unilaterally . For 60 years , the American and National Leagues fielded eight teams apiece . In the 1960s , MLB expansion added eight teams , including the first non-U.S. team ( the Montreal Expos ) . Two teams ( the Seattle Mariners and the Toronto Blue Jays ) were also added in the 1970s . From 1969 through 1993 , each league consisted of an East and West Division . A third division , the Central Division , was added in each league in 1994 . Through 1996 , the two leagues met on the field only during the World Series and the All - Star Game . Regular - season interleague play was introduced in 1997 . In March 1995 two new franchises -- the Arizona Diamondbacks and Tampa Bay Devil Rays ( now known simply as the Tampa Bay Rays ) -- were awarded by MLB , to begin play in 1998 . This addition brought the total number of franchises to 30 . In early 1997 , MLB decided to assign one new team to each league : Tampa Bay joined the AL and Arizona joined the NL . The original plan was to have an odd number of teams in each league ( 15 per league , with 5 in each division ) . In order for every team to be able to play daily , this would have required interleague play to be scheduled throughout the entire season . However , it was unclear at the time if interleague play would continue after the 1998 season , as it had to be approved by the players ' union . For this and other reasons , it was decided that both leagues should continue to have an even number of teams ; one existing club would have to switch leagues . The Milwaukee Brewers agreed in November 1997 to move from the AL to the NL , thereby making the NL a 16 - team league . Later , when the Houston Astros changed ownership prior to the 2013 season , the team moved from the NL Central to the AL West , resulting in both leagues having three divisions of five teams each and allowing all teams to have a more balanced schedule . Interleague play is now held throughout the season . In 2000 the AL and NL were dissolved as legal entities , and MLB became a single , overall league de jure , similar to the National Football League ( NFL ) , National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and National Hockey League ( NHL ) -- albeit with two components called `` leagues '' instead of `` conferences . '' The same rules and regulations are used in both leagues , with one exception : the AL operates under the designated hitter rule , while the NL does not . This difference in rules between leagues is unique to MLB ; the other sports leagues of the U.S. and Canada have one set of rules for all teams . Teams ( edit ) Braves Marlins Yankees Phillies Nationals Cubs Reds Astros Brewers Pirates Cardinals Diamondbacks Rockies Dodgers Padres Giants Orioles Red Sox Mets Rays Blue Jays White Sox Indians Tigers Royals Twins Angels Athletics Mariners Rangers Map all coordinates using : OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as : KML GPX Division Team City Stadium Capacity Founded Joined Ref American League East Baltimore Orioles Baltimore , Maryland Oriole Park at Camden Yards 45,971 39 ° 17 ′ 2 '' N 76 ° 37 ′ 18 '' W / 39.28389 ° N 76.62167 ° W / 39.28389 ; - 76.62167 ( Baltimore Orioles ) 1901 * Boston Red Sox Boston , Massachusetts Fenway Park 37,949 42 ° 20 ′ 47 '' N 71 ° 5 ′ 51 '' W / 42.34639 ° N 71.09750 ° W / 42.34639 ; - 71.09750 ( Boston Red Sox ) 1901 New York Yankees New York City , New York Yankee Stadium 49,638 40 ° 49 ′ 45 '' N 73 ° 55 ′ 35 '' W / 40.82917 ° N 73.92639 ° W / 40.82917 ; - 73.92639 ( New York Yankees ) 1901 * Tampa Bay Rays St. Petersburg , Florida Tropicana Field 31,042 27 ° 46 ′ 6 '' N 82 ° 39 ′ 12 '' W / 27.76833 ° N 82.65333 ° W / 27.76833 ; - 82.65333 ( Tampa Bay Rays ) 1998 Toronto Blue Jays Toronto , Ontario Rogers Centre 49,282 43 ° 38 ′ 29 '' N 79 ° 23 ′ 21 '' W / 43.64139 ° N 79.38917 ° W / 43.64139 ; - 79.38917 ( Toronto Blue Jays ) 1977 Central Chicago White Sox Chicago , Illinois Guaranteed Rate Field 40,615 41 ° 49 ′ 48 '' N 87 ° 38 ′ 2 '' W / 41.83000 ° N 87.63389 ° W / 41.83000 ; - 87.63389 ( Chicago White Sox ) 1901 Cleveland Indians Cleveland , Ohio Progressive Field 35,225 41 ° 29 ′ 45 '' N 81 ° 41 ′ 7 '' W / 41.49583 ° N 81.68528 ° W / 41.49583 ; - 81.68528 ( Cleveland Indians ) 1901 Detroit Tigers Detroit , Michigan Comerica Park 41,297 42 ° 20 ′ 21 '' N 83 ° 2 ′ 55 '' W / 42.33917 ° N 83.04861 ° W / 42.33917 ; - 83.04861 ( Detroit Tigers ) 1901 Kansas City Royals Kansas City , Missouri Kauffman Stadium 37,903 39 ° 3 ′ 5 '' N 94 ° 28 ′ 50 '' W / 39.05139 ° N 94.48056 ° W / 39.05139 ; - 94.48056 ( Kansas City Royals ) 1969 Minnesota Twins Minneapolis , Minnesota Target Field 38,871 44 ° 58 ′ 54 '' N 93 ° 16 ′ 42 '' W / 44.98167 ° N 93.27833 ° W / 44.98167 ; - 93.27833 ( Minnesota Twins ) 1901 * West Houston Astros Houston , Texas Minute Maid Park 41,676 29 ° 45 ′ 25 '' N 95 ° 21 ′ 20 '' W / 29.75694 ° N 95.35556 ° W / 29.75694 ; - 95.35556 ( Houston Astros ) 1962 ( NL ) 2013 ( AL ) Los Angeles Angels Anaheim , California Angel Stadium 45,957 33 ° 48 ′ 1 '' N 117 ° 52 ′ 58 '' W / 33.80028 ° N 117.88278 ° W / 33.80028 ; - 117.88278 ( Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) 1961 Oakland Athletics Oakland , California Oakland -- Alameda County Coliseum 35,067 37 ° 45 ′ 6 '' N 122 ° 12 ′ 2 '' W / 37.75167 ° N 122.20056 ° W / 37.75167 ; - 122.20056 ( Oakland Athletics ) 1901 * Seattle Mariners Seattle , Washington Safeco Field 47,943 47 ° 35 ′ 29 '' N 122 ° 19 ′ 57 '' W / 47.59139 ° N 122.33250 ° W / 47.59139 ; - 122.33250 ( Seattle Mariners ) 1977 Texas Rangers Arlington , Texas Globe Life Park in Arlington 48,114 32 ° 45 ′ 5 '' N 97 ° 4 ′ 58 '' W / 32.75139 ° N 97.08278 ° W / 32.75139 ; - 97.08278 ( Texas Rangers ) 1961 * National League East Atlanta Braves Atlanta , Georgia SunTrust Park 41,500 33 ° 53 ′ 24 '' N 84 ° 28 ′ 4 '' W / 33.89000 ° N 84.46778 ° W / 33.89000 ; - 84.46778 ( Atlanta Braves ) 1871 * ( NA ) 1876 ( NL ) Miami Marlins Miami , Florida Marlins Park 36,742 25 ° 46 ′ 41 '' N 80 ° 13 ′ 11 '' W / 25.77806 ° N 80.21972 ° W / 25.77806 ; - 80.21972 ( Miami Marlins ) 1993 New York Mets New York City , New York Citi Field 41,922 40 ° 45 ′ 25 '' N 73 ° 50 ′ 45 '' W / 40.75694 ° N 73.84583 ° W / 40.75694 ; - 73.84583 ( New York Mets ) 1962 Philadelphia Phillies Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Citizens Bank Park 43,651 39 ° 54 ′ 21 '' N 75 ° 9 ′ 59 '' W / 39.90583 ° N 75.16639 ° W / 39.90583 ; - 75.16639 ( Philadelphia Phillies ) 1883 Washington Nationals Washington , D.C. Nationals Park 41,313 38 ° 52 ′ 22 '' N 77 ° 0 ′ 27 '' W / 38.87278 ° N 77.00750 ° W / 38.87278 ; - 77.00750 ( Washington Nationals ) 1969 * Central Chicago Cubs Chicago , Illinois Wrigley Field 41,268 41 ° 56 ′ 54 '' N 87 ° 39 ′ 20 '' W / 41.94833 ° N 87.65556 ° W / 41.94833 ; - 87.65556 ( Chicago Cubs ) 1874 ( NA ) 1876 ( NL ) Cincinnati Reds Cincinnati , Ohio Great American Ball Park 42,319 39 ° 5 ′ 51 '' N 84 ° 30 ′ 24 '' W / 39.09750 ° N 84.50667 ° W / 39.09750 ; - 84.50667 ( Cincinnati Reds ) 1882 ( AA ) 1890 ( NL ) Milwaukee Brewers Milwaukee , Wisconsin Miller Park 41,900 43 ° 1 ′ 42 '' N 87 ° 58 ′ 16 '' W / 43.02833 ° N 87.97111 ° W / 43.02833 ; - 87.97111 ( Milwaukee Brewers ) 1969 * ( AL ) 1998 ( NL ) Pittsburgh Pirates Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania PNC Park 38,362 40 ° 26 ′ 49 '' N 80 ° 0 ′ 21 '' W / 40.44694 ° N 80.00583 ° W / 40.44694 ; - 80.00583 ( Pittsburgh Pirates ) 1882 ( AA ) 1887 ( NL ) St. Louis Cardinals St. Louis , Missouri Busch Stadium 43,975 38 ° 37 ′ 21 '' N 90 ° 11 ′ 35 '' W / 38.62250 ° N 90.19306 ° W / 38.62250 ; - 90.19306 ( St. Louis Cardinals ) 1882 ( AA ) 1892 ( NL ) West Arizona Diamondbacks Phoenix , Arizona Chase Field 48,519 33 ° 26 ′ 43 '' N 112 ° 4 ′ 1 '' W / 33.44528 ° N 112.06694 ° W / 33.44528 ; - 112.06694 ( Arizona Diamondbacks ) 1998 Colorado Rockies Denver , Colorado Coors Field 50,398 39 ° 45 ′ 22 '' N 104 ° 59 ′ 39 '' W / 39.75611 ° N 104.99417 ° W / 39.75611 ; - 104.99417 ( Colorado Rockies ) 1993 Los Angeles Dodgers Los Angeles , California Dodger Stadium 56,000 34 ° 4 ′ 25 '' N 118 ° 14 ′ 24 '' W / 34.07361 ° N 118.24000 ° W / 34.07361 ; - 118.24000 ( Los Angeles Dodgers ) 1884 * ( AA ) 1890 ( NL ) San Diego Padres San Diego , California Petco Park 40,162 32 ° 42 ′ 26 '' N 117 ° 9 ′ 24 '' W / 32.70722 ° N 117.15667 ° W / 32.70722 ; - 117.15667 ( San Diego Padres ) 1969 San Francisco Giants San Francisco , California AT&T Park 41,915 37 ° 46 ′ 43 '' N 122 ° 23 ′ 21 '' W / 37.77861 ° N 122.38917 ° W / 37.77861 ; - 122.38917 ( San Francisco Giants ) 1883 * An asterisk ( * ) denotes a relocation of a franchise . See respective team articles for more information . History ( edit ) Main article : History of baseball in the United States Founding ( edit ) In the 1860s , aided by soldiers playing the game in camp during the Civil War , `` New York '' - style baseball expanded into a national game and spawned baseball 's first governing body , The National Association of Base Ball Players . The NABBP existed as an amateur league for 12 years . By 1867 , more than 400 clubs were members . Most of the strongest clubs remained those based in the northeastern U.S. For professional baseball 's founding year , MLB uses the year 1869 -- when the first professional team , the Cincinnati Red Stockings , was established . A schism developed between professional and amateur ballplayers after the founding of the Cincinnati club . The NABBP split into an amateur organization and a professional organization . The National Association of Professional Base Ball Players , often known as the National Association ( NA ) , was formed in 1871 . Its amateur counterpart disappeared after only a few years . The modern Chicago Cubs and Atlanta Braves franchises trace their histories back to the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players in the 1870s . In 1876 , the National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs ( later known as the National League or NL ) was established after the NA proved ineffective . The league placed its emphasis on clubs rather than on players . Clubs could now enforce player contracts , preventing players from jumping to higher - paying clubs . Clubs were required to play the full schedule of games instead of forfeiting scheduled games when the club was no longer in the running for the league championship , which happened frequently under the NA . A concerted effort was made to curb gambling on games , which was leaving the validity of results in doubt . The first game in the NL -- on Saturday , April 22 , 1876 ( at the Jefferson Street Grounds , Philadelphia ) -- is often pointed to as the beginning of MLB . National League Baltimore Orioles , 1896 The early years of the NL were tumultuous , with threats from rival leagues and a rebellion by players against the hated `` reserve clause '' , which restricted the free movement of players between clubs . Competitor leagues formed regularly and also disbanded regularly . The most successful was the American Association ( 1882 -- 1891 ) , sometimes called the `` beer and whiskey league '' for its tolerance of the sale of alcoholic beverages to spectators . For several years , the NL and American Association champions met in a postseason championship series -- the first attempt at a World Series . The two leagues merged in 1892 as a single 12 - team NL , but the NL dropped four teams after the 1899 season . This led to the formation of the American League in 1901 under AL president Ban Johnson , and the resulting bidding war for players led to widespread contract - breaking and legal disputes . The war between the AL and NL caused shock waves throughout the baseball world . At a meeting at the Leland Hotel in Chicago in 1901 , the other baseball leagues negotiated a plan to maintain their independence . A new National Association was formed to oversee these minor leagues . While the NA continues to this day ( known as Minor League Baseball ) , at the time Ban Johnson saw it as a tool to end threats from smaller rivals who might expand in other territories and threaten his league 's dominance . After 1902 , the NL , AL , and NA signed a new National Agreement which tied independent contracts to the reserve - clause contracts . The agreement also set up a formal classification system for minor leagues , the forerunner of today 's system that was refined by Branch Rickey . Several other early defunct baseball leagues are officially considered major leagues , and their statistics and records are included with those of the two current major leagues . These include the AA , the Union Association ( 1884 ) , the Players ' League ( 1890 ) , and the Federal League ( 1914 -- 1915 ) . Both the UA and AA are considered major leagues by many baseball researchers because of the perceived high caliber of play and the number of star players featured . Some researchers , including Nate Silver , dispute the major - league status of the UA by pointing out that franchises came and went and that the St. Louis club was deliberately `` stacked '' ; the St. Louis club was owned by the league 's president and it was the only club that was close to major - league caliber . Dead - ball era ( edit ) Main article : Dead - ball era Cy Young , 1911 baseball card The period between 1900 and 1919 is commonly referred to as the `` Dead - Ball Era . '' Games of this era tended to be low scoring and were often dominated by pitchers , such as Walter Johnson , Cy Young , Christy Mathewson , Mordecai Brown , and Grover Cleveland Alexander . The term also accurately describes the condition of the baseball itself . The baseball used American rather than the modern Australian wool yarn and was not wound as tightly , affecting the distance that it would travel . More significantly , balls were kept in play until they were mangled , soft and sometimes lopsided . During this era , a baseball cost three dollars , equal to $42.35 today ( in inflation - adjusted U.S. dollars ) , and owners were reluctant to purchase new balls . Fans were expected to throw back fouls and ( rare ) home runs . Baseballs also became stained with tobacco juice , grass , and mud , and sometimes the juice of licorice , which some players would chew for the purpose of discoloring the ball . Also , pitchers could manipulate the ball through the use of the spitball . ( In 1921 use of this pitch was restricted to a few pitchers with a grandfather clause ) . Additionally , many ballparks had large dimensions , such as the West Side Grounds of the Chicago Cubs , which was 560 feet ( 170 m ) to the center field fence , and the Huntington Avenue Grounds of the Boston Red Sox , which was 635 feet ( 194 m ) to the center field fence , thus home runs were rare , and `` small ball '' tactics such as singles , bunts , stolen bases , and the hit - and - run play dominated the strategies of the time . Hitting methods like the Baltimore Chop were used to increase the number of infield singles . On a successful Baltimore chop , the batter hits the ball forcefully into the ground , causing it to bounce so high that the batter reaches first base before the ball can be fielded and thrown to the first baseman . The adoption of the foul strike rule in the early twentieth century quickly sent baseball from a high - scoring game to one where scoring runs became a struggle . Prior to the institution of this rule , foul balls were not counted as strikes : a batter could foul off any number of pitches with no strikes counted against him ; this gave an enormous advantage to the batter . In 1901 , the NL adopted the foul strike rule , and the AL followed suit in 1903 . After the 1919 World Series between the Chicago White Sox and Cincinnati Reds , baseball was rocked by allegations of a game fixing scheme known as the Black Sox Scandal . Eight players -- Joe Jackson , Eddie Cicotte , Claude `` Lefty '' Williams , George `` Buck '' Weaver , Arnold `` Chick '' Gandil , Fred McMullin , Charles `` Swede '' Risberg , and Oscar `` Happy '' Felsch -- intentionally lost the World Series in exchange for a ring worth $100,000 ( $1,064,705.88 in 2016 dollars ) . Despite being acquitted , all were permanently banned from Major League Baseball . Rise in popularity ( edit ) Baseball 's popularity increased in the 1920s and 1930s . The 1920 season was notable for the death of Ray Chapman of the Cleveland Indians . Chapman , who was struck in the head by a pitch and died a few hours later , became the only MLB player to die of an on - field injury , a tragedy which led directly to both leagues requiring the placing into play new , white baseballs whenever a ball became scuffed or dirty , helping bring the `` dead - ball '' era to an end . The following year , the New York Yankees made their first World Series appearance . By the end of the 1930s , the team had appeared in 11 World Series , winning eight of them . Yankees slugger Babe Ruth had set the single season home run record in 1927 , hitting 60 home runs ; a few years earlier , Ruth had set the same record with 29 home runs . Affected by the difficulties of the Great Depression , baseball 's popularity had begun a downward turn in the early 1930s . By 1932 , only two MLB teams turned a profit . Attendance had fallen , due at least in part to a 10 % federal amusement tax added to baseball ticket prices . Baseball owners cut their rosters from 25 men to 23 men , and even the best players took pay cuts . Team executives were innovative in their attempts to survive , creating night games , broadcasting games live by radio and rolling out promotions such as free admission for women . Throughout the period of the Great Depression , no MLB teams moved or folded . World war II era ( edit ) The onset of World War II created a significant shortage of professional baseball players , as more than 500 men left MLB teams to serve in the military . Many of them played on service baseball teams that entertained military personnel in the US or in the Pacific . MLB teams of this time largely consisted of young men , older players , and those with a military classification of 4F , indicating mental , physical , or moral unsuitability for service . Men like Pete Gray , a one - armed outfielder , got the chance to advance to the major leagues . However , MLB rosters did not include any black players through the end of the war . Black players , many of whom served in the war , were still restricted to playing Negro league baseball . Wartime blackout restrictions , designed to keep outdoor lighting at low levels , caused another problem for baseball . These rules limited traveling and night games to the point that the 1942 season nearly had to be canceled . On January 14 , 1942 , MLB Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis wrote a letter to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and pleaded for the continuation of baseball during the war in hopes for a start of a new major league season . President Roosevelt responded , `` I honestly feel that it would be best for the country to keep baseball going . There will be fewer people unemployed and everybody will work longer hours and harder than ever before . And that means that they ought to have a chance for recreation and for taking their minds off their work even more than before . '' With the approval of President Roosevelt , spring training began in 1942 with few repercussions . The war interrupted the careers of stars including Stan Musial , Bob Feller , Ted Williams , and Joe DiMaggio , but baseball clubs continued to field their teams . Breaking the color barrier ( edit ) Main article : Baseball color line Branch Rickey , president and general manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers , began making efforts to introduce a black baseball player to the previously all - white professional baseball leagues in the mid-1940s . He selected Jackie Robinson from a list of promising Negro league players . After obtaining a commitment from Robinson to `` turn the other cheek '' to any racial antagonism directed at him , Rickey agreed to sign him to a contract for $600 a month . In what was later referred to as `` The Noble Experiment '' , Robinson was the first black baseball player in the International League since the 1880s , joining the Dodgers ' farm club , the Montreal Royals , for the 1946 season . The following year , the Dodgers called up Robinson to the major leagues . On April 15 , 1947 , Robinson made his major league debut at Ebbets Field before a crowd of 26,623 spectators , including more than 14,000 black patrons . Black baseball fans began flocking to see the Dodgers when they came to town , abandoning the Negro league teams that they had followed exclusively . Robinson 's promotion met a generally positive , although mixed , reception among newspaper writers and white major league players . Manager Leo Durocher informed his team , `` I do not care if the guy is yellow or black , or if he has stripes like a fuckin ' zebra . I 'm the manager of this team , and I say he plays . What 's more , I say he can make us all rich . And if any of you can not use the money , I will see that you are all traded . '' After a strike threat by some players , NL President Ford Frick and Baseball Commissioner Happy Chandler let it be known that any striking players would be suspended . Robinson received significant encouragement from several major league players , including Dodgers teammate Pee Wee Reese who said , `` You can hate a man for many reasons . Color is not one of them . '' That year , Robinson won the inaugural Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award ( separate NL and AL Rookie of the Year honors were not awarded until 1949 ) . Less than three months later , Larry Doby became the first African - American to break the color barrier in the American League with the Cleveland Indians . The next year , a number of other black players entered the major leagues . Satchel Paige was signed by the Indians and the Dodgers added star catcher Roy Campanella and Don Newcombe , who was later the first winner of the Cy Young Award for his outstanding pitching . Women in Baseball ( edit ) Main article : Women in baseball MLB banned the signing of women to contracts in 1952 , but that ban was lifted in 1992 . As of 2018 , there have been no female MLB players . Expanding West , South and North ( edit ) Main article : Major League Baseball relocation of 1950s -- 1960s Dodger Stadium in 2007 From 1903 to 1953 , the two major leagues consisted of two eight - team leagues . The 16 teams were located in ten cities , all in the northeastern and midwestern United States : New York City had three teams and Boston , Chicago , Philadelphia , and St. Louis each had two teams . St. Louis was the southernmost and westernmost city with a major league team . The longest possible road trip , from Boston to St. Louis , took about 24 hours by railroad . In 1953 , the NL 's Boston Braves became the Milwaukee Braves . In 1954 , the St. Louis Browns became the Baltimore Orioles . In 1955 , the Philadelphia Athletics became the Kansas City Athletics . Baseball experts consider the Brooklyn / Los Angeles Dodgers ' boss Walter O'Malley to be `` perhaps the most influential owner of baseball 's early expansion era . '' Before the 1958 Major League Baseball season , he moved the Brooklyn Dodgers to Los Angeles . When O'Malley moved the Dodgers from Brooklyn , he appeared on the cover of Time . O'Malley was also influential in persuading the rival New York Giants to move west to become the San Francisco Giants . The Giants were already suffering from slumping attendance records at their aging ballpark , the Polo Grounds . Had the Dodgers moved out west alone , the St. Louis Cardinals -- 1,600 mi ( 2,575 km ) away -- would have been the closest NL team . The joint move made West Coast road trips economical for visiting teams . O'Malley invited San Francisco Mayor George Christopher to New York to meet with Giants owner Horace Stoneham . Stoneham was considering moving the Giants to Minnesota , but he was convinced to join O'Malley on the West Coast at the end of 1957 . The meetings between Stoneham , Christopher and O'Malley occurred against the wishes of Ford Frick , the Commissioner of Baseball . The dual moves were successful for both franchises -- and for MLB . The Dodgers set a single - game MLB attendance record in their first home appearance with 78,672 fans . In 1961 , the first Washington Senators franchise moved to Minneapolis -- St. Paul to become the Minnesota Twins . Two new teams were added to the American League at the same time : the Los Angeles Angels ( who soon moved from downtown L.A. to nearby Anaheim ) and a new Washington Senators franchise . The NL added the Houston Astros and the New York Mets in 1962 . The Astros ( known as the `` Colt . 45s '' during their first three seasons ) became the first southern major league franchise since the Louisville Colonels folded in 1899 and the first franchise to be located along the Gulf Coast . The Mets established a reputation for futility by going 40 -- 120 during their first season of play in the nation 's media capital -- and by playing only a little better in subsequent campaigns -- but in their eighth season ( 1969 ) the Mets became the first of the 1960s expansion teams to play in the postseason , culminating in a World Series title over the heavily favored Baltimore Orioles . In 1966 , the major leagues moved to the `` Deep South '' when the Braves moved to Atlanta . In 1968 , the Kansas City Athletics moved west to become the Oakland Athletics . In 1969 , the American and National Leagues both added two expansion franchises . The American League added the Seattle Pilots ( who became the Milwaukee Brewers after one disastrous season in Seattle ) and the Kansas City Royals . The NL added the first Canadian franchise , the Montreal Expos , as well as the San Diego Padres . In 1972 , the second Washington Senators moved to the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex to become the Texas Rangers . In 1977 , baseball expanded again , adding a second Canadian team , the Toronto Blue Jays , as well as the Seattle Mariners . Subsequently , no new teams were added until the 1990s and no teams moved until 2005 . In 1993 , the NL added the Florida Marlins in the Miami area and the Colorado Rockies in Denver . In 1998 , the Brewers switched leagues by joining the National League and two new teams were added : the NL 's Arizona Diamondbacks in Phoenix and the American League 's Tampa Bay Devil Rays in St. Petersburg , Florida . After the 2001 season , the team owners voted in favor of contraction . Several MLB teams had been considered for elimination in early talks about contraction , but the Montreal Expos and the Minnesota Twins were the two teams that came closest to folding under the plan . Plans for MLB contraction were halted when the Twins landlord was awarded a court injunction that required the team to play its 2002 home games at their stadium . MLB owners agreed to hold off on reducing the league 's size until at least 2006 . The Montreal Expos became the first franchise in over three decades to move when they became the Washington Nationals in 2005 . This move left Canada with just one team , but it also returned baseball to the United States capital city after a 33 - year absence . This franchise shift , like many previous ones , involved baseball 's return to a city which had been previously abandoned . Not counting the short - lived Federal League , Montreal is the only city granted an MLB franchise since 1901 that does not currently host a team . Pitching dominance and rule changes ( edit ) Graph showing , by year , the average number of runs per MLB game By the late 1960s , the balance between pitching and hitting had swung in favor of the pitchers . In 1968 -- later nicknamed `` the year of the pitcher '' -- Boston Red Sox player Carl Yastrzemski won the American League batting title with an average of just . 301 , the lowest in the history of Major League Baseball . Detroit Tigers pitcher Denny McLain won 31 games , making him the only pitcher to win 30 games in a season since Dizzy Dean in 1934 . St. Louis Cardinals starting pitcher Bob Gibson achieved an equally remarkable feat by allowing an ERA of just 1.12 . Following these pitching performances , in December 1968 the MLB Playing Rules Committee voted to reduce the strike zone from knees to shoulders to top of knees to armpits and lower the pitcher 's mound from 15 to 10 inches , beginning in the 1969 season . In 1973 , the American League , which had been suffering from much lower attendance than the National League , sought to increase scoring even further by initiating the designated hitter ( DH ) rule . New stadiums and artificial surfaces ( edit ) Throughout the 1960s and 1970s , as baseball expanded , NFL football had been surging in popularity , making it economical for many of these cities to build multi-purpose stadiums instead of single - purpose baseball fields . Because of climate and economic issues , many of these facilities had playing surfaces made from artificial turf , as well as the oval designs characteristic of stadiums designed to house both baseball and football . This often resulted in baseball fields with relatively more foul territory than older stadiums . These characteristics changed the nature of professional baseball , putting a higher premium on speed and defense over home - run hitting power , since the fields were often too big for teams to expect to hit many home runs and foul balls hit in the air could more easily be caught for outs . Teams began to be built around pitching -- particularly their bullpens -- and speed on the basepaths . Artificial surfaces meant balls traveled quicker and bounced higher , so it became easier to hit ground balls `` in the hole '' between the corner and middle infielders . Starting pitchers were no longer expected to throw complete games ; it was enough for a starter to pitch 6 -- 7 innings and turn the game over to the team 's closer , a position which grew in importance over these decades . As stolen bases increased , home run totals dropped . After Willie Mays hit 52 home runs in 1965 , only one player ( George Foster ) reached that mark until the 1990s . Steroid era ( edit ) Further information : Doping in baseball Routinely in the late 1990s and early 2000s , baseball players hit 40 or 50 home runs in a season , a feat that was considered rare even in the 1980s . It has since become apparent that at least some of this power surge was a result of players using steroids and other performance - enhancing drugs . Uniforms ( edit ) Main articles : Major League Baseball uniforms and Baseball uniform A baseball team and its uniforms in the 1870s . Note that the team is integrated , in contrast to 20th century MLB , which was segregated until 1947 . A baseball uniform is a type of uniform worn by baseball players , and by some non-playing personnel , such as field managers and coaches . It is worn to indicate the person 's role in the game and -- through the use of logos , colors , and numbers -- to identify the teams and their players , managers , and coaches . Traditionally , home uniforms display the team name on the front , while away uniforms display the team 's home location . In modern times , however , exceptions to this pattern have become common , with teams using their team name on both uniforms . Most teams also have one or more alternate uniforms , usually consisting of the primary or secondary team color on the vest instead of the usual white or gray . In the past few decades throwback uniforms have become popular . The New York Knickerbockers were the first baseball team to use uniforms , taking the field on April 4 , 1849 , in pants made of blue wool , white flannel shirts ( jerseys ) and straw hats . Caps and other types of headgear have been a part of baseball uniforms from the beginning . Baseball teams often wore full - brimmed straw hats or no cap at all since there was no official rule regarding headgear . Under the 1882 uniform rules , players on the same team wore uniforms of different colors and patterns that indicated which position they played . In the late 1880s , the Detroit Wolverines and Washington Nationals of the National League and the Brooklyn Bridegrooms of the American Association were the first to wear striped uniforms . By the end of the 19th century , teams began the practice of having two different uniforms , one for when they played at home in their own baseball stadium and a different one for when they played away ( on the road ) at the other team 's ballpark . It became common to wear white pants with a white color vest at home and gray pants with a gray or solid ( dark ) colored vest when away . By 1900 , both home and away uniforms were standard across the major leagues . Season structure ( edit ) Main article : Major League Baseball schedule Spring training ( edit ) Main article : Spring training A Grapefruit League game at the former Los Angeles Dodgers camp in Vero Beach , Florida Spring training is a series of practices and exhibition games preceding the start of the regular season . Spring training allows new players to audition for roster and position spots , and gives existing team players practice time prior to competitive play . The teams are divided into the Cactus League and the Grapefruit League . Spring training has always attracted fan attention , drawing crowds who travel to the warmer climates to enjoy the weather and watch their favorite teams play , and spring training usually coincides with spring break for many college students . Autograph seekers also find greater access to players during spring training . Spring training typically lasts almost two months , starting in mid February and running until just before the season opening day , traditionally the first week of April . As pitchers benefit from a longer training period , pitchers and catchers begin spring training several days before the rest of the team . Regular season ( edit ) The current MLB regular season , consisting of 162 games per team , typically begins on the first Sunday in April and ends on the first Sunday in October . Each team 's schedule is typically organized into three - game series , with occasional two - or four - game series . Postponed games or continuations of suspended games can result in an ad hoc one - game or five - game series . A team 's series are organized into homestands and road trips that group multiple series together . Teams generally play games five to seven days per week , commonly having Monday or Thursday as an off day . Frequently , games are scheduled at night . Sunday games are generally played during the afternoon , allowing teams to travel to their next destination prior to a Monday night game . In addition , teams will play day games frequently on Opening Day , holidays , and getaway days . Each team plays 19 games against each of its four divisional opponents . It plays one home series and one away series , amounting to six or seven games , against the 10 other teams in its league . A team also plays one of the divisions in the other league , rotating each year , with two opponents in a three - game home series , two in a three - game away series , and one with four games split between home and away . Furthermore , each team has an interleague `` natural rival '' ( in many cases its counterpart in the same metro area ) with which it plays two home games and two away games each year . With an odd number of teams in each league ( 15 ) , it is necessary to have two teams participate in interleague play for most days in the season , except when two or more teams have a day off . Each team plays 20 interleague games throughout the season , usually with just one interleague game per day , but for one weekend in late May all teams will participate in an interleague series . Use of the DH rule is determined by the home team 's league rules . Before 2013 , interleague play was structured differently : there would be one weekend in mid-May and another period consisting typically of the last two - thirds of June in which all teams played interleague games ( save for two NL teams each day ) , and no interleague games were scheduled outside those dates . ( Before 2013 , season - long interleague play was not necessary , because each league had an even number of teams . In 2013 , the Houston Astros moved to the American League , so that each league would have 15 teams . ) Over the course of a season , teams compete for one of the five playoff berths in their league . They can win one of these berths by either winning their division , or by capturing a wild card spot . After the conclusion of the 162 - game season , an additional tie - breaking game ( or games ) may be needed to determine postseason participation . All - Star game ( edit ) Main article : Major League Baseball All - Star Game President John F. Kennedy throwing out the first pitch at the 1962 All - Star Game at DC Stadium In early - to - mid July , just after the midway point of the season , the Major League Baseball All - Star Game is held during a four - day break from the regular - season schedule . The All - Star Game features a team of players from the American League ( AL ) -- led by the manager of the previous AL World Series team -- and a team of players from the National League ( NL ) , similarly managed , in an exhibition game . From 1959 to 1962 , two games were held each season , one was held in July and one was held in August . The designated - hitter rule was used in the All - Star Game for the first time in 1989 . Following games used a DH when the game was played in an AL ballpark . Since 2010 , the DH rule has been in effect regardless of venue . The first official All - Star Game was held as part of the 1933 World 's Fair in Chicago , Illinois , and was the idea of Arch Ward , then sports editor for The Chicago Tribune . Initially intended to be a one - time event , its great success resulted in making the game an annual one . Ward 's contribution was recognized by Major League Baseball in 1962 with the creation of the `` Arch Ward Trophy '' , given to the All - Star Game 's Most Valuable Player each year . ( In 1970 , it was renamed the Commissioner 's Trophy , until 1985 , when the name change was reversed . In 2002 , it was renamed the Ted Williams Most Valuable Player Award . ) Beginning in 1947 , the eight position players in each team 's starting lineup have been voted into the game by fans . The fan voting was discontinued after a 1957 ballot - box - stuffing scandal in Cincinnati : seven of the eight slots originally went to Reds players , two of whom were subsequently removed from the lineup to make room for Willie Mays and Hank Aaron . Fan voting was reinstated in 1970 and has continued ever since , including Internet voting in recent years . The 2002 contest in Milwaukee controversially ended in an 11 - inning tie when both managers ran out of pitchers . In response , starting in 2003 the league which wins the All - Star game received home - field advantage in the World Series : the league champion hosted the first two games at its own ballpark as well as the last two ( if necessary ) . The National League did not win an All - Star game and thus gain home - field advantage until 2010 ; it was able to overcome this disadvantage and win in three of the seven World Series from 2003 to 2009 . This was discontinued after the 2016 season . MLB All - Stars from both leagues have worn uniforms from their respective teams at the game with one exception . In the 1933 All - Star Game , the National League All - Star Team members wore special gray uniforms with `` National League '' written in navy blue letters across the front of the jersey . Postseason ( edit ) Main article : Major League Baseball postseason World Series Records Team Number of Series won Last Series won Series played New York Yankees ( AL ) † 27 2009 40 St. Louis Cardinals ( NL ) 11 2011 19 Oakland Athletics ( AL ) † 9 1989 14 San Francisco Giants ( NL ) † 8 2014 20 Boston Red Sox ( AL ) † 8 2013 12 Los Angeles Dodgers ( NL ) † 6 1988 19 Cincinnati Reds ( NL ) 5 1990 9 Pittsburgh Pirates ( NL ) 5 1979 7 Detroit Tigers ( AL ) 1984 11 Chicago Cubs ( NL ) 2016 11 Atlanta Braves ( NL ) † 1995 9 Baltimore Orioles ( AL ) † 7 Minnesota Twins ( AL ) † 1991 6 Chicago White Sox ( AL ) 2005 5 Philadelphia Phillies ( NL ) 2008 7 Cleveland Indians ( AL ) 1948 6 New York Mets ( NL ) 1986 5 Kansas City Royals ( AL ) 2015 Toronto Blue Jays ( AL ) 1993 Miami Marlins ( NL ) † 2003 Houston Astros ( NL to AL , 2013 ) † 2017 ( 1 , 1 ) Arizona Diamondbacks ( NL ) 2001 Los Angeles Angels ( AL ) † 2002 San Diego Padres ( NL ) 0 Texas Rangers ( AL ) † 0 Milwaukee Brewers ( AL to NL , 1998 ) † 0 Colorado Rockies ( NL ) 0 Tampa Bay Rays ( AL ) † 0 ‡ Seattle Mariners ( AL ) 0 0 ‡ Washington Nationals ( NL ) † 0 0 AL = American League NL = National League † Totals include a team 's record in a previous city or under another name ( see team article for details ) . ‡ Have not yet played in a World Series . More detail at World Series and List of World Series champions Source : MLB.com When the regular season ends after the first Sunday in October ( or the last Sunday in September ) , ten teams enter the postseason playoffs . These ten teams consist of six teams that are division champions by earning the best regular season overall win - loss record for their respective divisions , and four who are `` wild - card '' teams that are each one of two teams in their respective leagues who have earned the best regular season win - loss record , but are not division champions . Four rounds of series of games are played to determine the champion : Wild Card Game , a one - game playoff between the two wild - card teams in each league . American League Division Series and National League Division Series , each a best - of - five - games series . American League Championship Series and National League Championship Series , each a best - of - seven - games series played between the winning teams from the Division Series . The league champions are informally referred to as the pennant winners . World Series , a best - of - seven - games series played between the pennant winners of each league . Within each league , the division winners are the # 1 , # 2 and # 3 seeds , based on win -- loss records . The team with the best record among non division winners will be the first wildcard and the # 4 seed . The team with the second best record among non division winners will be the second wildcard and the # 5 seed . In the wildcard round , the # 5 seed will play at the # 4 seed in a one - game playoff . For the division series , the matchup will be the # 1 seed against the Wild Card Game winner and the # 2 seed against the # 3 seed . Since 2017 , home - field advantage in the World Series is determined by regular - season records of the two league champions , replacing a system used for the prior 14 seasons where the champion of the league that won the All - Star Game would receive home - field advantage . Because each postseason series is split between the home fields of the two teams , home - field advantage does not usually play a large role in the postseason unless the series goes to its maximum number of games , giving one team an additional game at home . However , the first two games of a postseason series are hosted by the same team . That team may have an increased chance of starting the series with two wins , thereby gaining some momentum for the rest of the series . The DH rule in the World Series is only used in games played at the American League Champions ' home field . National League home games will play the traditional rules with each teams pitching staff batting . International play ( edit ) See also : MLB Japan All - Star Series Since 1986 an All - Star team from MLB is sent to a biennial end - of - the - season tour of Japan , dubbed as MLB Japan All - Star Series , playing exhibition games in a best - of format against the All - Stars from Nippon Professional Baseball ( NPB ) or recently as of 2014 their national team Samurai Japan . In 2008 , MLB played the MLB China Series in the People 's Republic of China . It was a series of two spring - training games between the San Diego Padres and Los Angeles Dodgers . The games were an effort to popularize baseball in China . MLB played the MLB Taiwan Series in Taiwan in November 2011 . It was a series of five exhibition games played by a team made up of MLB players called the MLB All - Stars and the Chinese Taipei National Team . The MLB All - Stars swept the series , five games to zero . At the end of the 2011 season , it was announced that the Seattle Mariners and the Oakland Athletics would play their season openers in Japan . In October 2013 , Phil Rogers of the Chicago Tribune wrote that MLB was considering postseason all - star tours in Taiwan and Korea ; baseball is increasing in popularity in both countries . The Arizona Diamondbacks opened the 2014 season against Los Angeles Dodgers on March 22 -- 23 in Australia . The teams played each other at the historic Sydney Cricket Ground , which has a seating capacity of 46,000 . The two games represented the first MLB regular - season play held in that country . The games counted as home games for the Diamondbacks , so they played 79 home games at Chase Field . Together with the World Baseball Softball Confederation , MLB sponsors the World Baseball Classic , an international baseball tournament contested by national teams . Steroids in Baseball ( edit ) See also : Doping in baseball and List of Major League Baseball players suspended for performance - enhancing drugs Rafael Palmeiro ( batter ) , one of the MLB players suspended for steroid use In 1998 , both Mark McGwire and Sammy Sosa hit more than the long - standing single - season MLB record of 61 home runs . Barry Bonds topped the record in 2001 with 73 home runs . McGwire , Bonds and Sosa became the subjects of speculation regarding the use of performance - enhancing substances . McGwire later admitted that he used a steroid hormone that was still legal in baseball during the 1998 season . Baseball 's original steroid testing policy , in effect from 2002 to 2005 , provided for penalties ranging from a ten - game suspension for a first positive test to a one - year suspension for a fourth positive test . Players were tested at least once per year , with the chance that several players could be tested many times per year . A 2006 book , Game of Shadows by San Francisco Chronicle investigative reporters Lance Williams and Mark Fainaru - Wada , chronicled alleged extensive use of performance enhancers , including several types of steroids and growth hormone by baseball superstars Barry Bonds , Gary Sheffield , and Jason Giambi . Former Senate Majority Leader George Mitchell was appointed by Selig on March 30 , 2006 to investigate the use of performance - enhancing drugs in MLB . The appointment was made after several influential members of the U.S. Congress made negative comments about both the effectiveness and honesty of MLB 's drug policies and Commissioner Selig . The day before the Mitchell Report was to be released in 2007 , Selig said , `` I have n't seen the report yet , but I 'm proud I did it . '' The report said that after mandatory random testing began in 2004 , HGH treatment for athletic enhancement became popular among players , as HGH is not detectable in tests . It pointed out that HGH is likely a placebo with no performance - enhancing effects . The report included substance use allegations against at least one player from each MLB team . According to ESPN , some people questioned whether Mitchell 's director role with the Boston Red Sox created a conflict of interest , especially because no `` prime ( Sox ) players were in the report . '' The report named several prominent Yankees who were parts of World Series clubs ; there is a long - running and fierce Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry . Former U.S. prosecutor John M. Dowd brought up Mitchell 's conflict of interest , but he later said that the former senator had done a good job . Mitchell acknowledged that his `` tight relationship with Major League Baseball left him open to criticism '' , but he said that readers who examine the report closely `` will not find any evidence of bias , of special treatment of the Red Sox '' . On January 10 , 2013 , MLB and the players union reached an agreement to add random , in - season HGH testing . They also agreed to implement a new test to reveal the use of testosterone for the 2013 season . The current MLB drug policy provides for an 80 - game suspension for a first positive test , a 162 - game suspension for a second positive test , and a lifetime suspension for a third positive test . In 2009 , allegations surfaced against Alex Rodriguez and David Ortiz , and Manny Ramirez received a 50 - game suspension after testing positive for banned substances . In early April 2011 , Ramirez retired from baseball rather than face a 100 - game suspension for his second positive steroid test . He would later unretire , having the suspension dropped to 50 games , and would serve those in 2012 . Media coverage ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Main article : Major League Baseball on television See also : List of current Major League Baseball broadcasters Several networks televise baseball games , including Fox , ESPN , and MLB Network . Since 2008 , Fox Sports has broadcast MLB games on Fox Saturday Baseball throughout the entire season ; Fox previously only broadcast games from May to September . Fox also holds rights to the All - Star Game each season . Fox also alternates League Championship Series broadcasts , broadcasting the American League Championship Series ( ALCS ) in odd - numbered years and the National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) in even - numbered years . Fox broadcasts all games of the World Series . ESPN continues to broadcast MLB games through 2013 as well , beginning with national Opening Day coverage . ESPN broadcasts Sunday Night Baseball , Monday Night Baseball , Wednesday Night Baseball , and Baseball Tonight . ESPN also has rights to the Home Run Derby at the All - Star Game each July . TBS airs Sunday afternoon regular season games ( non-exclusive ) nationally . In 2007 , TBS began its exclusive rights to any tiebreaker games that determine division or wild card champions ; it also airs exclusive coverage of the Division Series round of the playoffs . TBS carries the League Championship Series that are not included under Fox 's television agreement ; TBS shows the NLCS in odd - numbered years and the ALCS in even - numbered years . In January 2009 , MLB launched the MLB Network , featuring news and coverage from around the league , and airing 26 live games in the 2009 season . Each team also has local broadcasts for all games not carried by Fox on Saturdays or ESPN on Sunday nights . These games are typically split between a local broadcast television station and a local or regional sports network ( RSN ) , though some teams only air local games through RSNs or through their own team networks . As Canada only contains one team , Sportsnet broadcasts Toronto Blue Jays games nationally . The channel is owned by Rogers Communications , who is also the parent company of the Blue Jays . Sportsnet also televises Fox 's Saturday afternoon games , the All - Star Game , playoff games , and the World Series . In April 2011 , TSN2 began carrying ESPN Sunday Night Baseball in Canada . Blackout policy ( edit ) Main article : Major League Baseball blackout policy See also : Syndication exclusivity MLB blackout map in the United States Canadian MLB blackout map MLB has several blackout rules . A local broadcaster has priority to televise games of the team in their market over national broadcasters . For example , at one time TBS showed many Atlanta Braves games nationally and internationally in Canada . Fox Sports Networks also show many games in other areas . If the Braves played a team that FSN or another local broadcaster showed , the local station will have the broadcast rights for its own local market , while TBS would have been blacked out in the same market during the game . A market that has a local team playing in a weekday ESPN or ESPN2 game and is shown on a local station will see ESPNews , or , in the past , another game scheduled on ESPN or ESPN2 at the same time ( if ESPN or ESPN2 operates a regional coverage broadcasting and operates a game choice ) , or will be subject to an alternative programming feed . MLB 's streaming Internet video service is also subject to the same blackout rules . Radio and Internet ( edit ) Main article : Major League Baseball on the radio ESPN Radio holds national broadcast rights and broadcasts Sunday Night Baseball weekly throughout the season in addition to all playoff games . The rights to the World Series are exclusive to ESPN . In addition , each team employs its own announcers , who broadcast during the regular season . Most teams operate regional networks to cover their fan bases ; some of these supposedly regional networks ( such as the New York Yankees Radio Network ) have a national reach with affiliates located across the United States . Major League Baseball has an exclusive rights deal with XM Satellite Radio , which includes the channel MLB Network Radio and live play - by - play of all games . Many teams also maintain a network of stations that broadcast their games in Spanish ; the former Montreal Expos broadcast their games in both English and French . MLB games are also broadcast live on the internet . All television and radio broadcasts of games are available via subscription to MLB.tv at Major League Baseball 's website , MLB.com , and radio - only broadcasts are also available via subscription to MLB.com Gameday Audio . Radio station affiliates are officially forbidden from streaming games through their Internet feeds . Blackout rules are still applied for live television broadcasts , but not radio broadcasts . International broadcasting ( edit ) ESPN Deportes televises a large number of MLB games in Spanish throughout Latin America . Wapa 2 airs games in Puerto Rico , including spring training games and most of the World Baseball Classic games involving the team from Puerto Rico . In Brazil , ESPN Brasil has exclusive rights on TV ( ESPN and ESPN+ ) and Internet ( WatchESPN ) , with Fox Sports also broadcasting some games . Five in the United Kingdom previously screened MLB games , including the All - Star Game and the postseason games , on Sunday and Wednesday usually starting at 1 am BST . Most recently , Johnny Gould and Josh Chetwynd presented MLB on Five on that station . The channel covered baseball beginning on its opening night in 1997 , but for financial reasons , the decision was made not to pick up MLB for the 2009 season . ESPN UK show live and recorded games several times a week -- it is available with BT Sport and ( on a subscriber - basis ) Virgin Media in the UK . ESPN America televised a large number of games in the UK and dozens of other countries ; in May 2013 , ESPN announced that it would shut down the channel on July 31 , 2013 . In Australia , MLB games are regularly shown on ESPN Australia ( subscription ) . In the Middle East & North Africa , MLB games are broadcast on beIN Sports channels . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Australian Baseball League Baseball Assistance Team ( B.A.T. ) Baseball in the United States Baseball in Canada Going To Bat Foundation List of Major League Baseball awards List of Major League Baseball retired numbers List of Major League Baseball spring training ballparks List of Major League Baseball stadiums List of all - time Major League Baseball win - loss records List of Major League Baseball managers Hall of Fame Magic number MLB attendance MLB Industry Growth Fund Major League Baseball Players Association , the labor union representing players for collective bargaining negotiations with franchise owners Reviving Baseball in Inner Cities ( RBI ) ( ages 13 -- 18 ) National all - stars tournament ( ages 16 -- 18 ) List of professional sports leagues Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada List of professional sports teams in the United States and Canada List of American and Canadian cities by number of major professional sports franchises References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Commissionership : A Historical Perspective '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . The strength of the American League grew as an increasing number of National League players opted for the higher salaries offered by the new association . Faced with the prospect of losing many of its best players , the NL chose peace and declared the AL its equal in 1903 . This led to a new National Agreement and the birth of the World Series . The American and National Leagues were established as major leagues and all other associations comprised the minor leagues , which fell under the jurisdiction of the National Association of Professional Baseball Leagues . ^ Jump up to : Noble , Marty ( September 23 , 2011 ) . `` MLB carries on strong , 200,000 games later : Look what they started on a ballfield in Philadelphia in 1876 '' . MLB.com . MLB Advanced Media . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Executives '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team - by - team information '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series History : Championships by Club '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Year In Review : 2000 National League '' . Baseball-Almanac.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chass , Murray ( September 16 , 1999 ) . `` BASEBALL ; League Presidents Out As Baseball Centralizes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Maury . `` MLB Sees Nearly 73.8 Million In Attendance For 2015 , Seventh - Highest All - Time '' . Forbes.com . Forbes . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berg , Ted . `` Someone is selling MLB 's original 1876 constitution , and it 's expected to fetch millions '' . USAToday.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Policy Debate : Should the antitrust exemption for baseball be eliminated ? '' . www.swlearning.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Role of Antitrust Laws in the Professional Sports Industry From a Financial Perspective '' . Howard Bartee , Jr . The Sport Journal . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2008 . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Manfred promoted ; Jimmie Lee Solomon resigns '' . ESPN . June 7 , 2012 . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Executives '' . MLB.com. 2013 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Network '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About MLB Network '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Commissionership : A Historical Perspective '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interleague play ho - hum to some '' . Spartanburg Herald - Journal . June 4 , 2000 . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ At the same time , the Detroit Tigers agreed to move from the AL East to the AL Central ( to replace Milwaukee ) , with the expansion Tampa Bay Devil Rays joining the AL East . `` Brewers switch leagues , join Reds in NL Central '' . The Kentucky Post ( Associated Press ) . E.W. Scripps Company . November 6 , 1997 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2005 ... See also Milwaukee Brewers # 1994 -- 98 : Realignment / `` We 're taking this thing National '' . ^ Jump up to : MLB required the Astros to accept this move as a condition of approving their sale to Jim Crane . `` Astros ' sale finalized ; 2 more for playoffs '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . Associated Press . November 17 , 2011 . Retrieved November 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN : MLB Baseball Teams '' . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Designated Hitter Rule '' . MLB.com . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Adamson , Scott . `` Nothing more irritating than playing by one set of rules in one park and a different set in another '' . The Anderson Independent - Mail . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oriole Park at Camden Yards '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fenway Park '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yankee Stadium '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tropicana Field '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rogers Centre '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Cellular Field '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Progressive Field '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Comerica Park '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kauffman Stadium '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Target Field '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Minute Maid Park '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Angel Stadium of Anaheim '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` O.co Coliseum '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Safeco Field '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Globe Life Park in Arlington '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Turner Field '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marlins Park Information '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Citi Field '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Citizens Bank Park '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nationals Park '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wrigley Field '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Great American Ball Park '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Miller Park '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PNC Park '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Busch Stadium '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chase Field '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coors Field '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dodger Stadium '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Petco Park '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AT&T Park '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media , LP . July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ History : Legend of the Cincinnati Red Stockings Archived July 24 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... 1869 Cincinnati Red Stockings Vintage Base Ball Team ( 2007 ) . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Association of Professional Base Ball Players '' . britannica.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Rader , Benjamin ( 2008 ) . Baseball : A History of America 's Game . University of Illinois Press . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 07550 - 1 . Jump up ^ Spatz , Lyle ( 2012 ) . Historical Dictionary of Baseball . Scarecrow Press . p. 236 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 7954 - 9 . Jump up ^ Events of Saturday , April 22 , 1876 . Retrosheet . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Minor League Baseball History '' . MiLB.com . Retrieved September 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 1903 National Agreement '' . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved September 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` American Association ( 19th Century ) '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1890 Players ' League '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1914 Federal League '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1915 Federal League '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Silver , Nate ( 2007 ) . `` NerdFight : League Quality Adjustments '' . Baseball Prospectus . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2007 . Retrieved September 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ McNeil , William ( 2006 ) . The Evolution of Pitching in Major League Baseball . McFarland . p. 60 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2468 - 0 . Jump up ^ Keating , Peter . `` The game that Ruth built '' . Boston.com . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daniel Okrent , Harris Lewine , David Nemec ( 2000 ) `` The Ultimate Baseball Book '' , Houghton Mifflin Books , ISBN 0 - 618 - 05668 - 8 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Burt Solomon ( 2000 ) `` Where They Ai n't : The Fabled Life And Untimely Death Of The Original Baltimore Orioles '' , Simon and Schuster , ISBN 0 - 684 - 85917 - 3 Excerpt Archived July 25 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ Lieb , Fred ( 1955 ) . The Baltimore Orioles : The History of a Colorful Team in Baltimore and St. Louis . SIU Press . p. 46 . ISBN 0 - 8093 - 8972 - X . Jump up ^ Foul strike rule . Baseball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` History Files -- Chicago Black Sox : The Fix '' . Chicago History Museum . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History Files -- Chicago Black Sox '' . Chicago History Museum . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indians uncover lost Chapman plaque '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees : Team History and Encyclopedia '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McNeil , William ( 1997 ) . The King of Swat : An Analysis of Baseball 's Home Run Hitters from the Major , Minor , Negro , and Japanese Leagues . McFarland . p. 32 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0362 - 4 . Jump up ^ Belson , Ken ( January 6 , 2009 ) . `` Apples for a Nickel , and Plenty of Empty Seats '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Anton , Todd and Bill Nowlin ( eds . ) ( 2008 ) . When Baseball Went to War . Triumph Books . pp. 7 -- 9 . ISBN 1 - 60078 - 126 - 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Martin , Alfred ( 2008 ) . The Negro Leagues in New Jersey : A History . McFarland . pp. 104 -- 105 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 5192 - 0 . Jump up ^ Roosevelt , Franklin . `` Green Light Letter '' . January 15 , 1942 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Robert . `` Three Reichs , You 're Out '' . Slate.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Jackie Robinson Foundation '' . Jackie Robinson Foundation . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ . `` Leo Durocher '' . Society for American Baseball Research . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( April 13 , 2007 ) . `` 1947 : A time for change '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rookie of the Year Awards & Rolaids Relief Award Winners . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Doby was AL 's first African - American player . ESPN Classic . June 26 , 2003 . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finkelman , Paul ( ed . ) ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History , 1896 to the Present : From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty - First Century , Volume 1 . Oxford University Press . p. 145 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516779 - 1 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Are Women the Next Demographic to Integrate into Major League Baseball ? '' . September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Veterans elect five into Hall of Fame : Two managers , three executives comprise Class of 2008 '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . December 3 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2007 . Retrieved January 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Robert ( 2009 ) . After many a summer : the passing of the Giants and Dodgers and a golden age in New York baseball . New York : Sterling . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 6068 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Walter O'Malley '' . Time . April 28 , 1958 . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Timetable '' ( PDF ) . American Airlines . November 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 12 , 2007 . Retrieved November 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Identifying Locations '' . colostate.edu . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2008 . Retrieved November 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Walter in Wonderland '' . Time . April 28 , 1958 . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan Stadium / Minnesota Twins / 1961 -- 1981 '' . Ballpark Digest . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2008 . Retrieved May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Scoreboard '' . Time . Time , Inc . May 20 , 1957 . Retrieved April 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Plans involving Angels and A 's never seriously considered '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1968 -- The Year of the Pitcher '' Sports Illustrated , August 4 , 1998 . Archived May 21 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Year by Year Leaders for Batting Average '' . baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved September 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Mary ( 2000 ) . `` When Denny McLain stood baseball on its ear '' . The Detroit News . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2009 . Retrieved September 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Gibson Statistics '' . baseball-reference.com . Retrieved September 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ William Leggett ( March 24 , 1969 ) . `` From Mountain To Molehill '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2012 . Retrieved March 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Merron , Jeff ( 2003 ) . `` Blomberg first permanent pinch - hitter '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : Artificial turf in Major League Baseball '' . Bleacher Report . September 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2013 . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Riles , Robert ( April 8 , 2008 ) . `` History of Baseball Uniforms '' . Americanchronicle.com . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` MLB Logos '' . Sportslogos.net . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MLB tems wear throwback uniforms for select games in 2011 '' . FOX Sports . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Date when the New York Knickerbockers wore the first baseball uniforms and what they were made of '' . iterpret.co.za . Retrieved June 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History Of Baseball Uniforms In The Major Leagues '' . interpret.co.za . Retrieved May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The history of the baseball uniform at the National Baseball Hall of Fame '' . exhibits.baseballhalloffame.org . Retrieved June 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A short history of the baseball cap. ( The Home Forum ) -- The Christian Science Monitor -- HighBeam Research '' . www.highbeam.com . Retrieved May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Happy 50th , baseball caps '' . BBC News . April 27 , 2004 . Retrieved May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating the rich history of baseball caps '' . mlb.mlb.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The history of the baseball uniform at the National Baseball Hall of Fame '' . exhibits.baseballhalloffame.org . Retrieved May 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` National Baseball Hall of Fame -- Dressed to the Nines -- Uniform Database '' . exhibits.baseballhalloffame.org . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2008 . Retrieved May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Uniforms '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cactus League '' . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Florida 's Grapefruit League '' . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MLB : Spring Training '' . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Schedule '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ See # League organization ( above ) . Jump up ^ `` MLB : Regular Season '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MLB : Playoff Tiebreaker Rules '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rosters Expanded For the All - Star Game '' . The New York Times . April 28 , 2010 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All - Star Game History '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( July 10 , 2006 ) . `` All - Star MVP Awaits Your Vote '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All - Star Game '' . baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 World Series ( 4 -- 2 ) : Florida Marlins ( 91 -- 71 ) over New York Yankees ( 101 -- 61 ) '' . baseball-reference.com . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 World Series ( 4 -- 1 ) : St. Louis Cardinals ( 83 -- 78 ) over Detroit Tigers ( 95 -- 67 ) '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lamont , Buchanan ( 1951 ) . The World Series and Highlights of Baseball . E.P. Dutton & Co. p. 120 . Jump up ^ Okkonen , Marc ( 1991 ) . Baseball uniforms of the 20th century : The official major league baseball guide . Sterling Pub. Co. p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8069 - 8490 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Playoff Format 2013 : Tiebreaker Scenarios , Wild Card Games and Seedings '' . Bleacher Report . September 23 , 2013 . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ World Series , sec. 3.2. 2 ( Game - by - Game ) , note 2 ; as of 2008 , the 1981 Los Angeles Dodgers are the last team to win a World Series after losing the first two games on the road . Jump up ^ `` Major League Baseball announces revamped postseason schedule '' . MLB.com. 2007 . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Official Rules : 6.00 The Batter '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MLB , China Baseball League Team to Tour China '' , Mar. 3 , 2005 . Voice of America . Archived October 4 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Resilient Taiwan drop All - Stars series finale 6 - 4 '' , Taipei Times , November 7 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` Seattle Mariners open 2012 season in Japan vs. Oakland Athletics '' . MLB.com . September 28 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2013 . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jarosh , Noah . `` MLB exploring possible All - Star tour in Korea after 2014 '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burton , Rick ( March 9 , 2014 ) . `` Australia , Baseball 's Diamond in Rough '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` D - backs ' trip Down Under highlights ' 14 schedule : Arizona opens next season against Los Angeles at Sydney Cricket Ground '' . MLB.com . September 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Players suspended under baseball 's steroids policy '' . ESPN.com . June 7 , 2006 . Retrieved July 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Steroids Era '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Owners , Players Reach Deal On Steroid Testing '' . wnbc.com. 2005 . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Barry ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Mitchell Report to be released today '' . MLB.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Duff ; Schmidt , Michael ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Baseball Braces for Steroid Report From Mitchell '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Phil Rogers ( December 12 , 2007 ) . `` Mitchell report will assess the damage done '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2007 . Retrieved December 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Quinn , T.J. ; Mark Fainaru - Wada ( December 13 , 2007 ) . `` Sources : Players , owners to share blame in Mitchell report '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mitchell Report '' ( PDF ) . p . SR2 . Retrieved December 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mitchell report : Baseball slow to react to players ' steroid use '' . ESPN . December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved December 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mitchell Report '' ( PDF ) . p . A1 . Retrieved December 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mike Dodd ( March 31 , 2006 ) . `` Is George Mitchell independent enough ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Childs Walker ( December 11 , 2007 ) . `` Some question Mitchell as report draws near '' . Baltimore Sun . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Greg Johnson ( December 14 , 2007 ) . `` Mitchell cites unbiased history '' . The Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved December 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael S. ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` Baseball to Expand Drug - Testing Program '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MLB , union increase penalties for drug use '' . Jump up ^ `` Rays ' Manny Ramirez to retire '' . ESPN.com. April 10 , 2011 . Retrieved October 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Fox , TBS have seven - year , $3 billion TV deal with MLB '' . ESPN.com. 2006 . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` MLB extends TV agreement with ESPN through 2013 '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Hiestand ( July 11 , 2006 ) . `` TBS drops Braves games , joins Fox in rich TV deal '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Barry M. Bloom ( 2006 ) . `` TBS signs on to air LCS games '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dave Sheinin ( May 18 , 2007 ) . `` MLB Network Closer to Fruition '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 21 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sportsnet will carry all 162 games for Blue Jays '' . MLB.com . March 22 , 2013 . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Company Information '' . Sportsnet . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN 's Sunday Night Baseball airs on TSN 2 '' . Digitalhome.ca . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Blackouts FAQ '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Helyar , John ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` Singin ' the ' Baseball Blackout Blues ' '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN 's Star - Studded 2013 Sunday Night Baseball Schedule '' . ESPN.com . January 15 , 2013 . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees Radio Network '' . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MLB Network Radio '' . Sirius XM Radio . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MLB.tv '' . MLB.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Deportes ' Multimedia Coverage of Major League Baseball All - Star Game and Events '' . hispanicprwire.com . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . Retrieved September 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Santana , Glenn ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` Inicia el béisbol por Telemundo y Wapa '' ( in Spanish ) . Primera Hora . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Brasil : Beisebol '' . ESPN Brasil . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gould , Jonny ( August 8 , 2008 ) . `` Jonny Gould '' . baseballfan.co.uk . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2009 . Retrieved September 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Customer Services FAQ -- Major League Baseball '' . June 30 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2009 . Retrieved July 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN UK : Baseball '' . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Laughlin , Andrew . `` ESPN agrees $5.6 billion MLB baseball deal '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN America To Suspend Broadcasts In Europe , N. Africa , The Middle East On July 31 '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN Australia : Baseball '' . ESPN Australia . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Banner , Stuart . The Baseball Trust : A History of Baseball 's Antitrust Exemption . New York : Oxford University Press , 2013 . Bouton , Jim . Ball Four : My Life and Hard Times Throwing the Knuckleball in the Major Leagues . World Publishing Company , 1970 . Buchanan , Lamont , The World Series and Highlights of Baseball , E.P. Dutton & Company , 1951 . Cohen , Richard M. , Neft , David , Johnson , Roland T. , Deutsch , Jordan A. , The World Series , 1976 , Dial Press . Deutsch , Jordan A. , Cohen , Richard M. , Neft , David , Johnson , Roland T. , The Scrapbook History of Baseball , Bobbs - Merrill Company , 1975 . King , Corretta . Jackie Robinson . New York : Chelsea House Publishers , 1987 . James , Bill . The Historical Baseball Abstract . New York : Villard , 1985 ( with many subsequent editions ) . Lanigan , Ernest , Baseball Cyclopedia , 1922 , originally published by Baseball Magazine . Lansch , Jerry , Glory Fades Away : The Nineteenth Century World Series Rediscovered , Taylor Publishing , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 87833 - 726 - 1 . Murphy , Cait . Crazy ' 08 : How a Cast of Cranks , Rogues , Boneheads , and Magnates Created the Greatest Year in Baseball History . New York : Smithsonian Books , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 088937 - 1 . Okkonen , Marc . Baseball Uniforms of the 20th Century : The Official Major League Baseball Guide , 1991 . Ritter , Lawrence . The Glory of their Times . New York : MacMillan , 1966 . Revised edition , New York : William Morrow , 1984 . Ross , Brian . `` Band of Brothers '' . Minor League News , April 6 , 2005 . Available at Minor League News . Seymour , Harold . Baseball : The Early Years . 2v . New York : Oxford University Press , 1960 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 500100 - 1 . Turkin , Hy , and Thompson , S.C. , The Official Encyclopedia of Baseball , 1951 , A.S. Barnes and Company Tygiel , Jules . Past Time : Baseball as History . New York : Oxford University Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514604 - 2 . The New York Times , The Complete Book of Baseball : A Scrapbook History , 1980 , Bobbs Merrill . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutMajor League Baseballat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website ArmchairGM MLB Portal Ballparks.com Baseball History Site Baseball Prospectus Baseball Think Factory Boxscore Archive contains official play - by - play and boxscores since 2002 . ESPN Baseball Index ESPN Video Archive : Major League Baseball Pitch In For Baseball -- A MLB and MLB International partner charity The Baseball Page Urban Youth Academy ( MLB ) `` MLB , China Baseball League Team to Tour China '' , VOAnews.com , March 3 , 2005 . Voice of America . Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Schedule Spring training Opening Day Jackie Robinson Day Civil Rights Game All - Star Game Interleague play International games Players Weekend World Baseball Classic Postseason World Series Champions AL AL Champions ALCS ALDS NL NL Champions NLCS NLDS Wild Card Game Appearances Streaks Droughts Series Business Draft Rule 5 Players Association Highest paid players Luxury tax Lockouts / strikes Winter Meetings Hot stove league Transactions Media Logo Radio Television MLB.com MLB Advanced Media Minor League Baseball Authentication Program Miscellaneous Instant replay Team uniforms Stadiums Mascots Rivalries History History AL Seasons Tie - breakers Tie - breaking procedures Records Awards Retired numbers Hall of Fame Steroid usage Drug policy suspensions Mitchell Report Juiced Vindicated Biogenesis baseball scandal BALCO scandal Game of Shadows Barry Bonds perjury case Timeline Timeline of Major League Baseball History of team nicknames Dead - ball era Live - ball era Golden age of baseball Defunct and relocated teams Relocation of the 1950s -- 60s Expansion 1961 1962 1969 1977 1993 1998 Commissioner : Rob Manfred League Presidents AL NL American League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : National League Origins : ( History Western League ) Honorary president : Frank Robinson Current teams East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers Former , relocated , and disestablished teams Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 1902 ) Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 1967 ) Milwaukee Brewers I ( 1901 ) Milwaukee Brewers II ( 1970 -- 1997 ) Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 1954 ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 1953 ) Washington Senators I ( 1901 -- 1960 ) Washington Senators II ( 1961 -- 1971 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Designated hitter Professional baseball National League Organization Parent league : Major League Baseball Partner league : American League Honorary president : Bill Giles Current teams East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Former , relocated , and disestablished teams 19th - century National League teams Boston Beaneaters / Braves ( 1883 -- 1952 ) Milwaukee Braves ( 1953 -- 1965 ) Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1883 -- 1957 ) New York Giants ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Houston Colt . 45s / Astros ( 1962 -- 2012 ) Montreal Expos ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Championship play List of champions Championship Series Division Series Wild Card winners Related articles Professional baseball Histories of teams in Major League Baseball American League East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers National League East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals ( Part I II III IV ) West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Relocated teams Milwaukee Brewers ( 1901 ) Baltimore Orioles ( 1901 -- 02 ) Boston Braves ( 1870 -- 1953 ) St. Louis Browns ( 1902 -- 53 ) Philadelphia Athletics ( 1901 -- 54 ) New York Giants ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Brooklyn Dodgers ( 1883 -- 1957 ) Washington Senators ( 1901 -- 60 ) Milwaukee Braves ( 1953 -- 65 ) Kansas City Athletics ( 1955 -- 67 ) Seattle Pilots ( 1969 ) Washington Senators ( 1961 -- 71 ) Montreal Expos ( 1969 -- 2004 ) Defunct teams New York Mutuals ( 1876 ) Athletic of Philadelphia ( 1876 ) Hartford Dark Blues ( 1875 -- 76 ) St. Louis Brown Stockings ( 1876 -- 77 ) Louisville Grays ( 1876 -- 77 ) Indianapolis Blues ( 1878 ) Milwaukee Grays ( 1878 ) Syracuse Stars ( 1878 ) Cincinnati Red Stockings ( 1876 -- 79 ) Cincinnati Stars ( 1880 ) Worcester Worcesters ( 1880 -- 82 ) Providence Grays ( 1878 -- 85 ) Buffalo Bisons ( 1879 -- 85 ) Cleveland Blues ( 1879 -- 84 ) Troy Trojans ( 1879 -- 82 ) St. Louis Maroons ( 1885 -- 86 ) Kansas City Cowboys ( 1886 ) Detroit Wolverines ( 1881 -- 88 ) Indianapolis Hoosiers ( 1887 -- 89 ) Washington Nationals ( 1886 -- 89 ) Cleveland Spiders ( 1887 -- 99 ) Baltimore Orioles ( 1892 -- 99 ) Louisville Colonels ( 1892 -- 99 ) Washington Senators ( 1891 -- 99 ) Major League Baseball seasons Pre-modern era Beginnings 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 Competition 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 NL monopoly 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 Modern era Deadball era 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 Liveball era 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 World War II 1942 1943 1944 1945 Postwar 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 First expansion 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 Birth of division play 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 Wildcard begins 2001 Wildcard expansion 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 See also Major League Baseball schedule Major League Baseball Major League Baseball records Baseball statistics ( types of records ) General Record holders Single - game records Single - season records Record breakers by season Records considered unbreakable Titles leaders Batting leaders Career Batting average On - base percentage Times on base Slugging percentage OPS Hits 3,000 club Progressive Singles Doubles Triples Home runs 500 club Progressive Extra base hits RBIs Total bases Walks Intentional HBP Strikeouts Games played At - bats Plate appearances Annual Batting average Doubles Triples Home runs RBI Season Batting average Triples Home run Progressive Game Home runs Hitting for the cycle Grand slams RBI Game Inning Hits Misc Consecutive game hitting streak On - base plus slugging Hits Home runs Doubles Triples RBIs Baserunning leaders Career Runs Stolen bases Annual Runs Stolen bases Game Runs Misc Runs Stolen bases Pitching leaders Career Wins 300 club Losses Games started Games finished Innings pitched Strikeouts 3,000 club Saves Complete games Shutouts ERA WHIP Walks Hit batsmen Wild pitches Batters faced Annual Wins Saves Shutouts Strikeouts ERA Game No - hitters Perfect games Strikeouts Game Inning Immaculate innings Misc Wins Fielding leaders Career Putouts 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF CF RF Errors 1B 2B SS 3B OF LF Assists Passed balls Annual Putouts Errors Managing records Wins and winning percentage Multiple stat records Triple Crown 20 -- 20 -- 20 club 30 -- 30 club 40 -- 40 club Other Consecutive games played Longest winning streaks Longest losing streaks Individual streaks Titles streaks Major League Baseball players by national origin Australia Bahamas Brazil Canada China Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic Jamaica Japan South Korea Mexico Netherlands Antilles Nicaragua Panama Puerto Rico Taiwan Venezuela Virgin Islands Current players by nationality European players First player from each country Professional baseball leagues Americas Major Major League Baseball American League National League Minor Triple - A International League Pacific Coast League Mexican League Double - A Eastern League Southern League Texas League Class A Advanced California League Carolina League Florida State League Class A Midwest League South Atlantic League Class A Short Season New York -- Penn League Northwest League Rookie Advanced Appalachian League Pioneer League Rookie Arizona League Dominican Summer League Gulf Coast League Independent American Association Atlantic League Can - Am League Empire League Frontier League Pacific Association Pecos League United Shore League Off - season MLB - affiliated Arizona Fall League Dominican Professional Baseball League Liga Paralela Mexican Pacific League Puerto Rico Baseball League Venezuelan Professional Baseball League Independent Colombian Professional Baseball League Nicaraguan Professional Baseball League Panamanian Professional Baseball League Veracruz Winter League Defunct Major Leagues All - American Girls Professional Baseball League American Association Continental League Cuban League Federal League National Association Negro league baseball Players ' League Union Association United States Baseball League Defunct minor leagues Asia China Major China Baseball League Japan Major Nippon Professional Baseball Central League Pacific League Minor Eastern League Western League Off - season Miyazaki Phoenix League Independent Baseball Challenge League Shikoku Island League Plus Women 's Japan Women 's Baseball League South Korea Major KBO League Minor KBO Futures League Taiwan Major : Chinese Professional Baseball League Minor : Popcorn League Europe Euro Euro League Baseball Italy Major Italian Baseball League 1D Minor Italian Baseball League 2D Netherlands Major Honkbal Hoofdklasse Minor Honkbal Overgangsklasse Rookie Honkbal Rookie League Oceania Australia MLB - affiliated : Australian Baseball League Inter-league and Professional National Team Championships Asia Professional Baseball Championship Caribbean Series Triple - A National Championship Game World Baseball Classic Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada Canadian Football League Major League Baseball Major League Soccer National Basketball Association National Football League National Hockey League Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_League_Baseball&oldid=856136236 '' Categories : Major League Baseball Baseball leagues in Canada Baseball leagues in the United States 1869 establishments in the United States Baseball governing bodies in the United States Professional sports leagues in Canada Professional sports leagues in the United States Recurring sporting events established in 1869 Sports organisations established in 1869 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Good articles Use mdy dates from July 2018 Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 49 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 03 : 54 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the national league and american league merge | [
"Major League Baseball (MLB) is a professional baseball organization, the oldest of the four major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada. A total of 30 teams play in the National League (NL) and American League (AL), with 15 teams in each league. The NL and AL were formed as separate legal entities in 1876 and 1901 respectively. After cooperating but remaining legally separate entities beginning in 1903, the leagues merged into a single organization led by the Commissioner of Baseball in 2000.[6][7] The organization also oversees Minor League Baseball, which comprises about 240 teams affiliated with the Major League clubs. With the World Baseball Softball Confederation, MLB manages the international World Baseball Classic tournament.\n"
] | [
"2000"
] |
-5937421597013112480 | MRL East Coast Rail Link | MRL East Coast Rail link - wikipedia MRL East Coast Rail link Jump to : navigation , search For the line in Great Britain , see East Coast Main Line . Not to be confused with KTM East Coast Railway Line . Gombak - Kota Bharu East Coast Rail Line ECR CRRC Zhuzhou CJ6 - type EMU proposed for inter-city rail line passenger services . Overview Native name Laluan Rel Pantai Timur Gombak - Kota Bharu Type Inter-city rail & Rail freight transport Status Under construction Locale Phase 1 : Kota Bharu - Kuala Terengganu - Kuantan - Bentong - ITT Gombak Phase 2 : Gombak North - Serendah - Port Klang and Kota Bharu - Pengkalan Kubor Stations Phase 1 : 22 Ridership 5.40 million by 2030 ( estimated ) Website mrl.com.my Operation Planned opening July 2024 ; 6 years ' time ( 2024 - 07 ) Owner Malaysia Rail Link Sdn Bhd Operator ( s ) Malaysia Rail Link Sdn Bhd Conduction system With driver Rolling stock 11 eight - car trainsets ( CJ6 - type EMU ) capacity for up to 600 passengers per trainsets Technical Line length Phase 1 : 600.3 km ( 373.0 mi ) Single track railway line built on a double track formation . Phase 2 : 88 km ( 55 mi ) Track gauge 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ) standard gauge Electrification Overhead line Operating speed 160 km / h ( 99 mph ) ( hide ) East Coast Rail Link proposed network Legend Pengkalan Kubor to KTM Tumpat ECL Wakaf Bharu to KTM Mentakab and Gemas MRL Kota Bharu Jelawat Tok Bali Kelantan Terengganu state border Kampung Raja Penarik Kuala Terengganu Kuala Telemong ( Provisional ) Pengkalan Berangan Bukit Besi Spur Line Dungun Kertih ( Provisional ) Kemasik Kemaman Spur Line Chukai Terengganu Pahang state border Cherating Kuantan Port City Kuantan Port City Spur Line Kota SAS Kuantan Sentral ( Provisional ) Gambang Maran to Wakaf Bharu and Tumpat ECL KTM Mentakab MRL Mentakab ( Kawasan Perindustrian Termerloh ) to Gemas Bentong 18km Bentong Tunnel Pahang Selangor state border Gombak Utara Gombak 5 to Putra Heights and KL Sentral to KTM Tanjung Malim Serendah to KTM Port Klang Puncak Alam ( future ) Kapar ( future ) KTM Jalan Kastam Northport and Westport The East Coast Rail Link ( ECRL ) ( Malay : Laluan Rel Pantai Timur ) is an under construction of new standard gauge railway link infrastructure project connecting Port Klang on the Straits of Malacca to Pengkalan Kubor in the northeast , connecting the East Coast Economic Region states of Pahang , Terengganu and Kelantan to one another and to Peninsular Malaysia 's west coast and Central Region . The railway link infrastructure project will carry both passengers and freight from the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia to its East Coast and vice versa . Contents ( hide ) 1 Project proposal 2 Project Background 3 Railway Alignment 3.1 Phase 1 3.2 Phase 2 4 Fleet 4.1 Passenger EMU 4.2 Rail Freight Locomotive 5 Owner and operator 6 References 7 External links Project proposal ( edit ) East Coast Rail Link - Rail Link Infrastructure Electrified single standard gauge track railway line built on a double track formation including spur line , tunnel link , bridges , viaduct , depots , stations and signalling system . Phase 1 : Kota Bharu - Kuala Terengganu - Kuantan - Bentong - ITT Gombak Phase 2 : Gombak North - Serendah - Port Klang and Kota Bharu - Pengkalan Kubor . East Coast Rail Line - Rail Line Services Gombak - Kota Bharu ECR Line , up to 160 km / h speed inter-city rail service planned using 11 eight - car trainsets ( CJ6 - type EMU ) for passenger services Port Klang - Serendah - Gombak Utara - Pengkalan Kubor ECR Line freight ( cargo ) using electric locomotive Project background ( edit ) On 15 March 2016 , Suruhanjaya Pengangkutan Awam Darat ( SPAD ) and East Coast Economic Region Development Council ( ECERDC ) , has done market sensing exercise to gauge market interest , seek views and ideas for the ECRL via a Request for Information ( RFI ) . On November 2016 , a framework finance deal and construction agreement , set to cost USD13. 1 billion was signed by Malaysia Government with state - owned China Communications Construction Company Ltd ( CCCC ) . Starting 8 March 2017 , the plan is opened for public inspection for 3 months at Land Public Transport Commission ( SPAD ) head office and 38 other locations including district offices . The 3 - month Public Inspection for Phase One of the ECRL received some 95 percent approval from 17,000 respondents across 15 east coast districts . SPAD had granted approval for Phase One of the ECRL railway schedule on 23 June 2017 which covers about 600 km of track . An Environmental Impact Assessment Report for the ECRL has also been completed and endorsed by the Department of Environment on 20 June 2017 . On August 9 , 2017 , prime minister Najib Razak presided at the groundbreaking ceremony in Pahang state , marking the beginning of construction . He said `` The construction of this rail link is in line with the government 's initiative for efficient national infrastructure as well as connecting towns and upgrading public transport in the rural areas of the east coast . '' Railway alignment ( edit ) Phase 1 ( edit ) The proposed alignment for Phase 1 of the railway features 22 stations running along a 600.3 km route . The new rail link is projected to connect passengers from Kota Bharu in Kelantan to ITT Gombak in Selangor in less than 4 hours . It will start north of Kuala Lumpur at the Integrated Transport Terminal Gombak ( ITT Gombak ) , the future interchange with the Kelana Jaya Line and main long - distance bus terminal . From the Klang Valley the line will run east through the state of Pahang , serving the towns of Bentong , Mentakab , Maran and Gambang , Kota SAS before reaching the state capital , Kuantan where there will be two stations namely Kuantan Port City 2 ( freight ) and Kuantan Port City 1 ( passenger ) . From Kuantan , the line will turn north to Cherating before entering the state of Terengganu , where it will serve the towns of Chukai , Kemasik , Kerteh ( Provisional ) , Dungun , Pengkalan Berangan , state capital Kuala Terengganu as well as via Telaga Papan and Kampung Raja area . The ECRL will continue north into Kelantan , serving stations at Tok Bali and Jelawat , before ending at Kota Bharu . The rail link includes a total of 50 km of tunnelling and underground alignment . The tunnelling works will be carried out along the Gombak - Bentong area where the single - longest twin hill - tunnel spanning 18 km will be built under the Titiwangsa Mountains . There will also be several underground lines , including in the heavily populated Gombak area near the Kuala Lumpur city centre . Phase 2 ( edit ) Phase 2 of ECRL , meanwhile , will have an estimated length of 88 km . This phase will cover the stretch from Gombak North until Port Klang ( Jalan Kastam ) through Serendah and two more future station located at Puncak Alam and Kapar . Beside that , further extension between Kota Bharu and Pengkalan Kubor also will be build . The cost of construction for this section of the ECRL is RM9 billion . With Phase 1 and Phase 2 combined , the total length of the entire line is about 688 km and the construction cost amounting to RM55 billion . Fleet ( edit ) Passenger EMU ( edit ) Passenger services will be operated by a fleet of 11 eight - car CJ6 - type EMUs , each accommodating up to 600 passengers . The EMUs will be eco-friendly and produce less noise compared to other EMUs . Rail freight locomotive ( edit ) One electric locomotive is capable to haulage up to 45 wagons with 3500 tonnes cargo . Owner and operator ( edit ) The ECRL will be owned and operated by Malaysia Rail Link Sdn Bhd ( MRL ) , a special purpose vehicle wholly owned by the Minister of Finance Incorporated ( MoF Inc ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ MRL . `` Welcome to MRL '' . mrl.com.my . Jump up ^ `` ECRL Project Information '' . www.mrl.com.my . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` EAST COAST RAIL LINE ( ECRL ) PROJECT '' . SPAD . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` SPAD initiates RFI to gauge market interest for East Coast Rail Line '' . THE EDGE . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` ECRL project to boost GDP of three East Coast states by 1.5 pc '' . 2017 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2017/08/265814/najib-lambasts-those-who-criticise-ecrl-project-despite-massive-benefits Jump up ^ http://malaysiandigest.com/news/691856-ecrl-to-bring-changes-to-economic-development-landscape.html Jump up ^ `` Malaysia breaks ground on East Coast Rail Link '' . 2017 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v7/sp/newssports.php?id=1380220 Jump up ^ `` Malaysia unveils East Coast Rail Link alignment '' . Railjournal.com. 2017 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Gamuda and IJM set to gain from East Coast Rail Link project - Business News The Star Online '' . Thestar.com.my. 2017 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ May 13 , 2017 @ 5 : 13pm . `` Najib witnesses signing of ECRL Phase Two construction agreement New Straits Times Malaysia General Business Sports and Lifestyle News '' . Nst.com.my . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` M'sia inks second phase deals on ECRL and Malacca - Pengerang pipeline '' . Malaysiakini.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Projek Laluan Rel Pantai Timur ( ECRL ) - Menyatu Kehidupan , Memacu Pertumbuhan '' . YouTube . 2011 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ MoF 's MRL To Own And Operate RM55b ECRL External links ( edit ) Suruhanjaya Pengangkutan Awam Darat ( SPAD ) Official Website Rail transport in Malaysia Inter-city rail Peninsular Malaysia ETS Padang Besar - Gemas ETS Tumpat - Gemas - JB Sentral - Woodland Intercity Eastern and Oriental Express KTM West Coast Railway Line KTM East Coast Railway Line East Malaysia Western Sabah Railway Line City transport ( Peninsular Malaysia ) Northern Region 1 Padang Rengas Line 2 Padang Besar Line SRT International Express Penang Hill Railway Langkawi Sky Glide Langkawi Cable Car Central Region Klang Valley Integrated Transit System ( TRANSIT ) Suburban rail Commuter rail 1 Seremban Line 2 Port Klang Line Airport rail link 6 KLIA Ekspres 7 KLIA Transit Rapid transit Light Metro 3 Ampang Line 4 Sri Petaling Line 5 Kelana Jaya Line Mass Rapid Transit 9 Sungai Buloh -- Kajang Line People mover Monorail 8 KL Monorail APM Aerotrain ( KLIA ) Southern Region Melaka Monorail Shuttle Tebrau Eastern Region Genting Skyway Awana Skyway Kerteh -- Kuantan Port railway line Future Lines Under construction 10 Skypark Line 11 Bandar Utama -- Klang Line 12 Sungai Buloh -- Serdang -- Putrajaya Line KTM Gemas - Johor Bahru Double - Tracking Project Klang Valley Double - Tracking Project ECR MRL East Coast Rail Link Underway 13 Circle Line RTS Johor Bahru -- Singapore RTS HSR Kuala Lumpur -- Singapore HSR Suspended 14 Putrajaya Monorail Proposed Johor Bahru RTS Kota Kinabalu Line Kuching Line Kota Kinabalu Monorail Melaka Aerorail North Eastern Sabah Railway Line Penang Monorail Penang Rapid Transit Sarawak Railway Line Kunming -- Singapore railway Defunct Lines Genting Monorail Sunway Monorail Owner & Operator Current Express Rail Link ( ERL ) Keretapi Tanah Melayu ( KTM ) Mass Rapid Transit Corporation MyHSR Corporation Prasarana Malaysia & Rapid Rail Sabah State Railway ( SSR ) Malaysia Rail Link ( MRL ) Defunct Federated Malay States Railways Malayan Railway Administration North Borneo Railway Automated fare collection Integrated Cashless Payment System ( ICPS ) Stored - value card Touch ' n Go MyRapid Card Komuter Link Card Debit card MyDebit Card Commissions Land Public Transport Commission ( SPAD ) Rolling Stock Bombardier Innovia APM 100 Bombardier Innovia Metro CNR Changchun ERL Equator EMU Doppelmayr Garaventa 100 - FUL Penang Hill Hyundai Rotem SSP EMU Scomi SUTRA EMU Siemens Desiro ET 425 M Siemens Inspiro SBK EMU Jenbacher Class 81 EMU Hyundai Rotem Class 83 EMU Hyundai Rotem Class 91 EMU CSR Zhuzhou Class 92 EMU CSR Zhuzhou Class 93 EMU MTrans ALWEG EMU Adtranz - Walkers LRV Union Carriage & Wagon Class 82 EMU Depots Current Ampang Batu Gajah Bukit Tengah Brickfields Kajang Kampung Kuala Sungai Baru KLIA MAHB OMSF Rawang Salak Tinggi Sentul Seremban Subang Sungai Buloh Tanjung Aru Under construction Johan Setia Serdang Urban Rail Transit in Southeast Asia Cambodia Royal Railway ( Phnom Penh - Sihanoukville ) Indonesia Jakarta Commuter Jakarta MRT M1 M2 Jakarta LRT L1 L2 L3 Palembang LRT L1 Surabaya Commuter Supor Sulam Jenggala ARS Kualanamu ARS ARS Soekarno - Hatta ARS Halim Perdanakusuma ARS Minangkabau ARS Adisumarmo ARS Jakarta -- Bandung HSR Bandung LRT Laos Thanaleng Extension Line Malaysia Klang Valley Integrated Transit System KTM Komuter 10 Rapid KL 5 8 9 11 12 13 14 Express Rail Link 6 7 KTM Komuter Northern ETS HSR ECR RTS Penang Rapid Transit Myanmar Yangon Circular Railway Philippines Manila LRT LRT1 LRT2 LRT4 LRT6 Manila MRT MRT3 MRT7 Metro Manila Subway PNR MCL North South Commuter Rail Manila - Clark Railway UP Diliman AGT Bicutan AGT Singapore Singapore MRT NSL EWL NEL CCL DTL TEL JRL CRL Singapore LRT BPLRT SKLRT PGLRT HSR RTS Thailand Bangkok Mass Transit BTS BTS BTS MRT MRT MRT MRT MRT MRL MRL BMA MRL MRL MRL SRT SRT ET ARL SRT Red Lines SRT SRT SRT Commuter Lopburi Line Kaeng Khoi Line Prachinburi Line Ratchaburi Line Suphan Buri Line SRT HSR Bangkok -- Chiang Mai HSR Bangkok -- Nakhon Ratchasima HSR Bangkok -- Hua Hin HSR Bangkok -- Rayong HSR Phuket Island LRT Khon Kaen LRT Hat Yai MRLT Vietnam Hanoi Metro 2A 5 6 7 8 M1 M2 M3 Ho Chi Minh City Metro 5 6 Note : Under construction & planned lines are in Italics Higher - speed rail Part of rail transport In operation Australia Regional Fast Rail project Tilt Train India Gatimaan Express Tejas Express United States More than 110 mph ( 177 km / h ) Brightline Keystone Northeast Regional For 150 mph ( 241 km / h ) or more in the US , see High - speed rail in the United States up to 110 mph ( 177 km / h ) Blue Water Empire Lake Shore Limited Lincoln Wolverine up to 90 mph ( 145 km / h ) Pacific Surfliner Southwest Chief Planned Rail Baltica ( Baltic states ) MRL ECR ( Malaysia ) Chicago Hub Network ( US ) Northern Lights Express ( US ) Equipment in use Tilt Train ( Australia ) V / Line VLocity ( Australia ) EMD AEM - 7 ( US ) EMD F59PHI ( US ) GE P32AC - DM ( US ) GE P42DC ( US ) Siemens ACS - 64 ( US ) Siemens Charger ( US ) Class 350 ( UK ) Class 90 ( UK ) Similar speed ranges InterCity ( Europe ) Skyliner ( Japan ) KTM ETS ( Malaysia ) Strizh ( Russia ) Alaris , Altaria and Arco ( Spain ) X 2000 network ( Sweden ) Puyuma Express and Taroko Express ( Taiwan ) Caltrain ( US ) Coaster ( US ) MARC Penn Line ( US ) Metrolink Orange County Line ( US ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MRL_East_Coast_Rail_Link&oldid=827527696 '' Categories : Proposed rail infrastructure in Malaysia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 February 2018 , at 06 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | ecrl project connecting port klang to pengkalan kubor | [] | [] |
6426812323082935478 | Flags at Buckingham Palace | Flags at Buckingham Palace - wikipedia Flags at Buckingham Palace Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Flags at Buckingham Palace vary according to the movements of court and tradition . The Queen 's Flag Sergeant is responsible for all flags flown from the palace . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tradition 2 Change of protocol 3 Other royal residences 4 See also 5 References Tradition ( edit ) Until 1997 the only flag to fly from Buckingham Palace was the Royal Standard , the official flag of the reigning British sovereign , and only when the sovereign was in residence at the palace . Even in times of mourning , the Royal Standard would not fly at half mast . The only time a different flag would be flown from the Palace would be upon the death of the sovereign , when the flag of the next most senior member of the Royal Family present at the palace would be raised . In 1952 , the Standard of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother was raised upon the death of King George VI because the new sovereign , Queen Elizabeth II , was in Kenya . The size of the flag is varied according to the importance of the event , with a normal - sized flag being used most of the time . On state or ceremonial occasions , such as the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton , the Diamond Jubilee in 2012 and the sovereign 's official birthday , a much larger flag is flown . Change of protocol ( edit ) Union Flag flies at half - mast over Buckingham Palace after the death of Baroness Thatcher . This tradition changed in 1997 , following the death of Diana , Princess of Wales , when the tabloid press reported alleged public outrage because the palace did not fly a flag at half mast . The Queen was at Balmoral Castle at the time , so there was no flag flying . In response to this display of public opinion , the Queen ordered a break with protocol and the Union Flag was flown at half mast over the Palace on the day of Diana 's funeral . Since then , the Union Flag flies from the Palace when the Queen is not in residence , and has flown at half mast upon the deaths of members of the Royal Family , and other times of national mourning such as following the terrorist bombings in London on 7 July 2005 , the death of former U.S. president Gerald Ford and the death of Margaret Thatcher on 8 April 2013 . Other Royal residences ( edit ) Similar protocols are followed at different royal residences , depending on location and the member of the royal family in residence . Clarence House , for example , is the official London residence of the Prince of Wales , so flies his personal standard when he is in residence . Similarly , when the Queen Mother lived there it flew her personal standard . After her death in 2002 , her standard was flown at half mast during the mourning period . See also ( edit ) Buckingham Palace References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/the-queen-mothers-royal-standard-flag-flying-at-half-mast-news-photo/52109517 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flags_at_Buckingham_Palace&oldid=779080601 '' Categories : British culture Elizabeth II flags Buckingham Palace Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 May 2017 , at 22 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the flag at buckingham palace fly at half mast | [] | [] |
8807542557450334209 | Cuboid bone | Cuboid bone - wikipedia Cuboid bone Jump to : navigation , search Cuboid bone The left cuboid . Antero - medial view . The left cuboid . Postero - lateral view Details Articulations Calcaneocuboid , cuboideonavicular and cuneocuboid articulation Identifiers Latin Os cuboideum MeSH A02. 835.232. 043.300. 710 Dorlands / Elsevier o_07 / 12598248 TA A02. 5.16. 001 FMA 24527 Anatomical terms of bone ( edit on Wikidata ) In the human body , the cuboid bone is one of the seven tarsal bones of the foot . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Surfaces 1.2 Muscle attachments 2 Clinical significance 3 See also 4 References Structure ( edit ) The cuboid bone is the most lateral of the bones in the distal row of the tarsus . It is roughly cubical in shape , and presents a prominence in its inferior ( or plantar ) surface , the tuberosity of the cuboid . The bone provides a groove where the tendon of the peroneus longus muscle passes to reach its insertion in the first metatarsal and medial cuneiform bones . Surfaces ( edit ) The dorsal surface , directed upward and lateralward , is rough , for the attachment of ligaments . The plantar surface presents in front a deep groove , the peroneal sulcus , which runs obliquely forward and medialward ; it lodges the tendon of the peroneus longus , and is bounded behind by a prominent ridge , to which the long plantar ligament is attached . The ridge ends laterally in an eminence , the tuberosity , the surface of which presents an oval facet ; on this facet glides the sesamoid bone or cartilage frequently found in the tendon of the peroneus longus . The surface of bone behind the groove is rough , for the attachment of the plantar calcaneocuboid ligament , a few fibers of the flexor hallucis brevis , and a fasciculus from the tendon of the tibialis posterior . The lateral surface presents a deep notch formed by the commencement of the peroneal sulcus . The posterior surface is smooth , triangular , and concavo - convex , for articulation with the anterior surface of the calcaneus ( the calcaneocuboid joint ) ; its infero - medial angle projects backward as a process which underlies and supports the anterior end of the calcaneus . The anterior surface , of smaller size , but also irregularly triangular , is divided by a vertical ridge into two facets , forming the fourth and fifth tarsometatarsal joints : the medial facet , quadrilateral in form , articulates with the fourth metatarsal ; the lateral , larger and more triangular , articulates with the fifth . The medial surface is broad , irregularly quadrilateral , and presents at its middle and upper part a smooth oval facet , for articulation with the third cuneiform ; and behind this ( occasionally ) a smaller facet , for articulation with the navicular bone ; it is rough in the rest of its extent , for the attachment of strong interosseous ligaments . Muscle attachments ( edit ) Only one muscle is attached to the cuboid bone ; the tibialis posterior . The tibialis posterior inserts to the under surface of the cuboid bone . While the flexor hallucis brevis arises , by a pointed tendinous process , from the medial part of the under surface of the cuboid bone , from the contiguous portion of the lateral cuneiform bone , and from the prolongation of the tendon of the tibialis posterior . Clinical significance ( edit ) In a condition known as cuboid syndrome , the cuboid can be subluxated downward causing a swollen kind of ache along the central portion of the lateral border of the foot . See also ( edit ) Bone terminology Terms for anatomical location Knucklebones ( precursor of gaming dice ) References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ Moore , KL. ; Dalley , AF. ; Agur , AM . ( 2013 ) . Clinically Oriented Anatomy , 7th ed . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 524 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4511 - 8447 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bojsen - Møller , Finn ; Simonsen , Erik B. ; Tranum - Jensen , Jørgen ( 2001 ) . Bevægeapparatets anatomi ( Anatomy of the Locomotive Apparatus ) ( in Danish ) ( 12th ed . ) . p. 293 . ISBN 978 - 87 - 628 - 0307 - 7 . Cite uses deprecated parameter trans_title = ( help ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cuboid Bone . ( hide ) Bones of the human leg Femur upper extremity head fovea neck greater trochanter fossa lesser trochanter intertrochanteric line intertrochanteric crest quadrate tubercle shaft linea aspera upper medial : merges with intertrochanteric line upper intermediate : pectineal line upper lateral : gluteal tuberosity / third trochanter lower extremity adductor tubercle patellar surface epicondyles lateral medial condyles lateral medial intercondylar fossa Tibia upper extremity Gerdy 's tubercle condyles lateral medial intercondylar area posterior anterior intercondylar eminence lateral tubercle medial tubercle shaft tuberosity soleal line lower extremity medial malleolus Anterior colliculus Posterior colliculus fibular notch Fibula lateral malleolus Other patella apex Foot Tarsus calcaneus sustentaculum tali calcaneal tubercle talus navicular cuboid cuneiform medial intermediate lateral Metatarsals 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th Other Phalanges Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuboid_bone&oldid=725190668 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Bones of the lower limb Bones of the foot Tarsal bones Hidden categories : CS1 errors : deprecated parameters CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 14 June 2016 , at 04 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is a cuboid bone in the foot | [
"In the human body, the cuboid bone is one of the seven tarsal bones of the foot."
] | [
"one of the seven tarsal bones of the foot"
] |
-6530067993350018372 | Blue Ridge Mountains | Blue Ridge Mountains - wikipedia Blue Ridge Mountains Jump to : navigation , search Blue Ridge Mountains The Blue Ridge Mountains as seen from the Blue Ridge Parkway near Mount Mitchell in North Carolina Highest point Peak Mount Mitchell Elevation 6,684 ft ( 2,037 m ) Coordinates 35 ° 45 ′ 53 '' N 82 ° 15 ′ 55 '' W / 35.76472 ° N 82.26528 ° W / 35.76472 ; - 82.26528 Coordinates : 35 ° 45 ′ 53 '' N 82 ° 15 ′ 55 '' W / 35.76472 ° N 82.26528 ° W / 35.76472 ; - 82.26528 Geography Appalachian Mountains Country United States States List ( show ) North Carolina Virginia Tennessee Maryland Pennsylvania West Virginia South Carolina Georgia Parent range Appalachian Mountains Geology Orogeny Grenville orogeny Type of rock granite , gneiss and limestone The Blue Ridge Mountains are a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian Mountains range . This province consists of northern and southern physiographic regions , which divide near the Roanoke River gap . The mountain range is located in the eastern United States , starting at its southernmost portion in Georgia , then ending northward in Pennsylvania . To the west of the Blue Ridge , between it and the bulk of the Appalachians , lies the Great Appalachian Valley , bordered on the west by the Ridge and Valley province of the Appalachian range . The Blue Ridge Mountains are noted for having a bluish color when seen from a distance . Trees put the `` blue '' in Blue Ridge , from the isoprene released into the atmosphere , thereby contributing to the characteristic haze on the mountains and their distinctive color . Within the Blue Ridge province are two major national parks : the Shenandoah National Park , in the northern section , and the Great Smoky Mountains National Park , in the southern section . The Blue Ridge also contains the Blue Ridge Parkway , a 469 - mile ( 755 km ) long scenic highway that connects the two parks and is located along the ridge crestlines with the Appalachian Trail . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Geology 3 History 4 Flora and fauna 4.1 Flora 4.2 Fauna 5 In music 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Geography ( edit ) See also : List of mountains of the Blue Ridge and Southern Sixers Although the term `` Blue Ridge '' is sometimes applied exclusively to the eastern edge or front range of the Appalachian Mountains , the geological definition of the Blue Ridge province extends westward to the Ridge and Valley area , encompassing the Great Smoky Mountains , the Great Balsams , the Roans , the Blacks , the Brushy Mountains ( a `` spur '' of the Blue Ridge ) and other mountain ranges . The Blue Ridge Mountains as seen from Blowing Rock , North Carolina . The Blue Ridge extends as far north into Pennsylvania as South Mountain . While South Mountain dwindles to mere hills between Gettysburg and Harrisburg , the band of ancient rocks that forms the core of the Blue Ridge continues northeast through the New Jersey and Hudson River highlands , eventually reaching The Berkshires of Massachusetts and the Green Mountains of Vermont . The Blue Ridge contains the highest mountains in eastern North America south of Baffin Island . About 125 peaks exceed 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) in elevation . The highest peak in the Blue Ridge ( and in the entire Appalachian chain ) is Mt . Mitchell in North Carolina at 6,684 feet ( 2,037 m ) . There are 39 peaks in North Carolina and Tennessee higher than 6,000 feet ( 1,800 m ) ; by comparison , in the northern portion of the Appalachian chain only New Hampshire 's Mt . Washington rises above 6,000 feet . Southern Sixers is a term used by peak baggers for this group of mountains . The Blue Ridge Parkway runs 469 miles ( 755 km ) along crests of the Southern Appalachians and links two national parks : Shenandoah and Great Smoky Mountains . In many places along the parkway , there are metamorphic rocks ( gneiss ) with folded bands of light - and dark - colored minerals , which sometimes look like the folds and swirls in a marble cake . Geology ( edit ) Blue Ridge Mountains , viewed from Chimney Rock Mountain Overlook in North Carolina Most of the rocks that form the Blue Ridge Mountains are ancient granitic charnockites , metamorphosed volcanic formations , and sedimentary limestones . Recent studies completed by Richard Tollo , a professor and geologist at George Washington University , provide greater insight into the petrologic and geochronologic history of the Blue Ridge basement suites . Modern studies have found that the basement geology of the Blue Ridge is made of compositionally unique gneisses and granitoids , including orthopyroxene - bearing charnockites . Analysis of zircon minerals in the granites completed by John Aleinikoff at the U.S. Geological Survey has provided more detailed emplacement ages . The northernmost extension of the Blue Ridge Mountains , in northern Maryland Many of the features found in the Blue Ridge and documented by Tollo and others have confirmed that the rocks exhibit many similar features in other North American Grenville - age terranes . The lack of a calc - alkaline affinity and zircon ages less than 1,200 Ma suggest that the Blue Ridge is distinct from the Adirondacks , Green Mountains , and possibly the New York - New Jersey Highlands . The petrologic and geochronologic data suggest that the Blue Ridge basement is a composite orogenic crust that was emplaced during several episodes from a crustal magma source . Field relationships further illustrate that rocks emplaced prior to 1,078 - 1,064 Ma preserve deformational features . Those emplaced post-1,064 Ma generally have a massive texture and missed the main episode of Mesoproterozoic compression . The Blue Ridge Mountains began forming during the Silurian Period over 400 million years ago . Approximately 320 Mya , North America and Europe collided , pushing up the Blue Ridge . At the time of their emergence , the Blue Ridge were among the highest mountains in the world , and reached heights comparable to the much younger Alps . Today , due to weathering and erosion over hundreds of millions of years , the highest peak in the range , Mount Mitchell in North Carolina , is only 6,684 feet high -- still the highest peak east of the Rockies . History ( edit ) The Blue Ridge Mountains in the background from Lynchburg , Virginia This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The English who settled colonial Virginia in the early 17th century recorded that the native Powhatan name for the Blue Ridge was Quirank . At the foot of the Blue Ridge , various tribes including the Siouan Manahoacs , the Iroquois , and the Shawnee hunted and fished . A German physician - explorer , John Lederer , first reached the crest of the Blue Ridge in 1669 and again the following year ; he also recorded the Virginia Siouan name for the Blue Ridge ( Ahkonshuck ) . At the Treaty of Albany negotiated by Governor Spotswood with the Iroquois between 1718 and 1722 , the Iroquois ceded lands they had conquered south of the Potomac and east of the Blue Ridge to the Virginia Colony . This treaty made the Blue Ridge the new demarcation point between the areas and tribes subject to the Six Nations , and those tributary to the Colony . When colonists began to disregard this by crossing the Blue Ridge and settling in the Shenandoah Valley in the 1730s , the Iroquois began to object , finally selling their rights to the Valley , on the west side of the Blue Ridge , at the Treaty of Lancaster in 1744 . During the Gettysburg Campaign of the American Civil War , the Army of Northern Virginia , Robert E. Lee commanding , slipped across the Potomac to begin the second invasion of the North . They moved slowly across the Blue Ridge , using the mountains to screen their movements . Flora and fauna ( edit ) The forest environment provides natural habitat for many plants , trees , and animals . Flora ( edit ) See also : Category : Flora of the Appalachian Mountains The Blue Ridge Mountains have stunted oak and oak - hickory forest habitats , which comprise most of the Appalachian slope forests . Flora also includes grass , shrubs , hemlock and mixed - oak pine forests . While the Blue Ridge range includes the highest summits in the eastern United States , the climate is nevertheless too warm to support an alpine zone , and thus the range lacks the tree line found at lower elevations in the northern half of the Appalachian range . The highest parts of the Blue Ridge are generally vegetated in dense Southern Appalachian spruce - fir forests . Fauna ( edit ) The area is host to many animals , including : Many species of amphibians and reptiles A large diversity of fish species , many of which are endemic American black bear Songbirds and other bird species Coyote Grouse Whitetail deer Wild boar Wild turkey In Music ( edit ) They are included in the later lyrics of `` Freight Train '' , an American folk song first written by Elizabeth Cotten in the early 20th century . ( `` To watch those old Blue Ridge Mountains climb . As I ride ol ' Number Nine . '' ) A particularly well known song about the Blue Ridge is `` My Home 's Across the Blue Ridge Mountains '' , first recorded by the Carolina Tar Heels ( 1929 ) , later by the Carter Family ( 1937 ) , and still later by others , including Doc Watson and Joan Baez . The John Denver hit , `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' ( 1971 ) , mentions them in the line `` Blue Ridge Mountains , Shenandoah River '' , a song about West Virginia . ( These geographic features only traverse a tiny portion of the easternmost tip of the state , but the song was written in the Blue Ridge Mountains outside of the state , according to its authors . ) The bluegrass song , `` Blue Ridge Cabin Home '' , was performed and recorded by many artists , including Flatt and Scruggs . The song , `` Stonewall Jackson 's Way '' , mentions the Blue Ridge Mountains . The Clemson University alma mater opens with the line , `` Where the Blue Ridge yawns its greatness ... '' , in reference to the school 's location at foot of the mountains The bluegrass song `` Blue Ridge Mountain '' ( 2014 ) by American group Hurray for the Riff Raff mentions the Blue Ridge Mountains , along with small facets of the culture surrounding them . The song `` Levi '' from Old Crow Medicine Show 's album Carry Me Back ( 2012 ) , about First Lt. , opens with the lines , `` Born up on the Blue Ridge / At the Carolina line / Baptized on the banks of the New River '' . The song `` Blue Ridge Mountains '' from Fleet Foxes ' self titled album Fleet Foxes ( 2010 ) has the lyrics `` I heard that you missed your connecting flight , to the Blue Ridge Mountains , over near Tennessee . '' See also ( edit ) Appalachian balds Appalachian bogs Appalachian temperate rainforest Appalachian - Blue Ridge forests Cove ( Appalachian Mountains ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Physiographic divisions of the conterminous U.S. '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ Johnson , A. W ( 1998 ) . Invitation To Organic Chemistry . Jones & Bartlett Learning . p. 261 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 0432 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Ridge Parkway , Frequently Asked Questions '' . National Park Service . 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Leighty , Dr. Robert D. ( 2001 ) . `` Blue Ridge Physiographic Province '' . Contract Report . Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DOD ) Information Sciences Office . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ Medina , M.A. ; J.C. Reid ; R.H. Carpenter ( 2004 ) . `` Physiography of North Carolina '' ( PDF ) . North Carolina Geological Survey , Division of Land Resources . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ South Beyond 6000 Jump up ^ Tollo , Richard P. ; Aleinkoff , John N. ; Borduas , Elizabeth A. ( 2004 ) . `` Petrology and Geochronology of Grenville - Age Magmatism , Blue Ridge Province , Northern Virginia '' . Northeastern Section ( 39th Annual ) and Southeastern Section ( 53rd Annual ) Joint Meeting . Geological Society of America . ^ Jump up to : `` Blue Ridge Mountains '' . The New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . Jump up ^ History and lyrics of Peter , Paul and Mary ( 1 ) Jump up ^ John Denver . `` Take Me Home , Country Roads Lyrics '' . Lyricsfreak.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Bill & John Denver '' . Billdanoff.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Stonewall Jackson 's Way '' . Poetry and Music of the War Between the States . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Alma Mater '' . Clemson.edu . Jump up ^ `` Levi Barnard '' . NPR . Jump up ^ Fleet Foxes . `` Blue Ridge Mountains Lyrics '' . Lyricsfreak.com . Retrieved 19 May 2017 . Olson , Ted ( 1998 ) . Blue Ridge Folklife , University Press of Mississippi . ISBN 1 - 57806 - 023 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Blue Ridge Mountains travel guide from Wikivoyage Mountains of Georgia Blue Ridge Mountains Big Bald Mountain Big John Dick Mountain Black Mountain Black Rock Mountain Blood Mountain Brasstown Bald Coosa Bald Cowrock Mountain Currahee Mountain Dick 's Knob Double Spring Knob Flat Top Fort Mountain Glade Mountain Glassy Mountain Grassy Mountain Grassy Ridge Hightower Bald Horsetrough Mountain Jacks Knob Levelland Mountain Mount Oglethorpe Rabun Bald Rich Mountain Slaughter Mountain Springer Mountain Tray Mountain Wildcat Mountain Wolfpen Ridge Young Lick Rich Knob Screamer Mountain Three Sisters Yonah Mountain Rock Mountain Rocky Knob Rocky Mountain Ridge - and - Valley Baugh Mountain Blossom Hill Horseleg Mountain Lookout Mountain Lumpkin Hill Johns Mountain Old Shorter Hill Jackson Hill Pigeon Mountain Snodgrass Hill Taylor Ridge Turkey Mountain Others Alcovy Mountain Arabia Mountain Bear Mountain Blackjack Mountain Chenocetah Mountain Dowdell 's Knob Kennesaw Mountain Little Kennesaw Mountain Mount Wilkinson Panola Mountain Pine Log Mountain Pine Mountain ( Bartow County ) Pine Mountain ( Cobb County ) Sawnee Mountain Six Flags Hill Stone Mountain Sweat Mountain Mountains of Maryland Allegheny Mountains Backbone Mountain Dans Mountain Haystack Mountain Negro Mountain Roundtop Hill Blue Ridge Mountains Catoctin Mountain Elk Ridge Lambs Knoll Quirauk Mountain South Mountain Sugarloaf Mountain Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Big Savage Mountain Breakneck Hill Collier Mountain Evitts Mountain Savage Mountain Tonoloway Ridge Warrior Mountain Others Hoye - Crest Martin Mountain Ridge Nicholas Mountain Polish Mountain Town Hill Mountains of North Carolina Blue Ridge Mountains Bald Mountains Max Patch Black Mountains Celo Knob Mount Craig Mount Mitchell Brushy Mountains Hibriten Mountain Pores Knob Great Balsam Mountains Black Balsam Knob Chestnut Mountain ( Transylvania County ) Cold Mountain Richland Balsam Shining Rock Tanasee Bald Great Craggy Mountains Beaucatcher Mountain Great Smoky Mountains Andrews Bald Charlies Bunion Clingmans Dome Gregory Bald Marks Knob Mount Cammerer Mount Chapman Mount Collins Mount Guyot Mount Hardison Mount Kephart Mount Sequoyah Mount Sterling Old Black Shuckstack Silers Bald Spence Field Thunderhead Mountain Tricorner Knob Plott Balsams Eaglenest Mountain North Eaglenest Mountain Waterrock Knob Unaka Range Big Yellow Mountain Grassy Ridge Bald Little Yellow Mountain Roan Mountain Unicoi Mountains Bob Stratton Bald Hooper Bald Others Adams Mountain Bear 's Paw Bee Mountain Beech Mountain Bluerock Mountain Brier Knob Brown Mountain Chestnut Mountain ( Caldwell County ) Crossing Knob Doe Hill Mountain Elk Knob Fire Scale Mountain Flattop Mountain Grandfather Mountain Grandmother Mountain Howard Knob Humpback Mountain Little Chestnut Mountain Mount Pisgah Peak Mountain Pixie Mountain Rich Mountain Rich Mountain Bald Sassafras Mountain Snake Mountain Spanish Oak Mountain Stone Mountain Sugar Mountain Table Rock Three Top Mountain Tomkins Knob Woody 's Knob Sauratown Mountains Moore 's Knob Pilot Mountain Uwharrie Mountains Caraway Mountains Morrow Mountain Others Albert Mountain Big Butt Mountain Cane Creek Mountains Crowder 's Mountain Devil 's Courthouse Kings Pinnacle Looking Glass Rock Mayfield Mountain McAlpine Mountain Mount Jefferson Mulatto Mountain Occoneechee Mountain Old Butt Knob South Mountains Standing Indian Mountain Terrells Mountain Wayah Bald Wesser Bald Whiteside Mountain Mountains of Pennsylvania Allegheny Mountains Allegheny Front Allegheny Mountain Bald Eagle Mountain Blue Knob Brush Mountain Herman Point Kinton Knob Laurel Hill Mount Davis Negro Mountain North Mountain Pine Knob Ritchey Knob Schaefer Head Sugarloaf Knob Wills Mountain Allegheny Plateau Blue Ridge Mountain Camelback Mountain Elk Hill Endless Mountains Forkston Mountain Miller Mountain Mount Ararat Mount Pisgah ( Bradford County ) Penobscot Knob Pocono Mountains Red Rock Mountain Blue Ridge Mountains South Mountain Reading Prong Applebutter Hill Chestnut Hill Christines Hill Focht Hill Hexenkopf Hill Kirchberg Kohlberg Lehigh Mountain Morgan Hill Pektor Hill Saucon Hill South Mountain Swoveberg Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Bald Mountain Bear Mountain Bear Pond Mountains Big Mountain Big Savage Mountain Blue Mountain Clarks Knob Cross Mountain Dunning Mountain Hawk Mountain Martin Hill Mount Minsi Nesquehoning Mountain Parnell Knob The Pinnacle Savage Mountain Sharp Mountain Sideling Hill Tuscarora Mountain Tussey Mountain Williamsburg Mountain Others Buck Mountain Buckingham Mountain Butler Knob Catawissa Mountain Central Mountain Conewago Mountains Conococheague Mountain Haycock Mountain Haystack Mountain Jacks Mountain McCauley Mountain Moosic Mountains Mount Nittany Mount Pisgah ( Carbon County ) Nescopeck Mountain Osterhout Mountain Peters Mountain Pimple Hill Pisgah Mountain Sidneys Knob Turkey Hill Watchung Outliers Mountains of South Carolina Blue Ridge Mountains Pinnacle Mountain Sassafras Mountain Saluda Mountains Others Brown 's Mountain Caesars Head Glassy Mountain Henry 's Knob Joes Mountain Little Mountain Nanny Mountain Thicketty Mountain Whitaker Mountain Mountains of Tennessee Blue Ridge Mountains Bald Mountains Max Patch Great Smoky Mountains Bote Mountain Chilhowee Mountain Chimney Tops Clingmans Dome Coon Butt English Mountain Gregory Bald Mount Cammerer Mount Chapman Mount Collins Mount Guyot Mount Kephart Mount Le Conte Mount Sequoyah Old Black Silers Bald Spence Field Thunderhead Mountain Tricorner Knob Unicoi Mountains Oswald Dome Unaka Range Roan Mountain Others Iron Mountains Snake Mountain Cumberland Mountains Crab Orchard Mountains Frozen Head Tri-State Peak Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Bays Mountain House Mountain Others Big Frog Mountain Brown Mountain Gee Hill Little Mountain Lone Mountain Mount Evil Penile Hill Mountains of Virginia Allegheny Mountains Allegheny Mountain Peters Mountain Reddish Knob Shenandoah Mountain Blue Ridge Mountains Apple Orchard Mountain Battle Mountain Broken Hills Bull Run Mountains Catoctin Mountain Elk Pond Mountain Furnace Mountain Hawksbill Mountain High Knob Hogback Mountain Holston Mountain Humpback Rock Knob Mountain Loudoun Heights Maintop Mountain Mary 's Rock Mount Jefferson Mount Rogers Neighbor Mountain Old Rag Mountain Paris Mountain Peaks of Otter Pignut Mountain Poor Mountain The Priest Purcell Knob Ragged Mountains Rocky Mountain Short Hill Mountain Southwest Mountains Stony Man Mountain Turkeycock Mountain Twelve O'clock Knob Whitetop Mountain Cumberland Mountains High Knob Pine Mountain Tri-State Peak Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Beartown Mountain Big Schloss Clinch Mountain Elliott Knob Fort Lewis Mountain Great North Mountain Massanutten Mountain Powell Mountain Salt Pond Mountain Timber Ridge Others Camp Rock Carpenter Mountain Cedar Mountain House Mountain Kate 's Mountain McAfee Knob Nakedtop Pantops Mountain Roanoke Mountain Short Mountain Signal Knob Willis Mountain Mountains of West Virginia Allegheny Mountains Allegheny Mountain Back Allegheny Mountain Bald Knob Barton Knob Cheat Mountain Droop Mountain Elleber Ridge Gaudineer Knob Knobly Mountain Laurel Mountain Mount Porte Crayon North Fork Mountain North Mountain Peters Mountain River Knobs Reddish Knob Shavers Fork Mountain Complex Shavers Mountain Shenandoah Mountain Sleepy Creek Mountain Snowshoe Mountain Spring Gap Mountain Spruce Knob Spruce Mountain Thorny Flat White Top Blue Ridge Mountains Blue Ridge Mountain Raven Rocks Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Baker Mountain Bear Garden Mountain Big Schloss Cacapon Mountain Castle Mountain ( Hampshire County ) Castle Mountain ( Pendleton County ) Cooper Mountain Great North Mountain High Knob Horsepen Mountain Keeney Knob Little Cacapon Mountain Mill Creek Mountain Nathaniel Mountain New Creek Mountain North River Mountain Patterson Creek Mountain Saddle Mountain Schaffenaker Mountain Short Mountain South Branch Mountain Third Hill Mountain Others Bickett Knob Bickle Knob Black Mountain Black Rock Buffalo Bull Knob Burner Mountain Caesar Mountain Calders Peak Camp Hill Close Mountain Cottle Knob Day Mountain Dorsey Knob Evick Knob Greenwood Mountain Gregg Knob Gunstock Knob Gwinn Mountain Honsocker Knob Hump Mountain Ice Mountain Limestone Mountain Michael Mountain Paddy Knob Pifer Mountain Pinnickinnick Mountain See All Sewell Mountain Socrates Mountain Tallery Mountain Twin Sugars Ugly Mountain Viney Mountain Weaver Knob Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Harrisburg ( capital ) Topics Index Delegations Government History Geography Geology Law Pennsylvanians State parks Symbols Tourist attractions Society Agriculture Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Gambling Politics Sports Metro areas Altoona Baltimore - Washington Erie Harrisburg -- Carlisle Johnstown Lancaster Lebanon Lehigh Valley New York Philadelphia Pittsburgh Reading Scranton ‐ Wilkes - Barre State College Williamsport York - Hanover Largest cities Allentown Altoona Bethlehem Butler Chester DuBois Easton Erie Greensburg Harrisburg Hazleton Johnstown Lancaster Lebanon McKeesport New Castle Philadelphia Pittsburgh Pottsville Reading Scranton Sunbury Wilkes - Barre Williamsport York Largest municipalities Abington Bensalem Bethel Park Bristol Cheltenham Cranberry Darby Falls Hampden Haverford Hempfield Lower Macungie Lower Makefield Lower Merion Lower Paxton Manheim McCandless Middletown Millcreek Township Monroeville Mount Lebanon Norristown Northampton North Huntingdon Penn Hills Radnor Ridley Ross Shaler Spring State College Tredyffrin Upper Darby Upper Merion Warminster West Chester Whitehall York Township Regions Allegheny Mountains Allegheny National Forest Allegheny Plateau Atlantic Coastal Plain Bald Eagle Valley Blue Ridge Central Coal Region Cumberland Valley Delaware Valley Dutch Country Eastern Endless Mountains Great Valley Mahoning Valley Happy Valley Laurel Highlands Lehigh Valley Main Line Moshannon Valley Nittany Valley Northeastern Northern Tier Northwestern North Penn Valley Ohio Valley Oil Region Oley Valley Pennsylvania Highlands Penns Valley Philicon Valley Piedmont Pocono Mountains Ridge and Valley Saucon Valley South Central Southeastern Southern Southwestern Susquehanna Valley Western Wyoming Valley Counties Adams Allegheny Armstrong Beaver Bedford Berks Blair Bradford Bucks Butler Cambria Cameron Carbon Centre Chester Clarion Clearfield Clinton Columbia Crawford Cumberland Dauphin Delaware Elk Erie Fayette Forest Franklin Fulton Greene Huntingdon Indiana Jefferson Juniata Lackawanna Lancaster Lawrence Lebanon Lehigh Luzerne Lycoming McKean Mercer Mifflin Monroe Montgomery Montour Northampton Northumberland Perry Philadelphia Pike Potter Schuylkill Snyder Somerset Sullivan Susquehanna Tioga Union Venango Warren Washington Wayne Westmoreland Wyoming York State of Maryland Annapolis ( capital ) Topics Index Cities Government History Media Newspapers Radio TV People Congressional delegations Congressional maps Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Allegheny Mountains Atlantic coastal plain Baltimore -- Washington metro area Blue Ridge Chesapeake Cumberland Valley Delaware Valley Delmarva Peninsula Eastern Shore Piedmont Ridge and Valley Southern Maryland Western Maryland Western Shore Cities Aberdeen Annapolis Baltimore Bowie Brunswick Cambridge College Park Cumberland Frederick Gaithersburg Greenbelt Hagerstown Havre de Grace Laurel Rockville Salisbury Takoma Park Westminster Towns Bel Air Denton Easton Elkton Ocean City Port Deposit CDPs Arbutus Arnold Aspen Hill Baltimore Highlands Bethesda Camp Springs Carney Catonsville Chillum Clinton Cockeysville - Hunt Valley Colesville Columbia Crofton Dundalk Edgewood Eldersburg Elkridge Ellicott City Essex Fairland Ferndale Fort Washington Germantown Glen Burnie Green Haven Hillcrest Heights Landover Langley Park Lanham Lansdowne Lochearn Lutherville Middle River Milford Mill Montgomery Village Odenton Olney Owings Mills Oxon Hill Parkville Perry Hall Pikesville Potomac Randallstown Redland Reisterstown Rosedale St. Charles Severn Severna Park Silver Spring South Gate Suitland Timonium Towson Urbana Waldorf Wheaton - Glenmont White Oak Woodlawn Counties Allegany Anne Arundel Baltimore Calvert Caroline Carroll Cecil Charles Dorchester Frederick Garrett Harford Howard Kent Montgomery Prince George 's Queen Anne 's St. Mary 's Somerset Talbot Washington Wicomico Worcester State of West Virginia Charleston ( capital ) Topics Cities Towns Villages Census - designated places History Environment People Government Governors Delegations Colleges and universities Tourist attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Elections Media Newspapers Radio TV Insignia Coat of arms Flag Motto Seal Regions Allegheny Mountains Allegheny Plateau Baltimore - Washington Metropolitan Area Blue Ridge Charleston Metropolitan Area Cumberland Plateau Cumberland Mountains Eastern Panhandle Huntington Metropolitan Area North - Central West Virginia Northern Panhandle Potomac Highlands Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Shenandoah Valley Southern West Virginia Western West Virginia Metro areas Charleston Huntington Morgantown Martinsburg Parkersburg - Vienna Wheeling Winchester Weirton Largest cities Beckley Charleston Fairmont Huntington Martinsburg Morgantown Parkersburg Wheeling Weirton Counties Barbour Berkeley Boone Braxton Brooke Cabell Calhoun Clay Doddridge Fayette Gilmer Grant Greenbrier Hampshire Hancock Hardy Harrison Jackson Jefferson Kanawha Lewis Lincoln Logan Marion Marshall Mason McDowell Mercer Mineral Mingo Monongalia Monroe Morgan Nicholas Ohio Pendleton Pleasants Pocahontas Preston Putnam Raleigh Randolph Ritchie Roane Summers Taylor Tucker Tyler Upshur Wayne Webster Wetzel Wirt Wood Wyoming Commonwealth of Virginia Richmond ( capital ) Topics Administrative divisions Climate Colleges and universities Colony Congressional Districts Delegations Environment Furniture Geography Government History Historic Landmarks Law Homes Music People Rights Rivers Scouting Slogan Sports teams State Fair State parks Symbols Tourist attractions Transportation Tribes Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Media Newspapers Radio TV Politics Regions Allegheny Mountains Atlantic Coastal Plain Blue Ridge Chesapeake Bay Cumberland Mountains Delmarva Peninsula Eastern Shore Hampton Roads Middle Peninsula Northern Neck Northern Virginia Piedmont Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Shenandoah Valley South Hampton Roads Southside Southwest Virginia Tennessee Valley Tidewater Tri-Cities Virginia Peninsula Metro areas Blacksburg - Christiansburg - Radford Bluefield Bristol Charlottesville Danville Harrisonburg Lynchburg Martinsville Richmond Roanoke Staunton - Waynesboro Norfolk - Virginia Beach Washington - Arlington - Alexandria Winchester Counties Accomack Albemarle Alleghany Amelia Amherst Appomattox Arlington Augusta Bath Bedford Bland Botetourt Brunswick Buchanan Buckingham Campbell Caroline Carroll Charles City Charlotte Chesterfield Clarke Craig Culpeper Cumberland Dickenson Dinwiddie Essex Fairfax Fauquier Floyd Fluvanna Franklin Frederick Giles Gloucester Goochland Grayson Greene Greensville Halifax Hanover Henrico Henry Highland Isle of Wight James City King and Queen King George King William Lancaster Lee Loudoun Louisa Lunenburg Madison Mathews Mecklenburg Middlesex Montgomery Nelson New Kent Northampton Northumberland Nottoway Orange Page Patrick Pittsylvania Powhatan Prince Edward Prince George Prince William Pulaski Rappahannock Richmond Roanoke Rockbridge Rockingham Russell Scott Shenandoah Smyth Southampton Spotsylvania Stafford Surry Sussex Tazewell Warren Washington Westmoreland Wise Wythe York Independent cities Alexandria Bristol Buena Vista Charlottesville Chesapeake Colonial Heights Covington Danville Emporia Fairfax Falls Church Franklin Fredericksburg Galax Hampton Harrisonburg Hopewell Lexington Lynchburg Manassas Manassas Park Martinsville Newport News Norfolk Norton Petersburg Poquoson Portsmouth Radford Richmond Roanoke Salem Staunton Suffolk Virginia Beach Waynesboro Williamsburg Winchester State of Tennessee Nashville ( capital ) Topics History Geography Tennesseans African Americans Media Newspapers Radio TV Constitution Elections Governors Lieutenant Governors General Assembly Supreme Court Tennessee National Guard Law Enforcement Tourist attractions Grand Divisions East Tennessee Middle Tennessee West Tennessee Regions Blue Ridge Mountains Cumberland Mountains Cumberland Plateau Highland Rim Mississippi Plain Nashville Basin Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Tennessee Valley Tri-Cities Largest cities Bartlett Bristol Chattanooga Clarksville Cleveland Franklin Hendersonville Jackson Johnson City Kingsport Knoxville Memphis Murfreesboro Nashville Counties Anderson Bedford Benton Bledsoe Blount Bradley Campbell Cannon Carroll Carter Cheatham Chester Claiborne Clay Cocke Coffee Crockett Cumberland Davidson Decatur DeKalb Dickson Dyer Fayette Fentress Franklin Gibson Giles Grainger Greene Grundy Hamblen Hamilton Hancock Hardeman Hardin Hawkins Haywood Henderson Henry Hickman Houston Humphreys Jackson Jefferson Johnson Knox Lake Lauderdale Lawrence Lewis Lincoln Loudon Macon Madison Marion Marshall Maury McMinn McNairy Meigs Monroe Montgomery Moore Morgan Obion Overton Perry Pickett Polk Putnam Rhea Roane Robertson Rutherford Scott Sequatchie Sevier Shelby Smith Stewart Sullivan Sumner Tipton Trousdale Unicoi Union Van Buren Warren Washington Wayne Weakley White Williamson Wilson State of North Carolina Raleigh ( capital ) Topics Climate Geography Government History Law Media Newspapers Radio TV Music North Carolinians State Parks Tourist attractions Wildlife Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Elections Gambling Politics Sports Regions Cape Fear Coastal Plain Crystal Coast Eastern Foothills High Country Inner Banks Metrolina ( Charlotte ) Outer Banks Piedmont Piedmont Triad Sandhills Triangle Western Largest cities Asheville Cary Chapel Hill Charlotte Concord Durham Fayetteville Gastonia Greensboro Greenville High Point Jacksonville Raleigh Wilmington Winston ‐ Salem Smaller cities Albemarle Apex Asheboro Burlington Conover Eden Elizabeth City Garner Goldsboro Graham Havelock Henderson Hendersonville Hickory Kannapolis Kings Mountain Kinston Laurinburg Lenoir Lexington Lumberton Monroe Morganton New Bern Newton Reidsville Roanoke Rapids Rocky Mount Salisbury Sanford Shelby Statesville Thomasville Wake Forest Waynesville Wilson Major towns Beaufort Boone Carrboro Clayton Cornelius Dunn Fuquay - Varina Harrisburg Holly Springs Hope Mills Huntersville Indian Trail Kernersville Knightdale Leland Matthews Midland Mint Hill Mooresville Morehead City Morrisville Mount Pleasant Oxford Shallotte Smithfield Southern Pines Tarboro Winterville Counties Alamance Alexander Alleghany Anson Ashe Avery Beaufort Bertie Bladen Brunswick Buncombe Burke Cabarrus Caldwell Camden Carteret Caswell Catawba Chatham Cherokee Chowan Clay Cleveland Columbus Craven Cumberland Currituck Dare Davidson Davie Duplin Durham Edgecombe Forsyth Franklin Gaston Gates Graham Granville Greene Guilford Halifax Harnett Haywood Henderson Hertford Hoke Hyde Iredell Jackson Johnston Jones Lee Lenoir Lincoln Macon Madison Martin McDowell Mecklenburg Mitchell Montgomery Moore Nash New Hanover Northampton Onslow Orange Pamlico Pasquotank Pender Perquimans Person Pitt Polk Randolph Richmond Robeson Rockingham Rowan Rutherford Sampson Scotland Stanly Stokes Surry Swain Transylvania Tyrrell Union Vance Wake Warren Washington Watauga Wayne Wilkes Wilson Yadkin Yancey State of South Carolina Columbia ( capital ) Regions Atlantic Coastal Plain Blue Ridge Mountains Grand Strand High Hills of Santee Lake Murray Country Lowcountry Metrolina Midlands Ninety - Six District Olde English District Pee Dee Piedmont Sandhills Sea Islands Upstate Larger cities Charleston Columbia Greenville North Charleston Rock Hill Spartanburg Smaller cities Aiken Anderson Beaufort Bennettsville Camden Cayce Conway Easley Florence Forest Acres Gaffney Georgetown Greenwood Greer Goose Creek Hilton Head Island Isle of Palms Laurens Lexington Mauldin Myrtle Beach North Augusta North Myrtle Beach Orangeburg Simpsonville Summerville Sumter Union Walterboro West Columbia York Towns Abbeville Barnwell Batesburg - Leesville Bluffton Clemson Darlington Dillon Edgefield Fort Mill Fountain Inn Great Falls Hardeeville Irmo Jefferson Kingstree Liberty Marion McCormick Moncks Corner Mount Pleasant Newberry Pageland Pendleton Pickens Seneca Sullivan 's Island Travelers Rest Walhalla Westminster Williamston CDPs Berea Carolina Forest Dentsville Gantt Garden City Ladson Parker Red Hill Saint Andrews Seven Oaks Socastee Taylors Wade Hampton Counties Abbeville Aiken Allendale Anderson Bamberg Barnwell Beaufort Berkeley Calhoun Charleston Cherokee Chester Chesterfield Clarendon Colleton Darlington Dillon Dorchester Edgefield Fairfield Florence Georgetown Greenville Greenwood Hampton Horry Jasper Kershaw Lancaster Laurens Lee Lexington Marion Marlboro McCormick Newberry Oconee Orangeburg Pickens Richland Saluda Spartanburg Sumter Union Williamsburg York Topics Airports Amusement parks Census areas Colleges and universities Congressional districts Famous people Governors Highways Historic places History Legislature Media Newspapers Radio TV Rivers Shopping malls Sports venues State House State parks Tourist attractions Wildlife refuges Society Crime Culture Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports State of Georgia Atlanta ( capital ) Topics Index Geology History Congressional delegations Government Law People Media Newspapers Radio TV Music Elections Geography State Parks Symbols Transportation Tourist Attractions Society Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Politics Sports Regions Atlantic coastal plain Blue Ridge Central Georgia Cumberland Plateau Golden Isles Historic South Lower Coastal Plain Metro Atlanta North Georgia North Georgia Mountains Northeast Georgia Piedmont Ridge and Valley Sea Islands Southern Rivers Southeast Georgia Southwest Georgia Tennessee Valley Wiregrass Region Largest cities Albany Atlanta Athens Augusta Columbus Johns Creek Macon Marietta Roswell Sandy Springs Savannah Valdosta Warner Robins Counties Appling Atkinson Bacon Baker Baldwin Banks Barrow Bartow Ben Hill Berrien Bibb Bleckley Brantley Brooks Bryan Bulloch Burke Butts Calhoun Camden Candler Carroll Catoosa Charlton Chatham Chattahoochee Chattooga Cherokee Clarke Clay Clayton Clinch Cobb Coffee Colquitt Columbia Cook Coweta Crawford Crisp Dade Dawson Decatur DeKalb Dodge Dooly Dougherty Douglas Early Echols Effingham Elbert Emanuel Evans Fannin Fayette Floyd Forsyth Franklin Fulton Gilmer Glascock Glynn Gordon Grady Greene Gwinnett Habersham Hall Hancock Haralson Harris Hart Heard Henry Houston Irwin Jackson Jasper Jeff Davis Jefferson Jenkins Johnson Jones Lamar Lanier Laurens Lee Liberty Lincoln Long Lowndes Lumpkin Macon Madison Marion McDuffie McIntosh Meriwether Miller Mitchell Monroe Montgomery Morgan Murray Muscogee Newton Oconee Oglethorpe Paulding Peach Pickens Pierce Pike Polk Pulaski Putnam Quitman Rabun Randolph Richmond Rockdale Schley Screven Seminole Spalding Stephens Stewart Sumter Talbot Taliaferro Tattnall Taylor Telfair Terrell Thomas Tift Toombs Towns Treutlen Troup Turner Twiggs Union Upson Walker Walton Ware Warren Washington Wayne Webster Wheeler White Whitfield Wilcox Wilkes Wilkinson Worth ( Campbell ) ( Milton ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Ridge_Mountains&oldid=799181221 '' Categories : Blue Ridge Mountains Subranges of the Appalachian Mountains Mountain ranges of North Carolina Mountain ranges of Virginia Mountain ranges of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Mountain ranges of Maryland Mountain ranges of Pennsylvania Mountain ranges of Tennessee Mountain ranges of South Carolina Geography of Appalachia Regions of Tennessee Appalachia Appalachian culture Roanoke River Shenandoah River Rappahannock River Physiographic provinces Physiographic regions of the United States Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from August 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 September 2017 , at 03 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why are the blue ridge mountains important to the rest of georgia | [] | [] |
-6087762453184145827 | Title of Nobility Clause | Title of nobility Clause - wikipedia Title of nobility Clause Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Titles of Nobility Amendment . `` Foreign Emoluments Clause '' redirects here . For other uses , see Emoluments Clause . This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Title of Nobility Clause is a provision in Article I , Section 9 , Clause 8 of the United States Constitution , that prohibits the federal government from granting titles of nobility , and restricts members of the government from receiving gifts , emoluments , offices or titles from foreign states without the consent of the United States Congress . Also known as the Emoluments Clause , it was designed to shield the republican character of the United States against so - called `` corrupting foreign influences . '' This shield is reinforced by the corresponding prohibition on state titles of nobility in Article I , Section 10 , and more generally by the Republican Guarantee Clause in Article IV , Section 4 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 History 3 Titles of nobility 3.1 President 's title 3.2 Constitutional amendment concerning titles of nobility 4 Foreign emoluments 4.1 Presidential treatment of presents from foreign states 4.2 Armed services 5 References 6 Further reading Text ( edit ) No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States : And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them , shall , without the Consent of the Congress , accept of any present , Emolument , Office , or Title , of any kind whatever , from any King , Prince , or foreign State . History ( edit ) The Framers ' intentions for this clause were twofold : to prevent a society of nobility from being established in the United States , and to protect the republican forms of government from being influenced by other governments . In Federalist No. 22 , Alexander Hamilton stated , `` One of the weak sides of republics , among their numerous advantages , is that they afford too easy an inlet to foreign corruption . '' Therefore , to counter this `` foreign corruption '' the delegates at the Constitutional Convention worded the clause in such a way as to act as a catch - all for any attempts by foreign governments to influence state or municipal policies through gifts or titles . The Title of Nobility Clause is constitutionally unique in other respects . First , it is a `` negative '' clause -- a restriction prohibiting the passage of legislation for a particular purpose . Such restrictions are unusual in that the Constitution has been historically interpreted to reflect specific ( i.e. , `` positive '' ) sources of power , relinquished by the states in their otherwise sovereign capacities . Moreover , it is a negative clause without a positive converse . A common example of this is how the Commerce Clause represents the positive converse to the restrictions imposed by the Dormant ( or `` Negative '' ) Commerce Clause . However , neither an express nor implied positive grant of authority exists as a balance against the restrictions imposed by the Title of Nobility Clause . For this reason , the clause was cited by Anti-Federalists who supported the adoption of a Bill of Rights . Richard Henry Lee warned that such distinctions were inherently dangerous under accepted principles of statutory construction , which would inevitably `` give many general undefined powers to congress '' if left unchecked . Why then by a negative clause , restrain congress from doing what it would have no power to do ? This clause , then , must have no meaning , or imply , that were it omitted , congress would have the power in question , either upon the principle that some general words in the constitution may be so construed as to give it , or on the principle that congress possesses the powers not expressly reserved . But this clause was in the confederation , and is said to be introduced into the constitution from very great caution . Even a cautionary provision implies a doubt , at least , that it is necessary ; and if so in this case , clearly it is also alike necessary in all similar ones . According to Lee , the true purpose of the clause was merely to protect popular tradition : `` The fact appears to be , that the people in forming the confederation , and the convention ... acted naturally ; they did not leave the point to be settled by general principles and logical inferences ; but they settle the point in a few words , and all who read them at once understand them . '' It was argued , therefore , that a Bill of Rights was needed to safeguard against the expansion of federal power beyond such limited purpose ( s ) . Titles of nobility ( edit ) The issue of titles was of serious importance to the American Revolutionaries and the Framers of the Constitution . Some felt that titles of nobility had no place in an equal and just society because they clouded people 's judgment . Thomas Paine , in a criticism on nobility in general , wrote : Dignities and high sounding names have different effects on different beholders . The lustre of the Star and the title of My Lord , over-awe the superstitious vulgar , and forbid them to inquire into the character of the possessor : Nay more , they are , as it were , bewitched to admire in the great , the vices they would honestly condemn in themselves . This sacrifice of common sense is the certain badge which distinguishes slavery from freedom ; for when men yield up the privilege of thinking , the last shadow of liberty quits the horizon . He felt that titles blinded people from seeing the true character of a person by providing titled individuals a lustre . Many Americans connected titles with the corruption that they had experienced from Great Britain , while others , like Benjamin Franklin , did not have as negative a view of titles . He felt that if a title is ascending , that is , it is achieved through hard work during a person 's lifetime , it is good because it encourages the title holder 's posterity to aspire to achieve the same or greater title ; however , Franklin commented , that if a title is descending , that is , it is passed down from the title holder to his posterity , then it is : groundless and absurd , but often hurtful to that Posterity , since it is apt to make them proud , disdaining to be employ 'd in useful Arts , and thence falling into Poverty , and all the Meannesses , Servility , and Wretchedness attending it ; which is the present case with much of what is called the Noblesse in Europe . President 's title ( edit ) One of the first issues that the United States Senate dealt with was the title of president . Vice President John Adams called the senators ' attention to this pressing procedural matter . Most senators were averse to calling the president anything that resembled the titles of European monarchs , yet John Adams proceeded to recommend the title : `` His Highness , the President of the United States , and Protector of their Liberties , '' an attempt to imitate the titles of the British monarch : `` By the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France and Ireland , King , Defender of the Faith , Prince - Elector of Hannover , Duke of Brunswick '' and the French monarch : `` By the Grace of God , Most Christian King of France and Navarre . '' Some senators favored `` His Elective Majesty '' or `` His Excellency '' ( the latter of which would become the standard form of address for elected presidents of later republics ) . James Madison , a member of the House of Representatives , would have none of it . He declared that the pretentious European titles were ill - suited for the `` genius of the people '' and `` the nature of our Government . '' Washington became completely embarrassed with the topic and so the senators dropped it . From then on the president would simply be called the President of the United States or Mr. President , drawing a sharp distinction between American and European customs . Constitutional amendment concerning titles of nobility ( edit ) Main article : Titles of Nobility Amendment In 1810 , Democratic -- Republican Senator Philip Reed of Maryland introduced a Constitutional amendment modifying the Title of Nobility Clause . Under the terms of this amendment any United States citizen who accepted , claimed , received or retained any title of nobility from a foreign government would be stripped of their U.S. citizenship . After being approved by the Senate on April 27 , 1810 , by a vote of 19 -- 5 and the House of Representatives on May 1 , 1810 , by a vote of 87 -- 3 , the amendment , titled `` Article Thirteen '' , was sent to the state legislatures for ratification . On two occasions between 1812 and 1816 it was within two states of the number needed to become a valid part of the Constitution . As Congress did not set a time limit for its ratification , the amendment is still technically pending before the states . Currently , ratification by an additional 26 states would be necessary for this amendment to be adopted . Foreign Emoluments ( edit ) The prohibition against officers receiving a present or emolument is essentially an antibribery rule to prevent influence by a foreign power . At the Virginia Ratifying Convention , Edmund Randolph , a delegate to the Constitutional Convention , identified the Clause as a key `` provision against the danger ... of the president receiving emoluments from foreign powers . '' The Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel has held The language of the Emoluments Clause is both sweeping and unqualified . See 49 Comp. Gen. 819 , 821 ( 1970 ) ( the `` drafters ( of the Clause ) intended the prohibition to have the broadest possible scope and applicability '' ) . It prohibits those holding offices of profit or trust under the United States from accepting `` any present , Emolument , Office , or Title , of any kind whatever '' from `` any ... foreign State '' unless Congress consents . U.S. Const , art . I , § 9 , cl. 8 ( emphasis added ) ... The decision whether to permit exceptions that qualify the Clause 's absolute prohibition or that temper any harshness it may cause is textually committed to Congress , which may give consent to the acceptance of offices or emoluments otherwise barred by the Clause . The word `` emolument '' has a broad meaning . At the time of the Founding , it meant `` profit , '' `` benefit , '' or `` advantage '' of any kind . Because of the `` sweeping and unqualified '' nature of the constitutional prohibition , and in light of the more sophisticated understanding of conflicts of interest that developed after the Richard Nixon presidency , modern presidents have chosen to eliminate any risk of conflict of interest that may arise by choosing to vest their assets into a blind trust . As the Office of Legal Counsel has held , the Constitution is violated when the holder of an Office of Profit or Trust , like the President , receives money from a partnership or similar entity in which he has a stake , and the amount he receives is `` a function of the amount paid to the ( entity ) by the foreign government . '' This is because such a setup would allow the entity to `` in effect be a conduit for that government , '' and so the government official would be exposed to possible `` undue influence and corruption by ( the ) foreign government ( ) . '' The Department of Defense has expressly held that `` this same rationale applies to distributions from limited liability corporations . '' To that end , concerns have been expressed that the extensive business and real estate dealings of President Donald Trump , especially with respect to government agencies in other countries , may fall within the clause 's scope , but there is debate as to whether that is the case . For example , in March 2017 , China provisionally granted 38 `` Trump '' trademarks scheduled to become permanent within 90 days . Presidential treatment of presents from foreign States ( edit ) Foreign states often present the President of the United States with gifts . In order to comply with the Clause 's prohibition on accepting presents from foreign governments , the President of the United States has traditionally sought permission from Congress to keep the present himself . Absent permission , the President will deposit the present with the Department of State . For example , Andrew Jackson sought permission from Congress to keep a gold medal presented by Simon Bolivar ; Congress refused to grant consent , and so Jackson deposited the medal with the Department of State . Martin Van Buren and John Tyler received gifts from the Imam of Muscat , for which they received congressional authorization either to transfer them to the United States Government or to auction them with proceeds vesting to the United States Treasury . While President , George Washington received a present from the Marquis de Lafayette , who considered Washington to be his `` adoptive father . '' and kept the gift without obtaining congressional consent . There is no indication in the historical record that Lafayette was presenting the gift on behalf of the French government . To the contrary , the letter that Lafayette sent to accompany the gift stated that it was `` a tribute Which I owe as A Son to My Adoptive father . '' Because the gift did not come from a `` foreign state , '' it did not violate the Clause . George Washington also took home to Mount Vernon a print of Louis XIV in an opulently commissioned frame that he had formerly received as a diplomatic gift while President . Armed Services ( edit ) Under interpretations of the Emoluments Clause elaborated by the Comptroller General of the United States and the U.S. Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel which have never been tested in court , retired military personnel are forbidden from receiving employment , consulting fees , gifts , travel expenses , honoraria , or salary from foreign governments without prior consent from Congress , which as per section 908 of title 37 of the United States Code 908 requires advance approval from the Secretary of State and the Secretary of the relevant branch of the Armed Services . Retired military officers have voiced concerns through the Retired Officers Association that applying the clause to them but not to retired civil service members is not an equal application of the clause , and therefore illegal . In 1942 Congress authorized members of the armed forces to accept any `` decorations , orders , medals and emblems '' offered by allied nations during the course of World War II or up to one year following its conclusion . Notably , Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower accepted a number of titles and awards pursuant to this authorization after the fall of Nazi Germany , including a knighthood in Denmark 's highest order of chivalry , the Order of the Elephant . Congress has also consented in advance to the receipt from foreign governments , by officials of the United States government ( including military personnel ) of a variety of gifts , subject to a variety of conditions , in the Foreign Gifts and Decorations Act and section 108A of the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act , otherwise known as the Fulbright -- Hays Act of 1961 . The New York Times has reported that , according to two defense officials , the Army is investigating whether former National Security Advisor to Donald J. Trump Michael T. Flynn `` received money from the Russian government during a trip he took to Moscow in 2015 '' . According to the officials , there was no record that Flynn has `` filed the required paperwork for the trip '' , as required by the Emoluments Clause . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shenon , Philip and Greenhouse , Linda . `` Washington Talk : Briefing ; The King and the Joker '' , New York Times ( 1988 - 08 - 17 ) : `` This is the title of nobility clause , which provides : ' No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States ' . '' Jump up ^ Delahunty , Robert J. `` Essay on the Emoluments Clause '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ U.S. Const . art . I , § 9 , cl. 8 , parchment text . The post-ratification `` correct Copy '' of the Constitution included by Childs and Swaine , `` Printers to the United States , '' in their 1789 session laws volume omits the comma after `` title , '' but the three most important pre-ratification versions all contain it . See Philip Huff , `` How Different Are the Early Versions of the United States Constitution ? An Examination , '' 20 Green Bag 2d 163 , 173 ( 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Heritage Foundation ( Washington , D.C. ) ( 2005 ) . The Heritage Guide to the Constitution . Edwin Meese , III : Regnery Publishing . ISBN 1 - 59698 - 001 - X . Jump up ^ See generally U.S. Const . amend . X ; see also The Federalist No. 41 ( James Madison ) ; and Letters From The Federal Farmer ( Richard Henry Lee ) , Letter III ( October 10 , 1787 ) ed . Forrest McDonald ( Indianapolis : Liberty Fund 1999 ) ( Accessed from http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/690/102315 on 2009 - 05 - 22 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Empire and Nation : Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania ( John Dickinson ) . Letters from the Federal Farmer ( Richard Henry Lee ) '' . oll.libertyfund.org . Online Library of Liberty . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Empire and Nation : Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania ( John Dickinson ) . Letters from the Federal Farmer ( Richard Henry Lee ) '' . oll.libertyfund.org . Online Library of Liberty . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 24 . ( emphasis added ) . Jump up ^ The Life and Works of Thomas Paine . Edited by William M. Van der Weyde . Patriots ' Edition . 10 vols . New Rochelle , N.Y. : Thomas Paine National Historical Association , 1925 . Jump up ^ See generally Marc A. Greendorfer , Restoring Nobility to the Constitution : A Modern Approach to a Founding Principle , http://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/conlawnow/vol6/iss1/4/ ( tracing the history of aristocracy and the disdain of founding - era Americans for that institution ) Jump up ^ The Writings of Benjamin Franklin . Edited by Albert Henry Smyth. 10 vols . New York : Macmillan Co. , 1905 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Divine , Robert A. ; Breen , T.H. ; Fredrickson , George M. ; Williams , R. Hal ( 2003 ) . America , past and present . Addison - Wesley Educational Publishers Inc. p. 197 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 09337 - 2 . Jump up ^ Adler , Jerry ( 2010 - 07 - 26 ) . `` The Move to ' Restore ' the 13th Amendment '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ 20 Annals of Congress pages 670 -- 672 Jump up ^ 20 Annals of Congress pages 2050 -- 2051 Jump up ^ James J. Kilpatrick , ed. ( 1961 ) . The Constitution of the United States and Amendments Thereto . Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government . p. 65 . ^ Jump up to : Teachout , Zephyr ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Trump 's Foreign Business Ties May Violate the Constitution '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Robertson , David ( 1805 ) . Debates and Other Proceedings of the Convention of Virginia ( 2d . ed . ) . p. 345 . Jump up ^ `` Applicability of the Emoluments Clause to Non-Government Members of ACUS '' . Jump up ^ Mikhail , John . `` '' Emolument '' in Blackstone 's Commentaries `` . Balkinization . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` APPLICABILITY OF THE EMOLUMENTS CLAUSE AND THE FOREIGN GIFTS AND DECORATIONS ACT TO THE PRESIDENT 'S RECEIPT OF THE NOBEL PEACE PRIZE '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Applicability of the Emoluments Clause to Non-Government Members of ACUS '' . Jump up ^ `` Applicability of the Emoluments Clause to Non-Government Members of ACUS '' . Jump up ^ `` White Paper : Application of the Emoluments Clause to DoD Civilian Employees and Military Personnel '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Defense . Jump up ^ Tillman , Seth Barrett ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Constitutional Restrictions on Foreign Gifts Do n't Apply to Presidents '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Adler , Jonathan H. ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` The Emoluments Clause -- is Donald Trump violating its letter or spirit ? '' . The Volokh Conspiracy ( Washington Post ) . Jump up ^ Press , Associated ( 2017 - 03 - 08 ) . `` China provisionally grants Trump 38 trademarks -- including for escort service '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ Message From The President Of The United States To The Two Houses Of Congress At The Commencement Of The First Session Of The Twenty - Third Congress . Gales & Seaton. 1833 . p. 258 - 59 . Jump up ^ `` Letter to George Washington From Lafayette , 23 August 1790 '' . National Archives : Founders Online . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Letter To George Washington From Lafayette , 17 March 1790 '' . National Archives : The Founders Online . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Tofel , Richard . `` Emoluments Clause : Could Overturning 185 Years of Precedent Let Trump Off the Hook ? '' . Pro Publica . Jump up ^ `` A Portrait of A King at Mount Vernon '' . Retrieved 4 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Tofel , Richard . `` Emoluments Clause : Could Overturning 185 Years of Precedent Let Trump Off the Hook ? '' . Pro Publica . Jump up ^ `` SUMMARY OF EMOLUMENTS CLAUSE RESTRICTIONS '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Defense Standards of Conduct Office . U.S. Department of Defense . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Pub. L. 77 -- 671 , 56 Stat. 662 , enacted July 20 , 1942 Jump up ^ American Heraldry 's entry on Eisenhower 's coat of arms Jump up ^ 5 U.S.C. § 7342 Jump up ^ 22 U.S.C. § 2458a ^ Jump up to : Maggie Haberman , Matthew Rosenberg , Matt Apuzzo & Glenn Thrush , Michael Flynn Resigns as National Security Adviser , The New York Times ( February 13 , 2017 ) . Further reading ( edit ) Grewal , Andy ( 2017 ) . `` The Foreign Emoluments Clause and the Chief Executive '' . Minnesota Law Review . 102 : -- -- . SSRN 2902391 . Teachout , Zephyr ( 2012 ) . `` Gifts , Offices , and Corruption '' . Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy. 107 : 30 -- 54 . SSRN 2081879 . ( hide ) United States Constitution Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recess appointment Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Title_of_Nobility_Clause&oldid=824036549 '' Categories : Clauses of the United States Constitution Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 February 2018 , at 23 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is prohibited from receiving an emolument from any king prince or foreign state | [] | [] |
-4378136708543256267 | List of Celtic deities | List of Celtic deities - wikipedia List of Celtic deities Part of a series on Celtic mythology Polytheism Deities ( list ) Animism Gaelic mythology Irish Scottish Tuath Dé Fomhoraigh Hebridean mythology and folklore Mythological Cycle Ulster Cycle Fianna Cycle Brythonic mythology Welsh Breton Cornish British Iron Age religion Mabinogion Matter of Britain Trioedd Ynys Prydein Concepts Otherworld Champion 's portion Geis Imbas forosnai Loathly lady Magic mist Sacred trees Shapeshifting Silver Branch Threefold death Wasteland Well of wisdom Religious vocations Druids Bards Vates Festivals Samhain Calan Gaeaf Imbolc Gŵyl Fair Beltane Calan Mai Lughnasadh Calan Awst Category Mythology portal Main article : Celtic pantheon The Celtic pantheon is known from a variety of sources such as written Celtic mythology , ancient places of worship , statues , engravings , religious objects , and place or personal names . The Celtic pantheon has over 1,200 named deities ; a comprehensive list is difficult to assemble . Celtic deities can belong to two categories : general deities and local deities . `` General deities '' were known by Celts throughout large regions , and are the gods and goddesses invoked for protection , healing , luck , and honour . The `` local deities '' that embodied Celtic nature worship were the spirits of a particular feature of the landscape , such as mountains , trees , or rivers , and thus were generally only known by the locals in the surrounding areas . After Celtic lands became Christianised , there were attempts by Christian writers to euhemerize or even demonize the pre-Christian deities . For example , the Tuatha Dé Danann of Irish mythological sources have commonly been interpreted to be a divine pantheon , despite certain redactors ' interjecting that the Tuatha Dé Danann were merely mortals , or else that they were demons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gaulish and Brythonic deities 1.1 Male 1.2 Female 2 Welsh deities / characters 2.1 Male 2.2 Female 3 Gaelic deities 3.1 Male 3.2 Female 4 Celtiberian and Lusitanian deities 4.1 Male 4.2 Female 5 Germanian and Pannonian Celtic deities 5.1 Male 5.2 Female 6 Illyrian and Moesian Celtic deities 6.1 Male 6.2 Female 7 Pictish deities 7.1 Female 8 Galatian deities 8.1 Male 8.2 Female 9 References 10 Works cited Gaulish and Brythonic deities ( edit ) The Gaulish Celts inhabited the region corresponding to modern - day France , Switzerland , southern and western Germany , Belgium , Frisia , Netherlands , Holland , Luxembourg and northern Italy . The Brythonic Celts , or Britons , inhabited most of the island of Great Britain and later migrated to Brittany . Male ( edit ) hide Abandinus - possibly a river god Abellio ( Abelio , Abelionni ) - god of apple trees Abianus - a river god Abilus - a god of health Abinius - a Gallic river god Adsmerius - a Gallic god identified with Mercury Aereda - a Gallic serpent god Aericurus - a god of the Underworld Alator - a war god Alaunus ( Fin ) - god of healing and prophecy Albiorix - a war god Albius - a healing god Alisanos ( Alisaunus ) - a mountain god Alletio ( Allitio , Alittius ) - a Brythonic warrior god and lord of the Underworld Allobrogis - Gallic god of the tribe Allobriges Alus - an agricultural god Ambisagrus , a god of thunder and lightning , Ancestor God , Sky God , God of Wind , Rain & Hail Andeis - a Gallic god of the Pyrenees Andescoci ( Andescociocus ) - a Brythonic god of messengers Andicrose - a Brythonic god of the woods Anextiomarus ( Anextlomarus , Anextlomara ) - a protector god Ankou - a god of death Anoctitcus ( Antenociticus , Antocidicus ) - a warrior god or god of metalworking Anvallus - a Gallic father god Apollo Cunomaglus - a hunter god Apollo Grannus - a healing god Arardus - a Gallic god of the Pyrenees Arciacon - Brythonic god of trade Arimanes - god of agriculture Ariocalatus ( Riocalatus ) - a warrior god Arixus - a Gallic god of the Pyrenees Armogius ( Harmogius , Marinogius , Marmogius , Maromogius ) - a powerful warrior god Arpeninus - a Gallic god of the Pyrenees Artahe ( Artehe ) - a Gallic protector god associated with bears Arvalus - a Brythonic god , possibly of agriculture Arvernus - a tribal god Arausio - a god of water Atepomarus - a Gallic horse god Atesmerius - a Gallic healer god Auseci - a Brythonic nature god Avicantus - a river god of Nîmes , now in France Barinthus ( Manannán mac Lir ) - a god of the sea and water Baesert - a Gallic god of the Pyrenees Baigorixus - a vernal god of the Pyrenees Balitucaurus - Brythonic god whose name means `` lover of the death '' Barrecis ( Barrex ) - Gallic war god Bedaius - a sea god Beissirissa - Gallic god of lawmaking Belado - Gallic warrior god Belatucadros - a god of war Belenus - a god of healing . Bemilucius - a Gallic god of Paris whose statue was found in Burgundy Bergimus - god of heights and mountains Bolgios ( Belgius ) - a god of lightning Bolvinnus - protector god of wells Borvo ( Bormo , Bormanus ) , a god of mineral and hot springs Borrum - a god of the winds . Bracacia ( Brâg ) - Brythonic god of brewing and warrior god Brasennus - a god for whom an inscription in the house of vilicus of Trumplini is dedicated Bregans ( Bregantis ) - a god of the tribe Brigantes , consort of Brigantia Brenos - a war god Britovius ( Britus ) - a god who selects who will live on the battlefield Brixantus ( Brixianus , Brixienus ) - a Gallic god whose name means `` god of the higher place '' Budenicus - a war god whose name means `` he who will prevail '' Bugius - Gallic god of the healing waters Buxenus - a god of box trees Caber - god of speed and bards Cacus - fire god Caiva ( Casis , Cassibus , Cassis ) - Gallic protector god of tribes , not to be confused with Caiva , a mother goddess Caletos - a god of the hard Callirius - wood and hunter god Camoulatis ( Kamoulatis ) - a warrior god Camulus ( Camulus , Camalos ) - a god of war and sky Canetonnessis Carpantus ( Carpentus ) Caswallawn - war god Caturix - Gallic warrior god Ceaiius - a Brythonic god , possibly of oceans Ceileus ( Celeus ) - a god , possibly of the druid order Cernunnos - horned God or God of fertility , life , animals , wealth and the underworld . Cicolluis - a god of the Celtic army Cimialcinnus - god of paths Cissonius - a god of trade Mars Cnabetius - a god of war Cocidius - a god of war Condatis - a god of the confluences of rivers Contrebis ( Contrebis , Contrebus ) - a god of a city Mars Corotiacus - a death god Cranus - god of forests Creto ( Greto ) - Gallic god at Stumpfer Turm , now in Germany Cuntinus - Gallic god whose name means `` dog of the city '' Cuslanus - a god associated with Jupiter Deus Latis - a Brythonic god whose role is unknown Dervos ( Robor , Roboris , Robur ) - god of the oaks Deuce ( Dus ) - Brythonic chief god of the Brigantes Deus Ducavavius - god of the rivers Deus Orevaius - a little known god to whom an inscription at Cemenelum was dedicated Dii Casses - god of refuse Dinomogetimarus - a powerful protector god Dis Pater ( Dispater ) , a god of the underworld Divano - a war god Donnotaurus - a Gallic bull god Dorminus - a god of hot springs Dullovius - a forest god Dumiatis - a Gallic god of Puy de Dome that became associated with Mercury Dunatis - god of fortifications Endovius - a god whose name means `` the one who provides heat '' Entarabus ( Intarabus , Interabus ) - a god whose name means `` between the rivers '' Epos Olloatir - a god of horses , possibly the consort of Epona Esus ( Hesus ) ( possibly ) the God of vegatation Etnosus - a bird god Fagus , a god of beech trees Gabrus ( Gebrus , Gebrinnius , Gebrinus ) - healer and fertility god Gavida - god of the forge Genii Cucullait ( Genii Cucullatus ) - hooded deities associated with fertility and prosperity Gesacus - a Gallic god whose name means `` secret world '' Giarinus - a Gallic god of rivers Gisacus - a warrior god Glanis - a spring god Gnatus - a Gallic god whose name means `` he who knows '' Gobannus ( Gobannos , Cobannus ) - a smith god Grannus - a god of healing and mineral springs Graselos - patron god of the healing spring Greidiawl - a god of conquest Gwendolleu - a god of strategy Herne - god of wisdom Hillon - god of music Hu - a god associated with the sun Ialonus - a god of meadows Icaunus ( Icauna , Icauni ) - a god of a river Ihamnagalla Sqnnagalla - a god for whom an inscription was dedicated by Gaius Octavian Capiton Ilixo - god of hot springs Ilunis ( Ilunnus ) - a warrior god and possibly a god of eloquence Iovantucarus - a protector of youth Joehaynus - a god of knives Jupiter Felvennis - a god of the sky Kagiris - agrarian god Karnuntinus - a god who gave his name to Carnuntum , now in Germany Kelpie ( Kelpy ) - A water sprite god Kenninos ( Penninos ) - God of the summit Lacavus - Gallic warrior god Lanovalus - a Gallic leader god Larraso - possibly a Gallic blacksmith god Lavaratus - god whose name means `` he who is sufficient '' Lavictus - Gallic healer god Leigh Gurney - Gallic darkness god Leherennus - warrior god Lelhunnus - god of light Leno - patron god of Lérins Lenumius ( Lenumio ) - healer god Lenus ( Laenus ) - a healing god Letinno - Gallic god whose name means `` the housing '' Leucetios ( Leucetius ) - a god of thunder Leucutios - a healer god Leusdrinus - a Gallic god who resolves arguments Limetus - a Gallic nature god whose name means `` he is of the elm '' Litavis - a Brythonic god of the forge , not to be confused with the goddess , Litavis Livicus - little known Gallic god in Germany Lugus ( Arverniorix , Clavarigiatis , Dumiatis , Vassocaletis ) - god of creation and learning Luxovius ( Lussoius ) - a god of a city 's water MacKay - Scottish god , possibly of fire Magalos - Gallic hunter god Magesus ( Magisus ) - a god of great strength Magiorix - Gallic god whose name means `` the great king '' Magniacus - possibly a Gallic war god Mantounus - a Gallic god whose name means `` powerful jaws '' Maponos ( Maponus ) - a god of youth Matuix - god of the sign Matunus - a bear god Matutinus - patron of the herons Medignus ( Medugenus ) - a god whose name means `` drink maker '' Medocius - a fight god Medros - a little known god who leaned on a bull Meduio - god of drunkenness Medurinis - god of drunkenness Meldius ( Mellt ) - a Gallic lightning god Melovius - god of the struggle Melwas - god of the Otherworld Minuris - a Gallic god of binding and spells Moccus - god of pigs Mogetius - a Gallic warrior god Mogons ( Moguns , Mogounos ) - a god of righteousness Moltinus - a ram god Moritasgus - a healing badger god Mullo - the god of mules and horses Nabelcus - a Gallic god associated with mountains Nemausus - a god worshipped at Nîmes Nemedus - a god possibly associated with sanctuaries Nerius - god of the springs Niskus - a sea god Nodens ( Nudens , Nodons ) - a god of healing , the sea , hunting and dogs Ocaere ( Ocelos , Ocelus ) - god of agriculture Ogmios - god of eloquence Ollodagus ( Ollodius , Olloudius ) - probably a protector god Ollovidius - an all knowing god Padus ( Pados ) - river god Paronnus - a god for whom a votive offering at Brixia was dedicated Parthinus - Gallic god , probably of the Partheni Pipius - Gallic god whose name means `` he is as the domestic birds '' Pisintos - a Gallic god equated with Vertumnus , god of the seasons Poeninus ( Poininus , Pyninus ) - thunder god Ratamatos - a defense god Riga - warrior god Rigisamus - a Brythonic and Gallic war god Rigonometis - a war god Robor - a god of oak trees Roquetius - possibly a Gallic hunter god Rudianos - a god of war Rudiobus ( Rudobius ) - war god Sacanus - god whose name means `` the strong '' or `` the ugly '' Saegon - a Brythonic war god Saegontius - a Brythonic god of victory Segomo - a god of war Sexarborius ( Suexoprennos ) - god of trees Siannus - healer god Sinquas ( Sinquates , Sinquatis , Sinquatos ) - hunter god Smertrios ( Smertios , Smertrius ) - a god of war Smertullus - a hammer god Solitumarus - a healer god Subremis - a Gallic warrior god Sucellus ( Sucellos ) - a god of nature Surburus - Gallic god whose name means `` the shining thrower '' Sutugius - Gallic defensive god Tanarus - a river god Taranis ( Taranus ) - a god of thunder Tarvis Trigaraunos - a bull god Telo - patron god of Toulouse , now in France Theutates ( Teutates ) - a god of the people Thincsus - a warrior god Tiernon ( Tigernonos ) - a Gallic shepherd god with supernatural powers Tinco ( Tincus ) - Gallic god , probably of the Underworld Toleandossus - god of eloquence Toutatis ( Caturix , Teutates ) - a tribal protector god Tribanos ( Tribans , Tribantis , Tribantos ) - warrior god Tridamos - bovine triplication and abundance Ucuetis - blacksmith god Urien ( Uryen ) - sun god Urobrocis - an agrarian god Uxellus - god whose name means `` he of the high market '' Vasio - possibly patron god of Vaison - la - Romaine Vellaunus ( Veraudunus ) - possibly an ancestral god of death and the Underworld Veraudinus - a sun god Vercanua ( Vindonnus ) - healer god Vernostonus - a Brythonic god , possibly a warrior or funerary god Vesontius - a war god Veteris ( Vitiris , Vheteris , Huetiris , Hueteris , Hveteris ) - possibly a hunting god Vicribus - a war god Viducus - a god of wood Vindonnus - sun god Vinotonus - Brythonic god of vines Vintius - god of winds Viridios ( Viridius ) - possibly a god of plants Virotutis - Gallic healer god Visucius - possibly a Gallic god of trade Vitucadrus - a god brilliant in energy Vorocius - healer god Vosegus - a god of the Vosges Mountains Wayland ( Volund , Weland , Weiland , Weyland ) - a smith god Zacharus - a god of theft Female ( edit ) hide Acionna - a river goddess Adder - an evil snake goddess Adganai - mother goddesses Adonna - a goddess of Orleans , now in France Adsagsona - a sorceress goddess of the Underworld Adsullata - goddess of the River Savubalabada Aericula - a mother goddess Aericura - Underworld goddess Aeron - goddess of war and slaughter Aide - goddess of magic Aige - water goddess Ailbe - goddess of wisdom Ailinn - tree goddess of love and magic Alagabiae - giving mother goddesses Alantedoba - an agricultural goddess Alaterviae - mother goddesses Alauda ( Alauna ) - a bountiful goddess Alavina - a mother goddess Ambirena - mother goddesses Ambiamarcis - Gallic mother goddesses Ammaca - a grandmother goddess Ancamna - a water goddess Ancasta - goddess of the River Itchen Andante - a Gallic fertility goddess Andarta - a goddess of war Andraste - goddess of victory Anesiaminehae - mother goddess Annea Clivana - a protective goddess associated with spirits Apadeva - water goddess Arduinna - goddess of the Ardennes Forest Arenmetia - a healing goddess Argante - a healing goddess Arnomecta - a Brythonic blacksmith goddess Arterancus - goddess of harvest Arnemetia ( Arnamentia ) - a water goddess Arricura ( Herecura ) - a funerary goddess Artio - goddess of the bear Atesmerta - a goddess of abundance Audrinehae ( Austriahenis , Autrinehabae ) - mother goddesses of destiny Aufaniae - mother goddesses Aventia - a goddess who gave her name to the town Avanche , now in Switzerland Aventla - a Gallic goddess worshipped at Aventicum Aveta - a mother goddess , associated with the fresh - water spring at Trier , in what is now Germany Axona - goddess of the river Aisne Baeserta - a goddess of the Pyrenees Beda - one of a pair of Alaisiagae , a burial goddess Belisama - a goddess of lakes and rivers , fire , crafts and light , consort of the god Belenus Bellona - a Scottish war goddess Berecynthia ( Berecyntia ) - earth goddess Bergusia - goddess of the crafts Bibracte - a fortification goddess , see etymology of Bibracte , a Gaulish fortified city Blotugus - goddess of fertility Bodua - a goddess of war Bormana - goddess of minerals and spring water Boudena ( Boudina ) - warrior goddess Boudiga - a goddess of war Boudihillia - one of a pair of Alaisiagae , a goddess of victory Brianan - a Scottish deity used for making oaths Briant - a Brythonic tutelary deity of a river of the same name Bricta ( Brixta ) - a Gallic water goddess , consort of Luxovius Bride - Scottish goddess of blacksmithing , healing , and poetry Brigandu ( Brigindo ) - goddess of arts , crafts , and fertility Brigantia - goddess of victory , equated with Victoria Brigida - patron of medicine Britannia ( Prydein ) , originally a personification of the island , later made into a goddess Brixia - a river goddess Cadwallon ( Cassivelaunus , Caswallawn , Caswallon , Catwallawn ) - goddess of the craft Cailleach Bheur - a Scottish goddess associated with winter Caimineae - mother goddesses Caiva - a mother goddess Camma - goddess of the hunt Campestres - a triad of goddesses of fertility and abundance Candida - goddess of luck Cantismerta - a Gallic goddess whos name means `` providing together '' Cantrusteihiae - ancestral mother goddeses Carantana - a goddess of wisdom Carlin - spirit of the eve of Halloween Carpundia - a river goddess Cassibodua - goddess of flight Cathubodua - a goddess of war Caticatona - a water goddess Cissonia - a Gallic goddess of trade Clota - patron goddess of the River Clyde Clutoida - a river goddess Coinchend - a female warrior from the Otherworld Conchenn - goddess of love Corra - a Scottish goddess of prophecy Coventina - goddess of wells and springs Cuda - fertility goddess Cuhvetana - goddess of fertility and healing Damara - a fertility goddess Dahud - Ahes - a goddess of earthly pleasure Damona - consort of Apollo Borvo and of Apollo Moritasgus , a goddess of healing , fertility , and incubation Dea Latis - a goddess of bogs and pools Dea Abnoba - patron goddess of the Black Forest Dea Matres - a triad of mother goddesses Dea Matrona - `` divine mother goddess '' and goddess of the River Marne in Gaul Dea Mediotautehae - mother goddesses Dea Meduna - goddess of healing Dea Sequana - goddess of the River Seine Deae Nutrices - mother goddesses Deae Vediantiae - mother goddesses Dealgnait - a death goddess Debranua - a goddess of air Dervonnae - mother goddesses Deva ( Dee ) - goddess of the river Dee Dexiva - a Gallic goddess of the tribe Dexviates Dexsiua - a Gallic goddess of the southern winds Dia Greine - a Scottish sun goddess Dibǒnā - a fountain goddess Divona ( Devona ) - a Gallic goddess of a sacred spring used by the city of Burdigala as a water source Dominae - mother goddesses Druantia - a goddess of oak trees and fertility , the queen of druids Dunisia - a goddess of a hill or fort Edain - a goddess associated with horseback riding Elen ( Helen , Helena ) - a Brythonic goddess associated with Colchester Elphane ( Elphlane ) - goddess of disease Epona - fertility goddess , protector of horses , donkeys , and mules Erecura ( Aeracura ) - earth goddess Etiona - goddess of knowledge Fachea - goddess of poetry Feminae - mother goddesses Fideal - a water demon goddess Gabiabus ( Gabiae , Gabinis , Gcabiadus , Iunoniibus Gabiabus , Matronis Gabiabus ) - mother goddesses and protectors of women Garbh Ogh - a Gallic goddess of hunting , possibly different from the Irish Garbh Ogh Garmangabis - goddess of fortune Geofon - goddess of the ocean Glanicae ( Gontia , Griselicae ) - a triad of mother goddesses associated with healing springs Gobróig - goddesses of wells and springs Gwenn Teir Bronn - goddess of motherhood Habetrot - a Brythonic goddess of spinning and healing , later euhemerized Harimella ( Viradechthis ) - a Scottish goddess of protection Hella - goddess of the underworld Henwen - a sow goddess Herecura - a goddess of death and fertility Hidua - goddess of birth Histria - a Gallic goddess of land Ialona ( Ianuaria , Icotiae , Icovellauna , Iethon , Inciona ) - goddess of cultivated fields Ianuaraia ( Januaria ) - Gallic goddess of the New Year Icaunus ( Icauna ) - a goddess of a river Icovellauna - a water goddess Imona - a well goddess Inciona - goddess of metalworking Iouga - goddess of joinings Isosa - a Gallic goddess of respect Iunones - triple mother goddesses Junones - a triad of goddesses of fertility , health , and regeneration Karnuntina - a Gallic goddess who gives her name to Carnuntum , now in Germany Ked ( Ket ) - an evil mother goddess Kesara - mother goddess Korrigan , The - a Gallic goddess of underground springs and wells Kosmerta - a Gallic goddess later associated with Mercury , with a role similar to him Laha - a Gallic goddess of the Pyrenees of healing Lamiae Tres - a triad of witches Lerina - a patron goddess of Lérins Letha - a Midsummer harvest goddess Litavis - an earth goddess Maiabus - a Gallic goddess with a role similar to Maia Mairiae - a triad of goddesses , inseparable Maluisae - mother goddesses Marcia Proba - a Brythonic warrior queen who enforced the Marcian Statutes , deified Maree - goddess of wells , stands of trees Matres Almahabae - a triad of mother goddesses Matres Britannae - a triad of mother goddesses Matres Comedovae - a triad of mother goddesses Matres Domesticae - a triad of mother goddesses Matres Eburnicae - a triad of mother goddesses Matres Gerudatiae - a triad of mother goddesses Matres Glanicae ( Matrebo Glaneikabo ) - a triad of mother goddesses Matres Griselicae - a triad of mother goddesses Matres Mogontiones - a triad of mother goddesses Matres Nemetiales - a triad of mother goddesses Matres Ollototae - a triad of mother goddesses Matres Suleviae - a triad of mother goddesses Matres Ubelkabae ( Matres Ubelkae ) - a triad of mother goddesses Matris Augustis - mother goddesses Matronae Aufaniea - mother goddesses Matronae Alhiahenae - mother goddesses Matronae Andrustehiae - mother goddesses Matronae Audrinehae - mother goddesses Matronae Axsinginehae - mother goddesses Matronae Dervonnae - mother goddesses Matronae Fernovinehae - mother goddesses Matronae Ollogabiae - mother goddesses Matronae Senonae - mother goddesses Matronae Suleviae - mother goddesses Matronae Udravarinehae - mother goddesses Matronae Vacallinehae - mother goddesses Matronae Vallabneihae - mother goddesses Matronae Vediantiae - mother goddesses Mattiaca - patron goddess of the sacred waters Maximia - fountain goddess Meduna - goddess of mead Melior - a Brythonic goddess of fortune , later conflated with Fortuna Melior - a sister of Melusine Melusine - a Brythonic snake goddess Menmandutae - mother goddesses Mm - goddess of the thought Mogontia - a goddess of youth Momu - Scottish goddess of land Morgay - a Brythonic harvest goddess Nantosuelta - goddess of nature , the earth , fire , and fertility in Gaul Nantosuetta - a fertility goddess Naria - a Gallic goddess , possibly of luck and blessings Nassania - a river goddess Natae - goddesses whose roles are unknown Nemausicae - mother goddesses Nemetiales ( Nemetialis ) - mother goddesses Nemetona - a goddess of sacred groves Nicevenn - a Scottish crone witch goddess Niskai - water sprites Noreia - goddess of childbirth Nostiluca - a goddess of magic Nousantia - a Gallic goddess , her name means `` she is the new ( secret ) opinion '' Nutrix - a mother goddess of renewal and rebirth Oanuava ( Obelenses Matres ) - a Gallic earth goddess Obelenses Matres ( Olatonae , Onuava ) - a triad of mother goddesses Octocannabus ( Octocannae , Octocannis ) - mother goddesses Ollogabiae - mother goddesses Ollototis - mother goddesses Olwyn - a fertility goddess Oulatias ( Ulatias ) - a Gallic sovereignty goddess Palatina - a mother goddess Palatina - a sister of Melusine Palu - mother goddess Perta ( Proxumae ) - goddess of the sacred forest Proxumae - guardian goddesses Quadriviae ( Quadrivae , Quadruviae ) - goddesses of the crossroads Ratis - a Brythonic goddess of fortresses Regina - a Brythonic goddess of queens or a queen goddess Ricagambeda - war goddess Rigani - a little known Brythonic queen goddess who was offered a wild boar Ritona ( Pritona ) - goddess of fords Rocloisiabo - mother goddesses Ronea - a Gallic goddess , possibly of horses Rosmerta - goddess of fertility and abundance Rotona - a goddess of nature Rumanehae ( Rumanehis ) - mother goddesses Saba - mother and fertility goddess Sabrina ( Habrena , Hafren , Sabrann ) - goddess of the River Severn Sadv - an ancient deer goddess Saitada - a Brythonic goddess of the throng Samara - Gallic river goddess Segeta - goddess of thermal springs Segomana - a mother goddess of victory Seixomniai Leuciticai - a Celtic goddess , equated with Diana Senua ( Senuna ) - a Brythonic older spring goddess Sequana - goddess of the River Seine Setlocenia - a Brythonic goddess of long life Silgina - goddess of springs Sirona - goddess of healing and fertility Soio - a river goddess who gave her name to Soynos , now in France Soucana - patron goddess of the river Sâone Stanna - goddess whose name means `` the permanent goddess '' Stine Bheag O'Tarbat - a mother goddess Sueta - a goddess of hot springs Sul - goddess of the hot springs in Bath Suleviae - a triune version of Sulis Sulis - a solar nourishing , life - giving goddess and an agent of curses Tamara - a Brythonic goddess , patron of the river Tamar Tamesis - goddess of the River Thames Taranis - a death goddess , not to be confused with the god Taranis Tawa - a river goddess Temusio - goddess of thermal baths Thucoliss - a little known Gallic goddess worshipped by priestesses Triana - a goddess of healing , knowledge , and nature Tribans ( Tricoria ) - patron goddess of the Tricorii tribe Triduana - a beautiful Scottish goddess of Edinburgh Tritta ( Trittia ) - patron goddess of Trets , now in France Ura ( Urae fontis ) - goddess of springs Urnia ( Ussia ) - warrior goddess Uroica - goddess of heather Ursula of the Silver Host - a swan maiden Vatviae - mother goddesses Veica Noriceia - a war goddess Vennolandua - mother of Sabrina Verauduna - a goddess of the Underworld Verbeia - goddess of the River Wharfe Vercana ( Veica , Visucia ) - a Gallic muse goddess Vesunna - a goddess who gave her name to the town Vesona , now in France Vibes - a goddess attested in Noricum Viradecdis ( Viradecthis , Viratethis , Virodacti , Viroththis ) - a goddess , protector of boatmen Visucia - consort of Visucius Wachilt - a goddess of the sea Warna - a Brythonic goddess of healing charms and shipwrecks White Lady , The - dryad goddess of death and destruction Xulsigiae - triad of fertility goddesses Yonne - a river goddess Welsh deities / characters ( edit ) The Welsh are the Britons that inhabit modern - day Wales ( Welsh : Cymru ) . After the Anglo - Saxons invaded Britain , many Brythonic territories came under Anglo - Saxon influence ; in Wales , however , Brythonic Celtic religion was largely retained . Many Welsh myths were later Christianized so it is sometimes difficult to determine if their characters were originally gods , mortals , or historical figures . Male ( edit ) hide Addanc Afallach - descendant of Beli Mawr and father of Mabon ap Modron Afarwy - a god mentioned in the Welsh Triads as the son of Llud Amaethon - god of agriculture Arawn ( Arawen ) - king of the otherworld realm of Annwn Avalloc Beli Mawr - ancestor deity Bladud Bendigeidfran ( Brân the Blessed ) - giant and king of Britain Brenin Llwyd ( Brenin Nudd ) Caradawc of Archenfield Cilydd Coll mab Collfrewy - god of the hazel Crëyr - funerary god Culhwch Custenhin Cythrawl - a destructive god Daronwy ( Darona ) Ddraig Goch ( Dewi , Dewu ) Demetos ( Dyfed ) Dewi - a dragon god Diwrnach Wyddel ( Dyrnwch Gawr ) - warrior god Dwyfan Dylan Ail Don Efnysien Elestron Eunydd Euroswydd Gilfaethwy Gofannon ( Govannon ) - a smith god Gronw Pebyr - god of darkness Gwawl Ap Clud Gwern Gwethyr Gwnar Gwydion - warrior god Gwyddno Garanhir Gwyn ap Nudd Gwythur ap Gwreidwyl - a solar god Hafgan Hevydd Hen Hu Gadarn Iarll - y - Niwl ( Niwl , Yniwl Iarll ) Llasar Llaesgyfnewid Lleu Llaw Gyffes Lliaws ( Naf , Naw ) Lludd Llaw Eraint Llŷr Mabon Mallolwch ( Matholwch ) Manawydan Manogan ( Minnocanus , Mynogan ) Mongan ( Myngan ) Math ap Mathonwy Mathonwy Myrddin Wyllt - god of the forest Nisien ( Nissien , Nissyen ) Nudons - a sea god Nyniaw ( Nynnio , Nynio , Nynyaw , Nynnyaw ) Nwyrve Ogyruan - god of the bards Pryderi Pwyll Taliesin Urien Ysbaddaden Female ( edit ) hide Aerfen ( Aerten , Aeronwen ) - a goddess of fate Agrona - a goddess of war and slaughter Anna - mother of Beli Mawr Arianrhod - Goddess of the moon and stars Blodeuwedd - goddess of spring Branwen - goddess of love and beauty Bronwen - ancestral goddess who gave her name to Cadair Bronwen , a mountain peak Brenhines - y - Nef - a sky goddess Ceridwen - a goddess of rebirth and transformation Carldwen ( Caridwen ) - a goddess of grain and protector of poets Cigfa - wife of Pryderi Clug - mother of Gwawl Ap Clud Condwiramur - guardian of feminine power Creiddylad - goddess of flowers and love Creirwy - one of the three most beautiful maids in Britain , daughter of Ceridwen Cyhiraeth - goddess of streams Cymidei Cymeinfoll - a giantess war goddess Dôn Don verch Mathonwy - wife of Beli Mawr Dwyfach Dwywai Dyrreith ( Direit ) - a goddess who takes the form of a hare to carry the hero to battle in Talisman of Cunobeline Efyrnwy - goddess of the river Fyrnwy Elaine Elen Goewin Goleuddydd Gwen Gwenhwyfar - triad of mother goddesses Gwenn Teir Bronn Habondia Le Fay Mabb Margawse Modron , Welsh derivation of Dea Matrona , possible prototype for Morgan le Fay Morfudd ferch Urien Nimue Olwen Penarddun Rhiannon - a goddess of horses , the moon , fertility , rebirth , knowledge Rigatona - an ancient goddess whose name means `` Great Queen '' Vaga - patron goddess of the river Vaga Gaelic deities ( edit ) Main article : Tuatha Dé Danann Note : Modern spellings are shown in brackets . Male ( edit ) hide Abarta ( Ábartach ) Abcán Abean ( Abhean ) Abgatiacus Abortach - the god of music Accasbel Adammair Aed ( Aodh ) Aengus a.k.a. Óengus ( Aonghus ) Aesar - Consort of Eire Aesun Aidne - fire god Ailill Angubae Aillen Alastir Allaoi Alldui Allod - brother of Ogma Amergin - a divine judge Anind - god of immortality Anpao Aí ( Aoi ) Ard - Greimme Baile Balor Bec - Felmas Bel - fire and sun god Bethach Bith - father of Cessair Bodb Dearg ( Bodhbh Dearg ) Boibhniu Breasal Bres ( Breas ) Brian Bron Bryan Buarainech Builg - a god of the Fir Bholgs Caicher - brother of Nechtan Caither - brother of Tagd Catt - brother of Emer ní Forgail Cebhain ( Keevan ) Cenn Cruaich Cermait - god of literature Cethen Cian Cichol a.k.a. Cíocal Conand ( Conann ) Cond - brother of Emer ní Forgail Corb Credne ( Creidhne ) Cridenbel - a satirist Crom Cruach ( Crom Dubh ) Cu Cucharn - brother of Tagd Cumal Curoi mac Daire - sun god Da Derga Dagda a.k.a. Dag Dia ( Daghdha ) Dáire Delbáeth ( Dealbhaeth ) Delga - Fomorian chief Dian Cecht Diarmuid Donn Dót - father of Balor Dui Temen Easal - god of abundance Easar Breac Echtach MacEtarlam Ecne - god of wisdom Egobail Elatha ( Ealadha ) Elcmar ( Ealcmhar ) Eochu Garb Esar Brec Eterlam MacNuada Eterlam MacOrdam Ethal Anbuail - father of Caer Figol - a druid of the Tuatha Dé Danann Finvarra Fiachna mac Delbaeth - father of Ériu Flesc - brother of Nechtan Gaible Gavida Goibniu ( Goibhniu ) Goll Guaire Iarbonel Ibur - brother of Emer ní Forgail Indech Indui Iubdan of the Faylinn Iuchar Iucharba Juchor Juchorba Labraid Lám - brother of Nechtan Lén Lir Llyr Luam - brother of Nechtan Luchtaine a.k.a. Luchta - a carpenter god Lud Lug a.k.a. Lugh ( Lú ) Mac Cuill Mac Cecht Mac Gréine Mac Da Tho - god of the underworld Maeltne - a druidic advisor of the Tuatha Dé Danann Magmor - father of Tailtiu Manannán mac Lir Mean Miach Midir ( Midhir ) Mug Ruith ( Mog Ruith ) - sun god Nechtan - god of wisdom Neit ( Net ) , Irish god of war , husband of Nemain and / or Badb Nemglan - bird god Nemon Nuada ( Nuadha ) Nuadu - god of healing Nuagatt - a member of the Tuatha Dé Danann who fought in the battle of Muighe Tuirreadh Ochttriuil - brother of Miach Ogma ( Oghma ) Ruadan - a son of Brigit Sawan - a son of Danu Seibur - brother of Emer ní Forgail Seonaidh Shoney Slaine Somhlth Tagd - a druid Tat MacTabarn Tavarn MacEnna Tethra - sea god Tuan MacCarell Tuirenn ( Tuireann ) Ugnach Female ( edit ) hide Achall - earth goddess Achtland Adair - daughter of Dagda Aebh - goddess of mist Áed Abrat Aeval ( Aebhel ) Aibell ( Aoibheall ) Aibheaog Aimend Aífe Aima - mother and sky goddess Áine - sun , healing , and garden goddess Airmed a.k.a. Airmid - goddess of healing Almha Ana - goddess of the earth and fertility Anand a.k.a. Anann a.k.a. Anu Argoen - a daughter of Flidais Badb ( Badhbh ) - war goddess who takes the form of a raven flying over battlefields Ban - Chuideachaidh Moire - goddess of childbirth Ban Naomha Banba ( Banbha ) - sister of Ériu Bec ( Beag ) - a goddess associated with a magical well Bebhion - goddess of the Underworld Bébinn a.k.a. Béfind ( Bébhinn , Bébhionn , Béfhionn , or Bé Find ) - goddess of birth , sister of Boann Bé Chuille Be Theite - a daughter of Flidais Bechoil - an early version of Danu Becuma Befind Beira Biddy Mannion Biróg Birren - mother of Cessair Blai Blathnat Bo Dhu Bo Find Bo Ruadh Boand a.k.a. Boann ( Bóinn ) Bodb - war goddess Bodhmall Breg Bréifne - possibly a goddess Bridghiendto Bríg - goddess of poetry , smithcraft , and healing Brigit ( Brighid or Bríd ) - She also has two sisters with the same name , forming a triad of goddesses Brigitte Bodhmall the Druidess - sister of Muirne Bronach Búanann ( Buanu ) - soldier goddess Caer Caillech ( Cailleach ) Caíntigern Caireen Cairpre Caitlín - mother of Ethlinn Cally Berry Canola Caolainn Carman Carravogue Cathleen Ni Houlihan - sovereignty goddess Ceacht Cebhfhionn Cessair ( Ceasair ) Cethlenn ( Cethleann ) Chlaus Haistic Cleena - a fairy who seduced young men Clídna ( Clíodhna or Clíona ) Clothru Corchen Credhe Creide Crob Derg ( Crobh Dearg ) Crochan Danand Danann Danu ( Dana ) Danus Dechtere ( Dechtire ) Deirdre Dianann - a weaver of magic Dígde - goddess of Kerry Dil - goddess of cattle Domnu Donann ingen Delbaeth Dreco Duan Luteh Dubh Lacha - goddess of the sea Dwumwem ( Dwyn ) - goddess of love Eadon - goddess of poetry Ebhlinne Ebliu - sister of Lugh Echtghe Echtgne - sister of Tagd Edarlamh Eibhir - sun goddess Éle Emer ní Forgail - Fomorian wife of Cúchulainn , a Celtic hero Eri of the Golden Hair Ériu ( Éire ) - goddess of sovereignty Ernin - mother of Eri , Fodla , and Banba Ernmas - mother of Ériu Ernmas the ban tuathid - mother of Macha Esaire Étaín ( Éadaoin , Edain ) - wife of Midir Etan - patron of craftsmen Etan ní Diancécht - daughter of Dian Cécht Ethlinn Ethnea Ní Bhaloir - mother of Lugh Ethniu ( Eithne ) Fand - a fairy queen Fata Morgana Fè - lady of a bard of the Tuatha Dé Danann Fea Fiall - sister of Emer ní Forgail Finnabair Finncaev Finnguala ( Fionnghuala or Fionnuala ) Flaitheas Fland - a lake goddess Flidais Fuamnach - witch goddess Fódla ( Fódhla ) - a sister of Ériu and Banba , together they are synonymous with Ireland Garbh Ogh - giantess and goddess of the hunt Glas Ghaibhleann Grain - fairy goddess Grainne - ancestral goddess Grian - sun goddess Inghean Bhuidhe - goddess of summer Irnan - a goddess of magic Kele - De ( De Ceile ) Lassair Latiaran Lí Ban - ( Líban ) Liban - goddess of health and earthly pleasure Logia - river goddess of Lagan Lot Luaths Lurgann Macha Magh Mor Mal Medb ( Meadhbh or Méabh ) Medb Lethderg ( Meadhbh or Méabh Leathdhearg ) Meg the Healer Men - lady of a bard of the Tuatha Dé Danann Mess Buachalla Mongán mac Fiachna Mongfind ( Mongfhionn ) Morrígan ( Morríghan ) Morrigu Mór Muman ( Mór Mumhan , Mugain ) - a territorial goddess who gave birth to a trout Muireartach Muirenn Muncháem ( Muirne , Murna of the White Neck ) - mother of Fionn mac Cumhaill Munanna - crane goddess Murigen Naas Nair Nemain ( Nemhain ) Nemon - a venomous goddess Niam ( Niamh ) Nic Naomhín Plor na mBan Re ( Ri ) - moon goddess Sadhbh - Mother of Oisín Scathach Scenmend Sheela na Gig Sin Sionna ( Shannon ) Smirgat - A goddess and wife of Fionn Mac Cumhaill Tailtiu ( Taillte ) Telta - earth goddess Tephi Tlachtga Tuiren - sister of Muirne Turrean Uairebhuidhe Uathach Uirne - sister of Muirenn Vera - a fairy goddess Celtiberian and lusitanian deities ( edit ) The Celtiberians were the ancient peoples who inhabited modern - day Portugal and Spain . Some believe the Lusitani and Vettones were culturally Celtic . Nevertheless , they were at least Celtic - influenced . Male ( edit ) hide Aeius Aernus Aernvs ( Deo Aerno ) Aetio Aetiobrigo Andovelicus Araco Arentius Ares Lusitani Bandua Bormanicus ( Bormo , Borvo ) Brialeacui Brigo ( Brigus ) Broccus ( Brocchus ) Caerno Caesariciaecos Candamius Cariocecus Carneo Cohue Coronus Cosunenaecus Cosus ( Cossue , Coso ) Crouga Deo Domino Endovellico Deo Durbedico Deo Nemedeco Deo Paramaeco Deo Turiaco ( Turaeo ) Dercetius Duberdicus Durvēdicos Durius ( Durio ) Eaecus Endovelicus ( Endouellicus ) Enobolico ( Indibilis ) Erriapus Erudinus Etobrico Harācos - agricultural and prosperity god Isibraiegui Issibaeo Kuanikio ( Quangeio , Quangeius ) Lansbricae Longobricu Lucoubus ( Lucubus ) Lugus Lurunis ( Luruni , Luru ) Malunbrico ( Malunrico ) Mārātis Boros Mermandiceo Moricilos - a god of winds , sky , and battle Neto Neton - a war god Nimedos - a military protection god Picio Reo ( Reve ) Reue Roudaeco Runesocesius ( Runesus ) Saisabro Salama Senaecos - a primordial god Sucellus Tabaliaenus Tabudico Tameobrigo Tarbucelis - war god Tillenus Togotis - a god of community protection , war , and oaths Tongoenabiagus Tullonius ( Tullinus ) Turiacus Vaelicos - a god of wolves and wild animals Vaseco Veigebreaego Verubrico ( Virubrico ) Vordus ( Vordo , Vordius ) Vorteaeceo Visucius Female ( edit ) hide Arentia ( Arengia ) Ariconā - goddess of tribal protection and dogs Asidiae Ataegina ( Ataecina ) Banda ( Bandis ) - goddess of the entrance to the Otherworld , water protection Bandoga ( Bandonga ) Besenclā ( Besenclae ) - a community and house protector Broeneiae Coruae Corvā - war and defense goddess Cosuneae Crougeae ( Corougiae ) Deae sanctae ( Burrulobrigensi ) Deiba Dēvā Dēvās Nemucelaecās - celestial goddesses Endovellius - water deity Epane ( Epona , Iccona ) Erbina - a goddess of wild animals , hunting , and domestic security Ermae Flauiae Conimbriga ( Flauiae Conimbrigae ) Frovida Icconā - healing and medicine goddess Ilurbeda Lacipaea ( Lacibiā , Lacibea ) Lahara Lahus Paraliomegus Laneana ( Laneanis ) - a goddess of springs and floods Lidā - land and fertility goddess Limia - goddess of the Lima river Losa Luna Augusta Matres Termegiste - a triad of mother goddesses Mirobleo Munidis Nabia ( Navia ) - versatile goddess Nymphis Ocaeris Ocrimirae Rea Reva ( Reua ) - personification of water flows Sūliās - goddesses associated with medicine and springs Thucolis Toga Trebaruna Trebopala Turculā - a boar goddess Tutelae Visucia Germanian and pannonian Celtic deities ( edit ) Germania was a geographical region covering north - central Europe . Pannonia was a region in central Europe . Male ( edit ) hide Agaunus Arubianus Latobius Magusanus ( Magusenus , Makinosanos ) Mogonino ( Mogons , Mogounus , Moguns ) Nam Rhenus Sedatus - a guardian god Sunucsalis ( Sunuxalis , Sunuxsalis , Sunxalis ) Teutanus ( Toutenus ) Toutiorix Vindoridius Female ( edit ) hide Apadeva - a water goddess Cissonia - a goddess of trade Danuvia - river goddess Matres Mopates - a triad of mother goddesses Matres Treverae - a triad of mother goddesses Nehalennia - a goddess of seafarers and abundance Salacea - water goddess Sandravdiga Sarana - a healer goddess Uncia Vataranehae ( Veterahenae ) - mother goddesses Vesuniahenia - mother goddess Vesunna Illyrian and moesian Celtic deities ( edit ) Illyria is a region in the western part of the Balkan peninsula . Male ( edit ) hide Andinus Boria - a god of the North Wind Jupiter Arubianus Melesocus Savus - patron god of the river Sava Uxellinus Female ( edit ) hide Eia - a healing goddess , later assimilated to Bona Dea Magla - hunting goddess Matres - Nutrices - mother goddesses Orcia - river goddess Sentona Tiana Trita - goddess of health Venus Ansotica Pictish deities ( edit ) The Picts were ancient peoples living in Scotland . Female ( edit ) hide Athfhinn Berva - river goddess Boderia - river goddess Brutaca - river goddess Buadhnat - river goddess Cuachag Deva Dubrona - river goddess Duibhe Éiteag - a sprite Gamhnach Gelidia - river goddess Labara - river goddess Luathnat - river goddess Nectona - river goddess Tava ( Tatha ) - river goddess Galatian deities ( edit ) The Galatians were the ancient peoples who inhabited north - central Anatolia ( modern - day Turkey ) . Male ( edit ) hide Bussumuras ( Bussumarius , Bussurigius ) - a god of thunder Deiotaurus - a bull god Souolibrogenos Tabalenos ( Taballaenus ) - a hunter god Taenos - a lightning god Tarvianos - a sky god Telesphorus Zeus Bousorigios Zeus Tavianos Female ( edit ) hide Diana - A boar riding goddess called a demon by the Romans , not to be confused with the Roman Diana References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Nguyen , Trung . History of Gods . EnCognitive.com . ^ Jump up to : `` CELTIC DEITIES - from Chinaroad Lowchens of Australia '' . www.lowchensaustralia.com . ^ Jump up to : Sunniva , Dewaele . `` Lexicon of the World of the Celtic Gods '' ( PDF ) . sangreal . ^ Jump up to : Aberth , John ( 2013 ) . An environmental history of the Middle Ages : the crucible of nature . London : Routledge . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 77945 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Gods and Goddesses of the Celtic Lands '' . www.scns.com . ^ Jump up to : Murley , Joseph Clyde ( 1922 ) . The Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions . The Collegiate Press . p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celtic Deities and Mythic Figures '' . www.terrapsych.com . ^ Jump up to : Freeman , Philip . Celtic Mythology : Tales of Gods , Goddesses , and Heroes . Oxford University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 046047 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celtic Deities of Britain , Wales , Gaul , and Scotland ( and surrounding areas ) '' . www.joellessacredgrove.com . ^ Jump up to : Editor , Tabbernee , William . Early Christianity in Contexts : An Exploration across Cultures and Continents . Baker Academic . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4412 - 4571 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Murley , Joseph Clyde ( 1922 ) . The Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions . The Collegiate Press . p. v . ^ Jump up to : Anwyl , Edward ( 1906 ) . Celtic Religion in Pre-Christian Times . Andover - Harvard Theological Library . p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Griffin , Susan . `` Pantheon of Gods and Goddesses '' . ^ Jump up to : Adkins , Lesley ; Adkins , Roy A. ( 2004 ) . Handbook to life in ancient Rome ( Updated ed. ed . ) . New York : Facts on file . p. 283 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5026 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ CIL XIII , 06572 , CIL XIII , 04507 , CIL XIII , 06455 Jump up ^ Monaghan , Patricia ( 2004 ) . The encyclopedia of Celtic mythology and folklore . New York : Facts On File . p. 130 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4524 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Coulter , Charles Russell ; Turner , Patricia ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of ancient deities . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 270 - 2 . Jump up ^ Adkins , Lesley ; Adkins , Roy A. ( 2004 ) . Handbook to life in ancient Rome ( Updated ed. ed . ) . New York : Facts on file . p. 294 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5026 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Lugus -- Polytheist.com '' . Polytheist.com. 13 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : MacCulloch , J.A. The Religion of the Ancient Celts . Library of Alexandria . ^ Jump up to : `` Goddesses in Celtic Religion : The Matres and Matronae '' . 11 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Whatmough , Joshua . The Foundations of Roman Italy . Haskell House Publishers LTD . p. 159 . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Barbara . Gods , Goddesses , and Saints : A Solitary Practice of Chanting and Meditation . Outskirts Press , Inc. p. 281 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4787 - 4700 - 0 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Philip ( 2017 ) . Celtic Mythology : Tales of Gods , Goddesses , and Heroes . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 046047 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Celtic Gods '' . onespiritx.tripod.com . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Barbara . Gods , Goddesses , and Saints : A Solitary Practice of Chanting and Meditation . Outskirts Press , Inc. p. 283 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4787 - 4700 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ancestral Mothers and Goddess Collectives in German Iron Age Votive Altars and Inscriptions dedicated to the `` Matrones '' . Freyia Völundarhúsins `` . freya.theladyofthelabyrinth.com ( in Norwegian Bokmål ) . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Barbara . Gods , Goddesses , and Saints : A Solitary Practice of Chanting and Meditation . Outskirts Press , Inc. p. 290 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4787 - 4700 - 0 . Jump up ^ Anwyl , Edward ( 1906 ) . Celtic Religion in Pre-Christian Times . Andover - Harvard Theological Library . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Séguin , Xavier ( 28 April 2015 ) . `` The Gaulish Gods - Eden Saga - english '' . Eden Saga - english . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Edward Williams Byron ( 1904 ) . Keltic researches . Oxford University Press . p. 132 . Jump up ^ Sheard , K.M. ( 2011 ) . Llewellyn 's complete book of names for pagans , wiccans , witches , druids , heathens , mages , shamans & independent thinkers of all sorts who are curious about names from every place and every time ( 1st ed. ed . ) . Woodbury , Minn. : Llewellyn Publications . p. 152 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7387 - 2368 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Adkins , Lesley ; Adkins , Roy A. ( 2004 ) . Handbook to life in ancient Rome ( Updated ed. ed . ) . New York : Facts on file . p. 294 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5026 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Barbara . Gods , Goddesses , and Saints : A Solitary Practice of Chanting and Meditation . Outskirts Press , Inc. p. 280 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4787 - 4700 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Murley , Joseph Clyde ( 1922 ) . The Cults of Cisalpine Gaul as Seen in the Inscriptions . The Collegiate Press . p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Anwyl , Edward ( 1906 ) . Celtic Religion in Pre-Christian Times . Andover - Harvard Theological Library . p. 41 . Jump up ^ Monaghan , Patricia ( 2004 ) . The encyclopedia of Celtic mythology and folklore . New York : Facts On File . p. 122 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4524 - 0 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Edward Williams Byron ( 1904 ) . Keltic researches . Oxford University Press . p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : Took , Thalia . `` Obscure Gaulish Goddesses '' . www.thaliatook.com . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Edward Williams Byron ( 1904 ) . Keltic researches . Oxford University Press . p. 198 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Edward Williams Byron ( 1904 ) . Keltic researches . Oxford University Press . p. xvi . ^ Jump up to : Chalquist , Craig . `` Celtic Deities ~ Chalquist.com '' . Chalquist.com . Jump up ^ Carroll , Barbara . Gods , Goddesses , and Saints : A Solitary Practice of Chanting and Meditation . Outskirts Press , Inc. p. 327 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4787 - 4700 - 0 . Jump up ^ MacCulloch , J.A. ( 2009 ) . The religion of the ancient Celts . ( Auckland , N.Z. ) : Floating Press . p. 70 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 775414 - 01 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 635 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Edward Williams Byron ( 1904 ) . Keltic researches . Oxford University Press . p. 160 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Barbara . Gods , Goddesses , and Saints : A Solitary Practice of Chanting and Meditation . Outskirts Press , Inc. p. 358 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4787 - 4700 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : MacLeod , Sharon Paice ( 2012 ) . Celtic myth and religion : a study of traditional belief , with newly translated prayers , poems and songs . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6476 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` CELTIC GODS AND GODDESSES '' . www.angelfire.com . Jump up ^ `` Brythonic Deities / Celtic Earth Spirit / A Resource For All Who Follow The Old Ways '' . Celtic Earth Spirit. 20 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheard , K.M. ( 2011 ) . Llewellyn 's complete book of names for pagans , wiccans , witches , druids , heathens , mages , shamans & independent thinkers of all sorts who are curious about names from every place and every time ( 1st ed. ed . ) . Woodbury , Minn. : Llewellyn Publications . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7387 - 2368 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Barbara . Gods , Goddesses , and Saints : A Solitary Practice of Chanting and Meditation . Outskirts Press , Inc. p. 314 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4787 - 4700 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Barbara . Gods , Goddesses , and Saints : A Solitary Practice of Chanting and Meditation . Outskirts Press , Inc. p. 315 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4787 - 4700 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Monaghan , Patricia ( 2004 ) . The encyclopedia of Celtic mythology and folklore . New York : Facts On File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4524 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sheard , K.M. ( 2011 ) . Llewellyn 's complete book of names for pagans , wiccans , witches , druids , heathens , mages , shamans & independent thinkers of all sorts who are curious about names from every place and every time ( 1st ed. ed . ) . Woodbury , Minn. : Llewellyn Publications . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7387 - 2368 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Massey , Gerald . A Book of the Beginnings . Cosimo , Inc. p. 317 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60206 - 829 - 2 . Jump up ^ Monaghan , Patricia ( 2004 ) . The encyclopedia of Celtic mythology and folklore . New York : Facts On File . p. 338 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4524 - 0 . Jump up ^ Keating , Geoffrey ( 1857 ) . The History of Ireland from the Earliest Period to the English Invasion . P.M. Haverty . p. 145 . Jump up ^ Coulter , Charles Russell ; Turner , Patricia ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of ancient deities . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn . p. 60 . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 270 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : O'Conner , Dermod . Keating 's General History of Ireland . Koninklijke Bibliotheek . p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : `` the story of the Tuatha de Danann '' . www.shee-eire.com . Jump up ^ Coulter , Charles Russell ; Turner , Patricia ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of ancient deities . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn . p. 91 . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 270 - 2 . Jump up ^ Green , Miranda Jane ( 1993 ) . Celtic myths ( 1 . Univ. of Texas Press ed. ed . ) . Austin : Univ. of Texas Press . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 292 - 72754 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Monaghan , Patricia ( 2004 ) . The encyclopedia of Celtic mythology and folklore . New York : Facts On File . p. 141 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4524 - 0 . Jump up ^ Coulter , Charles Russell ; Turner , Patricia ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of ancient deities . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn . p. 155 . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 270 - 2 . Jump up ^ Coulter , Charles Russell ; Turner , Patricia ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of ancient deities . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn . p. 165 . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 270 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : O'Conner , Dermod . Keating 's General History of Ireland . Koninklijke Bibliotheek . p. 92 . Jump up ^ Coulter , Charles Russell ; Turner , Patricia ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of ancient deities . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn . p. 340 . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 270 - 2 . Jump up ^ Coulter , Charles Russell ; Turner , Patricia ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of ancient deities . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn . p. 151 . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 270 - 2 . Jump up ^ Lurker , Manfred ( 2004 ) . The Routledge dictionary of gods , goddesses , devils and demons ( 2nd ed ed . ) . London : Routledge . p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 34018 - 7 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ Sheard , K.M. ( 2011 ) . Llewellyn 's complete book of names for pagans , wiccans , witches , druids , heathens , mages , shamans & independent thinkers of all sorts who are curious about names from every place and every time ( 1st ed. ed . ) . Woodbury , Minn. : Llewellyn Publications . p. 103 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7387 - 2368 - 6 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ MacLeod , Sharon Paice ( 2012 ) . Celtic myth and religion : a study of traditional belief , with newly translated prayers , poems and songs . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6476 - 0 . Jump up ^ MacCulloch , J.A. ( 2009 ) . The religion of the ancient Celts . ( Auckland , N.Z. ) : Floating Press . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 775414 - 01 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mathews , P.J. `` Literature and 1916 Century Ireland '' . www.rte.ie . Jump up ^ Coulter , Charles Russell ; Turner , Patricia ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of ancient deities . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn . p. 130 . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 270 - 2 . Jump up ^ Monaghan , Patricia ( 2004 ) . The encyclopedia of Celtic mythology and folklore . New York : Facts On File . p. 137 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4524 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Keating , Geoffrey ( 1857 ) . The History of Ireland from the Earliest Period to the English Invasion . P.M. Haverty . p. 141 . ^ Jump up to : Keating , Geoffrey ( 1857 ) . The History of Ireland from the Earliest Period to the English Invasion . P.M. Haverty . p. 142 . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Barbara . Gods , Goddesses , and Saints : A Solitary Practice of Chanting and Meditation . Outskirts Press , Inc. p. 322 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4787 - 4700 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Muirenn Muncháem '' . Oxford Reference . doi : 10.1093 / oi / authority. 20110803100214774 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Barbara . Gods , Goddesses , and Saints : A Solitary Practice of Chanting and Meditation . Outskirts Press , Inc. p. 341 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4787 - 4700 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cernunnos '' . draeconin.com . ^ Jump up to : Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 610 . ^ Jump up to : Arenas - Esteban , ed. , J. Alberto ( 2010 ) . Celtic religion across space and time : fontes epigraphici religionvm celticarvm antiqvarvm : IX Workshop F.E.R.C. AN . Toledo : Junta de Comunidades de Castilla - La Mancha . p. 110 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 7788 - 589 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 638 . ^ Jump up to : Frank , Deryk . `` Celtiberian Mythological Characters Flashcards Quizlet '' . Quizlet . ^ Jump up to : Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 609 . Jump up ^ Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 612 . ^ Jump up to : Arenas - Esteban , ed. , J. Alberto ( 2010 ) . Celtic religion across space and time : fontes epigraphici religionvm celticarvm antiqvarvm : IX Workshop F.E.R.C. AN . Toledo : Junta de Comunidades de Castilla - La Mancha . p. 111 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 7788 - 589 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Dorcey , Peter F. ( 1992 ) . The cult of Silvanus : a study in Roman folk religion . Leiden : E.J. Brill . p. 59 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09601 - 9 . Jump up ^ Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 636 . Jump up ^ Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 626 . Jump up ^ Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 627 . Jump up ^ Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 607 . Jump up ^ Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 632 . ^ Jump up to : Arenas - Esteban , ed. , J. Alberto ( 2010 ) . Celtic religion across space and time : fontes epigraphici religionvm celticarvm antiqvarvm : IX Workshop F.E.R.C. AN . Toledo : Junta de Comunidades de Castilla - La Mancha . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 7788 - 589 - 4 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 631 . Jump up ^ NicMhacha , Sharynne MacLeod ( 2005 ) . Queen of the Night : rediscovering the Celtic moon goddess . Boston , MA : Weiser Books . p. 110 . ISBN 1 - 57863 - 284 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 614 . Jump up ^ Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 611 . Jump up ^ Rankin , David ( 1998 ) . Celts and the classical world ( Reprint . ed . ) . london : Routledge . p. 263 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 15090 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` e-Keltoi : Volume 6 , Religion and Religious Practices of the Ancient Celts of the Iberian Peninsula , by Francisco Marco Simón '' . www4.uwm.edu . Jump up ^ MacLeod , Sharon Paice ( 2014 ) . The divine feminine in ancient Europe : goddesses , sacred women , and the origins of western culture . p. 149 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 7138 - 6 . Jump up ^ August Dimitz , History of Carniola , vol . I , p. 15 Jump up ^ Adkins , Lesley ; Adkins , Roy A. ( 2004 ) . Handbook to life in ancient Rome ( Updated ed. ed . ) . New York : Facts on file . p. 283 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5026 - 0 . CS1 maint : Extra text ( link ) Jump up ^ JURKIĆ , Vesna GIRARDI . `` Paths of Ancient Gods in Roman Istria '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Gods in Scotland Tairis '' . www.tairis.co.uk . ^ Jump up to : editor , John T. Koch , ( 2006 ) . Celtic culture a historical encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . p. 849 . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 440 - 7 . Jump up ^ Mcllmoyle , Diane ( 29 January 2013 ) . `` The genius cucullatus , or the Original Hoodie '' . Esmeralda 's Cumbrian History & Folklore . Jump up ^ Roymans , editors , Ton Derks & Nico ( 2009 ) . Ethnic constructs in antiquity : the role of power and tradition . Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press . p. 134 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 8964 - 078 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ MacCulloch , J.A. ( 2009 ) . The religion of the ancient Celts . ( Auckland , N.Z. ) : Floating Press . p. 68 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 775414 - 01 - 8 . Works cited ( edit ) Editor , Koch , John T. ( 2006 ) . Celtic Culture : A Historical Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 85109 - 440 - 7 . `` Celtic Deities and Mythic Figures '' . http://www.terrapsych.com/gods.html August Dimitz , History of Carniola , vol . I CIL XIII `` Celtic Deities of Britain , Wales , Gaul , and Scotland ( and surrounding areas ) '' . http://www.joellessacredgrove.com/Celtic/deities.html Pedreño , Juan Carlos Olivares ( November 11 , 2005 ) . `` Celtic Gods of the Iberian Peninsula '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies . 6 : 649 . `` The Gods and Goddesses of the Celtic Lands '' . http://www.scns.com/earthen/other/seanachaidh/godcelt.html Nguyen , Trung . History of Gods . EnCognitive.com . `` CELTIC DEITIES - from Chinaroad Lowchens of Australia '' . http://www.lowchensaustralia.com/names/celticdeities.htm `` CELTIC GODS AND GODDESSES '' . http://www.angelfire.com/wizard/celticdeities/ Coulter , Charles Russell ; Turner , Patricia ( 2000 ) . Encyclopedia of ancient deities . Chicago : Fitzroy Dearborn . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 270 - 2 . Frank , Deryk . `` Celtiberian Mythological Characters Flashcards Quizlet '' . https://quizlet.com/66719896/celtiberian-mythological-characters-flash-cards/ Sunniva , Dewaele . `` Lexicon of the World of the Celtic Gods '' ( PDF ) . http://www.sangreal.be/Downloads/Celtic_Gods.pdf . Took , Thalia . `` Obscure Gaulish Goddesses '' . http://www.thaliatook.com/OGOD/gaulish.php . Séguin , Xavier ( 28 April 2015 ) . `` The Gaulish Gods - Eden Saga - english '' . http://eden-saga.com/en/the-gaulish-gods-teutates-belenos-lugh-ram-cernunnos-belisama-rhiannon-brigida.html . Chalquist , Craig . `` Celtic Deities ~ Chalquist.com '' . http://www.chalquist.com/writings/celticmyth/ . Nicholson , Edward Williams Byron ( 1904 ) . Keltic researches : Studies in the History and Distribution of the Ancient Goidelic Language and Peoples . Oxford University Press . Griffin , Susan . `` Pantheon of Gods and Goddesses '' . http://northernway.org/pantheons.html . Lurker , Manfred ( 2004 ) . The Routledge dictionary of gods , goddesses , devils and demons ( 2nd ed ed . ) . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 34018 - 7 . MacCulloch , J.A. The Religion of the Ancient Celts . Library of Alexandria . `` Brythonic Deities / Celtic Earth Spirit / A Resource For All Who Follow The Old Ways '' . https://celticearthspirit.co.uk/brythonic-deities/. 20 July 2017 . `` Celtic Gods '' . http://onespiritx.tripod.com/gods01.htm . `` Ancestral Mothers and Goddess Collectives in German Iron Age Votive Altars and Inscriptions dedicated to the `` Matrones '' . Freyia Völundarhúsins `` . http://freya.theladyofthelabyrinth.com/?page_id=567 . Sheard , K.M. ( 2011 ) . Llewellyn 's complete book of names for pagans , wiccans , witches , druids , heathens , mages , shamans & independent thinkers of all sorts who are curious about names from every place and every time ( 1st ed. ed . ) . Woodbury , Minn. : Llewellyn Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7387 - 2368 - 6 . Rankin , David ( 1998 ) . Celts and the classical world ( Reprint . ed . ) . london : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 15090 - 6 . NicMhacha , Sharynne MacLeod ( 2005 ) . Queen of the Night : rediscovering the Celtic moon goddess . Boston , MA : Weiser Books . ISBN 1 - 57863 - 284 - 6 . MacLeod , Sharon Paice ( 2012 ) . Celtic myth and religion : a study of traditional belief , with newly translated prayers , poems and songs . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 6476 - 0 . `` Gods in Scotland Tairis '' . http://www.tairis.co.uk/an-tri-naomh/gods-in-scotland/ . `` Greek & Roman Mythology - Tools '' . http://www.classics.upenn.edu/myth/php/tools/dictionary.php?regexp=RHEA&method=standard . Roymans , editors , Ton Derks & Nico ( 2009 ) . Ethnic constructs in antiquity : the role of power and tradition . Amsterdam : Amsterdam University Press . ISBN 978 - 90 - 8964 - 078 - 9 . Mcllmoyle , Diane ( 29 January 2013 ) . `` The genius cucullatus , or the Original Hoodie '' . https://esmeraldamac.wordpress.com/2013/01/29/the-genius-cucullati-or-the-original-hoodie/ . JURKIĆ , Vesna GIRARDI . `` Paths of Ancient Gods in Roman Istria '' . Mathews , P.J. `` Literature and 1916 Century Ireland '' . http://www.rte.ie/centuryireland/index.php/articles/literature-and-1916 . `` Cernunnos '' . http://draeconin.com/database/cernunnos.htm . MacLeod , Sharon Paice ( 2014 ) . The divine feminine in ancient Europe : goddesses , sacred women , and the origins of western culture . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 7138 - 6 . `` e-Keltoi : Volume 6 , Religion and Religious Practices of the Ancient Celts of the Iberian Peninsula , by Francisco Marco Simón '' . https://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_6/marco_simon_6_6.html . `` Goddesses in Celtic Religion : The Matres and Matronae '' . 11 February 2017 . http://brewminate.com/goddesses-in-celtic-religion-the-matres-and-matronae/ . Monaghan , Patricia ( 2004 ) . The encyclopedia of Celtic mythology and folklore . New York : Facts On File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4524 - 0 . MacCulloch , J.A. ( 2009 ) . The religion of the ancient Celts . ( Auckland , N.Z. ) : Floating Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 775414 - 01 - 8 . Anwyl , Edward ( 1906 ) . Celtic Religion in Pre-Christian Times . Andover - Harvard Theological Library . Dorcey , Peter F. ( 1992 ) . The cult of Silvanus : a study in Roman folk religion . Leiden : E.J. Brill . ISBN 90 - 04 - 09601 - 9 . `` Lugus -- Polytheist.com '' . http://polytheist.com/segomaros/2015/07/13/lugus/. 13 July 2015 . Monaghan , Patricia ( 2004 ) . The encyclopedia of Celtic mythology and folklore . New York : Facts On File . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4524 - 0 . Massey , Gerald . A Book of the Beginnings . Cosimo , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60206 - 829 - 2 . O'Conner , Dermod . Keating 's General History of Ireland . Koninklijke Bibliotheek . `` the story of the Tuatha de Danann '' . www.shee-eire.com . Green , Miranda Jane ( 1993 ) . Celtic myths ( 1 . Univ. of Texas Press ed. ed . ) . Austin : Univ. of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 72754 - 2 . Keating , Geoffrey ( 1857 ) . The History of Ireland from the Earliest Period to the English Invasion . P.M. Haverty . Adkins , Lesley ; Adkins , Roy A. ( 2004 ) . Handbook to life in ancient Rome ( Updated ed. ed . ) . New York : Facts on file . Whatmough , Joshua . The Foundations of Roman Italy . Haskell House Publishers LTD . Carroll , Barbara . Gods , Goddesses , and Saints : A Solitary Practice of Chanting and Meditation . Outskirts Press , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4787 - 4700 - 0 . `` Muirenn Muncháem '' . Oxford Reference . http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100214774 . Topics in Celtic mythology Creation Beira Cailleach Ancient Gaulish and Brythonic deities Abandinus Abellio Abnoba Adsullata Agrona Alaunus Alisanos Ambisagrus Ancamna Ancasta Andarta Andraste Anextiomarus Arduinna Arnemetia Artio Arvernus Aufaniae Aveta Belatu - Cadros Belenus Belisama Bergusia Bormana Borvo Bricta Brigantia Britannia Buxenus Camma Camulus Cathubodua Cernunnos Cissonius Clota Cocidius Condatis Contrebis Coventina Damona Dea Latis Dea Matrona Dis Pater Divona Dusios Epona Erecura Esus Fagus Grannus Hooded Spirits Herecura Icaunus Icovellauna Inciona Litavis Loucetios Lugus Luxovius Maponos Matres Nantosuelta Naria Nemetona Nemausus Nicevenn Nodens Ogmios Ricagambeda Ritona Robor Rosmerta Rudianos Segomo Senua Sequana Sirona Smertrios Sucellus Suleviae Sulis Tamesis Taranis Toutatis Verbeia Visucia Vosegus Irish mythological characters Abartach Abhean Aengus Alastir Ai Aibell Aimend Áine Airmed Anu Badb Balor Banba Beag Bébinn Bé Chuille Birog Boann Bodb Derg Brea Breg Bres Brigid Bronach Buarainech Caer Canola Carman Cenn Cruaich Cessair Cethlenn Cian Cliodhna Corb Creidhne Crom Cruach Cú Roí mac Daire The Dagda Danu Donn Dian Cecht Elatha Étaín Ethniu Ethne Ériu Fand Fionnuala Fódla Goibniu Lir Luchtaine Lugh Macha Manannán mac Lir Miach Midir Mog Ruith Morrígan Neit Nemain Niamh Nuada Ogma Plor na mBan Sheela na gig Tailtiu Tethra Irish rulers and warriors Caílte Conall Cernach Conchobar Conán mac Morna Conn of the Hundred Battles Cormac mac Airt Cúchulainn Cumhal Deichtine Deirdre Diarmuid Emer Ferdiad Fergus mac Róich Fionn mac Cumhaill Lugaid Medb Oisín Oscar Scottish mythological creatures Beasts Gigelorum Loch Ness Monster Monster of Glamis Wulver Birds Boobrie Fairies / Spirits Bean nighe Bodach Brownie Caoineag Cat sìth Changeling Cù Sìth Dunnie Each - uisge Ghillie Dhu Glaistig Nuckelavee Selkie Seonaidh Shellycoat Wirry - cow Fish Ceasg Gnomes Peck Goblins Bauchan Scottish rulers and warriors Aífe Connla Scáthach Uathach Welsh mythological characters Amaethon Arawn Arianrhod King Arthur Afallach Beli Mawr Blodeuwedd Bran the Blessed Branwen Caswallawn Ceridwen Cigfa Creiddylad Culhwch Cyhyraeth Dewi Dôn Dwyn Dylan Ail Don Efnysien Elen Euroswydd Gofannon Gwydion Gwyn ap Nudd Hafgan Lleu Llaw Gyffes Llŷr Lludd Mabon Manawydan Math fab Mathonwy Modron Nisien Ogyruan Olwen Penarddun Pryderi Pwyll Rhiannon Taliesin Locations Annwn Mag Mell Sídhe Tír na nÓg Drom Asail Weapons Caledfwlch Dyrnwyn Claíomh Solais Fragarach Gáe Bulg Spear Lúin , show Festivals Samhain / Calan Gaeaf Imbolc / Gŵyl Fair Beltane / Calan Mai Lughnasadh / Calan Awst Celts Ancient Celts Celtic studies Peoples Names Gaels Britons Picts Gauls Iberian Celts Galatians Places Gaelic Ireland Dálriata / Alba Iron Age Britain / Roman Britain / Sub-Roman Britain Dumnonia Iron Age Gaul / Roman Gaul / Brittany Gallaecia Britonia Brigantia ( ancient region ) Cisalpine Gaul Balkans Transylvania Galatia Religion Polytheism Christianity Animism Mythology Irish Scottish Welsh British Breton Cornish Society Calendar Law Warfare ( Gaelic warfare ) Coinage Art Insular Pictish Brooches Carnyx High cross Interlace Knotwork Mazes Triple spiral Taranis Modern Celts Celtic Revival Modern Celtic nations Pan-Celticism ( Celtic Congress Celtic League ) Music ( Rock ) Neopaganism Reconstructionist Celtic Wicca Neo-Druidism Languages Italo - Celtic Proto - Celtic Insular Celtic Brythonic Goidelic Continental Celtic Celtiberian Gaulish Galatian Gallaecian Lepontic Noric Festivals Samhain / Calan Gaeaf Imbolc / Gŵyl Fair Beltane / Calan Mai Lughnasadh / Calan Awst Lists Celts Tribes Deities English words of Celtic origin Spanish words of Celtic origin Galician words of Celtic origin French words of Gaulish origin Celts portal Category WikiProject Lists of mythological figures By geography Afghan African Arabian Armenian Australian Aboriginal Aztec Balkan Buddhist Canaanite Celtic Chinese Egyptian Estonian Etruscan Georgian Germanic Greek Guanche Haudenosaunee Hawaiian Hebridean Hindu Hittite Indonesian Inuit Irish Japanese Komi Korean Lakota Lithuanian Māori Mā'ohi Maya Mesopotamian Micronesian Mycenaean Native American Ossetian Persian Philippine Roman Sami Samoan Slavic Turkic Tuvaluan Vainakh Yoruba By association Agriculture Art Chaos Death Fate and time Fertility Fire Health Hunting King of the Gods Knowledge Light Love or lust Moon Nations Nature Night Rain Sky Smithing Sun Thresholds Thunder Tree Trickery Vegetation War Water Weather Wind Portal Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Celtic_deities&oldid=843970196 '' Categories : Celtic deities Lists of deities Aos Sí Celtic legendary creatures European legendary creatures Fantasy creatures Irish legendary creatures Irish mythology Tuatha Dé Danann Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text CS1 Norwegian Bokmål - language sources ( nb ) Articles containing Welsh - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Alemannisch Български Boarisch Cymraeg Deutsch Galego 한국어 Italiano Nederlands Română 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 June 2018 , at 18 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many celtic gods and goddesses are there | [
"The Celtic pantheon is known from a variety of sources such as written Celtic mythology, ancient places of worship, statues, engravings, religious objects, and place or personal names. The Celtic pantheon has over 1,200 named deities; a comprehensive list is difficult to assemble."
] | [
"over 1,200"
] |
4754833652319769719 | Ryan ToysReview | Ryan ToysReview - wikipedia Ryan ToysReview Ryan ToysReview Occupation Youtuber YouTube information Years active 2015 - present Genre Kids Subscribers 14.5 million ( June 28 , 2018 ) Total views 22.6 billion ( June 28 , 2018 ) Ryan ToysReview is a child YouTube star . His channel releases a new toy review video every day , many of which have become very popular , with `` Huge Eggs Surprise Toys Challenge '' receiving over 1.3 billion views as of June 2018 , making it one of the most viewed videos on YouTube . The Verge has described the channel as `` a mash - up of personal vlogs and `` unboxing '' videos , a blend of innocent childhood antics and relentless , often overwhelming consumerism . '' According to Forbes ' magazine , Ryan is the 8th highest paid YouTube entrepreneur , having brought in $11 million in revenue between 2016 and 2017 . Ryan began making YouTube videos in March 2015 when he was watching other toy review channels like EvanTubeHD , and asked his mother one day why he was not on YouTube doing the same thing . Ryan 's mom quit her job as a high school chemistry teacher to work on the YouTube channel full - time . Ryan has influenced the toy industry , similar to PewDiePie and video games . Ryan 's toy reviews , especially those which get millions of views , can affect the toy 's sales . The family keeps its identity , Ryan 's full name and location private . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Huge Eggs Surprise Toys Challenge Inflatable water slide Disney Cars Toys Paw Patrol Spiderman '' . YouTube . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Popper , Ben . `` YouTube 's biggest star is a 5 - year - old that makes millions opening toys '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Berg , Madeline . `` The Highest - Paid YouTube Stars 2017 : Gamer DanTDM Takes The Crown With $16.5 Million '' . Forbes . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , Samantha ( 11 December 2017 ) . `` 6 - year - old made $11 million in one year reviewing toys on You Tube '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . External links ( edit ) Ryan ToysReview 's channel on YouTube Ryan 's Family Review 's channel on YouTube Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryan_ToysReview&oldid=847960854 '' Categories : American YouTubers English - language YouTube channels Living people Male YouTubers Hidden categories : Use list - defined references from February 2018 Year of birth missing ( living people ) Talk About Wikipedia Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2018 , at 23 : 05 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | where does ryan live ryan's toy review | [] | [] |
-5913333790894887226 | Patricia Heaton | Patricia Heaton - wikipedia Patricia Heaton Jump to : navigation , search Patricia Heaton Heaton at the Hollywood Walk of Fame on May 22 , 2012 Patricia Helen Heaton ( 1958 - 03 - 04 ) March 4 , 1958 ( age 59 ) Bay Village , Ohio , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California , U.S. Cambridge , England , U.K. Nationality American Occupation Actress Years active 1989 -- present Political party Republican Spouse ( s ) David Hunt ( m . 1990 ) Children Parent ( s ) Chuck Heaton Patricia Hurd Heaton Patricia Helen Heaton ( born March 4 , 1958 ) is an American actress and model . She is known for portraying Debra Barone on the CBS sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond from 1996 to 2005 , and as Frances `` Frankie '' Heck on the ABC sitcom The Middle ( 2009 -- present ) . Heaton is a three - time Emmy Award winner - twice winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 2000 and 2001 for Everybody Loves Raymond , and a Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Culinary Program as host / executive producer of Patricia Heaton Parties . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Other credits 4 Personal life 4.1 Political and social advocacy 5 Filmography 5.1 Television 5.2 Film 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Patricia Heaton was born in Bay Village , Ohio , the daughter of Patricia ( née Hurd ) and Chuck Heaton , who was a sportswriter for The Plain Dealer . Heaton 's mother died of an aneurysm when the actress was 12 . The fourth of five children , Heaton was raised as a devout Catholic . Heaton has three sisters , Sharon , Alice , and Frances , and one brother , Michael , who is the `` Minister of Culture '' columnist for The Plain Dealer and a writer for the paper 's Friday Magazine . Career ( edit ) While attending Ohio State University , she became a sister of Delta Gamma Sorority . She later graduated with a B.A. in drama . In 1980 , Heaton moved to New York City to study with drama teacher William Esper . Heaton made her first Broadway appearance in the chorus of Do n't Get God Started ( 1987 ) , after which she and fellow students created Stage Three , an Off - Broadway acting troupe . Heaton in 2008 When Stage Three brought one of their productions to Los Angeles , Heaton caught the eye of a casting director for the ABC drama Thirtysomething . She was cast as an oncologist , leading to six appearances on the series from 1989 to 1991 . Other TV guest appearances include : Alien Nation ( 1989 ) , Matlock ( 1990 ) , Party of Five ( 1996 ) , The King of Queens ( 1999 ) , and Danny Phantom ( 2004 ) . Heaton 's feature films include Memoirs of an Invisible Man ( 1992 ) , Beethoven ( 1992 ) , The New Age ( 1994 ) , and Space Jam ( 1996 ) . Heaton was featured in three short - lived sitcoms -- Room for Two , Someone Like Me and Women of the House -- before landing the role of Debra Barone on Everybody Loves Raymond . She was nominated in each of the series ' last seven seasons for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series , winning in 2000 and 2001 . With her win in 2000 , she became the first of the cast members on the show to win an Emmy . She has also collected two Viewers for Quality Television Awards and a Screen Actors Guild trophy for her work on the series . Starting September 2007 , Heaton co-starred with Kelsey Grammer in Back to You , a situation comedy on Fox . The show was canceled in May 2008 . Heaton appeared on the season seven of Extreme Makeover : Home Edition where she helped build a home for a firefighter and his family . Heaton 's television movies include Shattered Dreams ( 1990 ) , Miracle in the Woods ( 1997 ) , A Town Without Christmas ( 2001 ) , as well as the remake of Neil Simon 's The Goodbye Girl ( 2004 ) with Jeff Daniels , The Engagement Ring ( 2005 ) , Heaton also played former U.S. Ambassador to Yemen , Barbara Bodine , in the 2006 ABC docudrama The Path to 9 / 11 , and the Hallmark Hall of Fame movie Front of the Class , based on the real story of a mother , Ellen Cohen , dealing with a son , Brad Cohen , who has Tourette Syndrome , in 2008 . Heaton was the producer for the 2005 documentary The Bituminous Coal Queens of Pennsylvania , which was directed by her husband . She was also one of the producers of the William Wilberforce drama Amazing Grace ( 2006 ) . In January 2007 , Heaton returned to the stage to co-star with Tony Shalhoub in the Off - Broadway play The Scene at Second Stage Theatre in New York City . For this performance , Heaton was nominated in the Outstanding Lead Actress category for the 22nd Lucille Lortel Awards . Since September 2009 , she has starred in the ABC comedy The Middle . In 2011 , Heaton was ranked at No. 24 on the TV Guide Network special , Funniest Women on TV . In October 2015 , Heaton began hosting Patricia Heaton Parties , a cooking show on The Food Network . The program showcases party friendly foods and home entertaining tips . The show won a Daytime Emmy in 2016 for Outstanding Culinary Program She received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on May 22 , 2012 . The star is located at 6533 Hollywood Blvd. in front of The Hudson Apartments . Other credits ( edit ) In 2003 , Heaton appeared in a series of television and radio commercials as spokesperson for the various incarnations of the grocery chain Albertsons , such as Acme , Jewel and Shaw 's . Heaton also was featured on the cover of the company 's 2003 and 2004 annual reports . In 2007 , Albertsons created the Crazy About Food slogan / campaign and Heaton 's association with the company ended . She has also appeared in advertisements for Pantene hair - care products . Personal Life ( edit ) Heaton has been married to British actor David Hunt since 1990 . They have four sons and they divide their time between Los Angeles and Cambridge , England . Her memoir , Motherhood and Hollywood : How to Get a Job Like Mine , was published by Villard Books in 2002 . Hunt is Heaton 's second husband . After her divorce from her first husband , she went through a self - described `` Protestant wilderness '' . Since June 2017 , Heaton 's first marriage has been annulled by the Catholic Church and has since returned as an observant of Catholicism . Heaton has been open about having plastic surgery ; citing having a tummy - tuck and a breast reduction after undergoing four Caesarean sections . Political and social advocacy ( edit ) Heaton is a consistent life ethicist and is vocally supportive of pro-life groups and causes , opposing abortion , euthanasia , and the death penalty . Heaton 's advocacy became particularly visible during the debate regarding the Terri Schiavo case . In addition , Heaton is honorary chair of Feminists for Life , an organization which opposes abortion and embryonic stem cell research and supports other pro-life causes on the basis of feminism . She is registered Republican . However , Heaton openly supports gay rights and has publicly stated that she is not against same - sex marriage . Patricia Heaton and family in the Indianapolis 500 Parade , May 2008 Although a Republican , Heaton voiced her disapproval of then presidential nominee Donald Trump in 2016 , stating `` If he 's the nominee then it wo n't be my party '' . Heaton 's name was in an advertisement in the Los Angeles Times ( 17 August 2006 ) that condemned Hamas and Hezbollah and supported Israel in the 2006 Israel - Lebanon conflict . In October 2006 , Heaton appeared in a commercial opposing a Missouri state constitutional amendment concerning embryonic stem cell research , which subsequently passed . The advertisement was a response to the election of Democratic Senate hopeful Claire McCaskill and aired at the same time as Michael J. Fox 's advertisement supporting the amendment . Appearing with Heaton were actor Jim Caviezel , St. Louis Cardinals pitcher Jeff Suppan , Seattle Mariner Mike Sweeney , and St. Louis Rams / Arizona Cardinals quarterback Kurt Warner . Following a public outcry , Heaton later said she regretted doing the ad and sent an apology to Fox , saying she was unaware of Fox 's ad . Fox accepted her apology and later stated , `` If we can have a healthy dialogue about issues that people see differently , that 's marvelous . '' On February 29 , 2012 , Heaton made several negative public remarks against Georgetown University law student Sandra Fluke , joining the controversy surrounding the law requiring insurance companies to cover contraception . Following criticism for her remarks , Heaton apologized days later . Filmography ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Alien Nation Amanda Russell Episode : `` The Red Room '' 1989 -- 1991 Thirtysomething Dr. Silverman 6 episodes 1990 Shattered Dreams Older Dotti Movie 1990 Matlock Ellie Stanford Episode : `` The Brothers '' 1991 DEA Paula Werner Episode : `` The Fat Lady Sings Alone '' 1992 -- 1993 Room for Two Jill Kurland 26 episodes 1994 Someone Like Me Jean Stepjak 5 episodes 1995 Women of the House Natalie Hollingsworth 11 episodes Party of Five Robin Merrin 2 episodes 1996 -- 2005 Everybody Loves Raymond Debra Barone Main role ( 209 episodes ) Miracle in the Woods Wanda Briggs Movie 1999 The King of Queens Debra Barone Episode : `` Dire Strayts '' 2001 A Town Without Christmas M.J. Jensen Movie The Goodbye Girl Paula McFadden Movie Danny Phantom Lunch Lady ( voice ) Episode : `` Mystery Meat '' 2005 The Engagement Ring Sara Rosa Anselmi Movie 2006 Untitled Patricia Heaton Project Janet Daily Pilot 2006 The Path to 9 / 11 Ambassador Bodine Miniseries 2007 -- 2008 Back to You Kelly Carr Main role ( 17 episodes ) 2008 Front of the Class Ellen Cohen Movie 2009 -- present The Middle Frankie Heck Main role ( 215 episodes ) 2011 Easy to Assemble Mrs. Hullestaad 3 episodes 2015 -- present Patricia Heaton Parties Herself Host ( 16 episodes ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1992 Memoirs of an Invisible Man Ellen 1992 Beethoven Brie 1994 The New Age Anna Space Jam Woman Fan 2007 Amazing Grace N / A Producer 2014 Moms ' Night Out Sondra 2017 The Star Edith the cow Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Patricia Heaton '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Year Association Nominated work Result 1999 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 1999 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 1999 Viewers for Quality Television Best Actress in a Quality Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Won 2000 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Won 2000 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 2000 Viewers for Quality Television Best Actress in a Quality Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Won 2001 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Won 2002 Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 2002 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 2002 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 2003 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 2003 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 2003 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 2005 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 2005 Screen Actors Guild Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 2005 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie The Goodbye Girl Nominated 2005 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 2006 Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 2006 Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Everybody Loves Raymond Nominated 2007 Satellite Awards Best Actress in a Television Series -- Musical or Comedy Back to You Nominated 2011 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Actress in a Comedy Series The Middle Nominated 2016 43rd Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Culinary Program Patricia Heaton Parties Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Monitor '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 1197 ) . Mar 9 , 2012 . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Patricia Heaton wins Daytime Emmy Award - Cleveland.com ( Cleveland Plain Dealer ) Jump up ^ `` Patricia Heaton Biography ( 1958 -- ) '' . Filmreference.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Elizabeth ( November 28 , 2000 ) . `` Patricia Heaton 's Laid - Back Lifestyle '' . People . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Justin . `` A Profile of Conservative Hollywood Actress Patricia Heaton '' . About.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 22 . She was raised Roman Catholic and attended Mass with her parents every day . ^ Jump up to : Green , Jesse . Not Everybody Loves Patricia , The New York Times , December 31 , 2006 . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ On The Scene , Tony Shalhoub and Patricia Heaton Open Off Broadway , broadway.com , 2007 - 01 - 11 Archived May 14 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Funniest Women on TV . July 3 , 2011 . TV Guide Network . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( 10 September 2015 ) . `` ' The Middle 's ' Patricia Heaton to Host Food Network Show '' . Jump up ^ The Hollywood Chamber of Commerce Walk of Fame Committee Announces New Walk of Fame Honorees for 2012 Archived June 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Pantene Commercial with Patricia Heaton ( 2003 ) ) '' , one of several advertisements , YouTube , subsidiary of Alphabet , Inc. , Mountain View , California . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Erin ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Patricia Heaton 's Real - Life Middle Moment With Her Son '' . Parade . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Hallman , Deborah ( October 16 , 2002 ) . `` Keeping it real in Hollywood '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Graves , Jim ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Vin Scully and Patricia Heaton reflect on centrality of Christ in their lives '' . Catholic World Report . Ignatius Press . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ @ PatriciaHeaton ( July 30 , 2017 ) . `` Spent Mass internally grumbling about lame sermon ; received Eucharist , knelt down , burst into tears . # NoOneExpectstheHolySpirit '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Zapo , George . `` Four Celebrities Talk Openly About Having Plastic Surgery '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved 19 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Squires , Chase . Tampabay : Issues , not images , drive Schiavo TV coverage , March 25 , 2005 . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bond , Paul . Hollywood insiders rip MSNBC , defend Palin , Reuters , October 27 , 2008 . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Patricia Heaton - A Profile of Conservative Hollywood Actress Patricia Heaton '' . Usconservatives.about.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Patricia Heaton Says Her Politics Have Cost Her Potential Roles '' . Christianpost.com. 2011 - 05 - 21 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ @ PatriciaHeaton ( February 28 , 2016 ) . `` If he 's the nominee then it wo n't be my party ... # Pinestraw2016 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Nicole Kidman and 84 Others Stand United Against Terrorism Archived September 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . '' Hollywood Grind. 18 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Serrano , Alfonso . Stem Cell Opponents To Air Celebrity Ad , CBS News , October 25 , 2006 . Retrieved January 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Patricia Heaton Apologizes for Attacking Sandra Fluke on Twitter '' . The Daily Beast . March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Patricia Heaton Parties Episodes '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Patricia Heaton . Patricia Heaton on IMDb Patricia Heaton at the Internet Broadway Database Patricia Heaton at Internet Off - Broadway Database Patricia Heaton interview video at the Archive of American Television Awards for Patricia Heaton Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Gertrude Berg ( 1950 ) Imogene Coca ( 1951 ) Lucille Ball ( 1952 ) Eve Arden ( 1953 ) Lucille Ball ( 1955 ) Nanette Fabray ( 1956 ) Jane Wyatt ( 1957 ) Jane Wyatt ( 1959 ) Jane Wyatt ( 1960 ) Barbara Stanwyck ( 1961 ) Shirley Booth ( 1962 ) Shirley Booth ( 1963 ) Mary Tyler Moore ( 1964 ) No Award ( 1965 ) Mary Tyler Moore ( 1966 ) Lucille Ball ( 1967 ) Lucille Ball ( 1968 ) Hope Lange ( 1969 ) Hope Lange ( 1970 ) Jean Stapleton ( 1971 ) Jean Stapleton ( 1972 ) Mary Tyler Moore ( 1973 ) Mary Tyler Moore ( 1974 ) Valerie Harper ( 1975 ) Mary Tyler Moore ( 1976 ) Bea Arthur ( 1977 ) Jean Stapleton ( 1978 ) Ruth Gordon ( 1979 ) Cathryn Damon ( 1980 ) Isabel Sanford ( 1981 ) Carol Kane ( 1982 ) Shelley Long ( 1983 ) Jane Curtin ( 1984 ) Jane Curtin ( 1985 ) Betty White ( 1986 ) Rue McClanahan ( 1987 ) Bea Arthur ( 1988 ) Candice Bergen ( 1989 ) Candice Bergen ( 1990 ) Kirstie Alley ( 1991 ) Candice Bergen ( 1992 ) Roseanne Barr ( 1993 ) Candice Bergen ( 1994 ) Candice Bergen ( 1995 ) Helen Hunt ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Helen Hunt ( 1998 ) Helen Hunt ( 1999 ) Patricia Heaton ( 2000 ) Patricia Heaton ( 2001 ) Jennifer Aniston ( 2002 ) Debra Messing ( 2003 ) Sarah Jessica Parker ( 2004 ) Felicity Huffman ( 2005 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2006 ) America Ferrera ( 2007 ) Tina Fey ( 2008 ) Toni Collette ( 2009 ) Edie Falco ( 2010 ) Melissa McCarthy ( 2011 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2012 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2013 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2014 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2015 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2016 ) Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 2017 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series Will & Grace , season 2 / season 3 ( 2000 ) : Hayes ; McCormack ; Messing ; Mullally Sex and the City , season 4 ( 2001 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Everybody Loves Raymond season 6 / season 7 ( 2002 ) : Boyle ; Garrett ; Heaton ; Roberts ; Romano ; Sweeten Sex and the City , season 6 ( 2003 ) : Cattrall ; Davis ; Nixon ; Parker Desperate Housewives , season 1 ( 2004 ) : Bowen ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; Kasch ; Longoria ; Metcalfe ; Moses ; Sheridan ; Strong Desperate Housewives , season 1 / season 2 ( 2005 ) : Bart ; Bowen ; Brooks ; Chavira ; Cross ; Culp ; Denton ; Hatcher ; Huffman ; B. Kinsman ; S. Kinsman ; Longoria ; Moses ; Savant ; Sheridan ; Strong ; Woodard The Office , season 2 / season 3 ( 2006 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson The Office , season 3 / season 4 ( 2007 ) : Baker ; Baumgartner ; Carell ; Denman ; Fischer ; Flannery ; Hardin ; Kaling ; Kinsey ; Krasinski ; Lieberstein ; Novak ; Nunez ; Smith ; Wilson 30 Rock , season 2 / season 3 ( 2008 ) : Adsit ; Baldwin ; Bowden ; Fey ; Friedlander ; Krakowski ; McBrayer ; Morgan ; Powell Glee , season 1 ( 2009 ) : Agron ; Colfer ; Gallagher ; Gilsig ; Lynch ; Mays ; McHale ; Michele ; Monteith ; Morris ; Morrison ; Riley ; Rivera ; Salling ; Shum ; Sussman ; Talton ; Theba ; Ushkowitz Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2019 ) VIAF : 57663511 LCCN : nr2002000521 ISNI : 0000 0001 1445 1070 GND : 128387254 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patricia_Heaton&oldid=808097329 '' Categories : 1958 births 20th - century American actresses 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Cleveland Activists from Ohio American feminists American Presbyterians American Roman Catholics American television actresses Feminist artists LGBT rights activists from the United States Living people Ohio Republicans Ohio State University alumni Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners People from Bay Village , Ohio People from Cuyahoga County , Ohio Roman Catholic feminists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 BLP articles lacking sources from January 2015 All BLP articles lacking sources Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata Articles with IBDb links Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends name Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 21 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where is patricia heaton's cooking show filmed | [] | [] |
3140190875205383727 | Magna Carta | Magna Carta - Wikipedia Magna Carta Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the English charter of 1215 . For other uses , see Magna Carta ( disambiguation ) . Magna Carta Cotton MS . Augustus II . 106 , one of only four surviving exemplifications of the 1215 text Created 1215 Location British Library and the cathedrals of Lincoln and Salisbury Author ( s ) John , King of England his barons Stephen Langton , Archbishop of Canterbury Purpose Peace treaty Part of a series of articles on Monarchy Central concepts ( show ) Monarch Monarchism Divine right of kings Mandate of Heaven Types ( show ) Absolute Composite Constitutional Diarchy Dual Elective Emirate Ethnarch Federal Hereditary Legalist ( Chinese ) Non-sovereign Popular Regency Tetrarch Universal History ( show ) Birth of the Roman Empire Magna Carta Foundation of the Ottoman Empire Glorious Revolution French Revolution Trienio Liberal First French Empire Liberal Wars Second French Empire Italian unification Meiji Restoration German unification 5 October 1910 Revolution Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil Xinhai Revolution Russian Revolution Siamese revolution of 1932 Birth of the Italian Republic Spanish transition to democracy Iranian Revolution Modern Cambodia Nepalese Civil War Related topics ( show ) Aristocracy Autocracy Crowned republic Conservatism Thomas Hobbes Legitimists Oligarchy Philosopher king Primogeniture Royalism Regicide Regnal number Royal family Ultra-royalist Politics portal Magna Carta Libertatum ( Medieval Latin for `` the Great Charter of the Liberties '' ) , commonly called Magna Carta ( also Magna Charta ; `` Great Charter '' ) , is a charter agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede , near Windsor , on 15 June 1215 . First drafted by the Archbishop of Canterbury to make peace between the unpopular King and a group of rebel barons , it promised the protection of church rights , protection for the barons from illegal imprisonment , access to swift justice , and limitations on feudal payments to the Crown , to be implemented through a council of 25 barons . Neither side stood behind their commitments , and the charter was annulled by Pope Innocent III , leading to the First Barons ' War . After John 's death , the regency government of his young son , Henry III , reissued the document in 1216 , stripped of some of its more radical content , in an unsuccessful bid to build political support for their cause . At the end of the war in 1217 , it formed part of the peace treaty agreed at Lambeth , where the document acquired the name Magna Carta , to distinguish it from the smaller Charter of the Forest which was issued at the same time . Short of funds , Henry reissued the charter again in 1225 in exchange for a grant of new taxes ; his son , Edward I , repeated the exercise in 1297 , this time confirming it as part of England 's statute law . The charter became part of English political life and was typically renewed by each monarch in turn , although as time went by and the fledgling English Parliament passed new laws , it lost some of its practical significance . At the end of the 16th century there was an upsurge in interest in Magna Carta . Lawyers and historians at the time believed that there was an ancient English constitution , going back to the days of the Anglo - Saxons , that protected individual English freedoms . They argued that the Norman invasion of 1066 had overthrown these rights , and that Magna Carta had been a popular attempt to restore them , making the charter an essential foundation for the contemporary powers of Parliament and legal principles such as habeas corpus . Although this historical account was badly flawed , jurists such as Sir Edward Coke used Magna Carta extensively in the early 17th century , arguing against the divine right of kings propounded by the Stuart monarchs . Both James I and his son Charles I attempted to suppress the discussion of Magna Carta , until the issue was curtailed by the English Civil War of the 1640s and the execution of Charles . The political myth of Magna Carta and its protection of ancient personal liberties persisted after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 until well into the 19th century . It influenced the early American colonists in the Thirteen Colonies and the formation of the American Constitution in 1787 , which became the supreme law of the land in the new republic of the United States . Research by Victorian historians showed that the original 1215 charter had concerned the medieval relationship between the monarch and the barons , rather than the rights of ordinary people , but the charter remained a powerful , iconic document , even after almost all of its content was repealed from the statute books in the 19th and 20th centuries . Magna Carta still forms an important symbol of liberty today , often cited by politicians and campaigners , and is held in great respect by the British and American legal communities , Lord Denning describing it as `` the greatest constitutional document of all times -- the foundation of the freedom of the individual against the arbitrary authority of the despot '' . In the 21st century , four exemplifications of the original 1215 charter remain in existence , held by the British Library and the cathedrals of Lincoln and Salisbury . There are also a handful of the subsequent charters in public and private ownership , including copies of the 1297 charter in both the United States and Australia . The original charters were written on parchment sheets using quill pens , in heavily abbreviated medieval Latin , which was the convention for legal documents at that time . Each was sealed with the royal great seal ( made of beeswax and resin sealing wax ) : very few of the seals have survived . Although scholars refer to the 63 numbered `` clauses '' of Magna Carta , this is a modern system of numbering , introduced by Sir William Blackstone in 1759 ; the original charter formed a single , long unbroken text . The four original 1215 charters were displayed together at the British Library for one day , 3 February 2015 , to mark the 800th anniversary of Magna Carta . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 13th century 1.1. 1 Background 1.1. 2 Great Charter of 1215 1.1. 2.1 Lists of participants in 1215 1.1. 3 Great Charter of 1216 1.1. 4 Great Charter of 1217 1.1. 5 Great Charter of 1225 1.1. 5.1 Witnesses in 1225 1.1. 6 Great Charter of 1297 : statute 1.1. 7 Magna Carta 's influence on English medieval law 1.2 14th -- 15th centuries 1.3 16th century 1.4 17th -- 18th centuries 1.4. 1 Political tensions 1.4. 2 Glorious Revolution 1.4. 3 Use in the Thirteen Colonies and the United States 1.5 19th -- 21st centuries 1.5. 1 Interpretation 1.5. 2 Repeal of articles and constitutional influence 1.5. 3 Modern legacy 1.5. 4 Celebration of the 800th anniversary 2 Content 2.1 Physical format 2.2 Exemplifications 2.2. 1 1215 exemplifications 2.2. 2 Later exemplifications 2.3 Clauses 2.3. 1 Clauses in detail 2.3. 2 Clauses remaining in English law 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 Further reading 8 External links History 13th century Background Main article : John , King of England King John on a stag hunt Magna Carta originated as an unsuccessful attempt to achieve peace between royalist and rebel factions in 1215 , as part of the events leading to the outbreak of the First Barons ' War . England was ruled by King John , the third of the Angevin kings . Although the kingdom had a robust administrative system , the nature of government under the Angevin monarchs was ill - defined and uncertain . John and his predecessors had ruled using the principle of vis et voluntas , or `` force and will '' , taking executive and sometimes arbitrary decisions , often justified on the basis that a king was above the law . Many contemporary writers believed that monarchs should rule in accordance with the custom and the law , with the counsel of the leading members of the realm , but there was no model for what should happen if a king refused to do so . John had lost most of his ancestral lands in France to King Philip II in 1204 and had struggled to regain them for many years , raising extensive taxes on the barons to accumulate money to fight a war which ended in expensive failure in 1214 . Following the defeat of his allies at the Battle of Bouvines , John had to sue for peace and pay compensation . John was already personally unpopular with many of the barons , many of whom owed money to the Crown , and little trust existed between the two sides . A triumph would have strengthened his position , but in the face of his defeat , within a few months after his return from France John found that rebel barons in the north and east of England were organising resistance to his rule . The rebels took an oath that they would `` stand fast for the liberty of the church and the realm '' , and demanded that the King confirm the Charter of Liberties that had been declared by King Henry I in the previous century , and which was perceived by the barons to protect their rights . The rebel leadership was unimpressive by the standards of the time , even disreputable , but were united by their hatred of John ; Robert FitzWalter , later elected leader of the rebel barons , claimed publicly that John had attempted to rape his daughter , and was implicated in a plot to assassinate John in 1212 . A contemporaneous mural of Pope Innocent III John held a council in London in January 1215 to discuss potential reforms , and sponsored discussions in Oxford between his agents and the rebels during the spring . Both sides appealed to Pope Innocent III for assistance in the dispute . During the negotiations , the rebellious barons produced an initial document , which historians have termed `` the Unknown Charter of Liberties '' , which drew on Henry I 's Charter of Liberties for much of its language ; seven articles from that document later appeared in the `` Articles of the Barons '' and the subsequent charter . It was John 's hope that the Pope would give him valuable legal and moral support , and accordingly John played for time ; the King had declared himself to be a papal vassal in 1213 and correctly believed he could count on the Pope for help . John also began recruiting mercenary forces from France , although some were later sent back to avoid giving the impression that the King was escalating the conflict . In a further move to shore up his support , John took an oath to become a crusader , a move which gave him additional political protection under church law , even though many felt the promise was insincere . Letters backing John arrived from the Pope in April , but by then the rebel barons had organised into a military faction . They congregated at Northampton in May and renounced their feudal ties to John , marching on London , Lincoln , and Exeter . John 's efforts to appear moderate and conciliatory had been largely successful , but once the rebels held London , they attracted a fresh wave of defectors from the royalists . The King offered to submit the problem to a committee of arbitration with the Pope as the supreme arbiter , but this was not attractive to the rebels . Stephen Langton , the Archbishop of Canterbury , had been working with the rebel barons on their demands , and after the suggestion of papal arbitration failed , John instructed Langton to organise peace talks . Great charter of 1215 The Articles of the Barons , 1215 , held by the British Library John met the rebel leaders at Runnymede , a water - meadow on the south bank of the River Thames , on 10 June 1215 . Runnymede was a traditional place for assemblies , but it was also located on neutral ground between the royal fortress of Windsor Castle and the rebel base at Staines , and offered both sides the security of a rendezvous where they were unlikely to find themselves at a military disadvantage . Here the rebels presented John with their draft demands for reform , the ' Articles of the Barons ' . Stephen Langton 's pragmatic efforts at mediation over the next ten days turned these incomplete demands into a charter capturing the proposed peace agreement ; a few years later , this agreement was renamed Magna Carta , meaning `` Great Charter '' . By 15 June , general agreement had been made on a text , and on 19 June , the rebels renewed their oaths of loyalty to John and copies of the charter were formally issued . Although , as the historian David Carpenter has noted , the charter `` wasted no time on political theory '' , it went beyond simply addressing individual baronial complaints , and formed a wider proposal for political reform . It promised the protection of church rights , protection from illegal imprisonment , access to swift justice , and , most importantly , limitations on taxation and other feudal payments to the Crown , with certain forms of feudal taxation requiring baronial consent . It focused on the rights of free men -- in particular the barons . However , the rights of serfs were included in articles 16 , 20 , and 28 . Its style and content reflected Henry I 's Charter of Liberties , as well as a wider body of legal traditions , including the royal charters issued to towns , the operations of the Church and baronial courts and European charters such as the Statute of Pamiers . Under what historians later labelled `` clause 61 '' , or the `` security clause '' , a council of 25 barons would be created to monitor and ensure John 's future adherence to the charter . If John did not conform to the charter within 40 days of being notified of a transgression by the council , the 25 barons were empowered by clause 61 to seize John 's castles and lands until , in their judgement , amends had been made . Men were to be compelled to swear an oath to assist the council in controlling the King , but once redress had been made for any breaches , the King would continue to rule as before . In one sense this was not unprecedented ; other kings had previously conceded the right of individual resistance to their subjects if the King did not uphold his obligations . Magna Carta was however novel in that it set up a formally recognised means of collectively coercing the King . The historian Wilfred Warren argues that it was almost inevitable that the clause would result in civil war , as it `` was crude in its methods and disturbing in its implications '' . The barons were trying to force John to keep to the charter , but clause 61 was so heavily weighted against the King that this version of the charter could not survive . John and the rebel barons did not trust each other , and neither side seriously attempted to implement the peace accord . The 25 barons selected for the new council were all rebels , chosen by the more extremist barons , and many among the rebels found excuses to keep their forces mobilised . Disputes began to emerge between those rebels who had expected the charter to return lands that had been confiscated and the royalist faction . Clause 61 of Magna Carta contained a commitment from John that he would `` seek to obtain nothing from anyone , in our own person or through someone else , whereby any of these grants or liberties may be revoked or diminished '' . Despite this , the King appealed to Pope Innocent for help in July , arguing that the charter compromised the Pope 's rights as John 's feudal lord . As part of the June peace deal , the barons were supposed to surrender London by 15 August , but this they refused to do . Meanwhile , instructions from the Pope arrived in August , written before the peace accord , with the result that papal commissioners excommunicated the rebel barons and suspended Langton from office in early September . Once aware of the charter , the Pope responded in detail : in a letter dated 24 August and arriving in late September , he declared the charter to be `` not only shameful and demeaning but also illegal and unjust '' since John had been `` forced to accept '' it , and accordingly the charter was `` null , and void of all validity for ever '' ; under threat of excommunication , the King was not to observe the charter , nor the barons try to enforce it . By then , violence had broken out between the two sides ; less than three months after it had been agreed , John and the loyalist barons firmly repudiated the failed charter : the First Barons ' War erupted . The rebel barons concluded that peace with John was impossible , and turned to Philip II 's son , the future Louis VIII , for help , offering him the English throne . The war soon settled into a stalemate . The King became ill and died on the night of 18 October , leaving the nine - year - old Henry III as his heir . Lists of participants in 1215 Counsellors named in Magna Carta The preamble to Magna Carta includes the names of the following 27 ecclesiastical and secular magnates who had counselled John to accept its terms . The names include some of the moderate reformers , notably Archbishop Stephen Langton , and some of John 's loyal supporters , such as William Marshal , Earl of Pembroke . They are listed here in the order in which they appear in the charter itself : Stephen Langton , Archbishop of Canterbury and Cardinal Henry de Loundres , Archbishop of Dublin William of Sainte - Mère - Église , Bishop of London Peter des Roches , Bishop of Winchester Jocelin of Wells , Bishop of Bath and Glastonbury Hugh of Wells , Bishop of Lincoln Walter de Gray , Bishop of Worcester William de Cornhill , Bishop of Coventry Benedict of Sausetun , Bishop of Rochester Pandulf Verraccio , subdeacon and papal legate to England Eymeric , Master of the Knights Templar in England William Marshal , Earl of Pembroke William Longespée , Earl of Salisbury William de Warenne , Earl of Surrey William d'Aubigny , Earl of Arundel Alan of Galloway , Constable of Scotland Warin FitzGerold Peter FitzHerbert Hubert de Burgh , Seneschal of Poitou Hugh de Neville Matthew FitzHerbert Thomas Basset Alan Basset Philip d'Aubigny Robert of Ropsley John Marshal John FitzHugh The Council of Twenty - Five Barons The names of the Twenty - Five Barons appointed under clause 61 to monitor John 's future conduct are not given in the charter itself , but do appear in four early sources , all seemingly based on a contemporary listing : a late 13th - century collection of law tracts and statutes , a Reading Abbey manuscript now in Lambeth Palace Library , and the Chronica Majora and Liber Additamentorum of Matthew Paris . The process of appointment is not known , but the names were drawn almost exclusively from among John 's more active opponents . They are listed here in the order in which they appear in the original sources : Richard de Clare , Earl of Hertford William de Forz , Earl of Albemarle Geoffrey de Mandeville , Earl of Essex and Gloucester Saer de Quincy , Earl of Winchester Henry de Bohun , Earl of Hereford Roger Bigod , Earl of Norfolk and Suffolk Robert de Vere , Earl of Oxford William Marshal junior Robert Fitzwalter , baron of Little Dunmow Gilbert de Clare , heir to the earldom of Hertford Eustace de Vesci , Lord of Alnwick Castle Hugh Bigod , heir to the Earldoms of Norfolk and Suffolk William de Mowbray , Lord of Axholme Castle William Hardell , Mayor of the City of London William de Lanvallei , Lord of Walkern Robert de Ros , Baron of Helmsley John de Lacy , Constable of Chester and Lord of Pontefract Castle Richard de Percy John FitzRobert de Clavering , Lord of Warkworth Castle William Malet Geoffrey de Saye Roger de Montbegon , Lord of Hornby Castle , Lancashire William of Huntingfield , Sheriff of Norfolk and Suffolk Richard de Montfichet William d'Aubigny , Lord of Belvoir Excommunicated rebels In September 1215 , the papal commissioners in England -- Subdeacon Pandulf , Peter des Roches , Bishop of Winchester , and Simon , Abbot of Reading -- excommunicated the rebels , acting on instructions earlier received from Rome . A letter sent by the commissioners from Dover on 5 September to Archbishop Langton explicitly names nine senior rebel barons ( all members of the Council of Twenty - Five ) , and six clerics numbered among the rebel ranks : Barons Robert Fitzwalter Saer de Quincy , Earl of Winchester Richard de Clare , Earl of Hertford Geoffrey de Mandeville , Earl of Essex and Gloucester Eustace de Vesci Richard de Percy John de Lacy , Constable of Chester William d'Aubigny William de Mowbray Clerics Giles de Braose , Bishop of Hereford William , Archdeacon of Hereford Alexander the clerk ( possibly Alexander of St Albans ) Osbert de Samara John de Fereby Robert , chaplain to Robert Fitzwalter Great charter of 1216 Although the Charter of 1215 was a failure as a peace treaty , it was resurrected under the new government of the young Henry III as a way of drawing support away from the rebel faction . On his deathbed , King John appointed a council of thirteen executors to help Henry reclaim the kingdom , and requested that his son be placed into the guardianship of William Marshal , one of the most famous knights in England . William knighted the boy , and Cardinal Guala Bicchieri , the papal legate to England , then oversaw his coronation at Gloucester Cathedral on 28 October . The young King inherited a difficult situation , with over half of England occupied by the rebels . He had substantial support though from Guala , who intended to win the civil war for Henry and punish the rebels . Guala set about strengthening the ties between England and the Papacy , starting with the coronation itself , during which Henry gave homage to the Papacy , recognising the Pope as his feudal lord . Pope Honorius III declared that Henry was the Pope 's vassal and ward , and that the legate had complete authority to protect Henry and his kingdom . As an additional measure , Henry took the cross , declaring himself a crusader and thereby entitled to special protection from Rome . The war was not going well for the loyalists , but Prince Louis and the rebel barons were also finding it difficult to make further progress . John 's death had defused some of the rebel concerns , and the royal castles were still holding out in the occupied parts of the country . Henry 's government encouraged the rebel barons to come back to his cause in exchange for the return of their lands , and reissued a version of the 1215 Charter , albeit having first removed some of the clauses , including those unfavourable to the Papacy and clause 61 , which had set up the council of barons . The move was not successful , and opposition to Henry 's new government hardened . Great charter of 1217 See also : First Barons ' War , Charter of the Forest , and English land law The Charter of the Forest , 1217 , held by the British Library In February 1217 , Louis set sail for France to gather reinforcements . In his absence , arguments broke out between Louis ' French and English followers , and Cardinal Guala declared that Henry 's war against the rebels was the equivalent of a religious crusade . This declaration resulted in a series of defections from the rebel movement , and the tide of the conflict swung in Henry 's favour . Louis returned at the end of April , but his northern forces were defeated by William Marshal at the Battle of Lincoln in May . Meanwhile , support for Louis ' campaign was diminishing in France , and he concluded that the war in England was lost . He negotiated terms with Cardinal Guala , under which Louis would renounce his claim to the English throne ; in return , his followers would be given back their lands , any sentences of excommunication would be lifted , and Henry 's government would promise to enforce the charter of the previous year . The proposed agreement soon began to unravel amid claims from some loyalists that it was too generous towards the rebels , particularly the clergy who had joined the rebellion . In the absence of a settlement , Louis remained in London with his remaining forces , hoping for the arrival of reinforcements from France . When the expected fleet did arrive in August , it was intercepted and defeated by loyalists at the Battle of Sandwich . Louis entered into fresh peace negotiations , and the factions came to agreement on the final Treaty of Lambeth , also known as the Treaty of Kingston , on 12 and 13 September 1217 . The treaty was similar to the first peace offer , but excluded the rebel clergy , whose lands and appointments remained forfeit ; it included a promise , however , that Louis ' followers would be allowed to enjoy their traditional liberties and customs , referring back to the Charter of 1216 . Louis left England as agreed and joined the Albigensian Crusade in the south of France , bringing the war to an end . A great council was called in October and November to take stock of the post-war situation ; this council is thought to have formulated and issued the Charter of 1217 . The charter resembled that of 1216 , although some additional clauses were added to protect the rights of the barons over their feudal subjects , and the restrictions on the Crown 's ability to levy taxation were watered down . There remained a range of disagreements about the management of the royal forests , which involved a special legal system that had resulted in a source of considerable royal revenue ; complaints existed over both the implementation of these courts , and the geographic boundaries of the royal forests . A complementary charter , the Charter of the Forest , was created , pardoning existing forest offences , imposing new controls over the forest courts , and establishing a review of the forest boundaries . To distinguish the two charters , the term magna carta libertatum , `` the great charter of liberties '' , was used by the scribes to refer to the larger document , which in time became known simply as Magna Carta . Great charter of 1225 The 1225 version of Magna Carta issued by Henry III , held in the National Archives Magna Carta became increasingly embedded into English political life during Henry III 's minority . As the King grew older , his government slowly began to recover from the civil war , regaining control of the counties and beginning to raise revenue once again , taking care not to overstep the terms of the charters . Henry remained a minor and his government 's legal ability to make permanently binding decisions on his behalf was limited . In 1223 , the tensions over the status of the charters became clear in the royal court , when Henry 's government attempted to reassert its rights over its properties and revenues in the counties , facing resistance from many communities that argued -- if sometimes incorrectly -- that the charters protected the new arrangements . This resistance resulted in an argument between Archbishop Langton and William Brewer over whether the King had any duty to fulfil the terms of the charters , given that he had been forced to agree to them . On this occasion , Henry gave oral assurances that he considered himself bound by the charters , enabling a royal inquiry into the situation in the counties to progress . Two years later , the question of Henry 's commitment to the charters re-emerged , when Louis VIII of France invaded Henry 's remaining provinces in France , Poitou and Gascony . Henry 's army in Poitou was under - resourced , and the province quickly fell . It became clear that Gascony would also fall unless reinforcements were sent from England . In early 1225 , a great council approved a tax of £ 40,000 to dispatch an army , which quickly retook Gascony . In exchange for agreeing to support Henry , the barons demanded that the King reissue Magna Carta and the Charter of the Forest . The content was almost identical to the 1217 versions , but in the new versions , the King declared that the charters were issued of his own `` spontaneous and free will '' and confirmed them with the royal seal , giving the new Great Charter and the Charter of the Forest of 1225 much more authority than the previous versions . The barons anticipated that the King would act in accordance with these charters , subject to the law and moderated by the advice of the nobility . Uncertainty continued , and in 1227 , when he was declared of age and able to rule independently , Henry announced that future charters had to be issued under his own seal . This brought into question the validity of the previous charters issued during his minority , and Henry actively threatened to overturn the Charter of the Forest unless the taxes promised in return for it were actually paid . In 1253 , Henry confirmed the charters once again in exchange for taxation . Henry placed a symbolic emphasis on rebuilding royal authority , but his rule was relatively circumscribed by Magna Carta . He generally acted within the terms of the charters , which prevented the Crown from taking extrajudicial action against the barons , including the fines and expropriations that had been common under his father , John . The charters did not address the sensitive issues of the appointment of royal advisers and the distribution of patronage , and they lacked any means of enforcement if the King chose to ignore them . The inconsistency with which he applied the charters over the course of his rule alienated many barons , even those within his own faction . Despite the various charters , the provision of royal justice was inconsistent and driven by the needs of immediate politics : sometimes action would be taken to address a legitimate baronial complaint , while on other occasions the problem would simply be ignored . The royal courts , which toured the country to provide justice at the local level , typically for lesser barons and the gentry claiming grievances against major lords , had little power , allowing the major barons to dominate the local justice system . Henry 's rule became lax and careless , resulting in a reduction in royal authority in the provinces and , ultimately , the collapse of his authority at court . In 1258 , a group of barons seized power from Henry in a coup d'état , citing the need to strictly enforce Magna Carta and the Charter of the Forest , creating a new baronial - led government to advance reform through the Provisions of Oxford . The barons were not militarily powerful enough to win a decisive victory , and instead appealed to Louis IX of France in 1263 -- 1264 to arbitrate on their proposed reforms . The reformist barons argued their case based on Magna Carta , suggesting that it was inviolable under English law and that the King had broken its terms . Louis came down firmly in favour of Henry , but the French arbitration failed to achieve peace as the rebellious barons refused to accept the verdict . England slipped back into the Second Barons ' War , which was won by Henry 's son , Prince Edward . Edward also invoked Magna Carta in advancing his cause , arguing that the reformers had taken matters too far and were themselves acting against Magna Carta . In a conciliatory gesture after the barons had been defeated , in 1267 Henry issued the Statute of Marlborough , which included a fresh commitment to observe the terms of Magna Carta . Witnesses in 1225 Witnesses to the 1225 charter The following 65 individuals were witnesses to the 1225 issue of Magna Carta , named in the order in which they appear in the charter itself : Stephen Langton , Archbishop of Canterbury and Cardinal Eustace of Fauconberg , Bishop of London Jocelin of Wells , Bishop of Bath Peter des Roches , Bishop of Winchester Hugh of Wells , Bishop of Lincoln Richard Poore , Bishop of Salisbury Benedict of Sausetun , Bishop of Rochester William de Blois , Bishop of Worcester John of Fountains , Bishop of Ely Hugh Foliot , Bishop of Hereford Ralph Neville , Bishop of Chichester William Briwere , Bishop of Exeter William of Trumpington , Abbot of St Albans Hugh of Northwold , Abbot of Bury St Edmunds Richard , Abbot of Battle the Abbot of St Augustine 's , Canterbury Randulf of Evesham , Abbot of Evesham Richard of Barking , Abbot of Westminster Alexander of Holderness , Abbot of Peterborough Simon , Abbot of Reading Robert of Hendred , Abbot of Abingdon John Walsh , Abbot of Malmesbury the Abbot of Winchcombe the Abbot of Hyde the Abbot of Chertsey the Abbot of Sherborne the Abbot of Cerne the Abbot of Abbotsbury the Abbot of Milton the Abbot of Selby the Abbot of Whitby the Abbot of Cirencester Hubert de Burgh , Justiciar of England and Ireland Ranulf , Earl of Chester and Lincoln William Longespée , Earl of Salisbury William de Warenne , Earl of Surrey Gilbert de Clare , Earl of Gloucester and Hertford William de Ferrers , Earl of Derby William de Mandeville , Earl of Essex Hugh Bigod , Earl of Norfolk William de Forz , Earl of Albemarle Humphrey de Bohun , Earl of Hereford John de Lacy , Constable of Chester Robert de Ros Robert Fitzwalter Robert de Vieuxpont William Brewer Richard de Montfichet Peter FitzHerbert Matthew FitzHerbert William d'Aubigny Robert Gresley Reginald de Braose John of Monmouth John FitzAlan Hugh de Mortimer William de Beauchamp William de St John Peter de Maulay Brian de Lisle Thomas of Moulton Richard de Argentan Geoffrey de Neville William de Maudit John de Baalun Great charter of 1297 : Statute 1297 version of the Great Charter , on display in the National Archives Building in Washington , D.C. King Edward I reissued the Charters of 1225 in 1297 in return for a new tax . It is this version which remains in statute today , although with most articles now repealed . The Confirmatio Cartarum ( Confirmation of Charters ) was issued in Norman French by Edward I in 1297 . Edward , needing money , had taxed the nobility , and they had armed themselves against him , forcing Edward to issue his confirmation of Magna Carta and the Forest Charter to avoid civil war . The nobles had sought to add another document , the De Tallagio , to Magna Carta . Edward I 's government was not prepared to concede this , they agreed to the issuing of the Confirmatio , confirming the previous charters and confirming the principle that taxation should be by consent , although the precise manner of that consent was not laid down . A passage mandates that copies shall be distributed in `` cathedral churches throughout our realm , there to remain , and shall be read before the people two times by the year '' , hence the permanent installation of a copy in Salisbury Cathedral . In the Confirmation 's second article , it is confirmed that if any judgement be given from henceforth contrary to the points of the charters aforesaid by the justices , or by any other our ministers that hold plea before them against the points of the charters , it shall be undone , and holden for nought . With the reconfirmation of the Charters in 1300 , an additional document was granted , the Articuli super Cartas ( The Articles upon the Charters ) . It was composed of 17 articles and sought in part to deal with the problem of enforcing the Charters . Magna Carta and the Forest Charter were to be issued to the sheriff of each county , and should be read four times a year at the meetings of the county courts . Each county should have a committee of three men who could hear complaints about violations of the Charters . Pope Clement V continued the papal policy of supporting monarchs ( who ruled by divine grace ) against any claims in Magna Carta which challenged the King 's rights , and annulled the Confirmatio Cartarum in 1305 . Edward I interpreted Clement V 's papal bull annulling the Confirmatio Cartarum as effectively applying to the Articuli super Cartas , although the latter was not specifically mentioned . In 1306 Edward I took the opportunity given by the Pope 's backing to reassert forest law over large areas which had been `` disafforested '' . Both Edward and the Pope were accused by some contemporary chroniclers of `` perjury '' , and it was suggested by Robert McNair Scott that Robert the Bruce refused to make peace with Edward I 's son , Edward II , in 1312 with the justification : `` How shall the king of England keep faith with me , since he does not observe the sworn promises made to his liege men ... '' Magna Carta 's influence on English medieval Law The Great Charter was referred to in legal cases throughout the medieval period . For example , in 1226 , the knights of Lincolnshire argued that their local sheriff was changing customary practice regarding the local courts , `` contrary to their liberty which they ought to have by the charter of the lord king '' . In practice , cases were not brought against the King for breach of Magna Carta and the Forest Charter , but it was possible to bring a case against the King 's officers , such as his sheriffs , using the argument that the King 's officers were acting contrary to liberties granted by the King in the charters . In addition , medieval cases referred to the clauses in Magna Carta which dealt with specific issues such as wardship and dower , debt collection , and keeping rivers free for navigation . Even in the 13th century , some clauses of Magna Carta rarely appeared in legal cases , either because the issues concerned were no longer relevant , or because Magna Carta had been superseded by more relevant legislation . By 1350 half the clauses of Magna Carta were no longer actively used . 14th -- 15th centuries Magna carta cum statutis angliae ( Great Charter with English Statutes ) , early 14th - century During the reign of King Edward III six measures , later known as the Six Statutes , were passed between 1331 and 1369 . They sought to clarify certain parts of the Charters . In particular the third statute , in 1354 , redefined clause 29 , with `` free man '' becoming `` no man , of whatever estate or condition he may be '' , and introduced the phrase `` due process of law '' for `` lawful judgement of his peers or the law of the land '' . Between the 13th and 15th centuries Magna Carta was reconfirmed 32 times according to Sir Edward Coke , and possibly as many as 45 times . Often the first item of parliamentary business was a public reading and reaffirmation of the Charter , and , as in the previous century , parliaments often exacted confirmation of it from the monarch . The Charter was confirmed in 1423 by King Henry VI . By the mid-15th century , Magna Carta ceased to occupy a central role in English political life , as monarchs reasserted authority and powers which had been challenged in the 100 years after Edward I 's reign . The Great Charter remained a text for lawyers , particularly as a protector of property rights , and became more widely read than ever as printed versions circulated and levels of literacy increased . 16th century A version of the Charter of 1217 , produced between 1437 and c. 1450 During the 16th century , the interpretation of Magna Carta and the First Barons ' War shifted . Henry VII took power at the end of the turbulent Wars of the Roses , followed by Henry VIII , and extensive propaganda under both rulers promoted the legitimacy of the regime , the illegitimacy of any sort of rebellion against royal power , and the priority of supporting the Crown in its arguments with the Papacy . Tudor historians rediscovered the Barnwell chronicler , who was more favourable to King John than other 13th - century texts , and , as historian Ralph Turner describes , they `` viewed King John in a positive light as a hero struggling against the papacy '' , showing `` little sympathy for the Great Charter or the rebel barons '' . Pro-Catholic demonstrations during the 1536 uprising cited Magna Carta , accusing the King of not giving it sufficient respect . The first mechanically printed edition of Magna Carta was probably the Magna Carta cum aliis Antiquis Statutis of 1508 by Richard Pynson , although the early printed versions of the 16th century incorrectly attributed the origins of Magna Carta to Henry III and 1225 , rather than to John and 1215 , and accordingly worked from the later text . An abridged English - language edition was published by John Rastell in 1527 . Thomas Berthelet , Pynson 's successor as the royal printer during 1530 -- 1547 , printed an edition of the text along with other `` ancient statutes '' in 1531 and 1540 . In 1534 , George Ferrers published the first unabridged English - language edition of Magna Carta , dividing the Charter into 37 numbered clauses . At the end of the 16th century , there was an upsurge in antiquarian interest in England . This work concluded that there was a set of ancient English customs and laws , temporarily overthrown by the Norman invasion of 1066 , which had then been recovered in 1215 and recorded in Magna Carta , which in turn gave authority to important 16th century legal principles . Modern historians note that although this narrative was fundamentally incorrect -- many refer to it as a `` myth '' -- it took on great importance among the legal historians of the time . The antiquarian William Lambarde , for example , published what he believed were the Anglo - Saxon and Norman law codes , tracing the origins of the 16th - century English Parliament back to this period , albeit misinterpreting the dates of many documents concerned . Francis Bacon argued that clause 39 of Magna Carta was the basis of the 16th - century jury system and judicial processes . Antiquarians Robert Beale , James Morice , and Richard Cosin argued that Magna Carta was a statement of liberty and a fundamental , supreme law empowering English government . Those who questioned these conclusions , including the Member of Parliament Arthur Hall , faced sanctions . 17th -- 18th centuries Political tensions Jurist Edward Coke made extensive political use of Magna Carta . In the early 17th century , Magna Carta became increasingly important as a political document in arguments over the authority of the English monarchy . James I and Charles I both propounded greater authority for the Crown , justified by the doctrine of the divine right of kings , and Magna Carta was cited extensively by their opponents to challenge the monarchy . Magna Carta , it was argued , recognised and protected the liberty of individual Englishmen , made the King subject to the common law of the land , formed the origin of the trial by jury system , and acknowledged the ancient origins of Parliament : because of Magna Carta and this ancient constitution , an English monarch was unable to alter these long - standing English customs . Although the arguments based on Magna Carta were historically inaccurate , they nonetheless carried symbolic power , as the charter had immense significance during this period ; antiquarians such as Sir Henry Spelman described it as `` the most majestic and a sacrosanct anchor to English Liberties '' . Sir Edward Coke was a leader in using Magna Carta as a political tool during this period . Still working from the 1225 version of the text -- the first printed copy of the 1215 charter only emerged in 1610 -- Coke spoke and wrote about Magna Carta repeatedly . His work was challenged at the time by Lord Ellesmere , and modern historians such as Ralph Turner and Claire Breay have critiqued Coke as `` misconstruing '' the original charter `` anachronistically and uncritically '' , and taking a `` very selective '' approach to his analysis . More sympathetically , J.C. Holt noted that the history of the charters had already become `` distorted '' by the time Coke was carrying out his work . John Lilburne criticised Magna Carta as an inadequate definition of English liberties . In 1621 , a bill was presented to Parliament to renew Magna Carta ; although this bill failed , lawyer John Selden argued during Darnell 's Case in 1627 that the right of habeas corpus was backed by Magna Carta . Coke supported the Petition of Right in 1628 , which cited Magna Carta in its preamble , attempting to extend the provisions , and to make them binding on the judiciary . The monarchy responded by arguing that the historical legal situation was much less clear - cut than was being claimed , restricted the activities of antiquarians , arrested Coke for treason , and suppressed his proposed book on Magna Carta . Charles initially did not agree to the Petition of Right , and refused to confirm Magna Carta in any way that would reduce his independence as King . England descended into civil war in the 1640s , resulting in Charles I 's execution in 1649 . Under the republic that followed , some questioned whether Magna Carta , an agreement with a monarch , was still relevant . An anti-Cromwellian pamphlet published in 1660 , The English devil , said that the nation had been `` compelled to submit to this Tyrant Nol or be cut off by him ; nothing but a word and a blow , his Will was his Law ; tell him of Magna Carta , he would lay his hand on his sword and cry Magna Farta '' . In a 2005 speech the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales , Lord Woolf , repeated the claim that Cromwell had referred to Magna Carta as `` Magna Farta '' . The radical groups that flourished during this period held differing opinions of Magna Carta . The Levellers rejected history and law as presented by their contemporaries , holding instead to an `` anti-Normanism '' viewpoint . John Lilburne , for example , argued that Magna Carta contained only some of the freedoms that had supposedly existed under the Anglo - Saxons before being crushed by the Norman yoke . The Leveller Richard Overton described the charter as `` a beggarly thing containing many marks of intolerable bondage '' . Both saw Magna Carta as a useful declaration of liberties that could be used against governments they disagreed with . Gerrard Winstanley , the leader of the more extreme Diggers , stated `` the best lawes that England hath , ( viz. , the Magna Carta ) were got by our Forefathers importunate petitioning unto the kings that still were their Task - masters ; and yet these best laws are yoaks and manicles , tying one sort of people to be slaves to another ; Clergy and Gentry have got their freedom , but the common people still are , and have been left servants to work for them . '' Glorious Revolution A 1733 engraving of the Charter of 1215 by John Pine The first attempt at a proper historiography was undertaken by Robert Brady , who refuted the supposed antiquity of Parliament and belief in the immutable continuity of the law . Brady realised that the liberties of the Charter were limited and argued that the liberties were the grant of the King . By putting Magna Carta in historical context , he cast doubt on its contemporary political relevance ; his historical understanding did not survive the Glorious Revolution , which , according to the historian J.G.A. Pocock , `` marked a setback for the course of English historiography . '' According to the Whig interpretation of history , the Glorious Revolution was an example of the reclaiming of ancient liberties . Reinforced with Lockean concepts , the Whigs believed England 's constitution to be a social contract , based on documents such as Magna Carta , the Petition of Right , and the Bill of Rights . The English Liberties ( 1680 , in later versions often British Liberties ) by the Whig propagandist Henry Care ( d . 1688 ) was a cheap polemical book that was influential and much - reprinted , in the American colonies as well as Britain , and made Magna Carta central to the history and the contemporary legitimacy of its subject . Ideas about the nature of law in general were beginning to change . In 1716 , the Septennial Act was passed , which had a number of consequences . First , it showed that Parliament no longer considered its previous statutes unassailable , as it provided for a maximum parliamentary term of seven years , whereas the Triennial Act ( 1694 ) ( enacted less than a quarter of a century previously ) had provided for a maximum term of three years . It also greatly extended the powers of Parliament . Under this new constitution , monarchical absolutism was replaced by parliamentary supremacy . It was quickly realised that Magna Carta stood in the same relation to the King - in - Parliament as it had to the King without Parliament . This supremacy would be challenged by the likes of Granville Sharp . Sharp regarded Magna Carta as a fundamental part of the constitution , and maintained that it would be treason to repeal any part of it . He also held that the Charter prohibited slavery . Sir William Blackstone published a critical edition of the 1215 Charter in 1759 , and gave it the numbering system still used today . In 1763 , Member of Parliament John Wilkes was arrested for writing an inflammatory pamphlet , No. 45 , 23 April 1763 ; he cited Magna Carta continually . Lord Camden denounced the treatment of Wilkes as a contravention of Magna Carta . Thomas Paine , in his Rights of Man , would disregard Magna Carta and the Bill of Rights on the grounds that they were not a written constitution devised by elected representatives . Use in the Thirteen colonies and the United States Magna Carta replica and display in the rotunda of the United States Capitol , Washington , D.C. When English colonists left for the New World , they brought royal charters that established the colonies . The Massachusetts Bay Company charter , for example , stated that the colonists would `` have and enjoy all liberties and immunities of free and natural subjects . '' The Virginia Charter of 1606 , which was largely drafted by Sir Edward Coke , stated that the colonists would have the same `` liberties , franchises and immunities '' as people born in England . The Massachusetts Body of Liberties contained similarities to clause 29 of Magna Carta ; when drafting it , the Massachusetts General Court viewed Magna Carta as the chief embodiment of English common law . The other colonies would follow their example . In 1638 , Maryland sought to recognise Magna Carta as part of the law of the province , but the request was denied by Charles I . In 1687 , William Penn published The Excellent Privilege of Liberty and Property : being the birth - right of the Free - Born Subjects of England , which contained the first copy of Magna Carta printed on American soil . Penn 's comments reflected Coke 's , indicating a belief that Magna Carta was a fundamental law . The colonists drew on English law books , leading them to an anachronistic interpretation of Magna Carta , believing that it guaranteed trial by jury and habeas corpus . The development of parliamentary supremacy in the British Isles did not constitutionally affect the Thirteen Colonies , which retained an adherence to English common law , but it directly affected the relationship between Britain and the colonies . When American colonists fought against Britain , they were fighting not so much for new freedom , but to preserve liberties and rights that they believed to be enshrined in Magna Carta . In the late 18th century , the United States Constitution became the supreme law of the land , recalling the manner in which Magna Carta had come to be regarded as fundamental law . The Constitution 's Fifth Amendment guarantees that `` no person shall be deprived of life , liberty , or property , without due process of law '' , a phrase that was derived from Magna Carta . In addition , the Constitution included a similar writ in the Suspension Clause , Article 1 , Section 9 : `` The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended , unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion , the public safety may require it . '' Each of these proclaim that no person may be imprisoned or detained without evidence that he or she committed a crime . The Ninth Amendment states that `` The enumeration in the Constitution , of certain rights , shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people . '' The writers of the U.S. Constitution wished to ensure that the rights they already held , such as those that they believed were provided by Magna Carta , would be preserved unless explicitly curtailed . The Supreme Court of the United States has explicitly referenced Lord Coke 's analysis of Magna Carta as an antecedent of the Sixth Amendment 's right to a speedy trial . 19th -- 21st centuries Interpretation A romanticised 19th - century recreation of King John signing Magna Carta Initially , the Whig interpretation of Magna Carta and its role in constitutional history remained dominant during the 19th century . The historian William Stubbs 's Constitutional History of England , published in the 1870s , formed the high - water mark of this view . Stubbs argued that Magna Carta had been a major step in the shaping of the English nation , and he believed that the barons at Runnymede in 1215 were not just representing the nobility , but the people of England as a whole , standing up to a tyrannical ruler in the form of King John . This view of Magna Carta began to recede . The late - Victorian jurist and historian Frederic William Maitland provided an alternative academic history in 1899 , which began to return Magna Carta to its historical roots . In 1904 , Edward Jenks published an article entitled `` The Myth of Magna Carta '' , which undermined the traditionally accepted view of Magna Carta . Historians such as Albert Pollard agreed with Jenks in concluding that Edward Coke had largely `` invented '' the myth of Magna Carta in the 17th century ; these historians argued that the 1215 charter had not referred to liberty for the people at large , but rather to the protection of baronial rights . This view also became popular in wider circles , and in 1930 Sellar and Yeatman published their parody on English history , 1066 and All That , in which they mocked the supposed importance of Magna Carta and its promises of universal liberty : `` Magna Charter was therefore the chief cause of Democracy in England , and thus a Good Thing for everyone ( except the Common People ) '' . In many literary representations of the medieval past , however , Magna Carta remained a foundation of English national identity . Some authors used the medieval roots of the document as an argument to preserve the social status quo , while others pointed to Magna Carta to challenge perceived economic injustices . The Baronial Order of Magna Charta was formed in 1898 to promote the ancient principles and values felt to be displayed in Magna Carta . The legal profession in England and the United States continued to hold Magna Carta in high esteem ; they were instrumental in forming the Magna Carta Society in 1922 to protect the meadows at Runnymede from development in the 1920s , and in 1957 , the American Bar Association erected the Magna Carta Memorial at Runnymede . The prominent lawyer Lord Denning described Magna Carta in 1956 as `` the greatest constitutional document of all times -- the foundation of the freedom of the individual against the arbitrary authority of the despot '' . Repeal of articles and constitutional influence Radicals such as Sir Francis Burdett believed that Magna Carta could not be repealed , but in the 19th century clauses which were obsolete or had been superseded began to be repealed . The repeal of clause 36 in 1829 , by the Offences against the Person Act 1828 ( 9 Geo. 4 c. 31 s . 1 ) , was the first time a clause of Magna Carta was repealed . Over the next 140 years , nearly the whole of Magna Carta ( 1297 ) as statute was repealed , leaving just clauses 1 , 9 , and 29 still in force ( in England and Wales ) after 1969 . Most of the clauses were repealed in England and Wales by the Statute Law Revision Act 1863 , and in modern Northern Ireland and also in the modern Republic of Ireland by the Statute Law ( Ireland ) Revision Act 1872 . Many later attempts to draft constitutional forms of government trace their lineage back to Magna Carta . The British dominions , Australia and New Zealand , Canada ( except Quebec ) , and formerly the Union of South Africa and Southern Rhodesia , reflected the influence of Magna Carta in their laws , and the Charter 's effects can be seen in the laws of other states that evolved from the British Empire . Modern Legacy The Magna Carta Memorial at Runnymede , designed by Sir Edward Maufe and erected by the American Bar Association in 1957 . The memorial stands in the meadow known historically as Long Mede : it is likely that the actual site of the sealing of Magna Carta lay further east , towards Egham and Staines . Magna Carta continues to have a powerful iconic status in British society , being cited by politicians and lawyers in support of constitutional positions . Its perceived guarantee of trial by jury and other civil liberties , for example , led to Tony Benn 's reference to the debate in 2008 over whether to increase the maximum time terrorism suspects could be held without charge from 28 to 42 days as `` the day Magna Carta was repealed '' . Although rarely invoked in court in the modern era , in 2012 the Occupy London protestors attempted to use Magna Carta in resisting their eviction from St. Paul 's Churchyard by the City of London . In his judgment the Master of the Rolls gave this short shrift , noting somewhat drily that although clause 29 was considered by many the foundation of the rule of law in England , he did not consider it directly relevant to the case , and the two other surviving clauses actually concerned the rights of the Church and the City of London . Magna Carta carries little legal weight in modern Britain , as most of its clauses have been repealed and relevant rights ensured by other statutes , but the historian James Holt remarks that the survival of the 1215 charter in national life is a `` reflexion of the continuous development of English law and administration '' and symbolic of the many struggles between authority and the law over the centuries . The historian W.L. Warren has observed that `` many who knew little and cared less about the content of the Charter have , in nearly all ages , invoked its name , and with good cause , for it meant more than it said '' . It also remains a topic of great interest to historians ; Natalie Fryde characterised the charter as `` one of the holiest of cows in English medieval history '' , with the debates over its interpretation and meaning unlikely to end . In many ways still a `` sacred text '' , Magna Carta is generally considered part of the uncodified constitution of the United Kingdom ; in a 2005 speech , the Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales , Lord Woolf , described it as the `` first of a series of instruments that now are recognised as having a special constitutional status '' . The document also continues to be honoured in the United States as an antecedent of the United States Constitution and Bill of Rights . In 1976 , the UK lent one of four surviving originals of the 1215 Magna Carta to the United States for their bicentennial celebrations and also donated an ornate display case for it . The original was returned after one year , but a replica and the case are still on display in the United States Capitol Crypt in Washington , D.C. Celebration of the 800th anniversary Play media The plan for four surviving original copies of Magna Carta to be brought together in 2015 , at the British Library in collaboration with Lincoln Cathedral and Salisbury Cathedral and supported by the law firm Linklaters The 800th anniversary of the original charter occurred on 15 June 2015 , and organisations and institutions planned celebratory events . The British Library brought together the four existing copies of the 1215 manuscript in February 2015 for a special exhibition . British artist Cornelia Parker was commissioned to create a new artwork , Magna Carta ( An Embroidery ) , which was shown at the British Library between May and July 2015 . The artwork is a copy of an earlier version of this Wikipedia page ( as it appeared on the document 's 799th anniversary , 15 June 2014 ) , hand - embroidered by over 200 people . On 15 June 2015 , a commemoration ceremony was conducted in Runnymede at the National Trust park , attended by British and American dignitaries . The copy held by Lincoln Cathedral was exhibited in the Library of Congress in Washington , D.C. , from November 2014 until January 2015 . A new visitor centre at Lincoln Castle will also be opened for the anniversary . The Royal Mint released two commemorative two - pound coins . In 2014 , Bury St Edmunds in Suffolk celebrated the 800th anniversary of the barons ' Charter of Liberties , said to have been secretly agreed there in November 1214 . Content Physical format Numerous copies , known as exemplifications , were made of the various charters , and many of them still survive . The documents were written in heavily abbreviated medieval Latin in clear handwriting , using quill pens on sheets of parchment made from sheep skin , approximately 15 by 20 inches ( 380 by 510 mm ) across . They were sealed with the royal great seal by an official called the spigurnel , equipped with a special seal press , using beeswax and resin . There were no signatures on the charter of 1215 , and the barons present did not attach their own seals to it . The charters were not numbered or divided into paragraphs or separate clauses at the time ; the numbering system used today was introduced by the jurist Sir William Blackstone in 1759 . Exemplifications 1215 exemplifications 1225 charter , held in the British Library , with the royal great seal attached At least 13 original copies of the 1215 charter were issued by the royal chancery at the time , seven in the first tranche distributed on 24 June and another six later ; they were sent to county sheriffs and bishops , who would probably have been charged for the privilege . Variations would have existed between each of these copies and there was probably no single `` master copy '' . Of these documents , only four survive , all held in the UK -- two in the British Library , one by Lincoln Cathedral , and one in Salisbury Cathedral . Each of these versions is slightly different in size and text , and each is considered by historians to be equally authoritative . The two 1215 charters held by the British Library , known as Cotton MS . Augustus II. 106 and Cotton Charter XIII. 31a , were acquired by the antiquarian Sir Robert Cotton in the 17th century . One of these was originally found by Humphrey Wyems , a London lawyer , who may have discovered it in a tailor 's shop . The other was found in Dover Castle in 1630 by Sir Edward Dering . The Dering charter is usually identified as the copy originally sent to the Cinque Ports in 1215 . ( In 2015 it was announced that David Carpenter had found Dering 's copy to be identical to a 1290s transcription made from Canterbury Cathedral 's 1215 copy and so he suggests that the Dering copy 's destination was the Cathedral rather than the Cinque Ports . ) This copy was damaged in the Cotton library fire of 1731 , when its seal was badly melted . The parchment was somewhat shrivelled but otherwise relatively unscathed , and an engraved facsimile of the charter was made by John Pine in 1733 . In the 1830s , however , an ill - judged and bungled attempt at cleaning and conservation rendered the manuscript largely illegible to the naked eye . This is , nonetheless , the only surviving 1215 copy still to have its great seal attached . Lincoln Cathedral 's original copy of the 1215 charter has been held by the county since 1215 ; it was displayed in the Common Chamber in the cathedral before being moved to another building in 1846 . Between 1939 and 1940 the copy was displayed in the British Pavilion at the 1939 World Fair in New York City , and at the Library of Congress . When the Second World War broke out , Winston Churchill wanted to gift the charter to the American people , hoping that this would encourage the United States , then neutral , to enter the war against the Axis powers , but the cathedral was unwilling and the plans were dropped . After December 1941 , the copy was stored in Fort Knox , Kentucky for safety , before being put on display again in 1944 and returned to Lincoln Cathedral in early 1946 . The copy was put on display in 1976 as part of the cathedral 's medieval library . It was subsequently displayed in San Francisco , and was taken out of display for a time to undergo conservation in preparation for another visit to the United States , where it was exhibited in 2007 at the Contemporary Art Center of Virginia and the National Constitution Center in Philadelphia . The document returned to New York to be displayed at the Fraunces Tavern Museum during 2009 . The fourth copy , owned by Salisbury Cathedral , was first given in 1215 to its predecessor , Old Sarum Cathedral . Rediscovered by the cathedral in 1812 , it has remained in Salisbury throughout its history , except when being taken off - site for restoration work . It is possibly the best preserved of the four , although small pin holes can be seen in the parchment from where it was once pinned up . The handwriting on this version is different from that of the other three , suggesting that it was not written by a royal scribe but rather by a member of the cathedral staff , who then had it exemplified by the royal court . Later exemplifications A 1297 copy of Magna Carta , owned by the Australian Government and on display in the Members ' Hall of Parliament House , Canberra Other early versions of the charters survive today . Only one exemplification of the 1216 charter survives , held in Durham Cathedral . Four copies of the 1217 charter exist ; three of these are held by the Bodleian Library in Oxford and one by Hereford Cathedral . Hereford 's copy is occasionally displayed alongside the Mappa Mundi in the cathedral 's chained library and has survived along with a small document called the Articuli super Cartas that was sent along with the charter , telling the sheriff of the county how to observe the conditions outlined in the document . One of the Bodleian 's copies was displayed at San Francisco 's California Palace of the Legion of Honor in 2011 . Four exemplifications of the 1225 charter survive : the British Library holds one , which was preserved at Lacock Abbey until 1945 ; Durham Cathedral also holds a copy , with the Bodleian Library holding a third . The fourth copy of the 1225 exemplification was held by the museum of the Public Record Office and is now held by The National Archives . The Society of Antiquaries also holds a draft of the 1215 charter ( discovered in 2013 in a late 13th - century register from Peterborough Abbey ) , a copy of the 1225 third re-issue ( within an early 14th - century collection of statutes ) and a roll copy of the 1225 reissue . Only two exemplifications of Magna Carta are held outside England , both from 1297 . One of these was purchased in 1952 by the Australian Government for £ 12,500 from King 's School , Bruton , England . This copy is now on display in the Members ' Hall of Parliament House , Canberra . The second was originally held by the Brudenell family , earls of Cardigan , before they sold it in 1984 to the Perot Foundation in the United States , which in 2007 sold it to U.S. businessman David Rubenstein for US $21.3 million . Rubenstein commented `` I have always believed that this was an important document to our country , even though it was n't drafted in our country . I think it was the basis for the Declaration of Independence and the basis for the Constitution '' . This exemplification is now on permanent loan to the National Archives in Washington , D.C. Only two other 1297 exemplifications survive , one of which is held in the UK 's National Archives . Seven copies of the 1300 exemplification by Edward I survive , in Faversham , Oriel College , Oxford , the Bodleian Library , Durham Cathedral , Westminster Abbey , the City of London ( held in the archives at the London Guildhall ) and Sandwich ( held in the Kent County Council archives ) . The Sandwich copy was rediscovered in early 2015 in a Victorian scrapbook in the town archives of Sandwich , Kent , one of the Cinque Ports . In the case of the Sandwich and Oriel College exemplifications , the copies of the Charter of the Forest originally issued with them also survive . Clauses A silver King John penny ; much of Magna Carta concerned how royal revenues were raised Most of the 1215 charter and later versions sought to govern the feudal rights of the Crown over the barons . Under the Angevin kings , and in particular during John 's reign , the rights of the King had frequently been used inconsistently , often in an attempt to maximise the royal income from the barons . Feudal relief was one way that a king could demand money , and clauses 2 and 3 fixed the fees payable when an heir inherited an estate or when a minor came of age and took possession of his lands . Scutage was a form of medieval taxation ; all knights and nobles owed military service to the Crown in return for their lands , which theoretically belonged to the King , but many preferred to avoid this service and offer money instead ; the Crown often used the cash to pay for mercenaries . The rate of scutage that should be payable , and the circumstances under which it was appropriate for the King to demand it , was uncertain and controversial ; clauses 12 and 14 addressed the management of the process . The English judicial system had altered considerably over the previous century , with the royal judges playing a larger role in delivering justice across the country . John had used his royal discretion to extort large sums of money from the barons , effectively taking payment to offer justice in particular cases , and the role of the Crown in delivering justice had become politically sensitive among the barons . Clauses 39 and 40 demanded due process be applied in the royal justice system , while clause 45 required that the King appoint knowledgeable royal officials to the relevant roles . Although these clauses did not have any special significance in the original charter , this part of Magna Carta became singled out as particularly important in later centuries . In the United States , for example , the Supreme Court of California interpreted clause 45 in 1974 as establishing a requirement in common law that a defendant faced with the potential of incarceration be entitled to a trial overseen by a legally trained judge . King John holding a church , painted c. 1250 -- 59 by Matthew Paris Royal forests were economically important in medieval England and were both protected and exploited by the Crown , supplying the King with hunting grounds , raw materials , and money . They were subject to special royal jurisdiction and the resulting forest law was , according to the historian Richard Huscroft , `` harsh and arbitrary , a matter purely for the King 's will '' . The size of the forests had expanded under the Angevin kings , an unpopular development . The 1215 charter had several clauses relating to the royal forests ; clauses 47 and 48 promised to deforest the lands added to the forests under John and investigate the use of royal rights in this area , but notably did not address the forestation of the previous kings , while clause 53 promised some form of redress for those affected by the recent changes , and clause 44 promised some relief from the operation of the forest courts . Neither Magna Carta nor the subsequent Charter of the Forest proved entirely satisfactory as a way of managing the political tensions arising in the operation of the royal forests . Some of the clauses addressed wider economic issues . The concerns of the barons over the treatment of their debts to Jewish moneylenders , who occupied a special position in medieval England and were by tradition under the King 's protection , were addressed by clauses 10 and 11 . The charter concluded this section with the phrase `` debts owing to other than Jews shall be dealt with likewise '' , so it is debatable to what extent the Jews were being singled out by these clauses . Some issues were relatively specific , such as clause 33 which ordered the removal of all fishing weirs -- an important and growing source of revenue at the time -- from England 's rivers . The role of the English Church had been a matter for great debate in the years prior to the 1215 charter . The Norman and Angevin kings had traditionally exercised a great deal of power over the church within their territories . From the 1040s onwards successive popes had emphasised the importance of the church being governed more effectively from Rome , and had established an independent judicial system and hierarchical chain of authority . After the 1140s , these principles had been largely accepted within the English church , even if accompanied by an element of concern about centralising authority in Rome . These changes brought the customary rights of lay rulers such as John over ecclesiastical appointments into question . As described above , John had come to a compromise with Pope Innocent III in exchange for his political support for the King , and clause 1 of Magna Carta prominently displayed this arrangement , promising the freedoms and liberties of the church . The importance of this clause may also reflect the role of Archbishop Langton in the negotiations : Langton had taken a strong line on this issue during his career . Clauses in detail Magna Carta clauses in the 1215 and later charters 1215 clause Description Included in later charters Notes Guaranteed the freedom of the English Church . Y Still in UK ( England and Wales ) law as clause 1 in the 1297 statute . Regulated the operation of feudal relief upon the death of a baron . Y Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1863 and Statute Law ( Ireland ) Revision Act 1872 . Regulated the operation of feudal relief and minors ' coming of age . Y Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1863 and Statute Law ( Ireland ) Revision Act 1872 . Regulated the process of wardship , and the role of the guardian . Y Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1863 and Statute Law ( Ireland ) Revision Act 1872 . 5 Forbade the exploitation of a ward 's property by his guardian . Y Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1863 and Statute Law ( Ireland ) Revision Act 1872 . 6 Forbade guardians from marrying a ward to a partner of lower social standing . Y Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1863 and Statute Law ( Ireland ) Revision Act 1872 . 7 Referred to the rights of a widow to receive promptly her dowry and inheritance . Y Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1863 and Statute Law ( Ireland ) Revision Act 1872 . 8 Forbade the forcible remarrying of widows and confirmed the royal veto over baronial marriages . Y Repealed by Administration of Estates Act 1925 , Administration of Estates Act ( Northern Ireland ) 1955 and Statute Law ( Repeals ) Act 1969 . 9 Established protection for debtors , confirming that a debtor should not have his lands seized as long as he had other means to pay the debt . Y Repealed by Statute Law ( Repeals ) Act 1969 . 10 Regulated Jewish money lending , stating that children would not pay interest on a debt they had inherited while they were under age . 11 Further addressed Jewish money lending , stating that a widow and children should be provided for before paying an inherited debt . 12 Determined that scutage or aid , forms of medieval taxation , could be levied and assessed only by the common consent of the realm . Some exceptions to this general rule were given , such as for the payment of ransoms . 13 Confirmed the liberties and customs of the City of London and other boroughs . Y Still in UK ( England and Wales ) law as clause 9 in the 1297 statute . 14 Described how senior churchmen and barons would be summoned to give consent for scutage and aid . 15 Prohibited anyone from levying aid on their free men . Some exceptions to this general rule were given , such as for the payment of ransoms . 16 Placed limits on the level of service required for a knight 's fee . Y Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1948 . 17 Established a fixed law court rather than one which followed the movements of the King . Y Repealed by Civil Procedure Acts Repeal Act 1879 . 18 Defined the authority and frequency of county courts . Y Repealed by Civil Procedure Acts Repeal Act 1879 . 19 Determined how excess business of a county court should be dealt with . Y 20 Stated that an amercement , a type of medieval fine , should be proportionate to the offence , but even for a serious offence the fine should not be so heavy as to deprive a man of his livelihood . Fines should be imposed only through local assessment . Y Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1863 and Statute Law ( Ireland ) Revision Act 1872 . 21 Determined that earls and barons should be fined only by other earls and barons . Y Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1863 and Statute Law ( Ireland ) Revision Act 1872 . 22 Determined that the size of a fine on a member of the clergy should be independent of the ecclesiastical wealth held by the individual churchman . Y Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1863 and Statute Law ( Ireland ) Revision Act 1872 . 23 Limited the right of feudal lords to demand assistance in building bridges across rivers . Y Repealed by Statute Law ( Repeals ) Act 1969 . 24 Prohibited royal officials , such as sheriffs , from trying a crime as an alternative to a royal judge . Y Repealed by Statute Law ( Repeals ) Act 1969 . 25 Fixed the royal rents on lands , with the exception of royal demesne manors . 26 Established a process for dealing with the death of those owing debts to the Crown . Y Repealed by Crown Proceedings Act 1947 . 27 Laid out the process for dealing with intestacy . 28 Determined that a royal officer requisitioning goods must offer immediate payment to their owner . Y Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1863 and Statute Law ( Ireland ) Revision Act 1872 . 29 Regulated the exercise of castle - guard duty . Y Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1863 and Statute Law ( Ireland ) Revision Act 1872 . 30 Prevented royal officials from requisitioning horses or carts without the owner 's consent . Y Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1863 and Statute Law ( Ireland ) Revision Act 1872 . 31 Prevented royal officials from requisitioning timber without the owner 's consent . Y Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1863 and Statute Law ( Ireland ) Revision Act 1872 . 32 Prevented the Crown from confiscating the lands of felons for longer than a year and a day , after which they were to be returned to the relevant feudal lord . Y Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1948 . 33 Ordered the removal of all fish weirs from rivers . Y Repealed by Statute Law ( Repeals ) Act 1969 . 34 Forbade the issuing of writ precipes if doing so would undermine the right of trial in a local feudal court . Y Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1863 and Statute Law ( Ireland ) Revision Act 1872 . 35 Ordered the establishment of standard measures for wine , ale , corn , and cloth . Y Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1948 . 36 Determined that writs for loss of life or limb were to be freely given without charge . Y Repealed by Offences against the Person Act 1828 and Offences against the Person ( Ireland ) Act 1829 . 37 Regulated the inheritance of Crown lands held by `` fee - farm '' . Y Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1863 and Statute Law ( Ireland ) Revision Act 1872 . 38 Stated that no one should be put on trial based solely on the unsupported word of a royal official . Y Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1863 and Statute Law ( Ireland ) Revision Act 1872 . 39 Stated that no free man could be imprisoned or stripped of his rights or possessions without due process being legally applied . Y Still in UK ( England and Wales ) law as part of clause 29 in the 1297 statute . 40 Forbade the selling of justice , or its denial or delay . Y Still in UK ( England and Wales ) law as part of clause 29 in the 1297 statute . 41 Guaranteed the safety and the right of entry and exit of foreign merchants . Y Repealed by Statute Law ( Repeals ) Act 1969 . 42 Permitted men to leave England for short periods without prejudicing their allegiance to the King , with the exceptions for outlaws and wartime . 43 Established special provisions for taxes due on estates temporarily held by the Crown . Y Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1863 and Statute Law ( Ireland ) Revision Act 1872 . 44 Limited the need for people to attend forest courts , unless they were actually involved in the proceedings . Y 45 Stated that the King should appoint only justices , constables , sheriffs , or bailiffs who knew and would enforce the law . 46 Permitted barons to take guardianship of monasteries in the absence of an abbot . Y Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1863 and Statute Law ( Ireland ) Revision Act 1872 . 47 Abolished those royal forests newly created under King John 's reign . Y 48 Established an investigation of `` evil customs '' associated with royal forests , with an intent to abolishing them . 49 Ordered the return of hostages held by the King . 50 Forbade any member of the d'Athée family from serving as a royal officer . 51 Ordered that all foreign knights and mercenaries leave England once peace was restored . 52 Established a process for giving restitution to those who had been unlawfully dispossessed of their property or rights . 53 Established a process for giving restitution to those who had been mistreated by forest law . 54 Prevented men from being arrested or imprisoned on the testimony of a woman , unless the case involved the death of her husband . Y Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1863 and Statute Law ( Ireland ) Revision Act 1872 . 55 Established a process for remitting any unjust fines imposed by the King . Repealed by Statute Law Revision Act 1863 and Statute Law ( Ireland ) Revision Act 1872 . 56 Established a process for dealing with Welshmen who had been unlawfully dispossessed of their property or rights . Y 57 Established a process for returning the possessions of Welshmen who had been unlawfully dispossessed . 58 Ordered the return of Welsh hostages , including Prince Llywelyn 's son . 59 Established a process for the return of Scottish hostages , including King Alexander 's sisters . 60 Encouraged others in England to deal with their own subjects as the King dealt with his . Y 61 Provided for the application and observation of the charter by twenty - five of the barons . 62 Pardoned those who had rebelled against the King . Sometimes considered a subclause , `` Suffix A '' , of clause 61 . 63 Stated that the charter was binding on King John and his heirs . Sometimes considered a subclause , `` Suffix B '' , of clause 61 . Clauses remaining in English Law Only three clauses of Magna Carta still remain on statute in England and Wales . These clauses concern 1 ) the freedom of the English Church , 2 ) the `` ancient liberties '' of the City of London ( clause 13 in the 1215 charter , clause 9 in the 1297 statute ) , and 3 ) a right to due legal process ( clauses 39 and 40 in the 1215 charter , clause 29 in the 1297 statute ) . In detail , these clauses ( using the numbering system from the 1297 statute ) state that : I. FIRST , We have granted to God , and by this our present Charter have confirmed , for Us and our Heirs for ever , that the Church of England shall be free , and shall have all her whole Rights and Liberties inviolable . We have granted also , and given to all the Freemen of our Realm , for Us and our Heirs for ever , these Liberties under - written , to have and to hold to them and their Heirs , of Us and our Heirs for ever . IX . THE City of London shall have all the old Liberties and Customs which it hath been used to have . Moreover We will and grant , that all other Cities , Boroughs , Towns , and the Barons of the Five Ports , as with all other Ports , shall have all their Liberties and free Customs . XXIX . NO Freeman shall be taken or imprisoned , or be disseised of his Freehold , or Liberties , or free Customs , or be outlawed , or exiled , or any other wise destroyed ; nor will We not pass upon him , nor condemn him , but by lawful judgment of his Peers , or by the Law of the land . We will sell to no man , we will not deny or defer to any man either Justice or Right . See also Civil liberties in the United Kingdom Fundamental Laws of England History of democracy History of human rights Magna Carta Hiberniae -- an issue of the English Magna Carta , or Great Charter of Liberties in Ireland Statutes of Mortmain Notes Jump up ^ The document 's Latin name is spelled either Magna Carta or Magna Charta , ( the pronunciation is the same ) and , in English , with or without the definite article `` the '' . Latin does not have a definite article equivalent to `` the '' . The Oxford English Dictionary recommends usage without the definite article . The spelling Charta originates in the 18th century , as a restoration of classical Latin charta for the Medieval Latin spelling carta . While `` Charta '' remains an acceptable variant spelling it never became prevalent in English usage . Jump up ^ Within this article , dates before 14 September 1752 are in the Julian calendar . Later dates are in the Gregorian calendar . In the Gregorian calendar , however , the date would have been 22 June 1215 . Jump up ^ The United States ( US ) Constitution was written in 1787 , went into effect in 1788 , after ratification by nine of the 13 states , and the US Federal government started operation in 1789 . Jump up ^ The Runnymede Charter of Liberties did not apply to Chester , which at the time was a separate feudal domain . Earl Ranulf granted his own Magna Carta of Chester . Some of its articles were similar to the Runnymede Charter . Jump up ^ Louis ' claim to the English throne , described as `` debatable '' by the historian David Carpenter , derived from his wife , Blanche of Castile , who was the granddaughter of King Henry II of England . Louis argued that since John had been legitimately deposed , the barons could then legally appoint him king over the claims of John 's son Henry . Jump up ^ Roger de Montbegon is named only in one of the four early sources ( BL , Harley MS 746 , fol. 64 ) ; whereas the others name Roger de Mowbray . However , Holt believes the Harley listing to be `` the best '' , and the de Mowbray entries to be an error . Jump up ^ Among the historians to have discussed the `` myth '' of Magna Carta and the ancient English constitution are Claire Breay , Geoffrey Hindley , James Holt , John Pocock , Danny Danziger , and John Gillingham . References Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta , n '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Du Cange s.v. 1 carta Jump up ^ Garner , Bryan A. ( 1995 ) . A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage . Oxford University Press . p. 541 . ISBN 978 - 0195142365 . `` The usual -- and the better -- form is Magna Carta . ( ... ) Magna Carta does not take a definite article '' . Magna Charta is the recommended spelling in German - language literature . ( Duden online ) Jump up ^ Danziger & Gillingham 2004 , p. 268 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 2009 , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Danziger & Gillingham 2004 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Turner 2009 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Warren 1990 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , pp. 6 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter 1990 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 2009 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Danziger & Gillingham 2004 , pp. 256 -- 58 . Jump up ^ McGlynn 2013 , pp. 131 -- 32 . Jump up ^ McGlynn 2013 , p. 130 . Jump up ^ Danziger & Gillingham 2004 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Danziger & Gillingham 2004 , p. 165 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 2009 , p. 178 . ^ Jump up to : McGlynn 2013 , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Holt 1992a , p. 115 . Jump up ^ Poole 1993 , pp. 471 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Vincent 2012 , pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Turner 2009 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Warren 1990 , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Danziger & Gillingham 2004 , pp. 258 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Turner 2009 , pp. 174 , 179 -- 80 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 2009 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Holt 1992a , p. 112 . ^ Jump up to : McGlynn 2013 , p. 137 . ^ Jump up to : Tatton - Brown 2015 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Holt 2015 , p. 219 . ^ Jump up to : Warren 1990 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Turner 2009 , pp. 180 , 182 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 2009 , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Turner 2009 , pp. 184 -- 85 . Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta '' . British Library . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Hewit 1929 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Holt 1992b , pp. 379 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Vincent 2012 , pp. 61 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 2004 , pp. 293 -- 94 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 2009 , p. 189 . ^ Jump up to : Danziger & Gillingham 2004 , pp. 261 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Goodman 1995 , pp. 260 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Warren 1990 , pp. 239 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Poole 1993 , p. 479 . Jump up ^ Turner 2009 , pp. 189 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Danziger & Gillingham 2004 , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Warren 1990 , pp. 239 , 242 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter 1990 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1996 , p. 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` All clauses '' . The Magna Carta Project . University of East Anglia . Retrieved 9 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Turner 2009 , p. 190 -- 91 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 2009 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Warren 1990 , pp. 244 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Rothwell 1975 , pp. 324 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Warren 1990 , pp. 245 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Holt 1992a , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Crouch 1996 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 2004 , pp. 264 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Warren 1990 , pp. 254 -- 55 Jump up ^ `` Preface '' . Magna Carta Project . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Holt 1992b , pp. 478 -- 80 : the list in the collection of law tracts is at British Library , Harley MS 746 , fol. 64 ; the Reading Abbey list is at Lambeth Palace Library , MS 371 , fol . 56v . Jump up ^ `` Profiles of Magna Carta Sureties and Other Supporters '' . Baronial Order of Magna Charta . Retrieved 17 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Magna Charta Barons at Runnymede '' . Brookfield Ancestor Project . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Strickland , Matthew ( 2004 ) . `` Enforcers of Magna Carta ( act . 1215 -- 1216 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 93691 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Powicke 1929 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , pp. 14 -- 15 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter 1990 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ McGlynn 2013 , p. 189 . ^ Jump up to : Ridgeway 2004 . Jump up ^ Weiler 2012 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Mayr - Harting 2011 , pp. 259 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Mayr - Harting 2011 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 2004 , p. 301 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter 1990 , pp. 19 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Aurell 2003 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , pp. 21 -- 22 , 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Powicke 1963 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , pp. 28 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , pp. 127 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , pp. 36 -- 40 . Jump up ^ McGlynn 2013 , p. 216 . ^ Jump up to : Hallam & Everard 2001 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , p. 41 -- 42 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter 1990 , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter 1990 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , pp. 41 , 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , pp. 60 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter 1990 , pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ White 1915 , pp. 472 -- 75 . Jump up ^ White 1917 , pp. 545 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , p. 402 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , pp. 333 -- 35 , 382 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , pp. 295 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Jobson 2012 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , pp. 296 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , p. 297 . Jump up ^ Hallam & Everard 2001 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ Weiler 2012 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , pp. 371 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , pp. 374 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , pp. 376 , 378 . Jump up ^ Hallam & Everard 2001 , pp. 176 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , p. 379 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter 2004 , p. 307 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , p. 383 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , pp. 2 -- 3 , 383 , 386 Jump up ^ Carpenter 2004 , p. 307 ^ Jump up to : Clanchy 1997 , p. 147 . ^ Jump up to : Davis 2013 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Davis 2013 , p. 174 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter 1996 , pp. 76 , 99 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1990 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Carpenter 1996 , pp. 26 , 29 , 37 , 43 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter 1996 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Davis 2013 , pp. 195 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Jobson 2012 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Davis 2013 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Jobson 2012 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Holt 1992b , pp. 510 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Prestwich 1997 , p. 427 . Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta ( 1297 ) '' . The National Archive . Retrieved 29 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta ( 1297 ) '' . Statutelaw.gov.uk . Retrieved 13 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Edwards 1943 . Jump up ^ `` Confirmatio Cartarum '' . britannia.com . Retrieved 30 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Prestwich 1997 , p. 434 . Jump up ^ Cobbett et al. 1810 , p. 980 . Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta '' . Salisbury Cathedral . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . Jump up ^ The Statutes at Large Passed in the Parliaments held in Ireland from The Third Year of Edward the Second A.D. 1310 to the First Year of George the Third , A.D. 1761 Inclusive . Boulter Grierson. 1763 . p. 132 . Jump up ^ `` Confirmatio Cartarum ( 26 ) October 10 , 1297 '' . 1215.org . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Holt 2008 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Fritze & Robison 2002 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Prestwich 1997 , pp. 547 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Menache 2003 , pp. 253 -- 55 . Jump up ^ Scott 2014 . Jump up ^ Holt 2008 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Holt 2008 , pp. 45 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Holt 2008 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Holt 2008 , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Turner 2003b , p. 123 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1948 , pp. 9 -- 10 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 2003a . Jump up ^ `` 800th anniversary of Magna Carta '' ( PDF ) . Church of England General Synod . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta '' . Royal Family History . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Ben . `` The Origins of the Magna Carta '' . Historic UK . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Turner 2003b , p. 132 . Jump up ^ Turner 2003b , p. 133 . Jump up ^ Hindley 1990 , pp. 185 -- 187 . Jump up ^ Hindley 1990 , pp. 185 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Turner 2003b , p. 138 . ^ Jump up to : Hindley 1990 , p. 188 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1948 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Warren 1990 , p. 324 . Jump up ^ Hindley 1990 , p. 187 . Jump up ^ Magna Carta , cum aliis antiquis statutis ... London : Thomas Berthelet , 1531 Beale S9 ; STC 9271 . Magna carta cvm aliis antiqvis statvtis , qvorvm catalogvm , in fine operis reperies . London : Thomas Berthelet , 1540 . Beale S12 ; STC 9274 Archived 12 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine ... revised edition by Thomas Marshe ( 1556 ) , Magna Carta et cetera antiqua statuta nunc nouiter per diuersa exemplaria examinata et summa diligentia castigata et correcta cui adiecta est noua tabula valde necessaria ... Jump up ^ Thompson 1948 , pp. 147 -- 49 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 2003b , p. 140 . ^ Jump up to : Danziger & Gillingham 2004 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Hindley 1990 , p. 183 . ^ Jump up to : Breay 2010 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Pocock 1987 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Holt 1992b , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Eele 2013 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1948 , pp. 216 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Pocock 1987 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Wright 1919 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Hindley 1990 , pp. 188 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Pocock 1987 , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Greenberg 2006 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Turner 2003b , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Holt 1992b , pp. 20 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Turner 2003b , p. 156 . ^ Jump up to : Hindley 1990 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Hindley 1990 , pp. 189 -- 190 . Jump up ^ Turner 2003b , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Danziger & Gillingham 2004 , pp. 280 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Russell 1990 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Hindley 1990 , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Danziger & Gillingham 2004 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Woolwrych 2003 , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : `` Magna Carta : a precedent for recent constitutional change '' ( PDF ) . Judiciary of England and Wales Speeches. 15 June 2005 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Pocock 1987 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Kewes 2006 , p. 279 . Jump up ^ Kewes 2006 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Danziger & Gillingham 2004 , pp. 281 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Hill 2006 , pp. 111 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Linebaugh 2009 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Pocock 1987 , pp. 182 -- 228 . Jump up ^ Turner 2003b , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Pocock 1987 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Turner 2003b , pp. 169 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Breay & Harrison 2015 , pp. 110 -- 11 , 134 . ^ Jump up to : Linebaugh 2009 , pp. 113 -- 14 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 2003b , pp. 67 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Fryde 2001 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Goodrich , Chauncey A . `` The Speeches of Lord Chatham '' . Classic Persuasion . Jump up ^ `` Lord Irvine of Lairg ' The Spirit of Magna Carta Continues to Resonate in Modern Law ' '' . Parliament of Australia . December 2002 . Archived from the original on 6 November 2014 . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Brink , Robert J. ( 18 August 2014 ) . `` History on display : one lawyer 's musings on Magna Carta '' . Massachusetts Lawyers Weekly . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Howard 2008 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Hazeltine 1917 , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Hazeltine 1917 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Turner 2003b , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Turner 2003b , p. 211 . Jump up ^ Hazeltine 1917 , pp. 183 -- 84 . ^ Jump up to : `` Magna Carta and Its American Legacy '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Magna Carta '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Habeas Corpus '' . Free Dictionary . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Stimson 2004 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Black 1999 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` ' Klopfer v. North Carolina ' , 386 U.S. 213 ( 1967 ) '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 2003b , pp. 199 -- 200 . ^ Jump up to : Fryde 2001 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Simmons 1998 , pp. 69 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Galef 1998 , pp. 78 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Pollard 1912 , pp. 31 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Barnes 2008 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Danziger & Gillingham 2004 , p. 283 . Jump up ^ `` Home '' . The Baronial Order of Magna Charta . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Wright 1990 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Holt 1992b , p. 2 -- 3 . ^ Jump up to : Danziger & Gillingham 2004 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Burdett 1810 , p. 41 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( Magna Carta ) ( 1297 ) ( c. 9 ) '' . UK Statute Law Database . Archived from the original on 5 September 2007 . Retrieved 2 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta '' . Segamore Institute . Archived from the original on 5 November 2014 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Clark 2000 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 1922 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Drew 2004 , pp. pxvi -- pxxiii . ^ Jump up to : Breay 2010 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ `` So will the revolution start in Haltemprice and Howden ? '' . The Independent . UK . 14 June 2008 . Retrieved 16 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Green , David Allen ( 16 June 2014 ) . `` The myth of Magna Carta '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . The sarcasm of the Master of the Rolls was plain Jump up ^ `` The Mayor Commonalty and Citizens of London v Samede '' . 22 February 2012 . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Holt 1992b , p. 2 . Jump up ^ Warren 1990 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Holt 1992b , p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` United States Constitution Q + A '' . The Charters of Freedom . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta Replica and Display '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Doward , Jamie ( 1 November 2014 ) . `` Magna Carta 800 years on : recognition at last for ' England 's greatest export ' '' . The Observer . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating 800 years of Magna Carta '' . British Library . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta : Law , Liberty , Legacy '' . British Library . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jonathan ( 14 May 2015 ) . `` Kings and needles : the Magna Carta gets an embroidery update '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Davies , Caroline . `` Magna Carta : leaders celebrate 800th anniversary of the Great Charter '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta : Muse and Mentor '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta 800 '' . Visit Lincoln . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 800th Anniversary of Magna Carta 2015 UK £ 2 BU Coin '' . Royal Mint . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta 800th Anniversary 2015 UK £ 2 Silver Piedfort Coin The Royal Mint '' . The Royal Mint . Archived from the original on 25 November 2015 . Retrieved 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bury St Edmunds Magna Carta 800 '' . Bury St Edmunds : The Bury Society . Retrieved 28 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Breay 2010 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Breay 2010 , pp. 37 -- 38 . ^ Jump up to : Hindley 1990 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Breay 2010 , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ Browning 1898 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Breay 2010 , pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Breay 2010 , p. 34 . ^ Jump up to : Breay 2010 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Breay 2010 , pp. 34 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Breay 2010 , pp. 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Breay 2010 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Turner 2003b , p. 65 . Jump up ^ `` Canterbury 's Magna Carta rediscovered in time for 800th anniversary '' . Canterbury Christ Church University . Archived from the original on 23 January 2015 . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Remarkable discovery says copy of Magna Carta in British Library was ' Canterbury charter ' '' . kentnews . Archived from the original on 23 January 2015 . Retrieved 31 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Breay & Harrison 2015 , pp. 66 , 216 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Duffy , Christina . `` Revealing the secrets of the burnt Magna Carta '' . British Library . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Breay 2010 , pp. 36 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Davis 1963 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Knight , Alec ( 17 April 2004 ) . `` Magna Charta : Our Heritage and Yours '' . National Society Magna Charta Dames and Barons . Archived from the original on 21 August 2004 . Retrieved 2 September 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Magna Carta : Muse and Mentor Magna Carta Comes to America '' . Jump up ^ Vincent 2012 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Pathé , British . `` Magna Carta As Exhibit For New York World Fair '' . www.britishpathe.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta in the US , Part I : The British Pavilion of the 1939 New York World 's Fair '' . Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta on Display Beginning 4 July '' ( Press release ) . National Constitution Center . 30 May 2007 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 2 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta & Four Foundations of Freedom '' . Contemporary Art Center of Virginia . 2007 . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Kahn , Eve M ( 13 September 2009 ) . `` Copy of Magna Carta Travels to New York in Style '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Salisbury Cathedral ( 2013 ) . `` The Salisbury Connection '' . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Vincent 2012 , p. 104 . ^ Jump up to : Salisbury Cathedral ( 2013 ) . `` The Document '' . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Award for cathedral Magna Carta '' . BBC News Online . 4 August 2009 . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Salisbury Cathedral ( 2013 ) . `` Visiting Magna Carta '' . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Vincent 2012 , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : `` Magna Carta pulls in the crowds '' . Bodleian Libraries . University of Oxford . Retrieved 13 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta at Hereford Cathedral '' . BBC . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Magna Carta '' . Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta , 1225 '' . British Library . Retrieved 22 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Sophie ( 16 September 2014 ) . `` Magna Carta : On the trail of the Great Charter '' . Telegraph . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Lewis 1987 , p. 494 . Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta '' . The National Archives . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Moss , Richard . `` Society of Antiquaries to restore and display Magna Carta for 800th anniversary '' . Culture 24 . Retrieved 13 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Evans `` Bad King John and the Australian Constitution : Commemorating the 700th Anniversary of the 1297 Issue of Magna Carta * '' `` . Papers on Parliament No. 31 . Parliament of Australia . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Metherell , Mark ( 4 January 2006 ) . `` Rare Magna Carta copy not such a big deal after all '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( 25 September 2007 ) . `` Magna Carta is going on the auction block '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta copy fetches $24 m '' . Sydney Morning Herald . 19 December 2007 . Retrieved 19 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Edgers , Geoff ( 31 October 2014 ) . `` Two Magna Cartas in D.C. '' The Washington Post . Retrieved 4 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Vincent 2015 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Hossack , James ( 19 December 2007 ) . `` Magna Carta Sold at Auction for $21.3 Million '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Carolyn . `` Where is Magna Carta Today ? '' . Magna Carta 2015 Canada . Retrieved 13 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Magna Carta '' . National Archives . Retrieved 13 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Magna Carta edition found in Sandwich archive scrapbook '' . BBC . 8 February 2015 . Retrieved 13 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Faversham gets ready to celebrate its Magna Carta artefact '' . Faversham Times . 17 September 2014 . Retrieved 13 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New City of London Heritage Gallery to open at the Guildhall '' . Museums and Heritage Advisor . Retrieved 13 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Breay 2010 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Poole 1993 , pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Breay 2010 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Gordon v. Justice Court , 12 Cal . 3d 323 ( 1974 ) . ^ Jump up to : Huscroft 2005 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Poole 1993 , pp. 29 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Poole 1993 , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Breay 2010 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Poole 1993 , pp. 353 , 474 . Jump up ^ Hillaby 2013 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Huscroft 2005 , p. 190 . ^ Jump up to : Huscroft 2005 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Turner 2009 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Breay 2010 , pp. 49 -- 54 . Jump up ^ Sharples , Barry . `` Magna Carta Liberatum ( The Great Charter of Liberties ) The First Great Charter of King Edward The First Granted October 12th 1297 , '' . Retrieved 13 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Magna Carta ( 1297 ) '' . Uk Government . Retrieved 15 November 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hindley 1990 , p. 201 . Bibliography Aurell , Martin ( 2003 ) . L'Empire de Plantagenêt , 1154 -- 1224 ( in French ) . Paris , France : Tempus . ISBN 978 - 2 - 262 - 02282 - 2 . Barnes , Thomas Garden ( 2008 ) . Shaping the Common Law : From Glanvill to Hale , 1188 -- 1688 . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0804779593 . Black , Charles ( 1999 ) . A New Birth of Freedom : Human Rights , Named and Unnamed . New Haven , US : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0300077346 . Breay , Claire ( 2010 ) . Magna Carta : Manuscripts and Myths . London , UK : The British Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7123 - 5833 - 0 . Breay , Claire ; Harrison , Julian , eds. ( 2015 ) . Magna Carta : Law , Liberty , Legacy . London : The British Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7123 - 5764 - 7 . Browning , Charles Henry ( 1898 ) . `` The Magna Charta Described '' . The Magna Charta Barons and Their American Descendants with the Pedigrees of the Founders of the Order of Runnemede Deduced from the Sureties for the Enforcement of the Statutes of the Magna Charta of King John . Philadelphia . OCLC 9378577 . Burdett , Francis ( 1810 ) . Sir Francis Burdett to His Constituents . R. Bradshaw . Carpenter , David A. ( 1990 ) . The Minority of Henry III . Berkeley , US and Los Angeles , US : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0413623607 . Carpenter , David ( 1996 ) . The Reign of Henry III . London , UK : Hambledon Press . ISBN 9781852851378 . Carpenter , David A. ( 2004 ) . Struggle for Mastery : The Penguin History of Britain 1066 -- 1284 . London , UK : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 014824 - 4 . Clanchy , Michael T. ( 1997 ) . Early Medieval England . The Folio Society . Clark , David ( 2000 ) . `` The Icon of Liberty : The Status and Role of Magna Carta in Australian and New Zealand Law '' . Melbourne University Law Review . 24 ( 3 ) . Cobbett , William ; Howell , Thomas Bayly ; Howell , Th. J. ; Jardine , William ( 1810 ) . Cobbett 's Complete Collection of State Trials and Proceedings for High Treason and Other Crimes and Misdemeanors from the Earliest Period to the Present Time . Bagshaw . Crouch , David ( 1996 ) . William Marshal : Court , Career and Chivalry in the Angevin Empire 1147 -- 1219 . Longman . ISBN 978 - 0582037861 . Danziger , Danny ; Gillingham , John ( 2004 ) . 1215 : The Year of Magna Carta . Hodder Paperbacks . ISBN 978 - 0340824757 . Davis , G.R.C. ( 1963 ) . Magna Carta . The British Library Publishing Division . ISBN 978 - 0712300148 . Davis , John Paul ( 2013 ) . The Gothic King : A Biography of Henry III . London , UK : Peter Owen . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7206 - 1480 - 0 . Drew , Katherine F. ( 2004 ) . Magna Carta . Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0313325908 . Edwards , J.G. ( 1943 ) . `` Confirmatio Cartarum and Baronial Grievances in 1297 '' . The English Historical Review . 58 ( 231 ) : 273 -- 300 . doi : 10.1093 / ehr / lviii. ccxxxi. 273 . JSTOR 554340 . Eele , Caroline ( 2013 ) . Perceptions of Magna Carta : Why has it been seen as significant ? ( PDF ) ( Thesis ) . 2014 Magna Carta 2015 Committee . Retrieved 18 November 2014 . Fryde , Natalie ( 2001 ) . Why Magna Carta ? Angevin England Revisited . Munster , Germany : LiT . ISBN 978 - 3825856571 . Fritze , Ronald ; Robison , William ( 2002 ) . Historical Dictionary of Late Medieval England 1272 -- 1485 . Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0313291241 . Galef , David ( 1998 ) . Second Thoughts : Focus on Rereading . Detroit , US : Wayne State University Press . ISBN 978 - 0814326473 . Goodman , Ellen ( 1995 ) . The Origins of the Western Legal Tradition : From Thales to the Tudors . Federation Press . ISBN 978 - 1862871816 . Greenberg , Janelle ( 2006 ) . The Radical Face of the Ancient Constitution : St Edward 's ' Laws ' in Early Modern Political Thought . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521024884 . Hallam , Elizabeth M. ; Everard , Judith A. ( 2001 ) . Capetian France , 987 -- 1328 ( 2nd ed . ) . Harlow , UK : Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 40428 - 1 . Hazeltine , H.D. ( 1917 ) . `` The Influence of Magna Carta on American Constitutional Development '' . In Malden , Henry Elliot . Magna Carta commemoration essays . BiblioBazaar . ISBN 978 - 1116447477 . Hewit , H.J. ( 1929 ) . Mediaeval Cheshire . Manchester , UK : Manchester University Press . Hill , Christopher ( 2006 ) . Winstanley ' The Law of Freedom ' and Other Writings . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521031608 . Hillaby , Caroline ( 2013 ) . The Palgrave Dictionary of Medieval Anglo - Jewish History . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1137308153 . Hindley , Geoffrey ( 1990 ) . The Book of Magna Carta . London , UK : Constable . ISBN 978 - 0094682405 . Holt , James C. ( 1992a ) . The Northerners : A Study in the Reign of King John . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0198203094 . Holt , James C. ( 1992b ) . Magna Carta . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521277785 . Holt , James C. ( 2015 ) . Magna Carta ( 3rd ed . ) . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9781107093164 . Holt , James C. ( 2008 ) ( 1993 ) . The Ancient Constitution in Medieval England ( PDF ) . Liberty Fund . ISBN 978 - 0865977099 . Howard , A.E. Dick ( 2008 ) . `` Magna Carta Comes To America '' . Fourscore. 58 ( 4 ) . Huscroft , Richard ( 2005 ) . Ruling England , 1042 -- 1217 . Harlow , UK : Pearson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 84882 - 5 . Jobson , Adrian ( 2012 ) . The First English Revolution : Simon de Montfort , Henry III and the Barons ' War . London , UK : Bloomsbury . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84725 - 226 - 5 . Kennedy , William Paul McClure ( 1922 ) . The Constitution of Canada . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . Kewes , Paulina ( 2006 ) . The Uses of History in Early Modern England . Berkeley , US : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0873282192 . Lewis , Suzanne ( 1987 ) . The Art of Matthew Paris in the Chronica Majora . University of California Press . ISBN 9780520049819 . Linebaugh , Peter ( 2009 ) . The Magna Carta Manifesto : Liberties and Commons for All . Berkeley , US : University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0520260009 . Mayr - Harting , Henry ( 2011 ) . Religion , Politics and Society in Britain , 1066 -- 1272 . Harlow , UK : Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 41413 - 6 . McGlynn , Sean ( 2013 ) . Blood Cries Afar : The Forgotten Invasion of England , 1216 . London , UK : Spellmount . ISBN 978 - 0752488318 . Menache , Sophia ( 2003 ) . Clement V. Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521521987 . Pocock , J.G.A. ( 1987 ) . The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law : A Study of English Historical Thought in the Seventeenth Century . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521316439 . Pollard , Albert Frederick ( 1912 ) . The history of England ; a study in political evolution . H. Holt . Poole , Austin Lane ( 1993 ) ( 1951 ) . From Domesday Book to Magna Carta 1087 -- 1216 ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . Powicke , F.M. ( 1929 ) . `` The Bull ' Miramur Plurimum ' and a Letter to Archbishop Stephen Langton , 5 September 1215 '' . English Historical Review . 44 : 87 -- 93 . doi : 10.1093 / ehr / xliv. clxxiii. 87 . Powicke , Frederick Maurice ( 1963 ) . The Thirteenth Century 1216 -- 1307 . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0198217084 . Prestwich , Michael ( 1997 ) . Edward I. New Haven , US : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0300071573 . Ridgeway , Huw W. ( 2004 ) . `` Henry III ( 1207 -- 1272 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , online edition . Oxford University Press ( published September 2010 ) . doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 12950 . Archived from the original on 3 August 2013 . Retrieved 17 August 2013 . Rothwell , Harry ( 1975 ) . English Historical Documents 1189 -- 1327 . London , UK : Eyre & Spottiswoode . ISBN 0413233006 . Russell , Conrad ( 1990 ) . Unrevolutionary England , 1603 -- 1642 . Continnuum - 3PL . ISBN 978 - 1852850258 . Scott , Robert McNair ( 2014 ) . Robert The Bruce : King Of Scots . Canongate Books . ISBN 9781847677464 . Simmons , Clare A. ( 1998 ) . `` Absent Presence : The Romantic - Era Magna Charta and the English Constitution '' . In Shippey , Richard ; Utz , Tom . Medievalism in the Modern World . Essays in Honour of Leslie J. Workman . Brepols Publishers . Stimson , Frederick Jessup ( 2004 ) . The Law Of The Federal And State Constitutions Of The United States . Lawbook Exchange Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1584773696 . Tatton - Brown , Tim ( July 2015 ) . `` Magna Carta at 800 : Uncovering its Landscape Archaeology '' . Current Archaeology ( 304 ) : 34 -- 37 . Thompson , Faith ( 1948 ) . Magna Carta -- Its Role In The Making Of The English Constitution 1300 -- 1629 . Minneapolis , US : University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 978 - 1299948686 . Turner , Ralph V. ( 2003a ) . `` The Meaning of Magna Carta since 1215 '' . History Today . 53 ( 9 ) . Turner , Ralph ( 2003b ) . Magna Carta : Through the Ages . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0582438262 . Turner , Ralph ( 2009 ) . King John : England 's Evil King ? . Stroud , UK : History Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4850 - 3 . Vincent , Nicholas ( 2012 ) . Magna Carta : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 958287 - 7 . Vincent , Nicholas ( 2015 ) . `` From World War to World Heritage : Magna Carta in the Twentieth Century '' . In Vincent , Nicholas . Magna Carta : The Foundation of Freedom , 1215 -- 2015 . London , UK : Third Millennium Publishing . pp. 154 -- 169 . ISBN 9781908990488 . Warren , W. Lewis ( 1990 ) . King John . London , UK : Methuen . ISBN 978 - 0413455208 . Weiler , Björn K.U. ( 2012 ) . Henry III of England and the Staufen Empire , 1216 -- 1272 . Paris , France : Royal Historical Society : Boydell Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86193 - 319 - 8 . White , Albert Beebe ( 1915 ) . `` The Name Magna Carta '' . The English Historical Review . XXX ( CXIX ) : 472 -- 475 . doi : 10.1093 / ehr / XXX. CXIX. 472 . White , Albert Beebe ( 1917 ) . `` Note on the Name Magna Carta '' . The English Historical Review . XXXII ( CXXVIII ) : 545 -- 555 . doi : 10.1093 / ehr / XXXII. CXXVIII. 554 . Woolwrych , Austin Herbert ( 2003 ) . Smith , David Lee , ed . Cromwell and Interregnum : The Essential Readings . Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0631227250 . Wright , Herbert G. ( 1919 ) . The Life And Works Of Arthur Hall Of Grantham , Member Of Parliament , Courtier And First Translator Of Homer Into English . Book on Demand . Wright , Patrick ( 1990 ) . The River : A Thames Journey . London , UK : BBC Books . ISBN 978 - 0563384786 . Further Reading Ambler , S.T. ( August 2015 ) . `` Magna Carta : Its Confirmation at Simon de Montfort 's Parliament of 1265 '' . English Historical Review . CXXX ( 545 ) : 801 -- 30 . doi : 10.1093 / ehr / cev202 . McKechnie , William Sharp ( 1914 ) . Magna Carta : A Commentary on the Great Charter of King John with an Historical Introduction ( PDF ) . Glasgow , UK : James Maclehose and Sons . Sandoz , Ellis ( 2008 ) . Roots of Liberty : Magna Carta , Ancient Constitution and the Anglo - American Tradition of Rule of Law . Liberty Fund Inc . ISBN 978 - 0865977099 . Blick , Andrew ( 2015 ) . Magna Carta and contemporary constitutional change . History & Policy . Royal Holloway University of London . `` The Magna Carta and its Legacy , free online course '' . Ruddick , Andrea ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` The English Church shall be Free ! '' . Church Society . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : Magna Carta Latin Wikisource has original text related to this article : Magna Carta Wikimedia Commons has media related to Magna Carta . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Magna Carta Government Magna Carta websites British Library National Archives United Kingdom British Parliament Library of Congress USA National Archives USA Texts Text of the Magna Carta 1297 as in force today ( including any amendments ) within the United Kingdom , from legislation.gov.uk Magna Carta Libertatum Latin and English text of the 1215 charter Text of Magna Carta English translation , with introductory historical note . From the Internet Medieval Sourcebook . Glossary of terms in Magna Carta Interactive , high - resolution view of a copy from 1297 , owned by David Rubenstein and on permanent loan to the US National Archives Timeline of 13th Century Magna Carta Events National Archives - UK Magna Carta public domain audiobook at LibriVox Video Magna Carta at BBC Radio 4 , 2015 BBC Anniversary Lecture Professor Linda Colley 25 Nov 2014 Guildhall London , England Magna Carta 's Legal Legacy US Chief Justice John Roberts and Lord Igor Judge Former Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales 14 Nov 2014 The Relevance of the Magna Carta to the 21st Century Sir Robert Worcester 29 Nov 2012 Law Core subjects Administrative law Constitutional law Contract Criminal law Deed Equity Evidence International law Law of obligations Procedure Civil Criminal Property law Public law Restitution Statutory law Tort Other subjects Agricultural law Aviation law Banking law Bankruptcy Commercial law Competition law Conflict of laws Construction law Consumer protection Corporate law Cyberlaw Election law Energy law Entertainment law Environmental law Family law Financial regulation Health law Immigration law Intellectual property International criminal law International human rights International slavery laws Labour Law of war Legal archaeology Legal fiction Maritime law Media law Military law Probate Estate Will and testament Product liability Public international law Space law Sports law Tax law Transport law Trust law Women in law Sources of law Charter Constitution Custom Divine right Human rights Natural and legal rights Case law Precedent Law making Ballot measure Codification Decree Edict Executive order Proclamation Legislation Delegated legislation Regulation Rulemaking Promulgation Repeal Treaty Statutory law Statute Act of Parliament Act of Congress ( US ) Legal systems Civil law Common law Chinese law Legal pluralism Religious law Canon law Hindu law Jain law Jewish law Sharia Roman law Socialist law Statutory law Xeer Yassa Legal theory Critical legal studies Comparative law Feminist Law and economics Legal formalism History Natural law International legal theory Principle of legality Rule of law Sociology Jurisprudence Adjudication Administration of justice Criminal justice Court - martial Dispute resolution Fiqh Lawsuit / Litigation Legal opinion Legal remedy Judge Justice of the peace Magistrate Judgment Judicial review Jurisdiction Jury Justice Practice of law Attorney Barrister Counsel Lawyer Legal representation Prosecutor Solicitor Question of fact Question of law Trial Trial advocacy Trier of fact Verdict Legal institutions Bureaucracy The bar The bench Civil society Court Election commission Executive Judiciary Law enforcement Legal education Law school Legislature Military Police Political party Tribunal Index Outline Portal United Kingdom legislation Pre-Parliamentary legislation List of English statutes Charter of Liberties Magna Carta Acts of Parliament by states preceding the Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament of England to 1483 1485 -- 1601 1603 -- 1641 Interregnum ( 1642 -- 1660 ) 1660 -- 1699 1700 -- 1706 Parliament of Scotland to 1706 Acts of Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain 1707 -- 1719 1720 -- 1739 1740 -- 1759 1760 -- 1779 1780 -- 1800 Acts of the Parliament of Ireland to 1700 1701 -- 1800 Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 1801 -- 1819 1820 -- 1839 1840 -- 1859 1860 -- 1879 1880 -- 1899 1900 -- 1919 1920 -- 1939 1940 -- 1959 1960 -- 1979 1980 -- 1999 2000 to date Halsbury 's Statutes Legislation.gov.uk Short titles relating to the European Union 1972 to date Church of England measures List Church of England Assembly ( Powers ) Act 1919 Legislation of devolved institutions Acts of the Scottish Parliament List Acts and Measures of the National Assembly for Wales List Acts of the Northern Ireland Assembly Acts of the Parliament of Northern Ireland Orders - in - Council / Orders in Council Orders - in - Council for Northern Ireland ( 1972 - 2009 ) Orders in Council for Northern Ireland Secondary legislation United Kingdom Statutory Instruments various Scottish Statutory Instruments Acts of Sederunt Acts of Adjournal all others VIAF : 184258638 LCCN : n50064742 GND : 4168520 - 9 SUDOC : 106935208 BNF : cb150600212 ( data ) United Kingdom portal Law portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magna_Carta&oldid=834146409 '' Categories : 1215 in England 1210s in law Barons ' Wars Civil rights and liberties in the United Kingdom Civil rights and liberties legislation Constitutional laws of England Cotton Library History of human rights Magna Carta Medieval charters and cartularies of England Medieval English law Memory of the World Register Political charters Political history of medieval England Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from November 2014 Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles containing Latin - language text Pages using div col with deprecated parameters CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Ligure Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 吴语 粵語 中文 74 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 05 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was the magna carta written and signed | [] | [] |
-4216352068950465466 | Worst Cooks in America | Worst Cooks in America - Wikipedia Worst Cooks in America Worst Cooks in America Genre Reality television Cooking show Judges Anne Burrell ( season 1 -- present ) Beau MacMillan ( season 1 ) Robert Irvine ( season 2 , 14 - present ) Bobby Flay ( season 3 -- 5 ) Tyler Florence ( season 6 , 8 , 12 - 13 ) Rachael Ray ( season 7 , 9 -- 11 ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 14 No. of episodes 39 Production Executive producer ( s ) Bob Kirsh Nicola Moody Pip Wells Production location ( s ) Los Angeles , California and New York City Running time 42 Minutes Production company ( s ) Optomen Productions , Inc . Release Original network Food Network Original release January 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 03 ) -- present Chronology Followed by Worst Bakers in America External links Production website Worst Cooks in America is an American reality television series that premiered on January 3 , 2010 , on the Food Network . The show takes 12 to 16 contestants ( referred to as `` recruits '' ) with very poor cooking skills through a culinary boot camp , to earn a cash prize of $25,000 and a Food Network cooking set . The recruits are trained on the various basic cooking techniques including : baking , knife skills , temperature , seasoning and preparation . The final challenge is to cook a restaurant quality three - course meal for three food critics . Contents 1 History 2 Season 1 : 2010 2.1 Recruits 2.2 Contestant progress 3 Season 2 : 2011 3.1 Recruits 3.2 Contestant progress 3.3 Differences between seasons 1 and 2 4 Season 3 : 2012 4.1 Recruits 4.2 Contestant progress 5 Season 4 : 2013 5.1 Recruits 5.2 Contestant progress 6 Season 5 : 2014 6.1 Recruits 6.2 Contestant progress 7 Season 6 : 2015 7.1 Recruits 7.2 Contestant progress 8 Season 7 : Celebrity Edition 8.1 Recruits 8.2 Contestant progress 9 Season 8 : 2016 9.1 Recruits 9.2 Contestant progress 10 Season 9 : Celebrity Edition 2 10.1 Recruits 10.2 Contestant progress 11 Season 10 : 2017 11.1 Recruits 11.2 Contestant progress 12 Season 11 : Celebrity Edition 3 12.1 Recruits 12.2 Contestant progress 13 Season 12 : 2018 13.1 Recruits 13.2 Contestant progress 14 Season 13 : Celebrity Edition 4 14.1 Recruits 14.2 Contestant progress 15 Season 14 : 2018 15.1 Recruits 15.2 Contestant progress 16 Judging records 17 References 18 External links History ( edit ) The show premiered on January 3 , 2010 . The show was initially hosted by chef Anne Burrell and chef Beau MacMillan in Season 1 . MacMillan was replaced by chef Robert Irvine on Season 2 , followed by chef Bobby Flay for Seasons 3 -- 5 . On November 20 , 2014 , a Food Network press release announced that chef Tyler Florence will be paired with chef Burrell to host Season 6 , to debut on January 4 , 2015 . Burrell was the winning instructor in seasons 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 and 8 with Flay winning in Seasons 4 -- 5 . Rachael Ray and Burrell hosted the Season 7 special celebrity edition , which premiered September 23 , 2015 . During the finale of Season 7 , a trailer previewing Season 8 was shown and was aired in January 2016 with the return of Tyler Florence . Season 1 : 2010 ( edit ) Chefs Beau MacMillan and Anne Burrell lead an intense culinary boot camp . They have six recruits each , and every week they must eliminate one recruit from each of their teams until there is only one from each team left . The final two create a three - course meal to fool a panel of restaurant critics into believing that the meal was created by the acclaimed chefs . Recruits ( edit ) Twelve chefs competed in the first season of Worst Cooks in America . Hometowns and occupations are available from the Food Network website . Chef Anne 's team was known as the Red Team and Chef Beau 's team was known as the Blue Team . Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Rachel Coleman 23 Brooklyn , New York Marketing Website editor Winner February 1 Jennifer `` Jenny '' Cross 21 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Waitress Runner - up February 1 Jennifer `` Jen '' Vecchio 38 Cumberland , Rhode Island Dance Studio Owner Eliminated January 31 Eddie Chang 32 Jersey City , New Jersey IT project manager Marque Hernandez 41 Brea , California Director of Clinical Operations Eliminated January 24 Rebecca Hooper 43 Sandy , Utah Salon Owner Sophia Gettys 27 Aurora , Colorado Stay - at - home Mom Eliminated January 17 Susie Shoman 53 Georgetown , South Carolina Grants administrator and entrepreneur Kelly Johnson 31 Scottsdale , Arizona Corporate litigation attorney Eliminated January 10 David Summey 29 Charlotte , North Carolina Salesman Wilhelmina Josephine 29 Aliso Viejo , California Insurance claims adjuster Eliminated January 3 Hamed Hamad 24 North Hollywood , California Journalist and fashion consultant Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 Rachel IN IN IN IN WIN BTM 4 WIN WINNER Jenny * IN IN IN WIN IN BTM 4 WIN RUNNER - UP Jen IN IN WIN IN WIN WIN OUT Eddie BTM 4 WIN BTM 4 BTM 4 IN WIN OUT 5 Marque WIN WIN BTM 4 BTM 4 IN OUT 6 Rebecca WIN BTM 4 IN WIN IN OUT 7 Sophia * IN IN IN OUT 8 Susie IN BTM 4 IN OUT 9 Kelly IN OUT 10 David BTM 4 OUT 11 Wilhelmina OUT 12 Hamed OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM 4 ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . * Initially a member of the other team but switched after Chef Beau won the bet on whose team member made the best crepes . Season 2 : 2011 ( edit ) Casting for season 2 of Worst Cooks in America was held at the LA Marriott Burbank Airport , Hotel & Convention Center on March 27 , 2010 . The Food Network also began accepting online video applications for season 2 . Food Network 's website announced that Robert Irvine would replace Beau MacMillan for season 2 . Season 2 debuted on January 2 , 2011 . In this season the chefs had eight recruits each . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Joshie Berger 36 Brooklyn , New York Attorney Winner February 20 Georgann `` Georg '' Coleman 38 Chicago , Illinois Speech pathologist Runner - up February 20 Carlos Manuel 28 Atlanta , Georgia Banker Eliminated February 13 Kelsey Milos 22 Kings , Illinois Hair stylist Kat Rose 37 Newnan , Georgia Stay - at - home mother Eliminated February 6 Tyrone `` Ty '' Miller 33 Trenton , New Jersey Property manager Jennifer `` Jen '' MacLean 43 Sparta , New Jersey Operating room nurse Eliminated January 30 Kelly Gray 32 New York , New York Aerobics instructor Erika Rumsey 27 Elgin , Illinois Account manager Eliminated January 23 Anna Altomari 44 Aliso Viejo , California RN Case manager Priscilla Harden 60 Sugar Land , Texas Retired teacher Eliminated January 16 Matt Crespi 24 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania PhD Student Anthony Scinto 32 Crestwood , Illinois Mechanical engineer Eliminated January 9 Jeff Longcor 25 Somerville , Massachusetts Environmental contractor Lina Yu 28 Arcadia , California Production manager Eliminated January 2 Eric Ricupero 34 Quincy , Massachusetts Bar owner Contestant progress ( edit ) Episode Rank Contestant 5 6 7 Joshie IN IN IN WIN WIN 9th IN IN BTM BTM IN WINNER Georg IN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN WIN BTM WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Carlos IN IN WIN WIN IN 6th WIN WIN WIN WIN OUT Kelsey * WIN IN IN WIN BTM 2nd BTM IN WIN IN OUT 5 Kat * WIN IN BTM IN IN BTM BTM BTM OUT 6 Ty IN IN IN IN BTM 3rd IN BTM OUT 7 Jen IN BTM IN WIN IN 7th IN OUT 8 Kelly IN IN IN IN IN 5th WIN OUT 9 Erika BTM WIN IN WIN IN 8th OUT 10 Anna IN IN IN IN WIN 4th OUT 11 Priscilla IN IN BTM WIN OUT 12 Matt BTM IN WIN IN OUT 13 Anthony IN IN OUT 14 Jeff IN BTM OUT 15 Lina OUT 16 Eric OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . * Initially a member of the other team but switched after Chef Robert won the bet on whose team member made the best burgers . Differences between seasons 1 and 2 ( edit ) In the first episode , a group of selected novice cooks were to prepare a dish from scratch so the chefs would get an idea of how poor their skills were . After tasting all the items , the chefs took turns picking team members for their rival chef . The first season started off with 24 novice cooks but only the worst 12 were chosen for a team . In the second season , the first episode began with 16 amateurs and all took part for the remainder of that episode . In the penultimate episode of the season , the remaining four recruits learned and replicated a dessert . After this , in the first season , the recruits had to instruct a group of high school students how to replicate the dessert recipe . In the second one , the recruits were assigned the dessert to serve after both chefs , and a special guest enjoyed a main dish . After learning and replicating a dessert , the recruits had to prepare a meal for both chefs and a surprise guest , usually a spouse or other family member . The first season 's main dishes were an improved version of the recruits ' audition meal . The special guests in the second season got to choose what they wanted the students to make them . Two recruits remained in the final episode and had to prepare an appetizer , main dish , and dessert for a panel of three food critics . The critics in season 1 thought that the final meal was prepared by the chefs until after they sampled all the courses . In season 2 , the critics learned their meal was prepared by the recruits immediately after entering the restaurant . Season 3 : 2012 ( edit ) Anne Burrell and Bobby Flay hosted season 3 replacing Robert Irvine . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Kelli Powers 40 Los Angeles , California Stay - at - home mother Winner April 1 Vinnie Caligiuri 47 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Mortgage broker Runner - up April 1 Melissa Rhodes 28 Naples , Florida Nursing Student Eliminated March 25 David Shelton 26 Longview , Texas Unemployed Tiffany Michelle 27 Los Angeles , California Poker player and actress Eliminated March 18 Dorothy Strouhal 38 Cove , Texas Make - up artist Anthony Schiano 33 Massapequa , New York Mechanical engineer Eliminated March 11 Benjamin Dennis 37 Dallas , Texas Stay - at - home father Quit March 11 Sean `` Bennett '' Bennett 36 New York City Automotive Spokesperson Eliminated March 4 Sarina Weeraprajuk 31 West Covina , California Wedding photographer Erica Weidner 53 Long Beach , New York Court Reporter Student Eliminated February 26 Robert `` Bob '' Tamke 44 Massapequa Park , New York DJ Sherrill Moss - Solomon 55 New York , New York Fundraiser Eliminated February 19 Rachel Margolin 31 New York , New York Night Club Promoter Richard Chen 55 Queens , New York Attorney Eliminated February 12 Libby Floyd 46 Eden Prairie , Minnesota ShopNBC host Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 Kelli WIN IN IN IN IN IN BTM WIN BTM WIN WIN WIN WIN WINNER Vinnie IN WIN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM IN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Melissa IN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN BTM IN OUT David IN IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN IN WIN BTM IN OUT 5 Tiffany WIN IN IN WIN IN BTM BTM IN BTM IN OUT 6 Dorothy IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN IN WIN WIN WIN OUT 7 Anthony IN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN OUT 8 Benjamin IN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN IN QUIT 9 Bennett IN IN BTM BTM WIN BTM OUT 10 Sarina BTM IN IN IN BTM IN OUT 11 Erica IN IN BTM IN OUT 12 Bob IN WIN IN IN OUT 13 Sherrill IN BTM OUT 14 Rachel BTM BTM OUT 15 Richard OUT 16 Libby OUT ^ Note 1 : In Episode 3 , Team Bobby ( blue team ) won the first challenge , he therefore got to choose one person from Team Anne ( red team ) to go to his team , and then choose one person from his team to go to the other team . He chose David to go to Team Anne 's team and chose Melissa from Team Anne 's team to join his team . Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition ( QUIT ) The contestant volunteered to quit Season 4 : 2013 ( edit ) Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Alina Bolshakova 28 Riga , Latvia Caretaker / Actress Winner March 31 Rasheeda Brown 30 Germantown , Maryland Correctional Officer Runner - up March 31 Chet Pourciau 40 New Orleans , Louisiana Interior Designer Eliminated March 24 Suzanne `` Sue '' Mangogna 42 Northport , New York Single Mother Carla Johnson 47 Long Beach , California Alcohol & Drug Counselor Eliminated March 17 Michael Haydin 25 Rye Brook , New York Accountant Carrie Lee Riggins 32 Carmel , New York Ballerina / Actress Eliminated March 10 Crystal Lonneberg 30 Weehawken , New Jersey Actress / Artist Aadip Desai 36 Sacramento , California Writer / Musician Eliminated March 3 Alex Stein 26 Dallas , Texas Bail Bondsman Michael `` Big Mike '' Paul 24 Thomson , Georgia Woodworker Eliminated February 24 Robert `` Dr. Bob '' Schaefer 58 Pleasant Hill , California Chiropractor Tim Burger 42 Novi , Michigan Former Marine Eliminated February 17 Diana De Rosa 62 Huntington , New York Photographer Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Alina BTM WIN WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN WIN IN WIN WINNER Rasheeda IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN WIN BTM WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Chet WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN IN WIN BTM IN OUT Sue IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN BTM IN WIN WIN OUT 5 Carla IN IN BTM WIN IN BTM BTM WIN OUT 6 Michael WIN IN IN BTM WIN IN BTM IN OUT 7 Carrie Lee IN IN IN IN BTM IN OUT 8 Crystal IN WIN IN IN IN BTM OUT 9 Aadip IN IN IN IN OUT 10 Alex IN IN IN IN OUT 11 Mike IN BTM OUT 12 Bob BTM BTM OUT 13 Tim OUT 14 Diana OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 5 : 2014 ( edit ) Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Amber Brauner 37 Redlands , California Tattoo Artist Winner March 31 Jamie Thomas 41 New York , New York Flight Attendant Runner - up March 31 Daniel `` Danny '' Beyda 43 Long Island , New York Radiologist Eliminated March 24 Mike Glazer 30 Chicago , Illinois Writer Carie Pullano - Keller 34 Chester , Virginia Promotional Model Eliminated March 17 Stephanie St. Aubin 26 Washington , DC Secretary Danielle Ruiz - Wiley 25 Staten Island , New York Stay at Home Mom Eliminated March 10 Carol Holder 64 New York , New York Real Estate Broker Joe Slaughter 28 Los Angeles , California Actor / Dancer Eliminated March 3 Ken Hsu 29 Seattle , Washington Personal Trainer Lance Green 31 New York , New York Music Producer Eliminated February 24 Benjamin `` Benji '' Hunter Brown III 29 Nashville , Tennessee Live Music Booking Agent Muneerah Warner 33 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Abstinence Advisor Eliminated February 16 Casey Pentony 26 Hollywood , California Nurse Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Amber WIN IN IN IN WIN WIN BTM IN WIN IN WIN WINNER Jamie WIN IN WIN BTM IN IN WIN WIN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Danny IN IN BTM IN IN WIN WIN WIN BTM IN OUT Mike IN IN IN WIN WIN IN IN IN BTM WIN OUT 5 Carie IN IN IN IN IN IN BTM IN OUT 6 Stephanie IN IN BTM IN IN WIN IN IN OUT 7 Danielle IN WIN IN IN BTM WIN OUT 8 Carol IN WIN IN BTM BTM IN OUT 9 Joe IN IN WIN WIN OUT 10 Ken IN IN IN IN OUT 11 Lance BTM IN OUT 12 Benji BTM IN OUT 13 Muneerah OUT 14 Casey OUT ^ Note 1 : In Episode 3 Team Anne ( red team ) won the first challenge , she therefore got to choose one person from Team Bobby ( blue team ) to go to her team , and then chose one person from her team to go to the other team . She chose Stephanie to go to Team Bobby 's team and chose Carie from Team Bobby 's team to join her team . Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( IN ) The contestant get switched by the host to the other team . Ex : A member of the red team goes to the blue team , and a member of the blue team goes to the red team . Season 6 : 2015 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host seasons 6 , replacing Bobby Flay after 3 seasons . The season premiered on January 4 , 2015 to 2,123,000 viewers . The second episode was lower at 1,456,000 viewers , with the third episode rising to 1,732,000 viewers and the fourth episode reached 1,689,000 viewers . the 5th episode reached 1,634,000 viewers . The sixth episode received 1.55 million viewers . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Kristen Redmond 25 Austin , Texas Singer / Songwriter Winner February 15 Genique Freeman 33 Fayetteville , North Carolina Esthetician Runner - up February 15 Leopold `` Leo '' Nunan 36 Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Performance Artist Eliminated February 8 Sarah Bettendorf 33 Los Angeles , California Art Teacher Norman Wilson 46 Detroit , Michigan Executive Protection Eliminated February 1 Sharif Dean 27 Los Angeles , California Personal Trainer David Eric Rosenberg 51 Las Vegas , Nevada Theatre Usher Eliminated January 25 Kortni Montgomery 25 New Orleans , Louisiana Customer Service Rep Michael `` Six '' Muldoon 25 Queens , New York Magician Eliminated January 18 Mike Kennedy 45 Scottsdale , Arizona Private Investigator Stephanie Streisand * 25 Los Angeles , California Writer Withdrew January 11 Susie Babin 61 Bush , Louisiana Retired Eliminated January 11 Jason Dixon 30 Chicago , Illinois Artist Eliminated January 5 Christina Oster 38 Zion , Illinois Single Mom Contestant Stephanie Streisand was deemed too ill to continue on January 11 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Kristen IN WIN WIN IN IN WIN BTM IN WIN WIN WIN WINNER Genique IN IN WIN IN IN WIN IN IN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Leo IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN OUT Sarah WIN IN IN BTM BTM IN WIN WIN BTM WIN OUT 5 Norman WIN IN IN IN BTM IN IN WIN OUT 6 Sharif IN WIN BTM WIN IN IN BTM IN OUT 7 David BTM IN BTM IN WIN BTM OUT 8 Kortni BTM IN BTM BTM WIN BTM OUT 9 Six IN IN IN IN OUT 10 Mike IN BTM IN IN OUT 11 Stephanie IN IN WDR 12 Susie IN BTM OUT 13 Jason OUT 14 Christina OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( WDR ) The contestant withdrew from the competition due to illness . Season 7 : Celebrity Edition ( edit ) Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 7 . The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity . Because this season had only 7 total recruits , each team 's worst recruit from that week 's Main Dish challenge competed head to head in a quickfire elimination challenge instead of eliminating both recruits each week . This challenge involved more basic cooking techniques ( e.g. knife skills ) and the winner would be decided by a blind judging from both Anne and Rachael . The winning recruit stayed in the competition while the losing recruit was eliminated . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Jenni `` JWoww '' Farley 29 Reality Television Star Winner October 28 Kendra Wilkinson 30 Former Playboy Model & Television Personality Runner - up October 28 Ellen Cleghorne 49 Saturday Night Live Actress Eliminated October 21 Barry Williams 60 The Brady Bunch Actor Eliminated October 14 Chris Soules 33 The Bachelor Star Eliminated October 7 Jaleel White 38 Actor , Television Host Eliminated September 30 Dean Cain 48 Television Actor Eliminated September 23 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 Jenni IN WIN IN WIN WIN WINNER Kendra IN WIN BTM WIN BTM RUNNER - UP Ellen WIN IN WIN BTM OUT Barry BTM BTM WIN OUT 5 Chris WIN IN OUT 6 Jaleel IN OUT 7 Dean OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 8 : 2016 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 8 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Nick Slater 24 Rancho Cucamonga , California Construction Worker Winner February 14 Lawrence Crawford 26 Deptford , New Jersey Army Combat Medic Runner - up February 14 Ginny Meerman 50 Millersville , Maryland Project Supervisor Eliminated February 7 Taylor Hooper 24 Boston , Massachusetts Marine Veteran Holgie Forrester 66 Twentynine Palms , California Retired / Actress Eliminated January 31 Chanda Havard 36 Chicago , Illinois Real Estate Agent Donna Koen 60 Newburyport , Massachusetts Lunch Lady & Hairdresser Eliminated January 24 Rachel Thomas 27 Tampa , Florida Stay - at - Home Wife Ernie Adkins 44 Mardela Springs , Maryland Truck driver Eliminated January 17 Glenda Galeano 40 Miami , Florida Event Coordinator / Actress Ty Snow 39 Pasadena , California Special Education Teacher Eliminated January 10 Cindy Nguyen 28 Las Vegas , Nevada Bartender David Fouts 42 Wales , Wisconsin Senior Project Manager Eliminated January 4 Jeni Erdman 51 Dousman , Wisconsin Group Tour Coordinator Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 Nick WIN WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN TIE WIN WINNER Lawrence IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN RUNNER - UP Ginny WIN BTM WIN IN BTM TIE IN WIN WIN OUT Taylor IN IN IN IN BTM IN WIN WIN TIE OUT 5 Holgie IN WIN IN IN IN TIE BTM IN OUT 6 Chanda BTM IN IN BTM WIN WIN BTM IN OUT 7 Donna IN BTM WIN IN IN BTM OUT 8 Rachel BTM IN BTM WIN WIN BTM OUT 9 Ernie IN BTM IN IN OUT 10 Glenda IN BTM BTM BTM OUT 11 Ty IN IN OUT 12 Cindy IN IN OUT 13 David OUT 14 Jeni OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 9 : Celebrity Edition 2 ( edit ) Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 2 of the Celebrity Edition . The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity . The season premiered on September 14 , 2016 to 1,185,000 viewers . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Loni Love 44 The Real Co-Host & Comedian Winner November 2 Nicole Sullivan 46 Former MadTV Star , Comedian , & Actress Runner - up November 2 John Henson 49 Former Talk Soup & Wipeout host Eliminated October 26 Mike Situation Sorrentino 34 Reality Television Personality Matt Dallas 33 Television Actor & YouTube Personality Eliminated October 19 Mindy Cohn 50 The Facts of Life & Scooby - Doo Actress Eliminated October 12 Tommy Davidson 52 Comedian & Actor Eliminated September 28 Barbara Eden 85 Film & Television Actress ( I Dream of Jeannie & Harper Valley P.T.A. ) Eliminated September 21 Kenya Moore 45 Miss USA 1993 & The Real Housewives of Atlanta Star Eliminated September 14 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 Loni IN IN TIE IN WIN IN IN WINNER Nicole IN WIN IN BTM WIN IN IN RUNNER - UP WIN WIN BTM WIN IN BTM OUT Mike IN BTM WIN WIN IN WIN OUT 5 Matt WIN IN IN IN BTM OUT 6 Mindy IN IN TIE BTM OUT 7 Tommy IN IN OUT 8 Barbara BTM OUT 9 Kenya OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . Season 10 : 2017 ( edit ) Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 10 . The season premiered on January 1 , 2017 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Daniel Mar 35 Burbank , California Photographer Winner March 5 Ann Odogwu 34 Houston , Texas Flight Attendant Runner - Up March 5 Laura Docker 36 Fort Worth , Texas Lawyer Eliminated February 26 Mandy Thornton 24 Hanover , Massachusetts Medical Assistant Adam Cooke 32 Rancho Cucamonga , California Auto Mechanic Eliminated February 19 Brittany Lenore 27 Chicago , Illinois Spiritual Speaker Jeff West 36 Douglassville , Pennsylvania Vending Machine President Eliminated February 12 Kayla Kurtz 27 Kent , Ohio Stay - at - Home Mom Eliminated January 29 Maria Marcello 40 Torrance , California Stay - at - Home Mom Matt Josephs 35 Richmond , Virginia Sports Radio Producer Eliminated January 22 Jake Michaels 21 Manteno , Illinois Model & Singer Eliminated January 15 Jetta Linda Ostrofsky 66 Sacramento , California Retired Stephen Hawkins 67 Temecula , California Retired Eliminated January 8 Buffy Mykkanen 29 Portland , Oregon Tech Support Cedrick Miller 22 El Paso , Texas Cashier Eliminated January 1 Lester Turchin 65 Fort Lauderdale , Florida Retired Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 9 10 Daniel IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN IN IN WIN IN IN IN WINNER Ann WIN IN IN WIN BTM BTM IN BTM IN SAVE IN IN RUNNER - UP Mandy IN IN IN TIE IN WIN WIN BTM IN BTM IN OUT Laura IN WIN IN IN IN WIN IN BTM WIN WIN IN OUT 5 Brittany WIN IN IN TIE WIN IN IN BTM IN WIN OUT 6 Adam IN IN BTM BTM IN IN IN WIN IN IN OUT 7 Jeff IN WIN IN IN IN BTM IN WIN IN OUT 8 Maria IN IN WIN IN WIN OUT 9 Kayla IN IN IN TIE SAVE OUT 10 Matt IN IN IN IN OUT 11 Jetta IN IN BTM OUT 12 Jake BTM IN IN OUT 13 Stephen BTM IN OUT 14 Buffy IN IN OUT 15 Cedrick OUT 16 Lester OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( SAVE ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge but was saved by their respective team mentor . In Episode 6 , Both Chef Anne and Chef Rachael decided not to send anyone from their teams home . Season 11 : Celebrity Edition 3 ( edit ) Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 3 of the Celebrity Edition . The season premiered on August 23 , 2017 Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status Perez Hilton 39 Gossip Blogger Winner October 11 Melissa Peterman 46 Actress & Comedienne Runner - up October 11 Nora Dunn 65 Actress & Comedienne Eliminated October 4 Vivica A. Fox 53 Actress Eliminated October 4 Sean Lowe 33 Reality Star Eliminated September 27 Carmen Electra 45 Model & Actress Withdrew September 13 due to injuries Carson Kressley 47 TV Personality Eliminated September 6 Erik Estrada 68 Star of CHiPs Eliminated August 30 Note : Vivica was originally eliminated on September 20 . In Episode 7 , airing on October 4 , both Vivica and Sean returned to the competition for a redemption skill drill . Vivica won the drill , re-entered the competition and was then eliminated following the main challenge . Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 Perez IN IN IN IN IN WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WINNER Melissa IN WIN IN WIN WIN IN SAVE IN BTM IN IN IN WIN RUNNER - UP Nora SAVE TIE IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN BTM IN OUT Vivica IN IN IN IN WIN TIE SAVE IN OUT RTN OUT 5 Sean IN IN IN IN BTM TIE IN IN IN IN OUT 6 Carmen BTM IN BTM WIN IN WDR 7 Carson IN TIE WIN IN OUT 8 Erik IN TIE OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( WDR ) The contestant withdrew from the competition due to illness or injury . ( RTN ) The contestant won the redemption Skill Drill and returned to the competition . ( SAVE ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge but was saved by their respective team mentor . Season 12 : 2018 ( edit ) Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 12 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Hazell Mckenzie 36 Brooklyn , New York Graduate Student Winner March 11 Steven Crowley 31 New York , New York Real Estate Broker Runner - Up March 11 Asaf Goren 25 Los Angeles , California Dancer Eliminated March 4 Sharon Shvarzman 32 Staten Island , New York Drag Performer Shatima Ruffin 34 Hampton Roads , Virginia Receptionist Eliminated February 25 Lacey Stout 28 Collinsville , Oklahoma Stay - at - Home Mom Robyn Hayden 31 Charleston , South Carolina Balloon Artist Eliminated February 18 Brandon Arroyo 27 Cleveland , Ohio Sports Reporter Eliminated February 11 Spencer Nick 25 Chicago , Illinois Graduate Student Sylvia Jefferies 47 Charleston , South Carolina Stay - at - Home Mom Quit January 28 Lily Frey 63 Anaheim , California Retired Eliminated January 28 Skyler Nick 25 Chicago , Illinois Graduate Student Eliminated January 21 Priscilla Nguyen 26 Hattiesburg , Mississippi Receptionist Eliminated January 14 Kevin Pettice 24 Charlotte , North Carolina Administrative Assistant Kayrene Curtis 44 Rocky River , Ohio Stay - at - Home Mom Eliminated January 7 Jonathan Farhat 37 Livermore , California Safety Professional Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 9 10 Hazell WIN IN IN IN IN IN IN WIN WIN WINNER Steven BTM IN WIN IN IN BTM WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Sharon WIN IN IN WIN WIN IN WIN BTM OUT Asaf IN IN WIN IN IN WIN IN BTM OUT 5 Lacey * IN IN IN IN BTM IN WIN OUT 6 Shatima IN IN BTM BTM BTM WIN BTM OUT 7 Robyn IN IN IN WIN BTM BTM OUT 8 Brandon IN WIN IN BTM WIN OUT 9 Spencer * BTM IN BTM IN BTM OUT 10 Lily IN WIN IN OUT 11 Sylvia IN BTM BTM QUIT 12 Skyler IN BTM OUT 13 Priscilla IN OUT 14 Kevin IN OUT 15 Jonathan OUT 16 Kayrene OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( QUIT ) The contestant volunteered to leave the competition . In episode 5 , contestants Lacey and Spencer switch teams instead of being eliminated , Lacey on Chef Anne 's Team and Spencer on Chef Tyler 's team . Season 13 : Celebrity Edition 4 ( edit ) Tyler Florence returns with Anne Burrell to host season 4 of the Celebrity Edition . This is the first Celebrity Edition to not feature Rachael Ray as a judge . The season premiered on April 15 , 2018 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Occupation Status La Toya Jackson 61 Singer & Icon Winner May 20 Ian Ziering 53 Actor Runner - Up May 20 Catherine Bach 64 The Dukes of Hazzard Star Eliminated May 13 Oscar Nunez 59 The Office Star Maria Bamford 48 Comedienne Eliminated May 6 Nolan Gould 19 Modern Family Star Eliminated April 29 Bronson Pinchot 58 Actor Eliminated April 22 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 La Toya WIN WIN WIN WIN WIN WINNER Ian WIN IN WIN WIN WIN RUNNER - UP Catherine IN WIN IN BTM OUT Oscar BTM BTM BTM IN OUT 5 Maria IN IN IN OUT 6 Nolan SAVE IN OUT 7 Bronson IN OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenged and was out of the competition . ( SAVE ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge but was saved by their respective team mentor . Season 14 : 2018 ( edit ) Robert Irvine joins Anne Burrell to host season 14 . Recruits ( edit ) Contestant Age Hometown Occupation Status Copan Combs 30 Stillwater , Oklahoma Academic Recruiter Marcus Ellis 51 Queens , New York Mental health counselor Bradley Garcia 22 Miami , Florida Model Sarah Harris 23 Porum , Oklahoma Janese Henry 30 Spring Lake , North Carolina Linda Martin 60 Somerville , Massachusetts Jessica Paulson 26 EMT Rudy Rehburg 30 Chicago , Illinois Property Preservation Specialist Frank Scuderi 40 Maple Shade , New Jersey Timmy Thok 29 New York , New York Underwear Model Carla Waddell 46 Alexandria , Virginia Human Resources Kimberly Worthy 33 Atlanta , Georgia Writer Maryann Rapisarda 67 Valdosta , Georgia Retired Eliminated August 13 Robbie DeRaffele 30 Hackensack , New Jersey Superman Impersonator Eliminated August 13 Contestant progress ( edit ) Rank Contestant Episode 5 6 7 8 9 10 Copan Marcus Bradley Sarah 5 Janese 6 Linda 7 Jessica 8 Rudy 9 Frank 10 Timmy 11 Carla 12 Kimberly 13 Maryann OUT 14 Robbie OUT Key ( WINNER ) This contestant won the competition and was crowned `` Best of the Worst '' . ( RUNNER - UP ) The contestant was the runner - up in the finals of the competition . ( WIN ) The contestant did the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill and was considered the winner . ( TIE ) The contestant tied with another contestant as the best on their team in the week 's Main Dish challenge or Skill Drill . ( BTM ) The contestant was selected as one of the bottom entries in the Main Dish challenge , but was not eliminated . ( OUT ) The contestant lost that week 's Main Dish challenge and was out of the competition . ( QUIT ) The contestant volunteered to leave the competition . Judging records ( edit ) Judge Wins Losses Anne Burrell 8 5 Bobby Flay Rachael Ray Tyler Florence Beau MacMillan 0 Robert Irvine 0 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Worst Cooks in America ' is n't just a title : They 're horrible '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Worst Cooks in America ' : Worst thing I watched most of last night '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cooks in America : Red Team ( Chef Anne Burrell ) '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cooks in America : Blue Team ( Chef Beau MacMillan ) '' . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Scattergood , Amy ( March 16 , 2010 ) . `` Casting Calls : Season 2 of Worst Cooks in America Wants You ! -- Los Angeles Restaurants and Dining -- Squid Ink '' . Blogs.laweekly.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Food Network is looking for HOPELESS HOME COOKS ! '' . Worstcookscasting.wordpress.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Powered by Google Docs '' . Docs.google.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Superstar Chefs Anne Burrell And Bobby Flay Transform Kitchen - Challenged Contestants in Season Three of Primetime Competition Series Worst Cooks in America '' ( pdf ) . Food Network . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WORST COOKS IN AMERICA : Season Three -- Contestant Overview '' ( pdf ) . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` National Television Host on Shop NBC '' . Libby Floyd . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.4. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.11. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.18. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 1.25. 2015 '' . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Tops Night + ' Better Call Saul ' , ' Talking Dead ' , ' The Real Housewives of Atlanta ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 9.14. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anne Burrell and Rachael Ray Kick Off the New Year with Season 10 of Worst Cooks in America FN Dish -- Food Network Blog '' . FN Dish -- Food Network Blog. 2016 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Social Media Food Failures '' . Food Network . Jump up ^ `` Worst Cooks in America , Season 11 : Meet the Celebrity Recruits '' . Food Com . Jump up ^ `` A Fresh Batch of Cooking - Challenged Celebrities Enter Boot Camp '' . External links ( edit ) Official website Food Network original programming Current Barefoot Contessa ( since 2002 ) Beat Bobby Flay ( since 2014 ) Best Baker in America ( since 2017 ) Cake Wars ( since 2015 ) Chopped ( since 2009 ) Chopped After Hours ( since 2015 ) Chopped Junior ( since 2015 ) Cutthroat Kitchen ( since 2013 ) Dessert Games ( since 2017 ) Food Network Star ( since 2005 ) Girl Meets Farm ( since 2018 ) The Great Food Truck Race ( since 2010 ) Guy 's Grocery Games ( since 2013 ) Halloween Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Halloween Wars ( since 2011 ) Holiday Baking Championship ( since 2014 ) Iron Chef America ( since 2005 ) Iron Chef Gauntlet ( since 2017 ) Kids Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) The Kitchen ( since 2014 ) Kitchen Sink ( since 2016 ) The Pioneer Woman ( since 2011 ) Spring Baking Championship ( since 2015 ) Trisha 's Southern Kitchen ( since 2012 ) Valerie 's Home Cooking ( since 2015 ) Worst Cooks in America ( since 2010 ) Former 1990s debuts Cooking Live ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Emeril Live ( 1997 -- 2010 ) Essence of Emeril ( 1994 -- 2007 ) Good Eats ( 1999 -- 2012 ) How to Boil Water ( 1993 -- 2000 ) 2000s debuts 30 Minute Meals ( 2001 -- 2012 ) $40 a Day ( 2002 -- 2005 ) 5 Ingredient Fix ( 2009 -- 2011 ) A Cook 's Tour ( 2002 -- 2003 ) Ace of Cakes ( 2006 -- 2011 ) Ask Aida ( 2008 -- 2009 ) BBQ with Bobby Flay ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Behind the Bash ( 2006 ) Big Daddy 's House ( 2008 -- 2011 ) Boy Meets Grill ( 2002 -- 2011 ) Chocolate with Jacques Torres ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Cupcake Wars ( 2009 -- 2016 ) Dinner : Impossible ( 2007 -- 2010 ) Everyday Italian ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Extreme Cuisine with Jeff Corwin ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Feasting on Asphalt ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Food 911 ( 2000 -- 2006 ) Food Network Challenge ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Giada at Home ( 2008 -- 2015 ) Giada 's Weekend Getaways ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Glutton for Punishment ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Good Deal with Dave Lieberman ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Guy 's Big Bite ( 2006 -- 2016 ) Ham on the Street ( 2006 ) How 'd That Get on My Plate ? ( 2008 ) The Next Iron Chef ( 2007 -- 2012 ) Party Line with the Hearty Boys ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Paula 's Best Dishes ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Paula 's Home Cooking ( 2002 -- 2012 ) Private Chefs of Beverly Hills ( 2009 -- 2011 ) Rachael Ray 's Tasty Travels ( 2005 -- 2009 ) Road Tasted ( 2006 -- 2008 ) The Secret Life of ... ( 2002 -- 2008 ) Sara 's Secrets ( 2002 -- 2007 ) Sugar Rush ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Ten Dollar Dinners ( 2009 -- 2012 ) Throwdown ! with Bobby Flay ( 2006 -- 2010 ) Tyler 's Ultimate ( 2003 -- 2010 ) Ultimate Recipe Showdown ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Unwrapped ( 2001 -- 2011 ) What Would Brian Boitano Make ? ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Will Work for Food ( 2009 ) 2010s debuts 24 Hour Restaurant Battle ( 2010 -- 2011 ) $24 in 24 ( 2012 ) Aarti Party ( 2010 -- 2011 ) America 's Best Cook ( 2014 ) The Best Thing I Ever Made ( 2011 -- 2013 ) BBQ Blitz ( 2015 ) Brunch @ Bobby 's ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Chef Wanted with Anne Burrell ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Clash of the Grandmas ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Dessert First with Anne Thornton ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Food Network Star Kids ( 2016 ) Guilty Pleasures ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Heat Seekers ( 2011 -- 2012 ) I Hart Food ( 2017 ) Iron Chef Showdown ( 2017 ) Kid in a Candy Store ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Kids BBQ Championship ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Kitchen Casino ( 2014 ) Mystery Diners ( 2012 -- 2016 ) Patricia Heaton Parties ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Rachael vs. Guy : Celebrity Cook - Off ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Restaurant Express ( 2013 ) Restaurant : Impossible ( 2011 -- 2016 ) Restaurant Stakeout ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Rewrapped ( 2014 ) Southern at Heart ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Sweet Genius ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Top 5 Restaurants ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Worst Bakers in America ( 2016 ) Pilots and specials The Big Waste ( 2012 ) Kids Halloween Baking Championship ( 2016 ) Rebel Eats ( 2013 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Worst_Cooks_in_America&oldid=854729420 '' Categories : 2010 American television series debuts 2010s American television series Food Network series Television series by All3Media Food reality television series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2014 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 11 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who won worst cooks in america celebrity edition 2018 | [
"\n\nContestant\n\nAge\n\nOccupation\n\nStatus\n\n\nLa Toya Jackson\n\n61\n\nSinger & Icon\n\nWinner May 20\n\n\nIan Ziering\n\n53\n\nActor\n\nRunner-Up May 20\n\n\nCatherine Bach\n\n64\n\nThe Dukes of Hazzard Star\n\nEliminated May 13\n\n\nOscar Nunez\n\n59\n\nThe Office Star\n\n\nMaria Bamford\n\n48\n\nComedienne\n\nEliminated May 6\n\n\nNolan Gould\n\n19\n\nModern Family Star\n\nEliminated April 29\n\n\nBronson Pinchot\n\n58\n\nActor\n\nEliminated April 22\n\n"
] | [
"La Toya Jackson"
] |
-8109812711292813335 | Harry Potter | Harry Potter - wikipedia Harry Potter Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the series of novels . For other uses , including related topics and derivative works , see Harry Potter ( disambiguation ) . For the character in the series , see Harry Potter ( character ) . For the film adaptations , see Harry Potter ( film series ) . Harry Potter The Harry Potter logo , used first in American editions of the novel series and later in films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Author J.K. Rowling Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Fantasy , drama , young adult fiction , mystery , thriller , Bildungsroman Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing ( UK ) Scholastic ( US ) Published 26 June 1997 -- 21 July 2007 ( initial publication ) Media type Print ( hardback & paperback ) Audiobook E-book ( as of March 2012 ) No. of books 7 Website www.pottermore.com Harry Potter is a series of fantasy novels written by British author J.K. Rowling . The novels chronicle the life of a young wizard , Harry Potter , and his friends Hermione Granger and Ron Weasley , all of whom are students at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . The main story arc concerns Harry 's struggle against Lord Voldemort , a dark wizard who intends to become immortal , overthrow the wizard governing body known as the Ministry of Magic , and subjugate all wizards and muggles , a reference term that means non-magical people . Since the release of the first novel , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , on 26 June 1997 , the books have found immense popularity , critical acclaim , and commercial success worldwide . They have attracted a wide adult audience as well as younger readers , and are often considered cornerstones of modern young adult literature . The series has also had its share of criticism , including concern about the increasingly dark tone as the series progressed , as well as the often gruesome and graphic violence it depicts . As of May 2013 , the books have sold more than 500 million copies worldwide , making them the best - selling book series in history , and have been translated into seventy - three languages . The last four books consecutively set records as the fastest - selling books in history , with the final instalment selling roughly eleven million copies in the United States within twenty - four hours of its release . The series was originally published in English by two major publishers , Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom and Scholastic Press in the United States . A play , Harry Potter and the Cursed Child , based on a story co-written by Rowling , premiered in London on 30 July 2016 at the Palace Theatre , and its script was published by Little , Brown . The original seven books were adapted into an eight - part film series by Warner Bros. Pictures , which has become the second highest - grossing film series of all time as of August 2015 . In 2016 , the total value of the Harry Potter franchise was estimated at $25 billion , making Harry Potter one of the highest - grossing media franchises of all time . A series of many genres , including fantasy , drama , coming of age , and the British school story ( which includes elements of mystery , thriller , adventure , horror , and romance ) , the world of Harry Potter explores numerous themes and includes many cultural meanings and references . According to Rowling , the main theme is death . Other major themes in the series include prejudice , corruption , and madness . The success of the books and films has allowed the Harry Potter franchise to expand , with numerous derivative works , a travelling exhibition that premiered in Chicago in 2009 , a studio tour in London that opened in 2012 , a digital platform on which J.K. Rowling updates the series with new information and insight , and a pentalogy of spin - off films premiering in November 2016 with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them , among many other developments . Most recently , themed attractions , collectively known as The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , have been built at several Universal Parks & Resorts amusement parks around the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 1.1 Early years 1.2 Voldemort returns 2 Supplementary works 2.1 Harry Potter and the Cursed Child 2.2 In - universe books 2.3 Pottermore website 3 Structure and genre 4 Themes 5 Origins 6 Publishing history 6.1 Translations 6.2 Completion of the series 6.3 Cover art 7 Achievements 7.1 Cultural impact 7.2 Commercial success 7.3 Awards , honours , and recognition 8 Reception 8.1 Literary criticism 8.2 Social impact 8.3 Controversies 9 Adaptations 9.1 Films 9.1. 1 Spin - off prequels 9.2 Games 9.3 Audiobooks 9.4 Stage production 10 Attractions 10.1 The Wizarding World of Harry Potter 10.2 United Kingdom 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Plot Further information : Harry Potter universe The central character in the series is Harry Potter , an English boy who lives with his aunt , uncle , and cousin - the Dursleys - who discovers , at the age of eleven , that he is a wizard , though he lives in the ordinary world of non-magical people known as Muggles . The wizarding world exists parallel to the Muggle world , albeit hidden and in secrecy . His magical ability is inborn and children with such abilities are invited to attend exclusive magic schools that teach the necessary skills to succeed in the wizarding world . Harry becomes a student at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , a wizarding academy in Scotland and it is here where most of the events in the series take place . As Harry develops through his adolescence , he learns to overcome the problems that face him : magical , social and emotional , including ordinary teenage challenges such as friendships , infatuation , romantic relationships , schoolwork and exams , anxiety , depression , stress , and the greater test of preparing himself for the confrontation that lies ahead in wizarding Britain 's increasingly - violent second wizarding war . Each novel chronicles one year in Harry 's life during the period from 1991 to 1998 . The books also contain many flashbacks , which are frequently experienced by Harry viewing the memories of other characters in a device called a Pensieve . The environment Rowling created is intimately connected to reality . The British magical community of the Harry Potter books is inspired by 1990s British culture , European folklore , classical mythology and alchemy , incorporating objects and wildlife such as magic wands , magic plants , potions , spells , flying broomsticks , centaurs , and other magical creatures , the Deathly Hallows , and the Philosopher 's Stone , beside others invented by Rowling . While the fantasy land of Narnia is an alternate universe and the Lord of the Rings ' Middle - earth a mythic past , the wizarding world of Harry Potter exists in parallel within the real world and contains magical versions of the ordinary elements of everyday life , with the action mostly set in Scotland ( Hogwarts ) , the West Country , Devon , London and Surrey in southeast England . The world only accessible to wizards and magical beings comprises a fragmented collection of overlooked hidden streets , ancient pubs , lonely country manors and secluded castles invisible to the Muggle population . Early years When the first novel of the series , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( published in America and other countries as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ) opens , it is apparent that some significant event has taken place in the Wizarding World -- an event so very remarkable , even Muggles ( non-magical people ) notice signs of it . The full background to this event and Harry Potter 's past is revealed gradually through the series . After the introductory chapter , the book leaps forward to a time shortly before Harry Potter 's eleventh birthday , and it is at this point that his magical background begins to be revealed . Despite Harry 's aunt and uncle 's desperate prevention of Harry gleaning about his powers , their efforts are in vain . Harry meets a half - giant , Rubeus Hagrid , who is also his first contact with the Wizarding World . Hagrid reveals himself to be the Keeper of Keys and Grounds at Hogwarts as well as some of Harry 's history . Harry learns that , as a baby , he witnessed his parents ' murder by the power - obsessed dark wizard Lord Voldemort , who subsequently attempted to kill him as well . Instead , the unexpected happened : Harry survived with only a lightning - shaped scar on his forehead as a memento of the attack and Voldemort disappeared soon afterwards , gravely weakened by his own rebounding curse . As its inadvertent saviour from Voldemort 's reign of terror , Harry has become a living legend in the Wizarding World . However , at the orders of the venerable and well - known wizard Albus Dumbledore , the orphaned Harry had been placed in the home of his unpleasant Muggle relatives , the Dursleys , who have kept him safe but treated him poorly , including confining him to a cupboard without meals and torturing him like he is their servant . Hagrid then officially invites Harry to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , a famous magic school in Scotland that educates young teenagers on their magical development for seven years , from age eleven to seventeen . With Hagrid 's help , Harry prepares for and undertakes his first year of study at Hogwarts . As Harry begins to explore the magical world , the reader is introduced to many of the primary locations used throughout the series . Harry meets most of the main characters and gains his two closest friends : Ron Weasley , a fun - loving member of an ancient , large , happy , but poor wizarding family , and Hermione Granger , a gifted , bright , and hardworking witch of non-magical parentage . Harry also encounters the school 's potions master , Severus Snape , who displays a conspicuously deep and abiding dislike for him , the rich brat Draco Malfoy whom he quickly makes enemies with , and the Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , Quirinus Quirrell , who later turns out to be allied with Lord Voldemort . He also discovers a talent of flying on broomsticks and is recruited for his house 's Quidditch team , a sport in the wizarding world where players fly on broomsticks . The first book concludes with Harry 's second confrontation with Lord Voldemort , who , in his quest to regain a body , yearns to gain the power of the Philosopher 's Stone , a substance that bestows everlasting life and turns any metal into pure gold . The series continues with Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , describing Harry 's second year at Hogwarts . He and his friends investigate a 50 - year - old mystery that appears uncannily related to recent sinister events at the school . Ron 's younger sister , Ginny Weasley , enrolls in her first year at Hogwarts , and finds an old notebook in her belongings which turns out to be an alumnus 's diary , Tom Marvolo Riddle , later revealed to be Voldemort 's younger self , who is bent on ridding the school of `` mudbloods '' , a derogatory term describing wizards and witches of non-magical parentage . The memory of Tom Riddle resides inside of the diary and when Ginny begins to confide in the diary , Voldemort is able to possess her . Through the diary , Ginny acts on Voldemort 's orders and unconsciously opens the `` Chamber of Secrets '' , unleashing an ancient monster , later revealed to be a basilisk , which begins attacking students at Hogwarts . It kills those who make direct eye contact with it and petrifies those who look at it indirectly . The book also introduces a new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , Gilderoy Lockhart , a highly cheerful , self - conceited wizard with a pretentious facade , later turning out to be a fraud . Harry discovers that prejudice exists in the Wizarding World through delving into the school 's history , and learns that Voldemort 's reign of terror was often directed at wizards and witches who were descended from Muggles . Harry also learns about the innate ability of his to speak the snake language Parseltongue is rare and often associated with the Dark Arts . When Hermione is attacked and petrified , Harry and Ron finally piece together the puzzles and unlock the Chamber of Secrets , with Harry destroying the diary for good and saving Ginny , and also destroying a part of Voldemort 's soul . The end of the book reveals Lucius Malfoy , Draco 's father and rival of Ron and Ginny 's father , to be the culprit who slipped the book into Ginny 's belongings and introduced the diary into Hogwarts . The third novel , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , follows Harry in his third year of magical education . It is the only book in the series which does not feature Lord Voldemort in any form . Instead , Harry must deal with the knowledge that he has been targeted by Sirius Black , his father 's best friend , and , according to the Wizarding World , an escaped mass murderer who assisted in the murder of Harry 's parents . As Harry struggles with his reaction to the dementors -- dark creatures with the power to devour a human soul and feed on despair -- which are ostensibly protecting the school , he reaches out to Remus Lupin , a Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher who is eventually revealed to be a werewolf . Lupin teaches Harry defensive measures which are well above the level of magic generally executed by people his age . Harry comes to know that both Lupin and Black were best friends of his father and that Black was framed by their fourth friend , Peter Pettigrew , who had been hiding as Ron 's pet rat , Scabbers . In this book , a recurring theme throughout the series is emphasised -- in every book there is a new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher , none of whom lasts more than one school year . Voldemort returns The Elephant House was one of the cafés in Edinburgh where Rowling wrote the first part of Harry Potter . During Harry 's fourth year of school ( detailed in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ) , Harry is unwillingly entered as a participant in the Triwizard Tournament , a dangerous yet exciting contest where three `` champions '' , one from each participating school , must compete with each other in three tasks in order to win the Triwizard Cup . This year , Harry must compete against a witch and a wizard `` champion '' from overseas visiting schools Beauxbatons and Durmstrang , as well as another Hogwarts student , causing Harry 's friends to distance themselves from him . Harry is guided through the tournament by their new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor , Alastor `` Mad - Eye '' Moody , who turns out to be an impostor -- one of Voldemort 's supporters named Barty Crouch , Jr. in disguise . The point at which the mystery is unravelled marks the series ' shift from foreboding and uncertainty into open conflict . Voldemort 's plan to have Crouch use the tournament to bring Harry to Voldemort succeeds . Although Harry manages to escape , Cedric Diggory , the other Hogwarts champion in the tournament , is killed by Peter Pettigrew and Voldemort re-enters the Wizarding World with a physical body . In the fifth book , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , Harry must confront the newly resurfaced Voldemort . In response to Voldemort 's reappearance , Dumbledore re-activates the Order of the Phoenix , a secret society which works from Sirius Black 's dark family home to defeat Voldemort 's minions and protect Voldemort 's targets , especially Harry . Despite Harry 's description of Voldemort 's recent activities , the Ministry of Magic and many others in the magical world refuse to believe that Voldemort has returned . In an attempt to counter and eventually discredit Dumbledore , who along with Harry is the most prominent voice in the Wizarding World attempting to warn of Voldemort 's return , the Ministry appoints Dolores Umbridge as the High Inquisitor of Hogwarts and the new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher . She transforms the school into a dictatorial regime and refuses to allow the students to learn ways to defend themselves against dark magic . With Ron and Hermione 's suggestion , Harry forms `` Dumbledore 's Army '' , a secret study group aimed to teach his classmates the higher - level skills of Defence Against the Dark Arts that he has learned from his previous encounters with Dark wizards . Through those lessons , Harry begins to develop a crush on the popular and attractive Cho Chang . Juggling schoolwork , Umbridge 's incessant and persistent efforts to land him in trouble and the defensive lessons , Harry begins to lose sleep as he constantly receives disturbing dreams about a dark corridor in the Ministry of Magic , followed by a burning desire . An important prophecy concerning Harry and Lord Voldemort is then revealed , and Harry discovers that he and Voldemort have a painful connection , allowing Harry to view some of Voldemort 's actions telepathically . In the novel 's climax , Harry is tricked into seeing Sirius tortured and races to the Ministry of Magic . He and his friends face off against Voldemort 's followers nicknamed Death Eaters at the Ministry of Magic . Although the timely arrival of members of the Order of the Phoenix saves the teenagers ' lives , Sirius Black is killed in the conflict . In the sixth book , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , Voldemort begins waging open warfare . Harry and his friends are relatively protected from that danger at Hogwarts . They are subject to all the difficulties of adolescence -- Harry eventually begins dating Ginny , Ron establishes a strong infatuation with fellow Hogwarts student Lavender Brown , and Hermione starts to develop romantic feelings towards Ron . Near the beginning of the novel , lacking his own book , Harry is given an old potions textbook filled with many annotations and recommendations signed by a mysterious writer titled ; `` the Half - Blood Prince . '' This book is a source of scholastic success and great recognition from their new potions master , Horace Slughorn , but because of the potency of the spells that are written in it , becomes a source of concern . With war drawing near , Harry takes private lessons with Dumbledore , who shows him various memories concerning the early life of Voldemort in a device called a Pensieve . These reveal that in order to preserve his life , Voldemort has split his soul into pieces , creating a series of Horcruxes -- evil enchanted items hidden in various locations , one of which was the diary destroyed in the second book . On their way to collect a Horcrux , Draco , who has joined with the Death Eaters , attempts to attack Dumbledore , and the book culminates in the killing of Dumbledore by Professor Snape , the titular Half - Blood Prince . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , the last original novel in the series , begins directly after the events of the sixth book . Lord Voldemort has completed his ascension to power and gained control of the Ministry of Magic . Harry , Ron and Hermione drop out of school so that they can find and destroy Voldemort 's remaining Horcruxes . To ensure their own safety as well as that of their family and friends , they are forced to isolate themselves . A ghoul pretends to be Ron ill with a contagious disease , Harry and the Dursleys separate , and Hermione wipes her parents ' memories . As they search for the Horcruxes , the trio learns details about an ancient prophecy about the Deathly Hallows , three legendary items that when united under one Keeper , would supposedly grant that person to be the Master of Death . Harry discovers his handy Invisibility Cloak to be one of those items , and Voldemort to be searching for another : the Elder Wand , the most powerful wand in history . At the end of the book , Harry and his friends learn about Dumbledore 's past , as well as Snape 's true motives -- he had worked on Dumbledore 's behalf since the murder of Harry 's mother . Eventually , Snape is killed by Voldemort out of paranoia . The book culminates in the Battle of Hogwarts . Harry , Ron and Hermione , in conjunction with members of the Order of the Phoenix and many of the teachers and students , defend Hogwarts from Voldemort , his Death Eaters , and various dangerous magical creatures . Several major characters are killed in the first wave of the battle , including Remus Lupin and Fred Weasley , Ron 's older brother . After learning that he himself is a Horcrux , Harry surrenders himself to Voldemort in the Forbidden Forest , who casts a killing curse ( Avada Kedavra ) at him . The defenders of Hogwarts do not surrender after learning of Harry 's presumed death and continue to fight on . Harry awakens and faces Voldemort , whose Horcruxes have all been destroyed . In the final battle , Voldemort 's killing curse rebounds off Harry 's defensive spell ( Expelliarmus ) killing Voldemort . An epilogue `` Nineteen Years Later '' ( set on 1 September 2017 ) describes the lives of the surviving characters and the effects of Voldemort 's death on the Wizarding World . In the epilogue , Harry and Ginny are married with three children , and Ron and Hermione are married with two children . Supplementary works Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Main article : Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is a two - part West End stage play . It was written by Jack Thorne and based on a story by author J.K. Rowling , Thorne and director John Tiffany . The play opened on 30 July 2016 at the Palace Theatre , London , England . The script was released on 31 July 2016 . The story is set nineteen years after the ending of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and follows Harry Potter , now a Ministry of Magic employee , and his youngest son Albus Severus Potter . The play 's official synopsis was released on 23 October 2015 : It was always difficult being Harry Potter and it is n't much easier now that he is an overworked employee of the Ministry of Magic , a husband , and father of three school - age children . While Harry grapples with a past that refuses to stay where it belongs , his youngest son Albus must struggle with the weight of a family legacy he never wanted . As past and present fuse ominously , both father and son learn the uncomfortable truth : sometimes , darkness comes from unexpected places . In - universe books See also : J.K. Rowling § Philanthropy Rowling has expanded the Harry Potter universe with several short books produced for various charities . In 2001 , she released Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( a purported Hogwarts textbook ) and Quidditch Through the Ages ( a book Harry reads for fun ) . Proceeds from the sale of these two books benefited the charity Comic Relief . In 2007 , Rowling composed seven handwritten copies of The Tales of Beedle the Bard , a collection of fairy tales that is featured in the final novel , one of which was auctioned to raise money for the Children 's High Level Group , a fund for mentally disabled children in poor countries . The book was published internationally on 4 December 2008 . Rowling also wrote an 800 - word prequel in 2008 as part of a fundraiser organised by the bookseller Waterstones . All three of these books contain extra information about the wizarding world not included in the original novels . In 2016 , she released three new e-books : Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide , Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists and Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies . Pottermore website In 2011 , Rowling launched a new website announcing an upcoming project called Pottermore . Pottermore opened to the general public on 14 April 2012 . Pottermore allows users to be sorted , be chosen by their wand and play various minigames . The main purpose of the website was to allow the user to journey though the story with access to content not revealed by JK Rowling previously , with over 18,000 words of additional content . In September 2015 , the website was completely overhauled and most of the features were removed . The site has been redesigned and it mainly focuses on the information already available , rather than exploration . Structure and genre The Harry Potter novels are mainly directed at a young adult audience as opposed to an audience of middle grade readers , children , or adults . The novels fall within the genre of fantasy literature , and qualify as a type of fantasy called `` urban fantasy '' , `` contemporary fantasy '' , or `` low fantasy '' . They are mainly dramas , and maintain a fairly serious and dark tone throughout , though they do contain some notable instances of tragicomedy and black humour . In many respects , they are also examples of the bildungsroman , or coming of age novel , and contain elements of mystery , adventure , horror , thriller , and romance . The books are also , in the words of Stephen King , `` shrewd mystery tales '' , and each book is constructed in the manner of a Sherlock Holmes - style mystery adventure . The stories are told from a third person limited point of view with very few exceptions ( such as the opening chapters of Philosopher 's Stone , Goblet of Fire and Deathly Hallows and the first two chapters of Half - Blood Prince ) . The series can be considered part of the British children 's boarding school genre , which includes Rudyard Kipling 's Stalky & Co. , Enid Blyton 's Malory Towers , St. Clare 's and the Naughtiest Girl series , and Frank Richards 's Billy Bunter novels : the Harry Potter books are predominantly set in Hogwarts , a fictional British boarding school for wizards , where the curriculum includes the use of magic . In this sense they are `` in a direct line of descent from Thomas Hughes 's Tom Brown 's School Days and other Victorian and Edwardian novels of British public school life '' , though they are , as many note , more contemporary , grittier , darker , and more mature than the typical boarding school novel , addressing serious themes of death , love , loss , prejudice , coming - of - age , and the loss of innocence in a 1990s British setting . Each of the seven books is set over the course of one school year . Harry struggles with the problems he encounters , and dealing with them often involves the need to violate some school rules . If students are caught breaking rules , they are often disciplined by Hogwarts professors . The stories reach their climax in the summer term , near or just after final exams , when events escalate far beyond in - school squabbles and struggles , and Harry must confront either Voldemort or one of his followers , the Death Eaters , with the stakes a matter of life and death -- a point underlined , as the series progresses , by characters being killed in each of the final four books . In the aftermath , he learns important lessons through exposition and discussions with head teacher and mentor Albus Dumbledore . The only exception to this school - centred setting is the final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , in which Harry and his friends spend most of their time away from Hogwarts , and only return there to face Voldemort at the dénouement . Themes According to Rowling , a major theme in the series is death : `` My books are largely about death . They open with the death of Harry 's parents . There is Voldemort 's obsession with conquering death and his quest for immortality at any price , the goal of anyone with magic . I so understand why Voldemort wants to conquer death . We 're all frightened of it . '' Academics and journalists have developed many other interpretations of themes in the books , some more complex than others , and some including political subtexts . Themes such as normality , oppression , survival , and overcoming imposing odds have all been considered as prevalent throughout the series . Similarly , the theme of making one 's way through adolescence and `` going over one 's most harrowing ordeals -- and thus coming to terms with them '' has also been considered . Rowling has stated that the books comprise `` a prolonged argument for tolerance , a prolonged plea for an end to bigotry '' and that they also pass on a message to `` question authority and ... not assume that the establishment or the press tells you all of the truth '' . While the books could be said to comprise many other themes , such as power / abuse of power , violence and hatred , love , loss , prejudice , and free choice , they are , as Rowling states , `` deeply entrenched in the whole plot '' ; the writer prefers to let themes `` grow organically '' , rather than sitting down and consciously attempting to impart such ideas to her readers . Along the same lines is the ever - present theme of adolescence , in whose depiction Rowling has been purposeful in acknowledging her characters ' sexualities and not leaving Harry , as she put it , `` stuck in a state of permanent pre-pubescence '' . Rowling has also been praised for her nuanced depiction of the ways in which death and violence affects youth , and humanity as a whole . Rowling said that , to her , the moral significance of the tales seems `` blindingly obvious '' . The key for her was the choice between what is right and what is easy , `` because that ... is how tyranny is started , with people being apathetic and taking the easy route and suddenly finding themselves in deep trouble . '' Origins Main article : Harry Potter influences and analogues In 1990 , Rowling was on a crowded train from Manchester to London when the idea for Harry suddenly `` fell into her head '' . Rowling gives an account of the experience on her website saying : `` I had been writing almost continuously since the age of six but I had never been so excited about an idea before . I simply sat and thought , for four ( delayed train ) hours , and all the details bubbled up in my brain , and this scrawny , black - haired , bespectacled boy who did not know he was a wizard became more and more real to me . '' Rowling completed Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone in 1995 and the manuscript was sent off to several prospective agents . The second agent she tried , Christopher Little , offered to represent her and sent the manuscript to Bloomsbury . Publishing history The novelist , J.K. Rowling The logo used in British , Australian , and Canadian editions before 2010 , which uses the typeface Cochin Bold . After eight other publishers had rejected Philosopher 's Stone , Bloomsbury offered Rowling a £ 2,500 advance for its publication . Despite Rowling 's statement that she did not have any particular age group in mind when beginning to write the Harry Potter books , the publishers initially targeted children aged nine to eleven . On the eve of publishing , Rowling was asked by her publishers to adopt a more gender - neutral pen name in order to appeal to the male members of this age group , fearing that they would not be interested in reading a novel they knew to be written by a woman . She elected to use J.K. Rowling ( Joanne Kathleen Rowling ) , using her grandmother 's name as her second name because she has no middle name . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone was published by Bloomsbury , the publisher of all Harry Potter books in the United Kingdom , on 26 June 1997 . It was released in the United States on 1 September 1998 by Scholastic -- the American publisher of the books -- as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone , after Rowling had received US $105,000 for the American rights -- a record amount for a children 's book by an unknown author . Fearing that American readers would not associate the word `` philosopher '' with magic ( although the Philosopher 's Stone is alchemy - related ) , Scholastic insisted that the book be given the title Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone for the American market . The second book , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 and in the US on 2 June 1999 . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 and in the US on 8 September 1999 . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version . It was published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003 . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince was published on 16 July 2005 , and it sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release . The seventh and final novel , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , was published on 21 July 2007 . The book sold 11 million copies in the first 24 hours of release , breaking down to 2.7 million copies in the UK and 8.3 million in the US . Translations Main article : Harry Potter in translation The Russian translation of The Deathly Hallows goes on sale in Moscow , 2007 The series has been translated into 67 languages , placing Rowling among the most translated authors in history . The books have seen translations to diverse languages such as Korean , Armenian , Ukrainian , Arabic , Urdu , Hindi , Bengali , Bulgarian , Welsh , Afrikaans , Albanian , Latvian and Vietnamese . The first volume has been translated into Latin and even Ancient Greek , making it the longest published work in Ancient Greek since the novels of Heliodorus of Emesa in the 3rd century AD . The second volume has also been translated into Latin . Some of the translators hired to work on the books were well - known authors before their work on Harry Potter , such as Viktor Golyshev , who oversaw the Russian translation of the series ' fifth book . The Turkish translation of books two to seven was undertaken by Sevin Okyay , a popular literary critic and cultural commentator . For reasons of secrecy , translation on a given book could only start after it had been released in English , leading to a lag of several months before the translations were available . This led to more and more copies of the English editions being sold to impatient fans in non-English speaking countries ; for example , such was the clamour to read the fifth book that its English language edition became the first English - language book ever to top the best - seller list in France . The United States editions were adapted into American English to make them more understandable to a young American audience . Completion of the series In December 2005 , Rowling stated on her web site , `` 2006 will be the year when I write the final book in the Harry Potter series . '' Updates then followed in her online diary chronicling the progress of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , with the release date of 21 July 2007 . The book itself was finished on 11 January 2007 in the Balmoral Hotel , Edinburgh , where she scrawled a message on the back of a bust of Hermes . It read : `` J.K. Rowling finished writing Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in this room ( 552 ) on 11 January 2007 . '' Rowling herself has stated that the last chapter of the final book ( in fact , the epilogue ) was completed `` in something like 1990 '' . In June 2006 , Rowling , on an appearance on the British talk show Richard & Judy , announced that the chapter had been modified as one character `` got a reprieve '' and two others who previously survived the story had in fact been killed . On 28 March 2007 , the cover art for the Bloomsbury Adult and Child versions and the Scholastic version were released . In September 2012 , Rowling mentioned in an interview that she might go back to make a `` director 's cut '' of two of the existing Harry Potter books . Cover art For cover art , Bloomsbury chose painted art in a classic style of design , with the first cover a watercolour and pencil drawing by illustrator Thomas Taylor showing Harry boarding the Hogwarts Express , and a title in the font Cochin Bold . The first releases of the successive books in the series followed in the same style but somewhat more realistic , illustrating scenes from the books . These covers were created by first Cliff Wright and then Jason Cockroft . Due to the appeal of the books among an adult audience , Bloomsbury commissioned a second line of editions in an ' adult ' style . These initially used black - and - white photographic art for the covers showing objects from the books ( including a very American Hogwarts Express ) without depicting people , but later shifted to partial colourisation with a picture of Slytherin 's locket on the cover of the final book . International and later editions have been created by a range of designers , including Mary GrandPré for U.S. audiences and Mika Launis in Finland . For a later American release , Kazu Kibuishi created covers in a somewhat anime - influenced style . Achievements `` Platform 93⁄4 '' sign on London King 's Cross railway station Cultural impact For more details on this topic , see Harry Potter fandom . Fans of the series were so eager for the latest instalment that bookstores around the world began holding events to coincide with the midnight release of the books , beginning with the 2000 publication of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . The events , commonly featuring mock sorting , games , face painting , and other live entertainment have achieved popularity with Potter fans and have been highly successful in attracting fans and selling books with nearly nine million of the 10.8 million initial print copies of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince sold in the first 24 hours . The final book in the series , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows became the fastest selling book in history , moving 11 million units in the first twenty - four hours of release . The series has also gathered adult fans , leading to the release of two editions of each Harry Potter book , identical in text but with one edition 's cover artwork aimed at children and the other aimed at adults . Besides meeting online through blogs , podcasts , and fansites , Harry Potter super-fans can also meet at Harry Potter symposia . The word Muggle has spread beyond its Harry Potter origins , becoming one of few pop culture words to land in the Oxford English Dictionary . The Harry Potter fandom has embraced podcasts as a regular , often weekly , insight to the latest discussion in the fandom . Both MuggleCast and PotterCast have reached the top spot of iTunes podcast rankings and have been polled one of the top 50 favourite podcasts . Some lessons identified in the series include diversity , acceptance , political tolerance , and equality . Surveys of over 1,000 college students in the United States show that those who read the books were significantly different than those who had not . Readers of the series were found to be more tolerant , more opposed to violence and torture , less authoritarian , and less cynical . Although it is not known if this is a cause - and - effect relationship , there is a clear correlation , and it seems that Harry Potter 's cultural impact may be stronger than just a fandom bond . At the University of Michigan in 2009 , StarKid Productions performed an original musical parodying the Harry Potter series called A Very Potter Musical . The musical was awarded Entertainment Weekly 's 10 Best Viral Videos of 2009 . Characters and elements from the series have inspired scientific names of several organisms , including the dinosaur Dracorex hogwartsia , the spider Eriovixia gryffindori , the wasp Ampulex dementor , and the crab Harryplax severus . Commercial success See also : List of best - selling books Crowd outside a book store for the midnight release of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . The popularity of the Harry Potter series has translated into substantial financial success for Rowling , her publishers , and other Harry Potter related license holders . This success has made Rowling the first and thus far only billionaire author . The books have sold more than 400 million copies worldwide and have also given rise to the popular film adaptations produced by Warner Bros. , all of which have been highly successful in their own right . The films have in turn spawned eight video games and have led to the licensing of more than 400 additional Harry Potter products . The Harry Potter brand has been estimated to be worth as much as $25 billion . The great demand for Harry Potter books motivated the New York Times to create a separate best - seller list for children 's literature in 2000 , just before the release of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . By 24 June 2000 , Rowling 's novels had been on the list for 79 straight weeks ; the first three novels were each on the hardcover best - seller list . On 12 April 2007 , Barnes & Noble declared that Deathly Hallows had broken its pre-order record , with more than 500,000 copies pre-ordered through its site . For the release of Goblet of Fire , 9,000 FedEx trucks were used with no other purpose than to deliver the book . Together , Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble pre-sold more than 700,000 copies of the book . In the United States , the book 's initial printing run was 3.8 million copies . This record statistic was broken by Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , with 8.5 million , which was then shattered by Half - Blood Prince with 10.8 million copies . 6.9 million copies of Prince were sold in the U.S. within the first 24 hours of its release ; in the United Kingdom more than two million copies were sold on the first day . The initial U.S. print run for Deathly Hallows was 12 million copies , and more than a million were pre-ordered through Amazon and Barnes & Noble . Awards , honours , and recognition The Harry Potter series has been recognised by a host of awards since the initial publication of Philosopher 's Stone including four Whitaker Platinum Book Awards ( all of which were awarded in 2001 ) , three Nestlé Smarties Book Prizes ( 1997 -- 1999 ) , two Scottish Arts Council Book Awards ( 1999 and 2001 ) , the inaugural Whitbread children 's book of the year award ( 1999 ) , the WHSmith book of the year ( 2006 ) , among others . In 2000 , Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Novel , and in 2001 , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire won said award . Honours include a commendation for the Carnegie Medal ( 1997 ) , a short listing for the Guardian Children 's Award ( 1998 ) , and numerous listings on the notable books , editors ' Choices , and best books lists of the American Library Association , The New York Times , Chicago Public Library , and Publishers Weekly . In 2002 , British sociologist Andrew Blake named Harry Potter among the icons of British popular culture along with the likes of James Bond and Sherlock Holmes . In 2003 , four of the books were named in the top 24 of the BBC 's The Big Read survey of the best loved novels in the UK . A 2004 study found that books in the series were commonly read aloud in elementary schools in San Diego County , California . Based on a 2007 online poll , the U.S. National Education Association listed the series in its `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Three of the books placed among the `` Top 100 Chapter Books '' of all time , or children 's novels , in a 2012 survey published by School Library Journal : Sorcerer 's Stone ranked number three , Prisoner of Azkaban 12th , and Goblet of Fire 98th . In 2012 , the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London featured a 100 - foot tall rendition of Lord Voldemort in a segment designed to show off the UK 's cultural icons . Reception Literary criticism Early in its history , Harry Potter received positive reviews . On publication , the first book , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , attracted attention from the Scottish newspapers , such as The Scotsman , which said it had `` all the makings of a classic '' , and The Glasgow Herald , which called it `` Magic stuff '' . Soon the English newspapers joined in , with more than one comparing it to Roald Dahl 's work : The Mail on Sunday rated it as `` the most imaginative debut since Roald Dahl '' , a view echoed by The Sunday Times ( `` comparisons to Dahl are , this time , justified '' ) , while The Guardian called it `` a richly textured novel given lift - off by an inventive wit '' . By the time of the release of the fifth book , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , the books began to receive strong criticism from a number of literary scholars . Yale professor , literary scholar , and critic Harold Bloom raised criticisms of the books ' literary merits , saying , `` Rowling 's mind is so governed by clichés and dead metaphors that she has no other style of writing . '' A.S. Byatt authored a New York Times op - ed article calling Rowling 's universe a `` secondary secondary world , made up of intelligently patchworked derivative motifs from all sorts of children 's literature ... written for people whose imaginative lives are confined to TV cartoons , and the exaggerated ( more exciting , not threatening ) mirror - worlds of soaps , reality TV and celebrity gossip '' . Michael Rosen , a novelist and poet , advocated the books were not suited for children , who would be unable to grasp the complex themes . Rosen also stated that `` J.K. Rowling is more of an adult writer . '' The critic Anthony Holden wrote in The Observer on his experience of judging Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban for the 1999 Whitbread Awards . His overall view of the series was negative -- `` the Potter saga was essentially patronising , conservative , highly derivative , dispiritingly nostalgic for a bygone Britain '' , and he speaks of `` a pedestrian , ungrammatical prose style '' . Ursula K. Le Guin said , `` I have no great opinion of it . When so many adult critics were carrying on about the ' incredible originality ' of the first Harry Potter book , I read it to find out what the fuss was about , and remained somewhat puzzled ; it seemed a lively kid 's fantasy crossed with a `` school novel '' , good fare for its age group , but stylistically ordinary , imaginatively derivative , and ethically rather mean - spirited . '' By contrast , author Fay Weldon , while admitting that the series is `` not what the poets hoped for '' , nevertheless goes on to say , `` but this is not poetry , it is readable , saleable , everyday , useful prose '' . The literary critic A.N. Wilson praised the Harry Potter series in The Times , stating : `` There are not many writers who have JK 's Dickensian ability to make us turn the pages , to weep -- openly , with tears splashing -- and a few pages later to laugh , at invariably good jokes ... We have lived through a decade in which we have followed the publication of the liveliest , funniest , scariest and most moving children 's stories ever written '' . Charles Taylor of Salon.com , who is primarily a movie critic , took issue with Byatt 's criticisms in particular . While he conceded that she may have `` a valid cultural point -- a teeny one -- about the impulses that drive us to reassuring pop trash and away from the troubling complexities of art '' , he rejected her claims that the series is lacking in serious literary merit and that it owes its success merely to the childhood reassurances it offers . Taylor stressed the progressively darker tone of the books , shown by the murder of a classmate and close friend and the psychological wounds and social isolation each causes . Taylor also argued that Philosopher 's Stone , said to be the most light - hearted of the seven published books , disrupts the childhood reassurances that Byatt claims spur the series ' success : the book opens with news of a double murder , for example . Stephen King called the series `` a feat of which only a superior imagination is capable '' , and declared `` Rowling 's punning , one - eyebrow - cocked sense of humor '' to be `` remarkable '' . However , he wrote that despite the story being `` a good one '' , he is `` a little tired of discovering Harry at home with his horrible aunt and uncle '' , the formulaic beginning of all seven books . King has also joked that `` Rowling 's never met an adverb she did not like ! '' He does however predict that Harry Potter `` will indeed stand time 's test and wind up on a shelf where only the best are kept ; I think Harry will take his place with Alice , Huck , Frodo , and Dorothy and this is one series not just for the decade , but for the ages '' . Sameer Rahim of The Daily Telegraph disagreed , saying `` It depresses me to see 16 and 17 year - olds reading the series when they could be reading the great novels of childhood such as Oliver Twist or A House for Mr Biswas . What that says about the adults who are fanatical fans I 'm not sure -- but I suspect in years to come people will make a link between our plump , comfortable , infantilising society and the popularity of Potter . '' There is ongoing discussion regarding the extent to which the series was inspired by Tolkien 's Lord of the Rings books . Social impact Although Time magazine named Rowling as a runner - up for its 2007 Person of the Year award , noting the social , moral , and political inspiration she has given her fandom , cultural comments on the series have been mixed . Washington Post book critic Ron Charles opined in July 2007 that the large numbers of adults reading the Potter series but few other books may represent a `` bad case of cultural infantilism '' , and that the straightforward `` good vs. evil '' theme of the series is `` childish '' . He also argued `` through no fault of Rowling 's '' , the cultural and marketing `` hysteria '' marked by the publication of the later books `` trains children and adults to expect the roar of the coliseum , a mass - media experience that no other novel can possibly provide '' . Librarian Nancy Knapp pointed out the books ' potential to improve literacy by motivating children to read much more than they otherwise would . The seven - book series has a word count of 1,083,594 ( US edition ) . Agreeing about the motivating effects , Diane Penrod also praised the books ' blending of simple entertainment with `` the qualities of highbrow literary fiction '' , but expressed concern about the distracting effect of the prolific merchandising that accompanies the book launches . However , the assumption that Harry Potter books have increased literacy among young people is `` largely a folk legend . '' Research by the National Endowment for the Arts ( NEA ) has found no increase in reading among children coinciding with the Harry Potter publishing phenomenon , nor has the broader downward trend in reading among Americans been arrested during the rise in the popularity of the Harry Potter books . The research also found that children who read Harry Potter books were not more likely to go on to read outside the fantasy and mystery genres . NEA chairman Dana Gioia said the series , `` got millions of kids to read a long and reasonably complex series of books . The trouble is that one Harry Potter novel every few years is not enough to reverse the decline in reading . '' Jennifer Conn used Snape 's and Quidditch coach Madam Hooch 's teaching methods as examples of what to avoid and what to emulate in clinical teaching , and Joyce Fields wrote that the books illustrate four of the five main topics in a typical first - year sociology class : `` sociological concepts including culture , society , and socialisation ; stratification and social inequality ; social institutions ; and social theory '' . Jenny Sawyer wrote in Christian Science Monitor on 25 July 2007 that the books represent a `` disturbing trend in commercial storytelling and Western society '' in that stories `` moral center ( sic ) have all but vanished from much of today 's pop culture ... after 10 years , 4,195 pages , and over 375 million copies , J.K. Rowling 's towering achievement lacks the cornerstone of almost all great children 's literature : the hero 's moral journey '' . Harry Potter , Sawyer argues , neither faces a `` moral struggle '' nor undergoes any ethical growth , and is thus `` no guide in circumstances in which right and wrong are anything less than black and white '' . In contrast Emily Griesinger described Harry 's first passage through to Platform 93⁄4 as an application of faith and hope , and his encounter with the Sorting Hat as the first of many in which Harry is shaped by the choices he makes . She also noted the `` deeper magic '' by which the self - sacrifice of Harry 's mother protects the boy throughout the series , and which the power - hungry Voldemort fails to understand . In an 8 November 2002 Slate article , Chris Suellentrop likened Potter to a `` trust - fund kid whose success at school is largely attributable to the gifts his friends and relatives lavish upon him '' . Noting that in Rowling 's fiction , magical ability potential is `` something you are born to , not something you can achieve '' , Suellentrop wrote that Dumbledore 's maxim that `` It is our choices that show what we truly are , far more than our abilities '' is hypocritical , as `` the school that Dumbledore runs values native gifts above all else '' . In a 12 August 2007 New York Times review of Deathly Hallows , however , Christopher Hitchens praised Rowling for `` unmooring '' her `` English school story '' from literary precedents `` bound up with dreams of wealth and class and snobbery '' , arguing that she had instead created `` a world of youthful democracy and diversity '' . In 2010 , coinciding with the release of the film Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1 , a series of articles were written about Private Harry Potter of the British army . This real - life Harry Potter was killed in the Arab Revolt near Hebron in 1939 . His grave , located in the British cemetery in Ramla , Israel , began to receive curious visitors leading the Ramla Municipality to list it on their website . The Daily Mail interviewed siblings of Harry Potter who stated , `` We could n't believe people visit his grave , but apparently they come from miles around to have their photo taken next to it . '' In 2016 , an article written by Diana C. Mutz compares the politics of Harry Potter to the 2016 Donald Trump presidential campaign . She states that 3 themes throughout the books are widely predominant ' 1 ) the value of tolerance and respect for difference ; 2 ) opposition to violence and punitiveness ; and 3 ) the dangers of authoritarianism . ' She suggests that these themes are also present in the presidential election and it may play a significant role in how Americans have responded to the campaign . Controversies Main articles : Legal disputes over the Harry Potter series , Religious debates over the Harry Potter series , Politics of Harry Potter , and Tanya Grotter The books have been the subject of a number of legal proceedings , stemming from various conflicts over copyright and trademark infringements . The popularity and high market value of the series has led Rowling , her publishers , and film distributor Warner Bros. to take legal measures to protect their copyright , which have included banning the sale of Harry Potter imitations , targeting the owners of websites over the `` Harry Potter '' domain name , and suing author Nancy Stouffer to counter her accusations that Rowling had plagiarised her work . Various religious conservatives have claimed that the books promote witchcraft and religions such as Wicca and are therefore unsuitable for children , while a number of critics have criticised the books for promoting various political agendas . The books also aroused controversies in the literary and publishing worlds . From 1997 to 1998 , Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone won almost all the UK awards judged by children , but none of the children 's book awards judged by adults , and Sandra Beckett suggested the reason was intellectual snobbery towards books that were popular among children . In 1999 , the winner of the Whitbread Book of the Year award children 's division was entered for the first time on the shortlist for the main award , and one judge threatened to resign if Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was declared the overall winner ; it finished second , very close behind the winner of the poetry prize , Seamus Heaney 's translation of the Anglo - Saxon epic Beowulf . In 2000 , shortly before the publication of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , the previous three Harry Potter books topped the New York Times fiction best - seller list and a third of the entries were children 's books . The newspaper created a new children 's section covering children 's books , including both fiction and non-fiction , and initially counting only hardback sales . The move was supported by publishers and booksellers . In 2004 , The New York Times further split the children 's list , which was still dominated by Harry Potter books into sections for series and individual books , and removed the Harry Potter books from the section for individual books . The split in 2000 attracted condemnation , praise and some comments that presented both benefits and disadvantages of the move . Time suggested that , on the same principle , Billboard should have created a separate `` mop - tops '' list in 1964 when the Beatles held the top five places in its list , and Nielsen should have created a separate game - show list when Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? dominated the ratings . Adaptations Films Main article : Harry Potter ( film series ) The locomotive that features as the `` Hogwarts Express '' in the film series . In 1998 , Rowling sold the film rights of the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £ 1 million ( $1,982,900 ) . Rowling demanded the principal cast be kept strictly British , nonetheless allowing for the inclusion of Irish actors such as the late Richard Harris as Dumbledore , and for casting of French and Eastern European actors in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire where characters from the book are specified as such . After many directors including Steven Spielberg , Terry Gilliam , Jonathan Demme , and Alan Parker were considered , Chris Columbus was appointed on 28 March 2000 as the director for Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ( titled `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' in the United States ) , with Warner Bros. citing his work on other family films such as Home Alone and Mrs. Doubtfire and proven experience with directing children as influences for their decision . After extensive casting , filming began in October 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and in London itself , with production ending in July 2001 . Philosopher 's Stone was released on 14 November 2001 . Just three days after the film 's release , production for Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , also directed by Columbus , began . Filming was completed in summer 2002 , with the film being released on 15 November 2002 . Daniel Radcliffe portrayed Harry Potter , doing so for all succeeding films in the franchise . Columbus declined to direct Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , only acting as producer . Mexican director Alfonso Cuarón took over the job , and after shooting in 2003 , the film was released on 4 June 2004 . Due to the fourth film beginning its production before the third 's release , Mike Newell was chosen as the director for Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , released on 18 November 2005 . Newell became the first British director of the series , with television director David Yates following suit after he was chosen to helm Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Production began in January 2006 and the film was released the following year in July 2007 . After executives were `` really delighted '' with his work on the film , Yates was selected to direct Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , which was released on 15 July 2009 . Gringotts Wizarding Bank as seen in the film series In March 2008 , Warner Bros. President and COO Alan F. Horn announced that the final instalment in the series , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , would be released in two cinematic parts : Part 1 on 19 November 2010 and Part 2 on 15 July 2011 . Production of both parts started in February 2009 , with the final day of principal photography taking place on 12 June 2010 . Rowling had creative control on the film series , observing the filmmaking process of Philosopher 's Stone and serving as producer on the two - part Deathly Hallows , alongside David Heyman and David Barron . The Harry Potter films have been top - rank box office hits , with all eight releases on the list of highest - grossing films worldwide . Philosopher 's Stone was the highest - grossing Harry Potter film up until the release of the final instalment of the series , Deathly Hallows , while Prisoner of Azkaban grossed the least . As well as being a financial success , the film series has also been a success among film critics . Opinions of the films are generally divided among fans , with one group preferring the more faithful approach of the first two films , and another group preferring the more stylised character - driven approach of the later films . Rowling has been constantly supportive of all the films and evaluated Deathly Hallows as her `` favourite one '' in the series . She wrote on her website of the changes in the book - to - film transition , `` It is simply impossible to incorporate every one of my storylines into a film that has to be kept under four hours long . Obviously films have restrictions novels do not have , constraints of time and budget ; I can create dazzling effects relying on nothing but the interaction of my own and my readers ' imaginations '' . At the 64th British Academy Film Awards in February 2011 , Rowling was joined by producers David Heyman and David Barron along with directors David Yates , Alfonso Cuarón and Mike Newell in collecting the Michael Balcon Award for Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema on behalf of all the films in the series . Actors Rupert Grint and Emma Watson , who play main characters Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger , were also in attendance . Spin - off prequels A new series consisting of five films , beginning with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them , will take place before the main series . The first film was released on 18 November 2016 and the next two are due to be released in 2018 and 2020 . Rowling wrote the screenplay for the first instalment , marking her first foray into screenwriting . Games A number of other non-interactive media games and board games have been released such as Cluedo Harry Potter Edition , Scene It ? Harry Potter and Lego Harry Potter models , which are influenced by the themes of both the novels and films . There are thirteen Harry Potter video games , eight corresponding with the films and books and five spin - offs . The film / book - based games are produced by Electronic Arts , as was Harry Potter : Quidditch World Cup , with the game version of the first entry in the series , Philosopher 's Stone , being released in November 2001 . Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone went on to become one of the best - selling PlayStation games ever . The video games were released to coincide with the films , containing scenery and details from the films as well as the tone and spirit of the books . Objectives usually occur in and around Hogwarts , along with various other magical areas . The story and design of the games follow the selected film 's characterisation and plot ; EA worked closely with Warner Bros. to include scenes from the films . The last game in the series , Deathly Hallows , was split , with Part 1 released in November 2010 and Part 2 debuting on consoles in July 2011 . The two - part game forms the first entry to convey an intense theme of action and violence , with the gameplay revolving around a third - person shooter style format . The spin - off games Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 and Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 were developed by Traveller 's Tales and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment . The spin - off games Book of Spells and Book of Potions were developed by SCE London Studio and use the Wonderbook , an augmented reality book designed to be used in conjunction with the PlayStation Move and PlayStation Eye . The Harry Potter universe is also featured in Lego Dimensions , with the settings and side characters featured in the Harry Potter Adventure World , and Harry , Voldemort , and Hermione as playable characters . Titles in the series of Harry Potter games Year Title Platform ( s ) Acquired label ( s ) Console Computer Handheld Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone PS1 PS2 Xbox GameCube Windows Mac OS X Game Boy Color GBA PlayStation Greatest Hits Lego Creator : Harry Potter N / A Windows N / A N / A 2002 Lego Creator : Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets N / A Windows N / A N / A Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets PS1 PS2 Xbox GameCube Windows Mac OS X Game Boy Color GBA PlayStation 2 Greatest Hits Xbox Platinum Family Hits GameCube Player 's Choice 2003 Harry Potter Quidditch World Cup PlayStation 2 Xbox GameCube Windows Game Boy Advance PlayStation 2 Greatest Hits Xbox Platinum Family Hits Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban PlayStation 2 Xbox GameCube Windows Game Boy Advance PlayStation 2 Greatest Hits Xbox Platinum Family Hits GameCube Player 's Choice 2005 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire PlayStation 2 Xbox GameCube Windows Game Boy Advance NDS PSP PlayStation 2 Greatest Hits 2007 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix PlayStation 2 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows Mac OS X Game Boy Advance NDS PSP N / A 2009 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince PlayStation 2 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows Mac OS X NDS PSP Mobile Game N / A Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows Mac OS X NDS PSP N / A Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows NDS N / A 2011 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows NDS N / A Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Wii Windows Mac OS X NDS PSP 3DS PS Vita N / A Harry Potter for Kinect Xbox 360 N / A N / A N / A 2012 Book of Spells PlayStation 3 N / A N / A N / A 2013 Book of Potions PlayStation 3 N / A N / A N / A Audiobooks All seven Harry Potter books have been released in unabridged audiobook versions , with Stephen Fry reading the UK editions and Jim Dale voicing the series for the American editions . Stage production Main article : Harry Potter and the Cursed Child On 20 December 2013 , J.K. Rowling announced that she was working on a Harry Potter -- based play for which she would be one of the producers . British theatre producers Sonia Friedman and Colin Callender will be the co-producers . On 26 June 2015 , on the anniversary of the debut of the first book , Rowling revealed via Twitter that the Harry Potter stage play would be called Harry Potter and The Cursed Child . The Production is expected to open in the summer of 2016 at London 's Palace Theatre , London . The first four months of tickets for the June -- September performances were sold out within several hours upon release . On 10 February 2016 , it was announced via the Pottermore website , that the script would be released in book form , the day after the play 's world premiere , making this the 8th book in the series , with events set nineteen years after the closing chapter of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Main article : The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Hogwarts Castle as depicted in the Wizarding World of Harry Potter , located in Universal Orlando Resort 's Island of Adventure After the success of the films and books , Universal and Warner Brothers announced they would create The Wizarding World of Harry Potter , a new Harry Potter - themed expansion to the Islands of Adventure theme park at Universal Orlando Resort in Florida . The land officially opened to the public on 18 June 2010 . It includes a re-creation of Hogsmeade and several rides . The flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey , which exists within a re-creation of Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . Other rides include Dragon Challenge , a pair of inverted roller coasters , and Flight of the Hippogriff , a family roller coaster . Four years later , on 8 July 2014 , Universal opened a Harry Potter - themed area at the Universal Studios Florida theme park . It includes a re-creation of Diagon Alley and connecting alleys and a small section of Muggle London . The flagship attraction is Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts roller coaster ride . Universal also added a completely functioning recreation of the Hogwarts Express connecting Kings Cross Station at Universal Studios Florida to the Hogsmeade station at Islands of Adventure . Both Hogsmeade and Diagon Alley contain many shops and restaurants from the book series , including Weasley 's Wizard Wheezes and The Leaky Cauldron . On 15 July 2014 , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter opened at the Universal Studios Japan theme park in Osaka , Japan . It includes the village of Hogsmeade , Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey ride , and Flight of the Hippogriff roller coaster . On 7 April 2016 , The Wizarding World of Harry Potter opened at the Universal Studios Hollywood theme park near Los Angeles , California . United Kingdom In March 2011 , Warner Bros. announced plans to build a tourist attraction in the United Kingdom to showcase the Harry Potter film series . Warner Bros. Studio Tour London is a behind - the - scenes walking tour featuring authentic sets , costumes and props from the film series . The attraction , Warner Bros. Studio Tour London - The Making of Harry Potter , is located at Warner Bros. Studios , Leavesden , where all eight of the Harry Potter films were made . Warner Bros. constructed two new sound stages to house and showcase the famous sets from each of the British - made productions , following a £ 100 million investment . It opened to the public in March 2012 . References Jump up ^ Peter Svensson ( 27 March 2012 ) . `` Harry Potter breaks e-book lockdown '' . Yahoo . Retrieved 29 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Allsobrook , Dr. Marian ( 18 June 2003 ) . `` Potter 's place in the literary canon '' . BBC News . Retrieved 15 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rowling ' makes £ 5 every second ' '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . 3 October 2008 . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ TIME staff ( 31 July 2013 ) . `` Because It 's His Birthday : Harry Potter , By the Numbers '' . Time . Archived from the original on 1 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Meyer , Katie ( 6 April 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter 's $25 Billion Magic Spell '' . Time . Archived from the original on 10 April 2016 . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Sources that refer to the many genres , cultural meanings and references of the series include : Fry , Stephen ( 10 December 2005 ) . `` Living with Harry Potter '' . BBC Radio 4 . Archived from the original on 2 June 2009 . Retrieved 10 December 2005 . Jensen , Jeff ( 7 September 2000 ) . `` Why J.K. Rowling waited to read Harry Potter to her daughter '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . Nancy Carpentier Brown ( 2007 ) . `` The Last Chapter '' ( PDF ) . Our Sunday Visitor . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 October 2007 . Retrieved 28 April 2009 . J.K. Rowling . `` J.K. Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival '' . Archived from the original on 20 August 2006 . Retrieved 10 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Greig , Geordie ( 11 January 2006 ) . `` ' There would be so much to tell her ... ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on 11 March 2007 . Retrieved 4 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Lizo Mzimba ( 28 July 2008 ) . `` Interview with Steve Kloves and J.K. Rowling '' . Quick Quotes Quill . Archived from the original on 9 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Lemmerman , Kristin ( 14 July 2000 ) . `` Review : Gladly drinking from Rowling 's ' Goblet of Fire ' '' . CNN . Archived from the original on 29 June 2006 . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Muggle 's guide to Harry Potter '' . BBC News . 28 May 2004 . Retrieved 22 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Hajela , Deepti ( 14 July 2005 ) . `` Plot summaries for the first five Potter books '' . SouthFlorida.com . Archived from the original on 15 May 2010 . Retrieved 29 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Foster , Julie ( October 2001 ) . `` Potter books : Wicked witchcraft ? '' . Koinonia House . Retrieved 15 May 2010 . Jump up ^ * The years are first established by Nearly Headless Nick 's deathday cake in Chamber of Secrets , which indicates that Harry 's second year takes place from 1992 -- 93 . Rowling , J. K. ( 1998 ) . `` The Deathday Party '' . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets . Bloomsbury . ISBN 0747538492 . The years are also established by the death date of Harry 's parents , given in Deathly Hallows . Rowling , J. K. ( 2007 ) . `` Godric 's Hollow '' . Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Bloomsbury . ISBN 1551929767 . Jump up ^ Farndale , Nigel ( 15 July 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter and the parallel universe '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Memmott , Carol ( 19 July 2007 ) . `` The Harry Potter stories so far : A quick CliffsNotes review '' . USA Today . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival '' . J.K. Rowling.com. 15 August 2004 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2008 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Maguire , Gregory ( 5 September 1999 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ King , Stephen ( 23 July 2000 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Leonard , John ( 13 July 2003 ) . `` ' Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ A Whited , Lana ( 2004 ) . The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter : Perspectives on a Literary Phenomenon . University of Missouri Press . p. 371 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1549 - 9 . Jump up ^ Kakutani , Michiko ( 16 July 2005 ) . `` Harry Potter Works His Magic Again in a Far Darker Tale '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/harry-potter-19-years-later-jk-rowling-hogwarts-kings-cross-deathly-hallows-epilogue-a7923651.html Jump up ^ http://www.beyondhogwarts.com/harry-potter/articles/jk-rowling-goes-beyond-the-epilogue.html Jump up ^ `` Cursed Child is the ' eighth Potter story ' '' . Pottermore . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` News - Pottermore '' . Pottermore . Jump up ^ `` About The Show '' . Harrypottertheplay.com. 23 October 2015 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Simon ( 19 July 2007 ) . `` How Rowling conjured up millions '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Comic Relief : Quidditch Through the Ages '' . Albris . Retrieved 7 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Money '' . Comic Relief . Archived from the original on 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 25 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling book fetches £ 2 m '' . BBC News . 13 December 2007 . Retrieved 13 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Tales of Beedle the Bard '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on 17 December 2007 . Retrieved 14 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Williams , Rachel ( 29 May 2008 ) . `` Rowling pens Potter prequel for charities '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 30 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Chan , Melissa . `` J.K. Rowling Is About to Release 3 New ' Harry Potter ' Books '' . TIME.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling Has Mysterious New Potter Website '' . ABC News . Associated Press . 16 June 2011 . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Waiting for Pottermore ? '' . Pottermore Insider. 8 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 10 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Gilder Cooke , Sonia van ( 23 June 2011 ) . `` ' Pottermore ' Secrets Revealed : J.K. Rowling 's New Site is E-Book Meets Interactive World '' . Time . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Pottermore '' . Pottermore . Pottermore . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Anne Le Lievre , Kerrie ( 2003 ) . `` Wizards and wainscots : generic structures and genre themes in the Harry Potter series '' . CNET Networks . Retrieved 1 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : King , Stephen ( 23 July 2000 ) . `` Wild About Harry '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 August 2010 ... the Harry Potter books are , at heart , satisfyingly shrewd mystery tales . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter makes boarding fashionable '' . BBC . 13 December 1999 . Retrieved 1 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Ellen Jones , Leslie ( 2003 ) . JRR Tolkien : A Biography . Greenwood Press . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32340 - 9 . Jump up ^ A Whited , Lana ( 2004 ) . The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter : Perspectives on a Literary Phenomenon . University of Missouri Press . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1549 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Grossman , Lev ( 28 June 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter 's Last Adventure '' . Time Inc . Retrieved 1 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Two characters to die in last ' Harry Potter ' book : J.K. Rowling '' . CBC. 26 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 30 June 2006 . Retrieved 1 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Greenwald , Janey ; Greenwald , J ( Fall 2005 ) . `` Understanding Harry Potter : Parallels to the Deaf World '' ( Free full text ) . The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education . 10 ( 4 ) : 442 -- 450 . doi : 10.1093 / deafed / eni041 . PMID 16000691 . Jump up ^ Duffy , Edward ( 2002 ) . `` Sentences in Harry Potter , Students in Future Writing Classes '' . Rhetoric Review . 21 ( 2 ) : 177 . doi : 10.1207 / S15327981RR2102_03 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling outs Dumbledore as gay '' . BBC News . 21 October 2007 . Retrieved 21 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About the Books : transcript of J.K. Rowling 's live interview on Scholastic.com '' . Quick - Quote - Quill. 16 February 1999 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2004 . Retrieved 28 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Max , Wyman ( 26 October 2000 ) . `` '' You can lead a fool to a book but you can not make them think `` : Author has frank words for the religious right '' . The Vancouver Sun ( British Columbia ) . Retrieved 28 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Rowling , JK ( 2006 ) . `` Biography '' . JKRowling.com . Archived from the original on 21 April 2006 . Retrieved 21 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Final Harry Potter book set for release '' . Euskal Telebista. 15 July 2007 . Retrieved 21 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter Books ( UK Editions ) Terms and Conditions for Use of Images for Book Promotion '' ( PDF ) . Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. 10 July 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 July 2007 . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Lawless , John ( 2005 ) . `` Nigel Newton '' . The McGraw - Hill Companies Inc . Retrieved 9 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : A Whited , Lana ( 2004 ) . The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter : Perspectives on a Literary Phenomenon . University of Missouri Press . p. 351 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1549 - 9 . Jump up ^ Huler , Scott . `` The magic years '' . The News & Observer . Archived from the original on 18 December 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Savill , Richard ( 21 June 2001 ) . `` Harry Potter and the mystery of J K 's lost initial '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone '' . Bloomsbury Publishing . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wild about Harry '' . NYP Holdings , Inc. 2 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 21 August 2009 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Rozhon , Tracie ( 21 April 2007 ) . `` A Brief Walk Through Time at Scholastic '' . The New York Times . p . C3 . Retrieved 21 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Tivier . `` Difference between American and British Versions of Harry Potter Series '' . Fanpop.com . Retrieved 28 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Potter timeline for muggles '' . Toronto Star . 14 July 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Speed - reading after lights out '' . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . 19 July 2000 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Harmon , Amy ( 14 July 2003 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Internet Pirates '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 21 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Cassy , John ( 16 January 2003 ) . `` Harry Potter and the hottest day of summer '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` July date for Harry Potter book '' . BBC News . 21 December 2004 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harry Potter finale sales hit 11 m '' . BBC News . 23 July 2007 . Retrieved 21 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rowling unveils last Potter date '' . BBC News . 1 February 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Dammann , Guy ( 18 June 2008 ) . `` Harry Potter breaks 400 m in sales '' . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 17 October 2008 . Jump up ^ KMaul ( 2005 ) . `` Guinness World Records : L. Ron Hubbard Is the Most Translated Author '' . The Book Standard . Archived from the original on 8 March 2008 . Retrieved 19 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Andrew ( 2006 ) . `` Harry Potter in Greek '' . Andrew Wilson . Retrieved 28 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Castle , Tim ( 2 December 2004 ) . `` Harry Potter ? It 's All Greek to Me '' . Reuters . Archived from the original on 19 January 2008 . Retrieved 28 July 2008 . Jump up ^ LTD , Skyron . `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( Latin ) '' . Bloomsbury Publishing . Retrieved 13 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Güler , Emrah ( 2005 ) . `` Not lost in translation : Harry Potter in Turkish '' . The Turkish Daily News . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 9 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Staff Writer ( 1 July 2003 ) . `` OOTP is best seller in France -- in English ! '' . BBC News . Retrieved 28 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Differences in the UK and US Versions of Four Harry Potter Books '' . FAST US - 1 . 21 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 19 March 2015 . Retrieved 17 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling Official Site . Section : Welcome ! '' . 25 December 2005 . Archived from the original on 30 December 2005 . Retrieved 18 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Potter author signs off in style '' . BBC News . 2 February 2007 . Retrieved 5 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rowling to kill two in final book '' . BBC News . 27 June 2006 . Retrieved 25 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and Me '' . BBC News . 28 December 2001 . Retrieved 12 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows at Bloomsbury Publishing '' . Bloomsbury Publishing . Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cover Art : Harry Potter 7 '' . Scholastic . Archived from the original on 19 April 2007 . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling mulls ' director 's cut ' of Harry Potter books '' . BBC News . 26 September 2012 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2015 . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Thomas . `` Me and Harry Potter '' . Thomas Taylor ( author site ) . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Vanessa ( 20 January 2002 ) . `` Harry Potter beats Austen in sale rooms '' . The Observer . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows ; American edition ; Scholastic Corporation ; 2007 ; Final credits page Jump up ^ `` Illustrator puts a bit of herself on Potter cover : GrandPré feels pressure to create something special with each book '' . MSNBC . Associated Press . 8 March 2005 . Retrieved 12 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Liu , Jonathan H. ( 13 February 2013 ) . `` New Harry Potter Covers by Kazu Kibuishi '' . www.wired.com . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Hall , April ( 15 August 2014 ) . `` 5 Questions With ... Kazu Kibuishi ( Amulet series ) '' . www.reading.org . Archived from the original on 18 April 2015 . Retrieved 6 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Simon ( 18 July 2005 ) . `` Harry Potter casts spell at checkouts '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 29 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Potter book smashes sales records '' . BBC News . 18 July 2005 . Retrieved 29 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Harry Potter ' tale is fastest - selling book in history '' . The New York Times . 23 July 2007 . Retrieved 30 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter at Bloomsbury Publishing -- Adult and Children Covers '' . Bloomsbury Publishing . Archived from the original on 28 August 2008 . Retrieved 18 August 2008 . Jump up ^ McCaffrey , Meg ( 1 May 2003 ) . `` ' Muggle ' Redux in the Oxford English Dictionary '' . School Library Journal . Archived from the original on 22 May 2007 . Retrieved 1 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Book corner : Secrets of Podcasting '' . Apple Inc. 8 September 2005 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2005 . Retrieved 31 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Mugglenet.com Taps Limelight 's Magic for Podcast Delivery of Harry Potter Content '' . PR Newswire. 8 November 2005 . Retrieved 31 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Hanna Kozlowska . `` Can ' Harry Potter ' Change the World ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 best viral videos of 2009 '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved 17 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Kean , Danuta ( 27 January 2017 ) . `` Harry Potter character provides name for new species of crab '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Watson , Julie ( 26 February 2004 ) . `` J.K. Rowling and the Billion - Dollar Empire '' . Forbes . Retrieved 3 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo , LLC. 1998 -- 2008 . Retrieved 29 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Booth , Jenny ( 1 November 2007 ) . `` J.K. Rowling publishes Harry Potter spin - off '' . London : Telegraph.com . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Dinitia ( 24 June 2000 ) . `` The Times Plans a Children 's Best - Seller List '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 30 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New Harry Potter breaks pre-order record '' . RTÉ.ie Entertainment . 13 April 2007 . Retrieved 23 April 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Fierman , Daniel ( 31 August 2005 ) . `` Wild About Harry '' . Entertainment Weekly . ew.com . Retrieved 4 March 2007 . When I buy the books for my grandchildren , I have them all gift wrapped but one ... that 's for me . And I have not been 12 for over 50 years . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter hits midnight frenzy '' . CNN . 15 July 2005 . Archived from the original on 21 December 2006 . Retrieved 15 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Worksheet : Half - Blood Prince sets UK record '' . BBC News . 20 July 2005 . Retrieved 19 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Record print run for final Potter '' . BBC News . 15 March 2007 . Retrieved 22 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Book honour for Harry Potter author '' . BBC News . 21 September 2001 . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling : From rags to riches '' . BBC News . 20 September 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Book ' Oscar ' for Potter author '' . BBC News . 30 May 2001 . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter casts a spell on the world '' . CNN . 18 July 1999 . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter : Meet J.K. Rowling '' . Scholastic Inc . Archived from the original on 4 June 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Moviegoers get wound up over ' Watchmen ' '' . MSNBC. 22 July 2008 . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter beaten to top award '' . BBC News . 7 July 2000 . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Levine , Arthur ( 2001 -- 2005 ) . `` Awards '' . Arthur A. Levine Books . Archived from the original on 29 April 2006 . Retrieved 21 May 2006 . Jump up ^ Fenske , Claudia ( 2008 ) . Muggles , Monsters and Magicians : A Literary Analysis of the Harry Potter Series . Peter Lang . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Read : The Top 100 '' . BBC . Retrieved 7 December 2016 Jump up ^ Fisher , Douglas ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Interactive Read - Alouds : Is There a Common Set of Implementation Practices ? '' ( PDF ) . The Reading Teacher. 58 ( 1 ) : 8 -- 17 . doi : 10.1598 / RT. 58.1. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 December 2013 . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Jump up ^ National Education Association ( 2007 ) . `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( 7 July 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . A Fuse # 8 Production . Blog . School Library Journal ( blog.schoollibraryjournal.com ) . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( 2012 - 07 - 27 ) . `` London Olympics : Voldemort , Mary Poppins Have An Epic Duel '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Eccleshare , Julia ( 2002 ) . A Guide to the Harry Potter Novels . Continuum International Publishing Group . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 5317 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bloom , Harold ( 24 September 2003 ) . `` Dumbing down American readers '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 20 June 2006 . Jump up ^ Byatt , A.S. ( 7 July 2003 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Childish Adult '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Sweeney , Charlene ( 19 May 2008 ) . `` Harry Potter ' is too boring and grown - up for young readers ' '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 15 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Holden , Anthony ( 25 June 2000 ) . `` Why Harry Potter does not cast a spell over me '' . The Observer . London . Retrieved 1 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chronicles of Earthsea '' . The Guardian . London . 9 February 2004 . Retrieved 2 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Allison , Rebecca ( 11 July 2003 ) . `` Rowling books ' for people with stunted imaginations ' '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 1 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Wilson , A.N. ( 29 July 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows by JK Rowling '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 28 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Salon Columnist '' . Salon.com. 2000 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2008 . Retrieved 3 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Charles ( 8 July 2003 ) . `` A.S. Byatt and the goblet of bile '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on 16 June 2008 . Retrieved 3 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Fox , Killian ( 31 December 2006 ) . `` JK Rowling : The mistress of all she surveys '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 10 February 2007 . Jump up ^ Rahim , Sameer ( 13 April 2012 ) . `` The Casual Vacancy : why I 'm dreading JK Rowling 's adult novel '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Wetherill , Louise . `` Harry Potter : Merely Frodo Baggins with a Wand ? '' , in Ampthill Literary Festival Yearbook 2015 . Ampthill : Literary Festival Committee , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 5175506 - 8 - 4 , pp. 85 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` Person of the Year 2007 Runners - up : J.K. Rowling '' . Time magazine . 23 December 2007 . Retrieved 23 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Charles , Ron ( 15 July 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Death of Reading '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 16 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Knapp , N.F. ( 2003 ) . `` In Defense of Harry Potter : An Apologia '' ( PDF ) . School Libraries Worldwide . International Association of School Librarianship. 9 ( 1 ) : 78 -- 91 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 March 2011 . Retrieved 14 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Penrod , D ( December 2001 ) . `` The Trouble with Harry : A Reason for Teaching Media Literacy to Young Adults '' . The Writing Instructor . Professional Writing Program at Purdue University . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Heilman , Elizabeth E. , ed. ( 2008 ) , Critical Perspectives on Harry Potter ( 2nd ed . ) , Routledge , p. 2 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 89154 - 1 Jump up ^ To Read or Not to Read ; A question of national consequence ( PDF ) , National Endowment for the Arts , November 2007 Jump up ^ Rich , Motoko ( 11 July 2007 ) , `` Harry Potter has limited effect on reading habits '' , New York Times Jump up ^ Conn , J.J. ( 2002 ) . `` What can clinical teachers learn from Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone ? '' . Medical Education . 36 ( 12 ) : 1176 -- 1181 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2923.2002. 01376. x . PMID 12472752 . Jump up ^ Fields , J.W. ( 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter , Benjamin Bloom , and the Sociological Imagination '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education . 19 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Sawyer , Jenny ( 25 July 2007 ) . `` Missing from ' Harry Potter '' -- a real moral struggle `` . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 16 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Griesinger , E. ( 2002 ) . `` Harry Potter and the `` deeper magic '' : narrating hope in children 's literature `` . Christianity and Literature. 51 ( 3 ) : 455 -- 480 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2012 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Suellentrop , Chris ( 8 November 2002 ) . `` Harry Potter : Fraud '' . Slate . Retrieved 16 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Hitchens , Christopher ( 12 August 2007 ) . `` The Boy Who Lived '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Private Harry Potter -- Worcestershire Regiment '' . www.worcestershireregiment.com . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The British Cemetery in Ramla '' . en.goramla.com . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grave of real - life British soldier Harry Potter killed 71 years ago becomes an official tourist attraction in Israel '' . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Jump up ^ C. Mutz , Diana ( 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Donald '' . Elections in Focus. 49 . Jump up ^ `` SScholastic Inc , J.K. Rowling and Time Warner Entertainment Company , L.P , Plaintiffs / Counterclaim Defendants , - against - Nancy Stouffer : United States District Court for the Southern District of New York '' . ICQ. 17 September 2002 . Retrieved 12 June 2007 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Kieren ( 2000 ) . `` Warner Brothers bullying ruins Field family Xmas '' . The Register . Retrieved 3 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fake Harry Potter novel hits China '' . BBC News . 4 July 2002 . Retrieved 11 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Reading Harry Potter : critical essays -- Page 54 , Giselle Liza Anatol -- 2003 Jump up ^ Olsen , Ted . `` Opinion Roundup : Positive About Potter '' . Cesnur.org . Retrieved 6 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Bonta , Steve ( 28 January 2002 ) . `` Tolkien 's Timeless Tale '' . The New American . Vol. 18 no . 2 . Jump up ^ Liddle , Rod ( 21 July 2007 ) . `` Hogwarts is a winner because boys will be sexist neocon boys '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 17 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Eccleshare , J. ( 2002 ) . `` The Publishing of a Phenomenon '' . A guide to the Harry Potter novels . Continuum International . pp. 7 -- 14 . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 5317 - 1 . Retrieved 15 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Beckett , S.L. ( 2008 ) . `` Child - to - Adult Crossover Fiction '' . Crossover Fiction . Taylor & Francis . pp. 112 -- 115 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 98033 - X . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Garner , D. ( 1 May 2008 ) . `` Ten Years Later , Harry Potter Vanishes From the Best - Seller List '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Bolonik , K. ( 16 August 2000 ) . `` A list of their own '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on 4 May 2009 . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Corliss , R. ( 21 July 2000 ) . `` Why ' Harry Potter ' Did a Harry Houdini '' . Time . Retrieved 16 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Books : Cover Stories At the Frankfurt Book Fair '' . The Independent . London . 10 October 1998 . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` WiGBPd About Harry '' . The Australian Financial Review . 19 July 2000 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone '' . The Guardian . London . 16 November 2001 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Linder , Bran ( 28 March 2000 ) . `` Chris Columbus to Direct Harry Potter '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 13 January 2008 . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Radcliffe , Rupert Grint and Emma Watson bring Harry , Ron and Hermione to life for Warner Bros. Pictures : Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone '' . Warner Brothers . 21 August 2000 . Archived from the original on 14 April 2002 . Retrieved 26 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Greg Dean . `` Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on 29 May 2007 . Retrieved 30 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) '' . Yahoo ! Inc . Archived from the original on 24 July 2008 . Retrieved 18 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Goblet Helmer Confirmed '' . IGN. 11 August 2003 . Retrieved 29 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Daly , Steve ( 6 April 2007 ) . `` ' Phoenix ' Rising '' . Entertainment Weekly . p. 28 . Retrieved 1 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` David Yates Dark Horizons Interview , OOTP and HBP Production '' . Darkhorizons.com. 13 July 2009 . Retrieved 24 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Spelling , Ian ( 3 May 2007 ) . `` Yates Confirmed For Potter VI '' . Sci Fi Wire . Archived from the original on 5 May 2007 . Retrieved 3 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Coming Sooner : Harry Potter Changes Release Date '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on 18 April 2009 . Retrieved 15 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince '' . Market Watch . 14 August 2008 . Archived from the original on 20 August 2008 . Retrieved 17 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( 13 March 2008 ) . `` Final ' Harry Potter ' book will be split into two movies '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 13 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Last Day 12 June 2010 '' . Snitchseeker.com . Retrieved 24 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Pictures mentions J.K. Rowling as producer '' . Business Wire. 20 September 2010 . Retrieved 24 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 29 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Harry Potter '' . The-numbers.com . Retrieved 24 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Mojo '' . boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 11 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter : Books vs films '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 7 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Potter Power ! '' . Time For Kids . Archived from the original on 1 December 2007 . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( 27 May 2004 ) . `` New ' Potter ' movie sneaks in spoilers for upcoming books '' . USA Today . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` JK ' loves ' Goblet of Fire movie '' . Newsround . BBC . 7 November 2005 . Retrieved 31 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Harry Potter Director David Yates '' . Comingsoon.net. 13 July 2009 . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. `` How did you feel about the POA filmmakers leaving the Marauder 's Map 's background out of the story ? ( A Mugglenet / Lexicon question ) '' . J.K. Rowling . Archived from the original on 6 August 2011 . Retrieved 6 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter franchise to get Outstanding BAFTA award '' . BBC News . 3 February 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema in 2011 -- The Harry Potter films '' . BAFTA. 3 February 2011 . Archived from the original on 6 February 2011 . Retrieved 3 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fantastic Beasts : JK Rowling confirms there will be five films in Harry Potter spin - off series '' . Independent.co.uk . The Independent . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Top 20 Best Selling Games '' . 21 May 2003 . Archived from the original on 21 February 2006 . Retrieved 1 December 2006 . Jump up ^ EA Harry Potter Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ EA Harry Potter gameplay Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Archived 1 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Wizard training for Muggles : Sony creates new Book of Spells game to keep Harry Potter fans happy '' . Daily Mail . 2012 . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Andy ( 5 June 2012 ) . `` E3 2012 : Sony announces intriguing Wonderbook for PS3 -- Harry Potter author on board '' . Computer and Video Games . Archived from the original on 8 June 2012 . Retrieved 5 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Valentine , James ( 13 July 2012 ) . `` It 's time for the compleat , omnipresent me '' . The Australian . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Creator Bryan Fuller Hints at PUSHING DAISIES Broadway - Bound ' Revival ' '' . broadwayworld.com. 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 9 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling to Work on Harry Potter Stage Play '' . 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling to produce Harry Potter stage play '' . USA Today . 20 December 2013 . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child to open in 2016 '' . BBC . 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz ( 26 June 2015 ) . `` Harry Potter and the biggest West End show EVER : Spellbinding drama about the fate of young wizard 's parents is coming to London 's theatreland '' . The Daily Mail . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First batch of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child tickets sell out '' . 29 October 2015 . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pottermore -- WW Publishing Cursed Child Script Book Announcement '' . Pottermore. 10 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Begley , Sarah ( 10 February 2016 ) . `` Harry Potter and The Cursed Child Will Be Published In Book Form '' . TIME . TIME Magazine . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Jason ( 17 June 2010 ) . `` Big day is here : Universal hopes Harry Potter 's magic will last '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Bevil , Dewayne ( 18 April 2014 ) . `` Universal Studios Japan : Wizarding World of Harry Potter to open July 15 '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Cripps , Karla ( 16 July 2014 ) . `` Universal Studios Japan 's ' Wizarding World of Harry Potter ' opens '' . CNN . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( 8 April 2014 ) . `` A Makeover at Universal Studios Hollywood Aims at Disney '' . The New York Times . Universal City , California . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What to expect when the Wizarding World at Universal Studios Hollywood opens in April '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter tour to open at Leavesden studios in 2012 '' . BBC News . 5 March 2011 . Retrieved 18 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter tour at Leavesden Studios reveals new sets '' . BBC News . 19 December 2011 . Retrieved 16 February 2012 . Further reading Agarwal , Nikita ; Chitra Agarwal ( 2005 ) . Friends and Foes of Harry Potter : Names Decoded . Outskirts Press . ISBN 1 - 59800 - 221 - X Anatol , Giselle Liza ( 2003 ) . Reading Harry Potter : critical essays . Praeger . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32067 - 5 Burkart , Gina ( 2005 ) . A parent 's guide to Harry Potter . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 0 - 8308 - 3288 - 2 Duriez , Colin ( 2007 ) . Field Guide to Harry Potter . IVP Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8308 - 3430 - 3 Gunelius , Susan ( 2008 ) . Harry Potter : the story of a global business phenomenon . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 230 - 20323 - X Heilman , Elizabeth E ( 2008 ) . Critical perspectives on Harry Potter . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 96484 - 5 Mulholland , Neil ( 2007 ) . The psychology of Harry Potter : an unauthorized examination of the boy who lived . BenBella Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932100 - 88 - 4 Silvester , William ( 2010 ) . Harry Potter Collector 's Handbook . Krause . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 0897 - 3 External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Harry Potter '' dated 2011 - 01 - 02 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harry Potter . Harry Potter , an external wiki J.K. Rowling 's personal website Harry Potter movies -- Official website ( Warner Bros . ) Harry Potter at Bloomsbury.com ( International publisher ) Harry Potter at Scholastic.com ( US publisher ) Harry Potter at Raincoast.com ( Canadian publisher ) Works by or about Harry Potter in libraries ( WorldCat catalog ) `` Harry Potter collected news and commentary '' . The Guardian . `` Harry Potter collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . The Wizarding World of Harry Potter at Orlando resort , Florida ( hide ) The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Books The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Voldemort : Origins of the Heir Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Book Portal Works by J.K. Rowling Harry Potter series Novels Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2001 ) Quidditch Through the Ages ( 2001 ) Harry Potter prequel ( 2008 ) The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( 2008 ) The Cursed Child ( 2016 ) Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists ( 2016 ) Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies ( 2016 ) Cormoran Strike series ( as Robert Galbraith ) The Cuckoo 's Calling ( 2013 ) The Silkworm ( 2014 ) Career of Evil ( 2015 ) Lethal White ( TBA ) Other works The Casual Vacancy ( 2012 ) Filmography Films produced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them ( 2016 , also wrote ) Untitled Fantastic Beasts sequel ( 2018 , also wrote ) TV series The Casual Vacancy ( 2015 ) Strike ( 2017 ) See also J.K. Rowling 's Wizarding World Books I Love Best Yearly : Younger Readers Award Matilda by Roald Dahl ( 1990 ) The BFG by Roald Dahl ( 1991 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl ( 1992 ) Blabber Mouth by Morris Gleitzman ( 1993 ) Fantastic Mr Fox by Roald Dahl ( 1994 ) The Pagemaster by David Kirschner ( 1995 ) When the Wind Changed by Ruth Park ( 1996 ) Matilda by Roald Dahl ( 1997 ) Polar the Titanic Bear by Daisy Corning Stone Spedder ( 1998 ) Detective Donut and the Wild Goose Chase by Bruce Whatley and R. Smith ( 1999 ) Just Stupid ! by Andy Griffiths ( 2000 ) Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling ( 2001 ) Just Crazy ! by Andy Griffiths ( 2002 ) The Saddle Club series by Bonnie Bryant ( 2003 ) Just Disgusting ! by Andy Griffiths ( 2004 ) The Bad Book by Andy Griffiths ( 2005 ) Just Crazy ! by Andy Griffiths ( 2006 ) Books I Love Best Yearly : Older Readers Award The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole , Aged 133⁄4 by Sue Townsend ( 1990 ) The Outsiders by S.E. Hinton ( 1991 ) Where 's Wally ? by Martin Handford ( 1992 ) Flowers in the Attic by V.C. Andrews ( 1993 ) Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 1995 ) Jurassic Park by Michael Crichton ( 1996 ) The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 1997 ) Tomorrow , When the War Began by John Marsden ( 1998 ) Bumface by Morris Gleitzman ( 1999 ) Looking for Alibrandi by Melina Marchetta ( 2000 ) Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien ( 2002 ) Two of a Kind series by various authors ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix by J.K. Rowling ( 2004 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban by J.K. Rowling ( 2005 ) Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince by J.K. Rowling ( 2006 ) Books View or order collections of articles Harry Potter Portals Access related topics Harry Potter portal Children 's literature portal Speculative fiction portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons Travel guides from Wikivoyage Definitions from Wiktionary Textbooks from Wikibooks Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata VIAF : 180913113 GND : 4629916 - 6 SUDOC : 080780571 BNF : cb137554124 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter&oldid=809793693 '' Categories : Harry Potter BILBY Award - winning works Coming - of - age fiction Curses in fiction Fantasy novel series Schools in fiction Family in fiction Witchcraft in written fiction British novels adapted into films British novels adapted into plays Novels adapted into video games Prosthetics in fiction Book series introduced in 1997 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use British English from April 2012 Use dmy dates from March 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2015 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Перем Коми Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Volapük Võro 文言 Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 13 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where was the first harry potter book written | [] | [] |
5744429180992851559 | Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced | Joint entrance examination -- Advanced - Wikipedia Joint entrance examination -- Advanced Jump to : navigation , search Joint Entrance Examination -- Advanced ( JEE - Advanced ) , formerly the Indian Institutes of Technology - Joint Entrance Examination ( IIT - JEE ) is an annual engineering college entrance examination in India . It is conducted by one of the seven zonal IITs ( IIT Roorkee , IIT Kharagpur , IIT Delhi , IIT Kanpur , IIT Bombay , IIT Madras , and IIT Guwhati ) under guidance of the Joint Admission Board ( JAB ) . It is used as the sole admission test by the 23 Indian Institute of Technology ( IITs ) . Other universities like the Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology , Indian Institute of Science Education and Research ( IISERs ) , and the premier Indian Institute of Science ( IISc ) also use the score obtained in JEE Advanced as the basis for admission . Any student who takes admission to IITs can not appear for the JEE - Advanced exam in the next year , but the same is not the case with IISc , IISER , RGIPT and other institutes as these institutes only use JEE Advanced score for admission . The examination is organised each year by one of the various IITs , on a round robin rotation pattern . It has a very low admission rate ( about 9,369 in 479,651 in 2012 ; which is around 1.95 % ) ( 1 ) The current admission rate in 2017 is around 0.92 % in IITs ( about 11,000 out of 1,200,000 who applied for JEE Main ) . It is recognised as one of the toughest examinations in the world and is one of the most difficult examinations of India to crack . In 2013 the exam , originally called the IIT - JEE , was renamed as JEE ( Advanced ) , along with the AIEEE being renamed JEE ( Main ) . From 2017 , IITs started conducting JEE internationally to give admission to international students . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Eligibility 3 Organizing Institute 4 Seats 5 Reservation 6 Admission 7 Criticism 8 Changes made in JEE ( Advanced ) 2018 9 Coaching 10 See also 11 References History ( edit ) The first IIT , Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur , started in 1951 . In the initial few years ( 1951 - 1954 ) students were admitted on the basis of their academic results followed by an Interview in several Centers across the country . From 1955 - 1959 admission was via an all India examination held only for IIT Kharagpur ( other IITs had not started by then ) . Branches were allotted through Interviews / counseling held at Kharagpur . The common IIT - JEE was conducted for the first time in 1960 , when it had four subjects including an English language paper . The examination since evolved considerably from its initial pattern . The IIT - JEE was initially called the Common Entrance Exam ( CEE ) ; its creation coincided with that of the 1961 IIT Act . From 1978 , The English paper was stopped being taken into account for counting the rank . From 1998 , the English exam was completely stopped . In 1990 , the screening paper was introduced . All the students had to qualify the screening paper to be eligible to qualify . In 1995 , the screening paper was taken out . In 1997 , the IIT - JEE was conducted twice after the question paper was leaked in some centers . Between 2000 and 2005 , an additional screening test was used alongside the main examination , intended to reduce pressure on the main examination by allowing only about 20,000 top candidates to sit the paper , out of more than 450,000 applicants . From 2002 , an additional exam called the AIEEE was introduced . All students had to qualify this exam to be eligible to sit for JEE ( Advanced ) ( Then IIT - JEE ) . On 2012 The AIEEE was changed to JEE ( Main ) and IIT - JEE to JEE ( Advanced ) ( obviously incorrect ; AIEEE was never used as screening test for JEE ; This became screening test for JEE ( advanced ) only on restructuring / renaming as JEE ( main ) ) . From June 2005 , The Hindu newspaper led a campaign for reforming the IIT - JEE to reduce the coaching mania and to improve the gender and socio - economic diversity . Two possible solutions were proposed - either a convergence between the screening test and the All India Engineering Entrance Examination ( AIEEE ) , or a two - tier examination whereby ranks from the first tier can be used for the purposes of gaining admission to the NITs and other engineering colleges in the country . In September 2005 , an analysis group of directors of all the IITs announced major reforms to the examination . These were implemented from 2006 onwards ... The revised test consisted of a single objective test , replacing the earlier two - test system . In order to be eligible for the main examination , candidates in the general category had to secure a minimum of 60 % aggregated marks in the qualifying examination of the XIIth standard organized by various educational boards of India , while candidates belonging to Scheduled Caste ( SC ) , Scheduled Tribe ( ST ) and Physically Disabled ( PD ) categories must secure a minimum of 55 % . From 2006 , the screening exam was abolished with the introduction of 8 new IITs . The exam became fully objective ( obviously incorrect statement ; new IITs started in 2008 , screening exam was removed and single stage multiple - choice exam started in 2006 ) . In 2008 , the Director and the Dean of IIT Madras called for revisions to the examination , arguing that the coaching institutes were `` enabling many among the less - than - best students to crack the test and keeping girls from qualifying '' . They expressed concern that the present system did not allow for applicants ' 12 years of schooling to have a bearing on admissions into IITs . In 2008 , the Indian Institutes of Technology , for the first time , went overseas with their entrance examination as they set up a centre for the competitive test in Dubai . The number of candidates appearing in Dubai hovered around 200 to 220 . The two - tier reform suggested in 2005 may become a reality as the Indian government has announced plans for a single entrance exam for all engineering colleges from 2018 , with students aspiring for the IITs having to pass the nationwide common entrance test ( JEE - Main ) with high marks and then take the JEE - Advanced to qualify for the IITs . From 2018 , JEE ( Advanced ) started being conducted online . Eligibility ( edit ) Candidates satisfying all the following criteria are eligible to appear in JEE ( Advanced ) . Should be among the top 2 , 24,000 candidates in JEE ( Main ) . Should be less than 25 years of age . For SC , ST , PwD candidates the age limit is 30 years . Should not have appeared in the JEE ( Advanced ) exam 2 years before or earlier . Should have appeared for the Class XII Board Examination for the first time in the last year of the exam or that year only . Should not have accepted admission in any of the IITs earlier . Organizing Institute ( edit ) This list shows the organizing institute of JEE ( Advanced ) in the recent years . Year Organizing Institute 2006 IIT Kharagpur 2007 IIT Bombay 2008 IIT Roorkee 2009 IIT Guwahati IIT Madras 2011 IIT Kanpur 2012 IIT Delhi 2013 IIT Delhi 2014 IIT Kharagpur 2015 IIT Bombay 2016 IIT Guwhati 2017 IIT Madras 2018 IIT Kanpur 2019 IIT Delhi 2020 Seats ( edit ) The number of students taking the examination increased substantially each year with over 4 , 85,000 sitting IIT - JEE 2011 . This represented an increase of 30,000 students ( 6.5 % ) from 2010 . The number of eligible candidates to sit in the JEE Advanced Exam 2018 is increased from 2.20 lakhs to 2.24 lakhs recently . The availability of seats in recent years is as shown below : Institute Intake ( 2006 ) Intake ( 2007 ) Intake ( 2008 ) Intake ( 2009 ) Intake ( 2010 ) Intake ( 2011 ) Intake ( 2012 ) Intake ( 2013 ) Intake ( 2014 ) Intake ( 2015 ) Intake ( 2016 ) Intake ( 2017 ) IIT Bhilai -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - 120 120 IIT Bhubaneshwar -- - -- - 120 120 120 120 120 160 180 180 260 350 IIT Bombay 600 574 648 746 880 880 880 880 880 903 903 929 IIT Delhi 552 553 626 721 851 851 851 851 851 851 851 851 IIT ( ISM ) Dhanbad 444 658 705 923 1012 1034 1034 1023 962 935 912 912 IIT Dharwad -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - 120 120 IIT Gandhinagar -- - -- - 120 120 120 120 120 140 150 150 180 180 IIT Goa -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - 90 90 IIT Guwahati 350 365 435 498 588 615 615 660 660 660 615 645 IIT Hyderabad -- - -- - 120 120 120 140 140 210 220 220 240 285 IIT Indore -- - -- - -- - 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 260 260 IIT Jammu -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - 90 120 IIT Jodhpur -- - -- - 120 120 120 160 160 200 160 120 160 180 IIT Kanpur 456 541 608 702 827 827 827 827 827 853 827 827 IIT Kharagpur 659 874 988 1138 1341 1341 1370 1341 1341 1341 1341 1341 IIT Madras 554 540 612 713 838 838 838 838 838 838 838 838 IIT Mandi -- - -- - -- - 120 120 120 120 120 120 145 150 150 IIT Palakkad -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - 120 120 120 IIT Patna -- - -- - 120 120 120 120 120 200 200 200 200 225 IIT Roorkee 546 746 884 1013 1155 1155 1155 1105 1065 1030 970 975 IIT Ropar -- - -- - 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 130 155 260 IIT Tirupati -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - 120 120 120 IIT ( BHU ) Varanasi 568 686 766 881 1057 1057 1057 1090 1090 1090 1090 1090 Total 4583 5537 6992 8295 9509 9618 9647 9885 9784 10006 10572 10988 From 2008 , six new IITs ( IIT Bhubaneshwar , IIT Gandhinagar , IIT Hyderabad , IIT Jodhpur , IIT Patna and IIT Ropar ) were opened with 120 seats each , increasing the total number of seats to almost 7000 . For 2009 , admissions were made to two more IITs , namely IIT Indore and IIT Mandi ( Himachal Pradesh ) taking the seat count to almost 8300 . In 2011 , with additional courses in several old and new IITs , the total seat count crossed 9600 . IIT Tirupati and IIT Palakkad started functioning in 2015 and four more ( IIT Bhilai , IIT Dharwad , IIT Goa , IIT Jammu ) started in 2016 ; along with seat additions in other Institutions , making the 2017 seat count to almost 11000 . Reservation ( edit ) Reservation are provided to Indian Nationals belonging to certain categories ( SC , ST , PwD , etc . ) and to the girls in accordance with the rules of Government of India and such candidates are declared qualified in JEE ( Advanced ) 2018 based on relaxed norms . Admission ( edit ) Candidates qualifying in the JEE ( Advanced ) are eligible to admission in the 23 IITs if they satisfy any one of the following criteria . They should score a minimum of 75 % in the class XII board examination . Must be in the top 20 percentile marks of the board exam . Criticism ( edit ) In 2012 , Super 30 founder and mathematician Anand Kumar criticised the New Admission Norms , saying that the decision of the IIT Council to give chance to students having top 20 % from various boards in the class 12 examinations , was a decision in haste . `` This is one decision that will go against the poor , who do n't have the opportunity to study in elite schools , '' he added . IIT - JEE was conducted only in English and Hindi , which was criticised as making it harder for students where regional languages , like Tamil , Telugu , Kannada , Urdu , Oriya , Bengali , Marathi , Assamese or Gujarati , are more prominent . In September 2011 , the Gujarat High Court acted on a Public Interest Litigation by the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad , demanding the exams be conducted in Gujarati . A second petition was made in October by Navsari 's Sayaji Vaibhav Sarvajanik Pustakalaya Trust . Another petition was made at the Madras High Court for conducting the exam in Tamil . In the petition , it was claimed that not conducting the exam in the regional languages is in violation of article 14 of the Constitution of India . PMK , a political party in Tamil Nadu held a demonstration at Chennai for conducting IIT - JEE and other national entrance exams in regional languages also , particularly Tamil in Tamil Nadu . Pattali Makkal Katchi party has filed Public Interest Litigation in Madras High Court for conducting IIT JEE entrance exam in Tamil also . They submitted that every year 7.63 lakh students were completing 12th standard in Tamil Nadu , 75 % of them from Tamil Medium . They had to take the entrance exam in English or Hindi , neither of which was their medium of instruction nor their mother tongue , and so were denied their fundamental right to take up the entrance exam in their medium of instruction , based on their mother tongue. Shiv Sena urged MHRD to conduct IITJEE and other national undergraduate entrance exams in regional languages , particularly Marathi language in Maharashtra . Most of the JEE controversies sparked the nation as the exam is very well known . In 2017 , the supreme court ordered JAB to put a bar on the ongoing counseling process . There were three questions comprising a total of 11 marks that were unclear . Changes made in JEE ( Advanced ) 2018 ( edit ) There were several changes made in the exam from 2018 . The Joint Admission Board ( JAB ) decided to conduct the entire exam online from 2018 since it reduces chances of paper leak and makes logistics and evaluation easier . It said that the online exam will neutralise the problem of misprinting . The number of students appearing for the JEE ( Advanced ) has been increased by 4000 , which was earlier 2 , 20,000 . Coaching ( edit ) Preparing for the Joint Entrance Exam normally begins two years before students take the test . 90 % of students who pass this exam attend coaching academies , which has created a $3.37 billion industry with annual tuitions of up to $1,700 . These academies include tests multiple times a week , up to 200 students per class , and long hours , in addition to regular high school work . There are hundreds of academies across the country and the most famous -- in Kota , Rajasthan -- attracts approximately 125,000 students each year . Coaching programs have become major corporations and are now not only listed on the Indian stock market , but also attract millions of dollars of investment from private equity firms . The high - pressure environments , with much competition and high expectations , have been blamed for the significant number of suicides that occur in these academies . See also ( edit ) Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering Indian Science Engineering Eligibility Test Joint Management Entrance Test All India Engineering Entrance Examination References ( edit ) Jump up ^ . The Hindu . June 14 , 2017 http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/bonus-marks-improved-success-rate-in-jee-advanced-say-experts-in-mumbai/story-uzx8aAmyyeXxIJ2uNSgL6J.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Combined JEE from next year '' . The Calcutta Telegraph . 29 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IITs to hold entrance exam abroad for foreign students '' . The Hindu . February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brief History of IIT - JEE '' ( PDF ) . Durgesh C. Mangeshkar , Academic Head , IITian 's Prashikshan Kendra . Retrieved 11 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News18.com : CNN News18 Latest News , Breaking News India , Current News Headlines '' . News18 . Jump up ^ Ashish K. Mishra and Shishir Prasad ( 22 February 2012 ) . `` IIT - JEE Will Be Missed '' . Jump up ^ S.S. Vasan . Reforming the Joint Entrance Examination system . Jump up ^ Editorial . Reforming JEE needs wider reach . Jump up ^ National admission test called for . Jump up ^ Indrani Dutta . New IIT - JEE format from 2006 . Jump up ^ D Suresh Kumar . JEE fails to get the best : IIT dons . The Times of India . 31 Jul 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 5 lakh aspirants to sit for IIT - JEE in 2012 - Times of India '' . Jump up ^ `` IITs hike number of examination centres for JEE - Times of India '' . Jump up ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/govt-plans-single-entrance-exam-for-all-engineering-colleges-from-2018/story-0TaCjvwwd4eav8uxpqI9sO.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Hyderabad boy tops IIT - JEE '' . sify.com. 25 May 2011 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Abhinandan ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) . `` JEE Advanced 2018 : Application Form , Online Exam Dates , Syllabus '' . Engineering Exams : EntranceZone . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://blog.resonance.ac.in/2015/06/18/jee-advanced-2015-results/ Jump up ^ `` JEE 2011 Counseling Brochure '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 5 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` JEE 2012 Counseling Brochure '' . Retrieved 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Board marks criteria '' . zee news . zee news . 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New format of IIT - JEE examination would go against the poor : Anand Kumar '' . The Times Of India . 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sahitya Parishad demands entrance tests in Gujarati - Times Of India '' . indiatimes.com. 2011 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Another PIL seeks entrance tests in Gujarati - Times Of India '' . indiatimes.com. 2011 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 28 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Conduct IIT entrance test in Tamil also : PMK '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 5 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Court notice on plea for entrance exams in Tamil '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Plea to write IIT entrance in Tamil Deccan Chronicle '' . deccanchronicle.com . Archived from the original on 10 January 2012 . Retrieved 20 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Khapre , Shubhangi ( March 5 , 2011 ) . `` Shiv Sena demands IIT entrance test in regional languages '' . Mumbai : Daily News Analysis . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.hindustantimes.com/education/jee-advanced-exam-will-now-be-conducted-completely-online/story-pRv6YITTJKN7pwlw6zJeuJ.html Jump up ^ `` The IIT Entrance Exam '' . Jump up ^ `` Making capital of coaching '' . Jump up ^ `` Despite high suicide rate , IIT - JEE aspirants make a beeline for a seat in Kotas coaching institutes '' . Jump up ^ `` Why 57 Young Students Have Taken Their Lives In Kota '' . Huffington Post India . Jump up ^ Sudhanshu Mishra ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` Revealed : Inside Kota 's Rs 300 crore coaching industry , where 1.5 lakh students brave cut - throat competition to crack IIT - JEE '' . Daily Mail . Indian Institutes of Technology ( IITs ) History of IITs Institutes IIT Bhilai IIT Bhubaneswar IIT Bombay IIT Dharwad IIT Delhi IIT ( ISM ) Dhanbad IIT Gandhinagar IIT Goa IIT Guwahati IIT Hyderabad IIT Indore IIT Jammu IIT Jodhpur IIT Kanpur IIT Kharagpur IIT Mandi IIT Madras IIT Palakkad IIT Patna IIT Roorkee IIT Ropar IIT Tirupati IIT ( BHU ) Varanasi Schools of Management Vinod Gupta School of Management , IIT Kharagpur Shailesh J. Mehta School of Management RNSoM , IIT Kanpur Department of Management Studies IIT Madras Department of Management Studies IIT Delhi Department of Management Studies , IIT ( ISM ) Dhanbad Admissions Joint Entrance Examination -- Advanced Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering Common Admission Test Joint Admission Test for M.Sc . Policy of Reservation Common Entrance Examination for Design Fests Cultural fests Alcheringa Alma Fiesta Antaragni Anwesha Exodia Fluxus Mood Indigo Performing Arts Festival Rendezvous Saarang Spring Fest Srijan Tryst Technical fests Kshitij Techfest Techkriti Technex Techniche Shaastra Wissenaire Notable alumni IIT Kharagpur IIT Madras Legal status Institutes of Technology Act Institutes of National Importance Related subjects Indian Institutes of Information Technology Indian Institutes of Management Indian Institute of Science Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research National Institute of Science Education and Research National Institutes of Technology Commons Standardised tests in India Service Civil Services Examination Engineering Services Examination Combined Defence Services Examination Combined Medical Services Examination Indian Police Service Limited Competitive Examination Services Selection Board Teacher Eligibility Test The National Council for Human Resource in Health in India Admissions Joint Entrance Examination All India Pre Medical Test Combined Aptitude Test Common Admission Test Common Entrance Examination for Design Common Entrance Test Common Law Admission Test Common Management Admission Test Common Proficiency Test Competitive examination Engineering Agricultural and Medical Common Entrance Test Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Joint Entrance Examination Common Engineering Entrance Examination ( proposal ) Joint Admission Test to M.Sc . Joint Management Entrance Test National Eligibility Test National Entrance Screening Test NIT MCA Common Entrance Test Policy Aptitude Test Special Class Railway Apprentice Management Aptitude Test State level Gujarat Common Entrance Test KEAM MP - PET MHT - CET Odisha Joint Entrance Examination Rajasthan Pre-Engineering Test Joint Employment Test SEE - UPTU Tamilnadu Common Entrance Test Tamil Nadu Professional Courses Entrance Examination West Bengal Joint Entrance Examination Assam Combined Entrance Examination Misc All India Engineering Entrance Examination National Board of Examinations Madhyamik Medical Council of India Screening Test ... Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joint_Entrance_Examination_ -- _Advanced&oldid = 833283785 '' Categories : Engineering entrance examinations in India Indian Institutes of Technology Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use Indian English from January 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 17 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | total number of seats in iit all over india | [
"\n\nInstitute\nIntake (2006)\nIntake (2007)\nIntake (2008)\nIntake (2009)\nIntake (2010)\nIntake (2011)\nIntake (2012)\nIntake\n(2013)\n\nIntake\n(2014)\n\nIntake (2015)[17]\nIntake (2016)\nIntake (2017)[18][19]\n\n\nIIT Bhilai\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n120\n120\n\n\nIIT Bhubaneshwar\n---\n---\n120\n120\n120\n120\n120\n160\n180\n180\n260\n350\n\n\nIIT Bombay\n600\n574\n648\n746\n880\n880\n880\n880\n880\n903\n903\n929\n\n\nIIT Delhi\n552\n553\n626\n721\n851\n851\n851\n851\n851\n851\n851\n851\n\n\nIIT (ISM) Dhanbad\n444\n658\n705\n923\n1012\n1034\n1034\n1023\n962\n935\n912\n912\n\n\nIIT Dharwad\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n120\n120\n\n\nIIT Gandhinagar\n---\n---\n120\n120\n120\n120\n120\n140\n150\n150\n180\n180\n\n\nIIT Goa\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n90\n90\n\n\nIIT Guwahati\n350\n365\n435\n498\n588\n615\n615\n660\n660\n660\n615\n645\n\n\nIIT Hyderabad\n---\n---\n120\n120\n120\n140\n140\n210\n220\n220\n240\n285\n\n\nIIT Indore\n---\n---\n---\n120\n120\n120\n120\n120\n120\n120\n260\n260\n\n\nIIT Jammu\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n90\n120\n\n\nIIT Jodhpur\n---\n---\n120\n120\n120\n160\n160\n200\n160\n120\n160\n180\n\n\nIIT Kanpur\n456\n541\n608\n702\n827\n827\n827\n827\n827\n853\n827\n827\n\n\nIIT Kharagpur\n659\n874\n988\n1138\n1341\n1341\n1370\n1341\n1341\n1341\n1341\n1341\n\n\nIIT Madras\n554\n540\n612\n713\n838\n838\n838\n838\n838\n838\n838\n838\n\n\nIIT Mandi\n---\n---\n---\n120\n120\n120\n120\n120\n120\n145\n150\n150\n\n\nIIT Palakkad\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n120\n120\n120\n\n\nIIT Patna\n---\n---\n120\n120\n120\n120\n120\n200\n200\n200\n200\n225\n\n\nIIT Roorkee\n546\n746\n884\n1013\n1155\n1155\n1155\n1105\n1065\n1030\n970\n975\n\n\nIIT Ropar\n---\n---\n120\n120\n120\n120\n120\n120\n120\n130\n155\n260\n\n\nIIT Tirupati\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n---\n120\n120\n120\n\n\nIIT (BHU) Varanasi\n568\n686\n766\n881\n1057\n1057\n1057\n1090\n1090\n1090\n1090\n1090\n\n\nTotal\n4583\n5537\n6992\n8295\n9509\n9618\n9647\n9885\n9784\n10006\n10572\n10988\n\n"
] | [
"10988"
] |
-2487038979495177534 | List of Scorpion episodes | List of Scorpion episodes - Wikipedia List of Scorpion episodes Jump to : navigation , search Scorpion is an American drama television series loosely based on the life of self - proclaimed genius and computer expert Walter O'Brien . The series follows Walter O'Brien and his team of genius outcasts as they are recruited by federal agent Cabe Gallo of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security to form Scorpion , said to be the last line of defense against complex , high - tech threats around the globe . The series premiered on September 22 , 2014 . In March 2017 , the series was renewed for a fourth season , which premiered on September 25 , 2017 . As of April 9 , 2018 , 92 episodes of Scorpion have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 References Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Ave . viewership ( in millions ) 22 September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 15 13.63 24 September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) April 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) 17 12.05 25 October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) 22 10.65 22 September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) TBA TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Justin Lin Teleplay by : Nick Santora September 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 22 ) 13.83 Special Agent Cabe Gallo hires former child prodigy Walter O'Brien to lead a team of his brilliant friends . They are assigned their first mission by the government to help land airplanes at LAX when the air to ground communication system is shut down by a bug in the new traffic control software . They instantly connect with a waitress named Paige , the mother of a genius child . `` Single Point of Failure '' Bobby Roth David Foster September 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 29 ) 13.36 Team Scorpion is called upon by the governor when his daughter is a victim of biohacking and has only 24 hours to live . The mission hits a raw nerve with Walter , who receives a letter regarding his sister Megan 's worsening multiple sclerosis . Toby reaches out to his ex-fiancée , Happy is not so happy about people letting her down in her past , and Cabe is reminded of the loss of his own daughter while working this case . `` A Cyclone '' Gary Fleder Nick Santora & Nicholas Wootton October 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 06 ) 12.05 After failing a military training exercise ordered by Director Merrick , the team is determined to prove their worth . When Internet infrastructure is threatened by random bomb strikes around the city , they set up their own operation to find the bomber . Cabe takes them off the mission for violating orders , while Paige tries to find her place on the team . `` Shorthanded '' Dwight H. Little Elizabeth Beall October 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 13 ) 11.51 Wanting publicity on their last case , Scorpion takes on a private contract in spite of Cabe 's objections . They travel to Las Vegas to help a casino that is losing money on their high - roller blackjack tables . Walter sees a heist about to happen , but he is accused of masterminding the robbery and is sent to jail . However , his team is able to crack the case and exonerate him , with Cabe 's help . 5 5 `` Plutonium Is Forever '' Jeff T. Thomas Paul Grellong October 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 20 ) 10.75 A nuclear reactor at a Los Angeles power plant with an out - of - date system nears a cataclysmic meltdown . Walter must enlist the help of genius Mark Collins ( Joshua Leonard ) , a former troubled team member who brought him `` down the rabbit hole '' , what he calls a dissociative state of intelligent thought years ago that almost jeopardized Scorpion . 6 6 `` True Colors '' Jeff Hunt Rob Pearlstein October 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 27 ) 10.39 After taking a security job at an art museum , Scorpion is accused of destroying a priceless piece of art which they determine is a forgery . They must pass a mandated psychological evaluation or be banned from all Homeland assignments . Gallo has a connection , Hetty Lange ( Linda Hunt ) , who is the operations manager of NCIS in Los Angeles and who helps them track down the real painting . Paige tasks Walter with an experiment to gain emotional quotient so his team can get more work , and also asks them for help when Ralph does not have anyone to go with to his school 's Halloween party . 7 7 `` Father 's Day '' Milan Cheylov Nick Santora November 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 03 ) 10.34 When Ralph 's absentee father Drew calls the Scorpion office to talk to Paige , it triggers the familial memories of everyone . The team tries to protect Ralph by running a background check on Drew , who is a struggling minor league baseball player . Meanwhile , the team is tasked with finding out how three convicts , including a high IQ hacktivist , escaped from a high - tech prison and as to what their plan really is . 8 8 `` Risky Business '' Matt Earl Beesley Nicholas Wootton November 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 10 ) 10.08 A musical prodigy ( Scott Mescudi ) , who created a controversial algorithm that generates the perfect hit pop song , helps Scorpion investigate the murder of his friend who was a music industry blogger . Meanwhile , Drew takes Ralph out to a baseball game and later visits the team 's garage to seek Walter 's advice to help him connect with his son . Also , Walter needs a distraction and takes on a new hobby -- street racing supercars around town at night . 9 9 `` Rogue Element '' Jerry Levine Paul Grellong & Kim Rome November 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 17 ) 10.17 Scorpion tries to help Cabe after he is alerted by a distress code sent by his ex-wife Rebecca ( Jessica Tuck ) , who fears she is being targeted for stumbling upon a money trail linked to the assassination of a prominent congressman and special elections to be held thereafter . Meanwhile , Drew thanks Walter for the kinetic pitching diagnostic analysis improving his fastball speed ; however , this lands him a tryout with a Double - A baseball team in Portland , Maine and does not know what to do with Ralph . 10 10 `` Talismans '' Sam Hill Alex Katsnelson November 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 24 ) 9.42 When an F - 120 Hawkwing carrying a classified cloaking radar device goes down over Bosnia , Scorpion must help a disapproving Navy SEALs team locate the jet , recover the stealth technology and find the pilot 's remains . Also , on a request from the pilot 's wife , they have to retrieve his special necklace . After a drunken run - in with the police in an attempt at temporary freedom from her MS and the hospital , Megan meets the team , who are taken aback that Walter would even bring his sister to the garage in the first place . 11 11 `` Revenge '' Mel Damski Elizabeth Beall & David Foster December 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 08 ) 10.00 During an investigation on an international brutal gang of thieves called `` The Ghosts '' , who broke into a complex system safe from a warehouse , Sylvester ends up seriously injured after accidentally triggering an explosive device that was left behind . Not only does the team have to keep their composure as their friend is in critical condition in the hospital , they must work with Interpol and remain focused on finding the culprits . Meanwhile , Drew grows closer to Ralph and also wants to get close with Paige again . 12 12 `` Dominoes '' Omar Madha Rob Pearlstein & Nick Santora December 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 15 ) 10.07 On Christmas Eve , Scorpion must race against time in order to save a young boy who gets trapped in a 14 - foot deep sinkhole in a cave at Zuma Beach , where the rising tide threatens his life . Walter pulls some favors to get Megan into a study with a new MS drug , but she does not want to be a guinea pig . Meanwhile , since Drew has to miss the holiday with Ralph for a baseball try - out in Portland , Paige tries to bring the Christmas spirit to the team by decorating , giving them gifts and hosting a holiday dinner at the garage . 13 13 `` Kill Screen '' Jace Alexander Nicholas Wootton & Paul Grellong January 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 05 ) 12.32 Scorpion must help Ralph when he is brought in for questioning by the DOJ after he unlocks a secret level in a dark website video game that unintentionally revealed the location of a CIA safe house in Culiacán , Mexico , resulting in the murders of two agents . Meanwhile , Walter enters an aerospace contest by studying jet propulsion on a dismantled CL - 460 rocket engine he purchased to win $15 million for Megan 's MS research . 14 14 `` Charades '' Christine Moore Rob Pearlstein January 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 18 ) 12.29 When the CIA 's Internal Affairs Division intercepts an encrypted message that was sent by someone in their L.A. office , Scorpion must uncover the mole who leaked classified information and snuck out chemicals for pesticides to an aid worker he loves in Yemen , thinking it was for a humanitarian cause . The team is confronted with stopping a seductive agent trying to produce nerve gas with the stolen chemicals . Meanwhile , Paige confronts her feelings for Walter and helps him prepare for the case by giving him a lesson in flirting . 15 15 `` Forget Me Nots '' Jann Turner Alex Katsnelson & Nick Santora January 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 19 ) 12.08 When an attempted hack tries to launch a weapon of mass destruction at a nuclear missile silo in Keflavik , Iceland , the team must help an institutionalized former POTUS Secret Service agent ( David James Elliott ) to remember events from 16 years previously in order to prevent a nuclear attack on an American ally . Meanwhile , Paige is torn between staying in L.A. or moving 3,000 miles away after Drew finds a gifted school for Ralph in Portland , Maine , causing Walter to get in the middle of her decision . 16 16 `` Love Boat '' Sam Hill Elizabeth Beall & Kim Rome February 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) 11.86 As Valentine 's Day approaches , Scorpion must search for stolen experimental shoulder - launch rockets that are being transported aboard a luxury cruise ship , and identify the arms dealer who is transporting them and targeting the one percenters aboard . Meanwhile , Happy and Toby help Ralph awe his first crush and Sylvester makes a valentine for Megan . Also , Walter plans to take Paige out to a top L.A. restaurant , but cancels after the mission . 17 17 `` Going South '' David Grossman Nick Santora & Nicholas Wootton February 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 23 ) 10.69 Billionaire tech mogul , Richard Elia hires Scorpion to rescue his daughter who was kidnapped by a Mexican drug cartel while on a journalism assignment . Meanwhile , wanting media coverage for the team , Walter gives an interview to a local news station , but the story has misinformation and he also fails to acknowledge the other members , hurting their feelings in the process . Later , Sylvester tries to find the right time to tell Walter that he is dating Megan and resorts to blurting it out during their case . 18 18 `` Once Bitten , Twice Die '' Guy Ferland David J. North March 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 09 ) 10.59 When a century - long border conflict between Belarus , Lithuania and Latvia reignites , Scorpion is called in by Homeland to help facilitate secret peace talks to prevent this developing crisis escalating into World War III . Meanwhile , wanting to better herself and set a good example for Ralph , Paige re-enrolls in college and starts going to night classes so she can finish her Liberal Arts degree . Merrick threatens Cabe with disclosing details of a past case to Walter . Also , Happy and Toby 's friendship takes a brief hiatus . 19 19 `` Young Hearts Spark Fire '' Mel Damski Paul Grellong , Jay Beattie & Dan Dworkin March 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 23 ) 9.70 After Scorpion 's helicopter crashes while on a mission to save lost hikers from a church group , the crash ignites a massive wildfire that quickly closes in on them due to the Santa Ana winds . Meanwhile , Sylvester tries to help the injured pilot ( Rick Ravanello ) who is unable to make it to safer ground through the rapidly spreading brushfire . Also , Toby tries to mathematically prove his `` Walter likes Paige '' theory by concocting an elaborate diagram . 20 20 `` Crossroads '' Kevin Hooks David Foster & Rob Pearlstein March 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 30 ) 9.38 When Scorpion helps the U.S. Marshals in the protection of a key witness set to testify against a vicious Nicaraguan crime syndicate called the DL , they end up taking her on the run across the two counties , with the gang 's leader hot on their trail . Meanwhile , a nervous Toby takes an Alprazolam and accidentally falls asleep , missing his dinner date with Happy who does not accept his apology . Later , he talks Walter into taking a risk by telling Paige he has feelings for her . 21 21 `` Cliffhanger '' Sam Hill Nick Santora & Nicholas Wootton April 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 13 ) 9.53 After a hacker takes control over a neurotoxicity lab outside L.A. , he uses the ventilation system to spread sarin gas throughout the facility that could kill 23 scientists trapped inside . And worse , he wants revenge for the Baghdad bombings in 1997 , forcing Cabe to tell Walter his long - buried secret about the covered - up mission and the real end user for his code being the DoD and CIA who used it to kill and not help people . Ralph , wanting to prove he is a part of Scorpion , puts his life on the line to help them . Also , Richard Elia stops by to give Walter a gift for his propulsion rocket , and loans him a Ferrari Testarossa to test its engine . Eventually , Walter kicks Cabe off the team and gets in a fight with Paige as she contemplates moving her and Ralph to Portland with Drew . Walter takes a late night joyride to clear his head in Elia 's Ferrari but this goes awry when he has to take evasive action to avoid hitting a coyote . 22 22 `` Postcards from the Edge '' Milan Cheylov Nick Santora & Nicholas Wootton April 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 20 ) 10.71 The rest of the team are uncertain about the future of Scorpion without Cabe or Paige and with Walter AWOL , and are not used to being leaderless . However , they are all forced to come together for their most important mission ever , which is to save Walter 's life as his car gingerly balances on the edge of a cliff . In the end , Paige stays on with Scorpion , who is her real family . After Walter is stabilized in the hospital but on strong pain medication , Paige kisses him and expresses her feelings by saying she cares about him . Unfortunately , he does not hear Paige 's declaration because he is heavily sedated . Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 23 `` Satellite of Love '' Sam Hill Nick Santora & Nicholas Wootton September 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 21 ) 11.09 Scorpion is back in business after new Homeland Security director Adriana Molina tasks them with a case when the nuclear - powered Russian K - 12 satellite is knocked out of orbit by space debris . They race to the Rocketry Aeronautics Center to divert the now - turned A-bomb 's course before it detonates over Southern California . But after last year 's car accident , Walter is not one hundred percent physically or mentally there due to a hand injury and post-concussion syndrome . His hidden feelings for Paige have also seemed to cloud his judgment . When problems arise on the job , they have to work extremely close together . Later , they test their theory of the team vs. their attraction with a working hypothesis of a kiss . 24 `` Cuba Libre '' Mel Damski Rob Pearlstein & Nick Santora September 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 28 ) 9.49 After a woman ( Izabella Miko ) Cabe saved in Croatia 20 years ago when she was a child pleads for his help , the team travels to Cuba for an off - the - grid mission to apprehend a Serbian war criminal who killed her family . Meanwhile , Toby gets Sylvester to confess his love for Megan by subduing his anxiety through exposure therapy . Later , not wanting to admit he was in an emotional state that led to negligence resulting in his car accident , Walter wants to plead recklessness , but may wind up in jail . However , on his lawyer 's advice , Paige convinces him otherwise and he is sentenced to court - mandated community service by picking up trash in town , where he meets a new friend named Ray . 25 `` Fish Filet '' Omar Madha Paul Grellong & Nick Santora October 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 05 ) 9.95 In order to save the lives of three judges being targeted by a Japanese gang , Sylvester goes undercover in a federal prison to decipher the gang boss ' codes . But when Molina refuses to help them get him out , Scorpion plans his escape when his life is threatened by an inmate . In order to break him out , Walter must work with Ray and his `` Ray Way '' of doing things by having his man on the inside smuggle drugs for Sylvester to take , appearing dead . Meanwhile , Ralph is getting bullied at school and takes matters into his own hands by becoming a celebrity on the news for getting accepted to multiple prestigious colleges . Later , Sylvester has a new lease on life after his `` death '' and works up the courage to tell Megan he loves her . Also , Toby overhears Happy making a date to meet a man at a club . 26 `` Robots '' Sylvain White David Foster & Nicholas Wootton October 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 12 ) 9.40 Happy continues to date Chet , upsetting Toby , who takes out his frustration on a punching bag . The team meets deputy director Katherine Cooper , who is now Scorpion 's Homeland liaison . She tasks three members of the team , Walter , Cabe and Happy , with analyzing a `` vulture '' data hunter device that is attached to a communications cable 300 ft ( 91 m ) down in international waters off the coast of California . After analyzing the vulture from a top secret U.S. Navy submarine , the vulture explodes , crippling the submarine . With limited air and no communications , Scorpion must rescue everyone on board the submarine before it self - destructs . Later , Walter proves he is not a `` robot '' and lets Ray stay in a trailer at the garage . 27 5 `` Super Fun Guys '' Bobby Roth Adam Higgs & Nick Santora October 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 19 ) 9.46 The team must pose as a film crew to get onto the Super Fun Guy movie set in hopes of locating a Soviet 1970s - era nuclear missile that is being sold by arms dealers on an old military base in Kazakhstan . To sneak past the armed - guards , they must disguise themselves as the film 's superheroes so they can disable the warhead . Meanwhile , Megan undergoes a deep brain stimulation procedure and asks Sylvester not to tell Walter , causing Sly to work from the garage and have to sit out from partaking in his favorite comic book characters during the mission . Also , in order to forget about his affections for Happy , Toby 's boxing improves and , with Cabe 's help , he wants to fight in an amateur match . 28 6 `` Tech , Drugs , and Rock ' n ' Roll '' Sam Hill Elizabeth Davis Beall & Nicholas Wootton October 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) 9.69 The team is ready to open the new `` smart '' building project they have been working on with Elia , but the building has been infected by a swiftly spreading worm that was uploaded onto Walter 's computer by a mysterious woman he met at a tech conference mixer the night before . It is turning the now dangerous building into a burning death trap for all inside , including three children , one of whom is the head of security 's son . They must work to simultaneously stop the fire and find the person responsible for planting the deadly virus . 29 7 `` Crazy Train '' Jeff T. Thomas Kevin J. Hynes & Nick Santora November 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 02 ) 9.51 With Paige and Ralph stuck on an out of control L.A. Metro subway train , the team must stop it before it derails . They discover that the runaway train 's been sabotaged to clear the tracks for a heist to steal a $50 million collection of British gold coins . Walter , with sheer disregard to his personal safety , bravely jumps onto the 90 mph speeding train and successfully stops it from derailing . Paige gets scared on seeing this and due her insecurity of losing Walter , hits him . Later she apologizes to him for her juvenile behavior . Elsewhere , Toby has his first fight and gets knocked out in the boxing ring . Meanwhile , Happy seeks her own distraction from their failed relationship by going out with Chet , who is actually her comedy coach . The men then track her down at a comedy club where she totally bombs her science - based routine that only Sylvester appreciates . 30 8 `` Area 51 '' Carey Meyer Kim Rome & Nicholas Wootton November 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 09 ) 9.34 A CIA agent bribes the team to search for their top - secret flagship 27B / 6 plane from the CIA 's new Integrity Airlines after two agents go rogue and end up in Area 51 during a routine mission . Happy creates a gamma ray spectrometer to use in the base 's `` cone of silence '' . Toby makes predictions for the future by writing down what will happen on their case in sealed envelopes that usually turn out to be correct . Happy , Toby , and Sylvester donate their portion of the $350,000 CIA money to Walter for his research funding goals towards Megan 's MS . Walter plans to upload Megan 's consciousness into a hard drive as a technological singularity , Transcendence - style . Later , tension grows between Walter and Sylvester when Sylvester obeys Megan 's wishes and does not go forward with the aggressive treatment of intubation that Walter wants . 31 9 `` US vs. UN vs. UK '' Omar Madha Scott Sullivan & Nick Santora November 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 16 ) 9.16 The team works with MI6 to infiltrate the United Nations headquarters in New York City to stop Jonas Madaky , an ambassador / gun runner from the African nation of Buritan , from making a deal to supply militants with weapons to destroy their rebellious revolutionaries . However , things take a bad turn when the British operative turns on the team and blackmails Scorpion into helping assassinate Madaky . It appears that MI6 agent Gleason is killed and that the team decides to carry out the plan to take out Madaky . It is later revealed that Gleason is alive and Scorpion played a Houdini stunt . They orchestrate Madaky 's arrest and reveal that MI6 director Olivia Cromwell was in business with Madaky , leading to her arrest , as well . On the home front , Walter gets a court order to have Megan intubated , much to Sylvester 's dismay . In order to protect Megan 's wishes , Sylvester makes a bold decision and gets Ray , an ordained minister of the Immaculate Church of the Internet , to marry them , making Walter accept that the situation is beyond his control . 32 10 `` Arrivals and Departures '' Sam Hill Aadrita Mukerji & Nicholas Wootton November 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 23 ) 8.95 When Walter 's parents visit Megan as her condition worsens , the hospital is infected by a fatal fungus outbreak cutting Walter off from his sister and placing the whole team at risk . Thinking it is stachybotrys , the infectious disease unit searching for a cure collapse by spraying the wrong fungicide . It now falls to Scorpion to search for a cure themselves . Toby examines gold dust , a natural fungicide , on a cafeteria worker 's boots and sees the man cut his leg , becoming a host to Meliola anfracta , an ancient fungus unearthed in soil . In a surprising discovery , Sylvester 's OCD about using antibacterials has caused him to grow a superbacteria on his hands that is fatal to the fungus . With help from Ralph and Cabe , who the CDC keep outside , they spread the bacteria through the water standpipes and save those trapped inside . Walter reaches Megan in time to be at her side as she dies . Later , he receives an email with a video from Megan telling him that , he is more than just his brain , he is his heart and he should not be afraid to love . As a result , Walter begins to open up to his estranged parents and holds hands with Paige while sharing memories of his beloved sister . 33 11 `` The Old College Try '' Christine Moore Rob Pearlstein & Nick Santora December 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 07 ) 9.30 As the team deals with Megan 's death six weeks later , they must stop a cyber terrorist , using code written by college students , who is threatening to shut down the Federal Reserve if they do not receive a quarter of a billion bitcoin in the next 72 hours . For their mission , they have to go undercover at a local university ; Happy goes as a sorority pledge , Walter as a visiting drama instructor , Sylvester as a wrestling transfer student , Cabe as a campus security guard , and Toby a professor applying for a position in the Psychology Department headed by a former rival who stole his fiancée . But , in order to foil this unknown hacker , they must get into the school 's server , which is a highly sophisticated quantum computer , to kill the ransomware . Meanwhile , Walter conducts an experiment to prove that Ray 's firefighting partner 's death was not Ray 's fault by using Tuggle 's tank that Cabe 's friend acquired from police evidence storage . Later , Ray discovers the submerged tank in liquid glycerin which would harden any air leakage from the tank to create a bubble pattern . The test proves the tank was defective , giving Ray the peace of mind to go back into the world again , leaving Scorpion headquarters . 34 12 `` Dam Breakthrough '' Adam Rodriguez Paul Grellong & Nicholas Wootton December 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 14 ) 9.28 On Christmas Eve , Scorpion receives a mission from the DWP at the Augustine Power Station on Mount Baldy , which may go critical after a 50 - foot pine tree uproots and crushes the building 's wall . If the transformer gets flooded and shorts , 100,000 people will lose power on Christmas Day . After they re-boot the computer and engineer the roof , they notice a mudslide spilling into the reservoir has put a crack in the nearby dam 's wall following torrential rains . Now , they have to stop the dam from breaking and wiping out the town down in the valley by repairing it . Walter deals with Megan 's death by putting her ashes in a coffee can in his glove compartment and talking to himself . When Walter misplaces his pet ferret , he is so overwhelmed by the loss that his emotions finally get the best of him in front everyone ; he really misses Megan . The Karmen Prize committee notifies him that he has won the $15 million grant , but he decides to launch the rocket to honor his sister . 35 13 `` White Out '' Jeff Hunt David Foster & Nick Santora January 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 04 ) 11.67 Scorpion has to survive subzero temperatures trekking to the remote McMurdo Station in Antarctica to save a U.S. Special Forces unit in Darfur that is trying to take down a genocidal warlord eviscerating border - town farming villages . The Pentagon lost contact with a low geosynchronous orbit satellite that controls a military drone used to support their operation and the team needs to reconnect it to give cover to the 4 - man strike team . During the mission , Toby risks his life to save Happy after she gets cut off from the rest of the team by getting lost in a whiteout blizzard . For her New Year 's resolution , Happy starts reading Toby 's rival Quincy Berkstead 's book , `` Your Essential Strategies For Saying Yes To Life '' to be a little more positive and a little less mean and sarcastic , while Walter tries to be more social and Cabe gives up coffee to lower his blood pressure . 36 14 `` Sun of a Gun '' Dwight Little Adam Higgs January 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 18 ) 11.60 Sylvester 's estranged father Ken , a retired army colonel ( Jeff Fahey ) , enlists Scorpion 's help after discovering that the mythical Sun Gun , a deadly weapon of mass destruction , is actually real and was found in an old German bunker from World War II by an African president / dictator . The team goes to a North African nation to find out if the dictator has hidden metallic sodium panels that are capable of concentrating sunlight to be launched as a satellite death ray . During the mission , Walter must use dishonesty and flattery to get up close and personal with the megalomaniacal dictator , who is smitten by his intellect . Also , in order to be more social in their daily lives , Walter and Cabe decide to go speed dating together , but they are unsuccessful . 37 15 `` Da Bomb '' Steven A. Adelson Kim Rome January 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 25 ) 10.69 The team is tasked with helping NASA find whatever alerted a possible system failure on their JC - 49 top - secret rocket that is set to launch from an Air Force base . To their surprise , former Homeland Security director Merrick , who is now working for NASA , asked for Scorpion personally and begrudgingly works with them . However , the mission is threatened when Walter 's date from the previous night , Linda , walks into the garage , handing him a jump drive with a recording of a scrambled voice giving them instructions to sabotage the launch or face the consequences of the bomb strapped to her chest . Meanwhile , Sylvester decides to audition for Jeopardy ! in order to win enough money to buy the naming rights for the new pediatric wing at Megan 's hospital so that it can be named after her , but he is nervous to be in front of the cameras . 38 16 `` Fractured '' Christine Moore Matthew Davis & Nick Santora February 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 08 ) 11.36 While Sylvester takes Ralph on an educational field trip to the beach , Paige forces Toby and Walter , who have been constantly fighting lately , into a couples therapy session specialized for business partners , but their therapist 's ( Penn Jillette ) credentials are from online colleges and his methods are unorthodox . Cabe and Paige help to prepare Happy for a presentation of her newly designed airbag to a prospective client . Suddenly , a major 7.8 - magnitude earthquake hits the L.A. area , causing significant infrastructure damage to the city including water main explosions and major fires . The team must work fast with limited resources to stop a broken gas main under Koreatown from exploding . 39 17 `` Adaptation '' Sam Hill Story by : Scott Sullivan and Aadrita Mukerji Teleplay by : Scott Sullivan February 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 22 ) 9.87 When Mexican drug runners start to use armed drones to smuggle extremely pure bricks of heroin across the border , Scorpion is tasked by the Policía Federal Ministerial to find a way to stop them . Walter and Toby continue their therapy and Dr. Rizzuto makes them use sock puppets to express their feelings . After being rejected by Jeopardy , Sylvester memorizes product pricing in order to be on The Price Is Right . Meanwhile , Toby and Happy 's private relationship becomes public , leading Walter to issue them an ultimatum based on his rule against intra-team fraternization ; either they break up or one of them leaves the team . 40 18 `` The Fast and the Nerdiest '' Don Tardino Kevin J. Hynes February 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 29 ) 9.23 Sylvester goes on The Price Is Right , gets selected as one of the contestants , and wins big in Megan 's memory : $100,000 and the `` showcase showdown . '' An old ex-con childhood friend of Cabe 's , Mick Doherty ( Eric Roberts ) , approaches the team , asking for their help in stopping a group from smuggling a biological weapon into Balio in Central America . The team manages to infiltrate the garage of a high - end vehicle import / export business and , on Toby 's bet , Walter is forced to challenge one of the mechanics to a drag race in order to stall for time while Happy searches the office for incriminating paperwork . Meanwhile , Happy and Toby have begun to fight regarding Toby 's increasingly frequent gambling habit . 41 19 `` Ticker '' Mel Damski Rob Pearlstein March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 8.96 When Walter gets into a fender bender , he goes to the hospital and meets a nice little girl named Olivia who is in need of a heart transplant . However , Toby notices a patient with symptoms of the Nibori virus , a lethal disease found only in the Far East , and discovers the blood supply at Los Angeles ' blood bank has been hacked , resulting in all the bags being mislabeled . Scorpion decides to help find the perpetrator in order to save Olivia 's life , but they only have 4 hours until her surgery and need to find a sample of Lutheran AB negative , her incredibly rare blood type . Back at the garage , the team competes in the `` ScorpiOlympics , '' their version of the Olympic games that is only for geniuses testing their mental and physical abilities . Also , Sly 's prize - winning days are over when he receives rejection letters from multiple game shows after winning big on The Price Is Right . 42 20 `` Djibouti Call '' Omar Madha David Foster March 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 21 ) 8.65 Scorpion is hired by the F.B.I. to install a newly developed audio surveillance system on the only U.S. military base located in Djibouti , Africa so that they can pick up on terrorist chatter . But this is just a ruse in order for Cabe and his Homeland Security trainee , Tim Armstrong ( Scott Porter ) , to run a top secret op across the border in Makuria , gathering intel on a businessman who raids antiquities from Middle Eastern museums and sells them on the black market to fund training , fake visas , and advanced explosives for terrorists . However , it turns into a rescue mission when the team must save Cabe after he is captured behind enemy lines . Also , Sylvester hires a lawyer named Haywood `` Jahelpme '' Morris ( Horatio Sanz ) from a TV commercial to help him get past the boilerplate contracts for game show auditions . 43 21 `` Twist and Shout '' Christine Moore Paul Grellong March 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 28 ) 8.74 When a construction company that is clearing a site for a factory build unearths an ammunition belt belonging to a Marine patrol that went missing in 1971 near Pleiku , Vietnam , retired Marine John Pandova ( Josh Randall ) of the Defense POW / MIA Accounting Agency hires Scorpion to enhance his ground imaging technology and ground penetrating radar equipment in only two days to give him proof that the remains ( including his father 's ) are still there . However , they only have two hours when they find themselves in the path of an F4 tornado . Later , after he receives a failing grade for his coding project , Ralph 's college professor steals his sound wave software , causing him to hire Haywood as his attorney . Tim asks Walter to a meal , but is rejected as Walter is going to call Linda , who came back , to set up a date , so he takes Walter 's advice on having dinner with a smart , kind , beautiful woman and asks to meet up with Paige at the diner . Linda does not return his call and it leaves Walter by himself , trying to beat Tim 's high score on Proton Arnold . 44 22 `` Hard Knox '' Omar Madha Scott Sullivan April 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 11 ) 8.60 In order to test their security system , Scorpion is hired by an agent from the Department of Defense to break into Fort Knox and steal a 300 - year - old Prussian scepter , proving that their depository is not run properly by a private firm . However , they discover half a pound of polonium , a toxic substance , hidden inside the artifact and must escape the buildings ' traps with it intact . Elsewhere , Haywood wins his first case by helping gain more time while Ralph proves in court that the software he created was actually his by bookmarking his code data with important dates , like when he first met Walter . Also , Toby has suspicions about Linda , who he believes is less attracted to Walter than suffering from damsel syndrome , experiencing the same endorphin / dopamine rush from when he saved her . Walter breaks up with her , pledging to remain friends , while Paige accepts a date with Tim . 45 23 `` Chernobyl Intentions '' Jeff T. Thomas Nick Santora & Nicholas Wootton April 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 18 ) 8.35 Scorpion is tasked with helping Oksana Nastrova ( Kathleen Munroe ) of the Global Nuclear Energy Council move an improved concrete sarcophagus in place over the old deteriorating sarcophagus at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant before corium trapped under the reactor destabilizes . Toby , who has diagnosed ex-Scorpion team member Mark Collins ( Joshua Leonard ) as insane , remains in Los Angeles for Collins ' competency hearing . Scorpion discovers unmelted caesium rods near the corium using a robot designed by Happy . While Paige and Sylvester fly with Oksana in her plane over the sarcophagus , taking measurements , the robot is affected by the radiation and punctures the corium , resulting in the ejection of a radioactive cloud that disables the plane . It crashes into the old dome , trapping the plane 's occupants while the team tries to save them and stop the corium from reaching the caesium rods . After returning to the United States , Walter tries to ask Paige out to a jazz festival , but decides to give her his tickets so that she can take Tim instead . Meanwhile , Toby covertly meets his jeweler in a parking garage to pick up a bespoke hex nut engagement ring for Happy , only to be kidnapped by Mark . 46 24 `` Toby or Not Toby '' Sam Hill Nick Santora & Nicholas Wootton April 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 25 ) 8.98 Scorpion has to outsmart the mentally - unstable Mark Collins , who has kidnapped Toby and intends to torture and kill him unless he receives Walter 's BBI ( brain -- brain interface ) research . But , if his demands are met , he has the ability to advance the technology to where he can read peoples ' minds . When they find where Mark 's hideout is through ham radio frequencies , Walter has to choose whether to capture his nemesis or let him go to disarm his elaborate booby trap -- an intricate maze of dental floss holding a single jar of acid over Toby 's head . After Toby 's brush with death , Walter catches up to Mark and captures him on a bus going to South Carolina , the location of his favorite childhood memory . Meanwhile , Sylvester lets Toby 's marriage proposal to Happy out of the bag , but she has a marriage secret of her own . Later , Walter comes to his senses about Paige , realizing he loves her . He leaves to stop her from spending the weekend with Tim at a jazz festival in Lake Tahoe . Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 `` Civil War '' Sam Hill Nick Santora and Nicholas Wootton October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 8.30 After both of their personal and romantic issues fail with Paige and Happy , Walter , Toby , and the rest of Scorpion put their plans on pause as they work with the U.S. Navy to stop two out of control fighter jets taken over by hackers while flying over Los Angeles , targeting their weapons at each other . The hackers also cyberjack four U.S. destroyers and position the ships 300 yards ( 274 m ) outside Miami , Boston , Portland , and Long Beach with high explosive BGM missiles pointed at the cities . This forces the U.S. military to ground all planes and shut down the nuclear missile silos , leaving the country defenseless . The hackers are back - traced to Bulgaria . Happy and Toby successfully help the Navy regain control of the remaining fighter plane after the hackers use it to shoot down the other . However , Walter and Paige are unsuccessful at hacking the hackers ' signal and are almost killed trying . Meanwhile Sly , Cabe , and Tim travel to Sofia , Bulgaria in a Valkyrie to find the hackers , where Sly shows off his card counting skills to get the attention of a crime boss they need to find the hackers . 48 `` More Civil War '' Jeffrey Hunt Nick Santora and Nicholas Wootton October 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 03 ) 8.30 After Sly gains the attention of a crime boss , he must help the him win back millions from a Chinese rival in exchange for the address of the hackers . The others successfully regain control over the destroyers , only to find out there is also a nuclear submarine under the hackers ' control . They try to use magnets to disrupt the hackers ' signal , but are mere seconds too late in implementing their solution . Cabe and Tim run into a trap , eventually managing to find the hackers ' lair , but not before the hackers launch a nuclear missile . In a team effort , Walter reprograms the rocket 's GPS to disable it . Meanwhile , Sly accidentally loses the game . After the crime boss finds out Sly works for the U.S. government , he decides to kill him . On the way to a secluded area , Sly escapes and is ultimately rescued by the Valkyrie pilot . Later , on Cabe 's advice , Walter must face the reality that he is not emotionally ready for Paige , deciding to make amends with her and Tim . 49 `` It Is n't the Fall That Kills You '' Sanford Bookstaver Nick Santora and Scott Sullivan October 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 10 ) 7.05 Tech mogul Richard Elia returns to hire Scorpion to help his company with their first manned space launch , with a deadline with NASA looming . Walter 's rocket throttle design seems unstable , so he runs diagnostics on it . While working on the rocket , a lightning strike launches Walter into space . Due to several malfunctions , including low oxygen , he starts to hallucinate that Paige is with him in the rocket capsule . The team must figure out how to save Walter before his oxygen runs out in less than 30 minutes , all while dealing with the uncomfortable situation . They turn to the Russian Federal Space Agency for help in return for giving them credit for saving an American citizen . Walter and Toby devise elaborate plans to deal with their loves while at the garage . 50 `` Little Boy Lost '' Steven A. Adelson Rob Pearlstein and Nick Wootton October 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 17 ) 7.17 After Ralph 's friend Daniel , a non-verbal autistic boy , goes missing during their school field trip , Scorpion searches for him only to find that a suspicious man took Daniel 's voice tablet mistaking it for his intended dead drop . They soon discover that the tablet is linked to the S6 , an international mercenary ring . The team races to track Daniel before the S6 do , but arrive too late and then must save a panicked Daniel . He reveals that he opened a file on the wrong tablet , detailing an assassination plan to use smart bullets to take out a candidate running for Senate . They work together to stop the plan , succeeding thanks to Happy 's quick thinking . Toby visits Mark Collins in prison to ask him about Happy 's husband and , instead of an answer , he gives Toby a riddle . Later , he finally figures out the riddle and finds out the identity of Happy 's husband : Walter . Happy reveals their marriage was purely to help Walter get a green card and then reveals that she is pregnant , requesting a divorce from Walter . 51 5 `` Plight at the Museum '' Christine Moore Paul Grellong and Nick Santora October 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 24 ) 7.03 Scorpion is hired by L.A. 's Natural History Museum to determine why an ancient pillar is rapidly decaying and must stay overnight during lockdown to solve the problem . The simple mission turns complex when a group of Aldorrian thieves infiltrate the museum , wanting to steal tantalum - 181 from an asteroid on display in order to enhance a nuclear bomb . Meanwhile , Toby panics about becoming a father and Paige gives him some parenting advice . Later , a hard - nosed case worker from USCIS shows up and is curious as to why Walter and Happy have been living at separate addresses for the past six years . This causes Toby to give them behavior lessons . 52 6 `` Bat Poop Crazy '' Omar Madha David Foster and Nicholas Wootton October 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 31 ) 6.51 Scorpion travels to a remote location in Wonder Rift , Arizona , where they go spelunking into a deep cave system in an effort to save a disease - ridden bat population from harming the North American ecosystem . In order to prevent the spread of White Nose Syndrome , they must aerosol fungicide into the cave after they meet up with two zoologists . They end up having to save the scientists after the bats become aggressive and attack them . Meanwhile , Happy stays at the garage running comms and has to look after a hyperactive Ralph who is on a sugar rush from eating too much candy . Later , the team throws a Halloween party and wears costumes to help Happy and Walter with their impending immigration inspection by strict agent Joyce Linehan . 53 7 `` We 're Gonna Need a Bigger Vote '' Sam Hill Elizabeth Davis Beall and Nick Santora November 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 07 ) 6.92 Scorpion gets a mission directly from the U.S. President and works with the FBI on election day when hackers try to crash the voting servers in the latest U.S. presidential election . Since Walter is flagged by immigration as a person of interest for citizen fraud , he can not help the team . Undeterred , he partners with Ralph to find out that the Chinese consulate and their ambassador are behind the vote hack as a means to gain control of international shipping lanes . Later , Paige goes with Tim to the Veterans ' Ball and has to meet his parents . Meanwhile , Agent Linehan visits the garage and , although she knows Walter and Happy perpetrated a fraudulent marriage , is forced to grant Walter his citizenship after Washington , D.C. enacts a private bill as a reward for his work on the case . Happy finds out she was not pregnant , her blood test a false positive caused by contracting cadmium poisoning after working on the solar panels , but she and Toby do get properly engaged . 54 8 `` Sly and the Family Stone '' Jeff Hunt Adam Higgs and Nicholas Wootton November 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 14 ) 7.22 Most of Scorpion escorts Walter to his hometown in Ireland to help his parents with the blessing of Megan 's cenotaph on Pattern Day for her one - year remembrance memorial . Toby stays at the garage to aid Happy with her chelation treatment and convince her to have a big wedding . Meanwhile , the Irish tradition is broken when Walter discovers the nearby lake is about to erupt , which would result in a poisonous gas cloud of carbon dioxide threatening the entire village . Cabe and Toby , via cell phone , try to ease the tension between Walter and Tim , who must work together to save the townsfolk . Also , Walter makes amends with his childhood bullies by fighting them , earning their respect . 55 9 `` Mother Load '' Jeff T. Thomas Kevin J. Hynes November 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 21 ) 7.07 Paige 's Thanksgiving dinner for the team is put on hold when her estranged con - artist mother Veronica , ( Lea Thompson ) posing as a real estate investor , enlists Scorpion 's help after she accidentally discovers a forgotten radioactive nuclear reactor that is about to explode in an abandoned building . In addition , she is being hunted by shady businessmen who want their money back . Wanting to save his beloved Warlock 's Chest comic book store from demolition , Sly starts a petition and decides to run for town alderman . Meanwhile , Cabe becomes interested in Allie Jones ( Reiko Aylesworth ) , the competition 's campaign manager . Later , Veronica , after reading Walter 's good intentions , declares that he is what is best for her daughter , not Tim -- and that she will help him get her back . 56 10 `` This is the Pits '' Sam Hill Kim Rome & Nicholas Wootton December 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 12 ) 6.98 Scorpion must act quickly with LAFD Fire and Rescue after a woman runs off the road to avoid a cyclist and gets trapped in her car at the bottom of the La Brea Tar Pits . Also , Sly and Cabe fail to raise enough money for Sly 's campaign to run for alderman of West Altadenia , leading Veronica to teach Ralph how to make a bigger profit by selling his Forestry Brave cookies as ice cream sandwiches to hipsters and , instead of keeping the conned money , they give it to Sly as a campaign donation . Later , Walter ends his partnership with Veronica , feeling the deceit would eventually hurt Paige . Tim declines a security job offer in Amman , Jordan in order to stay with Paige and continue helping Scorpion , this time with a permanent position . 57 11 `` Wreck the Halls '' Milan Cheylov Scott Sullivan December 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 19 ) 7.53 Scorpion spends Christmas Eve at a cabin free of all electronic devices , cell reception , and Wi - Fi . But it is not a team holiday without a problem . While out searching for a Christmas tree to cut down , they encounter gunrunners in the woods holding an ATF agent hostage . The team is discovered at their retreat and sets up homemade traps to take down the criminals . Even though their plan works , the agent is really a part of the gunrunning gang and captures Ralph . Paige and Walter race after him and rescue Ralph . Later , Tim and Walter have a heated argument over Paige , causing Tim to rethink his position as a full - time member of Scorpion . In the end , he decides to take the security job in Amman , but Toby tells Walter that Paige will blame Walter for it . 58 12 `` Ice Ca - Cabes '' Jeff T. Thomas David Foster & Nick Santora January 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 02 ) 7.37 Scorpion is back to normal with the regular roster after Tim 's departure , but Paige is upset about how Walter handled the situation and just wants to focus on work . Meanwhile , Cabe is moving out of Happy 's home and she is actually sad about it ; he gives her his mother 's brooch to wear on her wedding day and she considers him a friend . The team 's routine mission at the Federal Pumping Station in Redwood , California in the desert turns into their hardest case when they are forced to freeze Cabe 's body in order to save his life after he is seriously wounded by a copper shard that snapped off from the force of the turbine 's friction . The team must collect various materials , forcing Sly and Happy to face their fears and Paige and Walter to enter a nudist spring . Later , at the hospital , Walter finally expresses his feelings for his long - time fatherly friend and tells Cabe he loves him . 59 13 `` Faux Money Maux Problems '' Omar Madha Aadrita Mukerji & Nicholas Wootton January 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) 7.81 Scorpion takes a private job revamping a winery 's viticulture technology with selective harvesters and optical sorters . On the way to the winery in a limousine , the team is knocked out by kevloturane , a subtle but potentially lethal gas . They are tricked by a foreign diplomat posing as the vineyard owner , and she forces them to make American counterfeit money for her country , the fictional Norteguay of which her brother is dictator , that intends to ruin the U.S. economy . After being locked in a warehouse with her mother , Paige has to rely on her mother 's con - artist skills to save them all . Meanwhile , at the winery , Toby and Happy are followed by a Norteguaian henchman and escape to the garage to help the rest of the team , who believe they are out of the country but are really in Simi Valley , California . 60 14 `` The Hole Truth '' Sam Hill Story by : Matthew David & Rob Pearlstein Teleplay by : Rob Pearlstein January 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 23 ) 7.77 Scorpion is hired by the US Army Corps of Engineers to help a sandhog unit locate a leak in a municipal water line . The micro leaks they find cause the soft soil to create a massive sinkhole that is ready to swallow up a silo filled with chemicals , along with a worker trapped on top of it . If this happens , the drinking water supply of one of Southern California 's most prominent aquifers will be tainted . Meanwhile , Toby and Happy have to help Walter , who is slipping down their `` EQ '' scale , as he has been too sharp and insensitive to people 's emotions ever since Paige decided to leave him to his own devices . Paige also has to help Veronica get back the con money she buried at the abandoned factory where they found the nuclear device , which is now being worked on by a demolition crew . She devises a cunning plan for her mother to cheat the men who want her to pay for her sins ; however , it forces Veronica to part ways with Paige for good . She leaves a large cache of her dirty money to Paige in Ralph 's name . 61 15 `` Sharknerdo '' Tim Story Elizabeth Davis Beall February 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 06 ) 7.76 After Scorpion loses a contract with the Department of Energy to upgrade their server when Walter disagrees with a rep over their `` mathematically inaccurate '' fee , he takes on a case to use their echolocation tech in search of pirate treasure . The team is hired by a Marine salvage company that believes they 've found the San Caldera , a Manila galleon that sunk by Drakes Bay in 1595 carrying a fortune in gold . Meanwhile , Allie helps Sly out with his campaign by getting him an interview with a teenage reporter for the West Altadena Shopper . However , he has more important matters to attend to when he has to help rescue Walter and Paige when they 're stranded in the middle of the Pacific Ocean after their boat explodes from an electrical problem . Even though they 're able to make it to a Danish buoy to get out an S.O.S. , a frenzy of sharks surrounds them . 62 16 `` Keep It In Check , Mate '' Christine Moore Kim Rome February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) 7.24 Scorpion gets a case from the Eastern European Desk of the CIA when two informants in Sardovia are murdered . In order to get close to a Sardovian asset , Walter and Sylvester enter an international chess competition undercover in an effort to extricate the spy / chess grandmaster before her identity is exposed by code breakers . Meanwhile , Cabe works with the FBI to convince Happy 's father Patrick to testify against Sonny Dubin , a man who ran a stolen car ring to move drugs across the border for whom Patrick used to illegally wipe off VIN numbers of vehicles that he brought him at his garage . In order to take advantage of the deal Cabe has struck , he has to self - surrender and will be imprisoned for two years , causing Happy heartbreak . Later , Ralph is asked to the Valentine 's Day dance by two girls and goes to the men for advice instead of Paige , who is disappointed since emotional problems are her specialty . However , he comes to her wanting to learn how to dance . 63 17 `` Dirty Seeds , Done Dirt Cheap '' Jeff T. Thomas Adam Higgs February 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 20 ) 7.19 Scorpion travels to Greenland for a simple job , repairing a malfunctioning system at the Granse World Seed Vault . When they become trapped in high humidity rooms , Happy , Sylvester , and Cabe have life - threatening psychotic hallucinations due to ergot spores , which affect the fear center of the brain . Happy relives her childhood rejections waiting to be adopted , Sly believes he will catch a disease from chickens , and Cabe believes he is too old to date Allie , who is 15 years his junior , and turns into an arthritic old man . Meanwhile , Paige , Walter , and Toby , who are not infected , try to help them overcome their worst fears over their comms . Later , Sly must overcome his fear of public speaking to win a political debate against his opponent , who tries to use a bullying tactic on him . 64 18 `` Do n't Burst My Bubble '' Omar Madha April E. Brassard & Nicholas Wootton February 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 27 ) 6.88 When Happy 's new online friend Ada , a teenage girl she met on a website for female mechanics , does n't respond to a private chat , Happy heads to Ada 's hometown of Lancaster . She enlists Scorpion to help her move Ada , who has a severe immunodeficiency brought on by aplastic anemia , and the sterile bubble that protects her weak immune system to a germ - free location after a severe storm leaves her home surrounded by dangerous debris . Meanwhile , Walter tries out his newfound emotional state on Paige when she and Tim break up after he decides to accept an eight - month contract extension in Jordan . Later , Sly loses the alderman election after Allie 's boss and Sly 's opponent forces her to post a photo on the internet of the germophobic Sly shaking hands with a veteran and wiping his hand afterwards . This causes Cabe to break up with Allie , although Sly nonetheless manages to save the Warlock 's Chest from being condemned by qualifying it as a historical landmark . Also , the team holds a Winter Formal and uses a virtual reality headset designed by Walter to allow Ada to experience the dance . 65 19 `` Monkey See , Monkey Poo '' Don Tardino Scott Sullivan March 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 13 ) 6.61 Scorpion works with the World Health Organization to stop the dangerous Marari virus from spreading throughout South America and causing a pandemic . They travel to the Amazon rainforest to locate an endangered monkey species called the Homboldt Capuchin that may have the antibody for the cure . Meanwhile , in order for their marriage to work , Happy wants to express herself better , so she drags Toby to see `` quack '' therapist Dr. Cecil Rizzuto ( Penn Jilette ) for premarital counseling . Later , Walter identifies with Cabe 's emotional pain from losing Allie after his own heartbreak over Paige and actually shows some empathy towards him . 66 20 `` Broken Wind '' Steven A. Adelson Caitlin Duffy & Nick Santora March 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) 6.46 Scorpion is hired by the Department of Energy to design a special graphene alloy turbine to upgrade their experimental blade-less windmills at a wind farm in Energy Valley . When Happy and Paige get stuck in a gondola , the rest of the team races to save them after the cable supporting it snaps . The men make it hard for Toby to decide on a best man for his wedding , resulting in him asking Paige to be his `` best ma'am . '' To avoid a similar competition , Happy declares them all her `` dudes of honor . '' Additionally , Sly earns the Stone of Valor at The Knights of Altadenia vesting ceremony and wants a reluctant Cabe to join in being knighted into his clan after his contributions towards saving The Warlock 's Chest . 67 21 `` Rock Block '' Antonio Negret David Foster April 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 10 ) 6.40 Scorpion is hired by the government of the fictional Hechnyan Republic to retrieve a space capsule carrying an asteroid , but discover it contains DNA strands that may have deadly pathogens capable of killing millions . During the mission , Allie visits Cabe , who stayed behind , to inform him that her boss will be stripped from his position as alderman for accepting bribes and that Sylvester will be able to take his place . Sly initially rejects the offer , instead offering Cabe a trade ; he will take the oath of office only if Cabe takes Allie to dinner . Happy and Toby secretly take advantage of freebies from reception venues while Paige struggles with her `` best ma'am '' duties . When she discovers their secret , they offer her a bribe from their haul . Later , things heat up for Walter and Paige when they see if the song Walter picked out for the wedding is suitable for dancing . 68 22 `` Strife on Mars '' Jeff Hunt Kevin J. Hynes April 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 17 ) 6.59 Scorpion is hired by Kapper Aerospace Industries in Solvang to fix the thorium power grid in their Mars simulation biodome . When a critical system fails , they must extract a pair of scientists who have been living inside for 11 months . Also , Walter and Paige plan out their own versions of Toby and Happy 's Jack and Jill Bachelor / Bachelorette Party : Walter with a trip to the science center , a planetarium , and the natural history museum , Paige with a party bus and look - a-like piñatas . Meanwhile , the couple prepares to move in with each other , quickly learning that they have different styles and ways of living . An oxygen - ozone mix in the dome triggers Walter 's memory of the earlier rocket mission and he discovers what really happened in space with Paige . Later , realizing Paige played him , Walter fires Paige at Scorpion but does so only after landing a position for her with Richard Elia ; Paige however , overreacts and tells him to `` go to hell '' and leaves with Ralph . 69 23 `` Something Burrowed , Something Blew '' Christine Moore Aadrita Mukerji & Nick Santora May 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 01 ) 7.11 On the day of Happy and Toby 's wedding , Scorpion gets a case in Wyoming when lightning strikes set fire to an underground coal mine . They must extinguish the fire before it destroys a telecom cable , but they need to be back in San Jose , California in time for the ceremony . When complications arise and they do n't make it , Paige plans an impromptu wedding at Kovalsky 's Diner , their favorite greasy spoon , and gets Ray , who 's an ordained minister , to give the vows . Walter expresses his feelings for Paige , stating the reason he fired her is because he 's in love with her . To his surprise , she feels the same way and they share a not - so - intimate moment . Later , Cabe gets a call ; the French Polynesian governor needs help setting up their underwater wave - powered generators and they 're willing to fly the team out to Tahiti . Looks like the newlyweds get a free honeymoon . However , on the private flight , they hit some turbulence and , with Happy as the co-pilot , the plane starts to go down . 70 24 `` Maroon 8 '' Milan Cheylov Paul Grellong May 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 08 ) 7.52 On the way to Tahiti , the team 's plane crashes on a deserted island after a battery in one of the wave - powered generators explodes , causing shrapnel to cut the plane 's hydraulic lines . Everyone except for the pilot , Scotty ( Rockmond Dunbar ) , is unharmed . Scotty is suffering from crush syndrome and will die if freed . The team rushes to build a makeshift dialysis machine out of the wreckage to save him , while also trying to find a way off the island . In the meantime , Sylvester 's near - death experience instills him with a new surge of confidence and Toby learns some surprising secrets about Happy 's past . Also , an overeager Walter struggles with his emotions while adjusting to his new relationship with Paige and Ralph is worried the relationship wo n't survive long on the island . 71 25 `` Scorp Family Robinson '' Sam Hill Nick Santora & Nicholas Wootton May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) 7.89 Three weeks after crashing on a deserted island , the team is divided on plans to get rescued before the monsoon season , so the team splits up . Walter thinks a magnetic field change can get them home , while Toby tries to make a raft out of newly discovered oil drums . Meanwhile , a long - bearded Sylvester is losing his mind in the bunker with his pet chameleon . Everyone works together to rescue Ralph and Scotty when they are smothered in a sand pit created by an exploding copper wire experiment that results in an electrical disturbance , signalling a plane to fly above them . They spell out SOS on the sand and are saved . Back home safe , Paige and Walter are finally left alone and they consummate their relationship . Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 72 `` Extinction '' Sam Hill Nick Santora & Nicholas Wootton September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) 5.75 Walter gets a call from ex-Scorpion member and old nemesis Mark Collins . While in prison , Mark discovered an extinction event from a temperature shift in Northern Norway . In order to prevent mass extinction , the team has to work with the mad genius to stop methane from leaking through cracks in the ice caused by an earthquake . However , methane geysers are created during an aftershock and , if not plugged up , will start warming the earth 's atmosphere within hours instead of weeks . During the mission , Walter and Paige awkwardly resume their new relationship at work , causing Walter to burst out into song and dance . Also , Sly questions his lack of achievements after seeing his short obituary in a shrine dedicated to him at the Warlock 's Chest . 73 `` More Extinction '' Sam Hill Nick Santora & Nicholas Wootton October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) 5.23 With the new Homeland Security director refusing to help , Team Scorpion and Mark Collins are forced to come up with a plan to save the world on their own . After learning of a nearby luxury resort for Russian military higher - ups , the team decides to raid it for an experimental assault helicopter and the supplies they need to perform cloud seeding with the intention to cause it to snow and freeze over the crevices . Despite some issues , the team succeeds in stealing the necessary supplies and successfully freezes over the methane hotspots , buying the needed time for specialists to come with methane - eating bacteria to remove the threat completely . However , Collins tricks Cabe and is able to escape . In the aftermath , the team comes to realize that Collins had planned all along to use the extinction event to escape and Cabe is arrested for instigating Collins ' escape . Walter and Paige , after experiencing doubts about their relationship , reconcile and Happy , revealing she recovered his old wedding ring earlier , makes Sly a wedding ring of bandage fragments within a plastic mold . 74 `` Grow a Deer , A Female Deer '' Milan Cheylov David Foster & Nick Santora October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) 4.82 After learning of Cabe 's arrest from Ally , Scorpion pools their funds to pay his $500,000 bail , angering Cabe . Now in desperate need of funds , Scorpion agrees to fly to Africa to stop a poacher cabal from targeting rhinos . During the mission , Walter 's guilt causes him to channel Cabe 's mannerisms to nearly disastrous effect . After locating the correct valley , Scorpion rescues a deer from a poacher . The deer , which is of a nearly - extinct species , is severely injured and pregnant . The team is forced to move the baby into an artificial womb and to transport both mother and baby to safety while chased by poachers . The team succeeds in saving both mother and child while Ralph is able to decrypt the satellite phone of one of the poachers , identifying the entire organization . With the help of Ralph , Cabe realizes how selfish he 's being , while Ralph develops a crush on Sly 's new intern , Patty . 75 `` Nuke Kids on the Block '' Elodie Keene Paul Grellong & Nicholas Wootton October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) 4.84 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) After Paige calls Happy out on third - wheeling all of her and Walter 's dates , tension grows between the two of them . Scorpion is called in to decommission a nuclear missile , but Happy accidentally drops a wrench and punctures the missile 's fuel tank . With four hours until help arrives and the fuel vapors threatening to cause the warhead to detonate , Scorpion comes up with a plan to use a 3D printer and neon gas to create a plug for the leak . A mistake in the gas they receive causes the situation to worsen , so Walter decides to use an explosion to harmlessly launch the warhead into the countryside , where it can safely be recovered later . While the launch is successful , the vapors arm the warhead . At the last second , Happy disarms it and Scorpion leaves the Air Force to clean up the mess . At the same time , Sly 's new intern Patty struggles to save the local science club . Inspired by the events in the missile silo , Sly finds a way to save the city plenty of money to fund the science club . Sly chooses to become Cabe 's lawyer due to their problems in finding him one . Happy announces that she wants to have a baby with Toby , while Walter admits his insecurities about Paige growing bored with their relationship . 76 5 `` Sci Hard '' Dwight H. Little Rob Pearlstein & Nick Santora October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) 5.15 Walter , Paige , Cabe , Toby , and Happy visit a technology conference in Los Angeles while Sly takes the Vermont bar exam . While at the conference , which features Scorpion 's old acquaintance Richard Elia , the conference is taken over by masked men , resulting in Paige and Walter being taken hostage . As the others try to foil a clever bank robbery scheme , Sly is forced to interrupt his test to help , observed by his test proctor to monitor for possible cheating . Cabe is able to overpower two of the villains and aid Walter and Sly in tricking the remaining two into thinking they have gotten their money . However , Toby and Happy 's attempt to help gets them arrested by a suspicious police detective . In the end , Cabe captures the robbers and Toby and Happy are exonerated . Sly 's efforts to help results in his only answering about seventy percent of the questions before running out of time . To Sly 's shock , he later finds out that the sympathetic proctor rushed his test results through and he passed , meaning that Sly can act as Cabe 's lawyer in his upcoming trial . 77 6 `` Queen Scary '' Omar Madha Adam Higgs & Nicholas Wootton October 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 30 ) 4.93 The team meets Dave who offers them a job to prove the existence of ghosts on the Queen Mary for his documentary . Due to the financial problems that the team currently have , they accepted the job though Walter stays behind due to his skepticism . During the mission , the team discovers that the Queen Mary is being used to house an antenna guiding unmanned ships . Due to a malfunction , one such ship ends up a disastrous collision course with a refinery and the team 's attempts to stop it make the situation worse . Finally , Walter manages to board the ship , but is unable to stop it directly due to its damaged electronics . Instead , the team manages to use the ship 's sonar and the Queen Mary 's PA system to create a sonic wall that stops the ship feet from the refinery . Though the ghosts were debunked , Dave still produces a heavily edited version of the documentary . At the end of the episode , Toby manages to get Cabe to open up about his upcoming trial and Cabe finally admits that he 's worried . 78 7 `` Go With the Flo ( rence ) '' Sam Hill Kevin J. Hynes & Nick Santora November 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 06 ) 5.18 79 8 `` Faire is Foul '' Sanford Bookstaver Scott Sullivan November 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 13 ) 4.74 80 9 `` It 's Raining Men ( of War ) '' Antonio Negret Kim Rome & Nicholas Wootton November 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 20 ) 5.13 The team is hired to dissolve a garbage island made out of plastic . They are helped by their new neighbor Flo , a chemist , who devises a formula that dissolves plastic . Walter , Flo and Happy walk onto the floating garbage to disperse the formula . While the formula starts dissolving the island , it appears that it attracts deadly jellyfish . Meanwhile , their boat has engine problems and drifts away . The team uses their combined intellect to get back to the boat . Walter and Flo get stung by the jellyfish and need medical attention . 81 10 `` Crime Every Mountain '' Sam Hill Aadrita Mukerji & Nick Santora November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) 5.50 While testing a new winch , Scorpion witnesses a plane go down and attempts to help the man flying the plane save his children . The team learns too late that the man and his daughter are drug runners and get taken captive , ultimately resulting in Walter and Paige being trapped in a small cave . Toby manages to rescue the two and they are able to outfox and capture the pair . The incident causes Happy to experience some doubts about having children after seeing the criminal family , but she is soothed by Toby . At the same time , Cabe attempts to capture Mark Collins with Sly 's help after they receive a lead . However , it is just a trap set by Collins to frame Cabe for taking a $50,000 bribe . With Cabe 's situation worsening , Walter attempts to distance himself from Cabe , leading to some strain between him and Paige . In the end , Sly decides to request a bench trial instead of a jury trial so that Cabe 's guilt will only be determined by an experienced judge . While helping prepare for the trial , Walter reconciles with Cabe . 82 11 `` Who Let the Dog Out ( ' Cause Now It 's Stuck In a Cistern ) '' Omar Madha David Foster & Nick Santora December 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 11 ) 5.92 Joined by a new handler from Homeland Security and Florence , Scorpion sets out to rescue a diabetic dog trapped underground with only a short time to live . The team manages to save the dog and their handler decides to report to Homeland Security that the team is unconventional but effective and gives his support in allowing the team to continue to operate . At the same time , Cabe goes on trial for aiding and abetting Mark Collins ' escape and taking a bribe . Cabe 's trial is a bench trial overseen by a judge with a history of handing down harsh sentences . The judge rejects most of Sly 's defenses making it seem like Cabe will be convicted . However , Sly has a last minute idea using an obscure case from 1804 and maritime law . Ultimately , the judge dismisses the bribery charges based on evidence presented by Sly of Collins ' bank hacking to frame Cabe . Based on maritime law , Cabe is exonerated for helping Collins escape and is released . At the end of the episode , Sly helps Toby and Florence deal with charges of their own relating to helping him save Cabe and Cabe gives each member of the team a memento with personal value to show their importance to him . 83 12 `` A Christmas Car - Roll '' LeVar Burton Paul Grellong & Nicholas Wootton December 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 18 ) 5.35 While the rest of Scorpion plans to enjoy the Christmas holiday , Walter continues to work resulting in an life - threatening fall . While Scorpion attempts to save Walter his unconscious self experiences a dream world where Scorpion was never formed . As a result , several of the disasters they prevented have happened . In Walter 's dream , he is married to Florence , Paige owns a chain of restaurants , Cabe is the Chief of the LAPD , Sly owns a video game company , Toby is a famous motivational speaker , Happy runs a podcast on rare cars and Ralph is his former silent genius self . In order to save himself , represented by a doppelganger of Walter trapped in a car accident , Walter is forced to bring together the team . Scorpion is able to save Walter 's life and he awakens in the hospital in the real world . The dream gives Walter a new perspective on the team while his dream marriage to Florence appears to make Walter intrigued . 84 13 `` The Bunker Games '' Milan Cheylov Rob Pearlstein January 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 15 ) 5.62 Scorpion is hired to check out the AI system on a doomsday bunker . Due to Cabe 's upcoming physical , Paige remains behind with him to help train while Toby is refused for the job by the owners . To the team 's surprise , they are greeted by Toby 's rival Quincy Berkstead and his wife Amy who is Toby 's ex-fiancé . When Toby follows the rest of the team out of suspicion , the bunker 's AI Dorie labels Toby as a threat and locks the team , Quincy and Amy in the bunker while Cabe and Paige try desperately to save them . With time running out until Dorie releases a deadly gas , the team implements a plan that releases them from the bunker and locks Dorie in an unsolvable challenge . During the mission , Happy grows jealous of Amy who appears to be more beautiful and successful than her , but the two bond . Quincy 's cowardice causes Amy to leave him in the end . At the same time , Walter remains freaked out by his dream about being married to Florence and attempts to maintain his distance from her on the mission . While Florence takes the news well when Walter explains , Paige does not . 85 14 `` Lighthouse of the Rising Sun '' Sam Hill Adam Higgs January 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 22 ) 5.23 After a solar flare knocks out power and communications in Southern California , Scorpion , Ralph , Cabe 's girlfriend Allie , Sly 's intern Patty and Sly 's science club team up together to save two teenagers trapped on a plane with no way of landing . Cabe , Allie , Toby and Happy reactivate the lighthouse both couples went to for a romantic weekend away to help guide the teenagers in while Paige and Sly break into a flight school to get the plane 's specifications . However , the plane suffers damage and is unable to land and a controlled crash - landing proves to be impossible as well . With the help of the science club , Walter comes up with a plan for the teens to jump into a massive net , saving their lives . During the crisis , Cabe encourages the teens to admit their love for each other while he finally does the same with Allie who reciprocates his feelings . Throughout the crisis , Ralph continues his efforts to impress Patty and succeeds to the point that she requests his help in running Sly 's reelection campaign . Due to Walter 's dream , Paige is harsh with Florence while giving her advice to get investors . Paige 's advice proves to work and Paige makes amends with Florence and Walter though a planned romantic night suffers an unfortunate interruption . 86 15 `` Wave Goodbye '' Jeff T. Thomas Kevin J. Hynes January 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 29 ) 5.82 This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Scorpion is called to Fuente Roja , Mexico to repair an earthquake damaged reactor of a nuclear power station . Sly stays behind to get an autograph from his favorite author and Toby claims back pains . As the team prepares to repair the reactor , another ( 9.1 ) earthquake at sea triggers a massive tsunami that threatens the town . Able to affect repairs but unable to leave the town in time , Scorpion enacts a plan to dissipate the tsunami before it can reach land and the remaining towns people . The team is able to stop the tsunami and save the town . At the same time , Toby 's ex-fiancée Amy asks him to help her recover her identity previously stolen and sold by Quincy Berkstead following the recent bunker debacle . Through a series of deals , Toby tracks Amy 's stolen identity to his old enemy , the Gooch . Though Toby offers to return to gambling to help Amy , the Gooch tries to kill them . Happy learns of Toby 's actions and arrives in time with Cabe and the police to arrest the Gooch and save the two . In the process , Toby rejects Amy 's advances as he loves Happy too much to cheat . Though Sly misses meeting his favorite author , Cabe is able to arrange a private meeting for him at the garage . Throughout the episode , Paige and Walter argue about when their first kiss was . At the end , the two are shown to have exchanged beliefs on which one it was . 87 16 `` Nerd , Wind and Fire '' Bethany Rooney Scott Sullivan February 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 05 ) 5.55 On Valentine 's Day , Scorpion gets called in to rescue a doctor and a pilot whose helicopter crashed into an incomplete building due to powerful winds . The doctor is needed by a critically - injured patient who will soon die if the doctor ca n't reach him . As Toby struggles to keep the young man alive , Walter uses equipment from the hospital to create a makeshift zipline to reach the helicopter but faces problems with the rescue itself . With the team 's help , the doctor and the pilot are saved . However , facing mortal danger , Walter must jump off the building to survive . Meanwhile , Toby and Happy await the results of their fertility tests . Toby is discovered to have sertoli cell - only syndrome . The couple ca n't afford the treatment , so Scorpion and Ally pool their resources to help . Ralph is asked by Patty to tutor her crush , something he tries to sabotage until Walter gives him advice . From Paige , Florence learns of Walter 's dream and assures her she has no romantic interest in him . Instead , Sly and Florence appear to develop feelings for each other . At the end , Paige finds Walter 's unfinished song meant to her . 88 17 `` Dumbster Fire '' Sanford Bookstaver Aadrita Mukerji February 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 26 ) 5.06 Scorpion is called in to verify a potentially major discovery . However , the lab is so deep underground that spending over four hours causes the pressure to damage the team 's IQ . Due to a prairie dog mishap and Walter 's inability to properly fix it in his altered state , the lab 's particle collider threatens to create a black hole and the team lack the smarts to fix it . Guided by Paige and Cabe , they are able to come up with simpler solutions to some of their problems . After Toby collapses due to the pressure , an effort to save his life by creating a makeshift vacuum restore Toby 's intelligence and he is able to come up with a solution to the problem . In the aftermath , Toby and Happy finally agree on a doctor for their fertility problems and Sly comes up with a new water filter for his efforts to reduce the amount of plastic used and enlists Florence 's help to perfect it . Though the low - IQ Walter resulted in him having a higher EQ , Walter returns completely to normal and rejects Paige 's attempts to go on a date with him based on the things he suggested while dumb . Instead , Walter and Florence spend the night in the lab using their complimentary geniuses to solve a problem . 89 18 `` Dork Day Afternoon '' Steven A. Adelson Paul Grellong March 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 05 ) 5.51 During a rush to get Toby 's sperm to a fertility clinic during an attempt to get Happy pregnant through artificial insemination , Walt chooses to stop at a bank , incidentally getting him and Toby trapped in the middle of a bank robbery . With the robbers unaware of Walt and Toby having hidden coms , the two work with the rest of Scorpion and Florence to foil the robbery . An attempt to get Toby 's sperm sample to the clinic before it becomes no good results in it becoming stuck in the bank 's old pneumatic tube system . The team is able to come up with a plan to stun the robbers which will also free the sample . Meanwhile , Walt falls into danger when he is caught by the lead robber . The plan works , stunning the leader long enough for Walt to subdue him . The robbers are arrested while the LAPD provides a police escort to the clinic , allowing the sperm sample to reach it in time . An attempt by Sly to ask out Florence fails due to miscommunication while Walt shares a family dinner with Paige and Ralph and afterwards chooses to forgo work in favor of spending time with Ralph . 90 19 `` Gator Done '' Omar Madha Kim Rome March 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 19 ) 4.82 Scorpion is called to a bayou in New Orleans , Louisiana , where a new mosquito - borne virus is threatening to become epidemic . Scorpion 's mission is to spread genetically - engineered , sterile mosquitoes to curtail the local population of infectious mosquitos , thwarting the disaster . However , things go wrong when Toby 's antics causes the container to be swallowed by an alligator . An attempt to retrieve it leads to Cabe being hit instead . Toby is able to get help for Cabe in time , realising how dangerous his immaturity is with a baby potentially on the way . Walt and Paige eventually succeed in retrieving the container and releasing the mosquitoes . Meanwhile , Sly 's intern Patty Logan gets her first tardy ever due to bullying . Sly and Ralph attempt to help , leading to Sly having a breakdown in the principal 's office . The principal finally agrees to remove the tardy from Patty 's record . Throughout these events , Paige attempts to teach Walt the concept of a white lie . After discovering Paige 's hatred of a lecture Walter invited her to attend with him , he lies to spare Paige and goes with Florence instead . 91 20 `` Foul Balls '' Nick Santora David Foster & Nick Santora March 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 26 ) 4.84 Director Carson demands that Scorpion play in a softball game against the Homeland Security team led by Carson with the team 's future as government contractors at stake . With no other choice , Scorpion , Ralph , Florence , Patty Logan , one of Sly 's friends from the Warlock 's Chest and Cecil form a softball team that does badly at first until the team begins using science to stretch the rules and increase their odds . At the same time , Walt and Cabe get trapped in an evidence locker and Walt is forced to admit to a childhood trauma that makes him reluctant to play sports in front of Cabe . Toby and Happy learn of Walt and Florence 's night out and become suspicious . After a failed attempt to get help from pro player Kyle Dirk , Walt and Cabe return in time to win the game and save Scorpion 's contract , bringing the team closer in the process . 92 21 `` Kenny and the Jet '' Jeff T. Thomas Adams Higgs & Rob Pearlstein April 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) TBD On the way back from Hawaii after pitching Sly 's new water filter to the military , Cabe notices the air marshal growing nervous and discovers that she suspects a bomb on the plane . Using a passenger 's fish finder as a makeshift x-ray device , the team discovers that a young boy , Kenny , stowed away in the wheel well to follow his father after his recently - divorced parents moved him to Hawaii . With Kenny in serious danger in the unpressurized wheel well , the team and Ralph work together to save him , but suffer complications , including an engine fire that causes the plane to have to fly on a single engine . An attempt to rescue Kenny through a makeshift airlock fails and results in Paige getting trapped as well . Paige risks her life to keep Kenny safe until the plane makes a bumpy landing where Kenny is taken to the hospital and expected to make a full recovery . During the episode , Happy acts recklessly following the failure of her first attempt to get pregnant , but agrees to moderate herself after a talk with Toby . Walt considers telling Paige the truth about his night out with Florence , but ultimately chooses not to . However , Paige realizes that Walter is lying to her about something . Ralph and Paige experience conflict over Ralph 's interest in Patty Logan , culminating in Ralph asking Patty out . However , Patty kindly rejects Ralph due to their age difference leaving them with too many hurdles to have a relationship , leaving Paige to spend the night consoling her son . At the end , Sly learns that the military has decided to buy his water filter and with Cabe 's help , gains the courage to finally ask out Florence . 93 22 `` A Lie in the Sand '' Sam Hill Paul Grellong & Scott Sullivan April 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 16 ) TBD Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' September 22 , 2014 3.2 / 9 13.83 1.8 5.32 5.0 19.22 `` Single Point of Failure '' September 29 , 2014 3.1 / 8 13.36 1.5 4.56 4.6 17.94 `` A Cyclone '' October 6 , 2014 2.6 / 7 12.05 1.3 4.49 3.9 16.54 `` Shorthanded '' October 13 , 2014 2.4 / 6 11.51 1.2 4.18 3.6 15.69 5 `` Plutonium Is Forever '' October 20 , 2014 2.4 / 6 10.75 1.4 4.24 3.8 14.99 6 `` True Colors '' October 27 , 2014 2.3 / 6 10.39 1.3 4.25 3.6 14.64 7 `` Father 's Day '' November 3 , 2014 2.2 / 6 10.34 1.3 4.85 3.5 15.20 8 `` Risky Business '' November 10 , 2014 2.0 / 6 10.08 1.3 4.64 3.3 14.72 9 `` Rogue Element '' November 17 , 2014 2.0 / 5 10.17 1.3 4.22 3.3 14.39 10 `` Talismans '' November 24 , 2014 2.0 / 5 9.42 1.1 4.00 3.1 13.42 11 `` Revenge '' December 8 , 2014 2.1 / 6 10.00 1.4 4.47 3.5 14.47 12 `` Dominoes '' December 15 , 2014 2.0 / 6 10.07 1.3 4.08 3.3 14.15 13 `` Kill Screen '' January 5 , 2015 2.4 / 7 12.32 1.4 4.35 3.8 16.67 14 `` Charades '' January 18 , 2015 3.2 / 10 12.29 1.0 3.10 4.2 15.39 15 `` Forget Me Nots '' January 19 , 2015 2.3 / 6 12.08 1.2 4.14 3.5 16.22 16 `` Love Boat '' February 9 , 2015 2.3 / 6 11.86 1.2 4.09 3.5 15.95 17 `` Going South '' February 23 , 2015 2.1 / 6 10.69 1.3 4.49 3.4 15.18 18 `` Once Bitten , Twice Die '' March 9 , 2015 2.0 / 6 10.59 1.3 4.06 3.3 14.65 19 `` Young Hearts Spark Fire '' March 23 , 2015 2.1 / 6 9.70 1.1 4.25 3.2 13.96 20 `` Crossroads '' March 30 , 2015 2.0 / 6 9.38 1.0 3.90 3.0 13.28 21 `` Cliffhanger '' April 13 , 2015 1.9 / 6 9.53 1.2 4.46 3.1 13.99 22 `` Postcards from the Edge '' April 20 , 2015 2.2 / 6 10.71 1.1 3.87 3.3 14.58 Season 2 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Satellite of Love '' September 21 , 2015 2.2 / 7 11.09 1.1 4.04 3.3 15.13 `` Cuba Libre '' September 28 , 2015 1.7 / 5 9.49 1.2 4.33 2.9 13.82 `` Fish Filet '' October 5 , 2015 1.8 / 5 9.95 1.2 4.01 3.0 13.96 `` Robots '' October 12 , 2015 1.7 / 5 9.40 1.1 3.88 2.8 13.29 5 `` Super Fun Guys '' October 19 , 2015 1.8 / 5 9.46 1.1 3.94 2.9 13.40 6 `` Tech , Drugs , and Rock ' n ' Roll '' October 26 , 2015 1.9 / 6 9.69 1.0 3.85 2.9 13.54 7 `` Crazy Train '' November 2 , 2015 1.9 / 5 9.51 1.0 3.74 2.9 13.24 8 `` Area 51 '' November 9 , 2015 1.8 / 5 9.34 1.0 3.85 2.8 13.19 9 `` US vs UN vs UK '' November 16 , 2015 1.7 / 5 9.16 0.9 3.81 2.6 12.97 10 `` Arrivals and Departures '' November 23 , 2015 1.7 / 5 8.95 0.8 3.41 2.5 12.36 11 `` The Old College Try '' December 7 , 2015 1.7 / 5 9.30 1.1 3.83 2.8 13.13 12 `` Dam Breakthrough '' December 14 , 2015 1.8 / 6 9.28 1.0 3.44 2.8 12.72 13 `` White Out '' January 4 , 2016 2.2 / 7 11.67 1.0 3.30 3.2 14.97 14 `` Sun of a Gun '' January 18 , 2016 2.0 / 6 11.60 1.1 3.69 3.1 15.29 15 `` Da Bomb '' January 25 , 2016 1.9 / 6 10.69 1.0 3.77 3.0 14.47 16 `` Fractured '' February 8 , 2016 2.1 / 6 11.36 0.9 3.25 3.0 14.62 17 `` Adaptation '' February 22 , 2016 1.7 / 5 9.87 0.9 3.41 2.6 13.28 18 `` The Fast and the Nerdiest '' February 29 , 2016 1.5 / 5 9.23 1.0 3.62 2.5 12.85 19 `` Ticker '' March 14 , 2016 1.6 / 5 8.96 0.8 3.22 2.4 12.18 20 `` Djibouti Call '' March 21 , 2016 1.5 / 5 8.65 0.9 3.37 2.4 12.02 21 `` Twist and Shout '' March 28 , 2016 1.6 / 5 8.74 0.9 3.40 2.5 12.13 22 `` Hard Knox '' April 11 , 2016 1.6 / 5 8.60 0.9 3.38 2.5 11.98 23 `` Chernobyl Intentions '' April 18 , 2016 1.5 / 5 8.35 0.9 3.38 2.5 11.97 24 `` Toby or Not Toby '' April 25 , 2016 1.6 / 5 8.98 N / A N / A N / A N / A Season 3 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Civil War '' October 3 , 2016 1.5 / 5 8.30 0.8 3.43 2.4 11.79 `` More Civil War '' October 3 , 2016 1.5 / 5 8.30 0.8 3.43 2.4 11.79 `` It Is n't the Fall That Kills You '' October 10 , 2016 1.3 / 5 7.05 0.9 3.35 2.2 10.39 `` Little Boy Lost '' October 17 , 2016 1.3 / 5 7.17 0.9 3.62 2.2 10.80 5 `` Plight at the Museum '' October 24 , 2016 1.2 / 4 7.03 0.9 3.65 2.1 10.68 6 `` Bat Poop Crazy '' October 31 , 2016 1.1 / 4 6.51 0.9 3.58 2.0 10.09 7 `` We 're Gonna Need a Bigger Vote '' November 7 , 2016 1.1 / 4 6.92 0.9 3.95 2.0 10.87 8 `` Sly and the Family Stone '' November 14 , 2016 1.2 / 4 7.22 0.8 3.59 2.0 10.81 9 `` Mother Load '' November 21 , 2016 1.2 / 4 7.07 0.9 3.38 2.1 10.45 10 `` This is the Pits '' December 12 , 2016 1.1 / 4 6.98 0.8 3.45 1.9 10.43 11 `` Wreck the Halls '' December 19 , 2016 1.2 / 4 7.53 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` Ice Ca - Cabes '' January 2 , 2017 1.2 / 4 7.37 0.8 3.38 2.0 10.75 13 `` Faux Money Maux Problems '' January 16 , 2017 1.2 / 4 7.81 0.9 3.59 2.1 11.40 14 `` The Hole Truth '' January 23 , 2017 1.3 / 5 7.77 0.9 3.49 2.2 11.26 15 `` Sharknerdo '' February 6 , 2017 1.2 / 5 7.76 0.9 3.55 2.1 11.31 16 `` Keep It In Check , Mate '' February 13 , 2017 1.2 / 4 7.24 0.9 3.48 2.1 10.72 17 `` Dirty Seeds , Done Dirt Cheap '' February 20 , 2017 1.2 / 4 7.19 0.8 3.25 2.0 10.44 18 `` Do n't Burst My Bubble '' February 27 , 2017 1.2 / 4 6.88 N / A N / A N / A N / A 19 `` Monkey See , Monkey Poo '' March 13 , 2017 1.1 / 4 6.61 0.8 3.48 1.9 10.09 20 `` Broken Wind '' March 20 , 2017 1.1 / 4 6.46 0.8 3.35 1.9 9.81 21 `` Rock Block '' April 10 , 2017 1.0 / 4 6.40 0.9 3.36 1.9 9.77 22 `` Strife on Mars '' April 17 , 2017 1.1 / 4 6.59 0.8 3.29 1.9 9.88 23 `` Something Burrowed , Something Blew '' May 1 , 2017 1.1 / 4 7.11 0.8 3.41 1.9 10.52 24 `` Maroon 8 '' May 8 , 2017 1.1 / 4 7.52 0.9 3.21 2.0 10.73 25 `` Scorp Family Robinson '' May 15 , 2017 1.2 / 5 7.89 0.8 3.34 2.0 11.23 Season 4 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Extinction '' September 25 , 2017 1.0 / 4 5.75 1.0 4.12 2.0 9.88 `` More Extinction '' October 2 , 2017 0.8 / 3 5.23 0.8 3.30 1.6 8.56 `` Grow a Deer , A Female Deer '' October 9 , 2017 0.8 / 3 4.82 0.7 3.15 1.5 7.98 `` Nuke Kids on the Block '' October 16 , 2017 0.8 / 3 4.84 0.7 2.99 1.5 7.83 5 `` Sci Hard '' October 23 , 2017 0.8 / 3 5.15 0.8 3.06 1.6 8.21 6 `` Queen Scary '' October 30 , 2017 0.7 / 3 4.93 0.7 3.02 1.4 7.93 7 `` Go With the Flo ( rence ) '' November 6 , 2017 0.8 / 3 5.18 0.6 2.97 1.4 8.15 8 `` Faire is Foul '' November 13 , 2017 0.8 / 3 4.74 0.7 2.95 1.5 7.70 9 `` It 's Raining Men ( of War ) '' November 20 , 2017 0.9 / 3 5.13 0.7 2.98 1.6 8.11 10 `` Crime Every Mountain '' November 27 , 2017 0.9 / 3 5.50 0.7 2.99 1.6 8.49 11 `` Who Let the Dog Out ( ' Cause Now It 's Stuck In a Cistern ) '' December 11 , 2017 0.9 / 3 5.92 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` A Christmas Car - Roll '' December 18 , 2017 0.8 / 3 5.35 N / A N / A N / A N / A 13 `` The Bunker Games '' January 15 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.62 0.9 3.56 1.8 9.18 14 `` Lighthouse of the Rising Sun '' January 22 , 2018 0.8 / 3 5.23 0.8 3.32 1.6 8.55 15 `` Wave Goodbye '' January 29 , 2018 0.9 / 4 5.82 0.8 3.21 1.7 9.03 16 `` Nerd , Wind and Fire '' February 5 , 2018 0.8 / 3 5.55 0.7 3.21 1.5 8.76 17 `` Dumbster Fire '' February 26 , 2018 0.8 / 3 5.06 0.7 3.22 1.5 8.28 18 `` Dork Day Afternoon '' March 5 , 2018 0.8 / 3 5.51 N / A 3.01 N / A 8.53 19 `` Gator Done '' March 19 , 2018 0.8 / 3 4.82 0.7 3.07 1.4 7.84 20 `` Foul Balls '' March 26 , 2018 0.8 / 3 4.84 TBD TBD TBD TBD 21 `` Kenny and the Jet '' April 9 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Scorpion : How an Irish genius saved the world '' . The Irish Times . August 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Gives Full Season Orders to ' Scorpion ' , ' Madam Secretary ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' & ' Stalker ' - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Renews 5 Freshman & 11 Returning Series , Including ' MacGyver ' , ' Superior Donuts ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Hawaii Five - O ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces Fall 2017 - 2018 Primetime Premiere Dates '' . The Futon Critic . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Mores , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Retrieved June 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2015 -- 2016 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 26 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - scorpion on cbs '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Elementary ' and ' Code Black ' find their places on CBS ' spring ( and summer ) 2018 schedule '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Forever ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Scorpion ' & ' America 's Next Top Model ' Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2014 . Retrieved September 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2014 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Monday , October 6 Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Scorpion ' , ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With The Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 21 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Gotham ' Adjusted Up ; ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' The Originals ' , ' The Millers ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved October 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 28 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' Castle ' , ' The Millers ' & ' The Blacklist ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' Dancing With the Stars ' , ' The Originals ' & ' Countdown to the CMAs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Dancing With The Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Sleepy Hollow ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dancing With the Stars ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` ( Updated ) ' Criminal Minds ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Grimm ' , ' Elementary ' & ' Revenge ' Top Percentage Gains & ' NCIS ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 10 Ending November 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Great Christmas Light Fight ' & ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Jane the Virgin ' , ' The Voice ' , ' The Great Christmas Light Fight ' & ' State of Affairs ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Celebrity Apprentice ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Resurrection ' Adjusted Up , ' Mulaney ' Adjusted Down & Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Scorpion ' , ' Castle ' & ' The Celebrity Apprentice ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' NCIS : LA ' & ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Up , No Adjustment for ' Jane the Virgin ' or ' Gotham ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Gotham ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Bachelor ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' NCIS : LA ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' The Following ' , ' Mike & Molly ' & ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Scorpion ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 14 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Jane The Virgin ' & ' The Night Shift ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Scorpion ' , ' 2 Broke Girls ' , ' Mike & Molly ' , Gotham ' , ' The Voice ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Significant Mother ' , ' Life in Pieces ' & ' Penn & Teller ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dixon , Dani ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' + ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Castle ' , ' Life in Pieces ' & ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Blindspot ' and ' Castle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusted up , ' Castle , ' ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Scorpion ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusted down , ' Big Bang ' ajdusted up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down , ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' and ' NCIS : LA ' adjust up , ' Supergirl ' holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts up , everything else holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Jane the Virgin ' adjusts down but still hits season high , ' Scorpion ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Castle ' adjusts down to season average '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Telenovela ' adjusts up slightly , ' Christmas Light Fight ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Scorpion ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl , ' ' Scorpion ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelor , ' ' Superstore ' and ' Masterchef Celebrity Showdown ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Scorpion ' and ' Superstore ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Bachelor ' adjusts up , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2016 ) . `` Monday Final Ratings : ' Blindspot , ' ' Gotham ' and all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Bachelor ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up , ' Blindspot ' and ' After the Final Rose ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Blindspot ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl , ' ' Blindspot ' and everything else hold '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' Supergirl ' finale adjusts up , ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Monday final ratings : ' The Voice ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Conviction ' , ' Timeless ' , ' Kevin ' and ' Scorpion ' all adjust down , ' Big Bang ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Timeless , ' ' Conviction , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Lucifer ' adjust down , ' Big Bang ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' The Voice , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' DWTS ' adjust up , ' Conviction ' and ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjusts up , ' Timeless , ' ' Supergirl , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Gotham ' adjusts up , CBS shows all adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Odd Couple ' and ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up , ' Supergirl ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Supergirl , ' ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Odd Couple , ' ' Conviction ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Timeless ' and ' Great Christmas Light Fight ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Great Christmas Light Fight ' finale adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jimmy Kimmel Live 's ' ' Bachelor ' special adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Howie Mandel Comedy Gala ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Celebrity Apprentice ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' and ' Superior Donuts ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Bachelor ' adjusts up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scorpion ' adjusted up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bachelor ' finale down from 2016 : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' and ' Quantico ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars ' and ' Kevin Can Wait ' adjust up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Scorpion , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Superior Donuts ' all adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' adjust up , ' Quantico ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Man with a Plan ' finale adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lucifer ' adjusts up , ' Good Doctor ' and ' Dancing With the Stars ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' The Gifted , ' Luke Bryan special adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Gifted ' adjust up , ' DWTS ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Good Doctor , ' ' Dancing with the Stars , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' Man with a Plan ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Christmas Light Fight , ' ' Bachelor ' special and ' Better Late than Never ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Christmas Light Fight , ' ' The Year in Memoriam , ' ' Popstar 's Best of 2017 ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Gifted ' finale , ' The Good Doctor ' and all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' 9JKL ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Resident , ' ' Man with a Plan , ' ' 9JKL ' and ' Scorpion ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' adjusts up , ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superior Donuts ' adjusts up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' American Idol , ' ' Good Girls , ' all others hold : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` American Idol ' and ' The Good Doctor ' adjust up , ' Good Girls ' adjusts down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # SCO422 ) `` A Lie in the Sand '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' Gotham ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Gotham ' & ' Red Band Society ' Top Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending September 28 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 20 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Parenthood ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' & ' Modern Family ' Have Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Red Band Society ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Have Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' New Girl ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' America 's Next Top Model ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 5 Ending October 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Elementary ' , ' Parnethood ' & ' The Originals ' Top Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 6 Ending November 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 7 Ending November 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' The Vampire Diaries ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings & Viewership Increase ; ' Elementary ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 12 Ending December 14 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Scorpion ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings ; ' Person of Interest ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' NCIS ' Has Biggest Viewership Increase in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 12 Ending December 21 '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' Modern Family ' Have Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Increase , ' Revenge ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Grows Most in Viewership in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 16 Ending January 11 '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Nationals : Blackhawks - Lightning on NBC is Most - Viewed NHL Stanley Cup Final Non-Overtime Game 1 Since 1997 '' . TV Media Insights . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Increase , ' Revenge ' Leads Percentage Gainers & ' Elementary ' Tops Viewership Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending January 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Increases & Viewer Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 21 Ending February 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains +'Glee ' Tops Percentage Increases , ' The Blacklist ' Wins in Viewer Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 23 Ending March 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 30 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 25 Ending March 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' Forever ' Tops Percentage Increases & ' The Blacklist ' Wins Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 27 Ending March 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage & Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 28 Ending April 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Reign ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 30 Ending April 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' The Blacklist ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Gains for Week 31 Ending April 26 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2015 ) . `` Premiere week Live + 7 ratings : ' Blindspot , ' ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' score biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 2 : ' The Blacklist ' premiere joins ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' atop the charts '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 3 : ' Quantico ' more than doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' score biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 4 : ' Jane the Virgin ' premiere doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' top charts for Oct. 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 5 : ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' have biggest toal gains , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Blindspot ' top week 6 , ' Quantico ' doubles in 18 -- 49 and viewers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 7 : ' Elementary ' is still a strong DVR show '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 8 : ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' top charts for Nov. 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 9 : ' Big Bang Theory ' makes the biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 10 : ' Blindspot ' is officially * the biggest gainer in Thanksgiving week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gets biggest bump of the season in week 12 , 5 shows double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Jane the Virgin ' lead a light week 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Shades of Blue ' premiere gets a good lift in week 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder , ' 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Blindspot , ' ' Jane ' and ' Quantico ' top week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' and ' Blindspot ' gain the most for March 14 -- 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' have biggest gains , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' have biggest gains , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 -- 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' New Girl ' and ' Quantico ' double in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' posts another double - double in week 13 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Blacklist top the week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' and ' This Is Us ' make big gains in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains : Week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Scorpion_episodes&oldid=835683828 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Magyar Nederlands Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 04 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does scorpion season 4 episode 17 air | [
"\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n72\n1\n\"Extinction\"\nSam Hill\nNick Santora & Nicholas Wootton\nSeptember 25, 2017 (2017-09-25)\n5.75[80]\n\n\nWalter gets a call from ex-Scorpion member and old nemesis Mark Collins. While in prison, Mark discovered an extinction event from a temperature shift in Northern Norway. In order to prevent mass extinction, the team has to work with the mad genius to stop methane from leaking through cracks in the ice caused by an earthquake. However, methane geysers are created during an aftershock and, if not plugged up, will start warming the earth's atmosphere within hours instead of weeks. During the mission, Walter and Paige awkwardly resume their new relationship at work, causing Walter to burst out into song and dance. Also, Sly questions his lack of achievements after seeing his short obituary in a shrine dedicated to him at the Warlock's Chest.\n\n\n73\n2\n\"More Extinction\"\nSam Hill\nNick Santora & Nicholas Wootton\nOctober 2, 2017 (2017-10-02)\n5.23[81]\n\n\nWith the new Homeland Security director refusing to help, Team Scorpion and Mark Collins are forced to come up with a plan to save the world on their own. After learning of a nearby luxury resort for Russian military higher-ups, the team decides to raid it for an experimental assault helicopter and the supplies they need to perform cloud seeding with the intention to cause it to snow and freeze over the crevices. Despite some issues, the team succeeds in stealing the necessary supplies and successfully freezes over the methane hotspots, buying the needed time for specialists to come with methane-eating bacteria to remove the threat completely. However, Collins tricks Cabe and is able to escape. In the aftermath, the team comes to realize that Collins had planned all along to use the extinction event to escape and Cabe is arrested for instigating Collins' escape. Walter and Paige, after experiencing doubts about their relationship, reconcile and Happy, revealing she recovered his old wedding ring earlier, makes Sly a wedding ring of bandage fragments within a plastic mold.\n\n\n74\n3\n\"Grow a Deer, A Female Deer\"\nMilan Cheylov\nDavid Foster & Nick Santora\nOctober 9, 2017 (2017-10-09)\n4.82[82]\n\n\nAfter learning of Cabe's arrest from Ally, Scorpion pools their funds to pay his $500,000 bail, angering Cabe. Now in desperate need of funds, Scorpion agrees to fly to Africa to stop a poacher cabal from targeting rhinos. During the mission, Walter's guilt causes him to channel Cabe's mannerisms to nearly disastrous effect. After locating the correct valley, Scorpion rescues a deer from a poacher. The deer, which is of a nearly-extinct species, is severely injured and pregnant. The team is forced to move the baby into an artificial womb and to transport both mother and baby to safety while chased by poachers. The team succeeds in saving both mother and child while Ralph is able to decrypt the satellite phone of one of the poachers, identifying the entire organization. With the help of Ralph, Cabe realizes how selfish he's being, while Ralph develops a crush on Sly's new intern, Patty.\n\n\n75\n4\n\"Nuke Kids on the Block\"\nElodie Keene\nPaul Grellong & Nicholas Wootton\nOctober 16, 2017 (2017-10-16)\n4.84[83]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThis episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\n\n\n\nAfter Paige calls Happy out on third-wheeling all of her and Walter's dates, tension grows between the two of them. Scorpion is called in to decommission a nuclear missile, but Happy accidentally drops a wrench and punctures the missile's fuel tank. With four hours until help arrives and the fuel vapors threatening to cause the warhead to detonate, Scorpion comes up with a plan to use a 3D printer and neon gas to create a plug for the leak. A mistake in the gas they receive causes the situation to worsen, so Walter decides to use an explosion to harmlessly launch the warhead into the countryside, where it can safely be recovered later. While the launch is successful, the vapors arm the warhead. At the last second, Happy disarms it and Scorpion leaves the Air Force to clean up the mess. At the same time, Sly's new intern Patty struggles to save the local science club. Inspired by the events in the missile silo, Sly finds a way to save the city plenty of money to fund the science club. Sly chooses to become Cabe's lawyer due to their problems in finding him one. Happy announces that she wants to have a baby with Toby, while Walter admits his insecurities about Paige growing bored with their relationship.\n\n\n76\n5\n\"Sci Hard\"\nDwight H. Little\nRob Pearlstein & Nick Santora\nOctober 23, 2017 (2017-10-23)\n5.15[84]\n\n\nWalter, Paige, Cabe, Toby, and Happy visit a technology conference in Los Angeles while Sly takes the Vermont bar exam. While at the conference, which features Scorpion's old acquaintance Richard Elia, the conference is taken over by masked men, resulting in Paige and Walter being taken hostage. As the others try to foil a clever bank robbery scheme, Sly is forced to interrupt his test to help, observed by his test proctor to monitor for possible cheating. Cabe is able to overpower two of the villains and aid Walter and Sly in tricking the remaining two into thinking they have gotten their money. However, Toby and Happy's attempt to help gets them arrested by a suspicious police detective. In the end, Cabe captures the robbers and Toby and Happy are exonerated. Sly's efforts to help results in his only answering about seventy percent of the questions before running out of time. To Sly's shock, he later finds out that the sympathetic proctor rushed his test results through and he passed, meaning that Sly can act as Cabe's lawyer in his upcoming trial.\n\n\n77\n6\n\"Queen Scary\"\nOmar Madha\nAdam Higgs & Nicholas Wootton\nOctober 30, 2017 (2017-10-30)\n4.93[85]\n\n\nThe team meets Dave who offers them a job to prove the existence of ghosts on the Queen Mary for his documentary. Due to the financial problems that the team currently have, they accepted the job though Walter stays behind due to his skepticism. During the mission, the team discovers that the Queen Mary is being used to house an antenna guiding unmanned ships. Due to a malfunction, one such ship ends up a disastrous collision course with a refinery and the team's attempts to stop it make the situation worse. Finally, Walter manages to board the ship, but is unable to stop it directly due to its damaged electronics. Instead, the team manages to use the ship's sonar and the Queen Mary's PA system to create a sonic wall that stops the ship feet from the refinery. Though the ghosts were debunked, Dave still produces a heavily edited version of the documentary. At the end of the episode, Toby manages to get Cabe to open up about his upcoming trial and Cabe finally admits that he's worried.\n\n\n78\n7\n\"Go With the Flo(rence)\"\nSam Hill\nKevin J. Hynes & Nick Santora\nNovember 6, 2017 (2017-11-06)\n5.18[86]\n\n\n79\n8\n\"Faire is Foul\"\nSanford Bookstaver\nScott Sullivan\nNovember 13, 2017 (2017-11-13)\n4.74[87]\n\n\n80\n9\n\"It's Raining Men (of War)\"\nAntonio Negret\nKim Rome & Nicholas Wootton\nNovember 20, 2017 (2017-11-20)\n5.13[88]\n\n\nThe team is hired to dissolve a garbage island made out of plastic. They are helped by their new neighbor Flo, a chemist, who devises a formula that dissolves plastic. Walter, Flo and Happy walk onto the floating garbage to disperse the formula. While the formula starts dissolving the island, it appears that it attracts deadly jellyfish. Meanwhile, their boat has engine problems and drifts away. The team uses their combined intellect to get back to the boat. Walter and Flo get stung by the jellyfish and need medical attention.\n\n\n81\n10\n\"Crime Every Mountain\"\nSam Hill\nAadrita Mukerji & Nick Santora\nNovember 27, 2017 (2017-11-27)\n5.50[89]\n\n\nWhile testing a new winch, Scorpion witnesses a plane go down and attempts to help the man flying the plane save his children. The team learns too late that the man and his daughter are drug runners and get taken captive, ultimately resulting in Walter and Paige being trapped in a small cave. Toby manages to rescue the two and they are able to outfox and capture the pair. The incident causes Happy to experience some doubts about having children after seeing the criminal family, but she is soothed by Toby. At the same time, Cabe attempts to capture Mark Collins with Sly's help after they receive a lead. However, it is just a trap set by Collins to frame Cabe for taking a $50,000 bribe. With Cabe's situation worsening, Walter attempts to distance himself from Cabe, leading to some strain between him and Paige. In the end, Sly decides to request a bench trial instead of a jury trial so that Cabe's guilt will only be determined by an experienced judge. While helping prepare for the trial, Walter reconciles with Cabe.\n\n\n82\n11\n\"Who Let the Dog Out ('Cause Now It's Stuck In a Cistern)\"\nOmar Madha\nDavid Foster & Nick Santora\nDecember 11, 2017 (2017-12-11)\n5.92[90]\n\n\nJoined by a new handler from Homeland Security and Florence, Scorpion sets out to rescue a diabetic dog trapped underground with only a short time to live. The team manages to save the dog and their handler decides to report to Homeland Security that the team is unconventional but effective and gives his support in allowing the team to continue to operate. At the same time, Cabe goes on trial for aiding and abetting Mark Collins' escape and taking a bribe. Cabe's trial is a bench trial overseen by a judge with a history of handing down harsh sentences. The judge rejects most of Sly's defenses making it seem like Cabe will be convicted. However, Sly has a last minute idea using an obscure case from 1804 and maritime law. Ultimately, the judge dismisses the bribery charges based on evidence presented by Sly of Collins' bank hacking to frame Cabe. Based on maritime law, Cabe is exonerated for helping Collins escape and is released. At the end of the episode, Sly helps Toby and Florence deal with charges of their own relating to helping him save Cabe and Cabe gives each member of the team a memento with personal value to show their importance to him.\n\n\n83\n12\n\"A Christmas Car-Roll\"\nLeVar Burton\nPaul Grellong & Nicholas Wootton\nDecember 18, 2017 (2017-12-18)\n5.35[91]\n\n\nWhile the rest of Scorpion plans to enjoy the Christmas holiday, Walter continues to work resulting in an life-threatening fall. While Scorpion attempts to save Walter his unconscious self experiences a dream world where Scorpion was never formed. As a result, several of the disasters they prevented have happened. In Walter's dream, he is married to Florence, Paige owns a chain of restaurants, Cabe is the Chief of the LAPD, Sly owns a video game company, Toby is a famous motivational speaker, Happy runs a podcast on rare cars and Ralph is his former silent genius self. In order to save himself, represented by a doppelganger of Walter trapped in a car accident, Walter is forced to bring together the team. Scorpion is able to save Walter's life and he awakens in the hospital in the real world. The dream gives Walter a new perspective on the team while his dream marriage to Florence appears to make Walter intrigued.\n\n\n84\n13\n\"The Bunker Games\"\nMilan Cheylov\nRob Pearlstein\nJanuary 15, 2018 (2018-01-15)\n5.62[92]\n\n\nScorpion is hired to check out the AI system on a doomsday bunker. Due to Cabe's upcoming physical, Paige remains behind with him to help train while Toby is refused for the job by the owners. To the team's surprise, they are greeted by Toby's rival Quincy Berkstead and his wife Amy who is Toby's ex-fiancé. When Toby follows the rest of the team out of suspicion, the bunker's AI Dorie labels Toby as a threat and locks the team, Quincy and Amy in the bunker while Cabe and Paige try desperately to save them. With time running out until Dorie releases a deadly gas, the team implements a plan that releases them from the bunker and locks Dorie in an unsolvable challenge. During the mission, Happy grows jealous of Amy who appears to be more beautiful and successful than her, but the two bond. Quincy's cowardice causes Amy to leave him in the end. At the same time, Walter remains freaked out by his dream about being married to Florence and attempts to maintain his distance from her on the mission. While Florence takes the news well when Walter explains, Paige does not.\n\n\n85\n14\n\"Lighthouse of the Rising Sun\"\nSam Hill\nAdam Higgs\nJanuary 22, 2018 (2018-01-22)\n5.23[93]\n\n\nAfter a solar flare knocks out power and communications in Southern California, Scorpion, Ralph, Cabe's girlfriend Allie, Sly's intern Patty and Sly's science club team up together to save two teenagers trapped on a plane with no way of landing. Cabe, Allie, Toby and Happy reactivate the lighthouse both couples went to for a romantic weekend away to help guide the teenagers in while Paige and Sly break into a flight school to get the plane's specifications. However, the plane suffers damage and is unable to land and a controlled crash-landing proves to be impossible as well. With the help of the science club, Walter comes up with a plan for the teens to jump into a massive net, saving their lives. During the crisis, Cabe encourages the teens to admit their love for each other while he finally does the same with Allie who reciprocates his feelings. Throughout the crisis, Ralph continues his efforts to impress Patty and succeeds to the point that she requests his help in running Sly's reelection campaign. Due to Walter's dream, Paige is harsh with Florence while giving her advice to get investors. Paige's advice proves to work and Paige makes amends with Florence and Walter though a planned romantic night suffers an unfortunate interruption.\n\n\n86\n15\n\"Wave Goodbye\"\nJeff T. Thomas\nKevin J. Hynes\nJanuary 29, 2018 (2018-01-29)\n5.82[94]\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThis episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)\n\n\n\nScorpion is called to Fuente Roja, Mexico to repair an earthquake damaged reactor of a nuclear power station. Sly stays behind to get an autograph from his favorite author and Toby claims back pains. As the team prepares to repair the reactor, another [9.1] earthquake at sea triggers a massive tsunami that threatens the town. Able to affect repairs but unable to leave the town in time, Scorpion enacts a plan to dissipate the tsunami before it can reach land and the remaining towns people. The team is able to stop the tsunami and save the town. At the same time, Toby's ex-fiancée Amy asks him to help her recover her identity previously stolen and sold by Quincy Berkstead following the recent bunker debacle. Through a series of deals, Toby tracks Amy's stolen identity to his old enemy, the Gooch. Though Toby offers to return to gambling to help Amy, the Gooch tries to kill them. Happy learns of Toby's actions and arrives in time with Cabe and the police to arrest the Gooch and save the two. In the process, Toby rejects Amy's advances as he loves Happy too much to cheat. Though Sly misses meeting his favorite author, Cabe is able to arrange a private meeting for him at the garage. Throughout the episode, Paige and Walter argue about when their first kiss was. At the end, the two are shown to have exchanged beliefs on which one it was.\n\n\n87\n16\n\"Nerd, Wind and Fire\"\nBethany Rooney\nScott Sullivan\nFebruary 5, 2018 (2018-02-05)\n5.55[95]\n\n\nOn Valentine's Day, Scorpion gets called in to rescue a doctor and a pilot whose helicopter crashed into an incomplete building due to powerful winds. The doctor is needed by a critically-injured patient who will soon die if the doctor can't reach him. As Toby struggles to keep the young man alive, Walter uses equipment from the hospital to create a makeshift zipline to reach the helicopter but faces problems with the rescue itself. With the team's help, the doctor and the pilot are saved. However, facing mortal danger, Walter must jump off the building to survive. Meanwhile, Toby and Happy await the results of their fertility tests. Toby is discovered to have sertoli cell-only syndrome. The couple can't afford the treatment, so Scorpion and Ally pool their resources to help. Ralph is asked by Patty to tutor her crush, something he tries to sabotage until Walter gives him advice. From Paige, Florence learns of Walter's dream and assures her she has no romantic interest in him. Instead, Sly and Florence appear to develop feelings for each other. At the end, Paige finds Walter's unfinished song meant to her.\n\n\n88\n17\n\"Dumbster Fire\"\nSanford Bookstaver\nAadrita Mukerji\nFebruary 26, 2018 (2018-02-26)\n5.06[96]\n\n\nScorpion is called in to verify a potentially major discovery. However, the lab is so deep underground that spending over four hours causes the pressure to damage the team's IQ. Due to a prairie dog mishap and Walter's inability to properly fix it in his altered state, the lab's particle collider threatens to create a black hole and the team lack the smarts to fix it. Guided by Paige and Cabe, they are able to come up with simpler solutions to some of their problems. After Toby collapses due to the pressure, an effort to save his life by creating a makeshift vacuum restore Toby's intelligence and he is able to come up with a solution to the problem. In the aftermath, Toby and Happy finally agree on a doctor for their fertility problems and Sly comes up with a new water filter for his efforts to reduce the amount of plastic used and enlists Florence's help to perfect it. Though the low-IQ Walter resulted in him having a higher EQ, Walter returns completely to normal and rejects Paige's attempts to go on a date with him based on the things he suggested while dumb. Instead, Walter and Florence spend the night in the lab using their complimentary geniuses to solve a problem.\n\n\n89\n18\n\"Dork Day Afternoon\"\nSteven A. Adelson\nPaul Grellong\nMarch 5, 2018 (2018-03-05)\n5.51[97]\n\n\nDuring a rush to get Toby's sperm to a fertility clinic during an attempt to get Happy pregnant through artificial insemination, Walt chooses to stop at a bank, incidentally getting him and Toby trapped in the middle of a bank robbery. With the robbers unaware of Walt and Toby having hidden coms, the two work with the rest of Scorpion and Florence to foil the robbery. An attempt to get Toby's sperm sample to the clinic before it becomes no good results in it becoming stuck in the bank's old pneumatic tube system. The team is able to come up with a plan to stun the robbers which will also free the sample. Meanwhile, Walt falls into danger when he is caught by the lead robber. The plan works, stunning the leader long enough for Walt to subdue him. The robbers are arrested while the LAPD provides a police escort to the clinic, allowing the sperm sample to reach it in time. An attempt by Sly to ask out Florence fails due to miscommunication while Walt shares a family dinner with Paige and Ralph and afterwards chooses to forgo work in favor of spending time with Ralph.\n\n\n90\n19\n\"Gator Done\"\nOmar Madha\nKim Rome\nMarch 19, 2018 (2018-03-19)\n4.82[98]\n\n\nScorpion is called to a bayou in New Orleans, Louisiana, where a new mosquito-borne virus is threatening to become epidemic. Scorpion's mission is to spread genetically-engineered, sterile mosquitoes to curtail the local population of infectious mosquitos, thwarting the disaster. However, things go wrong when Toby's antics causes the container to be swallowed by an alligator. An attempt to retrieve it leads to Cabe being hit instead. Toby is able to get help for Cabe in time, realising how dangerous his immaturity is with a baby potentially on the way. Walt and Paige eventually succeed in retrieving the container and releasing the mosquitoes. Meanwhile, Sly's intern Patty Logan gets her first tardy ever due to bullying. Sly and Ralph attempt to help, leading to Sly having a breakdown in the principal's office. The principal finally agrees to remove the tardy from Patty's record. Throughout these events, Paige attempts to teach Walt the concept of a white lie. After discovering Paige's hatred of a lecture Walter invited her to attend with him, he lies to spare Paige and goes with Florence instead.\n\n\n91\n20\n\"Foul Balls\"\nNick Santora\nDavid Foster & Nick Santora\nMarch 26, 2018 (2018-03-26)\n4.84[99]\n\n\nDirector Carson demands that Scorpion play in a softball game against the Homeland Security team led by Carson with the team's future as government contractors at stake. With no other choice, Scorpion, Ralph, Florence, Patty Logan, one of Sly's friends from the Warlock's Chest and Cecil form a softball team that does badly at first until the team begins using science to stretch the rules and increase their odds. At the same time, Walt and Cabe get trapped in an evidence locker and Walt is forced to admit to a childhood trauma that makes him reluctant to play sports in front of Cabe. Toby and Happy learn of Walt and Florence's night out and become suspicious. After a failed attempt to get help from pro player Kyle Dirk, Walt and Cabe return in time to win the game and save Scorpion's contract, bringing the team closer in the process.\n\n\n92\n21\n\"Kenny and the Jet\"\nJeff T. Thomas\nAdams Higgs & Rob Pearlstein\nApril 9, 2018 (2018-04-09)\nTBD\n\n\nOn the way back from Hawaii after pitching Sly's new water filter to the military, Cabe notices the air marshal growing nervous and discovers that she suspects a bomb on the plane. Using a passenger's fish finder as a makeshift x-ray device, the team discovers that a young boy, Kenny, stowed away in the wheel well to follow his father after his recently-divorced parents moved him to Hawaii. With Kenny in serious danger in the unpressurized wheel well, the team and Ralph work together to save him, but suffer complications, including an engine fire that causes the plane to have to fly on a single engine. An attempt to rescue Kenny through a makeshift airlock fails and results in Paige getting trapped as well. Paige risks her life to keep Kenny safe until the plane makes a bumpy landing where Kenny is taken to the hospital and expected to make a full recovery. During the episode, Happy acts recklessly following the failure of her first attempt to get pregnant, but agrees to moderate herself after a talk with Toby. Walt considers telling Paige the truth about his night out with Florence, but ultimately chooses not to. However, Paige realizes that Walter is lying to her about something. Ralph and Paige experience conflict over Ralph's interest in Patty Logan, culminating in Ralph asking Patty out. However, Patty kindly rejects Ralph due to their age difference leaving them with too many hurdles to have a relationship, leaving Paige to spend the night consoling her son. At the end, Sly learns that the military has decided to buy his water filter and with Cabe's help, gains the courage to finally ask out Florence.\n\n\n93\n22\n\"A Lie in the Sand\"[100]\nSam Hill\nPaul Grellong & Scott Sullivan\nApril 16, 2018 (2018-04-16)\nTBD\n\n"
] | [
"February 26, 2018"
] |
1125722305057266946 | Exhaust gas | Exhaust gas - wikipedia Exhaust gas Jump to : navigation , search This diesel - powered truck emits an exhaust gas rich in black particulate matter when starting its engine . Exhaust gas or flue gas is emitted as a result of the combustion of fuels such as natural gas , gasoline , petrol , biodiesel blends , diesel fuel , fuel oil , or coal . According to the type of engine , it is discharged into the atmosphere through an exhaust pipe , flue gas stack , or propelling nozzle . It often disperses downwind in a pattern called an exhaust plume . It is a major component of motor vehicle emissions ( and from stationary internal combustion engines ) , which can also include : Crankcase blow - by Evaporation of unused gasoline Motor vehicle emissions contribute to air pollution and are a major ingredient in the creation of smog in some large cities . A 2013 study by MIT indicates that 53,000 early deaths occur per year in the United States alone because of vehicle emissions . According to another study from the same university , traffic fumes alone cause the death of 5,000 people every year just in the United Kingdom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Exhaust gas temperature 3 Cold engines 4 Passenger car emissions summary 5 Types 5.1 Internal - combustion engines 5.1. 1 Spark - ignition engines 5.1. 1.1 Nitromethane additive 5.1. 2 Diesel engines 5.1. 3 Gas - turbine engines 5.1. 4 Jet engines and rocket engines 5.2 Other types 5.2. 1 From burning coal 5.2. 2 Steam engines 6 Main motor vehicle emissions 6.1 NO 6.2 Volatile organic compounds 6.3 Ozone 6.4 Carbon monoxide ( CO ) 6.5 Hazardous air pollutants ( toxics ) 6.6 Particulate matter ( PM and PM ) 6.7 Carbon dioxide ( CO ) 6.8 Water vapour 6.8. 1 Water recovery 7 Pollution reduction 8 Health studies 9 Localised effects 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Composition ( edit ) The largest part of most combustion gas is nitrogen ( N ) , water vapor ( H O ) ( except with pure - carbon fuels ) , and carbon dioxide ( CO ) ( except for fuels without carbon ) ; these are not toxic or noxious ( although carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming ) . A relatively small part of combustion gas is undesirable , noxious , or toxic substances , such as carbon monoxide ( CO ) from incomplete combustion , hydrocarbons ( properly indicated as C H , but typically shown simply as `` HC '' on emissions - test slips ) from unburnt fuel , nitrogen oxides ( NO ) from excessive combustion temperatures , and particulate matter ( mostly soot ) . Exhaust gas temperature ( edit ) Exhaust gas temperature ( EGT ) is important to the functioning of the catalytic converter of an internal combustion engine . It may be measured by an exhaust gas temperature gauge . EGT is also a measure of engine health in gas - turbine engines ( see below ) . Cold engines ( edit ) Steam from tailpipe of cold car During the first two minutes after starting the engine of a car that has not been operated for several hours , the amount of emissions can be very high . This occurs for two main reasons : Rich air - fuel ratio requirement in cold engines : When a cold engine is started , the fuel does not vaporize completely , creating higher emissions of hydrocarbons , nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide , which diminishes only as the engine reaches operating temperature . The duration of this start - up phase has been reduced by advances in materials and technology , including computer - controlled fuel injection , shorter intake lengths , and pre-heating of fuel and / or inducted air . Inefficient catalytic converter under cold conditions : Catalytic converters are very inefficient until up to their operating temperature . This time has been much reduced by moving the converter closer to the exhaust manifold and even more so placing a small yet quick - to - heat - up converter directly at the exhaust manifold . The small converter handles the start - up emissions , which allows enough time for the larger main converter to heat up . Further improvements can be realised in many ways , including electric heating , thermal battery , chemical reaction preheating , flame heating and superinsulation . Passenger car emissions Summary ( edit ) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates of average passenger car emissions in the United States for April 2000 Component Emission Rate Annual pollution emitted Hydrocarbons 2.80 grams / mile ( 1.75 g / km ) 77.1 pounds ( 35.0 kg ) Carbon monoxide 20.9 grams / mile ( 13.06 g / km ) 575 pounds ( 261 kg ) NO 1.39 grams / mile ( 0.87 g / km ) 38.2 pounds ( 17.3 kg ) Carbon dioxide - greenhouse gas 415 grams / mile ( 258 g / km ) 11,450 pounds ( 5,190 kg ) Comparable with the European emission standards EURO III as it was applied on October 2000 In 2000 , the United States Environmental Protection Agency began to implement more stringent emissions standards for light duty vehicles . The requirements were phased in beginning with 2004 vehicles and all new cars and light trucks were required to meet the updated standards by the end of 2007 . United States Light - Duty Vehicle , Light - Duty Truck , and Medium - Duty Passenger Vehicle -- Tier 2 Exhaust Emission Standards ( for Bin 5 ) Component Emission Rate Annual pollution emitted NMOG ( Volatile organic compounds ) 0.075 grams / mile ( 0.046 g / km ) 2.1 pounds ( 0.95 kg ) Carbon Monoxide 3.4 grams / mile ( 2.1 g / km ) 94 pounds ( 43 kg ) NO 0.05 grams / mile ( 0.0305 g / km ) 1.4 pounds ( 0.64 kg ) Formaldehyde 0.015 grams / mile ( 0.0092 g / km ) 0.41 pounds ( 0.19 kg ) Types ( edit ) Internal - combustion engines ( edit ) Spark - ignition engines ( edit ) See also : Automobile emissions control In spark - ignition engines the gases resulting from combustion of the fuel and air mix are called exhaust gases . The composition varies from petrol to diesel engines , but is around these levels : Combustion - engine exhaust gases % of total Compound Petrol Diesel nitrogen 71 67 carbon dioxide 14 12 water vapor 13 11 oxygen 10 Trace elements < 0.6 ~ 0.3 nitrogen oxides < 0.25 < 0.15 carbon monoxide 1 - 2 < 0.045 particulate matter < 0.045 hydrocarbons < 0.25 < 0.03 sulfur dioxide possible traces < 0.03 The 10 % oxygen for `` diesel '' is likely if the engine was idling , e.g. in a test rig . It is much less if the engine is running under load . Nitromethane additive ( edit ) Exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine whose fuel includes nitromethane will contain nitric acid vapour , which is corrosive , and when inhaled causes a muscular reaction making it impossible to breathe . People exposed to it should wear a gas mask . Diesel engines ( edit ) See also : Diesel exhaust and Soot Gas - turbine engines ( edit ) In aircraft gas turbine engines , `` exhaust gas temperature '' ( EGT ) is a primary measure of engine health . Typically the EGT is compared with a primary engine power indication called `` engine pressure ratio '' ( EPR ) . For example : at full power EPR there will be a maximum permitted EGT limit . Once an engine reaches a stage in its life where it reaches this EGT limit , the engine will require specific maintenance in order to rectify the problem . The amount the EGT is below the EGT limit is called EGT margin . The EGT margin of an engine will be greatest when the engine is new , or has been overhauled . For most airlines , this information is also monitored remotely by the airline maintenance department by means of ACARS . Jet engines and rocket engines ( edit ) What looks like exhaust from jet engines , is actually contrail . ( Jet flying over the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs , Colorado ) . In jet engines and rocket engines , exhaust from propelling nozzles which in some applications shows shock diamonds . Other types ( edit ) From burning coal ( edit ) Flue gas Flue gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion Steam engines ( edit ) In steam engine terminology the exhaust is steam that is now so low in pressure that it can no longer do useful work . Main motor vehicle emissions ( edit ) NO ( edit ) Smog in New York City as viewed from the World Trade Center in 1988 Mono - nitrogen oxides NO and NO ( whether produced this way or naturally by lightning ) react with ammonia , moisture , and other compounds to form nitric acid vapor and related particles . Small particles can penetrate deeply into sensitive lung tissue and damage it , causing premature death in extreme cases . Inhalation of such particles may cause or worsen respiratory diseases such as emphysema and bronchitis . It may also aggravate existing heart disease . A large scale 22 year study shows that NOx increases the changes of colorectal cancer death . In a 2005 U.S. EPA study the largest emissions of NOx came from on road motor vehicles , with the second largest contributor being non-road equipment which is mostly gasoline and diesel stations . The resulting nitric acid may be washed into soil , where it becomes nitrate , which is useful to growing plants . Volatile Organic compounds ( edit ) Non-road equipment is mostly gasoline and diesel stations . When oxides of nitrogen ( NOx ) and volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) react in the presence of sunlight , ground level ozone is formed , a primary ingredient in smog . A 2005 U.S. EPA report gives road vehicles as the second largest source of VOCs in the U.S. at 26 % and 19 % are from non road equipment which is mostly gasoline and diesel stations . 27 % of VOC emissions are from solvents which are used in the manufacturer of paints and paint thinners and other uses . Ozone ( edit ) Ozone is beneficial in the upper atmosphere , but at ground level ozone irritates the respiratory system , causing coughing , choking , and reduced lung capacity . It also has many bad effects throughout the ecosystem . Carbon monoxide ( CO ) ( edit ) MOPITT satellite computer image of carbon monoxide March 2010 Carbon monoxide poisoning is the most common type of fatal air poisoning in many countries . Carbon monoxide is colorless , odorless and tasteless , but highly toxic . It combines with hemoglobin to produce carboxyhemoglobin , which is ineffective for delivering oxygen to bodily tissues . In 2011 , 52 % of carbon monoxide emissions were created by mobile vehicles in the U.S. Hazardous Air pollutants ( Toxics ) ( edit ) Chronic ( long - term ) exposure to benzene ( C H ) damages bone marrow . It can also cause excessive bleeding and depress the immune system , increasing the chance of infection . Benzene causes leukemia and is associated with other blood cancers and pre-cancers of the blood . Particulate matter ( PM and PM ) ( edit ) The health effects of inhaling airborne particulate matter have been widely studied in humans and animals and include asthma , lung cancer , cardiovascular issues , and premature death . Because of the size of the particles , they can penetrate the deepest part of the lungs . A 2011 UK study estimates 90 deaths per year due to passenger vehicle PM . In a 2006 publication , the U.S. Federal Highway Administration ( FHWA ) state that in 2002 about 1 per - cent of all PM and 2 per - cent of all PM emissions came from the exhaust of on - road motor vehicles ( mostly from diesel engines ) . Carbon dioxide ( CO ) ( edit ) Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas . Motor vehicle CO emissions are part of the anthropogenic contribution to the growth of CO concentrations in the atmosphere which according to the vast majority of the scientific community is causing climate change . Motor vehicles are calculated to generate about 20 % of the European Union 's man - made CO emissions , with passenger cars contributing about 12 % . European emission standards limit the CO emissions of new passenger cars and light vehicles . The European Union average new car CO emissions figure dropped by 5.4 % in the year to the first quarter of 2010 , down to 145.6 g / km . Water vapour ( edit ) Vehicle exhaust contains much water vapour . Water recovery ( edit ) There has been research into ways that troops in deserts can recover drinkable water from their vehicles ' exhaust gases . Pollution reduction ( edit ) See also : Air suction valve Emission standards focus on reducing pollutants contained in the exhaust gases from vehicles as well as from industrial flue gas stacks and other air pollution exhaust sources in various large - scale industrial facilities such as petroleum refineries , natural gas processing plants , petrochemical plants and chemical production plants . However , these are often referred to as flue gases . Catalytic converters in cars intend to break down the pollution of exhaust gases using a catalyst . Scrubbers in ships intend to remove the sulfur dioxide ( SO ) of marine exhaust gases . The regulations on marine sulfur dioxide emissions are tightening , however only a small number of special areas worldwide have been designated for low sulfur diesel fuel use only . One of the advantages claimed for advanced steam technology engines is that they produce smaller quantities of toxic pollutants ( e.g. oxides of nitrogen ) than petrol and diesel engines of the same power . They produce larger quantities of carbon dioxide but less carbon monoxide due to more efficient combustion . Health studies ( edit ) Researchers from the University of California , Los Angeles School of Public Health say preliminary results of their statistical study of children listed in the California Cancer Registry born between 1998 and 2007 found that traffic pollution may be associated with a 5 % to 15 % increase in the likelihood of some cancers . A World Health Organization study found that diesel fumes cause an increase in lung cancer . Localised effects ( edit ) The California Air Resources Board ( C.A.R.B. ) found in studies that 50 % or more of the air pollution ( smog ) in Southern California is due to car emissions . See also ( edit ) Automobile exhaust Air pollution # Most polluted cities Alternative propulsion Atmospheric dispersion modeling Automobile # Environmental impact Clean Air Act Congestion pricing Emission standard European emission standards Flue gas Kyoto protocol Landfill gas Low - emission zone Mobile source air pollution Motor vehicle emissions and pregnancy United States emission standards Vehicle emissions control References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Omidvarborna ; et al. `` Characterization of particulate matter emitted from transit buses fueled with B20 in idle modes '' . Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering . 2 ( 4 ) : 2335 -- 2342 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jece. 2014.09. 020 . Jump up ^ Caiazzo , Fabio ; Ashok , Akshay ; Waitz , Ian A. ; Yim , Steve H.L. ; Barrett , Steven R.H. ( November 2013 ) . `` Air pollution and early deaths in the United States . Part I : Quantifying the impact of major sectors in 2005 '' . Atmospheric Environment . Elsevier . 79 : 198 -- 208 . Bibcode : 2013AtmEn ... 79 ... 198C . doi : 10.1016 / j. atmosenv. 2013.05. 081 . Retrieved 25 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Roland Pease . `` Traffic pollution kills 5,000 a year in UK , says study '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Pulkrabek W.W. ( 2004 ) Engineering Fundamentals of the Internal Combustion Engine . Pearson Prentice Hall , new Jersey Jump up ^ `` Average Annual Emissions and Fuel Consumption for Passenger Cars and Light Trucks '' ( PDF ) . Transportation and Air Quality . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Jump up ^ `` Light - Duty Vehicle , Light - Duty Truck , and Medium - Duty Passenger Vehicle -- Tier 2 Exhaust Emission Standards '' . Emission Standards Reference Guide . United States Environmental Protection Agency . 14 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Self - Study Programme 230 : Motor Vehicle Exhaust Emissions ( PDF ) . AUDI. April 2000 . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Race Fuel - Nitromethane '' . www.turbofast.com.au . Jump up ^ `` Health '' . Nitrogen Dioxide . United States Environmental Protection Agency . 14 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Regional Transport of Ozone : New EPA Rulemaking on Nitrogen Oxide Emissions ( EPA - 456 / F - 98 - 006 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Environmental Protection Agency . September 1998 . ^ Jump up to : `` State and County Emission Summaries : Nitrogen Oxides '' . Air emission sources . United States Environmental Protection Agency . 25 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Media , BioAge . `` Green Car Congress : Large scale epidemiological study associates PM2. 5 , NO2 pollution with kidney , bladder and colorectal cancer death '' . www.greencarcongress.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental Health Perspectives -- Ambient Air Pollution and Cancer Mortality in the Cancer Prevention Study II '' . ehp.niehs.nih.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` State and County Emission Summaries : Volatile Organic Compounds '' . Air emission sources . United States Environmental Protection Agency . 25 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Volatile Organic Compounds ( VOCs ) '' . Toxic Substances Hydrology Program . United States Geological Survey ( USGS ) . 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ EPA , OAR , OAP , SPD , US . `` Ozone Layer Protection - US EPA '' . US EPA . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ http://www.epa.gov/airquality/ozonepollution/health.html Jump up ^ http://www.epa.gov/groundlevelozone/ecosystem.html Jump up ^ Omaye ST. ( 2002 ) . `` Metabolic modulation of carbon monoxide toxicity '' . Toxicology. 180 ( 2 ) : 139 -- 150 . PMID 12324190 . doi : 10.1016 / S0300 - 483X ( 02 ) 00387 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` State and County Emission Summaries : Carbon Monoxide '' . Air Emission Sources . United States Environmental Protection Agency . 25 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Exhaust emissions : What comes out of your car 's exhaust ? '' . Automobile Association Developments Limited . 23 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Air Toxics from Motor Vehicles '' ( PDF ) . Transportation and Air Quality . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Jump up ^ Region 4 : Laboratory and Field Operations -- PM 2.5 ( 2008 ). PM 2.5 Objectives and History . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Jump up ^ Mazzi , Eric A. ; Dowlatabadi , Hadi ( 2007 ) . `` Air Quality Impacts of Climate Mitigation : UK Policy and Passenger Vehicle Choice '' . Environmental Science & Technology . 41 ( 2 ) : 387 . Bibcode : 2007EnST ... 41 ... 387M . doi : 10.1021 / es060517w . Jump up ^ `` Transportation Air Quality : Selected Facts and Figures '' . U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Commission . 2006 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ IPCC , 2013 : Summary for Policymakers . In : Climate Change 2013 : The Physical Science Basis . Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( Stocker , T.F. , D. Qin , G. - K. Plattner , M. Tignor , S.K. Allen , J. Boschung , A. Nauels , Y . Xia , V. Bex and P.M. Midgley ( eds . ) . Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , United Kingdom and New York , NY , USA . Jump up ^ `` Commission plans legislative framework to ensure the EU meets its target for cutting CO2 emissions from cars '' . European Commission . 2007 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` EU Average New Car CO2 Emissions Down 5.4 Percent in Q1 '' . autoevolution . SoftNews NET. 2010 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` recovering water from diesel exhaust - Google Search '' . www.google.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` EPA Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act '' . Jump up ^ US EPA Publication AP 42 , Fifth Edition , Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors Jump up ^ Reinberg , Steven ( 9 April 2013 ) . `` Smog Exposure During Pregnancy Might Raise Child 's Cancer Risk : Study '' . USNews . Jump up ^ http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2012/pdfs/pr213_E.pdf External links ( edit ) Health and Air Pollution Publication of the California Air Resources Board Cone , Tracie ( 13 November 2008 ) . `` California Air Pollution Kills More People Than Car Crashes , Study Shows '' . Huffington Post . `` Automotive Exhaust Chemicals : disease causing effects '' . Alpha Online . Environmed Research Inc . Archived from the original on 2014 - 07 - 05 . `` Cars , Trucks , and Air Pollution '' . Clean Vehicles . Union of Concerned Scientists . 3 September 2013 . About diesel exhaust : U.S. Department of Labor Occupational Safety & Health Administration : Safety and Health Topics : Diesel Exhaust Partial List of Chemicals Associated with Diesel Exhaust Diesel Exhaust Particulates : Reasonably Anticipated to Be A Human Carcinogen Scientific Study of Harmful Effects of Diesel Exhaust : Acute Inflammatory Responses in the Airways and Peripheral Blood After Short - Term Exposure to Diesel Exhaust in Healthy Human Volunteers Diesel exhaust : what you need to know ( hide ) Motor fuels Fuel types Gasoline / petrol Diesel Biodiesel Lead Replacement Petrol Kerosene Compressed natural gas Hydrogen Ethanol Butanol fuel Racing fuel ( Tetraethyllead ) Fuel additives Butyl rubber Butylated hydroxytoluene 1 , 2 - Dibromoethane 1 , 2 - Dichloroethane Dimethyl methylphosphonate 2 , 4 - Dimethyl - 6 - tert - butylphenol Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid 2 , 6 - Di - tert - butylphenol Ecalene Ethylenediamine Metal deactivator Methyl tert - butyl ether Nitromethane Tetraethyllead Tetranitromethane Fluids Motor oil Antifreeze Automatic transmission fluid Brake fluid Gear oil Windshield washer fluid Retail Fuel card Full service MTBE controversy Pay at the pump NDL : 00562804 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exhaust_gas&oldid=808092893 '' Categories : Air pollution Engines Gases Smog Transport and the environment Vehicles Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 20 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the exhaust fumes from automobiles are an example of | [] | [] |
7083288086971752811 | Great Smog of London | Great smog of London - wikipedia Great smog of London Great Smog of London Nelson 's Column during the Great Smog of 1952 Date 5 to 9 December 1952 Location London , England Coordinates Coordinates : 51 ° 30 ′ 25 '' N 0 ° 07 ′ 37 '' W / 51.507 ° N 0.127 ° W / 51.507 ; - 0.127 Casualties 10,000 dead 200,000 medical conditions The Great Smog of London , or Great Smog of 1952 , was a severe air - pollution event that affected the British capital of London in early December 1952 . A period of cold weather , combined with an anticyclone and windless conditions , collected airborne pollutants -- mostly arising from the use of coal -- to form a thick layer of smog over the city . It lasted from Friday , 5 December to Tuesday , 9 December 1952 and then dispersed quickly when the weather changed . It caused major disruption by reducing visibility and even penetrating indoor areas , far more severe than previous smog events experienced in the past , called `` pea - soupers '' . Government medical reports in the following weeks , however , estimated that up until 8 December , 4,000 people had died as a direct result of the smog and 100,000 more were made ill by the smog 's effects on the human respiratory tract . More recent research suggests that the total number of fatalities was considerably greater ; about 6,000 more died in the following months as a result of the event . London had suffered since the 13th century from poor air quality , which worsened in the 1600s , but the Great Smog is known to be the worst air - pollution event in the history of the United Kingdom , and the most significant in terms of its effect on environmental research , government regulation , and public awareness of the relationship between air quality and health . It led to several changes in practices and regulations , including the Clean Air Act 1956 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Sources of pollution 1.2 Weather 2 Effects 2.1 Effect on London 2.2 Health effects 2.3 Environmental impact 3 Cause 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) Sources of pollution ( edit ) Battersea Power Station , pictured in 2012 The cold weather preceding and during the Great Smog led Londoners to burn more coal than usual to keep themselves warm . Post-war domestic coal tended to be of a relatively low - grade , sulphurous variety ( conversely , better - quality `` hard '' coals tended to be exported ) , which increased the amount of sulphur dioxide in the smoke . There were also numerous coal - fired power stations in the Greater London area , including Fulham , Battersea , Bankside , Greenwich and Kingston upon Thames , all of which added to the pollution . According to the UK 's Met Office , the following pollutants were emitted each day during the smoggy period : 1,000 tonnes of smoke particles , 140 tonnes of hydrochloric acid , 14 tonnes of fluorine compounds , and 370 tonnes of sulphur dioxide which may have been converted to 800 tonnes of sulphuric acid . Research suggests that additional pollution - prevention systems fitted at Battersea may have worsened the air quality , reducing the output of soot at the cost of increased sulphur dioxide , though this is not certain . Additionally , there was pollution and smoke from vehicle exhaust -- particularly from steam locomotives and diesel - fuelled buses , which had replaced the recently abandoned electric tram system -- and from other industrial and commercial sources . Weather ( edit ) On 4 December 1952 , an anticyclone settled over a windless London , causing a temperature inversion with cold , stagnant air trapped under a layer ( or `` lid '' ) of warm air . The resultant fog , mixed with smoke from home and industrial chimneys , particulates such as those from motor vehicle exhausts , and other pollutants such as sulphur dioxide , formed a persistent smog , which blanketed the capital the following day . The presence of tarry particles of soot gave the smog its yellow - black colour , hence the nickname `` pea - souper '' . The absence of significant wind prevented its dispersal and allowed an unprecedented accumulation of pollutants . Effects ( edit ) Effect on London ( edit ) Although London was accustomed to heavy fogs , this one was denser and longer - lasting than any previous fog . Visibility was reduced to a few metres ( `` It 's like you were blind '' ) making driving difficult or impossible . Public transport ceased , apart from the London Underground , and the ambulance service stopped , forcing users to transport themselves to hospital . The smog was so dense that it even seeped indoors , resulting in cancellation or abandonment of concerts and film screenings as visibility decreased in large enclosed spaces , and stages and screens became harder to see from the seats . Outdoor sports events were also cancelled . In the inner London suburbs and away from town centres , there was no disturbance by moving traffic to thin out the dense fog in the back streets . The result was that visibility could be down to a metre or so in the daytime . Walking out of doors became a matter of shuffling one 's feet to feel for potential obstacles such as road kerbs . This was made even worse at night since each back street lamp at the time was fitted with an incandescent light - bulb , which gave no penetrating light onto the pavement for pedestrians to see their feet , or even the lamp post . Fog - penetrating fluorescent lamps did not become widely available until later in the 1950s . `` Smog masks '' were worn by those who were able to purchase them from chemists . Near railway lines , on which `` fog working '' was implemented , loud explosions similar to a shotgun shot were common . The explosions were made by `` detonators '' -- a form of large percussion cap placed on the track and activated by the wheels of trains . These devices were placed by certain signals to provide an audible warning to match the visual indication provided by the signal for the driver . Health effects ( edit ) There was no panic , as London was renowned for its fog . In the weeks that ensued , however , statistics compiled by medical services found that the fog had killed 4,000 people . Most of the victims were very young or elderly , or had pre-existing respiratory problems . In February 1953 , Marcus Lipton suggested in the House of Commons that the fog had caused 6,000 deaths and that 25,000 more people had claimed sickness benefits in London during that period . Mortality remained elevated for months after the fog . A preliminary report , never finalised , blamed those deaths on an influenza epidemic . Emerging evidence revealed that only a fraction of the deaths could be from influenza . Most of the deaths were caused by respiratory tract infections , from hypoxia and as a result of mechanical obstruction of the air passages by pus arising from lung infections caused by the smog . The lung infections were mainly bronchopneumonia or acute purulent bronchitis superimposed upon chronic bronchitis . More recent research suggests that the number of fatalities was considerably greater than contemporary estimates , at about 12,000 . Environmental impact ( edit ) The death toll formed an important impetus to modern environmentalism , and it caused a rethinking of air pollution , as the smog had demonstrated its lethal potential . New regulations were implemented , restricting the use of dirty fuels in industry and banning black smoke . Environmental legislation since 1952 , such as the City of London ( Various Powers ) Act 1954 and the Clean Air Acts of 1956 and 1968 , led to a reduction in air pollution . Financial incentives were offered to householders to replace open coal fires with alternatives ( such as installing gas fires ) , or for those who preferred , to burn coke instead which produces minimal smoke . Central heating ( using gas , electricity , oil or permitted solid fuel ) was rare in most dwellings at that time , not finding favour until the late 1960s onwards . Despite improvements , insufficient progress had been made to prevent one further smog event approximately ten years later , in early December 1962 . Cause ( edit ) Atmospheric scientists at Texas A&M University investigating the haze of polluted air in Beijing realized their research led to a possible cause for the London event in 1952 . `` By examining conditions in China and experimenting in a lab , the scientists suggest that a combination of weather patterns and chemistry could have caused London fog to turn into a haze of concentrated sulfuric acid . '' Even though research findings point in this direction , the two events are not identical . In China , the combination of nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide , both produced by burning coal , with a humid atmosphere , created sulfates while building up acidic conditions that , left unchanged , would have stalled the reaction . However , ammonia from agricultural activity neutralized the acid allowing sulfate production to continue . It is theorised that in 1952 in London , the nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide combined with fog rather than humidity ; larger droplets of water diluted the acid products , allowing more sulfate production as sulfuric acid . Sunrise burned off the fog , leaving concentrated acid droplets that killed citizens . In popular culture ( edit ) The Great Smog served as the basis of an episode titled `` Forog '' of The Goon Show ( series 5 , episode 13 ) , which aired on 21 December 1954 . The event was a central plot line in the episode `` An Act of God '' ( season 1 , episode 4 ) of the Netflix series The Crown ( released in November 2016 ) . It also features prominently in Dominion , an alternate history novel by C.J. Sansom . See also ( edit ) 1930 Meuse Valley fog 1939 St. Louis smog 1948 Donora smog 1966 New York City smog 2013 Harbin smog 2013 Shanghai smog London low emission zone Pea soup fog References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bell , M.L. ; Davis , D.L. & Fletcher , T. ( 2004 ) . `` A Retrospective Assessment of Mortality from the London Smog Episode of 1952 : The Role of Influenza and Pollution '' . Environ Health Perspect. 112 ( 1 ; January ) : 6 -- 8 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 6539 . PMC 1241789 . PMID 14698923 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Brimblecombe , Peter ( 1976 ) . `` Attitudes and Responses Towards Air Pollution in Medieval England '' . Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association . 26 ( 10 ) : 941 -- 45 . doi : 10.1080 / 00022470.1976. 10470341 . ^ Jump up to : Evelyn , John ; Pegge , Samuel , 1704 -- 1796 , ( ed . ) ( 1661 ) , Fumifugium , Printed by W. Godbid , retrieved 5 May 2016 CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Graunt , John , 1620 -- 1674 ; Petty , William , Sir , 1623 -- 1687 ( 1662 ) , Natural and political observations mentioned in a following index , and made upon the bills of mortality ( microform ) / by John Graunt ... ; with reference to the government , religion , trade , growth , ayre , diseases , and the several changes of the said city , Printed by Tho . Roycroft for John Martin , James Allestry , and Tho . Dicas Jump up ^ McKie , Robin & Townsend , Mark . Great Smog is history , but foul air still kills ( The Observer , 24 November 2002 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Great Smog of 1952 '' . metoffice.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mason , Nigel ; Hughes , Peter ; Mc Mllan , Randall . Introduction to environmental physics ( CRC , 2001 ) , pp. 112 -- 13 . Jump up ^ `` Atmosphere , Climate & Environment Information Programme '' . Ace.mmu.ac.uk. 4 December 1952 . Archived from the original on 25 February 2009 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Met Office Education : Teens -- Case Studies -- The Great Smog '' . Metoffice.gov.uk . Archived from the original on 5 June 2011 . Retrieved 30 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Greater London Authority . 50 Years On : The struggle for air quality in London since the great smog of December 1952 . Jump up ^ Nielson , John . `` The Killer Fog of ' 52 '' . NPR . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` London fog clears after days of chaos '' . BBC News . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Smog of 1952 '' . metoffice.gov.uk . Retrieved 17 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Coal : Nutty slack '' . Commons Sitting of 16 February 1953 . hansard.millbanksystems.com . Jump up ^ Davis DL. 2002 . When Smoke Ran Like Water . New York : Basic Books . Jump up ^ Peters , Annette ; Döring , Angela ; Wichmann , H - Erich ; Koenig , Wolfgang ( 1997 ) ' Increased plasma viscosity during an air pollution episode : a link to mortality ? ' The Lancet , 1997 , Vol. 349 ( 9065 ) , pp. 1582 -- 87 Jump up ^ Hunt , Andrew ; Abraham , Jerrold L ; Judson , Bret ; Berry , Colin L ( 2003 ) . `` ' Toxicologic and epidemiologic clues from the characterization of the 1952 London smog fine particulate matter in archival autopsy lung tissues ' '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 111 ( 9 ) : 1209 -- 14 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 6114 . Jump up ^ Bell ML , Davis D. 2001 . Reassessment of the lethal London fog of 1952 : novel indicators of acute and chronic consequences of acute exposure to air pollution . Environ Health Perspect 109 ( suppl 3 ) : 389 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Camps , Francis E ( Ed . ) ( 1976 ) . Gradwohl 's Legal Medicine ( Bristol : John Wright & Sons Ltd , 3rd ed . ) ISBN 0 - 7236 - 0310 - 3 . p. 236 . Jump up ^ Andrew ; Abraham , Jerrold L. ; Judson , Bret ; Berry , Colin L. ( 2003 ) . `` Toxicologic and Epidemiologic Clues from the Characterization of the 1952 London Smog Fine Particulate Matter in Archival Autopsy Lung Tissues Hunt '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 111 ( 9 ) : 1209 -- 14 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 6114 . Jump up ^ Stone , R ( 2002 ) . `` Counting the Cost of London 's Killer Smog '' . Science . 298 ( 5601 ) : 2106 -- 07 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 298.5601. 2106b . Jump up ^ `` Choking fog spreads across Britain '' . BBC News . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Domonoske , Camila ( 2016 - 11 - 23 ) . `` Research On Chinese Haze Helps Crack Mystery of London 's Deadly 1952 Fog '' . NPR . Retrieved 23 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Forog Goon Show script '' . The Goon Show Site . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Dibden , Emma ( 9 November 2016 ) . `` The 10 Key Moments From ' The Crown ' Season One '' . Harper 's Bazaar . Jump up ^ Samuelson , Kate ( 4 November 2016 ) . `` Everything to Know About the Great Smog of 1952 , as Seen on The Crown '' . Time . Further reading ( edit ) Bates , David V. `` Recollections of the London Fog . '' Environmental health perspectives 110.12 ( 2002 ) : A735 . online Bell , Michelle L. ; Davis , Devra Lee ( June 2001 ) . `` Reassessment of the Lethal London Fog of 1952 : Novel Indicators of Acute and Chronic Consequences of Acute Exposure to Air Pollution '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 109 ( Suppl 3 ) : 389 -- 394 . doi : 10.2307 / 3434786 . JSTOR 3434786 . Berridge , Virginia ( Ed . ) . The Big Smoke : Fifty Years After the 1952 London Smog ( University of London , Institute of Historical Research , 2005 ) Brimblecombe , Peter . The Big Smoke : A History of Air Pollution in London Since Medieval Times ( Routledge Kegan & Paul , 1987 ) Davis , Devra L. `` A look back at the London smog of 1952 and the half century since . '' Environmental health perspectives 110.12 ( 2002 ) : A734 . online Davis , Devra L. `` The Great Smog '' History Today ( Dec 2002 ) Vol. 52 , Issue 12 Dawson , Kate Winkler . Death in the Air : The True Story of a Serial Killer , the Great London Smog , and the Strangling of a City ( Hachette Book Group , 2017 ) Greater London Authority . 50 Years On : The struggle for air quality in London since the great smog of December 1952 ( December 2002 ) Thorsheim , Peter . Inventing Pollution : Coal , Smoke , and Culture in Britain Since 1800 ( Ohio University Press , 2006 ) External links ( edit ) Edinburgh University : The London Smog Disaster of 1952 BBC News : Days of toxic darkness 1952 : London fog clears after days of chaos ( BBC News , 9 December 1952 ) Persistent sulfate formation from London Fog to Chinese haze PNAS Scientists finally know what caused a mysterious fog to kill 12,000 people in London in 1952 History of London Evolution Londinium Lundenwic City of London City of Westminster Middlesex County of London Greater London Timeline Periods Roman London Anglo - Saxon London Norman and Medieval London Tudor London Stuart London 18th - century London 19th - century London 1900 -- 39 The Blitz 1945 -- 2000 21st century Events Peasants ' Revolt Black Death Great Plague Great Fire 1854 cholera outbreak Great Stink Great Exhibition 1908 Franco - British Exhibition The Battle of Cable Street Festival of Britain Great Smog Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II Swinging London London Plan 1966 FIFA World Cup Final Hyde Park and Regent 's Park bombings Funeral of Princess Diana Anti-war protests 7 / 7 bombings Olympic Games ( 1908 1948 2012 ) 2012 Summer Paralympics Grenfell Tower fire Government Metropolitan Board of Works London County Council Greater London Council Greater London Authority London Assembly Mayor of London London independence Services Bow Street Runners Metropolitan Police Service London Ambulance Service London Fire Brigade Port of London Authority London sewerage system London Underground London Metropolitan Archives City of London City of London Corporation Lord Mayor of the City of London Wards of the City of London Guildhall Livery Companies Lord Mayor 's Show City of London Police Bank of England Structures St Paul 's Cathedral Tower of London Palace of Whitehall Westminster Hall London Bridge Tower Bridge Westminster Abbey Big Ben The Monument Fortifications London portal Environment portal 1950s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Smog_of_London&oldid=850492437 '' Categories : 1952 disasters in the United Kingdom 1952 health disasters 1952 in England 1952 in London 1952 in the environment Air pollution in the United Kingdom December 1952 events Disasters in London Environment of London Environmental disasters in the United Kingdom Health disasters in the United Kingdom Health in London Smog events Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Use British English from October 2013 Use dmy dates from January 2016 Coordinates not on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 06 : 10 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | explain what happened in the london smog disaster of 1952 | [] | [] |
-2417816867280828253 | Hudson Bay | Hudson Bay - wikipedia Hudson Bay Jump to : navigation , search For the outlet of the Hudson River , see New York Harbor . For other uses , see Hudson Bay ( disambiguation ) . Hudson Bay Hudson Bay , Canada Location North America Coordinates 60 ° N 085 ° W / 60 ° N 85 ° W / 60 ; - 85 ( Hudson Bay ) Coordinates : 60 ° N 085 ° W / 60 ° N 85 ° W / 60 ; - 85 ( Hudson Bay ) Ocean / sea sources Arctic Ocean , North Atlantic Ocean Basin countries Canada , United States Max. length 1,370 km ( 851.28 mi ) Max . width 1,050 km ( 652.44 mi ) Surface area 1,230,000 km ( 470,000 sq mi ) Average depth 100 metres ( 330 ft ) Max . depth 270 metres ( 890 ft ) Frozen mid-December to mid-June Islands Belcher Islands , Ottawa Islands Settlements Churchill , Sanikiluaq Hudson Bay ( Inuktitut : Kangiqsualuk ilua , French : baie d'Hudson ) ( sometimes called Hudson 's Bay , usually historically ) is a large body of saltwater in northeastern Canada with a surface area of 1,230,000 km ( 470,000 sq mi ) . It drains a very large area , about 3,861,400 km ( 1,490,900 sq mi ) , that includes parts of southeastern Nunavut , Saskatchewan , Alberta , most of Manitoba , Ontario , Quebec and parts of North Dakota , South Dakota , Minnesota , and Montana . Hudson Bay 's southern arm is called James Bay . The Eastern Cree name for Hudson and James Bay is Wînipekw ( Southern dialect ) or Wînipâkw ( Northern dialect ) , meaning muddy or brackish water . Lake Winnipeg is similarly named by the local Cree , as is the location for the city of Winnipeg . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 History 3 Geography 3.1 Extent 3.2 Climate 3.3 Waters 3.4 Shores 3.5 Islands 4 Geology 5 Economy 5.1 Arctic Bridge 6 Coastal communities 6.1 Military development 7 See also 8 References 9 Notes 10 External links Description ( edit ) Hudson Bay drainage basin Hudson Bay encompasses 1,230,000 km ( 470,000 sq mi ) , making it the second - largest water body using the term `` bay '' in the world ( after the Bay of Bengal ) . The bay is relatively shallow and is considered an epicontinental sea , with an average depth of about 100 m ( 330 ft ) ( compared to 2,600 m ( 8,500 ft ) in the Bay of Bengal ) . It is about 1,370 km ( 850 mi ) long and 1,050 km ( 650 mi ) wide . On the east it is connected with the Atlantic Ocean by Hudson Strait ; on the north , with the Arctic Ocean by Foxe Basin ( which is not considered part of the bay ) , and Fury and Hecla Strait . Geographic coordinates : 78 ° to 95 ° W , 51 ° to 70 ° N . Hudson Bay is often considered part of the Arctic Ocean . For example , the International Hydrographic Organization ( in its current unapproved working edition only of Limits of Oceans and Seas ) defines the Hudson Bay , with its outlet extending from 62.5 to 66.5 degrees north ( just a few miles south of the Arctic Circle ) as being part of the Arctic Ocean , specifically `` Arctic Ocean Subdivision 9.11 . '' Other authorities include it , in part because of its greater water budget connection , with the Atlantic Ocean . Some sources describe Hudson Bay as a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean , or the Arctic Ocean . History ( edit ) Canada , Routes of Explorers , 1497 to 1905 English explorers and colonists named Hudson Bay after Sir Henry Hudson who explored the bay beginning August 2 , 1610 on his ship Discovery . On his fourth voyage to North America , Hudson worked his way around Greenland 's west coast and into the bay , mapping much of its eastern coast . Discovery became trapped in the ice over the winter , and the crew survived onshore at the southern tip of James Bay . When the ice cleared in the spring , Hudson wanted to explore the rest of the area , but the crew mutinied on June 22 , 1611 . They left Hudson and others adrift in a small boat . No one knows the fate of Hudson or the crew members stranded with him , but historians see no evidence that they survived for long afterwards . In 1668 , Nonsuch reached the bay and traded for beaver pelts , leading to the creation of the Hudson 's Bay Company ( HBC ) which still bears the historic name . The HBC negotiated a trading monopoly from the English crown for the Hudson Bay watershed , called Rupert 's Land . France contested this grant by sending several military expeditions to the region , but abandoned its claim in the Treaty of Utrecht ( April 1713 ) . During this period , the Hudson 's Bay Company built several factories ( forts and trading posts ) along the coast at the mouth of the major rivers ( such as Fort Severn , Ontario ; York Factory and Churchill , Manitoba ) . The strategic locations were bases for inland exploration . More importantly , they were trading posts with the indigenous peoples who came to them with furs from their trapping season . The HBC shipped the furs to Europe and continued to use some of these posts well into the 20th century . The Port of Churchill was an important shipping link for trade with Europe and Russia until its closure in 2016 by owner OmniTRAX . HBC 's trade monopoly was abolished in 1870 , and it ceded Rupert 's Land to Canada , an area of approximately 3,900,000 km ( 1,500,000 sq mi ) , as part of the Northwest Territories . Starting in 1913 , the Bay was extensively charted by the Canadian Government 's CSS Acadia to develop it for navigation . This mapping progress led to the establishment of Churchill , Manitoba as a deep - sea port for wheat exports in 1929 , after unsuccessful attempts at Port Nelson . Due to a change in naming conventions , Hudson 's Bay is now called Hudson Bay . Geography ( edit ) Extent ( edit ) The International Hydrographic Organization defines the northern limit of Hudson Bay as follows : A line from Nuvuk Point ( 62 ° 21 ′ N 78 ° 06 ′ W / 62.350 ° N 78.100 ° W / 62.350 ; - 78.100 ) to Leyson Point , the Southeastern extreme of Southampton Island , through the Southern and Western shores of Southampton Island to its Northern extremity , thence a line to Beach Point ( 66 ° 03 ′ N 86 ° 06 ′ W / 66.050 ° N 86.100 ° W / 66.050 ; - 86.100 ) on the Mainland . Climate ( edit ) Polar bear walks on newly formed ice in early November at Hudson Bay . The Hudson Bay region has very low year - round average temperatures . ( The average annual temperature for Churchill at 59 ° N is − 5 ° C ( 23 ° F ) ; by comparison Arkhangelsk at 64 ° N with a similar subarctic climate in northern Russia has an average of 2 ° C ( 36 ° F ) . ) Water temperature peaks at 8 -- 9 ° C ( 46 -- 48 ° F ) on the western side of the bay in late summer . It is largely frozen over from mid-December to mid-June when it usually clears from its eastern end westwards and southwards . A steady increase in regional temperatures over the last 100 years has been reflected in a lengthening of the ice - free period which was as short as four months in the late 17th century . Waters ( edit ) In late spring ( May ) , large chunks of ice float near the eastern shore of the bay , while the center of the bay remains frozen to the west . Between 1971 and 2007 , the length of the ice - free season increased by about seven days in the southwestern part of the Hudson Bay , historically the last area to thaw . Hudson Bay has a lower average salinity level than that of ocean water . The main causes are the low rate of evaporation ( the bay is ice - covered for much of the year ) , the large volume of terrestrial runoff entering the bay ( about 700 km ( 170 cu mi ) annually , the Hudson Bay watershed covering much of Canada , many rivers and streams discharging into the bay ) , and the limited connection with the Atlantic Ocean and its higher salinity . Sea ice is about three times the annual river flow into the bay , and its annual freezing and thawing significantly alters the salinity of the surface layer . One consequence of the lower salinity of the bay is that the freezing point of the water is higher than in the rest of the world 's oceans , thus decreasing the time that the bay remains ice - free . Shores ( edit ) The western shores of the bay are a lowland known as the Hudson Bay Lowlands which covers 324,000 km ( 125,000 sq mi ) . The area is drained by a large number of rivers and has formed a characteristic vegetation known as muskeg . Much of the landform has been shaped by the actions of glaciers and the shrinkage of the bay over long periods of time . Signs of numerous former beachfronts can be seen far inland from the current shore . A large portion of the lowlands in the province of Ontario is part of the Polar Bear Provincial Park , and a similar portion of the lowlands in Manitoba is contained in Wapusk National Park , the latter location being a significant polar bear maternity denning area . In contrast , most of the eastern shores ( the Quebec portion ) form the western edge of the Canadian Shield in Quebec . The area is rocky and hilly . Its vegetation is typically boreal forest , and to the north , tundra . Measured by shoreline , Hudson Bay is the largest bay in the world ( the largest in area being the Bay of Bengal ) . Islands ( edit ) There are many islands in Hudson Bay , mostly near the eastern coast . All , as are the islands in James Bay , are part of the territory Nunavut and several are disputed by the Cree . One group of islands is the Belcher Islands . Another group includes the Ottawa Islands . Geology ( edit ) Hudson Bay occupies a large structural basin known , as the Hudson Bay basin , that lies within the Canadian Shield . The collection and interpretation of outcrop , seismic and drillhole data for exploration for oil and gas reservoirs within the Hudson Bay basin found that it is filled by , at most , 2,500 meters ( 8,200 ft ) of Ordovician to Devonian limestone , dolomites , evaporites , black shales , and various clastic sedimentary rocks that overlie less than 60 meters ( 200 ft ) of Cambrian strata that consist of unfossiliferous quartz sandstones and conglomerates , overlain by sandy and stromatolitic dolostones . In addition , a minor amount of terrestrial Cretaceous fluvial sands and gravels are preserved the fills of a ring of sinkholes created by the dissolution of Silurian evaporites during the Cretaceous Period . From the large quality of published geologic data that has been collected as the result of hydrocarbon exploration , academic research , and related geologic mapping , a detailed history of the Hudson Bay basin has been reconstructed . During the majority of the Cambrian Period , this basin did not exist . Rather , this part of the Canadian Shield area was still topographically high and emergent . It was only during later part of the Cambrian that rising sea level of the Sauk marine transgression slowly submerged it . During the Ordovician , this part of the Canadian Shield continued to be submerged by rising sea levels except for a brief middle Ordovician marine regression . Only starting in the Late Ordovician and continuing into the Silurian did the gradual regional subsidence of this part of the Canadian Shield form the Hudson Bay basin . The formation of this basin resulted in the accumulation of black bituminous oil shale and evaporite deposits within its center , thick basin - margin limestone and dolomite , and the development of extensive reefs that ringed the basin margins that were tectonically uplifted as the basin subsided . During Middle Silurian times , subsidence ceased and this basin was uplifted . It generating an emergent arch , on which reefs grew , that divided the basin into eastern and western sub-basins . During the Devonian Period , this basin filled with terrestrial red beds that interfinger with marine limestone and dolomites . Before deposition was terminated by marine regression , Upper Devonian black bituminous shale accumulated in the south - east of the basin . The remaining history of history of the Hudson Bay basin is largely unknown as a major unconformity separates Upper Devonian strata from Pleistocene glacial deposits . Except for poorly known , terrestrial , Cretaceous fluvial sands and gravels that are preserved as the fills of a ring of sinkholes around the center of this basin , strata representing this period time are absent from the Hudson Bay basin and surrounding Canadian Shield . The Precambrian Shield underlying Hudson Bay and in which Hudson Bay basin formed is composed of two Archean proto - continents , the Western Churchill and Superior cratons . These cratons are separated by a tectonic collage that forms a suture zone between these cratons and the Trans - Hudson Orogen . The Western Churchill and Superior cratons collided at about 1.9 -- 1.8 Ga in the Trans - Hudson orogeny . Because of the irregular shapes of the colliding cratons , this collision trapped between them large fragments of juvenile crust , a sizable microcontinent , and island arc terranes , beneath what is now the center of modern Hudson Bay as part of the Trans - Hudson Orogen . The Belcher islands are the eroded surface of the Belcher Fold Belt , which formed as a result of the tectonic compression and folding of sediments that accumulated along the margin of the Superior craton before its collision with the Western Churchill craton . Map of post-glacial rebound . Hudson Bay is in the region of the most rapid uplift . Hudson Bay and the associated structural basin lies within the center of a large free - air gravity anomaly that lies within the Canadian Shield . The similarity in areal extent of the free - air gravity anomaly with the perimeter of the former Laurentide Ice Sheet that covered this part of Laurentia led to a long - held conclusion that this perturbation in the Earth 's gravity reflected still ongoing adjustment of glacial isostatic adjustment to the melting and disappearance of this ice sheet . Data collected over Canada by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment ( GRACE ) satellite mission allowed geophysicists to isolate the gravity signal associated with glacial isostatic adjustment from longer -- time scale process of mantle convection occurring beneath the Canadian Shield . Based upon this data , geophysicists and other Earth scientists concluded that Laurentide Ice Sheet was composed of two large domes to the west and east of Hudson Bay . Modeling glacial isostatic adjustment using the GRACE data , they concluded that ~ 25 to ~ 45 % to the observed free - air gravity anomaly was due to ongoing glacial isostatic adjustment and the remainder likely represents longer -- time scale effects of mantle convection . Earth scientists have disagreed about what created the semicircular feature , known as the Nastapoka arc , that forms a section of the shoreline of southeastern Hudson Bay . Noting the paucity of impact structures on Earth in relation to the Moon and Mars , Beals proposed that it is possibly part of a Precambrian extraterrestrial impact structure that is comparable in size to the Mare Crisium on the Moon . In the same volume , Wilson commented on Beals ' interpretation and alternately proposed that the Nastapoka arc may have formed as part of an extensive Precambrian continental collisional orogen , linked to the closure of an ancient ocean basin . The current , general consensus is that it is an arcuate boundary of tectonic origin between the Belcher Fold Belt and undeformed basement of the Superior craton created during the Trans - Hudson orogeny . This is because no credible evidence for such an impact structure has been found by regional magnetic , Bouguer gravity , and other geologic studies . However , other Earth scientists have proposed that the evidence of an Archean impact might have been masked by deformation accompanying the later formation of the Trans - Hudson orogen and regard an impact origin as a plausible possibility . Economy ( edit ) Arctic bridge ( edit ) The Arctic Bridge shipping route ( blue line ) is hoped to link North America to markets in Europe and Asia using ice - free routes across the Arctic Ocean The longer periods of ice - free navigation and the reduction of Arctic Ocean ice coverage have led to Russian and Canadian interest in the potential for commercial trade routes across the Arctic and into Hudson Bay . The so - called Arctic Bridge would link Churchill , Manitoba , and the Russian port of Murmansk . Coastal communities ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The coast of Hudson Bay is extremely sparsely populated ; there are only about a dozen communities . Some of these were founded as trading posts in the 17th and 18th centuries by the Hudson 's Bay Company , making them some of the oldest settlements in Western Canada . With the closure of the HBC posts and stores , although many are now run by The North West Company , in the second half of the 20th century , many coastal villages are now almost exclusively populated by Cree and Inuit people . Two main historic sites along the coast were York Factory and Prince of Wales Fort . Communities along the Hudson Bay coast or on islands in the bay are ( all populations are as of 2016 ) : Nunavut Arviat , population 2,657 Chesterfield Inlet , population 437 Coral Harbour , population 891 Rankin Inlet , population 2,842 Sanikiluaq , population 882 Whale Cove , population 435 Manitoba Churchill , population 899 Ontario Fort Severn First Nation , population 334 Quebec Akulivik , population 633 Inukjuak , population 1,757 Kuujjuarapik , population 686 Puvirnituq , population 1,779 Umiujaq , population 442 Whapmagoostui , population 984 Military development ( edit ) The Hudson 's Bay Company built forts as fur trade strongholds against the French or other possible invaders . One example is York Factory with angled walls to help defend the fort . In the 1950s , during the Cold War , a few sites along the coast became part of the Mid-Canada Line , watching for a potential Soviet bomber attack over the North Pole . The only Arctic deep - water port in Canada is the Port of Churchill , located at Churchill , Manitoba . See also ( edit ) Great Recycling and Northern Development Canal Lake Agassiz List of Hudson Bay rivers Tyrrell Sea References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hudson Bay sea , Canada Britannica.com Jump up ^ Wissenladen.de Jump up ^ `` Canada Drainage Basins '' . The National Atlas of Canada , 5th edition . Natural Resources Canada . 1985 . Retrieved 24 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Private Tutor . Infoplease.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` IHO Publication S - 23 Limits of Oceans and Seas ; Chapter 9 : Arctic Ocean '' . International Hydrographic Organization . 2002 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Edward Lyn ; Jones , E. Peter ; et al. , eds. ( 2000 ) . The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean . Springer . pp. 101 , 282 -- 283 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7923 - 6439 - 9 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ McColl , R.W. ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of World Geography . Infobase Publishing . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5786 - 3 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Earle , Sylvia A. ; Glover , Linda K. ( 2008 ) . Ocean : An Illustrated Atlas . National Geographic Books . p. 112 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4262 - 0319 - 0 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Reddy , M.P.M. ( 2001 ) . Descriptive Physical Oceanography . Taylor & Francis . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 5410 - 706 - 4 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Day , Trevor ; Garratt , Richard ( 2006 ) . Oceans . Infobase Publishing . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5327 - 8 . Retrieved 26 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Calow , Peter ( 12 July 1999 ) . Blackwell 's concise encyclopedia of environmental management . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 632 - 04951 - 6 . Retrieved 29 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Wright , John ( 30 November 2001 ) . The New York Times Almanac 2002 . Psychology Press . p. 459 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57958 - 348 - 4 . Retrieved 29 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Butts , Edward ( 2009 - 12 - 31 ) . Henry Hudson : New World voyager . Dundurn Press Ltd. p. 170 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55488 - 455 - 1 . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nonsuch Gallery '' . Manitoba Museum . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Galbraith , John S. ( 1957 ) . The Hudson 's Bay Company . University of California Press . Jump up ^ Tyrrell , Joseph ( 1931 ) . Documents Relating to the Early History of Hudson Bay : The Publications of the Champlain Society . Toronto : Champlain Society . doi : 10.3138 / 9781442618336 . Jump up ^ Port of Churchill shut down after being refused bailout , premier suggests Jump up ^ `` CSS Acadia '' . Maritime Museum of the Atlantic . Archived from the original on 7 August 2011 . Retrieved 1 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Limits of Oceans and Seas , 3rd edition '' ( PDF ) . International Hydrographic Organization . 1953 . Retrieved 6 February 2010 . Jump up ^ GHCN climatic monthly data , GISS , using 1995 -- 2007 annual averages Jump up ^ General Survey of World Climatology , Landsberg ed. , ( 1984 ) , Elsevier . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan ( 2008 ) Polar Bear : Ursus maritimus , globalTwitcher.com , ed . Nicklas Stromberg Archived 2008 - 12 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cree ask court to defend traditional rights on James Bay islands ^ Jump up to : Burgess , P.M. , 2008 , Phanerozoic evolution of the sedimentary cover of the North American craton. , in Miall , A.D. , ed. , Sedimentary Basins of the United States and Canada , Elsevier Science , Amsterdam , p. 31 - 63 . ^ Jump up to : Lavoie , D. , Pinet , N. , Dietrich , J. and Chen , Z. , 2015 . The Paleozoic Hudson Bay Basin in northern Canada : New insights into hydrocarbon potential of a frontier intracratonic basin . American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin , 99 ( 5 ) , pp. 859 - 888 . ^ Jump up to : Roksandic , M.M. , 1987 , The tectonics and evolution of the Hudson Bay region , in C. Beaumont and A.J. Tankard , eds. , Sedimentary basins and basin - forming mechanisms . Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 12 , p. 507 -- 518 . ^ Jump up to : Sanford , B.V. and Grant , A.C. , 1998 . Paleozoic and Mesozoic geology of the Hudson and southeast Arctic platforms . Geological Survey of Canada Open File 3595 , scale 1 : 2 500 000 . ^ Jump up to : Darbyshire , F.A. , and Eaton , D.W. , 2010 . The lithospheric root beneath Hudson Bay , Canada from Rayleigh wave dispersion : No clear seismological distinction between Archean and Proterozoic mantle , Lithos. 120 ( 1 - 2 ) , 144 -- 159 , doi : 10.1016 / j. lithos. 2010.04. 010 . ^ Jump up to : Eaton , D.W. , and Darbyshire , F. , 2010 . Lithospheric architecture and tectonic evolution of the Hudson Bay region , Tectonophysics. 480 ( 1 - 4 ) , 1 -- 22 , doi : 10.1016 / j. tecto. 2009.09. 006 . Jump up ^ Tamisiea , M.E. , Mitrovica , J.X. and Davis , J.L. , 2007 . GRACE gravity data constrain ancient ice geometries and continental dynamics over Laurentia . Science , 316 ( 5826 ) , pp. 881 - 883 . Jump up ^ Beals , C.S. , 1968 . On the possibility of a catastrophic origin for the great arc of eastern Hudson Bay . In : Beals , C.S. ( Ed . ) , pp. 985 - 999 . Science , History and Hudson Bay , Vol. 2 , Department of Energy Mines and Resources , Ottawa . Jump up ^ Wilson , J.T. , 1968 . Comparison of the Hudson Bay arc with some other features . In : Beals , C.S. ( Ed . ) , pp. 1015 - 1033 . Science , History and Hudson Bay , Vol. 2 . Department of Energy Mines and Resources , Ottawa . Jump up ^ Goodings , C.R. & Brookfield , M.E. , 1992 . Proterozoic transcurrent movements along the Kapuskasing lineament ( Superior Province , Canada ) and their relationship to surrounding structures . Earth - Science Reviews , 32 : 147 - 185 . Jump up ^ Bleeker , W. , and Pilkington , M. , 2004 . The 450 - km - diameter Nastapoka Arc : Earth 's oldest and largest preserved impact scar ? Program with Abstracts - Geological Association of Canada ; Mineralogical Association of Canada : Joint Annual Meeting , 2004 , Vol. 29 , pp. 344 . Jump up ^ `` Russian ship crosses ' Arctic bridge ' to Manitoba '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . 18 October 2007 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2009 . Jump up ^ North West Company at a glance Notes ( edit ) Atlas of Canada , online version . Some references of geological / impact structure interest include : Rondot , Jehan ( 1994 ) . Recognition of eroded astroblemes . Earth - Science Reviews 35 , 4 , p. 331 -- 365 . Wilson , J. Tuzo ( 1968 ) Comparison of the Hudson Bay arc with some other features . In : Science , History and Hudson Bay , v. 2 . Beals , C.S. ( editor ) , p. 1015 -- 1033 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hudson Bay . `` Hudson Bay '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Landlocked seas Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Salton Sea Book Bays of Nunavut Kitikmeot Region Albert Edward Austin Brentford Campbell Chester Committee Denmark Foggy Fredrikshald Gernon Grays Hadley Homan Labyrinth Lord Mayor McLoughlin Ogden Pelly Terror Bay Wellington Wynniatt Kivalliq Region Gods Mercy East Hudson Mistake Native Nevill Pistol South Wager Wilson Qikiqtaaluk Region Allman Aston Augusta Bay Baffin Baillarge Baring Bartlett Batty Bere Bernier Birmingham Boatswain Bowman Brae Buchanan Cameron Copes Cory Creswell Croker Cumberland Sound Dampier De la Beche Dobbin Dorchester Duke of York Dyke Acland Eden Eetookashoo Eldridge Elwin Eqe Evans Finnie Flagler Four Rivers Foxe Basin Frobisher Garnet Gibson Graham Moore Half Moon Hall Basin Harkin Hecla and Griper Herschel Hudson Irene James Kane Kew Lady Franklin M'Clure Macormick Maxwell May Inlet Murray Maxwell Nabukjuak Napier Norwegian Okse Ommanney Paquet Peary Piling Pioneer Prince Alfred Princess Marie Purcell Radstock Reid Resolute Rosse Rutherford Sabine Sawyer Scoresby Shamrock Sherard Skene Stuart Triton Ungava Weatherall Woodward VIAF : 128939157 GND : 4095719 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hudson_Bay&oldid=825017443 '' Categories : Hudson Bay Borders of Nunavut Landforms of Nord - du - Québec Bodies of water of Manitoba Bodies of water of Kivalliq Region Bodies of water of Qikiqtaaluk Region Bodies of water of Ontario Bodies of water of Quebec Bodies of water of the Atlantic Ocean Seas of the Arctic Ocean Seas of Canada Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French - language text Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 00 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | is hudson bay fresh water or salt water | [
"Hudson Bay (Inuktitut: Kangiqsualuk ilua,[2] French: baie d'Hudson) (sometimes called Hudson's Bay, usually historically) is a large body of saltwater in northeastern Canada with a surface area of 1,230,000 km2 (470,000 sq mi). It drains a very large area, about 3,861,400 km2 (1,490,900 sq mi),[3] that includes parts of southeastern Nunavut, Saskatchewan, Alberta, most of Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec and parts of North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, and Montana. Hudson Bay's southern arm is called James Bay."
] | [
"saltwater"
] |
1522623031489939734 | Save the Last Dance for Me | Save the Last Dance for Me - wikipedia Save the Last Dance for Me Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For other uses , see Save the Last Dance for Me ( disambiguation ) . `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' Single by The Drifters from the album Save the Last Dance for Me B - side `` Nobody But Me '' Released August 1960 Format 7 '' ( 45 rpm ) Recorded 1958 -- 1960 Genre R&B , Pop Length 2 : 34 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Doc Pomus , Mort Shuman Producer ( s ) Jerry Leiber , Mike Stoller The Drifters singles chronology `` Lonely Winds '' ( 1960 ) `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' ( 1960 ) `` I Count the Tears '' ( 1960 ) `` Lonely Winds '' ( 1960 ) `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' ( 1960 ) `` I Count the Tears '' ( 1960 ) `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' is the title of a popular song written by Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman , first recorded in 1960 by The Drifters , with Ben E. King on lead vocals . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Drifters ' version 2 Dalida version 3 Emmylou Harris version 4 Dolly Parton version 4.1 Chart positions 5 Michael Bublé version 5.1 Background 5.2 Track listing 5.3 Chart positions 6 Other versions 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 External links The Drifters ' version ( edit ) In a 1990 interview songwriter Doc Pomus tells the story of the song being recorded by the Drifters and originally designated as the B - side of the record . He credits Dick Clark with turning the record over and realizing `` Save The Last Dance '' was the stronger song . The Drifters ' version of the song , released a few months after Ben E. King left the group , would go on to spend three non-consecutive weeks at # 1 on the U.S. pop chart , in addition to logging one week atop the U.S. R&B chart . In the UK The Drifters ' recording reached # 2 in December 1960 . This single was produced by Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller , two noted American music producers who at the time had an apprentice relationship with a then - unknown Phil Spector . Although he was working with Leiber and Stoller at the time , it is unknown whether Spector assisted with the production of this record ; however , many Spector fans have noticed similarities between this record and other music he would eventually produce on his own . Damita Jo had a hit with one of the answer songs of this era called `` I 'll Save The Last Dance For You '' . On September 9 , 1965 , the group performed the song live at the Cinnamon Cinder with Charlie Thomas lip - syncing the lyrics of Ben E. King vocals , along with fellow Drifters Johnny Moore and Eugene Pearson on backing vocals . In the song the narrator tells his lover she is free to mingle and socialize throughout the evening , but to make sure to save him the dance at the end of the night . During an interview on Elvis Costello 's show Spectacle , Lou Reed , who worked with Pomus , said the song was written on the day of Pomus ' wedding while the wheelchair - bound groom watched his bride dancing with their guests . Pomus had polio and at times used crutches to get around . His wife , Willi Burke , however , was a Broadway actress and dancer . The song gives his perspective of telling his wife to have fun dancing , but reminds her who will be taking her home and `` in whose arms you 're gon na be . '' Musicians on the Drifters ' recording were : Bucky Pizzarelli , Allen Hanlon ( guitar ) , Lloyd Trotman ( bass ) and Gary Chester ( drums ) . Dalida version ( edit ) `` Garde - moi la dernière danse '' Single by Dalida from the album Garde - moi la dernière danse Released 1961 Format Record Recorded 1960 - 1961 Genre World music , Pop music , Exotica , Rock and roll Length 2 : 48 Label Barclay Songwriter ( s ) Doc Pomus , Mort Shuman Dalida singles chronology `` Joyeux Noël '' ( 1960 ) `` Garde - moi la dernière danse '' ( 1961 ) `` Canta in Italiano '' ( 1961 ) `` Joyeux Noël '' ( 1960 ) `` Garde - moi la dernière danse '' ( 1961 ) `` Canta in Italiano '' ( 1961 ) Garde - moi la dernière danse is the eighth album by European pop star Dalida . The title song of the album , a French cover of the American hit Save the Last Dance for Me , was released as a single . The background orchestra music was led by French composer and orchestra leader Raymond Lefèvre . Emmylou Harris version ( edit ) Emmylou Harris covered the song in a country / bluegrass style in 1979 , including it on her Blue Kentucky Girl album . Also released as a single , her version reached the top - ten on the U.S. country singles chart in mid-1979 . Dolly Parton version ( edit ) `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' Single by Dolly Parton from the album The Great Pretender B - side `` Elusive Butterfly '' Released December 1983 Recorded November 1983 Genre Country Length 3 : 54 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Doc Pomus , Mort Shuman Producer ( s ) Val Garay Dolly Parton singles chronology `` Islands in the Stream '' ( 1983 ) `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' ( 1983 ) `` Downtown '' ( 1984 ) `` Islands in the Stream '' ( 1983 ) `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' ( 1983 ) `` Downtown '' ( 1984 ) In late 1983 , Dolly Parton recorded `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' , releasing it as a single in late December ; the song subsequently appeared on Parton 's album of 1950s and 60s covers The Great Pretender , released in January 1984 . Reaching the top ten on the country singles chart in late February , the single also crossed over , reaching # 45 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States . Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 - 1984 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles U.S. Billboard Hot 100 45 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 12 Canadian RPM Country Tracks Michael Bublé version ( edit ) `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' Single by Michael Bublé from the album It 's Time Released April 4 , 2006 Format CD single , DVD single , Digital download Recorded 2002 - 2003 Genre Pop Length 3 : 38 Label 143 , Reprise Songwriter ( s ) Doc Pomus , Mort Shuman Michael Bublé singles chronology `` Home '' ( 2005 ) `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' ( 2006 ) `` Just in Time '' ( 2006 ) `` Home '' ( 2005 ) `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' ( 2006 ) `` Just in Time '' ( 2006 ) `` Save The Last Dance For Me '' was later covered by Canadian crooner Michael Bublé , and released as the third and final single from his second major - label studio album , It 's Time . The song was heavily remixed for its release as a single . Background ( edit ) For its release as a single , the song was heavily remixed , with mixes from producers including Ralphi Rosario and Eddie Baez . All of the chart positions for the single are for each of the remixed versions of the song respectively . The single first peaked at # 22 on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play Chart in September 2005 . After Bublé performed the album version of the song during the closing credits of the film The Wedding Date , this version was released to radio , peaking at # 5 on the Billboard adult contemporary chart , as well as reaching # 99 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The music video for the track was once again directed by Noble Jones , who directed the videos for both of the album 's previous singles -- Home and Feeling Good . The music video was choreographed by Raymondo Chan , a Salsa Latin dance coach and performer . It was shot in Vancouver , Canada . Track listing ( edit ) CD / DVD single `` Save The Last Dance For Me '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 38 `` Save The Last Dance For Me '' ( Starcity Remix ) -- 3 : 20 `` Save The Last Dance For Me '' ( Live Version -- Video ) -- 4 : 14 `` Save The Last Dance For Me '' ( Music Video ) -- 3 : 42 Digital download `` Save The Last Dance For Me '' ( Album Version ) -- 3 : 38 `` Save The Last Dance For Me '' ( Ralphi 's Anthomic Vocal ) -- 9 : 36 `` Save The Last Dance For Me '' ( Eddie 's Anthem Mix ) -- 9 : 53 `` Save The Last Dance For Me '' ( Ralphi 's Hydrolic Dub ) -- 8 : 29 Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position US Billboard Hot 100 99 US Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 5 Other versions ( edit ) Towa Carson made a Swedish version in 1960 , Sista dansen ( The last dance ) , which became one of her biggest hits . It stayed five months in the Swedish Top 20 and peaked at number four in April 1961 . Jay and the Americans released a cover version of the song on their 1962 album , She Cried . In 1960 Polydor Records published a German cover version with lyrics by Kurt Schwabach and singer Ivo Robić . the German text is no translation . Also in 1960 , Dion recorded the song for inclusion on his album Alone With Dion . In 1961 Ivo Robic did a German song to this tune called `` Mit 17 fangt das Leben erst an '' ( Life first begins at 17 ) . Buck Owens released a cover version in 1962 ; it peaked at # 11 on the US country charts and appeared on Together Again . Paul Anka recorded the song for his 1963 album Songs I Wish I 'd Written . The Swinging Blue Jeans recorded a version in 1964 for their first UK studio album Blue Jeans a'Swinging , HMV 1802 . Ike & Tina Turner released a cover version of the song on their 1966 album , River Deep -- Mountain High . Jerry Lee Lewis recorded a version of the song during his later years on Sun Records , June 12 , 1961 , in Nashville , in Sam Phillips 's studio . Swedish group the Spotnicks had an instrumental version of the song ( called `` Valentina '' ) on their 1964 album The Spotnicks in Spain . Cliff Richard included the song in his 1967 album `` Do n't Stop Me Now ! '' under Columbia Records label . Billy Joe Royal released a version of the song on his 1967 album , Billy Joe Royal Featuring Hush . During the Get Back / Let It Be sessions of January 1969 , the Beatles played a short , impromptu variation of this song . It was in the original lineup of songs to be included on the album that would become Let It Be , although it was later scrapped . However , their version has appeared on many bootleg releases , including 2 - LP set `` The Black Album '' ( not to be confused with their official released The White Album issued before ) . In 1969 , John Rowles recorded a version arranged and conducted by British arranger , bandleader , Johnny Arthey , released on 7 '' vinyl by MCA - UK the following year . Harry Nilsson covered the song , in a rather dark fashion , on his 1974 album , Pussy Cats , which was produced by his friend and drinking buddy John Lennon . The Walkmen did a cover of Pussy Cats which included `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' . Also in 1974 , the Canadian group the DeFranco Family reached # 18 on the Billboard pop chart with their version of `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' , with lead vocals sung by the 14 - year - old group member Tony DeFranco . Patti LaBelle included a disco - flavored cover of the song as the lead track on her 1978 album , Tasty . In 1978 , country music singer - songwriter Ron Shaw recorded the song on Pacific Challenger Records ; this version reached the Top 40 on the Billboard country music chart . In 1979 , Marcia Hines covered the song for her album , Ooh Child . The Forgotten Rebels recorded the song on their 1981 album This Ai n't Hollywood . The song was covered by Mud in 1982 for their album Mud Featuring Les Gray . In 1983 Herbie Armstrong included a haunting version of the song on his solo album ' Back against the wall ' . Mort Shuman himself endorsed it , certain it would be a hit . Sadly the distribution company went bust and only 800 copies of the CD were ever distributed . The song was translated into French by André Salvet and François Llenas and recorded by , among others , Petula Clark , Dalida , and Mort Shuman himself . Ben E. King 1987 Save the Last Dance for Me Geno Delafose recorded the song as a zydeco version on the CD La Chanson Perdu in 1998 on Rounder Records . Bruce Willis released a version which appears on his 1989 album , If It Do n't Kill You , It Just Makes You Stronger . An Intimate Evening with Anne Murray is a live album by Canadian singer Anne Murray , recorded December 18 , 1986 performed on MTV , released in 1997 and features the song . In 2000 , Japanese band The Neatbeats recorded the song for their album Everybody Need ! Irish singer Daniel O'Donnell recorded it on his 2003 album , Daniel in Blue Jeans . In the 2000s , UK musician and ex-band member of Fox , Herbie Armstrong , recorded a slower , minor version of the song and released it as a single from his album , Last Dance . In 2003 , the Troggs recorded their version of this song on an album with re-recorded songs , called `` Wild Thing '' . In 2004 , Nancy Sinatra and Lee Hazlewood recorded the song for their album Nancy & Lee 3 . In 2009 , Swedish artist Jessica Andersson recorded a cover version of Damita Jo 's `` I 'll save the last dance for you '' on her 2009 album `` Wake up '' . In 2010 , Matchbox 20 lead singer Rob Thomas performed a live acoustic version at the 2010 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction ceremony . In 2011 , Cheap Trick singer Robin Zander covered the song on his country album , Countryside Blvd . In 2012 , American composer and producer Kramer covered the song and included it on his sixth album The Brill Building . In 2014 , Leonard Cohen included a cover version of the song on his Live in Dublin album . He also closed his last ever concert , in Auckland on December 21 2013 , with the song In popular culture ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1960 , American female R&B singer Damita Jo recorded an `` answer record '' to `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' . Her song , entitled `` I 'll Save the Last Dance for You '' , built around the original song 's melody and thus credited to Shuman and Pomus , peaked at # 22 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart in December 1960 . The original version of `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' as performed by the Drifters is featured in the first - season finale of the North American version of Queer as Folk . In a memorable scene from this episode , Brian Kinney dances with Justin Taylor to this song at Justin 's senior prom , which is immediately followed by Justin being brutally attacked by a homophobic classmate in the parking garage outside the prom . The song also signifies a turning point in their relationship , as Brian was previously unwilling to admit that Justin was more than a one - night stand . The song ranked # 182 on Rolling Stones The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , making it the second - highest charting Drifters song on the list , behind `` Up on the Roof '' . A juke box musical entitled Save The Last Dance For Me , and featuring the song , is up and running , touring throughout the UK . Produced by Bill Kenwright , it is a spin - off to the popular Dreamboats and Petticoats musical , which some describe as `` Dreamboats meets Dirty Dancing '' . See also ( edit ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1960 ( U.S. ) List of number - one R&B singles of 1960 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ name = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhTyAUE4fMg Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1996 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits , 6th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) Jump up ^ Drifters UK Singles chart data at chartstats.com Jump up ^ Bronson , Fred ( 2003 ) . The Billboard Book of # 1 Hits , 5th Edition ( Billboard Publications ) Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 20 -- Forty Miles of Bad Road : Early ' 60s potpourri '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Track 2 . Jump up ^ `` Save the Last Dance for Me -- By Kathryn Jean Lopez -- The Corner -- National Review Online '' . Nationalreview.com . July 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Elvis.com.au Jump up ^ Bublé Dance Club Play chart data at billboard.com Jump up ^ Bublé Hot 100 chart data at billboard.com Jump up ^ Bublé Adult Contemporary chart data at billboard.com Jump up ^ `` Michael Buble Save The Last Dance For Me RARE promo CD DVD 05 '' . eBay . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Save The Last Dance For Me EP : Michael Bublé : Amazon.de : MP3 - Downloads '' . Amazon.de . January 1 , 1970 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Buck Owens , `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' Chart Position Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 45cat.com '' . 45cat.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cliff Richard - Do n't Stop Me Now ! ( Vinyl , LP , Album ) at Discogs Jump up ^ Billy Joe Royal , Billy Joe Royal Featuring Hush Retrieved September 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` John Rowles -- Save The Last Dance For Me / What 's On Your Mind '' . Discogs . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DeFranco Hot 100 chart data at billboard.com Jump up ^ `` 45cat.com '' . 45cat.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Forgottenrebels.com '' . Forgottenrebels.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home -- Lyrics '' . Paroles.abazada.com . Jump up ^ `` Allmusic.com '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` the NEATBEATS Official Website '' . Neatbeats.net . July 27 , 2000 . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Allmusic.com '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Herbie Armstrong website store Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived December 21 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Discogs.com '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Allmusic.com '' . Allmusic.com . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kramer : The Brill Building > Review '' . Allmusic . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Damita Jo Hot 100 chart data at billboard.com External links ( edit ) Save the Last Dance for Me lyrics at Dolly Parton On - Line Geno Delafose & French Rockin ' Boogie Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics The Drifters Michael Williams Pierre Herelle Ryan King Carlton Powell Clyde McPhatter Gerhart Thrasher Andrew Thrasher Bill Pinkney Willie Ferbee Walter Adams Ben E. King Doc Green Beary Hobbs Rudy Lewis Charlie Thomas Tommy Evans Eugene Pearson Johnny Terry Johnny Moore Bobby Hendricks Rudy Ivan Jimmy Lewis Ray Lewis Louis Price Maurice Cannon Prentiss McNeil Compilation albums The Drifters ' Golden Hits Songs `` Honey Love '' `` I Do n't Want to Go On Without You '' `` Money Honey '' `` On Broadway '' `` Please Stay '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Some Kind of Wonderful '' `` Sweets for My Sweet '' `` Drip Drop '' `` There Goes My Baby '' `` This Magic Moment '' `` Under the Boardwalk '' `` Up on the Roof '' `` Vaya con Dios '' Discography Book : The Drifters Category : The Drifters Buck Owens Studio albums Buck Owens Buck Owens Buck Owens Sings Harlan Howard You 're for Me On the Bandstand Buck Owens Sings Tommy Collins Together Again I Do n't Care I 've Got a Tiger by the Tail Before You Go Roll Out the Red Carpet Dust on Mother 's Bible Open Up Your Heart Your Tender Loving Care It Takes People Like You Sweet Rosie Jones Holiday albums Christmas with Buck Owens Christmas Shopping Live albums Carnegie Hall Concert In Japan ! Compilation albums The Fabulous Country Music Sound of Buck Owens The Best of Buck Owens Best of Buck Owens , Vol. 2 21 # 1 Hits : The Ultimate Collection Notable singles `` Under Your Spell Again '' `` Above and Beyond '' `` Excuse Me ( I Think I 've Got a Heartache ) '' `` Foolin ' Around '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Act Naturally '' `` Love 's Gonna Live Here '' `` My Heart Skips a Beat '' `` I Do n't Care ( Just as Long as You Love Me ) '' `` I 've Got a Tiger By the Tail '' `` Before You Go '' `` Only You ( Can Break My Heart ) '' `` Buckaroo '' `` Santa Looked a Lot Like Daddy '' `` Waitin ' in Your Welfare Line '' `` Think of Me '' `` Open Up Your Heart '' `` Where Does the Good Times Go '' `` Sam 's Place '' `` Your Tender Loving Care '' `` How Long Will My Baby Be Gone '' `` Who 's Gonna Mow Your Grass '' `` Johnny B. Goode '' `` Tall Dark Stranger '' `` Big in Vegas '' `` Bridge Over Troubled Water '' `` Rollin ' in My Sweet Baby 's Arms '' `` Made in Japan '' Collaboration singles `` Love Is Strange '' Guest singles `` Streets of Bakersfield '' B - side singles `` Loose Talk '' `` Together Again Related articles Discography Capitol Records Dwight Sings Buck Emmylou Harris Studio albums Gliding Bird Pieces of the Sky Elite Hotel Luxury Liner Quarter Moon in a Ten Cent Town Blue Kentucky Girl Light of the Stable Roses in the Snow Evangeline Cimarron White Shoes The Ballad of Sally Rose Thirteen Angel Band Bluebird Brand New Dance Cowgirl 's Prayer Wrecking Ball Red Dirt Girl Stumble into Grace All I Intended to Be Hard Bargain Collaboration albums Trio ( with Dolly Parton and Linda Ronstadt ) Trio II ( with Dolly Parton and Linda Ronstadt ) Western Wall : The Tucson Sessions ( with Linda Ronstadt ) All the Roadrunning ( with Mark Knopfler ) Old Yellow Moon ( with Rodney Crowell ) The Traveling Kind ( with Rodney Crowell ) Live albums Last Date At the Ryman ( with The Nash Ramblers ) Spyboy Compilation albums Profile : Best of Emmylou Harris Profile II : The Best of Emmylou Harris Duets Songs of the West The Very Best of Emmylou Harris : Heartaches & Highways Songbird : Rare Tracks and Forgotten Gems Video albums Real Live Roadrunning ( with Mark Knopfler ) Notable singles `` If I Could Only Win Your Love '' `` Together Again '' `` One of These Days '' `` Sweet Dreams '' `` ( You Never Can Tell ) C'est La Vie '' `` Making Believe '' `` To Daddy '' `` Two More Bottles of Wine '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Blue Kentucky Girl '' `` Beneath Still Waters '' `` Wayfaring Stranger '' `` The Boxer '' `` Mister Sandman '' `` If I Needed You '' ( with Don Williams ) `` Tennessee Rose '' `` Born to Run '' `` ( Lost His Love ) On Our Last Date '' `` I 'm Movin ' On '' `` So Sad to Watch Good Love Go Bad '' `` In My Dreams '' `` Pledging My Love '' `` Heartbreak Hill '' `` Heaven Only Knows '' `` I Still Miss Someone '' Collaboration singles `` To Know Him Is to Love Him '' ( with Dolly Parton and Linda Ronstadt ) `` Telling Me Lies '' ( with Dolly Parton and Linda Ronstadt ) `` Those Memories of You '' ( with Dolly Parton and Linda Ronstadt ) `` Wildflowers '' ( with Dolly Parton and Linda Ronstadt ) Guest singles `` Thing About You '' ( with Southern Pacific ) `` We Believe in Happy Endings '' ( with Earl Thomas Conley ) Discographies Discography Solo contributions Collaborations A -- F Collaborations G -- K Collaborations L -- Q Collaborations R -- Z Related articles Roy Orbison John Denver Gram Parsons Daniel Lanois Rodney Crowell Desire The Last Waltz Dolly Parton Albums Singles Studio albums Hello , I 'm Dolly ( 1967 ) Just Because I 'm a Woman ( 1968 ) In the Good Old Days ( When Times Were Bad ) ( 1969 ) My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy ( 1969 ) The Fairest of Them All ( 1970 ) The Golden Streets of Glory ( 1971 ) Joshua ( 1971 ) Coat of Many Colors ( 1971 ) Touch Your Woman ( 1972 ) My Favorite Songwriter , Porter Wagoner ( 1972 ) My Tennessee Mountain Home ( 1973 ) Bubbling Over ( 1973 ) Jolene ( 1974 ) Love Is Like a Butterfly ( 1974 ) The Bargain Store ( 1975 ) Dolly ( 1975 ) All I Can Do ( 1976 ) New Harvest ... First Gathering ( 1977 ) Here You Come Again ( 1977 ) Heartbreaker ( 1978 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 1979 ) Dolly , Dolly , Dolly ( 1980 ) 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs ( 1980 ) Heartbreak Express ( 1982 ) Burlap & Satin ( 1983 ) The Great Pretender ( 1984 ) Real Love ( 1985 ) Rainbow ( 1987 ) White Limozeen ( 1989 ) Eagle When She Flies ( 1991 ) Slow Dancing with the Moon ( 1993 ) Something Special ( 1995 ) Treasures ( 1996 ) Hungry Again ( 1998 ) The Grass Is Blue ( 1999 ) Little Sparrow ( 2001 ) Halos & Horns ( 2002 ) For God and Country ( 2003 ) Those Were The Days ( 2005 ) Backwoods Barbie ( 2008 ) Better Day ( 2011 ) Blue Smoke ( 2014 ) Pure & Simple ( 2016 ) Compilations As Long as I Love ( 1970 ) The Best of Dolly Parton ( 1970 ) Just the Way I Am ( 1972 ) Mine ( 1973 ) Best of Dolly Parton ( 1975 ) Dolly Parton 's Greatest Hits ( 1982 ) Collector 's Series ( 1985 ) Think About Love ( 1986 ) The Best There Is ( 1987 ) Best of Dolly Parton , Vol. 3 ( 1987 ) I Will Always Love You and Other Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) Ultimate Dolly Parton ( 2003 ) Singer , Songwriter & Legendary Performer ( 2006 ) The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2007 ) 16 Biggest Hits ( 2007 ) Playlist : The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2008 ) Dolly ( 2009 ) Exclusives Precious Memories ( 1999 ) Sha - Kon - O - Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke ( 2009 ) Collaborations Just Between You And Me Just the Two of Us Always , Always Porter Wayne and Dolly Rebecca Once More Two of a Kind The Right Combination Burning the Midnight Oil Together Always We Found It Love & Music Porter ' n ' Dolly Say Forever You 'll Be Mine Porter & Dolly The Winning Hand Trio Honky Tonk Angels Trio II Songs `` Dumb Blonde '' `` Mule Skinner Blues '' `` Joshua '' `` Coat of Many Colors '' `` Touch Your Woman '' `` My Tennessee Mountain Home '' `` Jolene '' `` I Will Always Love You '' `` Love is Like a Butterfly `` The Bargain Store '' `` The Seeker '' `` We Used To '' `` All I Can Do '' `` Light of a Clear Blue Morning '' `` Here You Come Again '' `` Two Doors Down '' / `` It 's All Wrong , But It 's All Right '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Baby I 'm Burning '' `` You 're The Only One '' `` Sweet Summer Lovin ' '' `` Starting Over Again '' `` Old Flames Ca n't Hold a Candle to You '' `` 9 to 5 '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` Single Women '' `` Heartbreak Express '' `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Potential New Boyfriend '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Tennessee Homesick Blues '' `` Do n't Call It Love '' `` Real Love '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Think About Love '' `` Tie Our Love ( In a Double Knot ) '' `` We Had It All '' `` The River Unbroken '' `` Why 'd You Come in Here Lookin ' Like That '' `` Yellow Roses '' `` White Limozeen '' `` Rockin ' Years '' `` Silver and Gold '' `` Eagle When She Flies '' `` Romeo '' `` Little Sparrow '' `` Better Get to Livin ' '' `` Together You and I '' Collaboration singles `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Say Forever You 'll Be Mine '' `` To Know Him Is to Love Him '' `` Telling Me Lies '' `` Those Memories of You '' `` Wildflowers '' Guest singles `` Islands in the Stream '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` When I Get Where I 'm Going '' ( w / Brad Paisley ) Soundtracks The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas Rhinestone Straight Talk Live albums A Real Live Dolly Heartsongs : Live from Home Live and Well Live from London An Evening With ... Dolly Live ! Christmas albums Once Upon a Christmas ( w / Kenny Rogers ) Home for Christmas Children 's albums I Believe in You Films Hollywood to Dollywood The Book Lady For the Love of Dolly Dolly Parton 's Coat of Many Colors Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love Tours Halos & Horns Tour Hello , I 'm Dolly Tour The Vintage Tour An Evening with Dolly Parton Backwoods Barbie Tour Better Day World Tour Blue Smoke World Tour Pure & Simple Tour Theme parks and attractions Dollywood Dollywood 's Splash Country Dolly Parton 's Dixie Stampede Related articles Awards and nominations Stella Parton Rachel Dennison Dollywood Foundation Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton discography Just Because I 'm a Woman : Songs of Dolly Parton Book Michael Bublé Discography Studio albums BaBalu ( 2001 ) Dream ( 2002 ) Michael Bublé ( 2003 ) It 's Time ( 2005 ) Call Me Irresponsible ( 2007 ) Crazy Love ( 2009 ) Christmas ( 2011 ) To Be Loved ( 2013 ) Nobody but Me ( 2016 ) Live albums Come Fly with Me ( 2004 ) Caught in the Act ( 2005 ) Michael Bublé Meets Madison Square Garden ( 2009 ) Extended plays First Dance ( 1995 ) Totally Bublé ( 2003 ) Let It Snow ( 2003 ) More ( 2005 ) With Love ( 2006 ) A Taste of Bublé ( 2008 ) Special Delivery ( 2010 ) A Holiday Gift for You ( 2010 ) Singles `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' `` Kissing a Fool '' `` Sway '' `` Spider - Man Theme '' `` Feeling Good '' `` Home '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Everything '' `` Me and Mrs. Jones '' `` Lost '' `` It Had Better Be Tonight '' `` Comin ' Home Baby '' `` Have n't Met You Yet '' `` Hold On '' `` Baby ( You 've Got What It Takes ) '' `` Cry Me a River '' `` Crazy Love '' `` Hollywood '' `` Georgia on My Mind '' `` Do n't Get Around Much Anymore '' `` All I Want for Christmas Is You '' `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' / `` Jingle Bells '' `` White Christmas '' `` Nobody but Me '' Concert tours Crazy Love Tour ( 2010 -- 12 ) To Be Loved Tour ( 2013 -- 14 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Save_the_Last_Dance_for_Me&oldid=801531520 '' Categories : 1960 singles 1974 singles 1984 singles 2006 singles Songs with lyrics by Doc Pomus Songs with music by Mort Shuman The Drifters songs Buck Owens songs Emmylou Harris songs Dolly Parton songs Michael Bublé songs Billy Joe Royal songs Jay and the Americans songs The Beatles songs Harry Nilsson songs Petula Clark songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Atlantic Records singles RCA Records Nashville singles Reprise Records singles 1960 songs Songs about dancing Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Français Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Svenska Tagalog Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 06 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who sang the original song save the last dance for me | [
"\"Save the Last Dance for Me\" is the title of a popular song written by Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman, first recorded in 1960 by The Drifters, with Ben E. King on lead vocals."
] | [
"The Drifters, with Ben E. King on lead vocals."
] |
-4477613184909805828 | Hostage Crisis (Star Wars: The Clone Wars) | Hostage Crisis ( Star Wars : the Clone Wars ) - wikipedia Hostage Crisis ( Star Wars : the Clone Wars ) `` Hostage Crisis '' Star Wars : The Clone Wars episode Episode no . Season 1 Episode 22 Directed by Giancarlo Volpe Written by Eoghan Mahony , Brian Larsen , Drew Greenberg Production code 2.04 Original air date March 20 , 2009 Episode chronology ← Previous `` Liberty on Ryloth '' Next → `` Holocron Heist '' List of Star Wars : The Clone Wars episodes `` Hostage Crisis '' is the twenty - second episode and first season finale of Star Wars : The Clone Wars . It first aired on March 20 , 2009 on Cartoon Network . Plot ( edit ) Cad Bane and his crew of bounty hunters and droid enforcers arrive at the Senate landing zone , where they meet a host of Senate Commandos , who are not happy with their unauthorized arrival . Aurra Sing snipes three of them from long - range and the rest of the bounty hunters overwhelm the rest of the squad . One of the commando droids fools security into thinking that the guards had taken down a group of protesters before taking their uniforms . A few levels above , in Senator Padmé Amidala 's office , Anakin Skywalker offers to take her to somewhere in the galaxy for a few weeks where no one will recognize them , but Padmé is too focused on her work . He gives her his lightsaber to show his devotion . However , he has to hide , as C - 3PO and Bail Organa are about to enter . Organa informs Padmé that they must meet in the lobby to discuss the Enhanced Privacy Invasion Bill . Suddenly , once everyone is gathered , the bounty hunters surround and take them hostage . Senator Philo attempts to leave only to be shot by Bane . He then communicates with Chancellor Palpatine , demanding Ziro the Hutt 's release from captivity . Palpatine refuses to do so . Unfortunately , Bane proves his point by locking down the entire building , severing all communication with the outside . He takes everyone 's comlinks , but before he can search Padmé , who is holding Anakin 's lightsaber in her sleeve , Bane notices Anakin in the upper levels and orders an IG - 86 sentinel droid and Shahan Alama to get him . Anakin eludes his pursuers and hot - wires a terminal to communicate with Palpatine . The Chancellor advises Anakin to get to the central power core to contact for help . Anakin manages to disconnect and hide before the bounty hunters find him , and then uses a mind trick to convince Alama to check the other two floors . As the hunters split up , Anakin follows the IG - 86 sentinel droid and manages to bash it into submission . Alama comes back down to check and finds the droid 's mangled remains . Noticing no lightsaber slashes , he quickly figures out that Anakin is n't armed . He reports this to Bane , who sends Sing to assist him . Anakin locates the power core , but a panicked Robonino shuts the door behind him . Alama and Sing then attack Anakin , and Robonino shocks him into unconsciousness . Bane then gives Palpatine instructions to give a pardon chip to Orn Free Taa to be transported to the prison where Ziro is being held . 3D then comes in to take the Senator . They arrive at the prison and ship Ziro away . An unconscious Anakin is dragged into the lobby , where the bounty hunters start to plant bombs that can go off if their laser detectors are triggered . This enables the hunters to leave the Senate unhindered , despite an attempt by Orn Free Taa to have them arrested . Anakin wakes up and Padmé gives him back his lightsaber . He then manages to save everyone by cutting a hole in the floor and dropping everyone one floor down , just before Bane triggers the bombs anyway for the clone troopers ' interference . Cad Bane liberates Ziro from prison , and they escape . Trivia & details ( edit ) This section contains a list of miscellaneous information . Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles . ( June 2018 ) -- In one version of the script , Mas Amedda was in the executive office with Chancellor Palpatine . In the final , it is Orn Free Taa , taking advantage of his pre-existing character model . -- Among the Senators held hostage are Riyo Chuchi of Pantora ; Onaconda Farr of Rodia ; Jakker - Sun the Ithorian ; Dantum Roohd , a character based on a costume design used by Giddean Danu in Episode III ; Zinn Paulness , a character based on a design of an Alderaanian aide in Episode III ; and an unnamed Christophsian Senator . -- As Shahan Alama searches for Skywalker , he comes across a startled `` Betty Droid , '' a BD - 3000 luxury droid model first seen in Episode III whose design was partly inspired by Bettie Page . -- Throughout the script , Robonino was simply referred to as `` fish guy . '' He is based on an unused Iain McCaig concept for an alien Jedi . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Clone Wars Episode Guide : Hostage Crisis '' . Starwars.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Clone Wars : Hostage Crisis ( 2008 ) '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 20 . The Clone Wars Media Film Episodes `` Hostage Crisis '' `` R2 Come Home / Lethal Trackdown '' `` The Gathering '' Darth Maul : Son of Dathomir ( 2014 , comic ) Dark Disciple ( 2016 , novel ) Original characters Cad Bane Saw Gerrera Captain Rex Ahsoka Tano Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hostage_Crisis_(Star_Wars:_The_Clone_Wars)&oldid=848410584 '' Categories : Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) episodes 2008 American television episodes Hidden categories : Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list Articles with trivia sections from June 2018 All articles with trivia sections Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 18 : 53 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | star wars the clone wars senate hostage crisis | [] | [] |
1505195473124406794 | EMLE | EMLE - wikipedia EMLE Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The European Master in Law & Economics , also known as EMLE , is an Erasmus Mundus post-graduate master 's degree . It focuses on `` interdisciplinary studies of law and economics '' and `` an advanced understanding of the economic effects of divergent laws '' . It is offered by a consortium of nine universities : Erasmus University Rotterdam ( co-ordinating institution ) , University of Hamburg , University of Bologna , University of Ghent , University of Aix - Marseille , University of Vienna , University of Haifa , Warsaw School of Economics and the Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research . Furthermore , the EMLE maintains a link with the University of California , Berkeley which allows some students to serve as visiting scholars in residence there . Students who participate in the EMLE Program usually divide their time between two or three of the participating Universities and , depending on their allocations , can receive multiple - degrees from each institution where they have undertaken studies . The partner universities variously award LL. M. , M.Sc. or M.A. degrees . The language of instruction is English , but the master thesis can also be written in another European language . Contents ( hide ) 1 History of the programme 2 Admission 3 Structure 4 Reputation and accreditation 5 Governance 6 The Midterm Meeting 7 References 8 External links History of the Programme ( edit ) The European Master Programme in Law and Economics started in 1990 at the University of Oxford , University of Ghent , University of Paris IX Paris Dauphine , and Erasmus University Rotterdam with 20 students from a variety of countries . From the very beginning , the Programme received recognition and financial support of the ERASMUS Bureau of the European Community . The partner universities exchanged multilateral agreements to continue their joint venture and made all the necessary arrangements in order to be included in the new SOCRATES framework between the European Commission and the European universities . The number of partner universities has increased rapidly and the network now comprises seven teaching centres within the EU and two internationally . Admission ( edit ) Admission to the EMLE is extremely selective . Applicants must have a bachelor 's or master 's degree in law or economics with high academic merit . Degrees from related disciplines are also acceptable , provided that the curriculum comprises a significant number of courses in law or economics . Preference is given to applicants who already have a first masters or above , and most admitted students already hold advanced degrees . The demand for a place in the programme has steadily risen . Given the increase in the number of applications , the acceptance rate is now consistently below 10 % . While most students still come from within the E.U. , over 30 other countries are represented in each class . Structure ( edit ) The European Master Programme in Law and Economics is the primary source of high quality postgraduate education in the field of the economic analysis of law . The EMLE is designed to provide students with advanced knowledge in the Economic Analysis of Law and to allow them to use economic methods to explain and assess the effects of divergent legal rules . Students study introductory courses and core courses on the major topics in the economic analysis of law . Students also take specialized courses and write a master thesis . The EMLE includes three kinds of courses : Economic Courses , Comparative Law Courses , and Law and Economics Courses . Students will become competent to work for private companies , public organizations , as economic advisers , or for large multinational law firms . Graduates are also well prepared for research in Law and Economics . Many EMLE graduates now hold teaching positions in European universities . Reputation and Accreditation ( edit ) The EMLE has been recognized as an Erasmus Mundus Masters Course by a panel of independent academic experts and chosen by the Selection Committee out of 128 proposals . The European Commission has designated the programme of `` outstanding academic quality . '' The Master in Law and Economics is the only Masters Course in Economics and one of the two Erasmus Mundus Courses in the legal discipline . In 2002 , the EMLE Programme was already selected to take part in the Joint Masters Project of the European University Association ( together with 10 other networks ) . In August 2004 , the EMLE program in Rotterdam and Ghent was accredited by the NVAO , the Accreditation Organisation of the Netherlands and Flanders . Also in 2004 , The EMLE was also included in the list of the eleven best European Joint Masters by the EUA . In February 2005 , the EMLE was accredited by ZEvA , the German Central Evaluation and Accreditation Agency . The EMLE has participated in the TEEP II Project , which is a form of external quality assurance and The TEEP II Committee showed a very high appreciation of the EMLE . The Israeli economic newspaper Haaretz classified the EMLE programme as `` the most elitist integrated Master program '' for law and economics . Governance ( edit ) The EMLE is organized and governed by Associated Members and a Committee of Patronage , which is composed of public and private research institutions , governmental bodies , law firms and consulting firms , commercial enterprises , and renowned scholars in law and economics . Associated Members include : Deutsche Bundesbank , Deutsche Bank AG , De Nederlandsche Bank , Ernst & Young , Deloitte , White & Case LLP , Covington & Burling LLP , Centre for European Policy Studies , European Association of Law and Economics , RiskMetrics Group , Joseph von Sonnenfels Center for the Study of Public Law and Economics , Bombay Stock Exchange Limited , and many other notable institutions . The Committee of Patronage includes world - leading Professors : James M. Buchanan ( Nobel Prize Award 1985 ) , Ronald Coase ( Nobel Prize Award 1991 ) , Robert Cooter ( University of California , Berkeley ) , R. Epstein ( University of Chicago ) , Michael Faure ( University of Maastricht ) , William Landes ( University of Chicago ) , Ejan Mackaay ( University of Montréal ) , Henry Manne ( former Dean - George Mason University Law School ) , A. Mitchell Polinsky ( Stanford Law School ) , Richard Posner ( University of Chicago , Chief Judge US Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals ) , Susan Rose - Ackerman ( Yale Law School ) , Steven Shavell ( Harvard Law School ) , Cento Veljanovski ( Research & Editorial Director of the Institute of Economic Affairs , London ) , Oliver E. Williamson ( University of California , Berkeley ) , and O. Zerbe , Jr . ( University of Washington ) . The Midterm Meeting ( edit ) The first Midterm Meeting of the EMLE took place in Ghent in 1991 . Since then the Midterm Meeting of EMLE has grown to be a multi-facetted event , a symposium of lectures and scientific discussion seminars , informal networking and other social activities . This annual event now rotates between Bologna , Ghent and Hamburg , and also serves as the forum for the EMLE graduation ceremonies . The EMLE Midterm Meeting attracts one of the largest groups of Law and Economics scholars in the world and is widely regarded as one of the leading conferences for law and economics . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ emle.org Jump up ^ Haaretz , 22 August 2010 , Amit Ben - Aroya , `` בבוקר משפט מסחרי , בערב שיטוט בפאריס '' , http://www.themarker.com/law/1.578905 External links ( edit ) European Master in Law & Economics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EMLE&oldid=811526072 '' Categories : Master 's degrees Erasmus Mundus Programmes Education in economics Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 November 2017 , at 05 : 27 . About Wikipedia | the european master in law and economics (emle) | [] | [] |
8290847436598792946 | Avatar 2 | Avatar 2 - wikipedia Avatar 2 Avatar 2 Logo used for the promotion of the Avatar sequels . Directed by James Cameron Produced by James Cameron Jon Landau Written by James Cameron Josh Friedman Starring Sam Worthington Zoe Saldana Stephen Lang Sigourney Weaver Cinematography Russell Carpenter Production company Lightstorm Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 18 , 2020 ( 2020 - 12 - 18 ) ( US ) Country United States Language English Budget $250 million Avatar 2 is an upcoming American epic science fiction film directed , produced , and co-written by James Cameron , and is the first of four planned sequels to his film Avatar ( 2009 ) . Cameron is producing the film with Jon Landau , with Josh Friedman originally announced as his co-writer ; it was later announced that Cameron , Friedman , Rick Jaffa , Amanda Silver , and Shane Salerno took a part in the writing process of all sequels before being attributed separate scripts , making the eventual writing credits unclear . Cast members Sam Worthington , Zoe Saldana , Stephen Lang , Sigourney Weaver , Giovanni Ribisi , Joel David Moore , Dileep Rao , C.C.H. Pounder , and Matt Gerald are all reprising their roles from the original film . Cameron , who had stated in 2006 that he would like to make sequels to Avatar if it were successful , announced the first two in 2010 following the widespread success of the first film , with Avatar 2 aiming for a 2014 release . However , the subsequent addition of two more sequels , and the necessity to develop new technology in order to film performance capture scenes underwater , a feat never accomplished before in motion capture history , led to significant delays to allow the crew more time to work on the writing , pre-production , and visual effects ; it is currently planned for a release on December 18 , 2020 , exactly eleven years after the American release of the first film , with the following sequels to be released between 2021 and 2025 . Preliminary shooting for the film started in Manhattan Beach , California on August 15 , 2017 , followed by principal photography simultaneously with Avatar 3 in New Zealand on September 25 , 2017 . The other sequels are expected to start shooting as soon as Avatar 2 and 3 's filming wraps . Contents 1 Cast 2 Production 2.1 Development and pre-production 2.2 Writing 2.3 Casting 2.4 Filming 2.5 Visual effects 3 Marketing 4 Sequels 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Na'vi Sam Worthington as Jake Sully , a former human who fell in love with Neytiri and befriended the Na'vi after becoming a part of the Avatar Program , eventually taking their side in their conflict with humans and leading them to victory ; at the end of the first film , he becomes the new leader of the Omaticaya ( the Na'vi clan central to the story ) and transfers his mind into his avatar permanently . Zoe Saldana as Neytiri , Jake 's consort , daughter to the previous clan chief . CCH Pounder as Mo'at , the Omaticaya 's spiritual leader and Neytiri 's mother . Cliff Curtis as Tonowari , the leader of the reef people clan of Metkayina . Jamie Flatters as Neteyam , Jake and Neytiri 's first son and oldest child . Britain Dalton as Lo'ak , Jake and Neytiri 's second son . Trinity Bliss as Tuktirey or `` Tuk '' , Jake and Neytiri 's youngest child and only daughter . Bailey Bass as Tsireya or `` Reya '' , a graceful and strong free - diver of the Metkayina . Filip Geljo as Aonung , a young male hunter and free - diver of the Metkayina . Duane Evans Jr. as Rotxo , a young male hunter and free - diver of the Metkayina . Kate Winslet as Ronal , a free - diver of the Metkayina . Winslet called Ronal `` a pivotal character in the ongoing story '' , but also `` relatively small comparative to the lengthy shoot '' , as shooting all her scenes would only take a month . It marks her first time working with performance capture , or motion capture altogether ; she , like most of the child cast , also had to learn free - diving for the film , ultimately being able to hold her breath for seven minutes . Humans Stephen Lang as Colonel Miles Quaritch , who led the forces of the RDA , the human organization colonizing Pandora , in their conflict with the Na'vi in the first film . Although the character died at the end of Avatar , Cameron confirmed in 2010 that Lang would return in the first three sequels , stating , `` I 'm not going to say exactly how we 're bringing him back , but it 's a science fiction story , after all . His character will evolve into really unexpected places across the arc of our new three - film saga '' . He later stated that Quaritch would act as main antagonist once again , in all four sequels . Giovanni Ribisi as Parker Selfridge , the corporate administrator for the RDA mining operation in the first film . Joel David Moore as Dr. Norm Spellman , a former part of the Avatar Program who chose to side with the Na'vi in the first film . Dileep Rao as Dr. Max Patel , a scientist who worked in the Avatar Program and came to support Jake 's rebellion against the RDA in the first film . Matt Gerald as Corporal Lyle Wainfleet , a mercenary who fought for the RDA against the Na'vi in the first film . Despite the death of his character in the previous installment , Gerald was announced to reprise his role in August 2017 . Jack Champion as Javier `` Spider '' Socorro , a teenager born on Hell 's Gate ( the human base on Pandora in the first film ) but who `` prefers his time in the Pandoran rainforest '' . Unknown Sigourney Weaver ; Weaver originally appeared in the first film as Dr. Grace Augustine , a human who takes the side of the Na'vi and dies during the conflict . Although both Weaver and Cameron confirmed that she would return in the sequels , she stated in 2014 that she would not play the same character . In December 2017 , Weaver mentioned that she had to learn both free - diving and scuba diving for the film . Oona Chaplin as Varang , a `` strong and vibrant central character who spans the entire saga of the sequels '' . David Thewlis in a currently undisclosed role . Although he stayed secretive about the nature of his character , Thewlis mentioned that he has `` a lot to do in ( the films ) '' , that his role requires motion capture , and that he appears `` in three of ( the sequels ) , I think '' . Production ( edit ) Development and pre-production ( edit ) In 2006 , Cameron stated that if Avatar was successful , he hoped to make two sequels to the film . In 2010 , he said the film 's widespread success confirmed that he would do so . The sequels were originally scheduled for release in December 2014 and 2015 . He included certain scenes in the first film for future story follow - ups . Cameron planned to shoot the sequels back - to - back and to begin work `` once the novel is nailed down '' . He stated that the sequels would widen the universe while exploring other moons of Polyphemus . The first sequel would focus on the ocean of Pandora and also feature more of the rainforest . He intended to capture footage for this sequel at the bottom of the Mariana Trench using a deepwater submersible . In 2011 , Cameron stated that he was just starting to design the ocean ecosystem of Pandora and the other worlds to be included in the story . The storyline , although continuing the environmental theme of the first film , would not be `` strident '' since the film will concentrate on entertainment . The sequels were confirmed to continue follow the characters of Jake and Neytiri in December 2009 . Cameron implied that the humans would return as the antagonists of the story . In 2011 , Cameron stated his intention to film the sequels at a higher frame rate than the industry standard 24 frames per second , in order to add a heightened sense of reality . In 2013 , Cameron announced that the sequels would be filmed in New Zealand , with performance capture to take place in 2014 . An agreement with the New Zealand government required at least one world premiere to be held in Wellington and at least NZ $ 500 million ( approximately US $410 million at December 2013 exchange rates ) to be spent on production activity in New Zealand , including live - action filming and visual effects . The New Zealand government announced it would raise its baseline tax rebate for filmmaking from 15 % to 20 % , with 25 % available to international productions in some cases and 40 % for New Zealand productions ( as defined by section 18 of the New Zealand Film Commission Act 1978 ) . In 2012 , Cameron mentioned a possible third sequel for the first time ; it was officially confirmed the following year . Cameron was then looking to release Avatar 2 in 2015 , but later that year production was rescheduled for 2014 with the film to be released in December 2016 , followed by the sequels 2017 and 2018 . By 2015 , the scheduled release dates for the sequels were each delayed by another year , with the first sequel expected to be released in December 2017 ; this was due to the writing process , which Cameron called `` a complex job '' . The following month , Fox announced a further release delay . In June 2015 , James Horner , who was reported to be engaged to write music for the franchise , was killed in a plane crash . As of February 2016 , production of the sequels was scheduled to begin in April 2016 in New Zealand . In April 2016 , Cameron announced at CinemaCon that there will be four Avatar sequels , all of which will be filmed simultaneously , with release dates in December 2018 , 2020 , 2022 and 2023 , respectively . In late October 2016 , it was reported that Cameron was going to push for `` glasses - free 3D '' with the sequels , but he later disagreed with these rumors and did not think the technology would be there yet . In March 2017 , Cameron revealed that Avatar 2 would not be released in 2018 , as originally believed . On April 27 , 2017 , the release dates for all four sequels were ultimately announced : December 18 , 2020 for Avatar 2 , December 17 , 2021 for Avatar 3 , December 20 , 2024 for Avatar 4 , and December 19 , 2025 for Avatar 5 . The films will be released in Dolby Vision . New crew members include cinematographer Russell Carpenter , who worked with Cameron on True Lies and Titanic , and Aashrita Kamath , who will act as art director on all four sequels . Kirk Krack , founder of Performance Freediving International , worked as a free - diving trainer for the cast and crew for the underwater scenes . Asked about the delays of the releases of the film and its sequels , Cameron stated `` I would n't call them delays . It was highly optimistic that we could start quickly until scripts are written . If there 's no scripts , there 's nothing , right ? The scripts took four years . You can call that a delay , but it 's not really a delay because from the time we pushed the button to really go make the movies ( until now , ) we 're clicking along perfectly . We 're doing very well because of all the time that we had to develop the system and the pipeline and all that . We were n't wasting time , we were putting it into tech development and design . So when all the scripts were approved , everything was designed . Every character , every creature , every setting . In a funny way it was to the benefit of the film because the design team had more time to work ... Most of the actors , the key principals , have all read all four scripts , so they know exactly what their character arcs are , they know where they 're going , they know how to modulate their arc now across the first two films '' . He recognized that `` if Avatar 2 and 3 do n't make enough money , there 's not going to be a 4 and 5 '' , but was optimistic that the delays would not harm the films ' success , comparing it to his films Terminator 2 : Judgment Day and Aliens , which were both commercially successful sequels released seven years after the original films . Writing ( edit ) In 2012 , Cameron stated that the sequels were being written as `` separate stories that have an overall arc inclusive of the first film '' , with the second having a clear conclusion instead of a cliffhanger to the next film . Screenwriters were also announced : Josh Friedman for the first , Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver for the second , and Shane Salerno for the third . In April 2014 , Cameron expected to finish the ( then ) three scripts within six weeks , stating that all three sequels would be in production simultaneously and were still slated for December 2016 to 2018 releases . He stated that although Friedman , Jaffa and Silver , and Salerno are each co-writing one sequel with him , they at first all worked together on all three scripts : `` I did n't assign each writer which film they were going to work on until the last day . I knew if I assigned them their scripts ahead of time , they 'd tune out every time we were talking about the other movie . '' Cameron added that they had `` worked out every beat of the story across all three films so it all connects as one , sort of , three - film saga '' , a creative process that was inspired by his experiences in the writing room of his television series Dark Angel . The writing took longer than expected , leading to Cameron being forced to delay the release of the films further in 2015 . In December , he stated that he was `` in the process of doing another pass through all three scripts ... Just refining . That 's in parallel with the design process . The design process is very mature at this point . We 've been designing for about a year and a half . All the characters , settings and creatures are all pretty much ( set ) . '' On February 11 , 2017 , Cameron announced that the writing of all four sequels was now complete . On a November 26 interview the same year , he estimated that the scripts had taken four years to write overall . Comparing the themes of the sequels to the originals , Cameron stated that `` It will be a natural extension of all the themes , and the characters , and the spiritual undercurrents . Basically , if you loved the first movie , you 're gon na love these movies , and if you hated it , you 're probably gon na hate these . If you loved it at the time , and you said later you hated it , you 're probably gon na love these '' . He later compared the sequels to The Godfather franchise , calling it `` a generational family saga ( ... ) It 's a continuation of the same characters , but what happens when warriors , willing to go on suicide charges and leap off cliffs on to the backs of big orange Toruks , grow up and have their own kids . Now the kids are the change makers . It 's interesting . '' Casting ( edit ) Sam Worthington and Zoe Saldana were confirmed on January 2010 to have signed on to reprise their roles in the sequels . Later that year , Cameron confirmed that both Sigourney Weaver and Stephen Lang would return despite the demise of their characters . Cameron also stated that Weaver would be featured in all three sequels ( the fourth one was not planned at the time ) and that her character Grace Augustine would be alive . In March 2015 , however , Weaver said that she will play a new character in the next film . In September 2015 , Michelle Rodriguez stated that unlike Weaver and Lang , whose characters had also died in the first film , she would not return in Avatar 2 . Several new cast announcements were made in 2017 , with Joel David Moore , C.C.H. Pounder and Matt Gerald all confirmed to return from the first film . Announced newcomers included Oona Chaplin , whose character , Varang , was described as `` a strong and vibrant central character who spans the entire saga of the sequels '' , and Cliff Curtis as Tonowari , the leader of the Na'vi reef people clan of Metkayina . On September 23 , 2017 , child actor Filip Geljo was revealed to have been signed in an undisclosed role . On September 27 , seven child actors were confirmed as a part of the main cast including Geljo , Jamie Flatters , Britain Dalton and Trinity Bliss as the children of Jake and Neytiri , Geljo , Bailey Bass , and Duane Evans Jr. as members of the Metkayina ( together with Curtis ) , and Jack Champion , the only one to perform in live action , as a human born on Pandora . Cameron later stated that the child cast had been trained for six months to prepare for the underwater scenes filmed in performance capture , and that they now could all hold their breath `` in the two - to - four minute range '' , even Trinity Bliss who was seven years old , and were now `` all perfectly capable of acting underwater , very calmly while holding their breath '' . On October 3 , 2017 , it was reported that Kate Winslet , who starred in Cameron 's Titanic ( 1997 ) , had joined the cast of Avatar 2 , and possibly its sequels . Cameron commented `` Kate and I had been looking for something to do together for 20 years , since our collaboration on Titanic , which was one of the most rewarding of my career '' , and added that her character was named Ronal . Although the nature of her character was originally unknown , Cameron stated the following month that Ronal was `` part of the Sea People , the reef people '' , in reference to the Na'vi clan of Metkayina , making Avatar 2 Winslet 's first role via performance capture , or motion capture altogether , which she was looking forward to ; as she insisted on performing all her character 's movements herself , she , like the child cast , had to learn free - diving for the film . Winslet , who had been notoriously reluctant about working with Cameron again because of the complicated situations he puts his actors in for their scenes , stated that Cameron proposed the role to her in July 2017 when he came to help her and their fellow Titanic collaborator Leonardo DiCaprio at a fundraiser in France , sending her the scripts shortly after . She commented that her role was `` relatively small comparative to the lengthy shoot '' , as she would only have one month of shootings , but also `` a pivotal character in the ongoing story '' . In October 13 , 2017 , it was announced that Giovanni Ribisi would reprise his role of Parker Selfridge from the first film , in all four upcoming Avatar films . On January 25 , 2018 , Dileep Rao was confirmed to return as Dr. Max Patel . Filming ( edit ) Avatar 2 had entered production and started preliminary shooting on August 15 , 2017 , with Manhattan Beach , California as the main shooting location . Principal photography started on September 25 , 2017 , simultaneously with Avatar 3 . As Sigourney Weaver later revealed in November , filming had to be moved around to allow her to film a cameo appearance in the series eight finale of Doc Martin . In November 23 , Cameron stated that the crew had been undergoing tests with the cast for the last month to film underwater scenes in performance capture , and that they succeeded in filming the first of those on November 14 , featuring six of their seven main child actors , including Trinity Bliss . He stated `` we 're getting really good data , beautiful character motion and great facial performance capture . We 've basically cracked the code '' . He said that tests will last until January 2018 , as `` we 're still working in our small test tank . We graduate to our big tank in January '' . It was `` a dialogue scene '' , as according to Cameron , the characters communicate via `` a kind of a sign language '' . In April 30 , 2018 , Winslet had `` just a couple days '' of shooting left to do . In May 2018 , Saldana stated that filming was `` kind of only halfway done '' and that the crew is `` about ( to finish ) motion capture production on the ( second and third ) movies , and then after that , they go straight into pre-production for the live - action part that will shoot for six months in New Zealand . '' Saldana finished shooting her scenes on June 8 , for both Avatar 2 and its sequel , while Cameron stated around the same time that 130 days of performance capture had been shot . Visual effects ( edit ) On July 31 , 2017 , it was announced that Weta Digital had commenced work on the Avatar sequels . The film will heavily feature underwater scenes , actually filmed underwater with the cast in performance capture . Blending underwater filming and performance capture being a feature never accomplished before , it took the team a year and a half to develop a new motion capture system , with Cameron stating `` It 's never been done before and it 's very tricky because our motion capture system , like most motion capture systems , is what they call optical base , meaning that it uses markers that are photographed with hundreds of cameras . The problem with water is not the underwater part , but the interface between the air and the water , which forms a moving mirror . That moving mirror reflects all the dots and markers , and it creates a bunch of false markers . It 's a little bit like a fighter plane dumping a bunch of chaff to confuse the radar system of a missile . It creates thousands of false targets , so we 've had to figure out how to get around that problem , which we did . Basically , whenever you add water to any problem , it just gets ten times harder . So , we 've thrown a lot of horsepower , innovation , imagination and new technology at the problem , and it 's taken us about a year and a half now to work out how we 're going to do it . '' Cameron stated that there was possibility that the film could be shown in `` glasses - free 3D '' , although it is not entirely certain . If this happens , it will be a first in film history . Marketing ( edit ) Steven Gould has been hired to write four novels based on the four Avatar sequels , starting with Avatar 2 . Sequels ( edit ) Avatar 2 is the first of four planned sequels to Avatar ; Avatar 3 started filming simultaneously with Avatar 2 in New Zealand on September 25 , 2017 . Avatar 2 cast members Sam Worthington , Zoe Saldana , Stephen Lang , Sigourney Weaver , CCH Pounder , Cliff Curtis , Giovanni Ribisi , Joel David Moore , Dileep Rao , Matt Gerald , and Oona Chaplin , have all been announced for Avatar 3 . Avatar 4 and 5 are expected to start shooting as soon as Avatar 2 and 3 wrap . Although the last two sequels have been greenlit , Cameron stated in a November 26 , 2017 interview : `` Let 's face it , if Avatar 2 and 3 do n't make enough money , there 's not going to be a 4 and 5 '' . David Thewlis later confirmed this in February 2018 , stating `` they 're making 2 and 3 , they 're gon na see if people go and see them , and then they 'll make 4 and 5 . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chris Cabin ( September 30 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Avatar ' Sequels `` Will Be the Most Expensive Movies of All Time , '' According to Fox `` . Collider . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Avatar ' Sequels Upped To Three ; Fox , James Cameron Set Trio of Writers to Spearhead '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` James Cameron Talks Avatar Sequels '' . Empire . November 26 , 2014 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` James Cameron Opens Up About ' Avatar ' Sequels '' . Inquisitr . November 28 , 2014 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` James Cameron Has Found Avatar 's Darth Vader : It 's Stephen Lang '' . Deadline Hollywood . October 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avatar 2 Filming Starts This Week ! '' . SuperHeroHype . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Carroll , Larry ( June 29 , 2006 ) . `` ' Titanic ' Mastermind James Cameron 's King - Size Comeback : Two Sci - Fi Trilogies '' . MTV . Retrieved October 18 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Adam ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` ' Avatar ' Sequel Confirmed By James Cameron ... And Here 's What We 'd Like To See '' . MTV . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2010 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( October 27 , 2010 ) . `` James Cameron sets ' Avatar ' 2 & 3 as next films '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2011 . Retrieved October 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` James Cameron reveals why Avatar 2 , 3 , 4 and 5 have taken so long '' . The Independent . November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` James Cameron shares insight into the production of ' Avatar 2 ' '' . NME . November 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' ODD SQUAD ' KID ACTOR NOT FEELING BLUE ABOUT ' AVATAR ' Banks $150 k for Sequels ! ! ! '' . TMZ . September 23 , 2017 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avatar 2 's Cast Learned to Hold Their Breaths for Extended Periods to Film Underwater Performance Capture '' . io9 . November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( 2017 - 04 - 22 ) . `` ' Avatar ' Sequel Release Dates Set , Starting in December , 2020 '' . Variety . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avatar 2 Production Start Date Revealed '' . Comicbook.com . February 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Avatar 2 ' Latest News : Sequel to Begin Filming in August '' . The Christian Post . February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avatar 2 : Sam Worthington confirms start date for James Cameron sequels '' . Stuff.co . February 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Avatar 2 production start date set for August '' . Den of Geek . February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avatar 2 officially starts filming in August , James Cameron teams up with Ubisoft for Avatar game '' . The Independent . March 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` 20th Century Fox CinemaCon : ' Avatar ' Sequels , ' Deadpool 2 ' , ' Greatest Showman On Earth ' Updates , Vanilla Ice Raps , ' Assassin 's Creed ' , ' Birth Of A Nation ' & More '' . Deadline Hollywood . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , Adam ( August 7 , 2010 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Avatar ' Sequels Could Shoot Back - To - Back , Story Hints In Upcoming Novel '' . MTV . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2010 . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 2 Will Finally Begin Shooting in Late Summer '' . Movie Web . February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` James Cameron Planning ' Avatar ' Trilogy '' . Yahoo !. January 14 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Ditzian ( December 21 , 2009 ) . `` James Cameron Talks ' Avatar ' Sequel Plans '' . MTV . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Dave McNary ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` CCH Pounder to Return for ' Avatar ' Sequels '' . Variety . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Hipes ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` CCH Pounder Rejoins ' Avatar ' Team For Sequels '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Adam Chitwood ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avatar ' Sequels Add ' Fear the Walking Dead ' Star Cliff Curtis in Lead Role '' . Collider . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avatar ' Sequels Update : ' Fear The Walking Dead 's Cliff Curtis Signs On For Lead Role '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Matt Gerald Returning To James Cameron 's ' Avatar ' World ; Boards Crackle 's ' The Oath ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Matt Goldberg ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avatar ' Sequels Reveal First Look at the Young Cast '' . Collider . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : James Hibberd ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Avatar 2 : First look at sequel 's next generation cast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mike Fleming Jr ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Kate Winslet Joins ' Avatar ' Universe For ' Titanic ' Reunion With James Cameron '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kaitlyn Reilly ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Kate Winslet Is Joining Avatar 2 & Hopefully It Will Have A Happier Ending Than Her Last James Cameron Movie '' . Refinery29 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Aaron Couch ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Kate Winslet Joins James Cameron 's ' Avatar ' Universe '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rebecca Keegan ( November 26 , 2017 ) . `` James Cameron on Titanic 's Legacy and the Impact of a Fox Studio Sale '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Setoodeh , Ramin ( October 2017 ) . `` Kate Winslet on Woody Allen , ' Wonder Wheel ' and the 20th Anniversary of ' Titanic ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on 24 October 2017 . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zoe Saldana has already finished shooting Avatar 2 and 3 '' . Digital Spy . June 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Zoe Saldana Has Wrapped Filming , And Other Details About Avatar 2 And 3 '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Max Evry ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Colonel Quaritch Will be the Main Villain in the Avatar Sequels '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Amanda N'Duka ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avatar ' : Giovanni Ribisi Returning For All Four Sequels '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Amanda N'Duka ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Joel David Moore Returning For ' Avatar ' Sequels '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : N'Duka , Amanda ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Dileep Rao To Reprise His Role In James Cameron 's ' Avatar ' Films '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC News -- Sigourney Weaver Avatar 2 role confirmed '' . BBC News . September 18 , 2011 . Retrieved September 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avatar 2 Movie Spoilers , Release Date : Sigourney Weaver Alive , Will Play Crucial Role in New Trilogy '' . BreatheCast . September 16 , 2014 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avatar 2 Will See Sigourney Weaver Play a Brand New Character '' . Jump up ^ Cassie Carpenter ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' I 'm now scuba certified ' : Sigourney Weaver , 68 , preps for underwater motion capture role in Avatar 2 '' . Mail Online . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dave McNary ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Games of Thrones ' Star Oona Chaplin Joins James Cameron 's ' Avatar ' Sequels '' . Variety . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avatar ' Sequels Add ' Game of Thrones ' Actress Oona Chaplin '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` David Thewlis Updates on Avatar 2 & Avatar 3 & working with James Cameron '' . YouTube . HeyUGuys . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` David Thewlis Joins Avatar Sequels Cast '' . RCNTV . RedCarpetNewsTV . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Update : Cameron Talks Avatar Blu - ray / DVD Releases and Sequel '' . Comingsoon.net . February 19 , 2010 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Day , Patrick Kevin ( April 20 , 2010 ) . `` James Cameron : The ' Avatar ' sequel will dive into the oceans of Pandora '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2010 . Retrieved April 22 , 2010 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Harlow , John ( September 12 , 2010 ) . `` James Cameron commissions deep sea sub to film footage for Avatar sequel '' . The Australian . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron : New ' Avatar 2 ' Details '' . ABC news . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Eric Ditzian ( February 18 , 2010 ) . `` James Cameron Says ' Everyone 's Highly Motivated ' For ' Avatar ' Sequel '' . MTV . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` James Cameron ' Fully Intends ' to Make ' Avatar 2 and 3 ' at Higher Frame Rates '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Giardina ( March 30 , 2011 ) . `` James Cameron ' Fully Intends ' to Make ' Avatar 2 and 3 ' at Higher Frame Rates '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Joyce , Steven ; Finlayson , Chris ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Three Avatar films to be made in New Zealand '' . New Zealand Government . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jared Larson ( December 16 , 2013 ) . `` Trilogy of Avatar Sequels to Be Made in New Zealand '' . IGN . Retrieved December 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( May 7 , 2012 ) . `` James Cameron to Make Avatar 4 Instead of Battle Angel '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved May 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` James Cameron : ' Avatar ' sequels ' a daunting writing task ' '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : Brent Lang ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` James Cameron Pushes Back ' Avatar ' Sequels By a Year '' . Variety . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron Says ' Avatar ' Sequel Delayed Until 2017 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Associated Press . January 14 , 2015 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` James Cameron 's Avatar 2 Wo n't Be Ready for Christmas 2017 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Wrap . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chestang , Raphael ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` How James Horner Created the Unforgettable Titanic Theme Song , ' My Heart Will Go On ' '' . ET Online . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 2 '' . My Entertainment World . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` James Cameron Expands ' Avatar ' Sequels To Four , Slams Screening Room & Gets Cheers From Exhibs - CinemaCon '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ Nordine , Michael ( October 30 , 2016 ) . `` James Cameron Pushing for 3D Advances and Higher Frame Rates for ' Avatar ' Sequels '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Stephen . `` James Cameron on Terminator 2 , Avatar and the future of cinema '' . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avatar 2 ' Wo n't Hit Theaters In 2018 , James Cameron Says '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Carpenter To Receive ASC Lifetime Achievement Award '' . Shoot . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Art Director Aashrita Kamath Talks About Working On ' Avatar ' Sequels '' . Mid-day.com . October 29 , 2017 . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aashrita Kamath : Pushing the celluloid ceiling '' . The Hindu . November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Avatar 2 Movie Cast Being Trained To Freedive '' . Deeper Blue . December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron is n't worried about the gap between Avatar movies '' . 30 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron . AMA '' . reddit.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( April 12 , 2014 ) . `` James Cameron on ' Avatar ' Sequel Timetable Following Rupert Murdoch 's Comments '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron Used ' Dark Angel ' Experience to Write ' Avatar ' Sequels '' . ScreenRant . June 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` James Cameron wants to prove Avatar success was n't ' some big fluke ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 11 , 2015 . Retrieved December 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Avatar 2 ' Script News : James Cameron Feels Like He 's Been Freed From Jail After Completing Script for All 5 Films '' . The Christian Post . February 11 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron Says Avatar Sequels are Godfather - Like , Talks Avengers '' . Comingsoon.net. April 22 , 2018 . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Do n't expect to see Michelle Rodriguez in ' Avatar 2 ' '' . New York Post . September 14 , 2015 . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Avatar 2 ' fans will have to wait awhile : James Cameron '' . Get That . November 23 , 2017 . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avatar ' Sequels Update : Production `` Officially '' Begins In September On Saga 's Stand - Alones -- CineEurope `` . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dumaraog , Ana ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Avatar Sequels Officially Begin Production in September '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How old is Sigourney Weaver , who does she play in Doc Martin , what are her biggest movies and who 's her husband Jim Simpson ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Sigourney Weaver demanded Avatar schedule change to film Doc Martin cameo '' . Jump up ^ `` Kate Winslet Talks Timepieces , ' Avatar 2 ' and a Treasured Gift From Eli Wallach '' . Hollywood Reporter. April 30 , 2018 . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Zoe Saldana Talks Avatar Sequels and James Cameron 's Superhero Fatigue Comments '' . Bleeding Cool . May 1 , 2018 . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jr , Mike Fleming ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` Weta Digital Underway On James Cameron 's Four ' Avatar ' Sequels '' . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 2 to Screen in Glasses - Free 3D ? '' . Den of Geek . June 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Avatar 2 to be shown in glasses - free 3D '' . The Independent . June 28 , 2017 . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fox & James Cameron Announce ' Avatar ' Novels Based On Movie & Upcoming Sequels '' . Deadline Hollywood . August 22 , 2013 . Retrieved September 12 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Avatar 2 on IMDb James Cameron 's Avatar Films Avatar Avatar 2 Avatar 3 Media Soundtrack album `` I See You '' Video game Art book Toruk - The First Flight Universe Fictional universe Pandoran biosphere Na'vi language Na'vi grammar Related Awards and honors Box office records Themes Pandora -- The World of Avatar Avatar Flight of Passage Na'vi River Journey Other Avatar Hallelujah Mountain `` Dances with Smurfs '' `` Treehouse of Horror XXII '' This Ai n't Avatar XXX Book James Cameron Filmography Films directed Feature Piranha II : The Spawning ( 1981 ) The Terminator ( 1984 ) Aliens ( 1986 ) The Abyss ( 1989 ) Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) True Lies ( 1994 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Avatar 2 ( 2020 ) Avatar 3 ( 2021 ) Short Xenogenesis ( 1978 ) T2 - 3D : Battle Across Time ( 1996 ) Documentaries Expedition : Bismarck ( 2002 ) Ghosts of the Abyss ( 2003 ) Aliens of the Deep ( 2005 ) Written only Rambo : First Blood Part II ( 1985 ) Strange Days ( 1995 ) Alita : Battle Angel ( 2018 ) Produced only Strange Days ( 1995 ) Solaris ( 2002 ) Alita : Battle Angel ( 2018 ) Terminator 6 ( 2019 ) Related articles Lightstorm Entertainment Dark Angel Deepsea Challenger Pristimantis jamescameroni Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avatar_2&oldid=854512159 '' Categories : Upcoming films 2020 films English - language films 20th Century Fox films American epic films American films American sequel films American science fiction action films American space adventure films Fictional - language films Films about extraterrestrial life Films directed by James Cameron Films set in the 22nd century Films set on fictional moons Films shot in California Films shot in New Zealand Films using computer - generated imagery Lightstorm Entertainment films Screenplays by James Cameron Science fiction adventure films American action adventure films Upcoming sequel films Avatar ( 2009 film ) Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages containing links to subscription - only content Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Кыргызча Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Português Română Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 22 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when will the movie avatar 2 be released | [] | [] |
-6438419547090474741 | The Most Dangerous Game | The Most Dangerous Game - wikipedia The Most Dangerous Game Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1924 Richard Connell short story . For the 1932 film adaptation , see The Most Dangerous Game ( film ) . For the 1964 Gavin Lyall novel , see The Most Dangerous Game ( novel ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The Most Dangerous Game '' Author Richard Connell Country United States Language English Genre ( s ) Adventure fiction Published in Collier 's Publication type Periodical Publication date January 19 , 1924 `` The Most Dangerous Game '' , also published as `` The Hounds of Zaroff '' , is a short story by Richard Connell , first published in Collier 's on January 19 , 1924 . The story features a big - game hunter from New York City who falls off a yacht and swims to what seems to be an abandoned and isolated island in the Caribbean , where he is hunted by a Russian aristocrat . The story is inspired by the big - game hunting safaris in Africa and South America that were particularly fashionable among wealthy Americans in the 1920s . The story has been adapted numerous times , but most notably for the 1932 RKO Pictures film The Most Dangerous Game , starring Joel McCrea and Leslie Banks , and for a 1943 episode of the CBS Radio series Suspense , starring Orson Welles . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot Summary 2 Analysis 3 Adaptations and in popular culture 3.1 Film 3.2 Radio 3.3 Television 3.4 Other adaptations 4 Real - life parallels 5 Zodiac Killer 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Sanger Rainsford and his friend , Whitney , are traveling to the Amazon rainforest to hunt the region 's big cat : the jaguar . After a discussion about how they are `` the hunters '' instead of `` the hunted '' , Whitney goes to bed and Rainsford remains on deck . While Whitney returns to his quarters Rainsford hears gunshots and climbs onto the yacht 's rail to get a better view of the nearby Ship - Trap Island , but accidentally falls overboard due to almost losing his most favored pipe . After screaming for Whitney with no response , he realizes he can not swim back to the yacht , and swims to Ship - Trap Island , which is notorious for shipwrecks . On the island , he finds a palatial chateau inhabited by two Cossacks : the owner , General Zaroff , and his gigantic deaf - mute servant , Ivan . Zaroff , another big - game hunter , knows of Rainsford from his published account of hunting snow leopards in Tibet . After inviting him to dinner , General Zaroff tells Rainsford he is bored of hunting because it no longer challenges him ; he has moved to Ship - Trap in order to capture shipwrecked sailors , whether due to storms or by luring vessels onto the rocks . He sends the sailors into the jungle supplied with food , a knife , and hunting clothes to be his quarry , although he also runs a `` school '' of sorts to prepare sailors for this hunt should they be out of shape or disoriented from being washed ashore . After a three - hour head start , he sets out to hunt and kill them . Any captives who can elude Zaroff , Ivan , and a pack of hunting dogs for three days are set free . Zaroff reveals that no one has lasted that long , although a couple of sailors had come close . Zaroff also says that he offers sailors a `` choice '' ; should they decline to be hunted they will be handed over to Ivan , who had once been official knouter for The Great White Czar . Rainsford disagrees with this and denounces it as barbarism . Zaroff reacts in a cosmopolitan manner that `` life is for the strong '' . Realizing he has no way out , Rainsford reluctantly agrees to be hunted . During the three - hour head start , Rainsford begins to lay an intricate trail in the forest and then climbs a tree . Zaroff finds him easily , but decides to play with him like a cat would a mouse , standing underneath the tree Rainsford is hiding in , smoking a cigarette , and then abruptly departing . After the failed attempt of eluding Zaroff , Rainsford builds a Malay man - catcher , a weighted log attached to a trigger . This contraption injures Zaroff 's shoulder , causing him to return home for the night , but not before he shouts out that Rainsford laid a good trap that few hunters can make . The next day Rainsford creates a Burmese tiger pit , which kills one of Zaroff 's hounds . He sacrifices his knife to make a Ugandan knife trap ; Ivan is killed when he stumbles into this trap and the knife plunges into his heart . To escape Zaroff and his approaching hounds , Rainsford dives off a cliff into the sea ; Zaroff , disappointed at Rainsford 's suicide , returns home . While enjoying a celebratory dinner , Zaroff is preoccupied with two issues : Ivan would be hard to replace and that Rainsford had evaded his hunt . Zaroff locks himself in his bedroom and turns on the lights only to find Rainsford waiting for him ; he had swum around the island in order to sneak into the chateau without the dogs finding him and killing him . Zaroff congratulates him on winning the `` game '' , but Rainsford decides to fight him , saying he is still a beast - at - bay and that the original hunt is not over . Accepting the challenge , Zaroff says that the loser will be fed to the dogs , while the winner will sleep in his bed . Though the ensuing fight is not described , the story ends with Rainsford observing that `` he had never slept in a better bed '' -- implying that he defeated and killed Zaroff . Analysis ( edit ) `` The Most Dangerous Game '' is a popular read within middle and high school curricula due to the strength of the themes within the story . The first and foremost question that the story bears is that of justifiable murder . Rainsford justifies his hunting of animals because he believes that man is superior to animals because animals do not feel . To contradict , General Zaroff believes that men are superior because they are able to reason . Zaroff uses his reasoning to explain why men are the most interesting game to hunt ; men can reason , and thus provide a challenge that no animal can contend with . The story simultaneously highlights through the experience of Rainsford , as he is hunted , the fears that animals must experience while being hunted . Zaroff himself is a contradiction because his exquisite manners are juxtaposed with his heartless brutality in killing men . The idea of a man who is proper in all aspects , but still contains a desire to kill , is a suggestion by Connell that men possess murderous instincts that can only be subdued by the presence of society and law . Zaroff is only able to partake in his `` hobby '' because he does not live within a civilization . The ending of the story bears questions about the true nature of Rainsford , who is implied to have killed Zaroff in order to secure his own safety . By killing Zaroff , he thus took part in the `` game '' that Zaroff wanted him to play . Adaptations and in popular culture ( edit ) Theatrical release poster for The Most Dangerous Game ( 1932 ) Film ( edit ) This story has been adapted to film numerous times . The most significant of these adaptations -- and the only film to use the original characters -- was RKO Pictures ' film released in 1932 , The Most Dangerous Game . Joel McCrea stars as Rainsford ; Leslie Banks portrays Zaroff . The adaptation by James Ashmore Creelman adds two other principal characters , brother - and - sister pair Eve Trowbridge ( Fay Wray ) and Martin Trowbridge ( Robert Armstrong ) , who are castaways from a shipwreck . The Most Dangerous Game was co-directed by Ernest B. Schoedsack and Irving Pichel ; also with a score by Max Steiner , the film was a favorite project of producer Merian C. Cooper . The production shared several sets with King Kong ( 1933 ) , a simultaneous RKO project that also involved Schoedsack , Cooper , Wray , Armstrong , Creelman , and Steiner . The Most Dangerous Game was a modest success . RKO produced a remake titled A Game of Death ( 1945 ) , directed by Robert Wise , from a screenplay Norman Houston wrote . This film stars John Loder and Audrey Long , with Edgar Barrier as the mad hunter . In order to keep with events of that time , A Game of Death changed Zaroff into `` Erich Kreiger '' , a Nazi , and was set in the aftermath of the Second World War . In 1956 , United Artists released another film adaptation , Run for the Sun , starring Richard Widmark , Trevor Howard and Jane Greer . In 1961 , the film Bloodlust ! was released , directed by Ralph Brooke and starring Wilton Graff as the Zaroff - type character , and Robert Reed as the leader of a band of youths who become stranded on the island . 1972 's The Woman Hunt starring John Ashley and Sid Haig made for Roger Corman 's New World Pictures is an unofficial remake of the story . The Australian film Turkey Shoot has similar elements . John Woo 's first Hollywood directorial effort , the Jean - Claude Van Damme thriller Hard Target ( 1993 ) , was loosely based on the same story . The locale was shifted to 1990s New Orleans , with homeless Vietnam war veterans voluntarily serving ( in return for potential payment from a shady businessman ) as human prey . In Surviving the Game ( 1994 ) , a homeless man is hired as a survival guide for a group of wealthy businessmen on a hunting trip in the mountains . He is unaware that they are killers who hunt humans for sport , and that he is their new prey . Directed by Ernest R. Dickerson , the film stars Rutger Hauer , Ice - T , and Charles S. Dutton . In The Eliminator ( 2004 ) , seven captured people are hunted at night for sport on an island as a betting game for the wealthy . The Pest ( 1997 ) is a comedic parody of the story , with German huntsman Gustav Shank accidentally bringing Puerto Rican teenage hustler Pestario `` Pest '' Vargas to his island instead of the skilled man he had intended to hunt , only to decide to hunt the Pest anyway due to his sheer obnoxiousness . Shank 's ambition is to have a head of a warrior of every ethnicity in his Trophy Room . He also rigs the `` game '' by having his preys unknowingly drink a slow - acting poison before the hunt , making sure that they die even if they escape him . Radio ( edit ) `` The Most Dangerous Game '' was presented three times as a radio play . On September 23 , 1943 , it aired on the CBS series , Suspense , and starred Orson Welles as Zaroff and Keenan Wynn as Rainsford . On February 1 , 1945 , it was presented with J. Carrol Naish as Zaroff and Joseph Cotten as Rainsford . Both Suspense productions presented an adaptation by Jack Finke in which Rainsford narrates the story in retrospect as he waits in Zaroff 's bedroom for the final confrontation On October 1 , 1947 , another adaption was used for the CBS radio program , Escape . Television ( edit ) This article may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( March 2017 ) The Outer Limits episode `` The Hunt '' is a story in which the hunting of animals has been banned by environmentalists , and black market hunting of obsolete androids takes its place . In The Wild Wild West episode , 1 / 3 `` The Night of Sudden Death '' , Jim West and a circus girl are trapped inside a Africa Reserve wild animal Park in Colorado and are hunted by a insane big Game Hunter Warren ( Robert Loggia ) . In the Get Smart episode , `` Island of the Darned '' , Agents 86 and 99 are trapped on an island with a mad KAOS killer , Hans Hunter ( Harold Gould ) . This trope was used in the season 3 ( 1968 ) , episode 22 of I Spy , `` The Name of the Game '' . In the Gilligan 's Island episode `` The Hunter '' , big - game hunter Jonathan Kincaid ( Rory Calhoun ) turned his sights on Gilligan when he realized there were no wild animals on the island . In the series finale of Bonanza , entitled `` The Hunter '' , a deranged killer , Corporal Bill Tanner ( Tom Skerritt ) , who was formerly a tracker for the United States Army , hunts Little Joe ( Michael Landon ) . In a 1974 TV Movie `` Savages '' after a young man accidently witness a murder , he must survive both the desert and being hunted by the killer ( Andy Griffith ) In the 1977 pilot episode of Fantasy Island , a big - game hunter comes to the island to be hunted by a man , an interesting twist on the usual version in which the hunted participates against his will . The Canadian series Relic Hunter had an episode called `` Run Sydney Run '' that was very closely based on `` The Most Dangerous Game '' , with Peter Stebbings acting as General Tsarlov . The Simpsons Halloween special `` Treehouse of Horror XVI '' contained a segment `` Survival of the Fattest '' which parodied the story closely . In this segment Mr. Burns invited much of the cast to his hunting lodge on a private island only to reveal that he intended to hunt them all for sport . Another episode makes a reference to `` The Most Dangerous Game '' when Rainier Wolfcastle says that he bought a YMCA to demolish it and install a hunting ground dedicated to `` hunt the most dangerous animal of all ... Man '' . In an episode of the animated sitcom American Dad ! , the Smith family and a young woman become stranded on an island after Francine jumps off a cruise . Stan goes up to the mansion on this island to ask for help , but the inhabitants say that they are going to hunt the family . The Smiths and the young woman become trapped in a cave , where the young woman dies and they eat her to survive . The hunters then break into the cave and shoot the family . Stan sits up , realizing it 's paint . At a party later , the hunters reveal that nobody really dies on The Most Dangerous Game island . The Incredible Hulk episode `` The Snare '' has Bruce Banner trapped on a private island owned by an insane hunter who not only craves the challenge of hunting humans , but considers the discovery of Banner 's powerful Hulk form as a sign of a particularly appealing quarry . In Season 2 , Episode 21 of Criminal Minds , `` Open Season '' , two brothers capture people stranded in a remote region of the wilderness outside Challis , Idaho , release them into the hills , and hunt them with compound bows for sport , referring the men as `` bucks '' and the women as `` does '' . In Season 13 , Episode 15 of Law and Order : SVU , `` Hunting Ground '' , a serial rapist and killer lures female escorts after their date to a remote area where he sets them free while he hunts them down to recapture them again . In the Disney animated series The Mighty Ducks , the heroes are trapped on an island and hunted . In a `` Dial M for Monkey '' segment of the animated series Dexter 's Laboratory , the hero Monkey is trapped by an alien big game hunter named `` Huntor '' , who also makes a cameo in the Cartoon Network cartoon series Samurai Jack . In Season 1 , Episode 15 of Supernatural , `` The Benders '' , a family has been behind disappearances in a city . The family snatches victims to hunt and kill . Sam and a police officer are taken , but Dean finds them and helps them subdue the family before it can cause them any harm . In Season 7 , Episode 12 of Futurama , `` 31st Century Fox '' , Bender becomes the target of a fox hunting club and is referred to as ' the most dangerous game . ' In Season 2 Episode 6 of The Blacklist , Elizabeth Keen and her FBI task force encounters a family in Idaho who trained the mother 's youngest son to hunt and kill humans kidnapped by the eldest son . In the Season 3 , Episode 5 episode of Archer , `` El Contador '' , Lana and Archer are hunted by a drug lord . In an episode of Season 5 of Game of Thrones , there is a scene in which Ramsay Bolton hunts a woman ( one of his former lovers ) . She is cornered by the hunting party and eaten alive by Ramsay 's dogs . It is implied that this was not the only time Ramsay indulged in human hunting `` for sport . '' In Season 3 , Episodes 21 and 22 of Star Wars : The Clone Wars , Ahsoka Tano and Chewbacca are hunted on an island . An episode of the animated series Johnny Bravo entitled `` Hunted ! '' is an obvious parody of the story . The titular Johnny is forced to go through the same ordeal , but his stupidity and foolishness greatly frustrates the hunter , who eventually allows him to leave . Other adaptations ( edit ) The story has also served as an inspiration for books and films like Seventh Victim , Battle Royale , Predator , The Running Man and The Hunger Games . In the film Westworld , humans are allowed to hunt and kill androids until one , played by Yul Brynner , starts hunting them . In the anime series Psycho - Pass , episodes 10 and 11 feature a wealthy cyborg tycoon who dons gentleman 's hunting gear and hunts people in an underground maze with his robotic hounds . In the video game Hitman : Contracts , the mission `` Beldingford Manor '' takes inspiration from this story . In the video game Rayman 3 : Hoodlum Havoc , the character Razoff takes inspiration from General Zaroff , even sharing similar names . In the comic - book story `` The Second Most Dangerous Game '' ( serialized in Martian Comics # 8 - 10 ) , Martians possess humans to continue their tradition of hunting other humans , after the practice has been outlawed . Richard Connell is a character . In Clive Cussler 's book `` DRAGON '' Dirk Pitt is chased by `` Kamatori '' on Soseki Island . In the online game Poptropica , the 5 - part `` Survival Island '' features you in a situation much like the one in the original story . In Don Pendleton 's The Executioner series , book # 441 , called Murder Island has a similar plot to the book . The Protagnist , Mack `` The Executioner '' Bolan ( a Vigilante / government agent ) encounters a rich businessman hunter on an island while on a mission and ends up in similar position as the Rainsford character , while the rich hunter takes a similar role a Zaroff . In a song called `` Fly Over the Wall '' by Joey Pecoraro , the opening interaction between Rainsford and General Zaroff is used as a prelude to the actual song . Real - life parallels ( edit ) Robert Hansen , a serial killer who was active in the early 1980s , would kidnap women and release them in Alaska 's Knik River Valley . He would then hunt them , armed with a knife and a Ruger Mini-14 rifle . In 1976 , Hayes Noel , Bob Gurnsey , and Charles Gaines discussed Gaines 's recent trip to Africa and his experiences hunting African buffalo . Inspired in part by `` The Most Dangerous Game '' , they created paintball in 1981 -- a game where they would stalk and hunt each other -- to recreate the same adrenaline rush from hunting animals . Zodiac killer ( edit ) There is a reference to `` The Most Dangerous Game '' in letters the Zodiac Killer wrote to San Francisco Bay Area newspapers in his three - part cipher : `` Man is the most dangerous animal of all to kill . '' The Most Dangerous Game film is also mentioned a number of times in the context of the Zodiac Killer in the 2007 film , Zodiac . See also ( edit ) Human hunting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Most Dangerous Game Themes '' . eNotes . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Most Dangerous Game '' . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Jewell , Richard B. , The RKO Story . New Rochelle , New York : Arlington House , 1982 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 54656 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Suspense '' . RadioGOLDINdex . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Escape '' . RadioGOLDINdex . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Savages IMDB Jump up ^ Lohr , David . `` Hunting Humans '' . truTV Crime Library . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` ExploreNorth -- Robert Hansen , A Serial Killer in Alaska '' . Explorenorth.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ Davidson , Steve , et al . The Complete Guide to Paintball , 4 -- 12 . Hatherleigh Press , New York . 1999 Jump up ^ Graysmith , Robert ( 2002 ) . Zodiac Unmasked . New York : Berkeley Books . pp. 6 , 40 , 246 -- 250 , 273 , 451 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 425 - 21273 - 8 . External links ( edit ) `` The Most Dangerous Game '' by Richard Connell . ( hide ) Richard Connell 's `` The Most Dangerous Game '' Films The Most Dangerous Game ( 1932 ) A Game of Death ( 1945 ) Run for the Sun ( 1956 ) Bloodlust ! ( 1961 ) The Woman Hunt ( 1973 ) Turkey Shoot ( 1982 ) Slave Girls from Beyond Infinity ( 1987 ) Deadly Prey ( 1988 ) Death Ring ( 1992 ) Hard Target ( 1993 ) Surviving the Game ( 1994 ) The Pest ( 1997 ) The Condemned ( 2007 ) The Tournament ( 2009 ) Television `` Captive Pursuit '' `` Treehouse of Horror XVI '' `` Homecoming '' `` The Vacation Goo '' Related Savages ( 1974 ) Ultimate X-Men : `` The Most Dangerous Game '' ( 2005 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Most_Dangerous_Game&oldid=837286599 '' Categories : 1924 short stories American short stories Death games in fiction Human trophy collecting Short stories adapted into films Works originally published in Collier 's Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with too many examples All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 21 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | in the most dangerous game what is the most dangerous game | [] | [] |
-7860494506802089725 | A Bridge Too Far (film) | A Bridge Too Far ( film ) - wikipedia A Bridge Too Far ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search A Bridge Too Far Original film poster Directed by Richard Attenborough Produced by Joseph E. Levine Richard P. Levine Screenplay by William Goldman Based on A Bridge Too Far by Cornelius Ryan Starring Dirk Bogarde James Caan Michael Caine Sean Connery Edward Fox Elliott Gould Anthony Hopkins Gene Hackman Hardy Krüger Laurence Olivier Robert Redford Maximilian Schell Liv Ullmann Music by John Addison Cinematography Geoffrey Unsworth Edited by Antony Gibbs Production company Joseph E. Levine Productions Distributed by United Artists Release date June 15 , 1977 Running time 176 minutes Country United States United Kingdom Language English Budget $25 million Box office $50.7 million A Bridge Too Far is a 1977 epic war film based on the 1974 book of the same name by Cornelius Ryan , adapted by William Goldman . It was produced by Joseph E. Levine and Richard P. Levine and directed by Richard Attenborough . The film tells the story of the failure of Operation Market Garden during World War II . The operation was intended to allow the Allies to break through German lines and seize several bridges in the occupied Netherlands , including one at Arnhem , with the main objective of outflanking German defences in order to end the war by Christmas of 1944 . The name for the film comes from an unconfirmed comment attributed to British Lieutenant - General Frederick Browning , deputy commander of the First Allied Airborne Army , who told Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery , the operation 's architect , before the operation : `` I think we may be going a bridge too far '' , in reference to the intention of seizing the Arnhem bridgehead over the Rhine river . The ensemble cast includes Dirk Bogarde , James Caan , Michael Caine , Sean Connery , Edward Fox , Elliott Gould , Gene Hackman , Anthony Hopkins , Hardy Krüger , Laurence Olivier , Ryan O'Neal , Robert Redford , Maximilian Schell and Liv Ullmann . The music was scored by John Addison , who had served in the British XXX Corps during Market Garden . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and roles 2.1 Allies 2.2 Germans 2.3 Dutch civilians 3 Production 4 Finance 5 Reception 6 Promotion 7 Notes 8 References 9 See also 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Operation Market Garden envisions 35,000 men being flown 300 miles from air bases in England and dropped behind enemy lines in the Netherlands . Two divisions of U.S. paratroopers , the 82nd and 101st Airborne , are responsible for securing the road and bridges as far as Nijmegen . A British division , the 1st Airborne , under Major - General Roy Urquhart , is to land near Arnhem and hold both sides of the bridge there , backed by a brigade of Polish paratroopers under General Stanisław Sosabowski . XXX Armoured Corps are to push up the road over the bridges captured by the American paratroopers and reach Arnhem two days after the drop . The British are to land using gliders near Arnhem . When General Urquhart briefs his officers , some of them are surprised they are going to attempt a landing so far from the bridge . The consensus among the British top brass is that resistance will consist entirely of `` Hitler Youth or old men on bicycles '' . Although reconnaissance photos show German tanks at Arnhem , General Browning dismisses them and also ignores reports from the Dutch underground . He does not want to be the one to tell Field Marshal Montgomery of any doubts since many previous airborne operations had been cancelled . Though British officers note that the portable radios are not likely to work for the long distance from the drop zone to the Arnhem Bridge , they choose not to convey their concerns up a chain of command intent on silencing all doubt . Speed is the vital factor . Arnhem 's is the crucial bridge , the last means of escape for the German forces in the Netherlands and an excellent route to Germany for Allied forces . The road to it , however , is only a single highway linking the various key bridges - trucks and tanks have to squeeze to the shoulder to pass . The road is also elevated , causing anything moving on the road to stand out . The airborne drops catch the Germans by surprise and there is little resistance . Most of the men come down safely and assemble quickly , but the Son bridge is blown up by the Germans just before the 101st Airborne secures it . Then , soon after landing , troubles beset Urquhart 's division . Many of the Jeeps either do not arrive by their gliders at all or are shot up in an ambush . Their radio sets are also useless . XXX Corps ' progress to relieve them is slowed by German resistance , the narrowness of the highway and the need to construct a Bailey bridge to replace the one destroyed at Son . They are then halted at Nijmegen . There , soldiers of the 82nd Airborne Division perform a dangerous daylight river crossing in flimsy canvas - and - wood assault boats and the Nijmegen bridge is captured , but XXX Corps has to wait several hours for infantry to secure the town . The Germans close in on the isolated British paratroops occupying part of Arnhem at the bridge , although armored attacks are repelled . Urquhart had been separated from his men and the supply drop zones overrun by the Germans . Finally , Sosabowski 's troops , held up by fog in England , enter the battle too late and are unable to reinforce the British . After days of house - to - house fighting , pitted against crack SS infantry and panzers , the outgunned troops are captured or forced to withdraw . Arnhem itself is indiscriminately razed in the fighting . Urquhart escapes the battle zone with fewer than a fifth of his original ten thousand crack troops ; those who were too badly injured to flee stay behind and cover the withdrawal , surrendering afterwards . On arriving at British headquarters , Urquhart confronts Browning about his personal sentiments regarding the operation : does he think it went as well as was being claimed by Montgomery ? Browning 's reply ( and the film 's last line of dialogue ) contradicts his earlier optimism : `` Well , as you know , I 've always thought that we tried to go a bridge too far . '' In the film 's final scene , a young Dutch woman , whose elegant and beautifully furnished home was used as an overflow hospital by the British , abandons the mostly destroyed house . Passing through the front yard , now converted to a graveyard for fallen troops , she and her children trek along the high riverbank , with her father , an elderly doctor , pulling a few salvaged possessions in a cart . Cast and roles ( edit ) Allies ( edit ) Actor Role Notes Dirk Bogarde Lieutenant - General Frederick `` Boy '' Browning GOC I British Airborne Corps , and at HQ First Allied Airborne Army as its deputy commander , British Army at Nijmegen James Caan Staff Sergeant Eddie Dohun ( based on Charles Dohun ) runner for Captain LeGrand King `` Legs '' Johnson , CO , Company F , 502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment , 101st Airborne Division U.S. Army ( attacking Best ) Michael Caine Lieutenant - Colonel J.O.E. Vandeleur CO , 3rd Battalion ( Infantry ) , the Irish Guards , the Guards Armoured Division , XXX Corps , British Army Michael Byrne Lieutenant - Colonel Giles Vandeleur acting CO , 2nd Battalion ( Armoured ) , the Irish Guards , the British Guards Armoured Division . Cousin to ' Joe ' . Sean Connery Major General Roy Urquhart GOC , 1st British Airborne Division , Arnhem Edward Fox Lt. Gen. Brian Horrocks GOC , XXX Corps , British Second Army . Elliott Gould Col. Robert Stout ( based on Robert Sink ) CO , 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment , 101st Airborne Division Gene Hackman Maj. Gen. Stanisław Sosabowski CO , Polish 1st Independent Parachute Brigade , Polish Armed Forces Anthony Hopkins Lt. Col. John Frost CO , 2nd Parachute Battalion , 1st Parachute Brigade , 1st British Airborne Division at Arnhem road bridge Ryan O'Neal Brig. Gen. James Gavin CO , US 82nd Airborne Division , U.S. Army at the bridge across the Maas river in Grave , later at the Maas - Waal canal and the bridge across the Waal river in Nijmegen Robert Redford Maj . Julian Cook CO , 3rd Battalion , 504th PIR , 82nd Airborne , U.S. Army seizing key bridges over the Maas - Waal Canal and the river assault crossing of the Waal river . Denholm Elliott RAF meteorology officer fictional Peter Faber Capt . Arie D. `` Harry '' Bestebreurtje Liaison officer with the 82nd Airborne Division , Office of Strategic Services , Royal Dutch Army Christopher Good Maj . Carlyle ( based on Maj . Allison Digby Tatham - Warter ) CO , A Company , 2nd Parachute Battalion , 1st Parachute Brigade , Arnhem , British Army Frank Grimes Maj . Fuller ( based on Brian Urquhart ) G - 2 ( Intelligence Officer ) for the 1st Airborne Corps , British Army stationed at the HQ located in Moor Park Golf Club , Hertfordshire , England Jeremy Kemp RAF briefing officer RAF , but the briefing probably took place at the 1st Airborne Corps HQ located in Moor Park Golf Club , Hertfordshire , England Nicholas Campbell Capt . Glass ( based on Captain LeGrand King `` Legs '' Johnson ) CO , F Company , 2nd Battalion , 502PIR , Paul Copley Pvt Wicks Batman to Lt. Col. Frost , CO , 2nd Parachute Battalion , British Army Donald Douglas Brigadier Gerald Lathbury CO , 1st Parachute Brigade , British Army in Arnhem . Wounded and briefly paralysed , Lathbury made a complete recovery and escaped captivity during Operation Pegasus . Keith Drinkel Lieutenant Cornish ( based on Captain Eric Mackay , 9th Parachute Sqdn R.E. ) 1st Airborne Division Colin Farrell Corporal Hancock 1st British Airborne Division , Urquhart 's batman Richard Kane Col. Weaver ( based on Graeme Warrack ) Senior Medical Officer , Headquarters RAMC , 1st British Airborne Division , at the Main Dressing Station in the Schoonoord Hotel of the Oosterbeek Perimeter Paul Maxwell Maj. Gen. Maxwell Taylor CG , 101st Airborne Division , U.S. Army at the Son bridge and later St - Oedenrode Stephen Moore Maj . Robert Steele ( based on Major Anthony `` Tony '' John Deane -- Drummond ) Second -- in -- Command , 1st Airborne Divisional Signals British Army , Arnhem Donald Pickering Lt. Col. C.B. Mackenzie Principal General Staff Officer ( Chief of Staff ) , Headquarters , 1st Airborne Division , British Army , Divisional HQ at the Hartenstein Hotel Gerald Sim Col. Sims ( based on ( acting Colonel ) Lt. Col. Arthur Austin Eagger ) Senior Medical Officer , 1st Airborne Corps , R.A.M.C. , British Army John Stride Grenadier Guards major ( based on Captain Lord Carrington ) British Grenadier Guards Commander who argues with Major Cook after 82nd capture Nijmegen Bridge Alun Armstrong Cpl . Davies 2nd Battalion , 1st Parachute Brigade , 1st British Airborne Division David Auker ' Taffy ' Brace Medic , 1st British Airborne Division Michael Bangerter British staff colonel British XXX Corps staff officer at General Browning 's HQ Philip Raymond Grenadier Guards Colonel ( based on Lt. Colonel Edward H. Goulburn ) C.O. 2nd Armoured Grenadier Guards Battalion Michael Graham Cox Capt . Jimmy Cleminson T / Capt. , ( Sir ) James Arnold Stacey `` Jimmy '' Cleminson Officer Commanding , 5 Platoon ( B Company ) , 3rd Parachute Battalion , British Army , Arnhem Garrick Hagon Lieutenant Rafferty Lieutenant , 101st Military Police Platoon , 101st Airborne Division , Division Field Hospital , U.S. Army John Ratzenberger Lt James Megellas Lieutenant , Company H , 504th PIR , 82nd Airborne Division , U.S. Army , at Waal River crossing Arthur Hill U.S. Army surgeon ( colonel ) Chief Division Surgeon Lt Col. David Gold , 101st Airborne Division Clearing Station Ben Cross Trooper Binns 2nd Battalion , 1st Parachute Brigade , 1st British Airborne Division Mark Sheridan Sergeant Tomblin 2nd Battalion , 1st Parachute Brigade , 1st British Airborne Division George Innes Sergeant MacDonald British 1st Airborne Division radio operator at the Hartenstein Hotel Germans ( edit ) Actor Role Notes Hardy Krüger Generalmajor der Waffen - SS Karl Ludwig Based on Heinz Harmel , CO of the 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg , but he did not want his name to be mentioned in the film Maximilian Schell General der Waffen - SS Wilhelm Bittrich CO of II SS Panzer Corps Wolfgang Preiss Generalfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt OB West ( commander of the German forces on the Western Front ) Walter Kohut Generalfeldmarschall Walter Model CO of Army Group B Hartmut Becker German Army sentry Hans von Borsody General der Infanterie Günther Blumentritt Chief of Staff OB West Lex van Delden Oberscharführer Matthias Bittrich 's aide . Fred Williams Hauptsturmführer Viktor Eberhard Gräbner Commander of the reconnaissance battle group of 9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen Dutch civilians ( edit ) Actor Role Notes Laurence Olivier Dr. Jan Spaander Liv Ullmann Kate ter Horst Siem Vroom Underground leader Erik van ' t Wout Underground leader 's son Marlies van Alcmaer Underground leader 's wife Mary Smithuysen Old Dutch lady Hans Croiset Old Dutch lady 's son Josephine Peeper Cafe waitress Tom van Beek Jan ter Horst Erik Chitty Organist Richard Attenborough Lunatic wearing glasses ( uncredited cameo ) Albert van der Harst Medic Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( February 2016 ) Air filming was done in the first weeks of September 1976 , culminating in a series of air drops of a total of 1,000 men , together with the dropping of supplies from a number of Dakota aircraft . The Dakotas were gathered by the film company Joseph E. Levine Presents Incorporated . All aircraft were required to be CAA ( Civil Aviation Authority ) or FAA ( Federal Aviation Administration ) registered and licensed to carry passengers . An original deal for the purchase of ten fell through when two airframes were rejected as passenger configured without the necessary jump doors . Eleven Dakotas were procured . Two ex-Portuguese Air Force , 6153 and 6171 ( N9984Q and N9983Q ) , and two from Air Djibouti , operating from Djibouti in French Somaliland , F - OCKU and F - OCKX ( N9985Q and N9986Q ) were purchased by Joseph E. Levine . Three Danish Air Force K - 685 , K - 687 , and K - 688 , and four Finnish Air Force C - 47s , DO - 4 , DO - 7 , DO - 10 and DO - 12 , were loaned for the duration of the parachute filming . Aircraft 6171 doubled as the camera ship on most formations , with a camouflaged Piper Aztec , G - AWDI . A camera was mounted in the astrodome , one on the port upper mainplane surface , with a third camera on the outside of the forward port cabin window and a fourth under the aircraft centre section . In addition , centre escape hatches were removed to make additional camera ports available , provided that no troops were aboard during filming . A second Aztec , G - ASND , was a backup camera ship on some shots , but it was not camouflaged . An Alouette , G - BDWN , was also employed . After a mishap with G - AWDI , two locally hired Cessna 172s , PH - GVP and PH - ADF , were also used . Ten Horsa glider replicas were built , but a windstorm damaged almost all of them . Seven or eight were hastily repaired for the shoot . The replica gliders were tail - heavy and required a support post under the rear fuselage , with camera angles carefully chosen to avoid revealing this . Dakota 6153 was fitted with tow gear and Horsa replicas were towed at high speed , though none went airborne . A two - seat Blaník sailplane , provided by a member of the London Gliding Club , Dunstable , was towed aloft for the interior takeoff shots . Shooting of a scene in Deventer on 18 May 1976 . German vehicles are crossing the bridge Four Harvards portrayed American and German fighters . Their original identities were PH - KLU , PH - BKT , B - 64 and B - 118 , the latter two aircraft loaned by the Royal Netherlands Air Force . These were flown by members of the Gilze Rijen Aero Club , which also provided an Auster III , PH - NGK , which depicted an Auster V , RT607 , in wartime camouflage . Spitfire Mk . IX , MH434 , depicting a photo reconnaissance variant , coded AC - S , was lent by the Hon . Patrick Lindsay , and was flown by aerobatic champion Neil Williams . Finding sufficient American tanks , jeeps , and trucks of WWII vintage was just possible as many of the vehicles were being discarded from European military ( almost entirely reserve ) units especially from Greece and Turkey . The scenes around the ' Arnhem ' bridge were actually shot in Deventer , where a similar bridge over the IJssel was still available . Although a replica of the original road bridge in Arnhem still existed , it was , by the mid-1970s , sitting in modern urban surroundings which could not be used to portray a 1940s city . A few scenes were shot in Zutphen , where the old municipality house and the main church can be seen . Finance ( edit ) In order to keep high costs down , all the star - name actors agreed to participate on a ' favoured - nation ' basis ( i.e. they would all receive the same weekly fee ) , which in this case was $250,000 per week ( the 2012 equivalent of $1,008,250 . or £ 642,000 ) . Shooting of the American - led assault on the Bridge at Nijmegen was dubbed the `` Million - Dollar Hour '' . Because of the heavy traffic , the crew had permission to film on the bridge between eight and nine o'clock on October 3 , 1976 . Failure to complete the scene would have necessitated rescheduling at a cost -- including Redford 's overtime -- of at least a million dollars . For this reason , Attenborough insisted that all actors playing corpses keep their eyes closed . After United Artists agreed to pay $6 million for US and Canada distribution rights , the film was a box office disappointment in North America but performed well in Europe . Reception ( edit ) The film received generally positive reviews from critics . A `` making - of '' documentary included in a special edition DVD of A Bridge Too Far claims that , at the time of its release , `` the film was shunned by American critics and completely ignored at Oscar time for daring to expose the fatal inadequacies of the Allied campaign . '' Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 65 % of 20 critics have given the film a positive review , with a rating average of 6.2 out of 10 . Critics agreed that the film was impressively staged and historically accurate , although many found it too long and too repetitive . James Caan and Anthony Hopkins were cited by many critics for the excellence of their performances , in a film filled with hundreds of speaking roles and cameos by many of the period 's top actors . Promotion ( edit ) Story of A Bridge Too Far Author William Goldman Country United States Language English Genre non-fiction Publication date 1977 To promote the film , scriptwriter William Goldman wrote a book titled Story of A Bridge Too Far as a favour to Joseph E. Levine . It was published in December 1977 and divided into three sections : `` Reflections on Filmmaking in General and A Bridge Too Far '' . This section features some essays later reprinted in Goldman 's Adventures in the Screen Trade . `` A Bridge Too Far : The Story in Pictures '' - 150 sequential photographs from the film with Goldman 's captions . `` Stars and Heroes '' - some of the movie 's actors and the men they play tell Goldman their thoughts on the film and the battle . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Bridge Too Far ( 1977 ) '' . BFI . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Bridge Too Far ( 1977 ) '' . LUMIERE . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McKenna , A.T. ( 2011 ) . `` Joseph E. Levine and A Bridge Too Far ( 1977 ) : A Producer 's Labour of Love '' . Historical Journal of Film , Radio and Television . 31 ( 2 ) : 211 -- 227 . doi : 10.1080 / 01439685.2011. 572606 . Jump up ^ `` The Deep , Box Office Information '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman 1977 Jump up ^ Ryan 1974 , p. 67 Jump up ^ In the film ' Joe ' is depicted as leading the tanks of his cousin Giles ' battalion although he commanded the Irish Guards Group as was the practice of combining two battalions from same regiment under senior regimental officer Jump up ^ Carried the primary responsibility for the ' Garden ' ground offensive part of the operation Jump up ^ Fox had known General Horrocks as a friend before working on the film and took care to portray him accurately . Later he would cite this as his favourite film role . A Bridge Too Far ( 1977 ) British Film Institute , archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 12 , retrieved 2009 - 10 - 19 Jump up ^ Attacked bridge at Zon and later entered Eindhoven to meet British troops Jump up ^ Arrived in the 3rd lift north of Nijemegen and advanced towards Arnhem Jump up ^ General Browning failed to arrange for RAF and USAAF liaison officers for the British I Airborne Corps . In the book Ryan says Sosabowski spoke with the chief liaison officer , Lieutenant Colonel George Stevens . Jump up ^ `` Capt . Arie D. Bestebreurtje - World War II Special Operations Soldier '' . B26.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ escaping in 1941 to UK he studied at the Royal Military Academy , and later in Edinburgh he was trained as an OSS agent and assigned to operations behind in occupied Holland . Jump up ^ Dutch Wikipedia article Jump up ^ The Major did not die of wounds at Brigade HQ , but was taken prisoner , moved to the St. Elizabeth Hospital , and later conducted an escape Operation Pegasus with the Dutch Resistance to bring out 138 escapees of the battle , and returning to his post with the remnants of his Company Evasion Report : 21st September - 23rd October 1944 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ p. 132 , Ambrose , Immerman Jump up ^ He was initially wounded by a rifle bullet in the right shoulder . The following is taken from War Stories website ( 2 ) History vs Hollywood - Captain Legs Johnson `` Medics made him lie down and set up an IV with plasma flowing into him . Medical jeeps bearing stretchers were evacuating wounded two at a time , to a field hospital in Zon . Since many of the wounded were hit more seriously than himself , Legs kept delaying his own evacuation , telling the medics to convey the others first . Even when Legs was finally loaded , he was still telling them to delay and take others . Against his objections , he was placed across the hood of the Jeep on a stretcher and then the Jeep scratched - off , headed for Zon . At that time , a German MG42 machine - gun fired at the Jeep from over 500 yards distance . One round entered Legs ' helmet and tore into his head . He lost consciousness and would not wake - up until weeks later . At the hospital in Zon , Legs was briefly examined and since he was unconscious and his brains were exposed , he was relegated to the ' dead pile ' of troopers who were wounded so seriously that they had no chance to survive . Later that afternoon , Sgt Charles Dohun ( Hollywood changed his first name to EDDIE ) , ( James Caan ) who was Legs ' runner ( orderly ) wandered over to the hospital for a specific purpose . He knew that the captain had a substantial amount of cash in his billfold and he did n't want a stranger from another unit to get it . Dohun spotted Captain Johnson in the dead pile and examined him - when he discovered that Legs was still breathing , he carried him into an operating room and ordered the surgeon to save him . When the doctor refused , Dohun pointed a souvenir Luger at him and threatened to shoot him ( he did not use a . 45 as shown in ' A Bridge Too Far ' , but a . 45 looks more impressive ) . The operation was successful . `` Legs '' regained consciousness six weeks later in a hospital , `` deaf , dumb , blind , and with a steel plate in my head . '' As of this writing ( October , 2005 ) , Legs is still alive in Florida . Charles Dohun survived World War II and lived in N.C. until his death about 15 years ago . Regarding the Hollywood Depiction When I interviewed Legs Johnson in the late 1990s , he commented on how he and Sgt Dohun were portrayed in ' A Bridge Too Far ' , the 1977 Hollywood version of Cornelius Ryan 's book about Operation Market Garden . `` Legs '' said : `` In the movie , I was a little , scared guy and Dohun was a great big guy . Hell , in real life I would 've made TWO of Dohun . '' Cornelius Ryan described in his book , how Sgt Dohun was placed under arrest for threatening to shoot the surgeon . I have not learned the identity of that doctor , but he did NOT pardon the sgt , as shown in the film . Sgt Dohun was taken before LTC Steve Chappuis ( later Brigadier General ( Ret . ) Steve A. Chappuis ) , the 2 / 502 C.O. and `` Silent Steve '' placed him under arrest for one minute . As Dohun stood at attention before his desk , the LTC looked at his watch for sixty seconds , then told Dohun he could go . Captain Hugh ' Duke ' Roberts , the second battalion S - 1 of the 502 PIR , was among the few individuals who knew the story of how Dohun had ordered the doctor to perform the operation , at gunpoint . Duke wrote a letter to Mrs Johnson , ( Legs ' wife ) , explaining how Sgt Dohun had been responsible for saving his life . When Cornelius Ryan was researching ' A Bridge Too Far ' , Mrs Johnson sent that letter to Ryan , which is how the author became aware of the story . Jump up ^ Although ordered to load his shotgun , dinner jacket and golf clubs into the staff car in the movie , seemingly to bring with him on the operation , these would eventually arrive in the ' Sea Tail ' via Normandy beaches . Jump up ^ The role is based to a point that he was the Major responsible for divisional signals . His depiction in the film after landing is completely fictional . Jump up ^ He became separated from his unit whilst trying to link up with 1st Parachute Brigade , who were surrounded at the north end of Arnhem Bridge , and along with three other soldiers spent three days trapped in a small room at the back of a German -- occupied house . On managing to leave this building , they split up to cross the river ; Deane -- Drummond successfully swam to the south bank of the Rhine , but was almost immediately taken prisoner . The next day , he managed to escape from a group who were being escorted out of Arnhem , and spent the next eleven days hiding inside a large cupboard until he felt safe to move . Jump up ^ he was effectively CO on the first day until Hicks was contacted by which time he had established Divisional HQ at the Hartenstein Hotel . He later swam the river Lek to contact Gen. Sosabowski , and through him the XXX Corps HQ . Jump up ^ O.B.E. ( Military Division ) of the Order `` in recognition of gallant and , distinguished services in Sicily '' Supplement to The London Gazette , 23 March 1944 Jump up ^ Shown accompanying Maj. Gen. Urquhart he however did not become ADC to General Officer Commanding 1st Airborne Division until 1945 , but was mentioned in dispatches for Arnhem Jump up ^ The name is probably fictional since the event did not occur as portrayed in the film Jump up ^ Most decorated officer of the 82nd Division . Unlike depicted in the movie the real Magellas survived the battle and of 2015 is still alive . Jump up ^ a member of the 1st Battalion of the Parachute Regiment claims there were no more than 200 men involved . Parachute drops were by the 1st Battalion the Parachute regiment , only 100 jumpers plus support , 10 man sticks per Dakota . Jump up ^ Hurst , Flt . Lt. K.J. , DC - 3 Project Officer for the film ; AIR International , July 1977 , Volume 13 , Number 1 , pp. 33 - 34 , Talkback column Jump up ^ `` Entirely Up To You , Darling '' ; page 152 - 3 ; paperback ; Arrow Books ; published 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 099 - 50304 - 0 Jump up ^ A. , C. ( June 15 , 1977 ) . `` The final decision will be mine '' . The Washington Post ( 1974 - Current File ) . Jump up ^ European filmgoers are holding up ' Bridge ' Beck , Marilyn . Chicago Tribune ( 1963 - Current file ) ( Chicago , Ill ) 20 Oct 1977 : a8 . Jump up ^ Papamichael , Stella . `` A Bridge Too Far : Special Edition DVD ( 1977 ) , '' BBC website . Retrieved Sept. 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Bridge Too Far ( 1977 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved Sept. 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent . `` Film : It 's a Long War In ' Bridge Too Far ' , '' New York Times ( June 16 , 1977 ) . ^ Jump up to : Morgan , Jason . `` A Bridge Too Far , '' Archived September 7 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . FilmCritic.com ( Jan. 9 , 2006 ) . ^ Jump up to : Egan p 145 References ( edit ) Arthur , Max , Forgotten Voices of the Second World War : A new history of world war two in the words of the men and women who were there , Ebury Press , 2004 ISBN 0091897351 OCLC 57691717 Goldman , William ( 1977 ) , William Goldman 's Story of a Bridge Too Far , Coronet Books , ISBN 0 - 340 - 22340 - 5 ( NB : Book has no page numbers ) Ryan , Cornelius ( 1974 ) , A Bridge Too Far , London : Hamish Hamilton , ISBN 0 - 340 - 19941 - 5 Waddy , Colonel John ( 1977 ) , `` The Making of a Bridge Too Far '' , After the Battle , London : Plaistow Press ( 17 ) : 10 -- 34 Ambrose , Stephen E. & Immerman , Richard H. , Ike 's spies : Eisenhower and the espionage establishment , University Press of Mississippi , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 14493 - 8 OCLC 6863017 See also ( edit ) Theirs Is the Glory ( 1946 British film about the Battle of Arnhem ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Bridge Too Far ( film ) A Bridge Too Far on IMDb A Bridge Too Far at Box Office Mojo A Bridge Too Far at AllMovie A Bridge Too Far at the TCM Movie Database A Bridge Too Far at the American Film Institute Catalog `` A Bridge Too Far '' . at British Cinema Greats . Richard Attenborough Films directed Oh ! What a Lovely War ( 1969 ) Young Winston ( 1972 ) A Bridge Too Far ( 1977 ) Magic ( 1978 ) Gandhi ( 1982 ) A Chorus Line ( 1985 ) Cry Freedom ( 1987 ) Chaplin ( 1992 ) Shadowlands ( 1993 ) In Love and War ( 1996 ) Grey Owl ( 1999 ) Closing the Ring ( 2007 ) Family Sheila Sim ( wife ) Michael Attenborough ( son ) Frederick Attenborough ( father ) David Attenborough ( brother ) John Attenborough ( brother ) Works by William Goldman Plays Tenderloin ( 1960 ) Blood , Sweat and Stanley Poole ( 1961 ) A Family Affair ( 1962 ) Misery ( 2012 ) Novels The Temple of Gold ( 1957 ) Your Turn to Curtsy , My Turn to Bow ( 1958 ) Soldier in the Rain ( 1960 ) Boys and Girls Together ( 1964 ) No Way to Treat a Lady ( 1964 ) The Thing of It Is ... ( 1967 ) Father 's Day ( 1971 ; sequel to The Thing of It Is ) The Princess Bride ( 1973 ) Wigger ( 1974 ) Marathon Man ( 1974 ) Magic ( 1976 ) Tinsel ( 1979 ) Control ( 1982 ) The Silent Gondoliers ( 1983 ) The Color of Light ( 1984 ) Heat ( 1985 ) Brothers ( 1986 ) Films Masquerade ( 1965 ) Harper ( 1966 ) Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid ( 1969 ) The Hot Rock ( 1972 ) The Stepford Wives ( 1975 ) The Great Waldo Pepper ( 1975 ) Marathon Man ( 1976 ) All the President 's Men ( 1976 ) A Bridge Too Far ( 1977 ) Magic ( 1978 ) Mr. Horn ( 1979 , TV ) Heat ( 1986 ) The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) Misery ( 1990 ) Memoirs of an Invisible Man ( 1992 ) Year of the Comet ( 1992 ) Chaplin ( 1992 ) Maverick ( 1994 ) The Chamber ( 1996 ) The Ghost and the Darkness ( 1996 ) Absolute Power ( 1997 ) The General 's Daughter ( 1999 ) Hearts in Atlantis ( 2001 ) Dreamcatcher ( 2003 ) Wild Card ( 2015 ) Non-fiction The Season : A Candid Look at Broadway ( 1969 ) The Story of ' A Bridge Too Far ' ( 1977 ) Adventures in the Screen Trade ( 1983 ) Wait Till Next Year ( with Mike Lupica , 1988 ) Hype and Glory ( 1990 ) Which Lie Did I Tell ? ( 2000 ) The Big Picture : Who Killed Hollywood ? and Other Essays ( 2000 ) Cornelius Ryan World War II trilogy The Longest Day ( film adaptation ) The Last Battle A Bridge Too Far ( film adaptation ) Other Cornelius Ryan Award Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Bridge_Too_Far_(film)&oldid=818478816 '' Categories : English - language films 1977 films 1970s war films 1970s action films British films British war films British independent films British epic films American films American war films American epic films American independent films Films about armoured warfare Films based on non-fiction books Films directed by Richard Attenborough Films set in 1944 Films set in the Netherlands Operation Market Garden Screenplays by William Goldman United Artists films War epic films Western Front of World War II films World War II films World War II films based on actual events German - language films Dutch - language films Epic films based on actual events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles to be expanded from February 2016 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012 Books with missing cover No local image but image on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aragonés Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 20 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | a bridge too far where was it filmed | [
"The scenes around the 'Arnhem' bridge were actually shot in Deventer, where a similar bridge over the IJssel was still available. Although a replica of the original road bridge in Arnhem still existed, it was, by the mid-1970s, sitting in modern urban surroundings which could not be used to portray a 1940s city. A few scenes were shot in Zutphen, where the old municipality house and the main church can be seen."
] | [
"Deventer"
] |
3167356290981073757 | Dust Bowl | Dust Bowl - Wikipedia Dust Bowl For other uses , see Dust Bowl ( disambiguation ) . Map of states and counties affected by the Dust Bowl between 1935 and 1938 originally prepared by the Soil Conservation Service . The most severely affected counties are colored . A farmer and his two sons during a dust storm in Cimarron County , Oklahoma , April 1936 . Iconic photo taken by Arthur Rothstein . The Dust Bowl , also known as the Dirty Thirties , was a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the American and Canadian prairies during the 1930s ; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion ( the Aeolian processes ) caused the phenomenon . The drought came in three waves , 1934 , 1936 , and 1939 -- 1940 , but some regions of the high plains experienced drought conditions for as many as eight years . With insufficient understanding of the ecology of the plains , farmers had conducted extensive deep plowing of the virgin topsoil of the Great Plains during the previous decade ; this had displaced the native , deep - rooted grasses that normally trapped soil and moisture even during periods of drought and high winds . The rapid mechanization of farm equipment , especially small gasoline tractors , and widespread use of the combine harvester contributed to farmers ' decisions to convert arid grassland ( much of which received no more than 10 inches ( ~ 250 mm ) of precipitation per year ) to cultivated cropland . During the drought of the 1930s , the unanchored soil turned to dust , which the prevailing winds blew away in huge clouds that sometimes blackened the sky . These choking billows of dust -- named `` black blizzards '' or `` black rollers '' -- traveled cross country , reaching as far as the East Coast and striking such cities as New York City and Washington , D.C. On the plains , they often reduced visibility to 3 feet ( 1 m ) or less . Associated Press reporter Robert E. Geiger happened to be in Boise City , Oklahoma , to witness the `` Black Sunday '' black blizzards of April 14 , 1935 ; Edward Stanley , Kansas City news editor of the Associated Press coined the term `` Dust Bowl '' while rewriting Geiger 's news story . While the term `` the Dust Bowl '' was originally a reference to the geographical area affected by the dust , today it usually refers to the event itself . The drought and erosion of the Dust Bowl affected 100,000,000 acres ( 400,000 km ) that centered on the panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma and touched adjacent sections of New Mexico , Colorado , and Kansas . The Dust Bowl forced tens of thousands of poverty - stricken families to abandon their farms , unable to pay mortgages or grow crops , and losses reached US $ 25 million per day by 1936 ( equivalent to US $440,000,000 in 2017 ) . Many of these families , who were often known as `` Okies '' because so many of them came from Oklahoma , migrated to California and other states to find that the Great Depression had rendered economic conditions there little better than those they had left . The Dust Bowl has been the subject of many cultural works , notably the novel The Grapes of Wrath ( 1939 ) by John Steinbeck , the folk music of Woody Guthrie , and photographs depicting the conditions of migrants by Dorothea Lange . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geographic characteristics and early history 2 Drought and dust storms 3 Human displacement 3.1 United States 3.2 Characteristics of migrants 4 U.S. government response 5 Long - term economic impact 6 Influence on the arts and culture 7 Aggregate changes in agriculture and population on the Plains 8 See also 8.1 International 8.2 General 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Geographic characteristics and early History A dust storm approaches Stratford , Texas , in 1935 . The Dust Bowl area lies principally west of the 100th meridian on the High Plains , characterized by plains which vary from rolling in the north to flat in the Llano Estacado . Elevation ranges from 2,500 feet ( 760 m ) in the east to 6,000 feet ( 1,800 m ) at the base of the Rocky Mountains . The area is semiarid , receiving less than 20 inches ( 510 mm ) of rain annually ; this rainfall supports the shortgrass prairie biome originally present in the area . The region is also prone to extended drought , alternating with unusual wetness of equivalent duration . During wet years , the rich soil provides bountiful agricultural output , but crops fail during dry years . The region is also subject to high winds . During early European and American exploration of the Great Plains , this region was thought unsuitable for European - style agriculture ; explorers called it the Great American Desert . The lack of surface water and timber made the region less attractive than other areas for pioneer settlement and agriculture . The federal government encouraged settlement and development of the Plains for agriculture via the Homestead Act of 1862 , offering settlers 160 - acre ( 65 ha ) plots . With the end of the Civil War in 1865 and the completion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 , waves of new migrants and immigrants reached the Great Plains , and they greatly increased the acreage under cultivation . An unusually wet period in the Great Plains mistakenly led settlers and the federal government to believe that `` rain follows the plow '' ( a popular phrase among real estate promoters ) and that the climate of the region had changed permanently . While initial agricultural endeavors were primarily cattle ranching , the adverse effect of harsh winters on the cattle , beginning in 1886 , a short drought in 1890 , and general overgrazing , led many landowners to increase the amount of land under cultivation . Recognizing the challenge of cultivating marginal arid land , the United States government expanded on the 160 acres ( 65 ha ) offered under the Homestead Act -- granting 640 acres ( 260 ha ) to homesteaders in western Nebraska under the Kinkaid Act ( 1904 ) and 320 acres ( 130 ha ) elsewhere in the Great Plains under the Enlarged Homestead Act ( 1909 ) . Waves of European settlers arrived in the plains at the beginning of the 20th century . A return of unusually wet weather seemingly confirmed a previously held opinion that the `` formerly '' semiarid area could support large - scale agriculture . At the same time , technological improvements such as mechanized plowing and mechanized harvesting made it possible to operate larger properties without increasing labor costs . The combined effects of the disruption of the Russian Revolution , which decreased the supply of wheat and other commodity crops , and World War I increased agricultural prices ; this demand encouraged farmers to dramatically increase cultivation . For example , in the Llano Estacado of eastern New Mexico and northwestern Texas , the area of farmland was doubled between 1900 and 1920 , then tripled again between 1925 and 1930 . The agricultural methods favored by farmers during this period created the conditions for large - scale erosion under certain environmental conditions . The widespread conversion of the land by deep plowing and other soil preparation methods to enable agriculture eliminated the native grasses which held the soil in place and helped retain moisture during dry periods . Furthermore , cotton farmers left fields bare during winter months , when winds in the High Plains are highest , and burned the stubble as a means to control weeds prior to planting , thereby depriving the soil of organic nutrients and surface vegetation . Drought and Dust storms A dust storm ; Spearman , Texas , April 14 , 1935 `` Heavy black clouds of dust rising over the Texas Panhandle , Texas '' , c. 1936 . After fairly favourable climatic conditions in the 1920s with good rainfall and relatively moderate winters , which permitted increased settlement and cultivation in the Great Plains , the region entered an unusually dry era in the summer of 1930 . During the next decade , the northern plains suffered four of their seven driest calendar years since 1895 , Kansas four of its twelve driest , and the entire region south to West Texas lacked any period of above - normal rainfall until record rains hit in 1941 . When severe drought struck the Great Plains region in the 1930s , it resulted in erosion and loss of topsoil because of farming practices at the time . The drought dried the topsoil and over time it became friable , reduced to a powdery consistency in some places . Without the indigenous grasses in place , the high winds that occur on the plains picked up the topsoil and created the massive dust storms that marked the Dust Bowl period . The persistent dry weather caused crops to fail , leaving the plowed fields exposed to wind erosion . The fine soil of the Great Plains was easily eroded and carried east by strong continental winds . On November 11 , 1933 , a very strong dust storm stripped topsoil from desiccated South Dakota farmlands in just one of a series of severe dust storms that year . Beginning on May 9 , 1934 , a strong , two - day dust storm removed massive amounts of Great Plains topsoil in one of the worst such storms of the Dust Bowl . The dust clouds blew all the way to Chicago , where they deposited 12 million pounds of dust ( ~ 5500 tonnes ) . Two days later , the same storm reached cities to the east , such as Cleveland , Buffalo , Boston , New York City , and Washington , D.C. That winter ( 1934 -- 1935 ) , red snow fell on New England . On April 14 , 1935 , known as `` Black Sunday '' , 20 of the worst `` black blizzards '' occurred across the entire sweep of the Great Plains , from Canada south to Texas . The dust storms caused extensive damage and turned the day to night ; witnesses reported that they could not see five feet in front of them at certain points . Denver - based Associated Press reporter Robert E. Geiger happened to be in Boise City , Oklahoma that day . His story about Black Sunday marked the first appearance of the term Dust Bowl ; it was coined by Edward Stanley , Kansas City news editor of the Associated Press , while rewriting Geiger 's news story . Spearman and Hansford County have been literaly ( sic ) in a cloud of dust for the past week . Ever since Friday of last week , there has n't been a day pass but what the county was beseieged ( sic ) with a blast of wind and dirt . On rare occasions when the wind did subside for a period of hours , the air has been so filled with dust that the town appeared to be overhung by a fog cloud . Because of this long seige of dust and every building being filled with it , the air has become stifling to breathe and many people have developed sore throats and dust colds as a result . '' -- Spearman Reporter , 21 March 1935 Much of the farmland was eroded in the aftermath of the Dust Bowl . In 1941 , a Kansas agricultural experiment station released a bulletin that suggested reestablishing native grasses by the `` hay method '' . Developed in 1937 to speed up the process and increase returns from pasture , the `` hay method '' was originally supposed to occur in Kansas naturally over 25 -- 40 years . After much data analysis , the causal mechanism for the droughts can be linked to ocean temperature anomalies . Specifically , Atlantic Ocean sea surface temperatures appear to have had an indirect effect on the general atmospheric circulation , while Pacific sea surface temperatures seem to have had the most direct influence . Human displacement This catastrophe intensified the economic impact of the Great Depression in the region . United States Buried machinery in a barn lot ; Dallas , South Dakota , May 1936 In 1935 , many families were forced to leave their farms and travel to other areas seeking work because of the drought ( which at that time had already lasted four years ) . The abandonment of homesteads and financial ruin resulting from catastrophic topsoil loss led to widespread hunger and poverty . Dust Bowl conditions fomented an exodus of the displaced from Texas , Oklahoma , and the surrounding Great Plains to adjacent regions . More than 500,000 Americans were left homeless . Over 350 houses had to be torn down after one storm alone . The severe drought and dust storms had left many homeless ; others had their mortgages foreclosed by banks , or felt they had no choice but to abandon their farms in search of work . Many Americans migrated west looking for work . Parents packed up `` jalopies '' with their families and a few personal belongings , and headed west in search of work . Some residents of the Plains , especially in Kansas and Oklahoma , fell ill and died of dust pneumonia or malnutrition . `` Broke , baby sick , and car trouble ! '' -- Dorothea Lange 's 1937 photo of a Missouri migrant family 's jalopy stuck near Tracy , California . The Dust Bowl exodus was the largest migration in American history within a short period of time . Between 1930 and 1940 , approximately 3.5 million people moved out of the Plains states ; of those , it is unknown how many moved to California . In just over a year , over 86,000 people migrated to California . This number is more than the number of migrants to that area during the 1849 Gold Rush . Migrants abandoned farms in Oklahoma , Arkansas , Missouri , Iowa , Nebraska , Kansas , Texas , Colorado , and New Mexico , but were often generally referred to as `` Okies '' , `` Arkies '' , or `` Texies '' . Terms such as `` Okies '' and `` Arkies '' came to be known in the 1930s as the standard terms for those who had lost everything and were struggling the most during the Great Depression . Not all migrants traveled long distances ; some simply went to the next town or county . So many families left their farms and were on the move that the proportion between migrants and residents was nearly equal in the Great Plains states . Characteristics of migrants A migratory family from Texas living in a trailer in an Arizona cotton field Historian James N. Gregory examined Census Bureau statistics and other records to learn more about the migrants . Based on a 1939 survey of occupation by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics of about 116,000 families who arrived in California in the 1930s , he learned that only 43 percent of southwesterners were doing farm work immediately before they migrated . Nearly one - third of all migrants were professional or white - collar workers . The poor economy displaced more than just farmers as refugees to California ; many teachers , lawyers , and small business owners moved west with their families during this time . After the Great Depression ended , some moved back to their original states . Many others remained where they had resettled . About one - eighth of California 's population is of Okie heritage . Us government response The greatly expanded participation of government in land management and soil conservation was an important outcome from the disaster . Different groups took many different approaches to responding to the disaster . To identify areas that needed attention , groups such as the Soil Conservation Service generated detailed soil maps and took photos of the land from the sky . To create shelterbelts to reduce soil erosion , groups such as the United States Forestry Service 's Prairie States Forestry Project planted trees on private lands . Finally , groups like the Resettlement Administration , which later became the Farm Security Administration , encouraged small farm owners to resettle on other lands , if they lived in dryer parts of the Plains . During President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's first 100 days in office in 1933 , his administration quickly initiated programs to conserve soil and restore the ecological balance of the nation . Interior Secretary Harold L. Ickes established the Soil Erosion Service in August 1933 under Hugh Hammond Bennett . In 1935 , it was transferred and reorganized under the Department of Agriculture and renamed the Soil Conservation Service . It is now known as the Natural Resources Conservation Service ( NRCS ) . As part of New Deal programs , Congress passed the Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act in 1936 , requiring landowners to share the allocated government subsidies with the laborers who worked on their farms . Under the law , `` benefit payments were continued as measures for production control and income support , but they were now financed by direct Congressional appropriations and justified as soil conservation measures . The Act shifted the parity goal from price equality of agricultural commodities and the articles that farmers buy to income equality of farm and non-farm population . '' Thus , the parity goal was to re-create the ratio between the purchasing power of the net income per person on farms from agriculture and that of the income of persons not on farms that prevailed during 1909 -- 1914 . To stabilize prices , the government paid farmers and ordered more than six million pigs to be slaughtered . It paid to have the meat packed and distributed to the poor and hungry . The Federal Surplus Relief Corporation ( FSRC ) was established to regulate crop and other surpluses . FDR in an address on the AAA commented , Let me make one other point clear for the benefit of the millions in cities who have to buy meats . Last year the Nation suffered a drought of unparalleled intensity . If there had been no Government program , if the old order had obtained in 1933 and 1934 , that drought on the cattle ranges of America and in the corn belt would have resulted in the marketing of thin cattle , immature hogs and the death of these animals on the range and on the farm , and if the old order had been in effect those years , we would have had a vastly greater shortage than we face today . Our program -- we can prove it -- saved the lives of millions of head of livestock . They are still on the range , and other millions of heads are today canned and ready for this country to eat . '' The FSRC diverted agricultural commodities to relief organizations . Apples , beans , canned beef , flour and pork products were distributed through local relief channels . Cotton goods were later included , to clothe the needy . In 1935 , the federal government formed a Drought Relief Service ( DRS ) to coordinate relief activities . The DRS bought cattle in counties which were designated emergency areas , for $14 to $20 a head . Animals determined unfit for human consumption were killed ; at the beginning of the program , more than 50 percent were so designated in emergency areas . The DRS assigned the remaining cattle to the Federal Surplus Relief Corporation ( FSRC ) to be used in food distribution to families nationwide . Although it was difficult for farmers to give up their herds , the cattle slaughter program helped many of them avoid bankruptcy . `` The government cattle buying program was a blessing to many farmers , as they could not afford to keep their cattle , and the government paid a better price than they could obtain in local markets . '' President Roosevelt ordered the Civilian Conservation Corps to plant a huge belt of more than 200 million trees from Canada to Abilene , Texas to break the wind , hold water in the soil , and hold the soil itself in place . The administration also began to educate farmers on soil conservation and anti-erosion techniques , including crop rotation , strip farming , contour plowing , terracing , and other improved farming practices . In 1937 , the federal government began an aggressive campaign to encourage farmers in the Dust Bowl to adopt planting and plowing methods that conserved the soil . The government paid reluctant farmers a dollar an acre to practice the new methods . By 1938 , the massive conservation effort had reduced the amount of blowing soil by 65 % . The land still failed to yield a decent living . In the fall of 1939 , after nearly a decade of dirt and dust , the drought ended when regular rainfall finally returned to the region . The government still encouraged continuing the use of conservation methods to protect the soil and ecology of the Plains . At the end of the drought , the programs which were implemented during these tough times helped to sustain a positive relationship between America 's farmers and the federal government . The President 's Drought Committee issued a report in 1935 covering the government 's assistance to agriculture during 1934 through mid-1935 : it discussed conditions , measures of relief , organization , finances , operations , and results of the government 's assistance . Numerous exhibits are included in this report . Long - term economic Impact In many regions , more than 75 % of the topsoil was blown away by the end of the 1930s . Land degradation varied widely . Aside from the short - term economic consequences caused by erosion , there were severe long - term economic consequences caused by the Dust Bowl . By 1940 , counties that had experienced the most significant levels of erosion had a greater decline in agricultural land values . The per - acre value of farmland declined by 28 % in high - erosion counties and 17 % in medium - erosion counties , relative to land value changes in low - erosion counties . Even over the long - term , the agricultural value of the land often failed to recover to pre-Dust Bowl levels . In highly eroded areas , less than 25 % of the original agricultural losses were recovered . The economy adjusted predominantly through large relative population declines in more - eroded counties , both during the 1930s and through the 1950s . The economic effects persisted , in part , because of farmers ' failure to switch to more appropriate crops for highly eroded areas . Because the amount of topsoil had been reduced , it would have been more productive to shift from crops and wheat to animals and hay . During the Depression and through at least the 1950s , there was limited relative adjustment of farmland away from activities that became less productive in more - eroded counties . Some of the failure to shift to more productive agricultural products may be related to ignorance about the benefits of changing land use . A second explanation is a lack of availability of credit , caused by the high rate of failure of banks in the Plains states . Because banks failed in the Dust Bowl region at a higher rate than elsewhere , farmers could not get the credit they needed to buy capital to shift crop production . In addition , profit margins in either animals or hay were still minimal , and farmers had little incentive in the beginning to change their crops . Patrick Allitt recounts how fellow historian Donald Worster responded to his return visit to the Dust Bowl in the mid-1970s when he revisited some of the worst afflicted counties : Capital - intensive agribusiness had transformed the scene ; deep wells into the aquifer , intensive irrigation , the use of artificial pesticides and fertilizers , and giant harvesters were creating immense crops year after year whether it rained or not . According to the farmers he interviewed , technology had provided the perfect answer to old troubles , such of the bad days would not return . In Worster 's view , by contrast , the scene demonstrated that America 's capitalist high - tech farmers had learned nothing . They were continuing to work in an unsustainable way , devoting far cheaper subsidized energy to growing food than the energy could give back to its ultimate consumers . In contrast with Worster 's pessimism , historian Mathew Bonnifield argued that the long - term significance of the Dust Bowl was `` the triumph of the human spirit in its capacity to endure and overcome hardships and reverses . '' Influence on the arts and culture Florence Owens Thompson seen in the photo Destitute Pea Pickers in California . Mother of Seven Children . by Dorothea Lange The crisis was documented by photographers , musicians , and authors , many hired during the Great Depression by the federal government . For instance , the Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to document the crisis . Artists such as Dorothea Lange were aided by having salaried work during the Depression . She captured what have become classic images of the dust storms and migrant families . Among her most well - known photographs is Destitute Pea Pickers in California . Mother of Seven Children , which depicted a gaunt - looking woman , Florence Owens Thompson , holding three of her children . This picture expressed the struggles of people caught by the Dust Bowl and raised awareness in other parts of the country of its reach and human cost . Decades later , Thompson disliked the boundless circulation of the photo and resented the fact she did not receive any money from its broadcast . Thompson felt it gave her the perception as a Dust Bowl `` Okie . '' The work of independent artists was also influenced by the crises of the Dust Bowl and the Depression . Author John Steinbeck , borrowing closely from field notes taken by Farm Security Administration worker and author Sanora Babb , wrote The Grapes of Wrath ( 1939 ) about migrant workers and farm families displaced by the Dust Bowl . Babb 's own novel about the lives of the migrant workers , Whose Names Are Unknown , was written in 1939 but was eclipsed and shelved in response to the success of the Steinbeck 's work , and was finally published in 2004 . Many of the songs of folk singer Woody Guthrie , such as those on his 1940 album Dust Bowl Ballads , are about his experiences in the Dust Bowl era during the Great Depression when he traveled with displaced farmers from Oklahoma to California and learned their traditional folk and blues songs , earning him the nickname the `` Dust Bowl Troubadour '' . Migrants also influenced musical culture wherever they went . Oklahoma migrants , in particular , were rural Southwesterners who carried their traditional country music to California . Today , the `` Bakersfield Sound '' describes this blend , which developed after the migrants brought country music to the city . Their new music inspired a proliferation of country dance halls as far south as Los Angeles . The 2014 science fiction film Interstellar features a ravaged 21st - century America which is again scoured by dust storms ( caused by a worldwide pathogen affecting all crops ) . Along with inspiration from the 1930s crisis , director Christopher Nolan features interviews from the 2012 documentary The Dust Bowl to draw further parallels . In 2017 , Americana recording artist Grant Maloy Smith released the album Dust Bowl -- American Stories , which was inspired by the history of the Dust Bowl . In a review , the music magazine No Depression wrote that the album 's lyrics and music are `` as potent as Woody Guthrie , as intense as John Trudell and dusted with the trials and tribulations of Tom Joad -- Steinbeck and The Grapes of Wrath . '' Aggregate changes in agriculture and population on the Plains The change in the total value of agricultural land and revenue was quite similar over the twentieth century . Agricultural land and revenue boomed during World War I , but fell during the Great Depression and the 1930s . The land and revenue began increasing again in 1940 , and has been increasing since then . From 1910 to the 1940s , total farmland increased and remained constant until 1970 when it slightly declined . During this time , total population increased steadily , but there was a slight dip in trend from 1930 to 1960 . See also 1936 North American heat wave Ogallala Aquifer The Plow That Broke the Plains -- 1936 documentary U.S. Route 66 -- notable Dust Bowl migration route to California International Goyder 's Line -- semiarid area of Australia Palliser 's Triangle -- semiarid area of Canada General Desertification Global warming Monoculture Semi-arid climate References ^ Jump up to : `` Drought : A Paleo Perspective -- 20th Century Drought '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The American Experience : Drought '' . PBS . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Black Sunday Dust Storm of 14 April 1935 '' . National Weather Service : Norman , Oklahoma . August 24 , 2010 . Retrieved November 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mencken , H.L. ( 1979 ) . Raven I. McDavid , Jr. , ed . The American Language ( One - Volume Abridged ed . ) . New York : Alfred A Knopf . p. 206 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 40075 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hakim , Joy ( 1995 ) . A History of Us : War , Peace and all that Jazz . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509514 - 6 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bust : America -- The Story of Us . A&E Television Networks . 2010 . OCLC 783245601 . Jump up ^ `` A History of Drought in Colorado : lessons learned and what lies ahead '' ( PDF ) . Colorado Water Resources Research Institute . February 2000 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Report of the Great Plains Area Drought Committee '' . Hopkins Papers , Franklin D. Roosevelt Library . August 27 , 1936 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Great Plains : from dust to dust '' . Planning Magazine . December 1987 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2007 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Regions at Risk : a comparison of threatened environments . United Nations University Press . 1995 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Drought in the Dust Bowl Years . US : National Drought Mitigation Center . 2006 . Retrieved December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Rockies and Plains Average Temperature -- October to March '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Rockies and Plains Precipitation , 1895 -- 2013 '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Precipitation 1895 to 2013 '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Climate Division 1 ( High Plains ) : Precipitation 1895 -- 2013 '' . National Climatic Data Center . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Weather of 1941 in the United States '' ( PDF ) . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cronin , Francis D ; Beers , Howard W ( January 1937 ) . `` Areas of Intense Drought Distress , 1930 -- 1936 '' ( PDF ) . Research Bulletin . U.S. Works Progress Administration / Federal Reserve Archival System for Economic Research ( FRASER ) . pp. 1 -- 23 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Philip G. ( July 15 , 1935 ) . `` The Drought of 1934 '' ( PDF ) . A Report of The Federal Government 's Assistance to Agriculture . U.S. Drought Coordinating Committee / Federal Reserve Archival System for Economic Research ( FRASER ) . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Surviving the Dust Bowl '' . 1998 . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stock , Catherine McNicol ( 1992 ) . Main Street in Crisis : The Great Depression and the Old Middle Class on the Northern Plains , p. 24 . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4689 - 9 . Jump up ^ Miller , Bill ( March 21 , 1935 ) . `` Nearly week seige of dust storm in county '' . Spearman Reporter . Spearman , Texas . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hornbeck , Richard ( December 2009 ) . `` The Enduring Impact of the American Dust Bowl : Short and Long - run Adjustments to Environmental Catastrophe '' ( PDF ) . US : National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McLeman , Robert A ; Dupre , Juliette ; Berrang Ford , Lea ; Ford , James ; Gajewski , Konrad ; Marchildon , Gregory ( June 2014 ) . `` What we learned from the Dust Bowl : lessons in science , policy , and adaptation '' . Population and Environment. 35 ( 4 ) : 417 -- 440 . doi : 10.1007 / s11111 - 013 - 0190 - z . Jump up ^ A Cultural History of the United States -- The 1930s . San Diego , California : Lucent Books , Inc. , 1999 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Schama , Simon ; Hobkinson , Sam ( 2008 ) . American Plenty . BBC . OCLC 884893188 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Measured Century : Interview : James Gregory '' . PBS . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Babb , Sanora , Dorothy Babb , and Douglas Wixson . On the Dirty Plate Trail . Edited by Douglas Wixson . Autin , Texas : University of Texas Press , 2007 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ A Cultural History ( 1999 ) , p. 19 ^ Jump up to : Worster , Donald ( 1979 ) . Dust Bowl : The Southern Plains in the 1930s . Oxford University Press . p. 49 . Jump up ^ Worster , Donald . Dust Bowl -- The Southern Plains in the 1930s , New York : Oxford University Press , 2004 , p. 50 Jump up ^ Worster ( 2004 ) , Dust Bowl , p. 45 , Jump up ^ Gregory , N. James . ( 1991 ) American Exodus : The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Babb , et al. ( 2007 ) , On the Dirty Plate Trail , p. 13 Jump up ^ Steiner , Frederick ( 2008 ) . The Living Landscape , Second Edition : An Ecological Approach to Landscape Planning , p. 188 . Island Press . ISBN 1 - 59726 - 396 - 6 . Jump up ^ Rau , Allan . Agricultural Policy and Trade Liberalization in the United States , 1934 -- 1956 ; a Study of Conflicting Policies . Genève : E. Droz , 1957 . p. 81 . Jump up ^ `` The American Experience / Surviving the Dust Bowl / Timeline '' . Jump up ^ Monthly Catalog , United States Public Documents , By United States Superintendent of Documents , United States Government Printing Office , Published by the G.P.O. , 1938 Jump up ^ Federal Writers ' Project . Texas . Writers ' Program ( Tex . ) : Writers ' Program Texas . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , James Shannon . Chronicles of Oklahoma . Oklahoma Historical Society . p. 224 . Jump up ^ PBS Timeline of Dust Bowl Jump up ^ A Cultural History ( 1999 ) , p. 45 . Jump up ^ United States . Agricultural Adjustment Administration and Murphy , Philip G. , ( 1935 ) , Drought of 1934 : The Federal Government 's Assistance to Agriculture `` . Accessed October 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Hornbeck , Richard ( June 2012 ) . `` The Enduring Impact of the American Dust Bowl : Short - and Long - Run Adjustments to Environmental Catastrophe '' ( PDF ) . American Economic Review . 102 ( 4 ) . pp. 1477 -- 1507 . doi : 10.1257 / aer. 102.4. 1477 . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 -- via Harvard University , Department of Economics . Jump up ^ Landon - Lane , John ; Rockoff , Hugh ; Steckel , Richard ( 2009 ) . `` Droughts , Floods , and Financial Distress in the United States '' ( PDF ) . National Bureau of Economic Research . p. 6 . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Patrick Allitt , A Climate of Crisis : America in the Age of Environmentalism ( 2014 ) p 203 Jump up ^ Allitt p 211 , paraphrasing William Cronin 's evaluation of Mathew Paul Bonnifield , Dust Bowl : Men , Dirt and Depression ( 1979 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Destitute Pea Pickers in California : Mother of Seven Children , Age Thirty - two , Nipomo , California . Migrant Mother '' . World Digital Library . Retrieved February 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ DuBois , Ellen Carol ; Dumenil , Lynn ( 2012 ) . Through Women 's Eyes ( Third ed . ) . Bedford / St. Martin 's . p. 583 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 67603 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Whose Names Are Unknown : Sanora Babb '' . Harry Ransom Center . Retrieved December 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dayton Duncan , preface by Ken Burns ( 2012 ) . `` Biographies : Sanora Babb '' . The Dust Bowl : An Illustrated History . PBS . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ See : Lanzendorfer , Joy , `` The forgotten Dust Bowl novel that rivaled `` The Grapes of Wrath '' , '' Smithsonian.com , 2016 May 23 . `` Sanora Babb , '' The Dust Bowl : a film by Ken Burns , PBS.org ( 2012 ) For the role of Tom Collins of the Farm Security Administration in Steinbeck 's novel , see : John Steinbeck with Robert Demott , ed. , Working Days : The Journals of The Grapes of Wrath , 1938 -- 1941 ( New York , New York : Penguin Books , 1990 ) , pp. xxvii -- xxviii , 33 ( journal entry for 1938 June 24 ) . Jump up ^ Alarik , Scott . Robert Burns unplugged . The Boston Globe , August 7 , 2005 . Retrieved on December 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Alyssa ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` How Ken Burns ' surprise role in ' Interstellar ' explains the movie '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Hubble ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Kingman gets a mention on Dust Bowl album '' . Kingman Daily Miner . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Apice , John ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Expressive Original Songs Steeped In the Dirt & Reality of the Dust Bowl - Depression Era '' . No Depression . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Bibliography Bonnifield , Mathew Paul . ( 1979 ) Dust Bowl : Men , Dirt and Depression Gregory , James Noble . American exodus : The dust bowl migration and Okie culture in California ( Oxford University Press , 1989 ) Lassieur , Allison. ( 2009 ) The Dust Bowl : An Interactive History Adventure Capstone Press , ISBN 1 - 4296 - 3455 - 3 Reis , Ronald A. ( 2008 ) The Dust Bowl Chelsea House ISBN 978 - 0 - 7910 - 9737 - 3 Sylvester , Kenneth M. , and Eric S.A. Rupley , `` Revising the Dust Bowl : High above the Kansas Grassland '' , Environmental History , 17 ( July 2012 ) , 603 -- 33 . Worster , Donald 2004 ( 1979 ) Dust Bowl : The Southern Plains in the 1930s ( 25 . anniversary ed ) Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517489 - 5 Woody Guthrie , ( 1963 ) The ( Nearly ) Complete Collection of Woody Guthrie Folk Songs , Ludlow Music , New York . Alan Lomax , Woody Guthrie , Pete Seeger , ( 1967 ) Hard - Hitting Songs for Hard - Hit People , Oak Publications , New York . Timothy Egan ( 2006 ) The Worst Hard Time , Houghton Mifflin Company , New York , hardcover . ISBN 0 - 618 - 34697 - X . Katelan Janke , ( 1935 ) Survival in the Storm : The Dust Bowl Diary of Grace Edwards , Dalhart , Texas , Scholastic ( September 2002 ) . ISBN 0 - 439 - 21599 - 4 . Karen Hesse ( paperback January 1999 ) Out of the Dust , Scholastic Signature . New York First Edition , 1997 , hardcover . ISBN 0 - 590 - 37125 - 8 . Sanora Babb ( 2004 ) Whose Names Are Unknown , University of Oklahoma Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3579 - 3 . Sweeney , Kevin Z. ( 2016 ) . Prelude to the Dust Bowl : Drought in the Nineteenth - Century Southern Plains Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dust Bowl . NASA Explains `` Dust Bowl '' Drought The Dust Bowl photo collection `` The Dust Bowl '' , a PBS television series by filmmaker Ken Burns The Dust Bowl ( EH.Net Encyclopedia ) Black Sunday , April 14 , 1935 , Dodge City , KS The Bibliography of Aeolian Research Surviving the Dust Bowl , Black Sunday ( April 14 , 1935 ) Voices from the Dust Bowl : The Charles L. Todd and Robert Sonkin Migrant Worker Collection , 1940 -- 1941 Library of Congress , American Folklife Center Online collection of archival sound recordings , photographs , and manuscripts YouTube Video : `` The Great Depression , Displaced Mountaineers in Shenandoah National Park , and the Civilian Conservation Corps ( C.C.C. ) '' Farming in the 1930s ( Wessels Living History Farm ) Out of the Dust ( The Modesto Bee ) Africa Data Dissemination Service , part of the Famine Early Warning Systems Network , U.S. Geological Service Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture -- Dust Bowl Oklahoma Digital Maps : Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory Dust Bowl Migration Archive at Sonoma State University Library Dust , Drought , and Dreams Gone Dry : Oklahoma Women in the Dust Bowl Oral History Project , Oklahoma Oral History Research Program Voices of Oklahoma interview with Frosty Troy . First person interview conducted on November 30 , 2011 with Frosty Troy talking about the Oklahoma Dust Bowl . Original audio and transcript archived with Voices of Oklahoma oral history project . hide Great Depression Topics Causes Wall Street Crash of 1929 Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act Dust Bowl New Deal Recession of 1937 -- 1938 Effects by area Australia Canada Chile Central Europe France Germany India Japan Latin America Netherlands South Africa United Kingdom United States Cities Commons hide History of Oklahoma Prior to 19th century Cooper Bison Kill ( 11th millennium BCE ) Spiro Mounds ( 9th -- 15th century CE ) 19th century Louisiana Purchase Arkansas Territory ( 1819 − 1824 ) Comanche -- Mexico Wars ( 1821 -- 1870s ) Cutthroat Gap Massacre ( 1833 ) Indian Removal Indian Territory ( 1834 -- 1907 ) Antelope Hills Expedition ( 1858 ) Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) Washita Massacre ( 1868 ) Oklahoma Territory ( 1890 -- 1907 ) Land runs ( 1890s ) 20th century State of Sequoyah ( 1905 ) State of Oklahoma ( 1907 ) Crazy Snake Rebellion ( 1909 ) Green Corn Rebellion ( 1917 ) Osage Indian murders ( 1920s ) Tulsa race riot ( 1921 ) Dust Bowl ( 1930s ) Red River Bridge War ( 1931 ) Oklahoma City bombing ( 1995 ) 21st century OU Bombing ( 2005 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dust_Bowl&oldid=844582596 '' Categories : Dust Bowl Great Plains Great Depression in the United States 1930s in the United States 1930 in the United States Internal migrations in the United States History of agriculture in the United States History of the American West Environmental disasters in the United States History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Soil in the United States Droughts in the United States Agriculture in the United States Agriculture in Oklahoma Agriculture in Texas Agriculture in Canada 20th - century droughts 1930 natural disasters in the United States Natural disasters in Oklahoma 1930s natural disasters 1930s droughts Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2011 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from March 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2016 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from March 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Català Чӑвашла Čeština Deutsch Diné bizaad Español فارسی Français Gaeilge ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 20 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did the dust bowl begin and end | [] | [] |
7445964494921730935 | Fuller House (TV series) | Fuller House ( TV series ) - wikipedia Fuller House ( TV series ) This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 October 2018 . Fuller House Genre Sitcom Created by Jeff Franklin Starring Candace Cameron Bure Jodie Sweetin Andrea Barber Michael Campion Elias Harger Soni Nicole Bringas Dashiell and Fox Messitt Juan Pablo Di Pace Scott Weinger John Brotherton Ashley Liao Adam Hagenbuch Theme music composer Jesse Frederick Bennett Salvay Jeff Franklin Butch Walker Opening theme `` Everywhere You Look '' performed by Carly Rae Jepsen Ending theme `` Everywhere You Look '' ( instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Jesse Frederick Bennett Salvay Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 44 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jeff Franklin ( season 1 - 3 ) Thomas L. Miller Robert L. Boyett Steve Baldikoski ( season 4 ) Bryan Behar ( season 4 ) Producer ( s ) John Stamos Kelly Sandefur Coral Hawthorne Cinematography Gregg Heschong Running time 25 -- 36 minutes Production company ( s ) Jeff Franklin Productions Miller - Boyett Productions Distributor Warner Horizon Television Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release February 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 26 ) -- present ( present ) Chronology Preceded by Full House ( 1987 -- 95 ) External links Website Production website Fuller House is an American sitcom created by Jeff Franklin that airs as a Netflix original series , and is a sequel to the 1987 -- 1995 television series Full House . It centers around D.J. Tanner - Fuller , a veterinarian and widowed mother of three sons , whose sister Stephanie and best friend Kimmy -- along with her teenage daughter -- live together at the Tanner 's childhood home in San Francisco , California . Most of the original series ensemble cast have reprised their roles on Fuller House , either as regular cast members or in guest appearances , with the exception of Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen , who alternated the role of Michelle Tanner in Full House . Netflix ordered an initial thirteen episodes which were released on February 26 , 2016 , worldwide . The third season is split into two parts , with the first half of nine episodes being released on September 22 , 2017 , and the second half on December 22 , 2017 . While the first season reception was generally negative , the second and third seasons received mostly positive reviews . On January 29 , 2018 , Netflix renewed Fuller House for a fourth season . On October 30 , 2018 , it was announced that season 4 will be released on December 14 , 2018 . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest stars 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Accusations of misconduct from Jeff Franklin 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Reviews 5.2 Awards and nominations 6 Home media 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Like the original series , the show is set in the same house in San Francisco , California . Recently widowed D.J. Tanner - Fuller is a veterinarian and the mother of three young boys . After the unexpected death of her husband Tommy , who was following his hazardous duties as a firefighter , D.J. accepts the help of her sister Stephanie and best friend Kimmy , who move in and take part in raising her three sons , 13 - year - old Jackson , 7 - year - old Max , and baby Tommy Jr . Kimmy 's teenage daughter , Ramona , also moves in . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Main article : List of Full House and Fuller House characters Candace Cameron Bure as D.J. Tanner - Fuller , a widowed mother who has a full - time job as a veterinarian Jodie Sweetin as Stephanie Tanner , D.J. 's younger sister , who leaves her life in London to help D.J. raise her kids Andrea Barber as Kimmy Gibbler , D.J. 's best friend and owner of a party planning business , who moves in with D.J. and Stephanie to help them raise D.J. 's kids Michael Campion as Jackson Fuller , D.J. 's mischievous 13 - year - old son who often engages in reckless stunts Elias Harger as Max Fuller , D.J. 's 7 - year - old son who is bit of neat freak like his grandfather Soni Nicole Bringas as Ramona Gibbler , Kimmy 's 13 - year - old daughter Dashiell & Fox Messitt as Tommy Fuller , Jr. , D.J. 's infant son who is named after his late father Juan Pablo Di Pace as Fernando Hernandez - Guerrero - Fernandez - Guerrero , Kimmy 's ex-husband and Ramona 's father ( recurring : season 1 ; main : season 2 -- 3 ) Scott Weinger as Steve Hale , a podiatrist and D.J. 's ex-boyfriend , who tries to get back with her after his unsuccessful marriage ; also the owner of Comet Jr . Jr. ( recurring : season 1 ; main : season 2 -- 3 ) John Brotherton as Matt Harmon , co-worker and love interest of D.J. ( recurring : season 1 ; main : season 2 -- 3 ) Ashley Liao as Lola Wong , Ramona 's best friend and Jackson 's love interest ( recurring : seasons 1 and 3 ; main : season 2 ) Adam Hagenbuch as Jimmy Gibbler , Kimmy 's younger brother and a freelance photographer , who is dating Stephanie ( recurring : season 2 ; main : season 3 ) Recurring ( edit ) John Stamos as Jesse Katsopolis , D.J. and Stephanie 's uncle ( Danny 's brother - in - law of his first marriage ) ; the music composer for General Hospital Lori Loughlin as Rebecca Donaldson - Katsopolis , Jesse 's wife and aunt to D.J. and Stephanie , who leaves San Francisco to co-star with Danny on Wake Up USA in Los Angeles Dave Coulier as Joey Gladstone , a Vegas comedian who helped Danny raise D.J. and Stephanie , along with Jesse and Becky Bob Saget as Danny Tanner , D.J. and Stephanie 's father , and the grandfather of Jackson , Max & Tommy Jr. , who leaves San Francisco for Los Angeles to star in the new talk show Wake Up USA Blake and Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit as Nicky and Alex Katsopolis , Jesse and Rebecca 's twin sons , and the cousins of DJ and Stephanie , who both spent six years in college and operate a fish taco truck together Gianna DiDonato as Crystal , Matt 's girlfriend for a brief time in season two Virginia Williams as C.J. Harbenberger , Steve 's fiancée who is strikingly similar to D.J. Isaak Presley as Bobby Popko , Jackson 's best friend and a love interest for Ramona Lucas Jaye as Taylor , Max 's intelligent and challenging best friend Mckenna Grace as Rose Harbenberger , Rose is C.J. 's daughter and Max 's best friend / love interest Marla Sokoloff as Gia Mahan , Stephanie 's best friend , and Rocki 's mother Landry Bender as Rocki , Gia 's daughter and Jackson 's new love interest Guest stars ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Eva LaRue as Teri Tanner , Danny 's second wife Lanny Cordola and Gary Griffin , original members of Jesse and the Rippers Robin Thomas as Dr. Fred Harmon , Matt 's father and the owner of Harmon Pet Care , D.J. 's employer Maksim Chmerkovskiy as himself Valentin Chmerkovskiy as himself Macy Gray as herself Stephen Tobolowsky as Mr. Gerald Jeff B. Davis as Wrestling Announcer Tyne Stecklein as Mandy Ryan McPartlin as Tyler , a brief potential love interest of D.J. Hunter Pence as himself Michael Sun Lee as Harry Takayama , Stephanie 's childhood friend , who is a CPA Steve Talley as Darren , a brief love interest of Stephanie Alan Thicke as Mike , Crystal 's grandfather . Bruno Tonioli as Giuseppe Pignoli , Ramona 's famous Italian dance coach Laura Bell Bundy as Ginger Gladstone , Joey 's wife and a Vegas magician Finn Carr as Lewis Gladstone , Joey 's younger son Kingston Foster as Joan Gladstone , Joey 's younger daughter Noah Salsbury Lipson as Jerry Gladstone , Joey 's older son Ruby Rose Turner as Phyllis Gladstone , Joey 's older daughter Jonathan Knight , Jordan Knight , Joey McIntyre , Donnie Wahlberg , and Danny Wood , members of New Kids on the Block David Lipper as Viper , D.J. 's ex-boyfriend Anne Marie McEvoy as Kathy Santoni , D.J. and Kimmy 's high school classmate Scott Menville as Duane Moffat , Kimmy 's high school ex-boyfriend who is now a motivational speaker Hal Sparks as Nelson Burkhard , D.J. 's rich high school ex-boyfriend , originally played by Jason Marsden John Aprea as Nick Katsopolis , Jesse 's father , D.J. Stephanie and Michelle 's grandfather , and Jackson , Max and Tommy 's great - grandfather Lonzo Ball as himself Gail Edwards as Vicky Larson , Danny 's ex-fiancée Lee Majors as James ( Season 4 appearance ) Lindsay Wagner as Millie ( Season 4 appearance ) Lainie Kazan as Irma ( Season 4 appearance ) Josh Peck as a dad in a hipster ' Daddy & Me ' class that Jesse attends with Pamela ( Season 4 appearance ) Maria Canals - Barrera as Fernando 's mother ( Season 4 appearance ) Leslie Grossman as a doctor who works at the hospital where Kimmy gives birth ( Season 4 appearance ) Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In August 2014 , reports circulated that Warner Bros. Television was considering a series reboot . John Stamos , who had an ownership stake in the show , headed up the attempt to get the series back into production . Creator Jeff Franklin returned as executive producer and showrunner with the collaboration of original executive producers Thomas L. Miller and Robert L. Boyett under their Miller - Boyett Productions label . In April 2015 , it was reported that Netflix was close to closing a deal to produce a 13 - episode sequel series tentatively titled Fuller House . A representative for Netflix said that the report was `` just a rumor '' . In response to the report , Bure tweeted , `` While you all ponder over whether the Fuller House show is true or is an April Fools joke , check out ( link to her upcoming TV movie ) '' , and Stamos tweeted , `` Believe none of what you hear , and only half of what you see . '' On April 20 , he appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , confirming the spin - off series had been green - lit by Netflix . On April 21 , Netflix confirmed the series was in development . In a parallel to the original series , Fuller House focuses on D.J. , who is a recently widowed mother of three boys , with her sister Stephanie and best friend Kimmy moving in to help raise the boys . The series starts off with a special episode featuring a Tanner family reunion . Filming of the series began in July 2015 and lasted until November 2015 . In December 2015 , the series ' release date was revealed as February 26 , 2016 . Later in the month , Canadian pop singer Carly Rae Jepsen revealed she and Butch Walker recreated the Full House theme song , `` Everywhere You Look '' ( which was originally performed by Jesse Frederick , who co-wrote the song with Bennett Salvay ) , for the series as its opening theme . On March 2 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a second season , and production for the second season began on May 5 , 2016 . Thirteen new episodes were ordered and were released on December 9 , 2016 . On December 24 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a third season , to be released in 2017 . and On December 31 , 2016 , it was confirmed that the season was given an 18 - episode order . Production for the third season began on March 18 , 2017 , and ended on September 2 , 2017 . It was announced on June 26 , 2017 that the third season would be split into two parts , with the release of the first part on September 22 , 2017 to consist of nine episodes . It was announced on November 13 , 2017 that the second half , also consisting of nine episodes , would be released on December 22 , 2017 . On January 29 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a fourth season of thirteen episodes . Casting ( edit ) In addition to Cameron Bure , Sweetin , and Barber reprising their roles , the other main roles went to Michael Campion , Elias Harger , and Soni Bringas , as their children : Jackson and Max Fuller , and Ramona Gibbler , respectively . It was disclosed that John Stamos would have a recurring role as Jesse Katsopolis and would also be producing . Other original main cast members who would be reprising their roles periodically are Lori Loughlin as Becky Katsopolis , Bob Saget as Danny Tanner , and Dave Coulier as Joey Gladstone . Dylan and Blake Tuomy - Wilhoit also make an appearance reprising their roles as Nicky and Alex Katsopolis , respectively . On April 19 , 2016 , it was announced Ashley Liao , who plays Ramona 's best friend , had been upgraded to a series regular . Additional cast members recurring regularly throughout the series include Juan Pablo Di Pace , playing Kimmy 's ex-husband , Fernando , and Scott Weinger , reprising the role of Steve Hale , D.J. 's high school boyfriend . Eva LaRue portrays Danny 's wife Teri , and Michael Sun Lee makes an appearance as the adult version of Nathan Nishiguchi 's character , Harry Takayama , who was Stephanie 's childhood friend . Shortly after announcing the spin - off series , it was uncertain whether Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen , who shared the role of Michelle Tanner , would choose to participate . The Olsen twins ultimately rejected the offer because Ashley has not acted in years with no intentions to restart , and Mary - Kate initially considered the part but later declined as it was not feasible with her fashion career at the time . Subsequently , the producers decided to have Michelle reside in New York City , where she is highly focused on her fashion enterprise . By January 2016 , they asked the Olsen twins ' younger sister , Elizabeth , if she had any ambitions to take the part of Michelle , but she ultimately declined as well . Nonetheless , the producers still prodded the Olsen twins to return and were confident that one of the twins would ultimately decide to reappear during the second season , although this did not end up happening . In September 2016 , it was announced that the character Nelson will re-appear on Fuller House , with the character recast to be portrayed by Hal Sparks , who replaces Nelson 's original portrayer , Jason Marsden . In September 2017 , Jeff Franklin revealed at Paley Fest that Danny 's ex , Vicky Larson ( Gail Edwards ) would return in season three , doing so in the season 's finale . Accusations of misconduct from Jeff Franklin ( edit ) On February 28 , 2018 , Variety reported that Jeff Franklin was fired from the series after complaints about his behavior in the writers ' room and on the set of the series , which ranged from being verbally abusive to staffers and making sexually charged comments about his personal relationships and sex life in the writer 's room to a complaint of Franklin 's habit of bringing women he dated to the set and sometimes giving them bit parts in the series . Franklin has not been accused of directly sexually harassing or engaging in physical misconduct with any staffers . On March 12 , 2018 , Steve Baldikoski and Bryan Behar were announced as the new executive producers and showrunners for the fourth season replacing Franklin . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Fuller House episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 February 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 26 ) 13 December 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 09 ) 18 9 September 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) 9 December 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 22 ) Reception ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) The first season of Fuller House received generally negative reviews , with most taking issue to the crude humor and noting that the series was very derivative of its source material and was oriented toward fans of the original show . On Rotten Tomatoes , the series has a rating of 35 % , based on 46 reviews , with an average rating of 4.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` After the initial dose of nostalgia , Fuller House has little to offer to anyone except the original series ' most diehard fans . '' On Metacritic the series has an average score of 35 out of 100 , based on 28 critics , indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews '' . Dan Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter panned the show , calling it `` a mawkish , grating , broadly played chip off the Full House block . '' He also added that `` It 's doubtful that there will be a more painful 2016 TV episode than the Fuller House pilot , which takes an inexcusable 35 minutes to establish a plot that is just an inversion of the original Full House premise . '' David Weigand of the San Francisco Chronicle reacted similarly , writing : `` The episodes are predictable because they 're unoriginal and the writing is painful . The canned laughter is perhaps the greatest reminder of the ' good old days ' . If only all those recorded voices had something legitimate to laugh at . '' Maureen Ryan of Variety wrote that the show `` continually goes to the well of having cute kids mug for the camera as they practically yell their lines , and just a little of its self - congratulatory , blaring obviousness goes a long way . '' In a more positive review , Verne Gay from Newsday wrote that the show is like `` Full House 2.0 '' and that while it has the `` same premise , same vibe , mostly same cast '' , it is `` a winner , strictly for fans . '' The second season saw more positive reviews . Jenny Varner of `` IGN '' gave the season a mixed 6.5 / 10 score . She noted that `` Fuller House Season 2 brings a fuller cast , a fuller plot , and a lot more cringe - worthy pop culture jokes . Love it or hate it , the staying power of this heartwarming Netflix staple is stronger than ever . '' On rotten tomatoes season 2 currently has a 60 % approval rating based on 5 reviews . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Comedy Fuller House Won Choice TV Actress : Comedy Candace Cameron Bure Won Choice TV : Chemistry Candace Cameron Bure , Jodie Sweetin and Andrea Barber Nominated 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Premium Comedy Series Fuller House Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Family TV Show Fuller House Won 2018 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Fuller House Nominated Favorite Female TV Star Candace Cameron Bure Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Comedy TV Show Fuller House Nominated Choice TV Actor : Comedy Elias Harger Nominated Choice TV Actress : Comedy Candace Cameron Bure Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Children 's Program Fuller House Nominated Home Media ( edit ) Warner Home Video released the first season of the series on DVD in Region 1 on February 28 , 2017 . The second season was released on DVD on December 12 , 2017 . The third season will be released in Region 1 on January 22 , 2019 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Taps Steve Baldikoski & Bryan Behar As New Showrunners '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` The Fuller House cast is back at work '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schaefer , Sandy ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Full House ' Sequel Series ' Fuller House ' Officially Acquired By Netflix '' . screenrant.com . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Fuller House ' Begins Filming ! Which Star Broke Down in Tears On Set ? '' . Entertainment Tonight . July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Originals Premiere Dates '' . Netflix . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2015 . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House - Season 1 DVD Information - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . www.tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` Fuller House Renewed for Season 4 '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.instagram.com/p/BejLx6ildiy/ Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( October 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Gets Season 4 Premiere Date On Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stern , Marlow ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` D.J. Tanner Takes Us Into ' Fuller House ' : Candace Cameron Bure on Netflix 's ' Full House ' Spinoff '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Tyler ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Cast Member Candace Cameron Bure Discusses Playing A Mom In Spinoff And Teases Plot Details '' . International Business Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Tyler ( June 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Full House ' Reunion Cast Member Jodie Sweetin Hints At How The Show Will Address The Olsen Twins Not Returning '' . International Business Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andriakos , Jacqueline ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full House Is Back : Candace Cameron Bure & Andrea Barber Ca n't Wait to Be ' Best Friends Again ' '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House '' . Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sciretta , Peter ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Trailer : Welcome Home Tanner Family '' . / Film . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Photos From ' Fuller House ' Show a Tearful Tanner Family Reunion '' . CBS Television Distribution . January 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Candace Cameron Bure Talks Netflix 's ' Fuller House ' Details '' . MStars News . August 11 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Potski , Denise ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Fuller House ' Casts Juan Pablo Di Pace '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ; Swift , Andy ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Fuller House Season 2 : D.J. and Kimmy 's Exes Promoted to Series Regulars '' . ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth Wagmeister ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Brings Back Steve : Scott Weinger Joining Netflix Series '' . Variety . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andy Swift . `` ' Fuller House ' : John Brotherton Promoted As Matt -- Season 2 Spoilers -- TVLine '' . TVLine . ^ Jump up to : Andy Swift . `` ' Fuller House ' Season 2 Spoilers -- Lola Promoted To Series Regular -- TVLine '' . TVLine . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' : Adam Hagenbuch Upped To Regular For Season 3 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Have mercy ! Netflix to stream ' Full House ' reunion , spinoff '' . CNN . April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Megan Daley ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Lori Loughlin will return for Fuller House '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Whitney Friedlander ( May 29 , 2015 ) . `` Bob Saget in ' Fuller House ' : Danny Tanner in ' Full House ' Reboot '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nick Venable . `` Check Out Danny Tanner 's New Fuller House Wife '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . And hey , while we 're talking cast members , HollywoodLife reports that actor Dylan Tuomy - Wilhoit will return to the show to reprise his role of Nicky , and it 's expected that his brother Blake will return to play Alex . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Landry Bender Talks Season 3 Of Fuller House '' . The Daily Shuffle . September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Linda , Ge ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' to Bring Back Stephanie 's Childhood Friend Harry in Recast Role ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://tvline.com/2018/06/26/fuller-house-season-4-spoilers-casting-lee-majors-lindsay-wagner-reunion/ Jump up ^ https://tvline.com/2018/06/26/fuller-house-season-4-spoilers-casting-lee-majors-lindsay-wagner-reunion/ Jump up ^ https://tvline.com/2018/06/26/fuller-house-season-4-spoilers-casting-lee-majors-lindsay-wagner-reunion/ Jump up ^ https://tvline.com/2018/08/03/feud-charles-and-diana-cancelled-season-2-fx/ Jump up ^ https://tvline.com/2018/08/27/fuller-house-season-4-spoilers-fernando-mom-cast/#comment-list-wrapper Jump up ^ https://tvline.com/2018/09/10/fuller-house-season-4-spoilers-kimmy-pregnant-finale-casting/ ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( August 2 , 2015 ) . `` Full House Reunion Series Fuller House Nears 13 - Episode Netflix Order '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( August 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Full House ' to Return for New Season on Netflix : Report '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Michael ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` ' Full House ' Cast Reacting to ' Fuller House ' Reunion Rumors '' . ABC News . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Michael ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Have mercy ! Netflix to stream ' Full House ' reunion , spinoff '' . CNN . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Orley , Emily ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` The `` Full House '' Spinoff Is Officially Coming To Netflix In 2016 `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Fuller House Officially Snags 13 - Episode Order at Netflix -- Get Details on the Cast and ( Widow ? ! ) Storyline '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Van Luling , Todd ( November 25 , 2015 ) . `` Olsen Twins Wo n't Be In ' Fuller House , ' Lori Loughlin Confirms '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Falcone , Dana Rose ( December 24 , 2015 ) . `` Carly Rae Jepsen to sing new Fuller House theme song '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Renewed for Season 2 at Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House Season 2 Is Coming Sooner Than You Expected '' . Eonline.com. April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Season 2 Premiere Date -- Returns In December 2016 '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` jeff franklin on Twitter '' . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Jeff Franklin Mar 18 , 2017 at 9 : 29pm UTC '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Jeff Franklin Sep 2 , 2017 '' . Instagram . Jump up ^ http://netflixlife.com/2017/06/26/fuller-house-season-3-netflix-release-date/ Jump up ^ Schmidt , Patrick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` Fuller House season 3 , part 2 hits Netflix in December '' . Netflixlife.com . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitney Friedlander ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Full House ' Reboot : Dave Coulier Joins ' Fuller House ' on Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Uncle Jesse and Aunt Becky reunite on Fuller House set '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` Fuller House : Meet Danny 's ' Vivacious ' Wife , Kimmy 's ' Scoundrel ' Ex-Husband '' . TV Line . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Iredale , Jessica ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen Talk Full House Spinoff '' . wwd.com . Fairchild Publishing . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Megan McCluskey . `` Fuller House : Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen 's Absence Explained '' . TIME.com . Jump up ^ James Hibberd ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix says Olsen twins could still join Full House revival '' . ew.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ; Stanhope , Kate ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` Mary - Kate and Ashley Olsen Not Returning for ' Fuller House ' Revival ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' to Explain Away Michelle Tanner 's Absence in Ironic Fashion '' . TheWarp . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fuller House ' Actually Tried to Get Elizabeth Olsen to Play Michelle '' . ScreenCrush . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Wagmeister ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Full House ' Creator Hopeful for Olsen Twins ' Return in Future ' Fuller House ' Seasons '' . Variety . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Randee Dawn ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` Olsen twins on 2nd season of ' Fuller House ' ? Why John Stamos has ' a good feeling ' '' . Today . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fuller House ' Recasts DJ Tanner 's Ex-Boyfriend '' . September 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Turchiano , Danielle ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Fuller House ' Season 3 Will Include a Musical Number , Wedding and Trip to Japan ( Watch ) '' . Variety . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Jeff Franklin Out as Showrunner of ' Fuller House ' Amid Complaints About His Behavior ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Victoria . `` ' Fuller House ' Backlash : Angry Parents Slam Netflix Reboot For Cursing , Sex , And Drug References '' . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House -- Season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Feinberg , Dan . `` ' Fuller House ' : TV Review '' . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weigand , David . `` ' Fuller House ' empty of laughs '' . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen . `` TV Review : ' Fuller House ' '' . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne . `` ' Fuller House ' review : Netflix reboot strictly for fans '' . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Varner , Jenny . `` Fuller House : Season 2 Review -- IGN '' . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/fuller_house/s02 ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 : CW Dramas , Pretty Little Liars Lead Early Noms '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2016 : Teen Wolf , Vampire Diaries , PLL , Originals and More Snag Second - Wave Nominations '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Winners : Complete List '' . Variety . January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ( March 11 , 2017 ) . `` Kids ' Choice Awards : ' Fuller House , ' ' Ghostbusters ' & More Win Orange Blimps -- Complete Winners List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/kcanominees/status/968167465313361921 Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/kcanominees/status/968168122606907392 Jump up ^ https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/The-2018-Teen-Choice-Awards-Announces-New-Wave-of-Nominees-20180613 Jump up ^ http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominees-winners/2018/outstanding-childrens-program Jump up ^ `` Fuller House DVD news : Season 1 Announced for 2017 - TVShowsOnDVD.com '' . tvshowsondvd.com . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fuller House Season 2 '' . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Fuller-House-Season-3-Various/dp/B07HSM5VLJ/ External links ( edit ) Official website Fuller House on IMDb Fuller House at Rotten Tomatoes Fuller House at TV.com Fuller House at Metacritic Full House Characters Michelle Tanner Episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 Fuller House episodes Miller - Boyett Productions Miller - Milkis Productions TV series Petrocelli ( 1974 -- 76 ) Happy Days ( 1974 -- 84 ) Laverne & Shirley ( 1976 -- 83 ) Blansky 's Beauties ( 1977 ) Mork & Mindy ( 1978 -- 82 ) Makin ' It ( 1979 ) Out of the Blue ( 1979 ) $ weepstake $ ( 1979 ) Angie ( 1979 -- 80 ) Films The Heist ( 1972 ) The Weekend Nun ( 1972 ) Silver Streak ( 1976 ) Walkin ' Walter ( 1977 ) Foul Play ( 1978 ) Miller - Milkis - Boyett Productions TV series Goodtime Girls ( 1980 ) Bosom Buddies ( 1980 -- 82 ) Foul Play ( 1981 ) Joanie Loves Chachi ( 1982 -- 83 ) Films The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas ( 1982 ) Miller - Boyett Productions The Hogan Family ( 1986 -- 91 ) Perfect Strangers ( 1986 -- 93 ) Full House ( 1987 -- 95 ) Family Matters ( 1989 -- 98 ) The Family Man ( 1990 -- 91 ) Going Places ( 1990 -- 91 ) Step by Step ( 1991 -- 98 ) Getting By ( 1993 -- 94 ) On Our Own ( 1994 -- 95 ) Fuller House ( 2016 -- present ) Miller - Boyett - Warren Productions Meego ( 1997 ) Two of a Kind ( 1998 -- 99 ) Robert L. Boyett Productions Partners ( 2014 ) See also Charles Fox Jesse Frederick Bickley - Warren Productions Paramount Television CBS Paramount Television CBS Television Studios Lorimar Television Warner Bros. Television This series began being produced under the Miller - Milkis - Boyett banner beginning with the 1980 -- 81 television season . Netflix original current series Since 2013 House of Cards Orange Is the New Black Since 2014 BoJack Horseman Since 2015 Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt Chef 's Table Daredevil Grace and Frankie Club de Cuervos Project Mc Dinotrux Jessica Jones F Is for Family Making a Murderer Real Rob Since 2016 Degrassi : Next Class Fuller House The Ranch Kong : King of the Apes Voltron : Legendary Defender Stranger Things Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh Last Chance U Beat Bugs Ask the StoryBots Kulipari : An Army of Frogs Easy Skylanders Academy The Crown 3 % Luna Petunia The OA Travelers Since 2017 One Day at a Time Edgar Rice Burroughs ' Tarzan and Jane A Series of Unfortunate Events Frontier Santa Clarita Diet Ultimate Beastmaster Legend Quest Julie 's Greenroom Ingobernable 13 Reasons Why Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return Bill Nye Saves the World Dear White People Cable Girls Buddy Thunderstruck Spirit Riding Free Anne with an E Free Rein GLOW The Standups Castlevania Friends from College Ozark The Worst Witch Atypical True and the Rainbow Kingdom Greenhouse Academy The Confession Tapes Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father Big Mouth The Magic School Bus Rides Again Suburra Mindhunter Super Monsters Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo Beyond Stranger Things The Punisher Shot in the Dark Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters She 's Gotta Have It Dark Wormwood The Toys That Made Us Since 2018 The End of the F * * * ing World My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! Llama Llama The New Legends of Monkey Altered Carbon Dirty Money Queer Eye Ugly Delicious B : The Beginning Flint Town Girls Incarcerated A.I.C.O. - Incarnation - Nailed It ! On My Block Wild Wild Country Alexa & Katie The Mechanism Requiem Sword Gai : The Animation Lost Song Troy : Fall of a City The Boss Baby : Back in Business Fastest Car Lost in Space Aggretsuko Spy Kids : Mission Critical Bobby Kennedy for President The Letdown A Little Help with Carol Burnett Busted ! The Rain The Who Was ? Show Cooking on High Amazing Interiors Magic for Humans Explained The Hollow The Ballad of Hugo Sánchez Harvey Street Kids Kiss Me First Samantha ! Sacred Games The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants Sugar Rush Dark Tourist Cupcake & Dino : General Services Marching Orders Afflicted Insatiable The House of Flowers Disenchantment Stay Here Follow This The Innocents Ghoul Paradise PD Treehouse Detectives Norm Macdonald Has a Show The Dragon Prince Hilda The Good Cop YG Future Strategy Office ReBoot : The Guardian Code Élite Dancing Queen The Haunting of Hill House Sunderland Till I Die Chilling Adventures of Sabrina Patriot Act with Hasan Minhaj 2010s portal Comedy portal San Francisco Bay Area portal Television in the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuller_House_(TV_series)&oldid=866512319 '' Categories : 2010s American sitcoms 2016 American television series debuts English - language television programs Full House Netflix original programming Sequel television series Television series about families Television series about friendship Television series about sisters Television series about show business Television series by Warner Horizon Television Television shows set in San Francisco Works about widowhood Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from October 2018 Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Articles needing additional references from December 2017 All articles needing additional references TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 19 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is season 3 of fuller house coming out | [
"Netflix ordered an initial thirteen episodes which were released on February 26, 2016, worldwide. The third season is split into two parts, with the first half of nine episodes being released on September 22, 2017, and the second half on December 22, 2017. While the first season reception was generally negative, the second and third seasons received mostly positive reviews.\n"
] | [
"September 22, 2017"
] |
7598835864713689880 | Music education in the United States | Music education in the United States - wikipedia Music education in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Music of the United States of America Timeline General topics Education History Genres Classical Jazz Country Folk Bluegrass Hip hop Pop Rock R&B Specific forms Religious music Gospel music Christian pop Ethnic music Native American Arapaho Blackfoot Inuit Iroquois Kiowa Navajo Pueblo Seminole Sioux Yuman Anglo - American Old - time Western African American Celtic New Mexican Latin Tejano Puerto Rican Cajun and Creole Hawaiian Immigrant communities Media and performance Music awards Grammy Awards Country Music Awards Gospel Music Awards Tejano Music Awards Music charts Billboard Music Chart American Top 40 Music festivals Jazz Fest Lollapalooza Ozzfest Monterey Jazz Festival Music media Spin Rolling Stone Vibe Down Beat The Source MTV VH1 Nationalistic and patriotic songs National anthem The Star - Spangled Banner Regional music AK AL AR AS AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA GU HI IA ID IL IN KS KY LA MA MD ME MI MN MO MP MS MT NC ND NE NH NM NV NJ NY OH OK OR PA PR RI SC SD TN TX UT VA VI VT WA WI WV WY Music education in the United States can be traced through historical documentation to the colonial era . Among the Native Americans prior to European and African settlement , music education was entirely oral . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The scientific method and how it affected music 1.2 Two methodologies : rote vs. note 2 Concert and marching bands 2.1 All - girl high school , military , and performance bands 2.2 High school music programs during World War II 2.3 Collegiate band service organizations 3 Modern secondary education 3.1 Music education reform 4 Music educators in the community 5 Music as a core subject 5.1 History 5.2 Implementation 5.3 Impacts on childhood development and academic success 5.4 Critiques 6 Modern elementary education 7 Introduction of technology 8 References History ( edit ) The earliest systematic music education in the country was centered on the training of singers for Protestant church services , to lead the congregation in psalm - singing . In the 18th century , the first singing schools in the country were founded , and a number of legendary traveling singing masters traveled New England , teaching in barns , schoolhouses and other informal locations ; these masters included Francis Hopkinson and William Billings . By the end of the century , more formal singing schools in cities like Savannah , Philadelphia and Boston become social singing societies . Public education in the United States first offered music as part of the curriculum in Boston in the 1830s , and it spread through the help of singing teacher Lowell Mason , after he successfully advocated it to the Boston School Committee in 1838 . The committee ultimately decided to include music as a curricular subject because it was of a moral , physical , and intellectual nature . Music was considered moral because it played such a part in religion , as well as the fact that had been documented to produce `` happiness , contentment , cheerfulness , and tranquility . '' It was of a physical nature because singing was exercise for the lungs . The committee justified music 's intellectual nature by stating that it had been studied as a part of the quadrivium in the Middle Ages , and that it `` contributes to memory , comparison , attention , and intellectual faculties . '' ( p. 13 - 14 ) . Another advocate of music in public education was Swiss educational reformer Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi . Pestalozzi believed that nature was the ultimate and original source of knowledge , therefore his educational theories placed a high value on sensory , kinesthetic , and active learning . He felt students should start with simple concepts in all subjects and move later to more complex ideas . Pestalozzi 's method was one of the earliest methods that could be considered `` student - centered learning '' and his ideas of discipline and a student - teacher rapport based on love and trust were markedly different from the common practice of corporal punishment at the time . The first music educator to use Pestalozzian ideas in teaching music was Hans Negeli , a colleague of Pestalozzi in Switzerland . His Pestalozzian approach to music was brought to the United States , translated , and popularized by William Channing Woodbridge , Elam Ives , and Lowell Mason . This approach prized active and sensory learning , taught sounds before signs , separated music into melody , rhythm , and expression , and to moved from the simple to complex within the context of each element . Many of these ideas that are found in later established music teaching methods , such as Orff - Schulwerk , Kodaly , and , Dalcroze - Eurthymics . Music education , primarily vocal , remained most common in women 's schools , though many private academies also existed , offering boys and girls instruction in orchestral instruments like the violin , viola , cello and piano . In the mid-19th century , educator Luther Whiting Mason established music education in the schools of Cincinnati , and become a prominent author of textbooks . His National Music Course , first published in 1870 , was a widely adopted standard part of many American curricula . Music education continued to expand across the country , and gained in respect as an essential part of educational development . There was a music section in the National Education Association by the 1890s . The scientific method and how it affected music ( edit ) After the Civil War pragmatism and the scientific aspects of sequential skill building , accurate evaluations , examinations , systematic teaching methods , and scientific methods were popular in education . Music educators ' responses showed that music could be studied scientifically through the use of different methodologies , systematic textbooks and graded music series , and instructional material for teachers . The scientific and more pragmatic goals of education in the nineteenth century had a profound affect on the development of music education in the schools . Two methodologies : rote vs. note ( edit ) Lowell Mason Luther Whiting Mason Two main methodologies used to teach music were the `` rote '' method and the `` note '' method . The rote method followed many Pestalozzian ideologies . Songs were taught first and musical ideas were presented later , one at time , carefully and systematically . Singing by rote was the basis for this methodology . Lowell Mason authored what is believed to be the first music series using the rote method. Lowell Mason 's The Song Garden from 1864 set the stage for other rote methodologies of the late nineteenth century . Luther Whiting Mason was a prominent rote method name presented in the textbook . Luther Mason was employed in Cincinnati schools but later moved to Boston to be the `` superintendent of music in the primary schools '' ( p. 195 ) . Luther Mason wrote school textbooks using rote methodology . The National Music Course , published by Ginn in 1870 , had seven books presented in a sequential approach of using rote songs to teach music reading . ( p. 196 ) Luther Mason included very detailed lesson plans for the classroom teacher , since at the time music was taught by the classroom teacher but overseen by a music specialist . The series was designed for fifteen minutes of music instruction each day given by the classroom teacher and overseen by a music educator once per week . The book series was so popular Luther Mason was invited to apply his methods in Japan and Germany . The rote method was less favored than the `` note '' method later in the nineteenth century . However , the debate continues today . An example of the note method is Joseph Bird 's 1861 Vocal Music Reader and Benjamin Jepson 's three book series using `` note '' methodology . The Elementary Music Reader was published in 1871 by the Barnes Company , one year after Luther Mason 's The National Music Course . Benjamin Jepson was a military man turned music teacher in New Haven after an injury in the war . His music textbooks had exercises and songs presented systematically for the goal of music reading and sight - singing . Jepson later published two revisions of his series under the names The Standard Music Reader in 1888 , and in 1904 The New Standard Music Reader . Following in Jepson 's footsteps of note methodology were Hosea Edson Holt and John Wheeler Tufts , who wrote The Normal Music Course published in 1883 ( twelve years after Jepson 's The Elementary Music Reader ) . Click here to read the Normal Music Course . This series had five books all geared toward sight - singing and reading music . A few other note methodology textbook were presented to show the seriousness of music reading as a scientific and pragmatic study . These other note methodology books included : The Graded School Singer by Blackman and Whittemore - 1873 , and the Cincinnati Schools ' The Young Singer - 1860 , The Young Singer 's Manual - 1866 , and the Cincinnati Music Reader - 1893 ( p. 207 ) . The culmination of the scientific method and note methodology advances was presented in Thomas Tapper 's and Frederick Ripley 's The National Music Course published in 1895 . The book focused on a no - nonsense systematic approach to music literacy to develop beauty in singing . It emphasized the systematic and pragmatic delivery of materials . Philip C. Hayden Music Education in the United States took a big turn with the creation of the Music Supervisors National Conference . The first meeting of the Music Supervisors Conference was held on April 10 -- 12 , 1907 in Keokuk , Iowa , at Westminster Presbyterian Church . A music educator by the name of Philip C. Hayden made the first meeting possible by sending invitations and announcing the meeting in the Music School Monthly of which Hayden was the founder and editor of the publication . The gathering was primarily meant for educators to come observe new teaching techniques in rhythm and observe Hayden 's music students . During the three - day convention , music demonstrations took place provided by Hayden and his students . Informal discussions on current topics in music education would also take place during the convention . Future conventions and clinics would be based on this model . Throughout the convention , many educators discussed the importance of having a more permanent organization dedicated to music supervisors and teaching techniques . On the last day of the convention , a forum of sixty - nine music supervisors voted to have another convention and became charter members of an organization that would remain nameless . The Music Supervisors National Conference was officially established during the third meeting of the organization in Cincinnati , OH , in 1910 with the adoption of the constitution and bylaws . As the role of the music supervisor changed into more of an administrative position , the conference began to focus primarily on the teaching methods provided in the classroom . At the 1934 Chicago meeting , members decided to change the name to Music Educators National Conference . Since the inception of Music Supervisors National Conference , the organization has worked diligently in making sure that every student has access to music instruction in the public school system provided by a qualified music teacher . Vocal instruction dominated public schooling at all levels . Instrumental education was handled largely through private enterprise , until the early 20th century . Inspired by the band music of Frederick Innes , John Philip Sousa and others , many schools offered orchestral instrument bands . This accelerated following World War I , when many soldiers returned with knowledge and interest in the band music they learned as soldiers . The first formal school for music educators was founded in 1884 , in Potsdam , New York , by Julia Ettie Crane , but Oberlin Conservatory in Ohio in the 1920s became the first school to offer a four - year degree in music education . Concert and marching bands ( edit ) All - girl high school , military , and performance bands ( edit ) Bands during the mid to late nineteenth century were an intricate part of every community . These bands would march in parades , provide free concerts , supported soldiers , and played for those in hospitals . During the golden age of bands which occurred from 1865 to 1917 , there were approximately over 10,000 brass bands in existence across the country . The band membership did consist of males , but past photographs indicate that there were also all women bands . The female bands continued their popularity into the twentieth century and influenced the evolution of the high school band from totally male to the integration of female into the programs . High schools often housed the standard male band , but also often included a female band . There were also female bands created to support industry . With the beginning of WW II female bands expanded into women 's military bands . These bands were created to entertain female troops , sell war bonds , and perform at concerts , graduations , dances , parades , and hospitals ( 2008 ) . The WAC ( Woman 's Army Corp ) bands were used to entertain injured soldiers returning from the war . One Ohio music educator , Joan A. Lamb , provided great contributions to world of military bands . Lamb was a public music teacher until enrolling in the Women 's Army Auxiliary Corps later known as WAC . In her basic training , she was asked to become a candidate for officer , but she insisted she had joined to play in the WAC band . She was even sent to a psychiatrist because of her persistence in the effort to become a member of the band . Finally , she located the WAC band director , auditioned for him with her oboe , and was immediately reassigned to the band . Lamb held several music positions within the band which was a first for women . She graduated from Army Music School , directed the 400th WAC Band , started an African American WAC Band , and performed in the Armed Forces Radio Orchestra . After her service in the WACS , she returned to her life as a music teacher , educator , and administrator in Los Angeles public schools where she served for 30 years . African American women also wanted to serve in the WAC Band . A 404 WAC Band was created . The WAC branch of the military was the only branch who allowed African American female bands . The Coast Guard also created their version of the female band . The SPAR Band played for the troops and performed many of the same activities as the WAC Band . After the war , the SPAR Band was disbanded and the Coast Guard again became all male . After the war , the female SPAR band members became teachers , performers , and parents . There were some female members of the WAC and SPAR military bands who used the G.I Bill to go to college while others continued performing professionally post war . During the war , women 's swing bands also became popular replacing the male counterpart serving in the war effort . These swing bands were highly successful and were well received by the public longing for a diversion from the war effort . The Ingenues was an all - girl jazz band popular in the late 1920s through the 1930s . This performing band would often perform in vaudeville and variety theaters . Anna Mae Winburn was an African American band leader of an all - girl jazz band in the International Sweethearts of Rhythm . Frances Klein was another famous female instrumentalist of the 30 's and 40 's who played in Kermit Dart 's All - Girl Band , under the direction of Irene Vermillion . The women military bands and post war all - girl bands opened the door to more female participation in instrumental music . Through the efforts of these frontier - like women , perspectives changed as to the female purpose and level of reliability . Suddenly , female bands were found to be as entertaining as male bands . Women found a place and purpose in the entertainment world . Women who were thought to only have the ability to be mothers were leaders in the music world . Women 's equality began to emerge during this time in history and music was a primary avenue for the movement . These women of the past created an environment which the women of today now enjoy . This environment is one of fairness and the ability to seek success in all career areas . Women of today attend college and may become professionals in the work force . Women like Joan Lamb conquered what had in the past seemed like a forbidden world . High school music programs during World War II ( edit ) Students at Washington High School at class , training for specific contributions to the war effort , Los Angeles , Calif Victory Corps at Montgomery Blair HS Collegiate band service organizations ( edit ) The entrance of the United States into World War I ( 1917 -- 1918 ) prompted the Wilson administration to promote a `` patriotic mind - set '' . Community singing of patriotic songs such as `` America '' and `` The Star Spangled Banner '' were popular outlets for citizens as a way to promote `` ... strong community efforts of all kinds '' and also assisted immigrants to learn English . In addition to community singing , concert bands and marching bands were also used to promote patriotism for `` maintenance of civilian morale '' . College and university marching bands were also culturally influential during and after World War I , especially in the Midwest of the United States . Following the war , members of these collegiate bands were looking for ways to `` develop good will , fellowship and understanding ... and recognize the value of dedicated leadership . '' Two leading band service organizations were established to fit that calling , the Kappa Kappa Psi fraternity ( ΚΚΨ ) and the Tau Beta Sigma sorority ( ΤΒΣ ) . The University of Detroit Band at Dinan Field in the 1920s . Kappa Kappa Psi was the first of those organizations , established on November 27 , 1919 at Oklahoma A & M College . The strong sense of patriotism during World War I was wearing off in the U.S. , and the band members of the university wanted to continue to advocate band music . Ten collegiate band members were selected including the band leader William A. Scroggs by the director of the ensemble , Bohumil `` Boh '' Makovsky . The fraternity quickly became national with the addition of the University of Washington and Montana State College in 1920 . Since 1919 , Kappa Kappa Psi members have been advocating , supporting and serving over 200 higher education institutions with around 5,000 active members each year . Famous fraternal brothers include John Philip Sousa , Karl King , and William Revelli . There are currently five distinctive purposes for Kappa Kappa Psi today which include : ( 1 ) promoting the existence and welfare of secondary school bands and cultivate a respect for their endeavors , ( 2 ) honoring outstanding band members through fraternal membership , ( 3 ) stimulating campus leadership and respect through positive conduct , ( 4 ) fostering a positive bond among collegiate bands and a high level or performance achievement , and ( 5 ) providing a positive social experience to all involved in college bands or other musical organizations . Collegiate bands in the 1920s were the domain of young men . Women were rarely involved , if at all . However , as the progressive movement of the U.S. was developing , bands became less militaristic and were accepting more women in the 1930s . Even with the progressive movement , some higher education bands held out much longer as a men only ensemble . Michigan State University did not admit women into the Spartan Marching Band until 1972 . Tau Beta Sigma sorority was established on March 26 , 1946 , twenty seven years after Kappa Kappa Psi . The charter institution was Oklahoma State University , renamed from Oklahoma A & M , after the organization decided it would be easier to start in Oklahoma rather than Texas . A major circumstance for creating a band service organization for women was simply due to the fact that more women were now involved with university bands in the United States . Wava Banes along with some other women classmates at Texas Tech University approached their director , D.O. Wiley about forming a `` group of bandswomen '' in 1937 . The local organization was formalized as Tau Beta Sigma and structured after the Kappa Kappa Psi fraternity . Tau Beta Sigma petitioned Kappa Kappa Psi to become a chapter under their national fraternity in 1943 , however a complete constitution re-write and difficulties associated with the U.S. entrance in World War II led Kappa Kappa Psi to suggest that Tau Beta Sigma form their own organization just as they had done in 1919 . Due to complications with Texas corporation laws of 1945 , A. Frank Martin from Kappa Kappa Psi suggested using a similar women group at Oklahoma State University ( OSU ) as the founding chapter for Tau Beta Sigma . One month after OSU 's charter was granted , the women traveled back to Texas to install the founding women of Tau Beta Sigma . Kappa Kappa Psi was able to convene in 1947 and officially accepted Tau Beta Sigma as their sister sorority . Both organizations grew in the post-World War II era . Society was still evolving and changing and women 's rights became front and center in 1972 with the passage of the Title IX law . This law `` requires gender equity for boys and girls in every educational program that receives federal funding . '' Since both groups were federally funded , women were allowed to join Kappa Kappa Psi and men were allowed to join Tau Beta Sigma . Kappa Kappa Psi and Tau Beta Sigma are still active today and strive to promote the bands they are associated with as their founders did over a half century ago . Modern secondary education ( edit ) Music is generally optional in high school in the United States , and may or may not be required in middle or junior high school . Concert bands and marching bands are also commonly offered , as are choirs and theatrical performances that often include music . Music education reform ( edit ) In 2015 a study was released from 2010 showing that according to the U.S. Department of Education , 40 percent of high schools do n't require coursework in the arts for graduation . More than 8,000 public schools in the US are currently without music programs as of 2010 . Across the country , 1.3 million elementary school students do n't have access to a music class . Music educators in the community ( edit ) Music as a core subject ( edit ) History ( edit ) According to the US Department of Education , the core academic subjects studied in schools are currently English , reading or language arts , mathematics , science , foreign languages , civics and government , economics , arts , history , and geography . In order to teach a core subject in the United States , one must be a Highly Qualified Teacher ( HQT ) , meaning they must have a bachelor 's degree from a four - year institution , be licensed in the state in which they wish to teach , and be fully competent in their subject area . However , individual competencies vary from state - to - state . Historically , music and fine arts had not been a part of core curriculum in schools in the United States , however , in July 2015 , the United States Senate , passed a bipartisan revision naming music and art core subjects in curriculum under the Every Child Achieves Act . The core subjects that were added are `` technology , engineering , computer science , music , and physical education . '' This was an action against the No Child Left Behind Act , which many United States Education Advocates felt had narrowed down the subjects incorporated into the core curriculum . The No Child Left Behind Act was initially entitled the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 , but then was later renamed No Child Left Behind in 2002 . The National Association for Music Education , or NAfME , is an `` organization of American music educators dedicated to advancing and preserving music education and as part of the core curriculum of schools in the United States '' . The NAfME is an organization founded in 1907 of more than 60,000 people who advocate for the benefits of music and arts education for students at the local , state , and national levels . NAfME excitedly published a press release with the bipartisan senate revision and the impact they believe it will have on the United States Core Curriculum . Implementation ( edit ) Music is implemented as an academic subject in schools around the world , in places such as Greece , Germany , Slovenia , Spain India , and Africa . This is not a comprehensive , as music is considered a cultural necessity in many countries worldwide . Although the NAfME addresses the plan for implementation for music and arts as core subjects at the national level , the fulfillment of this revision of the Every Child Achieves Act varies from state to state . As of 2014 , forty - one states currently have an arts education requirement at all levels , but only seventeen of these states have programs with deliberate assessment policies . Twenty - seven of the fifty United States consider the arts a core subject . Georgia and Arkansas have very specific outlines of music , while Alaska , Colorado , Hawaii , Michigan , and D.C. have no arts instruction requirements for any level of schooling . The National Coalition for Core Arts Standards ( NCCAS ) , has a series of performance assessments entitled Model Cornerstone Assessments , or MCAs , which have been expended in high schools as a pilot program in recent months . In addition to this , NAfME also has nine National Music Education standards , which include : `` singing , alone and with others , a varied repertoire of music ; performing on instruments , alone and with others , a varied repertoire of music ; improvising melodies , variations , and accompaniments ; composing and arranging music within specified guidelines ; reading and notating music ; listening to , analyzing , and describing music ; evaluating music and music performances ; understanding relationships between music , the other arts , and disciplines outside the arts ; and understanding music in relation to history and culture . '' Impacts on childhood development and academic success ( edit ) Many policymakers and initiators for music and the arts as a part of the core curriculum believe that students participating in music and arts programs which hold them to high standards will bring a creative outlook now seemingly required in the workforce . Since music has traditionally been viewed as a subject outside of academia , and music has been incorporated into schools as a secondary subject , or often as an elective , there is limited research on classroom benefits of music as a core subject . Many researchers have explored both the benefits to listening to music passively as well as pursuing music actively , as with learning an instrument . The benefits music in the classroom and its effects on brain development , academic performance , and practical life skills have been observed through research by Jenny Nam Yoon . She concluded that the two hemispheres of the brain are stimulated when music is played and how the corpus callosum , the bridge that connects the two hemispheres is larger in musician 's brains . The effects of strictly listening to music have long been explored and has been given the name the `` Mozart Effect , '' which is known to cause a `` small increase in spatial - temporal reasoning '' . As seen with the Mozart Effect , listening to music has been proven to affect the brain and mood , as well as spatial temporal reasoning , but does not have any long - term benefits . A 1981 study at Mission Vejo High School proved that music students had a higher GPA than students who did not participate in music ( 3.59 vs. 2.91 ) . There have been studies done verifying music as an enrichment activity that causes an increase in self - confidence , discipline , and social cohesion , as well as academic benefits . Critiques ( edit ) Although the US Senate has endorsed music as a core subject , many , including Secretary of Education Lamar Alexander , argue music and the arts to be extra-curricular . Many also believe that among Federal budget cuts , music and the arts would be the first to go because they are not part of our foundation of core curriculum in America . The benefits of music as a core subject and its impact on the education system through the arithmetic , language , concentration , and other skills involved still have to be assessed before conclusions can be drawn about the concrete , measurable impacts music and the arts have on children in the United States public school system . Modern elementary education ( edit ) Elementary schools in the United States typically offer music classes several times a week , with classes ranging from thirty to forty - five minutes in length . Beginning in about fourth grade , performance opportunities are often provided in the form of choirs or orchestral ( especially wind ) bands . There are several developed teaching methods intended for use in elementary schools . The Kodaly Method was developed in Hungary by Zoltan Kodaly . The Orff - Schulwerk Method was developed by Carl Orff , the German composer who wrote Carmina Burana . The Dalcroze - Eurythmics Method was developed in Switzerland by Emile Jaques - Dalcroze , who was teaching at the Geneva Conservatory at the time . All three methods place an emphasis on activity and learning by doing . The Kodaly Method is known best for its use of solfege syllables and corresponding hand signals . The Orff - Schulwerk Method is most famous for its use of varying sizes of xylophones and glockenspiels , known as `` Orff instruments . '' The Dalcroze - Eurythimics Method 's most visible characteristic is its use of movement to music , ideally live music . In a report by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Education , OECD , it is explained that the amount of time students typically spend in school during primary and lower secondary levels is 7,751 hours . Of these 7,751 hours , the schools surveyed for the report spent eleven percent of the time of the whole year on the arts in elementary schools , and only eight percent of the time on the arts in lower secondary schools . This report also explains that the arts classes combined receive almost the same amount of time as physical education classes do , which is between eight and nine percent for both levels of schooling . ( `` How '' ) The United States Department of Education conducted a survey of 1,201 secondary schools during the 2009 - 2010 school year , Parsad explains . This survey reported that the majority of secondary teachers teaching the different arts classes were specialists in their field ( Parsad ) . In a secondary investigation , the United States Department of Education concluded that 94 percent of elementary schools offered instruction in music , and 83 percent of schools offered instruction in the visual arts in elementary schools during the same time period . Drama and dance classes were offered to only three and four percent of the elementary schools involved in the study , but more than half of the schools incorporated dance into other subjects ( Parsad ) . Art and music classes were offered to elementary students at least once per week , Parsad explains . Introduction of technology ( edit ) Girl listening to radio in late 1930s Throughout the history of music education , many music educators have adopted and implemented technology in the classroom . Alice Keith and D.C. Boyle were said to be the first music educators in the United States to use the radio for teaching music . Keith wrote Listening in on the Masters , which was a broadcast music appreciation course . Another advocate who promoted the use of technology was Marguerite V. Hood , who was born on March 14 , 1903 in Drayton , North Dakota . Hood graduated high school early , at the age of sixteen . She then attended Jamestown College , in Jamestown , North Dakota where she graduated with degrees in romance languages and music , and minors in history and English . Hood 's professional career led her to Montana in 1923 , where she pursued teaching , writing , and public speaking . In 1930 , Hood became Montana 's second state music supervisor . During Hood 's teaching career , the radio was used as an educational tool . Montana received poor radio reception because of the mountain interference , so Hood created local radio station broadcasts . Hood began the music education radio broadcast project , Montana School of the Air , in 1937 . These broadcasts aired weekly on four radio stations . Using the radio for educational broadcasts received positive reviews because it allowed students to be reached all over the United States during the unstable time of the Great Depression . Radios were cost effective and could reach isolated , rural schools . The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) played a major role in music education . NBC would broadcast musical examples for students enrolled in public school . Walter Damrosch directed the radio program , Music Appreciation Hour . In the course of this broadcast , teachers were able to obtain the musical selections in advance along with student notebooks and teacher instruction manuals . Two other popular music broadcast programs were Alice in Orchestralia and the Standard Symphony Hour . These broadcasts were an innovative teaching strategy which promoted and encouraged active listening and music appreciation . Prior to the radio , listening to music was limited to live performances and the skill of the teacher to play music , specifically on the piano . The impact of the radio in the 1930s can similarly be compared to some of today 's technology , such as iPods , compact discs , and computers . Technology has become much more widely available in the classroom since the 1930s . Today , children have access to many musical devices and options that were not available in the 1930s . In essence , technology has been used in music classrooms throughout the United States with the intent to improve the quality of music education for students . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mark , Michael L. ; Charles L. Gary ( 2007 ) . A History of American Music Education . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield , Publishing , Inc . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` Mark '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , J.M. ( 2006 ) . Journal of Band Research . 41 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 35 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Sullivan , J.M. ( 2007 ) . `` Music for the Injured Soldier : A Contribution of American Women 's Military Bands During World War II '' . Journal of Music Therapy . 44 ( 3 ) : 282 -- 305 . doi : 10.1093 / jmt / 44.3. 282 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , J.M. ( 2006 ) . `` Women 's military bands in a segregated army : the 400th WAC bands '' . Journal of Band Research . 41 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Hersey , J.R ; Sullivan , J.M. ( 2009 ) . `` A history of the United States Coast Guard SPAR band '' . Journal of Historical Research in Music Education . 30 ( 2 ) : 33 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , J.M. ( 2008 ) . `` A century of women 's bands in America '' . Music Educators Journal . 95 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Tischler , B.L. ( 1986 ) . `` One Hundred Percent Americanism and Music in Boston during World War I '' . American Music . 4 ( 2 ) : 164 -- 176 . doi : 10.2307 / 3051979 . Jump up ^ Gary , C.L. ( 2002 ) . `` A Treasury of American Song '' . Music Educators Journal . 88 ( 6 ) : 33 -- 37 + 61 . Jump up ^ Jones , L.B. ( 1942 ) . `` How Can the School Band Serve in Defense ? '' . Music Educators Journal . 28 ( 4 ) : 22 . ^ Jump up to : Spartan Marching Band ( 25 October 2009 ) . `` History '' . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kappa Kappa Psi National Honorary Band Fraternity ( 2011 ) . `` Who is Kappa Kappa Psi ? '' . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kappa Kappa Psi ( 2005 ) . National Guide to Membership : Kappa Kappa Psi National Honorary Band Fraternity . Stillwater , OK : Kappa Kappa Psi . ^ Jump up to : Tau Beta Sigma ( 2003 ) . Tau Beta Sigma . National Guide to Membership Education : Tau Beta Sigma National Honorary Band Sorority . Stillwater , OK : Tau Beta Sigma . ^ Jump up to : Tau Beta Sigma National Honarary Band Sorority. ( 5 December 2007 ) . `` About '' . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ The MARGARET Fund of the National Women 's Law Center ( 2011 ) . `` History of Title IX . '' . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Walker , T. ( 23 June 2010 ) . `` Closing the Gender Gap . '' . Retrieved 18 March 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.ed.gov/blog/2012/04/ed-releases-new-report-on-arts-education-in-u-s-public-schools/ Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Education ^ Jump up to : `` Title IX -- General Provisions '' . U.S. Department of Education . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Highly Qualified Teachers . k12.wa.us https://www.k12.wa.us/titleiia/HighlyQualifiedTeachers.aspx . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Senate Passes Every Child Achieves Act , with Music and Arts as Core Subjects , Intact - National Association for Music Education ( NAfME ) '' . 2015 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate Designates Music as a Core Subject , What Does That Mean ? '' . www.bsomusic.org . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ García , J.A. Rodríguez - Quiles y ; Dogani , K. ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Music in schools across Europe : analysis , interpretation and guidelines for music education in the framework of the European Union . '' . Jump up ^ Andrew Ujifusa . `` Roughly Half of States Consider Arts a `` Core '' Subject , New Report Finds `` . Education Week - State EdWatch . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` NCCAS - home '' . nccas.wikispaces.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NCCAS - home '' . nccas.wikispaces.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` National Music Education Standards - Music & Technology - MusTech.Net '' . Music & Technology - MusTech.Net . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` National Music Education Standards - Music & Technology - MusTech.Net '' . Music & Technology - MusTech.Net . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` What You Need To Know About the New National Core Arts Standards '' . ARTS Blog . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ Yoon , Jenny Nam ( 2000 ) . `` Music in the Classroom : Its Influence on Children 's Brain Development , Academic Performance , and Practical Life Skills '' ( PDF ) . Biola University . Retrieved 26 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , JS ( 2001 - 04 - 01 ) . `` The Mozart effect '' . Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine . 94 ( 4 ) : 170 -- 172 . ISSN 0141 - 0768 . PMC 1281386 . PMID 11317617 . Jump up ^ Crncec , Rudi . Prior , Margaret . Wilson , Sarah J. ( August 2006 ) . `` The Cognitive and Academic Benefits of Music to Children : Facts and fiction '' ( PDF ) . Educational Psychology . 26 ( 4 ) . doi : 10.1080 / 01443410500342542 . Retrieved 27 July 2016 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Eric Dearing ; Kathleen McCartney ; Heather B. Weiss ; Holly Kreider ; Sandra Simpkins ( 28 October 2004 ) . `` The promotive effects of family educational involvement for low - income children 's literacy '' . Journal of School Psychology . 42 ( 6 ) . doi : 10.1016 / j. jsp. 2004.07. 002 . Retrieved 25 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Senate Designates Music as a Core Subject , What Does That Mean ? '' . www.bsomusic.org . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Marguerite V. Hood and Music Education Radio Broadcasts in Rural Montana , Cooper , Shelly . `` Marguerite V. Hood and Music Education Radio Broadcasts in Rural Montana ( 1937 - 39 ) . '' Journal of Research in Music Education Vol . 53.No. 4 ( 2005 ) : 295 - 307 . JSTOR . Jump up ^ Weidenbach , Vanda . `` Innovations in Music Education . '' Primary Educator Vol . 3.No. 1 ( 1997 ) . Professional Development Collection . Web . 15 Mar. 2011 . `` The Methods of Teaching '' . Organization of American Kodaly Educators . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 18 . `` What is Orff - Schulwerk ? '' . American Orff - Schulwerk Association . Mark , Michael L. ; Gary , Charles L ( 2007 ) . A History of American Music Education . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield . LaRue , Peter . Theories&Theorists. html `` Popular Learning Theories , Theorists '' Check url = value ( help ) . Georgetown College Music 315 Public School Music . `` The History of Dalcroze '' . Dalcroze Society of America . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 18 . Jones , Archie N. ( 1942 ) . `` Community Singing Goes to War '' . Music Educators Journal . 29 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 40 , 42 . Livingston , C. ( 2007 ) . `` MENC and Music Education : 1933 - 1957 Survival and Growth through a challenging Era '' . Journal of Historical Research in Music Education . 28 ( 2 ) : 111 -- 126 . `` Music Education in Wartime '' . Music Educators Journal . Music Educators ' National Conference . 29 ( 1 ) : 17 -- 25 . 1942 . doi : 10.2307 / 3386334 . Molnar , J. W ( 1955 ) . `` The Establishment of the Music Supervisors National Conference , 1907 -- 1910 '' . Journal of Music Education Research . 3 ( 1 ) : 40 -- 50 . doi : 10.2307 / 3344410 . Stabley , Rhodes R ( 1942 ) . `` Music for America at War '' . Music Educators Journal . 29 ( 1 ) : 42 . Campbell , Patricia Shehan ; Klinger ( 2000 ) . `` Learning '' . In Koskoff , Ellen . Garland Encyclopedia of World Music . 3 : The United States and Canada . Garland Publishing . pp. 274 -- 287 . ISBN 0 - 8240 - 4944 - 6 . `` How Much Time do Primary and Lower Secondary Students Spend in the Classroom ? '' OECD.org. April 2014 . Web . 20 Nov. 2014 . < http://www.oecd.org/education/skills-beyond-school/EDIF%202014 -- N22 % 20 % 28eng % 29. pdf > Parsad , Basmat , and Jared Coppersmith . `` Arts Education . '' U.S. Department of Education . 2014 . Web . 20 Nov. 2014 . < http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2012/2012014rev.pdf > Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_education_in_the_United_States&oldid=799054414 '' Categories : Music education in the United States Performing arts education in the United States American music Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with duplicate reference names Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2011 All articles lacking in - text citations Pages with URL errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 10 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who established music education in the boston schools as part of every child's education | [] | [] |
5956121341488108963 | Mission: Impossible – Fallout | Mission : Impossible -- Fallout - wikipedia Mission : Impossible -- Fallout Mission : Impossible -- Fallout Theatrical release poster Directed by Christopher McQuarrie Produced by J.J. Abrams Tom Cruise Christopher McQuarrie Jake Myers Written by Christopher McQuarrie Based on Mission : Impossible by Bruce Geller Starring Tom Cruise Henry Cavill Ving Rhames Simon Pegg Rebecca Ferguson Sean Harris Angela Bassett Michelle Monaghan Alec Baldwin Music by Lorne Balfe Cinematography Rob Hardy Edited by Eddie Hamilton Production company Skydance Media Alibaba Pictures Bad Robot Productions Distributed by Paramount Pictures Release date July 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 12 ) ( Paris ) July 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 27 ) ( United States ) Running time 147 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $178 million Box office $540.7 million Mission : Impossible -- Fallout is a 2018 American action spy film written , produced and directed by Christopher McQuarrie . It is the sixth installment in the Mission : Impossible film series , and the second film to be directed by McQuarrie , after Rogue Nation ( 2015 ) , making him the first person to direct more than one film in the franchise . The cast includes Tom Cruise , Ving Rhames , Simon Pegg , Rebecca Ferguson , Sean Harris , Michelle Monaghan and Alec Baldwin , all of whom reprise their roles from previous films , along with Henry Cavill , Vanessa Kirby and Angela Bassett , who join the franchise . In the film , Ethan Hunt ( Cruise ) and his team must track down stolen plutonium while being monitored by a CIA agent ( Cavill ) after a mission goes awry . Talks for a sixth Mission : Impossible film began prior to the release of Rogue Nation in 2015 . The film was officially announced in November 2015 , with McQuarrie confirming his return as writer and director , as well as producer alongside Cruise , the seventh collaboration between the pair . Filming took place from April 2017 to March 2018 , in Paris , the United Kingdom , New Zealand , Norway , and the United Arab Emirates . Mission : Impossible -- Fallout had its world premiere in Paris on July 12 , 2018 and was released in the United States on July 27 , 2018 . It was the first in the series to be released in RealD 3D , and also had a limited IMAX release . The film has grossed over $540 million worldwide , making it the tenth highest - grossing film of 2018 . It received universal acclaim for its direction , story , acting , action sequences and stunts , with many critics calling it the best installment in the franchise , and some regarding it as one of the greatest action films of all time . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Pre-production 3.2 Filming 4 Soundtrack 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Two years after Solomon Lane 's capture , the remains of his organization `` the Syndicate '' are now a terrorist group named `` the Apostles '' . Ethan Hunt is assigned to intercept three stolen plutonium cores in Berlin before the Apostles can sell them to fundamentalist John Lark . He joins Benji Dunn and Luther Stickell for the mission , but they fail when Luther is taken hostage and Ethan chooses to save his life , allowing the Apostles to take the plutonium . The team capture nuclear weapons expert Nils Debruuk and learn that he built three portable nuclear weapons for the Apostles . Furious at the IMF 's failure to secure the plutonium , CIA Director Erica Sloane instructs Special Activities Division operative August Walker to shadow Ethan as he attempts to retrieve the plutonium . Ethan and Walker infiltrate a party in Paris where Lark is believed to be buying the cores from an arms dealer known as White Widow . They track a man whom they suspect to be Lark and engage in a brutal fight with him . Despite their combined efforts to fight , the man gains the upper hand until he is killed when Ilsa Faust intervenes just as he is about to kill Hunt . Ethan impersonates Lark and warns the White Widow that the Apostles are trying to kill her . Walker passes doctored evidence on to Sloane suggesting that Hunt has always been Lark and the man killed by Ilsa was a decoy . To secure the plutonium , White Widow tasks Ethan with extracting Lane from an armoured convoy moving through Paris . She provides one of the plutonium cores as a payment in kind for the mission . Ethan and Walker attack the convoy and lead the police and the White Widow 's men on a chase across Paris while Benji and Luther secure Lane . Ilsa reappears and attempts to kill Lane to prove her loyalty to MI6 . The mission to extract Lane is successful and White Widow instructs the team to deliver Lane to London . At a safehouse in London , IMF Secretary Alan Hunley confronts Ethan about being John Lark . Ethan denies it and incapacitates him to continue the mission . The team trick Walker into admitting he is the real Lark , Walker is working with Lane , and the Apostles as part of a plot to acquire the plutonium and have Ethan branded a nuclear terrorist . The IMF team inform Sloane , who instructs a CIA unit to detain everyone , but the CIA unit has been compromised by the Apostles and Walker orders them to attack instead . After Walker kills Hunley and escapes , Ethan chases him across the city , but is unable to apprehend him . Walker threatens the life of Ethan 's estranged wife Julia Meade and departs for a medical camp in Kashmir with Lane . The team deduces that Lane plans to detonate the two remaining nuclear weapons over the Siachen Glacier , contaminating the water supply of Pakistan , India , and China ; with a third of its population affected , the world will descend into anarchy from which Lane hopes a new world order will emerge . Ethan finds Walker has arranged for Julia to be assigned to the medical camp , increasing the pressure on him . Lane activates the weapons and gives the detonator to Walker . Ethan follows him in a helicopter , leaving Benji , Luther , and Ilsa to find the weapons . Luther and Julia find the first bomb and work to understand its mechanism , but they are unable to defuse it without the detonator . Ilsa and Benji locate the second weapon and subdue Lane . After a lengthy chase Ethan uses his helicopter to ram Walker 's aircraft out of the sky . The two fight on a cliff edge and Walker is killed . Ethan gains the detonator , allowing Luther , Ilsa , and Benji to deactivate the bombs . In the aftermath , the remaining two cores are safely recovered . Sloane hands Lane over to MI6 through the White Widow , earning Ilsa 's exoneration . Ethan recovers from his injuries with Julia 's help while the rest of the team celebrate with him . Cast ( edit ) Tom Cruise as Ethan Hunt , an IMF agent and leader of a team of operatives Henry Cavill as August Walker / John Lark , a CIA assassin working for the Special Activities Division tasked with monitoring Ethan and his team Ving Rhames as Luther Stickell , an IMF agent and a member of Hunt 's team & his best friend Simon Pegg as Benji Dunn , an IMF technical field agent and a member of Hunt 's team Rebecca Ferguson as Ilsa Faust , a former MI6 agent who joined Hunt 's team during Rogue Nation Sean Harris as Solomon Lane , an anarchist mastermind who was the leader of the Syndicate during Rogue Nation Angela Bassett as Erica Sloane , the new Director of the Central Intelligence Agency replacing Hunley , and Walker 's superior Michelle Monaghan as Julia Meade , a doctor and Ethan 's estranged wife Alec Baldwin as Alan Hunley , a former CIA Director who later became the new IMF Secretary at the end of Rogue Nation Vanessa Kirby as Alanna Mitsopolis / White Widow , a black market arms dealer and the daughter of Max from the first film Frederick Schmidt as Zola Mitsopolis , Alanna 's brother , primary enforcer and the son of Max from the first film Wes Bentley as Patrick , Julia 's second husband Kristoffer Joner as Nils Debruuk , a rogue nuclear weapons specialist Production ( edit ) Preproduction ( edit ) On May 23 , 2015 , The Tracking Board reported that Paramount Pictures was developing a sixth Mission : Impossible film , with Tom Cruise , J.J. Abrams , David Ellison , and Dana Goldberg returning to produce , along with Don Granger and Matt Grimm as executive producers , and Elizabeth Raposo overseeing development . On July 28 , 2015 , Cruise confirmed on The Daily Show with Jon Stewart that a sixth film was already being developed , and told Jon Stewart that the filming would `` probably '' commence in summer 2016 . On August 2 , 2015 , Paramount executive Rob Moore told Variety that the sequel was already in the works , stating that they were `` very happy to be developing this movie with Tom , '' and `` there has to be another movie . '' On November 19 , 2015 , it was announced that Paramount had again hired Christopher McQuarrie to write the film , while it was possible that he would also direct again , and the studio was moving fast , with plans to begin shooting in August 2016 . On November 30 , 2015 , McQuarrie confirmed through his Twitter account that he would be back for directing duty as well , and also produce the film along with Cruise . On December 8 , 2015 , Showbiz411 confirmed that the fifth film 's female lead , Rebecca Ferguson , would return for the sequel . On August 19 , 2016 , The Hollywood Reporter wrote that Paramount had halted pre-production on the film due to a dispute over salary between Cruise and the studio , as Cruise wanted to be paid equal to or more his fee for the Universal Studios film The Mummy . On September 16 , The Hollywood Reporter confirmed that Cruise 's dispute with the studio had been resolved , and production would now begin in spring 2017 . In November , Jeremy Renner -- who portrayed William Brandt in Ghost Protocol and Rogue Nation -- stated that he was unsure if he would be part of the sixth film , due to scheduling conflicts with Marvel Studios ' Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) . Renner ultimately did not return for the sixth film . In February , McQuarrie revealed that the film would include more backstory to Ethan Hunt 's personal life . On June 13 , 2017 , Michelle Monaghan was announced to again play Hunt 's wife Julia Meade . Filming ( edit ) Filming was slated to start in Paris on April 10 , 2017 . Other locations include the United Kingdom , New Zealand and Norway . Filming officially began on April 8 . Some of the filming also took place in New Zealand in July 2017 . The municipality of Forsand in Norway allowed the closing of Preikestolen for a time in autumn for the film 's shoot ; only crew members and cast were allowed to approach the mountain for nine consecutive days . They also were allowed up to 50 helicopter landings per day . In August 2017 , Cruise injured his right leg on the London set during filming . Following the accident , the studio announced it would halt production for at least nine weeks in order for Cruise 's broken ankle and other injuries to heal , but released a statement saying that they would be keeping the July 2018 release date for the film . The injury resulted in a cost of around $80 million for the studio , because they had to pay the cast and crew for the eight - week hiatus so they would not take another job . However , the injury and subsequent costs were offset by insurance , and did not count against the film 's final budget . Filming resumed in early October 2017 , with Cruise spotted on the set seven weeks after his initial injury , and two weeks earlier than initially planned . Reshoots for Cavill 's Justice League coincided with the schedule for Fallout , for which he had grown a mustache which he was contracted to keep while filming . While McQuarrie initially gave the producers of Justice League permission to have Cavill shave the mustache in exchange for the $3 million it would cost to shut down production on Fallout and then digitally fill the mustache in , executives from Paramount rejected the idea . Justice League 's VFX team was then forced to use special effects to digitally remove the mustache in post-production . On January 25 , 2018 , the title was revealed to be Mission : Impossible -- Fallout . Filming concluded in the United Arab Emirates ( UAE ) on March 25 , 2018 . Production in the UAE included filming of a High Altitude Low Opening ( HALO ) jump scene with Cruise . The scene required Cruise and the crew to train on a ground - based vertical wind tunnel , and then use a C - 17 military aircraft to make over one hundred jumps from around 25,000 feet ( 7,600 m ) to end up with three takes that McQuarrie wanted for the film . As the scene was to be set near sunset , they could only make one jump a day to try to get each shot . One of the biggest challenges for the visual effects team was replacing the Abu Dhabi desert with Paris , which is where the jump takes place in the film . Artists re-created the Grand Palais des Champs - Élysées using reference imagery , Lidar scans and photogrammetry from drone footage that was taken above the building . Soundtrack ( edit ) Mission : Impossible -- Fallout : Music from the Motion Picture Soundtrack album by Lorne Balfe Released July 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 14 ) Recorded 2018 Genre Film score Length 1 : 35 : 45 Label La - La Land Records Paramount Music Producer Lorne Balfe , Queenie Li Lorne Balfe chronology Pacific Rim Uprising ( 2018 ) Pacific Rim Uprising 2018 Fallout ( 2018 ) Mission : Impossible chronology Rogue Nation ( 2015 ) Rogue Nation 2015 Fallout ( 2018 ) Fallout2018 The musical score for Mission : Impossible -- Fallout was composed by Lorne Balfe . Balfe was confirmed by McQuarrie to be the composer for the film in April 2018 , replacing the previous composer Joe Kraemer . The score has been applauded by some critics for being `` action - packed '' and its balance between heaviness and moody reveries ; some also considered it being too `` Nolan-esque '' , comparing it to scores by Hans Zimmer ( particularly The Dark Knight Rises ) . The score implements the use of percussion , snares and bongos to create a jaunty staccato momentum . The digital album was released through Paramount Music on July 14 , 2018 . The physical soundtrack will be released later in the month by La - La Land Records . All music composed by Lorne Balfe . No . Title Length 1 . `` A Storm is Coming '' 1 : 12 2 . `` Your Mission '' 2 : 14 3 . `` Should You Choose to Accept ... '' 2 : 34 4 . `` The Manifesto '' 1 : 44 5 . `` Good Evening , Mr. Hunt '' 4 : 19 6 . `` Change of Plan '' 5 : 47 7 . `` A Terrible Choice '' 2 : 54 8 . `` Fallout '' 1 : 30 9 . `` Stairs and Rooftops '' 6 : 00 10 . `` No Hard Feelings '' 4 : 20 11 . `` Free Fall '' 4 : 14 12 . `` The White Widow '' 4 : 42 13 . `` I Am the Storm '' 2 : 07 14 . `` The Exchange '' 5 : 54 15 . `` Steps Ahead '' 1 : 02 16 . `` Escape Through Paris '' 5 : 05 17 . `` We Are Never Free '' 6 : 57 18 . `` Kashmir '' 4 : 29 19 . `` Fate Whispers to the Warrior '' 3 : 54 20 . `` And the Warrior Whispers Back '' 3 : 56 21 . `` Unfinished Business '' 1 : 49 22 . `` Scalpel and Hammer '' 5 : 10 23 . `` The Syndicate '' 6 : 00 24 . `` Cutting on One '' 3 : 42 25 . `` The Last Resort '' 2 : 55 26 . `` Mission : Accomplished ( Theme from Mission : Impossible by Lalo Schifrin ) '' 1 : 15 Total length : 1 : 35 : 45 Release ( edit ) Mission : Impossible -- Fallout was released in the United States and 36 other countries on July 27 , 2018 , by Paramount Pictures in RealD 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D , and is scheduled for August 31 , 2018 in China . The film premiered in Paris on July 12 , 2018 . The first trailer was released on February 4 , 2018 , during Super Bowl LII , and a second one on May 16 , 2018 . Marketing spent a total of $140 million on global promotion and advertisements . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) As of August 28 , 2018 , Mission : Impossible -- Fallout has grossed $195.9 million in the United States and Canada , and $344.8 million in other territories , for a total worldwide gross of $540.7 million , against a production budget of $178 million . In the United States and Canada , Fallout was released alongside Teen Titans Go ! To the Movies , and was projected to gross $48 -- 65 million in its opening weekend , with some estimates going as high as $75 million . It opened in 4,386 theaters , the most ever for the franchise and the seventh - widest release all - time . The film made $6 million from Thursday night previews ( including $1 million from IMAX screenings ) , the highest of the series , a record for Cruise , and a 66 % increase from Rogue Nation 's $4 million . It went on to debut to $61.2 million , the best of the series and the second - highest of Cruise 's career . It made $35 million in its second weekend to remain in first , and marked the best sophomore frame of the franchise . The film made $20 million in its third weekend , finishing second behind newcomer The Meg . In other territories , the film was projected to debut to $75 -- 80 million from 36 countries , for an estimated total global opening of around $135 million . It made $15 million on its first day , including $2.8 million in South Korea . The film ended up overperforming , debuting to $92 million overseas for a worldwide total of $153.5 million . Its largest markets were South Korea ( $24.9 million ) , the United Kingdom ( $9.5 million ) and India ( $8.2 million ) . By its third weekend of release , the largest markets outside the US were : South Korea ( $46.4 million ) , the UK ( $22.4 million ) , India ( $13.5 million ) , Taiwan ( $11.9 million ) , Mexico ( $10.8 million ) , Brazil ( $9.6 million ) and the UAE ( $6.4 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 97 % based on 338 reviews , with an average rating of 8.3 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Fast , sleek , and fun , Mission : Impossible -- Fallout lives up to the ' impossible ' part of its name by setting yet another high mark for insane set pieces in a franchise full of them . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 86 out of 100 , based on 60 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim . '' Audiences polled by PostTrak gave the film an 84 % overall positive score and a 65 % `` definite recommend , '' while CinemaScore reported filmgoers gave it an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale , the highest - ever for the series . Variety 's Peter Debruge called the film the series ' most exciting installment to date , saying , `` McQuarrie clearly believes in creating coherent set pieces : His combat scenes are tense , muscular , and clean , shot and edited in such a way that the spatial geography makes sense . '' David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a grade of `` A '' and called it one of the best action films ever , writing `` He 's only Tom Cruise because nobody else is willing to be -- or maybe he 's only Tom Cruise so that nobody else has to be . Either way , Fallout is the film he 's always promised us , and it is worth the wait . '' Entertainment Weekly 's Chris Nashawaty also gave the film an `` A '' grade , commenting on Cruise that `` He 's still Hollywood 's hungriest movie star '' , with the series getting `` better , twistier and more deliriously fun with each installment '' . George Simpson of The Express complimented `` the action is brutal and gut - punching , the pacing heart - pumping and the stakes so high it 's gasp - inducing at times , '' adding , `` Fallout is an improvement on all the previous films ' failings , drawing together all the best aspects of them ; simultaneously giving off that classic vibe of the original while never being afraid to continually evolve ; '' he gave the film five out of five stars . The Telegraph 's Tim Robey summed up the film as `` spectacular and eye - popping , '' deeming it `` the blockbuster of the summer '' with `` a pleasingly sinuous plot , '' and calling the film and its series a `` Bond - like franchise '' ; he also rated the film five out of five stars . Robert Abele of TheWrap described Cruise as an `` evergreen movie star with the daredevil heart of a stuntman '' and that he `` puts every ounce of effort he can into the long , hard work of maintaining a blockbuster franchise . '' The Hollywood Reporter 's Todd McCarthy praised director Christopher McQuarrie , saying that with Mission : Impossible - Fallout he `` tops what he did with Cruise three years ago , '' and also singled out Vanessa Kirby for playing her character with `` a mix of elegance and frisky abandon . '' J.R. Kinnard of PopMatters wrote , `` Though it lacks the gritty humanity of something like George Miller 's Mad Max : Fury Road ( 2015 ) , Mission : Impossible -- Fallout is no less impressive in its dedication to character - driven action and practical special effects . It 's a dazzling , non-stop thriller that 's sure to become an instant action classic . '' Screen Daily 's Tim Grierson wrote `` Tom Cruise is on fighting form in this thrilling franchise topper ... ( he is ) ageless , riveting and seemingly unstoppable , '' further adding that `` the sixth film in the series is among the most outstanding , delivering a near - exhausting amount of stupendous action sequences paired with deft character drama and the requisite life - or - death stakes . '' Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` there is n't as much ( humor ) in the dialogue as before , '' but added , `` Crashes and petrolhead spills are what this franchise is reasonably expected to deliver . And this is what it cheerfully does . '' Sight & Sound 's Nick Pinkerton wrote `` A strong contender for the most consistently cinematic franchise of the last 25 years , the Mission : Impossible films also offer a case study in the idea of the actor as auteur , with Tom Cruise continuing to present himself as a fearless screen immortal in Fallout . '' Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ As depicted in the 2015 film Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mission : Impossible - Fallout '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mission : Impossible - Fallout ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` Mission : Impossible - Fallout Early Reviews - The Best Mission Yet '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Critics rave about Tom Cruise 's ' eye - popping ' Mission Impossible film '' . BBC News . BBC . July 13 , 2018 . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chase , Lou ( May 23 , 2015 ) . `` ( TB Exclusive ) `` Mission : Impossible 6 '' Already In Development At Paramount `` . The Tracking Board . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 29 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Cruise Announces Plans for ' Mission : Impossible 6 ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Mission : Impossible 6 ′ : Paramount Backs Tom Cruise for Another Sequel '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Christopher McQuarrie Eyeing Return for ' Mission : Impossible 6 ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McQuarrie , Christopher ( @ chrismcquarrie ) ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Mission : Accepted # MI6 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( November 30 , 2015 ) . `` Christopher McQuarrie Back To Write & Direct ' Mission : Impossible 6 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Roger ( December 8 , 2015 ) . `` Mission Accomplished : Rebecca Ferguson First Tom Cruise Leading Lady Doing a Second `` M : I '' `` . Showbiz411 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Cruise ' Mission : Impossible 6 ' Pay Dispute Halts Preproduction '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Cruise Closes ' Mission : Impossible 6 ' Deal , Preproduction to Resume ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Melrose , Kevin ( November 13 , 2016 ) . `` Avengers : Infinity War May Force Jeremy Renner to Skip M : I 6 '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Adam ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Mission : Impossible 6 Announces Cast , One Major Actor Wo n't Return '' . Cinema Blend . GatewayBlend Entertainment . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` How Mission : Impossible 6 Will Be Different From The Previous Movies '' . Cinema Blend . GatewayBlend Entertainment . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Michelle Monaghan Returning For ' Mission : Impossible 6 ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Christopher McQuarrie Talks Mission : Impossible 6 Start and Character Returns '' . ComingSoon.net . Mandatory . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Mission : Impossible 6 Shooting in IMAX 3D '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jøssang , Tor Inge ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Stenger Preikestolen i ni dager for Tom Cruise '' . Aftenposten ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( April 8 , 2017 ) . `` Mission : Impossible 6 director announces the start of filming '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Mission : Impossible 6 Cast Photo as New Zealand Shoot Ends '' . ComingSoon.net . Mandatory . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Madshus , Karin ; Karianne , Grindem ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Cruise - innspilling på Preikestolen kan skuffe 350 maratonløpere '' . Dagbladet ( in Norwegian ) . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Cruise Injured in ' Mission Impossible 6 ' Stunt '' . TMZ . EHM Productions . August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Zurilla , Christie ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Cruise hurt filming ' Mission : Impossible 6 ' roof - jumping stunt '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Cruise Stunt Injury Shuts Down ' M : I 6 -- Mission Impossible ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ' Budget Soars After Tom Cruise Injury , Raising Box - Office Stakes '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Tom Cruise Gets Back to Work on ' Mission : Impossible 6 ' After Set Injury '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travis , Ben ( August 1 , 2018 ) . `` Mission Impossible Fallout Director Originally Agreed For Henry Cavill To Shave Moustache For Justice League '' . Empire . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . / Jump up ^ Henning Santiago , Amanda Luz ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` How much work it will take to digitally remove Henry Cavill 's mustache for ' Justice League , ' according to visual effects artists '' . Business Insider . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Travis , Ben ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Mission Impossible 6 Officially Named Fallout '' . Empire . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McQuarrie , Christopher ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Day 161 and that 's a wrap . Our deepest appreciation to our incredible splinter unit for your patience and fortitude . Sincerest thanks to Her Excellency Maryam Al Mheiri , twofour54 , The Abu Dhabi Film Commission and the UAE Armed Forces for making us feel so welcome . Everything is impossible until it 's been done and together we did it . # MissionImpossibleFallout # inabudhabi '' . Instagram . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Tom Cruise details insane ' Mission : Impossible ' jump stunt at 25,000 feet , done 106 times '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( June 3 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Tom Cruise film a crazy HALO jump for Mission : Impossible -- Fallout '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Failes , Ian ( August 28 , 2018 ) . `` Planes , Paris , Masks and Mirrors : The VFX of MISSION : IMPOSSIBLE -- FALLOUT '' . VFXVoice.com . Retrieved August 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ filmmusicreporter ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` Lorne Balfe Scoring Christopher McQuarrie 's Mission Impossible - Fallout '' . Film Music Reporter . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Richard ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` Mission : Impossible -- Fallout Is the Best Action Movie of the Year '' . Vanity Fair . Condé Nast . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Patches , Matt ( July 13 , 2018 ) . `` The action of Mission : Impossible - Fallout will have you gasping for air '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` Tom Cruise 's ' Mission : Impossible 6 ' Lands Summer 2018 Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ' Lights Overseas Fuse With $15 M ; Sets China Date '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Richford , Rhonda ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` The ' Mission Impossible -- Fallout ' Cast on How Paris Inspired the Latest Action - Packed Installment '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mithaiwala , Mansoor ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` First Mission : Impossible 6 Trailer Coming Super Bowl Sunday '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission ' Accomplished : ' Fallout ' $61 M+ Opening Reps Record For Tom Cruise Franchise -- Sunday '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Box Office : ' Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ' Shooting for $60 Million - Plus Launch '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Brevet , Brad ( July 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission : Impossible - Fallout ' Poised to Deliver the Franchise 's Best Opening Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Top 20 : New ' Mission : Impossible ' hits No. 1 '' . Associated Press . July 30 , 2018 . Retrieved August 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission ' Notches Best 2nd Weekend For Franchise With $35 M ; ' Christopher Robin ' No Eeyore With $25 M -- Sunday Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( August 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' August Audiences Get Hooked On ' Meg ' Shelling Out $44.5 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ; D'Alessandro , Anthony ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ' Targets Possible $135 M+ Global Record Opening For Tom Cruise Franchise '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( July 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ' Ignites Record $92 M Overseas / $153.5 M Global Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( August 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Meg ' Devours $97 M Overseas / $141 M Global Opening ; ' Fallout ' Flies Past $400 M WW -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mission : Impossible - Fallout ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved August 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mission : Impossible - Fallout Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` Film Review : Tom Cruise in ' Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ehrlich , David ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ' Review : Tom Cruise and Christopher McQuarrie Deliver One of the Best Action Movies Ever Made '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` Mission : Impossible - Fallout is insanely great : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Simpson , George ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` Mission Impossible Fallout REVIEW : Tom Cruise goes from strength to strength - BEST yet '' . The Express . Express Newspapers . Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robey , Tim ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` Mission : Impossible - Fallout review : spectacular and eye popping , this is the blockbuster of the summer '' . The Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abele , Robert ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission Impossible : Fallout ' Film Review : Cruise - ing for Bruising Action in This Jam - Packed Six - Quel '' . TheWrap . Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission : Impossible - Fallout ' Film Review : '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kinnard , J.R. ( July 25 , 2018 ) . `` Is Tom Cruise 's Ethan Hunt Ready to Let It Go ? ' Mission : Impossible - Fallout ' '' . PopMatters . Retrieved August 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Grierson , Tim ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Mission Impossible : Fallout ' : Review '' . Screen Daily . Screen International . Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( July 12 , 2018 ) . `` Mission Impossible : Fallout review : Tom Cruise remains a pneumatic treat '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pinkerton , Nick ( August 6 , 2018 ) . `` Thrill of the Hunt : Tom Cruise and the Mission : Impossible franchise '' . Sight & Sound . British Film Institute . Retrieved August 6 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Mission : Impossible -- Fallout on IMDb Mission : Impossible Television Mission : Impossible ( 1966 -- 73 ) Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Mission : Impossible ( 1988 -- 90 ) Episodes Season 1 Films Mission : Impossible soundtrack Mission : Impossible 2 soundtrack score Mission : Impossible III soundtrack Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation Mission : Impossible -- Fallout Characters Television Main characters Guest stars A -- M N -- Z Film Ethan Hunt Luther Stickell Benji Dunn Video games Mission : Impossible ( 1990 ) Mission : Impossible ( 1998 ) Mission : Impossible ( 2000 ) Mission : Impossible -- Operation Surma Miscellaneous Mission : Impossible vs. the Mob Impossible Missions Force Theme ( Lalo Schifrin ) Music from Mission : Impossible `` I Disappear '' `` Scum of the Earth '' `` Take a Look Around '' Films directed by Christopher McQuarrie The Way of the Gun ( 2000 ) Jack Reacher ( 2012 ) Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation ( 2015 ) Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ( 2018 ) J.J. Abrams Films Director Mission : Impossible III ( 2006 , also wrote ) Star Trek ( 2009 , also produced ) Super 8 ( 2011 , also wrote , produced ) Star Trek Into Darkness ( 2013 , also produced ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 , also wrote , produced ) Star Wars : Episode IX ( 2019 , also wrote , produced ) Writer Taking Care of Business ( 1990 ) Regarding Henry ( 1991 ) Forever Young ( 1992 ) Gone Fishin ' ( 1997 ) Armageddon ( 1998 ) Joy Ride ( 2001 , also produced ) Producer The Pallbearer ( 1996 ) The Suburbans ( 1999 ) Cloverfield ( 2008 ) Morning Glory ( 2010 ) Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol ( 2011 ) Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation ( 2015 ) 10 Cloverfield Lane ( 2016 ) Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) The Cloverfield Paradox ( 2018 ) Mission : Impossible -- Fallout ( 2018 ) Overlord ( 2018 ) Television Felicity ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Alias ( 2001 -- 2006 ) Lost ( 2004 -- 2010 ) Fringe ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Undercovers ( 2010 ) Demimonde ( TBA ) Related Bad Robot Productions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mission:_Impossible_ -- _Fallout&oldid = 857134364 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s action films 2010s spy films Mission : Impossible films American action thriller films American films American sequel films American spy films Films based on television series Films about the Central Intelligence Agency Films about nuclear war and weapons Films about revenge Films about terrorism Films set in Belfast Films set in Berlin Films set in Kashmir Films set in London Films set in Paris Films shot in London Films shot in Norway Films shot in Paris Bad Robot Productions films Skydance Media films Paramount Pictures films Films directed by Christopher McQuarrie Films produced by J.J. Abrams Films produced by Tom Cruise Screenplays by Christopher McQuarrie IMAX films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu বাংলা भोजपुरी Български Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 19 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when is mission impossible fallout coming out in canada | [] | [] |
-6207799607456984853 | Khalid (singer) | Khalid ( singer ) - wikipedia Khalid ( singer ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American R&B singer . For the Algerian singer , see Khaled ( musician ) . For the DJ , see DJ Khaled . Khalid Birth name Khalid Legend Robinson ( 1998 - 02 - 11 ) February 11 , 1998 ( age 19 ) Fort Stewart , Georgia , U.S. Genres R&B pop Occupation ( s ) Singer songwriter Instruments Vocals Years active 2015 -- present Labels Right Hand RCA Columbia Website khalidofficial.com Khalid Legend Robinson ( born February 11 , 1998 ) , known mononymously as Khalid , is an American singer and songwriter . He is signed to Right Hand Music Group and RCA Records . He is best known for his debut single , `` Location '' , which peaked at number 16 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and was certified platinum . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Discography 3.1 Studio albums 3.2 Singles 3.2. 1 As lead artist 3.2. 2 As featured artist 3.3 Other charted songs 4 Notes 5 Tours 5.1 The Location Tour 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Khalid Robinson was born on February 11 , 1998 , in Fort Stewart , Georgia . He spent his childhood in various locations including Fort Campbell in Kentucky , Fort Drum in Watertown , New York , and six years in Heidelberg , Germany because of his mother Linda Wolfe 's career in the military . Wolfe worked as a supply technician for over 10 years and eventually earned an opportunity to sing in the US Army Band . His mother sacrificed opportunities to pursue her own artistic dreams in order to raise him . In high school he studied singing and musical theater . During his senior year of high school , the family moved to El Paso , Texas , and Khalid graduated from Americas High School in 2016 . Career ( edit ) Khalid reached number 2 on the Billboard Twitter Emerging Artists chart in July 2016 . His single `` Location '' began charting , while Khalid began appearing on many publications ' `` Artists you need to know '' lists , including Billboard , Yahoo , Buzzfeed , and Rolling Stone . With production from Syk Sense , Tunji Ige , and Smash David , `` Location '' finished the year 2016 at No. 20 on the Billboard 's Mainstream R&B / Hip - Hop Airplay chart and reached the Top 10 on the Billboard Hot R&B Songs chart on January 21 , 2017 . After premiering on The Fader , the video netted over six million views in its first four months on YouTube , while the song was streamed 35 million times on Spotify . `` Location '' has since received over 17 million plays on Soundcloud since it 's initial release . In January 2017 , Alina Baraz 's single `` Electric '' featuring Khalid was released . His collaboration with Brasstracks , `` Whirlwind , '' was part of the Yours Truly & Adidas Originals Songs from Scratch series , and received over 700,000 Soundcloud plays . In the first week of February 2017 , Apple Music named Khalid its New Artist of the Week . Khalid sold out every venue on his 21 - city January -- February 2017 US `` Location Tour '' , including the 1,500 - capacity Tricky Falls in El Paso , and the tour continued in Europe . His debut studio album American Teen was released on March 3 , 2017 . Khalid has said his mother is his biggest musical inspiration , and has also cited Kendrick Lamar , A $ AP Rocky , Father John Misty , Frank Ocean , Grizzly Bear , Chance the Rapper , Lorde , India. Arie , and James Blake as influences . Khalid contributed uncredited vocals to Kendrick Lamar 's song The Heart Part 4 , released on March 24 , 2017 . Khalid made his television debut performing `` Location '' on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon March 15 , 2017 backed by The Roots . He performed at the annual Roots Picnic in Philadelphia on June 3 , 2017 . His song , `` Angels '' was featured on the ABC drama series Grey 's Anatomy in the episode entitled `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' , which aired April 27 , 2017 . Discography ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) List of studio albums , with selected details and peak chart positions Title Album details Peak chart positions Certifications US US R&B / HH US R&B AUS CAN DEN NL NZ SWE UK American Teen Released : March 3 , 2017 Labels : Right Hand , RCA , Columbia Formats : CD , digital download 15 7 26 5 15 47 RIAA : Platinum IFPI DEN : Gold MC : Gold Singles ( edit ) As Lead artist ( edit ) List of singles as lead artist , with selected chart positions , showing year released and album name Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album US US R&B / HH US R&B AUS CAN DEN NL NZ SWE UK `` Location '' 2016 16 8 39 48 -- 78 11 -- -- RIAA : 3 × Platinum ARIA : Platinum BPI : Silver MC : Platinum RMNZ : Platinum American Teen `` Let 's Go '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Hopeless '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Reasons '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Non-album single `` Saved '' 2017 -- -- 16 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ARIA : Gold American Teen `` Young Dumb & Broke '' 25 8 26 15 76 63 18 RIAA : Platinum ARIA : Platinum RMNZ : Platinum `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory . As featured artist ( edit ) List of singles as featured artist , showing year released and album name Title Year Peak chart positions Certifications Album US US R&B / HH AUS CAN DEN NL NZ SWE UK `` Electric '' ( Alina Baraz featuring Khalid ) 2017 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Non-album single `` 1 - 800 - 273 - 8255 '' ( Logic featuring Alessia Cara and Khalid ) 5 6 23 6 9 RIAA : 2 × Platinum ARIA : Platinum BPI : Silver IFPI DEN : Gold MC : 2 × Platinum RMNZ : Platinum Everybody `` Rollin '' ( Calvin Harris featuring Future and Khalid ) 62 27 40 36 -- 58 34 85 43 ARIA : Gold Funk Wav Bounces Vol. 1 `` Silence '' ( Marshmello featuring Khalid ) 42 -- 16 14 7 11 5 5 ARIA : Platinum BPI : Silver RMNZ : Gold Non-album single `` Why Do n't You Come On '' ( DJDS featuring Khalid and Empress Of ) -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- `` Homemade Dynamite '' ( Lorde featuring Khalid , Post Malone and SZA ) 92 -- 30 54 -- 92 20 84 -- MC : Gold Melodrama `` -- '' denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory . Other charted songs ( edit ) Title Year Peak chart positions Album US R&B `` American Teen '' 2017 22 American Teen `` 8TEEN '' 23 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Location '' did not enter the Swedish Singellista Chart , but peaked at number 3 on the Swedish Heatseekers Chart . Jump up ^ `` Saved '' did not enter the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart , but peaked at number 4 on the Bubbling Under R&B / Hip - Hop Singles chart . Jump up ^ `` Why Do n't You Come On '' did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart , but peaked at number nine on the NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart . Tours ( edit ) The Location Tour ( edit ) List of concerts , showing date , city , country , venue , opening acts , tickets sold , amount of available tickets , and gross revenue Date City Country Venue Opening act Attendance Revenue North America January 12 , 2017 Chicago United States Reggies -- -- -- January 14 , 2017 Detroit The Shelter January 15 , 2017 Toronto Canada Velvet Underground January 16 , 2017 Boston United States Middle East January 19 , 2017 New York City SOB 's January 20 , 2017 Philadelphia The Foundry January 21 , 2017 Washington Songbyrd January 22 , 2017 Baltimore Metro Gallery January 25 , 2017 Atlanta Vinyl January 27 , 2017 Houston Bronze Peacock January 29 , 2017 Dallas Cambridge Room February 1 , 2017 Denver Larimer Lounge February 2 , 2017 Copenhagen Store Vega February 3 , 2017 Albuquerque Launch Pad February 4 , 2017 El Paso Tricky Falls February 7 , 2017 Phoenix Club Red February 8 , 2017 Los Angeles The Roxy February 10 , 2017 San Diego House of Blues -- Voo Doo Room February 11 , 2017 Santa Ana Constellation Room February 12 , 2017 San Francisco Social Hall February 14 , 2017 Sacramento Harlows Europe February 21 , 2017 Berlin Germany Kantine am Berghain February 24 , 2017 Paris France Maroquinerie February 25 , 2017 Amsterdam Netherlands Bitterzoet February 27 , 2017 London United Kingdom Hoxton 's Bar and Kitchen Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result 2017 Woodie Awards Woodie To Watch Himself Won BET Awards Best New Artist Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice R&B / Hip - Hop Song `` Location '' Nominated MTV Video Music Awards Best New Artist Himself Won MTV Europe Music Awards Best New Artist Pending Best Push Artist Pending American Music Awards Favorite Soul / R&B Song `` Location '' Pending Soul Train Music Awards Best New Artist Himself Pending Best R&B Soul Male Artist Pending Song of the Year `` Location '' Pending The Ashford & Simpson Songwriter 's Award Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shifferaw , Abel . `` Kel Mitchell , Rachael Leigh Cook Star in Khalid 's High School - Themed Video for `` Young Dumb & Broke '' `` . Complex . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Acosta , Dave . `` Khalid finds his ' Location ' in El Paso '' . El Paso Times . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Findlay , Mitch . `` Who Is Khalid ? Everything You Need To Know '' . HotNewHipHop . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Perry , `` Saved '' documentary , The Fader , February 2 , 2017 , retrieved February 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ Acosta , Dave . `` The story behind Khalid 's climb up the music charts '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Elias Leight , `` 10 Hip - Hop and R&B Artists to Watch In 2017 '' , Billboard , December 27 , 2016 , retrieved February 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ Jim Farber , `` 10 Artists to Watch in 2017 '' , Yahoo ! Music , December 28 , 2016 , retrieved February 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ Emma Cooke , `` 26 Brilliant Songs You Need In Your January Playlist '' , Buzzfeed , January 11 , 2017 , retrieved February 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` 10 New Artists You Need to Know : February 2017 '' , Rolling Stone , February 1 , 2017 , retrieved February 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ Amaya Mendizabal , `` The ' Location ' of Khalid 's Breakout Hit ? The Top 10 on Hot R&B Songs Chart '' , Billboard , January 12 , 2017 , retrieved February 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ Myles Tanzer , `` Khalid Finds A Digital Love In ' Location ' Video '' , The Fader , September 26 , 2016 , retrieved February 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ Khalid had many a ' location ' growing up -- now he 's standing squarely in the spotlight . Los Angeles Times ( March 3 , 2017 ) . Retrieved on 2017 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Alina Baraz and Khalid Link Up on Seductive New Track , ' Electric ' / Ones To Watch '' . Ones To Watch . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Black , Adrienne . `` Listen to Khalid and Brasstracks Team Up for `` Whirlwind '' `` . PigeonsandPlanes . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Teen by Khalid on Apple Music '' . iTunes. 3 March 2017 . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Kevito , `` First Look Friday : Chucotown 's Own Khalid Is The Future of Millennial R&B '' , Okayplayer , December 2016 , retrieved February 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ Eddie Cepeda , `` IRL Paso : Texas Singer Khalid Is Making Music to Connect To '' , Noisey , January 17 , 2017 , retrieved February 7 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Kendrick Lamar 's `` The Heart Part 4 '' Features An Uncredited Vocal From Khalid `` . The Fader . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khalid Is Featured on Kendrick Lamar 's New `` The Heart Part 4 '' `` . XXL . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Myers , Owen . `` Watch Khalid 's Charismatic Performance Of `` Location '' On Fallon `` . The FADER . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khalid '' . www.facebook.com . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khalid -- Chart History : Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khalid -- Chart History : Top R&B / Hip - Hop Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khalid -- Chart History : Top R&B Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Peaks in Australia : All except noted : `` Discography Khalid '' . Australian Charts Portal . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Other peaks : `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khalid -- Chart History : Canadian Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discography Khalid '' . Danish Charts Portal . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discografie Khalid '' . Dutch Charts Portal . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Discography Khalid '' . charts.org.nz -- Hung Medien . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Peak positions for Swedish chart : All except `` Homemade Dynamite ( Remix ) '' : `` Discography Khalid '' . Swedish Charts Portal . Hung Medie . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . `` Young Dumb & Broke '' and `` Silence '' : `` Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' ( To access , enter the search parameter `` Khalid '' and select `` Search by Keyword '' ) ( in Swedish ) . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Khalid full Official Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Teen by Khalid on Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Click on `` Veckans albumlista '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Gold & Platinum -- RIAA '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Khalid `` American Teen '' `` . IFPI Denmark . October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Khalid '' . Music Canada . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Khalid -- Chart History : Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Khalid -- Chart History : Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Khalid -- Chart History : Hot R&B Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Khalid -- Chart History : Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedish Heatseekers Chart -- 26 May 2017 '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2017 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` BPI Awards - bpi '' ( To access , enter the search parameter `` Khalid '' and select `` Search by Keyword '' ) . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian single certifications -- Khalid '' . Music Canada . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Khalid -- Location '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Let 's Go -- Single by Khalid '' . iTunes . September 12 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hopeless -- Single by Khalid '' . iTunes . October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Reasons -- Single by Khalid '' . iTunes . December 2 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Saved -- Single by Khalid '' . iTunes . January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Search for Khalid ( Bubbling Under R&B / Hip - Hop ) Billboard '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Track Top - 40 Uge 42 , 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Zealand single certifications -- Khalid -- Young Dumb & Broke '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Electric ( feat . Khalid ) -- Single by Alina Baraz On Apple Music '' . iTunes . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Taylor Swift Tops Billboard Hot 100 , Sam Smith Debuts at No. 5 '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Logic -- 1 - 800 - 273 - 8255 '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Logic feat . Alessia Cara & Khalid `` 1 - 800 - 273 - 8255 '' `` . IFPI Denmark . October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Logic feat . Alessia Cara and Khalid -- 1 - 800 - 273 - 8255 '' . Recorded Music NZ . October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Lorde ft . Khalid , Post Malone & SZA -- Homemade Dynamite '' . Music Canada . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé tops 2017 BET Awards nominations '' . Los Angeles Times . May 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VMAs : Kendrick Lamar Tops Nominations as MTV Continues to Eliminate Gendered Categories '' . The Hollywood Reporter . July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Solange , Bruno Mars Lead 2017 Soul Train Awards Nominations '' . Billboard . October 17 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website VIAF : 588149066432865600952 GND : 1128325152 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khalid_(singer)&oldid=807946780 '' Categories : 1998 births Living people 21st - century American musicians American child singers Musicians from Texas RCA Records artists Musicians from El Paso African - American singer - songwriters Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles with hCards Pages using Template : Infobox musical artist with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Deutsch Eesti Español Հայերեն Português Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 00 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | whats the meaning of the song young dumb and broke | [] | [] |
-5666155737533198482 | Names of India's First War of Independence | Names of India 's First War of Independence - wikipedia Names of India 's First War of Independence Jump to : navigation , search The Indian Rebellion of 1857 has been variously termed as a war of independence , a rebellion , and a mutiny . Several Indian writers , who consider it as a part of the Indian independence movement that ultimately led to the country 's independence in 1947 , have termed it as `` The First War of Independence '' , the `` great revolution '' , the `` great rebellion '' , and the `` Indian freedom struggle '' . Several British writers , who view it as a military disturbance , have termed it as `` sepoy revolt '' , `` sepoy war '' , `` Indian rebellion '' , and the `` great revolt '' . Since the 19th century , a section of British writers have challenged the choice of the word `` mutiny '' to describe the events . Contents ( hide ) 1 British nomenclature 2 Indian nomenclature 3 References 4 Further reading British nomenclature ( edit ) The British and colonial press along with contemporary European referred to the events under a number of titles the most common being the Sepoy Mutiny or the Indian Mutiny . Contemporary ' anti-imperialists ' viewed this term as propaganda , and pushed to characterize it as more than just the actions of a few mutinous native soldiers although the term The Indian Insurrection was used in the British and colonial press at the time . Karl Marx was the first Western scholar to call the 1857 revolt a `` national revolt '' , though he used the term Sepoy Revolt to describe the event . Indian nomenclature ( edit ) In India , the term First War of Independence was first popularized by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in his 1909 book The History of the War of Indian Independence , which was originally written in Marathi . Jawaharlal Nehru , the first Prime Minister of India , insisted on using the term First War of Independence to refer to the event , and the terminology was adopted by the Government of India . Some South Indian historians have opposed the use of the term First War of Independence by the Government to describe the 1857 revolt , and have unsuccessfully taken the issue to the court . These historians insist that several other anti-British uprisings in South India , such as the Vellore Mutiny in 1806 had preceded the 1857 revolt , and should be called the First War of Indian independence . In 2006 , when the Indian postal department issued a postal stamp to commemorate the Vellore Mutiny of 1806 , M. Karunanidhi , the former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu , said that the move had given `` due recognition '' to India 's `` first war of independence '' . Some Sikh groups have also opposed the use of the term , they insist that the First Anglo - Sikh War ( 1845 -- 46 ) should be called the First War of Independence instead . In May 2007 , the Lok Sabha Deputy Speaker Charanjit Singh Atwal and three other MPs from Punjab protested against the commemoration of the 150th anniversary of the 1857 revolt over this issue . Although many such wars had taken place before the First Anglo - Sikh war , like the First Anglo - Maratha War and First Anglo - Mysore War . Some Indian writers also insist that none of the armed uprisings against the British in India , including the 1857 uprising , should be termed as a `` war of independence '' , since they were not national in nature , not motivated by nationalist sentiment and only involving a minority of people or soldiers . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nicola Frith ( 2014 ) . The French Colonial Imagination : Writing the Indian Uprisings , 1857 - 1858 , from Second Empire to Third Republic . Lexington Books . pp. 28 -- 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 8001 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Indian History - British Period - First war of Independence '' . Jump up ^ `` Il ya cent cinquante ans , la révolte des cipayes '' . 1 August 2007 . Jump up ^ German National Geographic article Archived 2005 - 05 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Empire , Sydney , Australia , 11 July 1857 , or Taranaki Herald , New Zealand , 29 August 1857 Jump up ^ Marx , Karl ; Friedrich Engels ( 1959 ) . The first Indian war of independence , 1857 - 1859 . Moscow : Foreign Languages Pub . House . OCLC 9234264 . Jump up ^ Prakash Karat. 1857 : In The Hearts And Minds Of People ^ Jump up to : K. Natwar Singh ( 2004 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Marx , Nehru and Savarkar on 1857 '' . Asian Age . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Inder Malhotra . `` The First War of Independence '' . Asian Age . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Amberish K Diwanji ( 2004 - 08 - 23 ) . `` Who was Veer Savarkar ? The First War '' . The Rediff Special . Rediff.com . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : S. Muthiah ( 2007 - 03 - 25 ) . `` The First War of Independence ? '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ LR Jagadheesan ( 11 July 2006 ) . `` Tamils dispute India mutiny date '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 1857 anniversary : Dy speaker creates flutter '' . The Hindu . 2004 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Ganda Singh . The Truth About the Indian Mutiny of 1857 . Issue No. 17 , August 2004 . ( originally published in The Sikh Review , August , 1972 , pp. 32 - 44 . ) Further reading ( edit ) Marx , Karl ( 16 September 1857 ) . `` The Indian Revolt '' . www.marxists.org . New - York Daily Tribune . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Marx , Karl . `` The Revolt in the Indian Army '' . New - York Tribune 1857 . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Vinayak Damodar Savarkar . The Indian War of Independence -- 1857 Embree , Ainslie Thomas ( 1963 ) . 1857 in India ; mutiny or war of independence ? . Boston : Heath . OCLC 870396 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Names_of_India%27s_First_War_of_Independence&oldid=840056887 '' Categories : Indian Rebellion of 1857 Naming controversies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Talk Contents About Wikipedia தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 7 May 2018 , at 12 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who called the revolt of 1857 as the first war of independence | [] | [] |
1937134582926359719 | Riding in Town Cars with Boys | Riding in Town Cars with Boys - wikipedia Riding in Town Cars with Boys Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Riding in Town Cars With Boys '' Gossip Girl episode Episode no . Season 5 Episode 10 Directed by Vince Misiano Written by Amanda Lasher Original air date December 5 , 2011 ( The CW ) Episode chronology ← Previous `` Rhodes to Perdition '' Next → `` The End of the Affair ? '' List of Gossip Girl episodes `` Riding in Town Cars With Boys '' is the tenth episode of season 5 of the TV series Gossip Girl . The episode was directed by Vince Misiano and written by Amanda Lasher . It was aired on December 5 , 2011 , on the CW . It is the winter finale with the fifth season starting again on January 16 , 2012 . Similar to previous names in the series , the title of the episode references a work of literature . The title reference is from the 2001 film Riding in Cars with Boys starring Drew Barrymore . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character summary 2 Basic Plot ( from season 5 list of episodes ) 3 Detailed plot 4 References 5 External links Character summary ( edit ) Serena van der Woodsen ( Blake Lively ) : Serena is very nostalgic in this episode . She looks back and realizes she has n't found anybody better than Dan or Nate . She and Dan make up and are now friends . After the accident , Serena commits herself to taking Gossip Girl down . Nate Archibald ( Chace Crawford ) : Nate is busy with his newspaper as it gets more attention . He finds out that his grandfather arranged his job for him . Also , he is now leading his family in order to maintain their leadership status . He helps Chuck and Blair escape together and witnesses their car wreck first - hand . After the accident , Nate says he will help Serena take Gossip Girl down . Blair Waldorf ( Leighton Meester ) : Blair does not hide her conflicted feelings as she comes to realize that there is a possible ending with Chuck in it and not Louis . She tries to stay away from going for Chuck , but she can not help it . At the end of the episode , her and Chuck get in a car crash due to over-active paparazzi . She survives the crash . Chuck Bass ( Ed Westwick ) : After struggling to curb his feelings for Blair and to remain a changed man , Chuck commits himself to Blair and her unborn child . He goes to reveal his love for Blair and she reciprocates her feelings . They run away together but get into a car accident that leaves him in trouble . Ivy Dickens ( Kaylee DeFer ) : Charlie is still dealing with Max at her party . After the crash , she tells Rufus that she was the one that sent in the Gossip Girl blast so her party could be shut down and Max would n't do too much damage . After telling Rufus , she decides to come clean about her double life but ends up leaving when Lily interrupts her with news of Chuck and Blair . Daniel Humphrey ( Penn Badgely ) Dan finally makes up with Serena . He plays Blair conscience for a day when she shows up at his house asking for advice on who she should pick to raise her baby with . He helps her all day until she comes to the conclusion that she should marry Louis . But , despite her decision , Dan leads her to Chuck knowing that he is the right man for Blair . Basic plot ( from season 5 list of episodes ) ( edit ) Serena and Lily prepare Charlie for her first debutante ball to welcome her into New York high society , but the vindictive Max is determined to reveal Charlie / Ivy 's secret by any means necessary . Meanwhile , Blair must choose where she stands with both Louis and Chuck as she hides out at the Humphrey loft in Brooklyn from the press . Dan realizes that it is time to tell Blair the truth about his feelings for her . Louis returns to New York where he meets with Serena and confides in her about his fears about his future with Blair . Nate learns that his grandfather , William van der Bilt , owns the majority of stock shares at Spectator and he influenced Diana to hire him . William invites Nate to an upstate retreat , but Nate 's cousin , Tripp , has been excluded . After Dan sacrifices his own love for Blair for her happiness , Chuck and Blair are hurried into a car from Charlie 's debutante ball . Their car is tailed by vicious paparazzi ( Charlie sent a blast to Gossip Girl and tipped them off in order to keep them away from her ) who cause them to crash , leaving Chuck fighting for his life and the pregnant Blair fighting to keep her baby . After Max 's pleas to both Serena and Nate about Charlie 's real identity fall on deaf ears , he has a run - in with Tripp van der Bilt whom he apparently tells his story about Ivy . Charlie calls Carol Rhodes to tell her that she is leaving New York City after she tells Rufus that she is a fraud . Also , Diana is called by Jack Bass and informed about Chuck and Blair 's car accident ; she is somehow involved . Detailed plot ( edit ) The episode starts with a recap of the previous episode , `` Rhodes to Perdition '' , and the title sequence . Charlie is shown cutting her old IDs that have the name `` Ivy Dickens '' on them . Serena , Lily , Charlie , Rufus , and Dan are seen at breakfast celebrating the upcoming announcement of Charlie to New York 's Upper East Side society . She mentions how appreciative she is of Lily and that she works at The Spectator with Nate again . Dan announces that his book is catching more attention lately . Serena and he have a small tiff and Lily mentions they need to move on from Serena ruining Dan 's book 's chances of becoming a movie . Nate is on the phone with an employee and Chuck is looking at an article about how Blair 's wedding may be off . Nate suggests that he should call Blair but Chuck does n't because `` Louis is the father of her child , there 's no way she 'll give that up '' . Blair is continuing to have trouble with Louis . Dorota suggests that Louis may not be back yet because Blair still has feelings for Chuck . She instantly shoots them down . Serena and Dan are having a good conversation and seem as if they may be making up . Serena says that the book showed each person in it how they do n't want to end up . She says how she has n't changed yet . Dan says maybe she needs to dethrone Gossip Girl . Rufus suggests to Dan that he is still in love with BLair and he needs to tell her how he feels even if Blair does n't reciprocate those feelings and Dan seems like he may listen to his father 's advice . Nate is at the office when Tripp drops by . Nate mentions how he 's going to a retreat with his grandfather while Tripp was n't invited . Tripp was n't invited because he had discovered that his wife 's fake infidelity was William 's doing . Blair is feeling the pressure of the paparazzi and decides she needs to leave her penthouse . She receives a call from Dan and ends up at his loft in Brooklyn . Dan asks Blair if the reason Louis is n't around is because of Chuck . Blair admits that she has some feelings for Chuck because he has become the man she 's always wanted him to be , but Louis has too . They start a list of pro 's and con 's but Blair comes to the conclusion that Louis is the father of her child and that she has to stay with him . She asks Dan how it would feel to be a father to another man 's baby and he said that it would be worth it . Max asks Charlie for more money or he will reveal her lies . She says she can stand anything with her family . Serena is looking through old Gossip Girl blasts and comes upon the revelation that , besides Nate , Dan was the last good man she 's dated . Blair calls Chuck . She asks him if he could love another man 's child and expresses how scared she is to choose a man . He tells her that it would n't be a mistake to marry the father of her child . Nate confronts William van der Bilt about Tripp and his wife and the truth comes out that he had arranged Nate 's job at The Spectator . He tells Nate that Nate is the one who knows which way their family needs to go in order to stay leaders . William leaves and Max enters . He pleads to Nate to listen to his story but Nate shuts him out . Serena tells Dan that he needs to stay away from Blair . Louis comes to see her and they hang up . Charlie comes to see Nate . Nate tells her about Max coming to sell Charlie 's story . Nate expresses that he might not go to the weekend trip with his grandfather . Charlie reassures him that he earned his job . Lily go to Chuck and asks if he is okay with Blair . She tells him to come to talk to her whenever he feels something for Blair . Chuck says that he does n't want her to have to bear that burden . Lily says that she 's always loved Chuck as her own and she hopes he can feel that love for someone some day . Louis expresses his concern for Blair to Serena . Serena tells him he needs to stop scheming in order to be with Blair and gives him her location . Blair tells Dan that Chuck said she needs to marry Louis and she is unable to hide her unhappiness . Dan asks her what she really wants and she says she wants to be happy again but does n't know how to . Dan says he thinks he may know a way . William goes to speak with Tripp and is angry with him that Tripp tried to undermine his relationship with Nate . Tripp begs William not to drop him because he needs him to have a career but William ignores him and leaves . Max walks up to Tripp and offers to help him if Tripp with help Max . Louis is shown banging on Dan 's loft doors when Chuck enters . They get in to the loft but Blair and Dan are not there . Dan takes Blair to the party in a fire - lit room . He says that no one knows where they are . Max shows up to Charlie 's party but Nate stops him . Max tells him that there are people that will want to hear his story . Nate tells him he will make sure that he wo n't get in and tells Charlie that Max is at the party . Dan takes Chuck to Blair , revealing to all of their friends where Blair is . Blair asks Chuck why he 's here and he says that Dan arranged it . He says he should have fought for Blair and tells her he wants to raise her baby together . Gossip Girl sends a blast with Blair 's location . She decides she needs to leave and Chuck tells her he 's leaving with her . Nate helps them leave unnoticed . Lily calls a speech in front of all . She expresses her admiration for her niece and Charlie sees Chuck and Blair leaving . As Blair and Chuck pull away in a limo , a puddle of oil is shown that leaked from the car . Dan tells Serena that he did n't tell Blair his feelings because he realized he needed to help Blair towards Chuck . He says that her being with Chuck was what was going to make her happy , which is what he wanted in the first place . Serena says that he 's one of the good ones . Max calls Charlie and tells her he 's leaving and that she will be living a lie for the rest of her life . Chuck and Blair are well on their way to leaving but paparazzi are following dangerously . Blair confesses her love for Chuck and that she 's going to tell Louis her decision . They speculate about where they 're going and Blair finally notices that the paparazzi is following them . Nate realizes he 's not going the right way when Blair and Chuck 's limo crashes due to the paparazzi . Serena and Dan arrive at the hospital and Nate tells them that it is pretty bad . Lily gets off of the phone with Blair 's family when Charlie arrives . Serena gets angry and blames the crash on Gossip Girl . Nate says that he will help Serena take down Gossip Girl by using The Spectator to do it . Charlie tells Rufus that she sent the Gossip Girl blast because she was scared that Max would do too much damage . Lily arrives back with the others . She says that Blair is awake and responsive but when Serena asks about Chuck , Lily is silent . As Charlie is leaving , a group of medical professionals rush away . Diana is seen in a limo . She receives a call from Jack Bass and she says she 'll go back to New York . References ( edit ) External links ( edit ) The CW station website Gossip Girl official website Gossip Girl Season 5 ( hide ) Gossip Girl Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` The Wild Brunch '' `` Victor , Victrola '' `` Hi , Society '' `` The Thin Line Between Chuck and Nate '' `` Desperately Seeking Serena '' `` All About My Brother '' `` Much ' I Do ' About Nothing '' Season 2 `` Summer , Kind of Wonderful '' `` Never Been Marcused '' `` The Dark Night '' `` The Ex Files '' `` The Serena Also Rises '' `` Seder Anything '' `` Valley Girls '' `` The Goodbye Gossip Girl '' Season 3 `` Reversals of Fortune '' `` The Freshman '' `` The Lost Boy '' `` Enough About Eve '' `` They Shoot Humphreys , Do n't They ? '' `` The Last Days of Disco Stick '' `` The Debarted '' `` The Hurt Locket '' `` Last Tango , Then Paris '' Season 4 `` Belles de Jour '' `` Double Identity '' `` The Undergraduates '' `` Touch of Eva '' `` Easy J '' `` Gaslit '' `` The Townie '' `` Petty in Pink '' `` The Princesses and the Frog '' `` The Wrong Goodbye '' Season 5 `` Yes , Then Zero '' `` All the Pretty Sources '' `` Rhodes to Perdition '' `` Riding in Town Cars with Boys '' `` The End of the Affair ? '' `` Father and the Bride '' `` G.G. '' `` The Backup Dan '' Season 6 `` Gone Maybe Gone '' `` New York , I Love You XOXO '' Characters Serena van der Woodsen Blair Waldorf Dan Humphrey Nate Archibald Jenny Humphrey Chuck Bass Vanessa Abrams Eric van der Woodsen Lily van der Woodsen Rufus Humphrey Georgina Sparks Juliet Sharp Ivy Dickens Lola Rhodes Related Gossip Girl novel series The It Girl novel series OMFGG -- Original Music Featured on Gossip Girl No. 1 Gossip Girl : Acapulco episodes Gossip Girl : Thailand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riding_in_Town_Cars_with_Boys&oldid=788296940 '' Categories : 2011 American television episodes Gossip Girl ( season 5 ) episodes Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from July 2013 All articles lacking sources Articles to be expanded from July 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using infobox television episode with incorrectly formatted episode list Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 June 2017 , at 17 : 09 . About Wikipedia | what episode is blair and chuck's car crash | [] | [] |
-2316885099617832114 | Uncle Ben | Uncle Ben - wikipedia Uncle Ben Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Spider - Man comic book character . For the food brand , see Uncle Ben 's . Uncle Ben Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( August 1962 ) Created by Stan Lee ( writer ) Steve Ditko ( artist ) In - story information Full name Benjamin Parker Supporting character of Spider - Man Benjamin `` Ben '' Parker , usually called Uncle Ben , is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics , commonly in association with the superhero Spider - Man . Uncle Ben first appeared in Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( August 1962 ) and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist Steve Ditko . Modeled after American founding father Benjamin Franklin , the character plays an influential role in the Spider - Man comic books . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 1.1 Notability of death 2 Fictional character biography 3 Other versions 3.1 Trouble 3.2 Bullet Points 3.3 House of M 3.4 Marvel Noir 3.5 Spider - Verse 3.6 Ultimate Marvel 3.7 What If ? 3.8 Derailed Alt - Ben Parker 4 `` With great power comes great responsibility '' 5 In other media 5.1 Television 5.2 Film 5.3 Video games 6 Franklin Richards ' Uncle Ben 7 Son of Spider - Man 8 The Other Uncle Ben 9 References 10 External links Publication history ( edit ) Uncle Ben first appeared in Amazing Fantasy # 15 ( August 1962 ) and was killed in the very same issue . Although his history as a supporting character was very brief , Uncle Ben is an overshadowing figure in Spider - Man 's life , often appearing in flashbacks . Notability of death ( edit ) The murder of Uncle Ben is notable as one of the few comic book deaths , that has never been reversed in terms of official continuity . He was a member of the `` Big Three '' , referring also to Jason Todd ( an associate of Batman ) and Bucky ( an associate of Captain America ) whose notable deaths , along with Ben 's , gave rise to the phrase : `` No one in comics stays dead except for Bucky , Jason Todd , and Uncle Ben '' . Later , the revivals of both Bucky and Jason in 2005 led to the amendment , `` No one in comics stays dead except Uncle Ben '' . The violent killing of Uncle Ben , done by a common street criminal , also shares multiple similarities to the death of Thomas and Martha Wayne , the parents of Batman , which sometimes is included in the saying . There have been examples of Uncle Ben remaining alive in alternative timelines , including stories featured in Marvel 's What If ( one of which he forces Peter to unmask in front of J. Jonah Jameson ) , and a storyline of the 1994 Spider - Man animated series featured a universe where Uncle Ben had never died , and Peter Parker became a successful industrialist , having never really bothered to use his powers responsibly as everything always seemed to work out for him . This fact is used to defeat the rampaging Spider - Carnage by exposing him to the one person he will trust and listen to : the Uncle Ben of that reality . A story - line in the official series Friendly Neighborhood Spider - Man seemingly suggested that Ben may be alive . This Ben , however , was actually from a parallel universe where Aunt May died in a random accident , leaving him to raise Peter . This alternate Ben came to the planet Earth of regular Marvel comics ( the 616 reality ) as part of an evil plan devised by the Hobgoblin of 2211 to defeat the Spider - Men of different eras . During the Clone Conspiracy storyline , when Peter 's clone Ben Reilly who named himself after Uncle Ben and Aunt May , taking Ben 's first name and May 's last to differentiate himself from Peter used the Jackal 's technology to revive various old enemies and allies of Peter Parker , he offered to bring Uncle Ben back to life while trying to win Peter to his point of view , but although tempted at the offer , Peter concluded that the reason Ben had not brought ' their ' uncle back on his own was that he knew that Uncle Ben would disapprove of his `` nephew 's actions '' , as Ben 's plan would see everyone on Earth granted immortality while dependent on him to supply the medication needed to stabilize their cloned bodies . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Ben Parker was born in Brooklyn , New York . He trained to be a military police officer , and also spent time as a singer in a band . He had known his future wife , May Reilly since their high school days , but she in turn was naively interested in a boy who was involved in criminal activities . When he came to her one night and proposed to her on the spot , Ben was there to expose him as a murderer , and to comfort the heart - broken May when the boy was arrested . Their relationship evolved into love , and they enjoyed a happily married life . When Ben 's younger brother Richard Parker and his wife Mary were killed in a plane crash , Ben and May took in their orphaned son Peter and raised him as their own . Ben was very protective of Peter , going as far as fighting some of the bullies that tormented young Parker . Peter became friends with Charlie Weiderman in high school , a teen even more unpopular than he was . However , Charlie often provoked the trouble with the other teens . One day , he was chased to the Parker home by a group of bullies led by Rich and Ben intervened . Ben told them that if they wanted Charlie , they would have to go through him . Rich tried to , but was surprised by Ben 's army training . As soon as the bullies were gone , he told the boy that he was not welcome at the house or with Peter because of his provoking the bullies and not being able to tell the truth . In high school , a radioactive spider bite gave Peter superhuman powers . Creating the costumed identity of Spider - Man for himself , Peter sought first to exploit his newfound powers as a masked wrestler and then as a television star . Coming from a television appearance , Spider - Man saw a burglar being chased by a security guard . The guard called for Spider - Man to stop the thief , but the nascent Spidey refused on the grounds that catching criminals was not his job . The robber got away . When Peter later returned home , he was informed by a police officer that his beloved Uncle Ben had been killed by a burglar . Outraged , he donned his Spider - Man costume and captured the man only to realize to his horror that it was the same burglar whom he could have effortlessly captured earlier at the studio . As a result , Peter considered himself morally responsible for Ben 's death and resolved to fight crime as a superhero -- realizing that with great power comes great responsibility -- and vowing never to let another innocent person come to harm if he could help it . Ben Parker 's death was truly avenged when the burglar returned for the money once more , threatening Aunt May . The burglar died from a heart attack upon beholding his old nemesis Spider - Man once again and learning that Spider - Man and Peter Parker were one and the same person . In Amazing Spider - Man Family # 7 , May relates to Peter her account of meeting Ben for the first time . Ben briefly appeared in Amazing Spider - Man # 500 ; after Spider - Man played a vital role in preventing the resurrection of Dormammu , an unidentified higher power provided Doctor Strange with a small box that he felt he had to give to Spider - Man as a reward for his role in events . When Peter opened the box on the roof of his apartment building , it contained a note saying `` You have five minutes . Spend them as you will '' , followed by Ben appearing on the roof . It was revealed that this Ben - whether a ghost or Ben having been temporally relocated from the moment before his death - remembered being out for the walk that resulted in him getting shot but nothing afterwards , although he concluded that the events leading to him being on that roof were not important . In their talk Ben said that the only thing that would disappoint him about Peter is if Peter ever settled for less because he was afraid of reaching for more . This helps Peter to see that he had a good life for all its hardships , recognizing that he has always used what he has , and Ben assures Peter that he is proud of him before he vanishes . During the 2008 -- 2009 `` Dark Reign '' storyline , Uncle Ben makes an appearance in the Underworld when Hercules attends the trial of Zeus , directing Amadeus Cho as he attempted to find his parents in the afterlife . In the `` Amazing Grace '' storyline , Ben appears as an apparition to Spider - Man while battling a horde of demons and gargoyles , telling him that his death is not Peter 's or anyone 's fault . However , one enemy notices him and attacked only to disappear . This left Spider - Man puzzled if he was imagining Ben or he was really talking to his ghost . When Ben Reilly adopted the identity of the Jackal and set up an elaborate plan to use Warren 's new cloning process to make the world immortal , he attempted to win Peter 's allegiance by showing him Ben 's coffin and offering to bring Ben back to life . However , although tempted by the idea , Peter realized that Ben never intended to bring ' their ' uncle back to life because he would have done it already , coldly informing his clone that Uncle Ben would tell him that he was wrong . At the conclusion of the crisis , Peter takes a moment beside the coffin containing Ben 's corpse , acknowledging that Reilly 's actions were wrong but wishing that he was there regardless . Other versions ( edit ) Trouble ( edit ) A version of Ben appeared in the Mark Millar , Terry Dodson 2003 limited series , `` Trouble '' , with his brother Richie , who were involved with teenagers , May and Mary . None of the characters ' last names were revealed . The story did not become canon because of its negative reception . Bullet Points ( edit ) In this alternate reality , a young Ben Parker is working as a military policeman . He is assigned to security for Doctor Erskine , a scientist for the Captain America program . An assassination attempt on Erskine succeeds , killing Ben in the process . Later on , May still attempts to raise Peter on her own , but without the influence of Ben , Peter grows up to be angry , cynical and mean - spirited , going on to become the Hulk of this reality when he sneaks onto the test site that Rick Jones sneaked onto in the original version of events . House of M ( edit ) In the House of M reality , Ben Parker is alive and , like the rest of the world , is aware that Peter Parker is Spider - Man . After recovering Peter 's journal , with entries detailing that the world is not how it should be , Ben discovers that he is killed shortly after Peter gains his powers . He later helps Peter fake his death , photographing Spider - Man apparently hanging himself . Marvel Noir ( edit ) In the Marvel Noir reality , Ben Parker is a social activist who was murdered by Norman Osborne 's enforcers . He had previously been a decorated pilot and veteran of World War I , but he did not take pride in his service , believing that no just cause was fought for . His nephew Peter dons his old aviator uniform and wields his service revolver during his activities as Spider - Man . Spider - Verse ( edit ) A version of Peter Parker named Patton Parnell lives with his abusive Uncle Ted on an unknown Earth . After the bite of an irradiated spider mutates him into an arachnid monstrosity , Patton infects his Uncle Ted with his offspring while declaring he taught him that `` With great power comes a great appetite '' . An alternate Uncle Ben from an unknown reality appears in a flashback along with the version 's Aunt May . In this reality they are portrayed as scientists . They informed Peni Parker that she was the only person able to carry on the project ( after her father , the original SP / / dr , died in battle ) , and accepted the responsibly , allowing the radioactive spider that formed the other half of SP / / dr 's CPU to bite her . In an unknown reality , Uncle Ben and Aunt May are with their nephew Peter at the hospital after he suffers an allergic reaction to the radioactive spider bite , leaving him in a coma . Because of this , they are out of their house when is burgled by the thief that killed Ben in the main universe . Peter transforms into Man - Spider and attacks Uncle Ben and Aunt May , but is thwarted by Spider - Man Noir . Six - Armed Spider - Man creates a cure for Peter , allowing him to live a normal life with Ben and May . The Earth - 3145 version of Ben Parker was isolated in Ezekiel 's bunker after Earth is decimated by nuclear fallout . Ben is later found by Silk , Spider - Man and the other Spider - Men when arrive while fleeing from the Inheritors . Ben received his powers when he accompanied Peter to the science demonstration and was bitten by the spider instead of his nephew . Ben retired out of grief after his foe the Emerald Elf discovered his identity and killed his May and Peter . After entering Ezekiel 's bunker upon being told about the Inheritors , his Earth was decimated when a nuclear blackmail plot by Otto Octavius went wrong . Although he initially declines to join the other Spiders in their final attack on the Inheritors , Spider - Man and Superior Spider - Man convince him to do so by arguing that he has only failed if he gives up , Peter in particular affirming that the advice of his own Uncle Ben has saved his world and made a difference every day . He subsequently works with Spider - Ham to rescue Benjy Parker - the baby brother of Spider - Girl - and take him to another dimension for safety . When the crisis is concluded , Ben accompanies Spider - Girl back to her home dimension , and decides to remain so that he can be the great - uncle that no other Ben Parker has had the chance to become . Ultimate Marvel ( edit ) Ben Parker in Ultimate Spider - Man differs slightly from the original Ben Parker . In the Ultimate Spider - Man comics , Ben Parker is younger than his original counterpart . He is also a former hippie who wears his hair in a ponytail and teaches Peter to be nonviolent . Ben also reminisces about the period he lived on a commune . After Peter Parker went out for a walk , he came home and learned from a police officer that Uncle Ben was murdered . Uncle Ben is seen one last time meeting Peter in the afterlife after his death . What if ? ( edit ) Uncle Ben was featured in various issues of What If . In one reality where May was killed by the burglar instead of Ben , Peter immediately went after the burglar , but accidentally pushed him out of the window of a warehouse during the fight , resulting in Ben taking the blame for the crime to save his nephew . Lacking the moral influence of Ben or the need to stay secret for his aunt , Peter broke out of the orphanage he was sent to and began to defeat criminals for the reward money , matters coming to a head when he nearly killed the Green Goblin in a fight . Attempting to break Ben out of prison , Ben nevertheless convinced him that he had to accept responsibility for his actions , prompting Peter to return to school and form a relationship with Mary Jane after Anna Watson took him in , culminating in Ben helping Peter in his crime - fighting activities after he was released from prison . In the first `` What If '' story regarding Spider - Man ( named `` classic '' ) , it was Aunt May who went downstairs after hearing a noise , not wanting to wake up Ben . The same storyline plays out , with the burglar shooting May and Spider - Man apprehending him in the warehouse . In this story , Ben finds out about Peter 's activities as Spider - Man relatively soon , and talks to him about it . Peter explains to him when he donned the costume and why , even telling him about letting the would - be murderer go that very same night he robbed the wrestling register . Peter breaks down , saying how everything was his fault . Ben responds with anger at himself , being weak in not being able to protect `` his May '' . After Peter tells him he did not know and could not have possibly done anything , Ben instantly calms down and tells Peter to follow his own advice . He further inspires Peter to keep being Spider - Man , not because of regret or penance , but to protect and help all those who are weak and in need of help . Ben and Peter form an even closer relationship with Ben offering his support in many of Spider - Man 's future battles . Eventually Ben becomes outraged at Jameson 's constant smearing of Spider - Man 's name , considering it an insult to May 's memory . He eventually lets Jameson in on Spider - Man 's identity , forcing Jameson in a position he is uncomfortable in as a journalist . He can not expose Spider - Man without endangering Ben Parker , yet he also does not wish to support vigilantism . Eventually , he finds a middle road and unofficially employs Spider - Man so he can gain inside scoops on crimes being solved in the city . The story eventually ends with Spider - Man saving Bennett Brant and Betty Brant from Doctor Octopus , as well as fighting a Green Goblin who kidnapped Jameson to find out Spider - Man 's real identity ( having correctly surmised there was a reason Jameson had those inside scoops ) . At the end of it all , Peter and Ben shake hands with Ben saying they will face all dangers and the future together . Derailed alt - Ben Parker ( edit ) In an alternate reality shown in Friendly Neighborhood Spider - Man , an alternate reality was witnessed where May died in a random accident , prompting Peter to go into show business with Ben as his agent to make money . Peter 's focus on his career prompts him to eventually leave home , simply paying Ben a percentage out of respect for their old relationship rather than any actual concern . This Ben was eventually ' derailed ' into the 616 reality by the Hobgoblin of 2211 as part of her plan against the Spider - Men of various eras , leaving him shocked when he witnessed his destroyed house and the still - living May Parker . Confronting her , he ended up in a fight with Jarvis , with whom she at the time has a relationship with , but wandered away in confusion . Lacking direction , Ben wandered into an alleyway where he encountered a shadowy figure who offered him a gun , telling Ben that any action he takes would simply create another universe where he took the opposite action , so he might as well do what felt good . After this Hobgoblin was erased from history by a Retcon Bomb of her own invention , the Spider - Man of 2211 met with what he presumed to be the same Ben Parker to take him back to his own timeline . In a surprise twist , deciding he rather wanted to `` stick around for a while '' , this Ben Parker shoots this future Spider - Man . At the same time , another Ben Parker was shown dead in the alley , meaning one Ben Parker had killed the other and taken his place . It was revealed that the Ben Parker who had died in the alleyway was the Uncle Ben of the alternate reality , while the Ben Parker who killed Spider - Man 2211 was , in fact , the Chameleon of 2211 ; the Chameleon had attempted to convince Ben to resort to murder , but Spider - Man correctly guessed that there were no circumstances under which Ben would do such a thing . `` With great power comes great responsibility '' ( edit ) The thematic and often - quoted ( including by the Supreme Court of the United States ) Spider - Man phrase with great power comes great responsibility is widely attributed to Uncle Ben . However , in Amazing Fantasy # 15 , where it first appears , it is not spoken by any character . In fact , Ben has only two lines in the entire comic . The original version of the phrase appears in a narrative caption of the comic 's last panel , rather than as spoken dialogue . It reads , `` ... with great power there must also come -- great responsibility ! '' . However , later stories and flashbacks that took place when Ben was still alive retroactively made the phrase one of Ben 's many homilies he would lecture Peter with . Latter - day reinterpretations of Spider - Man , such as the Spider - Man film and the Ultimate Spider - Man comic , depict Ben as saying this phrase to Peter while he is still alive , in their last conversation . Both the aforementioned adaptations also had Peter lash out at Ben just after he says it , and both also mention his father . The origins of the phrase pre-date its use in Spider - Man . In 1817 , member of British parliament William Lamb is recorded saying , `` the possession of great power necessarily implies great responsibility . '' In 1906 , Under - Secretary of the Colonial Office Winston Churchill said , `` Where there is great power there is great responsibility '' , even indicating that it was already a cultural maxim invoked toward government at the time . The sentiment is also attributed to Jesus in the Gospel of Luke , `` Everyone to whom much was given , of him much will be required . '' In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Uncle Ben appeared in the 1960s Spider - Man television series . He appeared in the episode `` The Origin of Spider - Man '' . Uncle Ben is mentioned in the 1980s Spider - Man television series . In the episode `` Arsenic and Aunt May '' , the Chameleon ( after meeting the relative of the Burglar ) escapes from prison and poses as a medium while using technology to make Aunt May seemingly see Ben 's ghost . Uncle Ben appeared in Spider - Man and His Amazing Friends , voiced by Frank Welker . He appeared in the episode `` Along Came Spidey '' . Uncle Ben appeared in Spider - Man : The Animated Series , voiced by Brian Keith ( in `` The Menace of Mysterio '' , `` The Mutant Agenda '' and the `` Spider Wars '' series finale ) . He appeared in the series as a spirit or seen in flashbacks talking to Peter Parker whenever his nephew gets frustrated the tough choices as Spider - Man . In the series finale when Spider - Man had to stop Spider - Carnage from destroying all reality , Spider - Man managed to make contact with an alternate reality of his uncle in a world where Peter Parker was a successful industrialist ; realizing that Peter 's counterpart in this reality had never failed or had any difficulties in life due to his casual attitude towards the crisis as opposed to Spider - Man or the other counterparts , Peter realized that Ben was almost certainly still alive in this reality if he was alive in any alternate timeline . Thanks to Ben 's influence , Spider - Carnage was convinced to stop trying to destroy reality . After Spider - Carnage instead used the reality bomb to create a portal and subsequently committed suicide by entering the portal to end the threat once and for all , Spider - Man and Ben hugged ; although they lived in different realities , Ben was proud of his different reality nephew while Spider - Man assured Ben that he will always have him in his own heart . In Spider - Man Unlimited , Uncle Ben is briefly mentioned in the pilot episode `` Worlds Apart '' ( Part One ) . He is also seen in the theme song which Uncle Ben was killed . Uncle Ben appears in The Spectacular Spider - Man , voiced by Edward Asner . His character remains faithful to the comics . He is featured in Spider - Man 's flashback in the episode `` Intervention '' revealed that Ben was killed while defending May Parker during a break - in at their house by a burglar that Peter Parker selfishly let go earlier that day . After Peter discovered that Ben was murdered by a burglar who broke into the Parker house and stole Ben 's car , Peter furiously sought revenge , donning the Spider - Man costume and confronting the burglar in an old warehouse . Spider - Man unmasked his uncle 's killer , realizing that it was the same burglar from earlier . After knocking the criminal out and lowered to policeman via web line , Peter vowed to use these spider powers for good and to never put himself before anyone else and to never to let another innocent person come to harm if anything could help it , and remembering his uncle 's words : ' With great power there must also come great responsibility ' . Uncle Ben is featured in the Ultimate Spider - Man cartoon series , voiced by Greg Grunberg . His character is loosely based on his Ultimate Counterpart as opposed to his previous versions . In the pilot episodes `` Great Power '' and `` Great Responsibility '' , Peter Parker recalled that fateful night of his uncle 's murder and Nick Fury uses Ben 's memory to have Spider - Man join S.H.I.E.L.D. instead of being solo . A picture of Ben is also seen having fun with May Parker and their young nephew . Ben is personally featured in the episode `` Strange Days '' . Nightmare tries to use Spider - Man 's failure being unable to save his uncle 's life , however , this does not work ; Ben actually motivates Peter to defeat Nightmare ( something neither Iron Fist nor Doctor Strange was able to do ) . In the episode `` Ultimate Deadpool '' , Spider - Man remembers his uncle 's memory when thinking about Deadpool 's own demons . The character is occasionally referenced in Ultimate Spider - Man vs. The Sinister Six primarily as May 's source of Ben Reilly 's name . The episode `` Return to the Spider - Verse '' Pt. 2 features a Wild West reality version of Uncle Ben ( voiced by Clancy Brown ) who is depicted as the `` Phantom Rider '' and Webslinger the Spider Cowboy 's uncle . As Doc Ock Holliday 's brainwashed Deputy , the Phantom Rider helped repelled Wolf Spider and later fought both Spider - Man and Kid Arachnid . Although unaffected by Kid Arachnid 's venom blasts , Spider - Man and Webslinger eventually were able to defeat Doc Ock Holliday . Upon Doc Holliday 's defeat , Ben was freed from the brainwashing and remanded Doc Ock Holliday to the hoosegow while reclaiming his Sheriff title . As Sheriff Ben and Webslinger are reunited , Spider - Man gets a final look at Sheriff Ben before departing to the next reality , quietly hopeful that one reality has Ben still alive . Uncle Ben appears in Spider - Man , voiced by Patton Oswalt . Film ( edit ) In the Spider - Man film series , Ben Parker is portrayed by Cliff Robertson and his character remains relatively faithful to the comics , including his being shot by a criminal Peter failed to stop ( although in the comics he was shot trying to defend May during a break in at their house and in the film he was shot during a carjacking ) . He appeared in the first film as a father figure for Peter . The amiable Ben is laid off from his job as a chief electrician after 35 years and worries about his nephew 's strange behavior . His words of wisdom ( ' With great power comes great responsibility ' ) eventually inspire Peter to become Spider - Man . Losing his temper during this speech , Peter tells him to stop acting like his father , hurting his feelings badly . Later that night , Ben is apparently shot dead by a thief , Dennis Carradine , whom Peter refused to stop when he was cheated out of his money . Peter and his aunt greatly mourn his death , particularly Peter , who is haunted by the fact that he could have stopped Carradine and saved his uncle . By the end of the film , Peter has accepted Ben as the father figure of his childhood . The second film features a sequence where Peter contemplates giving up his Spider - Man identity to Ben who , in the flashback , is a physical representation of the entity and ideology of Spider - Man , encouraging Peter to continue on as a superhero . Also , Peter admits the truth surrounding Uncle Ben 's death to Aunt May . She is shocked and upset at first , but later commends Peter for telling her the truth . Robertson reprised his role in a flashback scene ( as well as a dream sequence ) in the third film ( his final acting role ) . In the film , Captain George Stacy tells Peter and Aunt May of new evidence that suggests Carradine was only an accomplice of Flint Marko , who was Uncle Ben 's real killer ; Peter then imagines Marko throwing Ben out of the car and gunning him down in cold blood while Carradine desperately tries to stop Marko before driving off . Robertson appears again at the end of the film during a more accurate flashback , as Marko explains to Peter that he only wanted Ben 's car , since Marko needed to steal money to help his critically ill daughter Penny . However , Carradine startled Marko and caused him to accidentally pull the trigger when Ben was trying to reason with him . This somewhat shocked Marko , as he feels extremely remorseful for killing Ben . Realizing how desperate Marko is to help his own daughter and understanding the importance of forgiveness over revenge , Spider - Man forgives Marko and allows him to go free . Martin Sheen portrays Uncle Ben in the 2012 film The Amazing Spider - Man . Though his character still remains faithful to the comics , the manner of his murder is drastically different . Following an argument with Peter which results in Peter storming out , Ben leaves to find his nephew and encounters a thief who has just raided a grocery store where Peter was shopping but who Peter refused to stop when he did not provide enough money to pay for a drink . The thief trips over and drops his gun . Ben tries to get the gun first , but a struggle ensues and Ben is killed . Unlike the comics , Ben 's killer remains at large . The screenwriter for Spider - Man : Homecoming , John Francis Daley , confirms that Uncle Ben exists in the Marvel Cinematic Universe despite never being referenced directly in the film ( though Peter does mention that Aunt May 's been through a lot lately which was an intentional nod to the character ) . In an earlier draft of the film , May mentions that Peter 's wardrobe for homecoming was Ben 's clothing , but it was cut out because the screenwriters did n't want his death to be a throwaway line . Video games ( edit ) Uncle Ben is mentioned in the first 3 missions , `` Search for Justice , '' `` Warehouse Hunt , '' and `` Birth of a Hero '' in the 2002 Spider - Man video game , as Peter Parker attempts to track down Ben 's killer . Uncle Ben is briefly mentioned at the end of Spider - Man 3 . Uncle Ben 's Noir version is mentioned by Spider - Man Noir in Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions when going after the Vulture ( that universe 's killer of Uncle Ben ) . Uncle Ben makes an appearance in the prologue of The Amazing Spider - Man 2 , voiced by Mark Bramhall . The tutorial starts off showing the event that lead to his death . After that , he is referenced throughout the game by Peter Parker , Aunt May , and Stan . Around the end of the game , Stan tells Peter that Ben would 've wanted him to grow up to be the man that he wanted Peter to be . Franklin Richards ' Uncle Ben ( edit ) Franklin Richards of the Fantastic Four often refers to Benjamin Grimm , the Thing , as `` Uncle Ben '' ( Grimm is the best friend of Franklin 's father Reed Richards ) . Franklin Richards and Peter Parker also have the same middle name , Benjamin , as the Thing and Ben Parker are their namesakes . Spider - Man is aware of this , and told Franklin , `` Uncle Bens are always right . '' Son of Spider - Man ( edit ) In The Amazing Spider - Man # 498 - 500 , Spider - Man falls through time , encountering all of his enemies from the past , and sees himself in the future . The future Peter Parker tells him that he should tell Mary Jane Watson and their son that he loves them every day . `` Our son is called Ben '' , he says , `` but it would pretty much have to be , would n't it ? '' However , because of the way time - travel in the Marvel universe works , it should be noted that this is only a potential future , not necessarily a definite one ( This future being even more unlikely after the events of One More Day ) . The other Uncle Ben ( edit ) Main article : Spider - Girl Like her father , Spider - Girl also has an Uncle Ben . However , unlike her dad , May never knew her uncle : Ben Reilly , Spider - Man 's clone . If Spider - Girl has any children in the future , they too would have an Uncle Ben - May 's baby brother . Ironically in the aftermath of Spider - Verse , the Earth - 3145 's Ben Parker himself would stay on her world , and has a chance to be his grandfather , something that the other Ben Parkers were unable to achieve on account of their deaths . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Philip Tallon ( 2012 ) . Sanford , Jonathan J. , ed . Spider - Man and Philosophy : The Web of Inquiry . John Wiley & Sons . p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : The Clone Conspiracy # 3 ^ Jump up to : The Clone Conspiracy # 4 Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 519 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 600 ( 2009 ) . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 516 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe : Spider - Man 2005 Marvel Comics . ^ Jump up to : Stan Lee ( w ) , Steve Ditko ( a ) . `` Spider - Man ! '' The Amazing Spider - Man 15 ( August 1962 ) , Marvel Comics Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 200 Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 500 Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Incredible Hercules # 130 Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man Vol. 4 1.6 Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ The Clone Conspiracy : Omega Jump up ^ Bullet Points # 1 ( 2006 ) Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Spider - Man : House of M # 5 Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Spider - Man Noir # 2 Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ Edge of Spider - Verse # 4 ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Edge of Spider - Verse # 5 ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ Spider - Verse Team - Up # 1 ( 2014 ) Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man vol. 3 # 12 ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man vol. 3 # 13 ( 2015 ) Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man vol. 3 # 14 Jump up ^ Amazing Spider - Man vol. 3 # 15 Jump up ^ Brian Michael Bendis ( w ) , Mark Bagley ( a ) . Ultimate Spider - Man # 1 - 3 . Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ What If ? # 46 ( classic vol. 7 ) Jump up ^ Friendly Neighborhood Spider - Man # 13 Jump up ^ Masnick , Mike . `` Supreme Court Quotes Spiderman 's ' Great Power , Great Responsibility ' Line In Rejecting Royalties On Expired Patent '' . Techdirt . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ The Evolution of the Pithy Proverb : `` With great power comes great responsibility . '' at Quote / Counterquote . Accessed April 11 , 2013 Jump up ^ Parliamentary Debates , edited by Thomas C. Hansard Jump up ^ South African native races . Mr. Winston Churchill , accessed July 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Strange '' . Ultimate Spider - Man . Season 1 . Episode 13 . July 8 , 2012 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ `` Return to the Spider - Verse Pt. 2 '' . Ultimate Spider - Man . Season 4 . Episode 17 . September 3 , 2016 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ https://techiegamers.com/2387-2/ Jump up ^ Mueller , Matthew . `` Uncle Ben Confirmed For The Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . Jump up ^ The Amazing Spider - Man # 660 Marvel Comics . External links ( edit ) Uncle Ben at Marvel.com Uncle Ben 's Profile at Spiderfan.org Spider - Man characters Spider - Man family By secret identity Spider - Man Spider - Woman Scarlet Spider Steel Spider Silk By public identity Peter Parker Ben Reilly Julia Carpenter Kaine Parker Mattie Franklin Anya Corazon Miles Morales Supporting characters Main support Liz Allan Sally Avril Betty Brant Cloak and Dagger Martha Connors Billy Connors Carlie Cooper Jean DeWolff Ezekiel Vin Gonzales Glory Grant J. Jonah Jameson John Jameson Ashley Kafka Ned Leeds Madame Web Anna Maria Marconi Kenny McFarlane Max Modell Harry Osborn Normie Osborn Aunt May Parker Richard and Mary Parker Uncle Ben Parker Randy Robertson Robbie Robertson Sophia `` Chat '' Sanduval George Stacy Gwen Stacy Sarah Stacy Flash Thompson Ben Urich Mary Jane Watson Debra Whitman Leo Zelinsky Neutral characters Anti-Venom Black Cat Cardiac Prowler Puma Punisher Rocket Racer Silver Sable Toxin Antagonists Central rogues gallery Carnage Chameleon Doctor Octopus Electro Green Goblin Norman Osborn Hammerhead Hobgoblin Roderick Kingsley Hydro - Man Jackal Kingpin Kraven the Hunter Lizard Mister Negative Morbius , the Living Vampire Mysterio Rhino Sandman Scorpion Shocker Tombstone Venom Eddie Brock Vulture Group teams Enforcers Fancy Dan Montana Ox Sinister Six List of members Sinister Syndicate Spider - Slayer List of Spider - Slayers Recurring antagonists Beetle Abner Jenkins Leila Davis Janice Lincoln Big Man Frederick Foswell Big Wheel Boomerang Burglar Calypso Carrion Clash Crime Master Cyclone Demogoblin Doppleganger Richard Fisk Foreigner Gibbon Gog Grey Goblin Grim Hunter Grizzly Human Fly Hypno - Hustler Jack O ' Lantern Jason Macendale Jonas Harrow Kangaroo Living Brain Looter Man - Wolf Kraven the Hunter ( Ana Kravinoff ) Kraven the Hunter ( Alyosha Kravinoff ) Lady Octopus Man Mountain Marko Menace Mendel Stromm Molten Man Morlun Moses Magnum Overdrive Ringer Rose Scarecrow Scorcher Scorpia Shathra Shriek Silvermane Sin Eater Alistair Smythe Speed Demon Spencer Smythe Spot Stegron Styx and Stone Swarm Tarantula Tinkerer Phil Urich Vermin Walrus White Rabbit Will o ' the Wisp Alternative versions Spider - Man Spider - Girl Spider - UK Spider - Ham Spider - Man 2099 Spider - Man Noir Spider - Man ( Marvel Mangaverse ) Spider - Man ( Pavitr Prabhakar ) Spider - Woman ( Gwen Stacy ) Ultimate Marvel Spider - Man Alternative versions of Mary Jane Watson Alternative versions of the Green Goblin Alternative versions of Venom In other media Firestar Gentleman Spider - Man ( 1994 TV series ) characters The Spectacular Spider - Man characters Other topics Goblin Symbiotes Slingers Spider - Man Stan Lee Steve Ditko Characters List of incarnations of Spider - Man List of Spider - Man supporting characters List of Spider - Man enemies Alternative versions of Spider - Man Locations Midtown High School Daily Bugle Empire State University Oscorp Parker Industries Alchemax Comic books The Amazing Spider - Man issues Storylines In other media In film In television In video games In literature novels book series Toys Spider - Man ( 2010 toy line ) Spider - Man Classics Spider - Man and Friends Lego Spider - Man Spider - Man ( pinball ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( pinball ) Related topics Powers and equipment Category Ultimate Spider - Man Series Ultimate Spider - Man Ultimate Comics : Spider - Man Creators Brian Michael Bendis ( writer ) Mark Bagley ( artist ) Original characters Kenny McFarlane Miles Morales as Spider - Man Story arcs and crossovers Original Series Story Arcs Second Series Story Arcs `` Ultimate Clone Saga '' Ultimate Marvel Team - Up Ultimate Six Ultimate Power Ultimatum Ultimate Comics : Doomsday Ultimate Comics : Fallout Spider - Men Other media Video game Spider - Man : Shattered Dimensions TV series episodes `` For Your Eye Only '' Spider - Man Lives : A Miles Morales Story The Spectacular Spider - Man Episodes `` Survival of the Fittest '' `` Interactions '' `` Natural Selection '' `` Market Forces '' `` Competition '' `` The Invisible Hand '' `` Catalysts '' `` Reaction '' `` The Uncertainty Principle '' Related Characters Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uncle_Ben&oldid=827836349 '' Categories : Comics characters introduced in 1962 Fictional characters from New York City Spider - Man characters Superhero film characters Characters created by Stan Lee Characters created by Steve Ditko Hidden categories : Comics infobox image less caption Character pop Converting comics character infoboxes Comics articles needing issue citations Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Français Հայերեն Italiano मराठी Nederlands Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 00 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who killed uncle ben in spider man 1 | [
"In the Spider-Man film series, Ben Parker is portrayed by Cliff Robertson and his character remains relatively faithful to the comics, including his being shot by a criminal Peter failed to stop (although in the comics he was shot trying to defend May during a break in at their house and in the film he was shot during a carjacking).\n\nHe appeared in the first film as a father figure for Peter. The amiable Ben is laid off from his job as a chief electrician after 35 years and worries about his nephew's strange behavior. His words of wisdom ('With great power comes great responsibility') eventually inspire Peter to become Spider-Man. Losing his temper during this speech, Peter tells him to stop acting like his father, hurting his feelings badly. Later that night, Ben is apparently shot dead by a thief, Dennis Carradine, whom Peter refused to stop when he was cheated out of his money. Peter and his aunt greatly mourn his death, particularly Peter, who is haunted by the fact that he could have stopped Carradine and saved his uncle. By the end of the film, Peter has accepted Ben as the father figure of his childhood.\nThe second film features a sequence where Peter contemplates giving up his Spider-Man identity to Ben who, in the flashback, is a physical representation of the entity and ideology of Spider-Man, encouraging Peter to continue on as a superhero. Also, Peter admits the truth surrounding Uncle Ben's death to Aunt May. She is shocked and upset at first, but later commends Peter for telling her the truth.\nRobertson reprised his role in a flashback scene (as well as a dream sequence) in the third film (his final acting role). In the film, Captain George Stacy tells Peter and Aunt May of new evidence that suggests Carradine was only an accomplice of Flint Marko, who was Uncle Ben's real killer; Peter then imagines Marko throwing Ben out of the car and gunning him down in cold blood while Carradine desperately tries to stop Marko before driving off. Robertson appears again at the end of the film during a more accurate flashback, as Marko explains to Peter that he only wanted Ben's car, since Marko needed to steal money to help his critically ill daughter Penny. However, Carradine startled Marko and caused him to accidentally pull the trigger when Ben was trying to reason with him. This somewhat shocked Marko, as he feels extremely remorseful for killing Ben. Realizing how desperate Marko is to help his own daughter and understanding the importance of forgiveness over revenge, Spider-Man forgives Marko and allows him to go free.\n\n"
] | [
"a criminal Peter failed to stop"
] |
963597174799372715 | Walking with Dinosaurs (film) | Walking with Dinosaurs ( film ) - wikipedia Walking with Dinosaurs ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search Walking with Dinosaurs Theatrical release poster Directed by Neil Nightingale Barry Cook Produced by Mike Devlin Luke Hetherington Amanda Hill Deepak Nayar Written by John Collee Starring John Leguizamo Justin Long Tiya Sircar Skyler Stone Music by Paul Leonard - Morgan Cinematography John Brooks Edited by John Carnochan Jeremiah O'Driscoll Production companies Reliance Entertainment IM Global BBC Earth Evergreen Films Animal Logic Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date 14 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 14 ) ( Dubai Int'l Film Festival ) 20 December 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 87 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Australia India Language English Budget $80 million Box office $126.5 million Walking with Dinosaurs is a 2013 family film about dinosaurs set in the Late Cretaceous period , 70 million years ago . The production features computer - animated dinosaurs in live - action settings with actors John Leguizamo , Justin Long , Tiya Sircar , and Skyler Stone providing voiceovers for the main characters . It was directed by Neil Nightingale and Barry Cook from a screenplay by John Collee . The film was produced by BBC Earth and Evergreen Films and was titled after BBC 's 1999 television documentary miniseries of the same name . The film , with a budget of US $80 million , was one of the largest independent productions to date ; it was financed by Reliance Big Entertainment and IM Global instead of a major studio . The majority of distribution rights were eventually sold to 20th Century Fox . The crew filmed footage on location in the U.S. state of Alaska and in New Zealand , which were chosen for their similarities to the dinosaurs ' surroundings millions of years ago . Animal Logic designed computer - animated dinosaurs and added them to the live - action backdrop . Though the film was originally going to lack narration or dialogue , 20th Century Fox executives decided to add voiceovers , believing it would connect audiences to the characters . Walking with Dinosaurs premiered on 14 December 2013 at the Dubai International Film Festival . It was released in cinemas in 2D and 3D on 20 December 2013 . Critics commended the film 's visual effects but found its storytelling to be subpar and derided the voiceovers as juvenile . The film grossed US $36.1 million in the United States and Canada and US $90.5 million in other territories for a worldwide total of US $126.5 million . The Hollywood Reporter stated the film 's global box office performance was disappointing in context of the production budget and marketing costs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Creatures in film 4 Production 4.1 Filming 4.2 Animation 4.3 Music 4.4 Voiceovers 5 Palaeontological accuracy 6 Marketing 7 Release 7.1 Distribution sales 7.2 Theatrical run 7.3 Critical reception 7.4 Home media 8 Walking With Dinosaurs : Prehistoric Planet 3D 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Plot ( edit ) A paleontologist named Zack takes his nephew Ricky and niece Jade on a fossil hunt . While alone , Ricky is met by a talking rook , who turns into an Alexornis named Alex . He tells him of a story set in the Cretaceous period 70 million years ago . Patchi is the smallest in a litter of Pachyrhinosaurus hatchlings , and is often bullied by his older brother Scowler . Their father Bulldust is the leader of a Pachyrhinosaurus herd . Alex , who is Patchi 's mentor , tries to help Patchi impress a female Pachyrhinosaurus named Juniper , but her herd migrates south without him . Bulldust moves his herd south as well , but when they try to pass through a forest , they are forced to flee when a fire erupts . Taking advantage of the chaos , a pack of carnivores , led by a Gorgosaurus named Gorgon , attacks the scattered herd . They kill the rest of Patchi and Scowler 's family , with Gorgon personally killing Bulldust . Afterwards , Patchi 's herd combines with Juniper 's as they continue their migration . Gorgon 's pack attacks them again ; in the ensuing panic , Patchi , Scowler , and Juniper fall into the river and are swept downstream to the ocean , with Alex following them from above . At a beach , Scowler follows a herd of Edmontosaurus to find food , callously leaving Patchi and Juniper behind . The two make their way through a forest and eventually are able to find their herd and Scowler . After years of making the same migration from north to south and vice versa , an adult Scowler becomes the herd 's new leader , and chooses Juniper to be his mate , much to Patchi 's disappointment . Scowler recklessly leads the herd onto a thinly frozen pond , and Patchi is able to lead the majority of the herd to safety . Enraged and believing Patchi to be usurping him and also trying to take Juniper from him , Scowler goads Patchi into a battle for leadership of the herd . Scowler quickly wins and disowns Patchi , ordering Juniper and the rest of the herd to leave him behind . Despondent and heartbroken , Patchi tries to allow predators to eat him , but Alex convinces him to die for something worth dying for as Bulldust did . Reinvigorated by the advice , Patchi returns to the herd , only to find them under attack by Gorgon and his pack again . As Gorgon overpowers him in battle , a repentant Scowler orders Patchi to save himself and lead the herd to safety . Instead , Patchi leads them in driving off Gorgon and his pack for good , saving Scowler . Scowler reconciles with Patchi and then concedes leadership of the herd to him , and Patchi goes on to have eggs with Juniper , one of which hatches and Alex asks for it to be named after him . In the present day , moved by Alex 's story , Ricky returns the Gorgosaurus tooth to Zack and Jade , who have unknowingly discovered Gorgon 's skull . Cast ( edit ) Actor John Leguizamo voiced Alex the Alexornis , who narrates the film Voiceovers for prehistoric creatures John Leguizamo ... Alex Justin Long ... Patchi Tiya Sircar ... Juniper Skyler Stone ... Scowler Modern - day humans Karl Urban ... Uncle Zack Charlie Rowe ... Ricky Angourie Rice ... Jade In the film , the story of the dinosaurs is book - ended by live - action footage . Leguizamo , Long , Sircar , and Stone provide voiceovers for the computer - animated dinosaurs , while the book - end scenes star Urban as an uncle taking his nephew and niece , played by Rowe and Rice , to a dinosaur excavation site . For the role of Alex , Leguizamo said he sought to conceal his own accent and create a unique voice for Alex . He adopted a Spanish accent since parrots had a Latin American origin . He said , `` What was most difficult was finding the right pitch , because Alex is a small bird , but he 's also the story 's narrator . So he also had to sound paternal and patriarchal . '' Leguizamo compared his accent to that of Ricardo Montalbán , a Mexican actor . Long said he was cast based on his voicing of the chipmunk Alvin in Alvin and the Chipmunks ( 2007 ) and its sequels . Creatures in film ( edit ) Alexornis Alphadon Chirostenotes Edmontonia ( identified as an ankylosaur ) Edmontosaurus Gorgosaurus Hesperonychus Pachyrhinosaurus Parksosaurus Quetzalcoatlus ( identified as a pterosaur ) Troodon Production ( edit ) Walking with Dinosaurs , named after BBC 's 1999 television documentary miniseries , was produced by BBC Earth , an arm of BBC Worldwide that was launched in 2009 . The feature film is directed by Barry Cook , who was a director for Mulan ( 1998 ) and the co-director for Arthur Christmas ( 2011 ) , and by Neil Nightingale , creative director at BBC Earth . The script was written by John Collee . Nightingale and BBC Earth 's managing director Amanda Hill sought to produce film adaptations to extend the arm 's brand of nature programming . The two were inspired by returns for Deep Blue ( 2003 ) and Earth ( 2007 ) , which were theatrical versions cut from their respective nature documentary series . In June 2010 , BBC Earth entered a deal with Evergreen Films , based in the United States , to produce a film featuring dinosaurs . By the following November , BBC Earth entered a deal with Reliance Big Entertainment to finance the production of three films , including Walking with Dinosaurs . The deal had initially attached Pierre de Lespinois of Evergreen Films and Neil Nightingale to co-direct the film . Barry Cook , who joined the film in March 2010 , eventually replaced de Lespinois as director . The total production budget was $80 million . About 70 % of the budget was covered when IM Global , a finance and sales company backed by Reliance , sold film rights to various distributors at the American Film Market in November 2010 . The budget was further covered by tax breaks provided for filming in Alaska and in New Zealand . IM Global covered only 15 % of the budget directly . Forbes called Walking with Dinosaurs an independent film with an unconventionally large budget since the production did not originate at a major studio . Nightingale explained , `` It was originally funded by ... Reliance , and then we sold it pretty quickly to 20th Century Fox for most of the world , and to a range of other distributors in a few other countries , and that 's not an unusual path for an independent film -- in other words , a non-studio film which does n't originate from a big studio . '' Filming ( edit ) The directors filmed footage at the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska to serve as a live - action backdrop for the computer - animated dinosaurs The film features computer - animated creatures in live - action settings . Live - action footage was filmed in New Zealand and in the southern part of the U.S. state of Alaska . Director Nightingale said , `` ( They ) have that kind of temperate climate which represents the period very well . The world was a bit warmer then , so they would have had 24 hours of sunshine in the summer and 24 hours of darkness in the winter . '' Filming began in 2011 in Alaska , where Evergreen Films is headquartered . In the second half of 2011 , more than 55 people were working out of Evergreen 's office in the Alaskan city of Anchorage . While the film 's dinosaurs lived in Alaska during the Late Cretaceous period approximately 70 million years ago , they lived more in the northern part of the state due to the climate at the time . Filmmakers considered Southeast Alaska 's rainforests below the Arctic Circle close to the climate that the dinosaurs experienced , so they filmed there and in Southcentral Alaska . Specific locations included Crow Creek Mine near Girdwood , Alaska and the Kenai Peninsula . In 2012 , the state government of Alaska awarded the production companies a subsidy of US $1.7 million . Additional filming also took place on South Island in New Zealand . For a river chase scene , filming was performed at rapids in New Zealand using a helicopter and with a 3D camera rig in a rubber boat . At the locations , the crew built dinosaur shapes out of PVC drain pipes to give the filmmakers a sense of the dinosaurs ' scale when filming the live - action backdrop . Animation ( edit ) Animation work was done by the Australia - based company Animal Logic , which joined the production in January 2011 . Its involvement with the production created 140 jobs in New South Wales . The company 's animation director for Walking with Dinosaurs was Marco Marenghi , who had also worked on the BBC miniseries . The company collaborated with animation producer Jinko Gotoh , who contributed to Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) and 9 ( 2009 ) . Character designer David Krentz , who also worked on Disney Animation 's Dinosaur ( 2000 ) , designed about 20 creatures for the film and worked with 5 - 6 palaeontologists . The characters were based on creatures found at fossil sites in Alaska and in Canada . Krentz initially designed the creatures in pencil then modeled them with the software ZBrush to send to animators . In addition , palaeontologists provided Animal Logic with technical drawings of dinosaur skeletons so animators could construct the skeletons virtually . The animators collaborated with the palaeontologists to validate the basic movements of the computer - animated dinosaurs . Software was used to overlay muscle to fit the movements . Animal Logic adapted the software Quill , which they used to animate penguin feathers in their work on Happy Feet ( 2006 ) , into new software called RepTile to animate dinosaur skin and scales . It also added feathers for some dinosaurs , including the Troodons and the Hesperonychus . The color palette and feather pattern of a golden pheasant was used for the appearance of the Hesperonychus . The natural history unit archives were used to create a `` behaviour matrix '' that matched dinosaurs ' anatomically correct gestures to their moods . Animal Logic ultimately created 800 animated shots for the film , which director Cook said was a low number for an animated film . The 3D effects for the animation were achieved with the Fusion 3D system , which was used for Avatar ( 2009 ) , Transformers : Dark of the Moon ( 2011 ) , and live 3D sports broadcasts . Cinematographer John Brooks worked with consultants and stereographers from the Cameron Pace Group to use a two - camera setup and capture film in 3D . Music ( edit ) Paul Leonard - Morgan composed the film score for Walking with Dinosaurs . He joined the production in July 2013 . The German Film Orchestra Babelsberg performed the score at the Babelsberg Studio in Potsdam , Germany , where it was recorded . Engineer Rupert Coulson then mixed the score at AIR Studios in London , England . Leonard - Morgan then went to Los Angeles , California to dub the music for the film . Leonard - Morgan 's score was one of 114 original scores from feature films that were determined by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences to be eligible for the Academy Award for Best Original Score at the 86th Academy Awards , though it was not nominated . Additional music No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Calling All Hearts '' Sanford Clark 2 . `` What a Difference a Day Makes '' Tim Myers 3 . `` I 'm Gonna Love You Just a Little More Baby '' Barry White 4 . `` Tusk '' Fleetwood Mac 5 . `` Ends of the Earth '' Lord Huron 6 . `` Live Like a Warrior '' Matisyahu Voiceovers ( edit ) In the film , actors provide voiceovers for the main creatures . Director Barry Cook said the original plan was for the film to be without dialogue or narration . He said , `` I think originally , we were looking at a film that could stand alone as a virtual silent movie ... You can turn the soundtrack off and still get involved with the story and feel the emotions of the characters . In its final version , the movie has a narration and goes inside the heads of the animals , so you can hear what they 're thinking . '' Executives at 20th Century Fox , one of the film 's main distributors , viewed a rough cut and felt the film needed voiceovers so children in the audience could connect to the characters . The film 's character designer David Krentz said , `` Although the production veered away from being very realistic , the animation still plays independently . The powers that be decided to add narration and voice - over to reach a wider audience and the characters became slightly anthropomorphized to make them more attractive to younger kids . '' Palaeontologist Steve Brusatte responded to The Scotsman 's prompt about the `` danger of anthropomorphising '' the dinosaurs , `` The voiceovers are a bit of a compromise ; the dinosaurs ' lips are n't moving , they are not smiling and having human - like facial expressions or anything like that ... They are only anthropomorphised to a small degree and that is necessary for a film like this . '' Palaeontological accuracy ( edit ) Further information : palaeontology Variety reported , `` ( Director ) Nightingale describes the project as ' mainstream entertainment ' rather than natural history ... but draws accurately on the latest discoveries in paleontology . '' A team of scientific and technical consultants contributed to the film . One team member was Dr. Steve Brusatte of Edinburgh University , who is a Chancellor 's Fellow in Vertebrate Palaeontology . Brusatte said the filmmakers strove to understand the discoveries about dinosaurs since the release of Jurassic Park in 1993 , `` They used so much of this information that we 've learned over the past few decades , about feathered dinosaurs , about how dinosaurs lived in big herds , which dinosaurs preyed on each other , their environments , and used that to tell the story . '' The Gorgosaurus is one of the film 's main dinosaurs and is depicted with iridescent scales . Its appearance was scrutinized for palaeontological accuracy due to findings of preserved feathers in other tyrannosaurs . Some dinosaurs in the film are feathered . Brusatte said , `` Over the past 15 years , we have collected thousands of specimens of feathered dinosaurs -- proper bona fide dinosaurs covered in feathers . '' New Scientist reported that `` no evidence has yet been found '' to suggest that the Pachyrhinosaurus or the Gorgosaurus were feathered . Director Cook said of the Gorgosaurus , `` We decided that we would n't put feathers on that one , but we did give that dinosaur iridescent scales . '' National Geographic said , `` Many paleontologists and dinosaur fans are disappointed that CGI docudrama 's villains , a gaggle of iridescent Gorgosaurus , are devoid of any fluff or fuzz . '' Shortly after the filmmakers designed their Gorgosaurus for the film , the tyrannosauroid Yutyrannus was discovered with direct evidence of feathers . While older than Gorgosaurus , Yutyrannus provides further evidence of feathers in tyrannosauroids . National Geographic also noted that Gorgosaurus was depicted as feathered in the 2011 direct - to - video film March of the Dinosaurs . Palaeontologist Anthony Fiorillo was a consultant for the film and helped determine what dinosaurs lived in Alaska at the time . Fiorillo said `` the first known track '' of a therizinosaur in Alaska was discovered in 2012 , which was too late to include in the film 's lineup of dinosaurs . The palaeontologist said based on ongoing research of the Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum , which he discovered in Alaska in 2012 , he would have modified his advice to the filmmakers about designing the film 's Pachyrhinosaurus . Don Lessem , a writer who specializes in dinosaurs , said Walking with Dinosaurs was an improvement from Jurassic Park in how the dinosaurs fit the period . He found most of the dinosaurs to be depicted correctly but also highlighted the possibility of the Gorgosaurus having feathers . Lessem stated the Alaskan scenery , while `` a spectacular backdrop '' , did not exist at the time , `` Conifers excepted , such scenery did not exist in dinosaur - age Alaska . Think woody outskirts of Seattle instead . Rainy and cool . No grand Rockies . Or much grass . And not much snow or ice . '' Marketing ( edit ) 20th Century Fox marketed Walking with Dinosaurs in the territories where it distributed the film . It also held a launch event at the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County in California . The film is an extension of an existing franchise that started with the BBC miniseries and continued with an arena show that put animatronic dinosaurs on display . Since merchandising deals already existed , filmmakers easily began releasing merchandise for the film . Forbes said , `` There is already merchandise ( toys , lunch boxes etc . ) related to the movie which is normally unheard of for a first film . '' Macmillan Children 's Books ( under Macmillan Publishers ) acquired the license to publish tie - in books for the film in the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth . They published in November 2013 an encyclopaedic guide to the film 's dinosaurs , a film handbook , and sticker books . Travelgoods.com produced back to school merchandise based on the film , and Keldan International sold a hatching - egg toy for Christmas . Supermassive Games developed the Wonderbook game Walking with Dinosaurs for the PlayStation 3 . The game was released on 13 November 2013 . Release ( edit ) Distribution sales ( edit ) While Reliance Entertainment released the film in India , IM Global , which represented non-India rights to distribute the film , marketed it at the American Film Market in November 2010 . In what Variety called one of the `` biggest deals in years '' , 20th Century Fox , the one - time U.S. home video distributor of the original series , purchased rights to distribute the film in the United States , the United Kingdom , France , Australia , Japan , South Korea , Latin America , and other territories . Variety reported , `` Insiders say it 's safe to say that the pre-sales cover most , if not all , of the film 's budget . '' For other territories , Constantin Film purchased distribution rights for Germany , Alliance Films for Canada , Aurum for Spain , and Dutch Film Works for Belgium , the Netherlands and Luxembourg . Entertainment One acquired Alliance and Aurum in January 2013 , which rearranged distribution rights . Theatrical run ( edit ) Walking with Dinosaurs premiered on 14 December 2013 at the Dubai International Film Festival . Distributor 20th Century Fox also had a special screening for the film in New York City on 15 December 2013 . It distributed the film in cinemas in the United States and in the United Kingdom on 20 December 2013 . It distributed the film in Australia and New Zealand on 1 January 2014 . Distributor 20th Century Fox focused advertising on young children . It also advertised the film as one for kids like Avatar ( 2009 ) was for adults . Prior to the film 's release , Forbes stated that in the United States , Walking with Dinosaurs was the only `` kid - friendly film '' coming out in December 2013 . The Wall Street Journal said , `` Walking with Dinosaurs ... is the only new release targeted at children and is expected to appeal primarily to young ones . '' Box Office Mojo commented in its December 2013 forecast , `` It should do some solid business among families with younger children , though in a highly - competitive season this is the kind of movie that can get lost in the pack . '' It predicted that Walking with Dinosaurs would gross US $11.8 million over the weekend and rank sixth at the box office . ComingSoon.net predicted that with a crowded weekend of films , Walking with Dinosaurs would gross US $6.8 million over the weekend to rank seventh at the box office . TheWrap says that box office analysts predict a weekend opening `` in the low - teen millions '' . The film was released in 3,231 cinemas in the United States with 84 % of the cinemas having 3D . On the opening weekend in the United States , it grossed US $7.1 million and ranked eighth at the box office . According to the polling firm CinemaScore , audiences gave the film a `` B '' grade . Distributor 20th Century Fox had anticipated an opening weekend of US $10 million to US $12 million . The Hollywood Reporter said , `` Walking with Dinosaurs is the first major disappointment of the Christmas season . '' It was outperformed almost 3 - to - 1 by the competing family film Frozen , which ranked third at the box office and had been in theaters for a month . Outside the United States , Walking with Dinosaurs was released in 40 markets the same opening weekend . It grossed US $13.8 million , with US $1.6 million grossed in the United Kingdom . Walking with Dinosaurs has grossed US $36.1 million in the United States and Canada and US $94.5 million in other territories for a worldwide total of US $130.6 million . In the United States , it is one of only twelve feature films to be released in over 3,000 theaters and still improve on its box office performance in its second weekend , increasing 2.6 % from $7,091,938 to $7,276,172 . The Hollywood Reporter said in January 2014 that the film 's global box office performance was disappointing and was likely to only go up to US $125 million , meaning `` a potential loss in the tens of millions for the financiers '' . It reported the financiers ' response about the anticipated loss , `` They contend they will break even because of sponsorships , merchandising , tax breaks and foreign presales in territories where Fox did n't pick up the film . '' Fox would also avoid a loss since it did not cover any part of the production budget and would get a distribution fee . Critical reception ( edit ) The Wall Street Journal reported that film critics thought that Walking with Dinosaurs 's `` majestic visuals are seriously undermined by pedestrian storytelling '' . The Hollywood Reporter said , `` Many critics have derided the juvenile tone of the voice dialogue ... also noting that the animals ' lips do n't move . '' The film review aggregator website Metacritic gave an aggregate score of 37 out of 100 , which it said indicated `` generally unfavorable '' reviews . It surveyed 21 critics and assessed 10 reviews as negative , six as mixed , and five as positive . The similar website Rotten Tomatoes scored the film with 24 % based on a survey of 70 reviews assessed as positive or negative . It assessed 53 as negative and 17 as positive . The website said , `` Walking with Dinosaurs boasts painstaking visual brilliance , but it 's unfortunately clouded by a clumsy script that 's dominated by juvenile humor . '' It also reported , `` The pundits say the filmmakers seem to have worried that a quasi-nature documentary approach might have turned off the youngsters , but the narrative is so poorly executed that the end result is n't all that entertaining , much less educational . '' Mark Adams of Screen International said Walking with Dinosaurs worked as `` a kids ' film for young dino fans '' . Adams commended the 3D special effects as `` immersive and impressive '' but thought audiences may be frustrated at `` its rather simplistic story '' . He said , `` The film 's attempt to make its story broad and accessible at times sits uneasily alongside the spectacular computer animation . '' Michael Rechtshaffen , reviewing for The Hollywood Reporter , also approved of the effects , calling them `` first rate '' . The critic however complained that the added dialogue was `` needless '' and that it was `` safe to assume that the overlay was added after the fact '' by studio executives . Rechtshaffen said , `` Although the plotting ... follows a safely predictable course ... It 's that forced , unnecessary and largely unfunny dialogue -- save for Leguizamo 's spirited way with words -- that comes up distractingly flat . '' Dan Jolin at Empire panned Walking with Dinosaurs as `` insipid , bloodless , pseudo-educational and offensively anthropomorphised '' . Jolin applauded the visual effects but said that `` the decision to insert chirp - pop songs and voice the principal dinosaurs '' overshadowed the effects . Tom Meek , reviewing for Paste , also praised the effects as `` a visual wonderment '' but disparaged `` the cutesy animal voices and personas '' . Aside from highlights like the line `` Think outside the nest '' and the song `` Tusk '' by Fleetwood Mac , Meek was disappointed by the dialogue and choice of music . Brian Switek , reviewing for National Geographic , said the voiceovers ruined the film . He said where films like The Land Before Time and You Are Umasou ( the latter based on the Japanese book of the same name ) were children 's films with meaningful dialogue , Walking with Dinosaurs instead had dialogue that `` is vacuous and not only lacks emotional weight , but actually drains any emotions the audience might feel for the characters '' . Switek said the film could be salvaged if its release on home media would include an option to watch it without the dialogue . Home media ( edit ) Walking with Dinosaurs was released on DVD and Blu - ray in the United States on 25 March 2014 . It ranked third in both Blu - ray sales and combined DVD and Blu - ray sales . It ranked below Frozen , which was in its second week of home media release , and The Wolf of Wall Street , which was also in its first week . Over 35 % of sales for Walking with Dinosaurs were from Blu - ray sales . Around 4 % of its total sales were Blu - ray discs in 3 - D . The Blu - ray 3D disc for Walking with Dinosaurs features bonus content including a `` Cretaceous Cut '' of the film that omits the voiceovers . Walking with Dinosaurs : prehistoric Planet 3D ( edit ) In 2014 , a shortened 45 - minute version of Walking With Dinosaurs was released in 3D theaters across the U.S.A. Unlike the movie , this documentary is narrated in a style similar to that of the TV series , and removes the character names and dialogue . Unlike the series though , Prehistoric Planet 3D has a `` profile '' appear whenever a new prehistoric animal species shows up ; this profile shows the animal 's name and diet . The Gorgosaurus that appeared in the movie are referred to as Nanuqsaurus ; this is probably because other than a few possible indeterminate remains , Gorgosaurus is not known from Alaska , while Nanuqsaurus is . See also ( edit ) List of films featuring dinosaurs References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Walking with Dinosaurs ( 2013 ) '' . British Film Institute . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Mark ( 14 December 2013 ) . `` Walking With Dinosaurs : The 3D Movie '' . Screen International . Retrieved 14 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Morfoot , Addie ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` ' Walking with Dinosaurs 3D ' Stars on How They Found Their Voices '' . Variety . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Sean ( 12 December 2013 ) . `` Meet Alex , one of the heroes of Walking With Dinosaurs : The 3D Movie '' . cineworld.ie . Cineworld . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Marr , Madeleine ( 18 December 2013 ) . `` John Leguizamo walks , well flies , with dinosaurs in new animated movie '' . Miami Herald . Retrieved 18 December 2013 . Jump up ^ McMonagle , Mickey ( 15 December 2013 ) . `` Walking With Dinosaurs star Justin Long reveals his love for all things prehistoric '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Nightingale , Neil ; Cook , Barry ( Directors ) ( 2013 ) . Walking with Dinosaurs ( Ultimate Dino Guide ) ( Motion picture ) . 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : McDaniel , Matt ( 11 December 2013 ) . `` ' Walking With Dinosaurs ' Gives Voice to Ancient Creatures '' . Yahoo Movies . Yahoo !. Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( 9 November 2010 ) . `` Fox Gets ' Walking With Dinosaurs ' 3D Film '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dawtrey , Adam ( 6 May 2011 ) . `` BBC Earth targets theatrical world '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana ( 29 June 2010 ) . `` BBC , Evergreen plan 3D dino pic '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana ( 1 November 2010 ) . `` Reliance Big Entertainment , BBC pact on pic trio '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : Zahed , Ramin ( 15 December 2013 ) . `` Pachyrhinos ' Stirring Saga '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Faughnder , Ryan ( 19 December 2013 ) . `` ' Anchorman 2 ' to challenge reign of ' Smaug ' at the box office '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Pomerantz , Dorothy ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` ' Walking With Dinosaurs ' Is A T - Rex Sized Independent Film '' . Forbes . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hamad , Marwa ( 19 December 2013 ) . `` Walking with Dinosaurs was no walk in the park '' . Gulf News . Retrieved 19 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Black , Claire ( 14 December 2013 ) . `` Walking with Dinosaurs hits big screen in 3D '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Giardina , Carolyn ( 8 September 2011 ) . `` James Cameron , Vince Pace Team With BBC Earth , Evergreen on ' Walking With Dinosaurs 3D ' Film '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Brehmer , Elwood ( 12 December 2013 ) . `` Made in Alaska : ' Walking with Dinosaurs ' set for Dec. 20 release '' . Alaska Journal of Commerce . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Ben ( 15 September 2011 ) . `` ' Walking With Dinosaurs 3 - D ' : A different kind of Alaska - made film '' . Alaska Dispatch . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Kyle ( 29 August 2012 ) . `` Filming slow this summer for movies with state subsidies '' . Anchorage Daily News . ^ Jump up to : Rowat , Alison ( 12 December 2013 ) . `` Story of pachyrhinosaurus is a giant leap for film - making '' . The Herald . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Bulbeck , Pip ( 1 January 2011 ) . `` VFX House Animal Logic Will Lead Animation on BBC 's ' Walking With Dinosaurs 3D ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Marco Marenghi '' . soya.com.au . Qantas Spirit of Youth Awards 365 . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( 8 September 2011 ) . `` Fusion 3D brings life to ' Dinosaurs ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Saunders , Emma ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` Dinosaurs stomp on to big screen '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Meaghan ( 18 December 2013 ) . `` Walking with dinosaurs : Feathered , furry and fierce '' . FoxNews.com . Fox News Channel . Retrieved 18 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff . `` News Paul Leonard - Morgan '' . paulleonardmorgan.com . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , Jennifer ( 12 December 2013 ) . `` 114 Original Scores in 2013 Oscar Race '' . awn.com . Animation World Network . Retrieved 13 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 16 January 2014 ) . `` 2014 Oscars : The nominees ' list '' . cnn.com . CNN . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( 15 January 2014 ) . `` T - Wreck : Why Fox 's ' Walking With Dinosaurs ' Went Extinct '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Hamzelou , Jessica ( 18 December 2013 ) . `` Dream Job : Walking with Dinosaurs movie adviser '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 18 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Xu , X. ; Wang , K. ; Zhang , K. ; Ma , Q. ; Xing , L. ; Sullivan , C. ; Hu , D. ; Cheng , S. ; Wang , S. ; et al. ( 2012 ) . `` A gigantic feathered dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of China '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 484 ( 7392 ) : 92 -- 95 . doi : 10.1038 / nature10906 . PMID 22481363 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Switek , Brian ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` Feathers for Tyrannosaurs '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 16 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Fiorillo , A.R. ; Adams , T.L. ( 2012 ) . `` A therizinosaur track from the lower Cantwell Formation ( Upper Cretaceous ) of Denali National Park , Alaska '' . PALAIOS. 27 ( 6 ) : 395 -- 400 . doi : 10.2110 / palo. 2011. p11 - 083r . ISSN 0883 - 1351 . Jump up ^ Dunham , Mike ( 18 December 2013 ) . `` Prehistoric Alaska animals star in ' Walking with Dinosaurs ' movie '' . Anchorage Daily News . Retrieved 19 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Lessem , Don ( 15 January 2014 ) . `` ' Walking With Dinosaurs ' fairly accurate , says expert , except for that sound track '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Weinkauf , Gregory ( 19 December 2013 ) . `` The Late Cretaceous Leaps to Life in Walking With Dinosaurs '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Williams , Charlotte ( 4 June 2013 ) . `` MCB buys Walking with Dinosaurs licence '' . The Bookseller . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : BBC Worldwide ( 19 June 2013 ) . `` BBC Worldwide Australia & New Zealand announces new licensing and publishing partners for Walking with Dinosaurs : The 3D Movie '' . bbc.co.uk . BBC . Retrieved 25 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` Wonderbook : Walking with Dinosaurs marches onto PS3 next week '' . Playstation Blog . Sony . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 9 November 2010 ) . `` AFM sees monster deals '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Loeffler , Tania ; Westcott , Tim ( 7 January 2013 ) . `` Entertainment One purchase of Alliance Films approved '' . Screen Digest . Retrieved 10 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 16 November 2013 ) . `` Diff : Two red - carpet galas for family films '' . Gulf News . Retrieved 17 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Walking with Dinosaurs ( 3D ) '' . dubaifilmfest.com . Dubai International Film Festival . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 2 August 2011 ) . `` Fox Sets ' Walking With Dinosaurs ' for Christmas 2013 Release '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ^ Jump up to : Subers , Ray ( 18 December 2013 ) . `` Forecast : Great Odin 's Raven ! ' Anchorman 2 ' Set for Strong Start '' . boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 19 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( 8 December 2013 ) . `` Weekend Box Office : ' Frozen ' Tops ' Catching Fire ' , ' Inside Llewyn Davis ' Hits Big '' . Forbes . Retrieved 9 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` Hollywood Risks a Christmastime Overload '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( 6 November 2013 ) . `` Holiday 2013 Forecast ( cont . ) '' . boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Edward ( 17 December 2013 ) . `` The Weekend Warrior : Anchorman 2 , American Hustle , Saving Mr. Banks , Walking With Dinosaurs '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline Media . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( 17 December 2013 ) . `` ' Walking With Dinosaurs ' : Fox 's Latest Stone Age Kids Movie Has BBC Pedigree '' . TheWrap . The Wrap News , Inc . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( 19 December 2013 ) . `` Box Office Primer : Newcomer ' Anchorman 2 ' $8 M Wednesday Sets For Strong $40 M to $45 M 5 - Day Opening In Crowded Weekend ; ' The Hobbit ' 3 - Day BO One To Watch '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 19 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for December 20 - 22 , 2013 '' . boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( 21 December 2013 ) . `` Box Office : ' Anchorman 2 , ' ' Hobbit ' End Friday in Dead Heat '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( 22 December 2013 ) . `` Box Office : ' Hobbit 2 ' Beats ' Anchorman 2 ' With $31.5 Million , Crosses $400 Million Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Stewart , Andrew ( 23 December 2013 ) . `` How ' Frozen ' Became This Year 's Surprise Holiday B.O. Present '' . Variety . Retrieved 25 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Walking with Dinosaurs '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Smallest Second Weekend Drops '' . boxofficemojo.com . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 20 December 2013 ) . `` ' Anchorman 2 : The Legend Continues , ' ' American Hustle , ' ' Saving Mr. Banks , ' ' Inside Llewyn Davis ' ( Review Revue ) '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 20 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Walking with Dinosaurs Reviews '' . metacritic.com . Metacritic . Retrieved 21 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Walking with Dinosaurs '' . rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Tim ( 20 December 2013 ) . `` Critics Consensus : Anchorman 2 : The Legend Continues is Certified Fresh '' . rottentomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen , Michael ( 16 December 2013 ) . `` Walking With Dinosaurs : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Jolin , Dan ( 17 December 2013 ) . `` Walking With Dinosaurs : The 3D Movie '' . Empire . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Meek , Tom ( 17 December 2013 ) . `` Walking with Dinosaurs '' . Paste . Retrieved 17 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Switek , Brian ( 2 January 2014 ) . `` How to Ruin Dinosaurs '' . National Geographic . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( 2 April 2014 ) . `` ' Frozen ' Beats ' Wolf of Wall Street ' to Remain at Top of Home Video Sales Charts '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Ellingson , Annlee ( 3 April 2014 ) . `` Home - video charts : ' Frozen ' ices sales again , but ' Wolf of Wall Street ' tops rentals '' . L.A. Biz . American City Business Journals . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Tribbey , Chris ( 7 February 2014 ) . `` Basketful of Easter , Family Titles Coming '' . Home Media Magazine . Retrieved 7 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Walking with Dinosaurs : Prehistoric Planet 3D BBC Earth Movies BBC Earth '' . BBC Earth . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 12 . Further reading ( edit ) Brusatte , Steve ( 2013 ) . Walking with Dinosaurs Encyclopedia . HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 223278 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Official website Walking with Dinosaurs on IMDb Walking with Dinosaurs at Box Office Mojo Walking with Dinosaurs at Rotten Tomatoes The Algorithms That Power the Hyper - Real Creatures of Walking With Dinosaurs at Wired King of the monsters by The Scotsman , a general history of dinosaurs in film Walking with ... Trilogy Walking with Dinosaurs ( 1999 ) Walking with Beasts ( 2001 ) Walking with Monsters ( 2005 ) Specials The Ballad of Big Al ( 2000 ) Chased by Dinosaurs ( 2002 ) Sea Monsters ( TV series ) ( 2003 ) Spin - offs Walking with Cavemen ( 2003 ) Prehistoric Park ( 2006 ) Lists List of Walking with ... creatures List of Prehistoric Park episodes , locations List of Primeval creatures , episodes , books , characters Books The Complete Guide to Prehistoric Life ( 2006 ) Films Walking with Dinosaurs ( 2013 ) Shows The Arena Spectacular Games Dinosaur World ( 2002 ) Walking with Dinosaurs ( 2013 ) Other Prehistoric Planet ( 2002 ) Related The Lost World ( 2001 ) Primeval ( 2007 -- 11 ) March of the Dinosaurs ( 2011 ) Planet Dinosaur ( 2011 ) Primeval : New World ( 2012 -- 13 ) BBC Natural History Unit Television Landmarks The Blue Planet Planet Earth Nature 's Great Events Life Human Planet Frozen Planet Africa Life Story Shark The Hunt Planet Earth II Blue Planet II Life series Life on Earth The Living Planet The Trials of Life Life in the Freezer The Private Life of Plants The Life of Birds The Life of Mammals Life in the Undergrowth Life in Cold Blood Walking with ... series Walking with Dinosaurs The Ballad of Big Al Walking with Beasts Walking with Cavemen Chased by Dinosaurs Sea Monsters Walking with Monsters Prehistoric Park British wildlife Bellamy 's Backyard Safari Living Britain British Isles Springwatch The Nature of Britain The Great British Year The One Show Continents Land of the Eagle Spirits of the Jaguar Land of the Tiger Andes to Amazon Wild Africa Wild New World Wild Down Under Europe Wild Caribbean Wild China South Pacific Wild Arabia Wild Brazil Wild West Locations The First Eden Congo Nile Galapagos Ganges Yellowstone The Great Rift : Africa 's Wild Heart Madagascar Great Barrier Reef Wild Burma : Nature 's Lost Kingdom Alaska : Earth 's Frozen Kingdom Japan : Earth 's Enchanted Islands Atlantic : The Wildest Ocean on Earth Patagonia : Earth 's Secret Paradise New Zealand : Earth 's Mythical Islands Thailand : Earth 's Tropical Paradise Wild Ireland : The Edge of the World Mexico : Earth 's Festival of Life Expeditions Amazon Abyss Expedition Borneo Pacific Abyss Lost Land of the Jaguar Lost Land of the Volcano Lost Land of the Tiger The Dark : Nature 's Nighttime World Prehistoric Life Wild New World Planet Dinosaur Ice Age Giants Rise of Animals : Triumph of the Vertebrates Children 's TV Animal Magic The Really Wild Show Roar Deadly 60 Inside Life Other Wildlife on One The World About Us Natural World BBC Wildlife Specials Supersense Sea Trek Lifesense Big Cat Diary Supernatural Cousins State of the Planet Dragons Alive Planet Earth : The Future Orangutan Diary Saving Planet Earth The Secret Life of Elephants The Museum of Life Mountain Gorilla The Bear Family & Me Unnatural Histories Ocean Giants Earthflight Planet Earth Live Nature 's Microworlds The Polar Bear Family & Me Hidden Kingdoms Monkey Planet Wonders of the Monsoon Nature 's Greatest Dancers India : Nature 's Wonderland Nature 's Wonderlands Earth 's Greatest Spectacles Extreme Mountain Challenge Tribes , Predators & Me Life in the Air Nature 's Epic Journeys Earth 's Seasonal Secrets Animal Babies Elephant Family & Me Life in the Snow Yellowstone : Wildest Winter to Blazing Summer Spy in the Wild Mountain : Life at the Extreme Radio World on the Move David Attenborough 's Life Stories The Living World Saving Species Film Earth : One Amazing Day Deep Blue Earth The Meerkats One Life Walking with Dinosaurs 3D Walking with Dinosaurs : Prehistoric Planet 3D Tiny Giants 3D Enchanted Kingdom 3D Heads of the NHU Bruce Campbell Christopher Parsons Alastair Fothergill Keith Scholey Neil Nightingale Wendy Darke Julian Hector Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walking_with_Dinosaurs_(film)&oldid=828859148 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films American films Australian films British films Dinosaur films 2010s American animated films 2013 3D films 2013 animated films 2013 computer - animated films American animated films Animated films about dinosaurs Australian animated films British animated films Films based on television series Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in Alaska Films shot in Alaska Films shot in New Zealand Films with live action and animation 20th Century Fox films 20th Century Fox animated films Entertainment One films IM Global films Screenplays by John Collee Films directed by Barry Cook Walking with ... Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from November 2013 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Svenska 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 March 2018 , at 04 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the voice of patchy in walking with dinosaurs | [
"\n\n\nVoiceovers for prehistoric creatures\n\nJohn Leguizamo ... Alex\nJustin Long ... Patchi\nTiya Sircar ... Juniper\nSkyler Stone ... Scowler\n\n\n\nModern-day humans\n\nKarl Urban ... Uncle Zack\nCharlie Rowe ... Ricky\nAngourie Rice ... Jade\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Justin Long"
] |
2549742951330970888 | List of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? top prize winners | List of who Wants to be a Millionaire ? Top prize winners - wikipedia List of who Wants to be a Millionaire ? Top prize winners Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Below is a list of the winners of the top prize for each international versions of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? . Edition Winner Broadcast date Notes Top prize Man sa yarbah al malyoon Khaled al Mulla 000000002001 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2001 1,000,000 SR Man sa yarbah al malyoon Mohammad Tanirah 000000002002 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 2002 1,000,000 SR Man sa yarbah al malyoon Sidi Ahmed weld Ali 000000002003 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2003 1,000,000 SR Man sa yarbah 2 malyoon Kenaan Matar 000000002007 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2007 2,000,000 SR Man sa yarbah al malyoon Mohammad Abdelwahab Hamzeh 000000002010 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2010 First SR 1,000,000 winner in the new season First winner of the 12 - question format . 1,000,000 SR Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Rob `` Coach '' Fulton 000000002005 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 2005 First winner in Australia after six and a half years . A $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Martin Flood 000000002005 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2005 Allegations of cheating marred his top prize win , but he was cleared . Also the last winner of the original Australian version . A $1,000,000 Millionaire Hot Seat Edwin Daly 000000002016 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2016 Fourth Winner in the Hot Seat Format . First Australian winner after almost 11 years . A $1,000,000 Die Millionenshow Anton Sutterlüty 000000002001 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2001 öS 10,000,000 Die Millionenshow Christiane de Piero 000000002002 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 2002 € 1,000,000 Die Millionenshow Sigrid Weiß - Lutz 000000002003 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2003 € 1,000,000 Die Millionenshow Monica Weinzettl 000000002003 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2003 Promi - Ausgabe # 7 . Donated the prize to St. Stephen 's Cathedral € 50,000 Die Millionenshow Karin Huber 000000002003 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2003 € 1,000,000 Die Millionenshow Elfriede ( `` El '' ) Awadalla 000000002005 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 2005 € 1,000,000 Die Millionenshow Heide Gondek 000000002006 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2006 € 1,000,000 Die Millionenshow Philip Aschner 000000002007 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2007 Junior - Special € 100,000 Die Millionenshow Marion Eidenhammer 000000002008 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 2008 Junior - Special € 100,000 Die Millionenshow Stefan Schwaiger 000000002009 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2009 Junior - Special € 100,000 Die Millionenshow Andreas Goldberger and Nina Hartmann 000000002011 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2011 Promi - Ausgabe # 23 . € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Thomas Geierspichler and Günther Matzinger 000000002012 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2012 Promi - Ausgabe # 27 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Andrea Spatzek 000000002012 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2012 Promi - Ausgabe # 28 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Sonya Kraus 000000002013 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 2013 Promi - Ausgabe # 30 . Prize donated to Life Ball € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Peter Stöger and Ulrike Kriegler 000000002013 - 10 - 21 - 0000 October 21 , 2013 Promi - Ausgabe # 31 . Prize donated to Austrian Sports Aid € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Stephan Eberharter 000000002013 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2013 Promi - Ausgabe # 32 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Mathias Stockinger 000000002013 - 12 - 09 - 0000 December 9 , 2013 First non-celebrity winner after 7 years € 1,000,000 Die Millionenshow Kristina Sprenger 000000002014 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 2014 Promi - Ausgabe # 33 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Angelika Kirchschlager 000000002015 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2015 Promi - Ausgabe # 37 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Julia Cencig 000000002015 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2015 Promi - Ausgabe # 37 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel € 75,000 Die Millionenshow Dietrich Siegl 000000002015 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2015 Promi - Ausgabe # 40 . Prize donated to Licht ins Dunkel € 75,000 Ke Hotey Chay Kotipoti Mir Mohammed Easin 2011 ৳ 10,000,000 Qui sera millionnaire ? ( French Version ) Katia Savignano 000000002001 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 2001 BEF 10,000,000 Wie wordt multimiljonair ? ( Dutch Version ) Ingrid Vervaeck 000000002000 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 2000 BEF 20,000,000 ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Gonzalo Miranda 000000002002 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 2002 First and also last winner . CLP $100,000,000 ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Juan Dario Jaramillo Sánchez 000000002002 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2002 First child winner on Colombian Millionaire COP $210,000,000 ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Enrique Carlos Castillo 000000002006 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2006 COP $210,000,000 ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? David Huertas 000000002011 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2011 COP $300,000,000 ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Willy Pérez 000000002010 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2010 Winner of special 2010 World Cup edition . First and also last winner . 25,000,000 colón Tko želi biti milijunaš ? Mira Bićanić 000000002003 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 2003 First and also last winner . 1,000,000 kuna Hvem vil være millionær ? Søren Brøndum Laursen 000000002001 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2001 First winner in the Danish version 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Anders and Peter Lund Madsens 000000002002 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 2002 Winners in charity edition . Prize donated to DCA 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Signe Svendsen and Søren Sko 000000002004 - 01 - 01 - 0000 January 1 , 2004 Winners in charity edition . Prize donated to AIDS Foundation 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Søren Gudbrand and Lis Gudbrand 000000002005 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2005 Winners in Special edition `` Me and my best '' 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Claus Højbak and Bertel Haarder 000000002005 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 , 2005 Donated half the prize to a school organization 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Peter Kierkegaard , Helle Knudsen and Alexander Cortes 000000002007 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 2007 Junior edition # 1 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Julie , Ulrik and Sia 000000002007 - 11 - 24 - 0000 November 24 , 2007 Junior edition # 2 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Joachim , Lukkas and Daniel 000000002008 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 2008 Junior edition # 3 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Simon Ron Dalsgaard , Emil Aleksej Belinson and Marcus Heinrich Abrahamsen 000000002008 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2008 Junior edition # 4 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Mogens Lykketoft and Martin Krasnik 000000002010 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2010 Winners in celebrity edition . Prize donated to Peres Center for Peace 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Jon Mikkel Hansen and Lars Ole Jørgensen 000000002012 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 2012 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Charlotte Bircow and Lasse Rimmer 000000002012 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 2012 Winners in celebrity edition . Prize donated to Breast Cancer Society 2,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Bjarke Refslund and Thure Kjær 000000002013 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19 , 2013 Winners in celebrity edition . 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Morten Resen and Ellen Nybo 000000002013 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 2013 Winners in 25th channel anniversary . 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Anders and Peter Lund Madsens 000000002013 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2013 Winners in charity edition . Prize fonated to DCA , and they became second millionaires after 17 September 2002 . 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Daniel Paske and Jasmin Sharzad 000000002015 - 03 - 03 - 0000 March 3 , 2015 Winners in Dating edition . 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Søren Pilmark and Henrik Koefoed 000000002016 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2016 Winners in celebrity edition . 1,000,000 Danish Krone Hvem vil være millionær ? Tommy Kenter and Lise Baastrup 000000002016 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2016 Winners in celebrity edition . 1,000,000 Danish Krone ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Maria Fernanda Compte 000000002002 - 11 - 24 - 0000 November 24 , 2002 First and also last winner . US $25,000 Qui Veut Gagner des Millions ? Frédéric Grégoire 000000002000 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 2000 First winner . ₣ 4,000,000 Qui Veut Gagner des Millions ? Louis 000000002000 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 2000 Second winner . ₣ 4,000,000 Qui Veut Gagner des Millions ? Marie Friedel 000000002004 - 08 - 27 - 0000 August 27 , 2004 Third and last winner . € 1,000,000 Vis Unda 20000 ? Manana Maisuradze 000000002002 - 01 - 01 - 0000 2002 20,000 Lari Vis Unda 20000 ? Garry Kasparov and Daria Tarasova 000000002011 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2011 First celebrity winners . Episode was in Russian with Georgian subtitles . 20,000 Lari Wer wird Millionär ? Eckhard Freise 000000002000 - 12 - 02 - 0000 December 2 , 2000 DM 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Marlene Grabherr 000000002001 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 2001 DM 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Gerhard Krammer 000000002002 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 2002 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Dr. Maria Elisabeth Wienströer 000000002004 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2004 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Stefan Lang 000000002006 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 2006 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Timur Hahn 000000002007 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 2007 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Oliver Pocher 000000002008 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 2008 Promi - Special # 16 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Thomas Gottschalk 000000002008 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2008 Promi - Special # 17 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Ralf Schnoor 000000002010 - 11 - 26 - 0000 November 26 , 2010 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Barbara Schöneberger 000000002011 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 , 2011 Promi - Special # 22 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Sebastian Langrock 000000002013 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 2013 € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Thorsten Fischer 000000002014 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 2014 15 - year anniversary special episode € 1,000,000 Wer wird Millionär ? Nadja Sidikjar 000000002015 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 , 2015 First winner of Jackpot - Special # 2 € 1,538,450 Wer wird Millionär ? Leon Windscheid 000000002015 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 , 2015 € 1,000,000 Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos Giorgios Georgopoulos 000000002001 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2001 First winner . ₯ 50,000,000 Poios thelei na ginei ekatommyriouchos Stelios Stergiou 000000002003 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 , 2003 Second and last winner . € 150,000 Baak Maan Fu Yung James Wong and Petrina Fung 000000002001 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 2001 Celebrity charity special HK $1,000,000 Baak Maan Fu Yung Stephen Chow and Lee Man 000000002001 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 , 2001 Shaolin Soccer charity special HK $1,000,000 Baak Maan Fu Yung Chan Hon - cheung `` Christ '' 000000002001 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2001 First of the two non-celebrity winners in Hong Kong HK $1,000,000 Baak Maan Fu Yung Cheng Tak - cheung 000000002003 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2003 Million dollar tournament HK $1,000,000 Legyen Ön is milliomos ! Gábor Cserey 000000002006 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2006 40,000,000 Ft Viltu vinna milljón ? Sveinn Valgeirsson 000000002002 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 2002 First Winner . 5,000,000 Icelandic Krona Viltu vinna milljón ? Paolo Turchi 000000002003 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2003 Second Winner . 5,000,000 Icelandic krona Viltu vinna milljón ? Jón Steinar Gunnlaugsson and Hannes Hólmsteinn Gissurarson 000000002004 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2004 Winners in charity edition . Prize donated to Childhood Cancer Support Association `` SKB '' 5,000,000 Icelandic krona Kaun Banega Crorepati Harshvardhan Navathe 000000002000 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2000 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) Kaun Banega Crorepati Vijay Raul and Arundhati 000000002001 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2001 Winner of Kaun Banega Crorepati Patni 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) Kaun Banega Crorepati Ravi Mohan Saini 000000002001 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2001 Winner of KBC Junior 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) Kaun Banega Crorepati Sushil Kumar 000000002013 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2013 First winner of the 13 - question format . And fourth winner after 10 years . 50,000,000 Rs. ( 5 crore ) Kaun Banega Crorepati Sanmjeet Kaur Sahani 000000002013 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2013 Second and last winner of the 13 - question format . 50,000,000 Rs. ( 5 crore ) Kaun Banega Crorepati Achin and Sarthak Narula 000000002014 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 2014 Highest Asian top prize in Millionaire franchise to date . First winners of the 14 - question format and last winners of 14 - question format . 70,000,000 Rs. ( 7 crore ) Kannadada Kotyadhipati Hussain Basha 000000002013 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 2013 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) Ningalkkum Aakaam Kodeeshwaran Sanooja Rajan 000000002013 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 2013 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) Kon Hoeel Marathi Crorepati Mahadev Jadhav and Anita Jadhav 000000002014 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2014 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) Ke Hobe Banglar Kotipoti Aamir Khan and Kiran Rao 000000002011 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2011 Celebrity edition 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) Ke Bani Crorepati Rajesh Singh 000000002011 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2011 10,000,000 Rs. ( 1 crore ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Adhi Hartono 000000002005 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 2005 The first and the only winner of the Indonesian version . Rp . 1,000,000,000 Mi Rotseh Lehiot Mylyoner ? Izhar Nevo 000000002000 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2000 First winner in Israel and last . 1,000,000 ₪ Chi vuol essere miliardario ? Francesca Cinelli 000000002001 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 2001 First winner . ₤ 1,000,000,000 Chi vuol essere milionario ? Davide Pavesi 000000002004 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 2004 Second winner . € 1,000,000 Chi vuol essere milionario ? Michela De Paoli 000000002011 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 2011 Third and last winner . She used all three on the last question , just to be sure to win a million euro . € 1,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Yasuyuki Kunimitsu 000000002000 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2000 First ever Asian Millionaire top prize winner ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Yoshiaki Nagata 000000002000 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 2000 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Naoko Imao 000000002000 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2000 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Hiroshi Hase 000000002000 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2000 Member of the Japanese House of Representatives and former professional wrestler ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Kazuyuki Nose 000000002001 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2001 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Kotaro Kobayashi 000000002001 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2001 Kids Edition ¥ 1,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Katsuhiro Minamigawa 000000002001 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2001 Kids Edition ¥ 1,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Hitomi Sakamoto 000000002001 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2001 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Akishi Kikuchi 000000002002 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2002 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Michiko Eguchi 000000002002 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 2002 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Naomi Osada 000000002002 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2002 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Shoko Mishima 000000002003 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2003 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Sayu Tanabashi 000000002003 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 2003 Kids Edition ¥ 500,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Natsumi Kataoka 000000002003 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 2003 Kids Edition ¥ 500,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Daichi Suzuki 000000002003 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2003 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Tsuyoshi Shinjo 000000002004 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2004 Professional baseball player ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Jo Kihara 000000002004 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 2004 Kids Edition ¥ 500,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Takafumi Horie 000000002004 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 2004 Former CEO of Livedoor ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Kazuko Hosoki 000000002004 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 2004 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Masaaki Sakai 000000002005 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 2005 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Yasuo Tanaka 000000002005 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 2005 Author and governor of Nagano Prefecture ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Kikuchi Tomohisa 000000002005 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2005 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Masahiko Hamada 000000002005 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2005 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Yukiko Kashiwagi and Hanako Oshima 000000002005 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2005 Pair players ( mother and daughter ) ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Kotaro Koizumi 000000002006 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2006 Japanese actor and the eldest son of the former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Yūko Asano 000000002006 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2006 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Junko Nozoe 000000002006 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2006 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Keiko Ohi 000000002006 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2006 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Dai Tamesue 000000002006 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2006 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Bandō Mitsugorō X 000000002006 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2006 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Dewi Sukarno 000000002006 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2006 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Misako Konno 000000002007 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2007 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Shōsuke Tanihara 000000002007 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 2007 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Sumiko Fuji 000000002008 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2008 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Kazuo Tokumitsu 000000002008 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 2008 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Takeshi Kitano 000000002009 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2009 Only person to answer the final question incorrectly once , and later return and win the top prize . ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Hikari Ota 000000002009 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 2009 ¥ 10,000,000 Quiz $ Millionaire Mana Ashida 000000002013 - 01 - 02 - 0000 January 2 , 2013 Celebrity Kids Edition . Youngest top - prize winner ( at the time of recording ) in the Millionaire franchise worldwide . ( 8 years and 6 months old ) ¥ 1,000,000 Kto vozmyot million Saule Akhmetova 000000002002 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2002 First woman who won 5,000,000 tenge 5,000,000 tenge Kto vozmyot million Irina Stalnaya 000000002003 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 , 2003 Second woman who won 5,000,000 tenge and also last winner . 5,000,000 tenge Gribi būt miljonārs ? Elita Rumpe 000000002002 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 , 2002 10,000 Latvian lats ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Lucía Sánchez 000000002010 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 2010 First winner on new format . 3,000,000 Mexican pesos ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Rafael Lira 000000002012 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2012 Second and last winner of new format . 1,500,000 Mexican pesos Lotto Weekend Miljonairs Hans Peters 000000002001 - 01 - 06 - 0000 January 6 , 2001 First and also last winner . NLG 1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Chimuanya `` Aroma '' Ufodike 000000002009 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 2009 First and also last winner . ₦ 10,000,000 Vil du bli millionær ? Anne Louise Lien and Hans Erik Borgenvik 000000002003 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 2003 First winners in Norway . 2,000,000 Norwegian krone Vil du bli millionær ? Bjørn Lien 000000002010 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2010 First winner in the Hot Seat format . And second last winner after 6.5 years . 1,000,000 Norwegian krone Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Sharon Cuneta 000000002010 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 2010 Celebrity contestant who made a second appearance in the franchise . Won P1 , 000,000 ( 14th question ) during her first appearance on December 25 , 2001 . 2,000,000 Philippine pesos Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Karl Jonathan Aguilar 000000002011 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 2011 2,000,000 Philippine pesos Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Eduardo Gaeilo Pajinag , Jr . 000000002013 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2013 First winner under Risk format outside Germany . 2,000,000 Philippine pesos Milionerzy Krzysztof Wójcik 000000002010 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2010 Second and last winner of the 12 - question format . First and only ( so far ) winner after 11 years . 1,000,000 zł Quem quer ser milionário ? Renata Morgado 000000002000 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 2000 First female top - prize winner in the franchise . Also the first ever European and non-English - speaking Millionaire winner . 50,000,000 Portuguese escudos Quem quer ser milionário ? Ana Damásio 000000002000 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 2000 Second female top - prize winner in the franchise 50,000,000 Portuguese escudos Quem quer ser milionário ? José Fernandes 000000002001 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 2001 50,000,000 Portuguese escudos Quem quer ser milionário ? António Franco 000000002003 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 2003 € 250,000 Quem quer ser milionário ? José Maria Souto de Moura 000000002014 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2014 First winner after 11 years and last winner . € 100,000 Vrei să fii miliardar ? Mihai Popa 000000002001 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 2001 1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu Vrei să fii miliardar ? Tudor Hurezeanu 000000002002 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 , 2002 1,000,000,000 Romanian Leu Kto khochet stat ' millionerom ? Igor Sazeyev 000000002001 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 2001 First winner in Russia 1,000,000 Rubles Kto khochet stat ' millionerom ? Irina Chudinovskih and Yury Chudinovskih 000000002003 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2003 Couples version . 1,000,000 Rubles Kto khochet stat ' millionerom ? Svetlana Yaroslavtseva 000000002006 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 2006 First woman who won 3.000. 000 Rubles . Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question . 3,000,000 Rubles Kto khochet stat ' millionerom ? Timur Budayev 000000002010 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2010 First man who won 3.000. 000 Rubles . Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question . 3,000,000 Rubles Kto khochet stat ' millionerom ? Bari Alibasov and Alexander `` Danko '' Fadeev 000000002013 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2013 First celebrity winners in the Russian version with Risk format 3,000,000 Rubles Lepo je biti milijonar Peter Lazar 000000002001 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 2001 SIT 10,000,000 Lepo je biti milijonar Akim Kysselef 000000002002 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 2002 SIT 10,000,000 Lepo je biti milijonar Matjaž Tanko 000000002002 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2002 SIT 10,000,000 Lepo je biti milijonar Gorazd Škerbinek 000000002002 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 2002 SIT 10,000,000 Lepo je biti milijonar Aleš Jankovič 000000002003 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2003 Firefighters edition SIT 10,000,000 Lepo je biti milijonar Jaro Leskovsek 000000002004 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2004 SIT 15,000,000 Lepo je biti milijonar Viktor Niko 000000002005 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 2005 SIT 15,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? David Paterson 000000002000 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 2000 First winner outside the USA . And also last winner . 1,000,000 Rand ¿ Quiere ser millonario ? 50 por 15 Enrique Chicote 000000002000 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 2000 Used the phone - a-friend lifeline to call his wife on the last question , letting her know that he 'd won , and first winner on Spanish version . ₧ 50,000,000 ¿ Quién Quiere Ser El Millonario ? Paco Reverte 000000002012 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 2012 Third winner in the `` Hot Seat '' format . First winner in Spain in almost twelve years . € 100,000 Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi ( Sinhalese ) Apeksha Kumari 000000002013 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 2013 First winner 2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi ( Sinhalese ) Moksha Madusanka 000000002017 - 07 - 02 - 0000 July 2 , 2017 Second winner after 4 years 2,000,000 Sri Lankan Rupee Postkodmiljonären Per Hörberg 000000002006 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 2006 First winner . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Postkodmiljonären Torgny Segerstedt 000000002008 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2008 Second winner . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Postkodmiljonären Olle Laurell 000000002009 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 2009 Third winner . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Postkodmiljonären Jan Sundström 000000002010 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2010 Fourth winner . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Postkodmiljonären Mattias Östermann 000000002012 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2012 Fitfh winner . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Postkodmiljonären Lena Angviken 000000002012 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2012 Sixth winner . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Postkodmiljonären Birgitta Hedström 000000002014 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2014 Seventh winner . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Postkodmiljonären Alexandra Pascalidou and Lena Ag 000000002014 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2014 Celebrity Special # 1 . And also Eighth winners . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Postkodmiljonären Ylva Orrmell 000000002017 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 2017 Ninth winner . 1,000,000 Swedish Krona Khto khoche staty milyonerom ? -- Pershyi milyon Sergey Karabinsky 000000002003 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 2003 First winner of the Ukrainian version . 1,000,000 Moldovan leu = 372,000 hryvnia Khto khoche staty milyonerom ? -- Pershyi milyon Svyatoslav Vakarchuk 000000002005 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 , 2005 First celebrity contestant . Top prize donated to orphanages in Ukraine . Second winner after 1.5 years 1,000,000 hryvnia Milyoner - Garyache Krislo Nadezhda Beldiy 000000002011 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 , 2011 Second top winner in the hot seat format . First and also last winner after 6 years . 1,000,000 hryvnia Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Judith Keppel 000000002000 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2000 First winner in the original UK version . £ 1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? David Edwards 000000002001 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2001 First male winner in the UK . £ 1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Robert Brydges 000000002001 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2001 First contestant to win on the United Kingdom version since the Charles Ingram affair . He had one lifeline at the Million pound question . £ 1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Pat Gibson 000000002004 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 2004 Had two out of three lifelines at the jackpot question . £ 1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Ingram Wilcox 000000002006 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 , 2006 Last winner in the original UK version . Also the last contestant to face the final question under the 15 - question format in the UK , and also the last contestant to win the top prize before the clock format was introduced on 3 August 2010 . £ 1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire John Carpenter 000000001999 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1999 First ever top - prize winner in the Millionaire franchise . He did not use a lifeline until his fifteenth and final question , when he called his father to tell him he would win the million . US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Dan Blonsky 000000002000 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2000 US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Joe Trela 000000002000 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2000 US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Bob House 000000002000 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2000 US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Kim Hunt 000000002000 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 , 2000 US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire David Goodman 000000002000 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2000 First Millionaire winner since John Carpenter to go 14 straight questions without using a lifeline . He used all three on the last question , just to be sure to win a million . US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Kevin Olmstead 000000002001 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2001 Biggest winner on the U.S. version , with a $2.18 million jackpot . He was the biggest top prize winner on a network television game show in U.S. history until Andrew Kravis overtook the record on September 19 , 2013 . Also the highest winning of Millionaire worldwide so far . US $2,180,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Bernie Cullen 000000002001 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 2001 Had two lifelines upon reaching the fifteenth question . US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Ed Toutant 000000002001 - 09 - 07 - 0000 September 7 , 2001 Originally ruled to have answered a $16,000 question incorrectly in January 2001 and left with $1,000 . It was later discovered that there was a mistake in his $16,000 question and was invited back to play for the $1.86 million he originally was going for . US $1,860,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Kevin Smith 000000002003 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 2003 First male winner of the syndicated series . US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Nancy Christy 000000002003 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2003 First and so far only female top - prize winner in the United States . US $1,000,000 Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Sam Murray 000000002009 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 2009 Murray did not go all the way to a million the first time , winning $50,000 ; then returned to win the question in the `` Million Dollar Tournament of Ten . '' He was also 8th seed in the tournament at the time of his winning . First and only millionaire of the clock format in the franchise . US $1,000,000 ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Giovanni Grosso 000000002002 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2002 First ever top - prize winner in South America . 100,000,000 Venezuelan bolívar ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Antonio Ríos 000000002002 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 2002 100,000,000 Venezuelan bolívar ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Eugenio Vargas 000000002004 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 2004 100,000,000 Venezuelan bolívar ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Zulay Marcano 000000002006 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2006 200,000,000 Venezuelan bolívar ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Luis Olavarrieta 000000002008 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 2008 Celebrity edition 200,000 Venezuelan bolívar ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? María Alejandra Requena 000000002008 - 12 - 31 - 0000 December 31 , 2008 Celebrity edition 200,000 Venezuelan bolívar ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Hildamar Parra and Alfonso Medina 000000002009 - 12 - 24 - 0000 December 24 , 2009 Celebrity edition weekend trip to Margarita ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? Carlos Felipe Alvarez and Nacarid Escalona 000000002009 - 12 - 24 - 0000 December 24 , 2009 Celebrity edition weekend trip to Margarita Ai là triệu phú Phương Thanh 000000002013 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2013 VTV 's 43rd anniversary special . Rather than a monetary prize , Thanh was offered the opportunity to `` work as an editor of Ai là triệu phú for one day '' . ₫ 150,000,000 Stripped winnings Some players had answered the top prize question correctly , but did not actually win the prize because of ineligibility , legal issues , or elimination from a contest . Edition Name of player Date Notes Koi iska da stane bogat Asen Kisimov 000000002002 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 2002 His daughter , Iskra Angelova , worked for Nova TV , which airs the show , a violation of the eligibility requirements , and was forced to return the prize money . Employees of the local broadcaster , production company or distributor , sponsors , and Sony ( which owns the franchise ) are not eligible to participate in the show . As Angelov is the only Bulgarian to answer the final question correctly , no one in this version actually won the top prize . เกม เศรษฐี Lertlak Panchanawaporn 000000002002 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2002 A computer error led the player to being fed all the right answers . The cable feeding the player the answers on the computer screen was supposed to be hooked up to the presenter 's computer . The player had noticed that the right answers were constantly highlighted on her computer screen and won the million this way . The show 's producers took the million away from the player , but she was allowed to play again , but won only 25,000 baht ( answered five questions ) . Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Charles Ingram 000000002003 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2003 He was accused of cheating by using different coughing patterns from fellow contestant Tecwen Whittock while playing the game . He was found guilty of fraud in the 2001 scandal and was stripped of his winnings . The episode was originally scheduled to air September 18 , 2001 but did not actually air until April 21 , 2003 . Was part of the final original episode . References Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20120320035328/http://nas.mbc.net/forum/showthread.php?t=583681 Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110723203447/http://nas.mbc.net/forum/showthread.php?t=583681 Jump up ^ الفائز بالمليون الثالث يفكر في الزواج ... أكثر من مرة , أولــــــى 2 ( in Arabic ) . Jump up ^ http://www.rasheed-b.com/2007/08/20/video-who-wants-to-be-a-millionaire-first-winner-of-2-million-sar/ Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20100331182944/http://www.alwatan.sy/dindex.php?idn=76712 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Second Aussie ' Millionaire ' winner emerges '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 15 November 2005 . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` South Australian war veteran will donate part of $1 million ' Millionaire Hot Seat ' win to charity '' . Nine News . 30 August 2016 . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.oe24.at/kultur/Anton-Sutterluety-ATS-10-000-000/199522 Jump up ^ http://www.oe24.at/kultur/Christiane-de-Piero-1-000-000-Euro/199538 Jump up ^ http://www.oe24.at/kultur/Sigrid-Weiss-Lutz-1-000-000-Euro/200070 Jump up ^ http://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20031017_OTS0040/orf-promi-millionenshow-zu-gunsten-von-rettet-den-stephansdom-am-18-oktober-in-geweihtem-studio Jump up ^ http://www.krone.at/familie/wie-weit-kommst-du-in-der-millionenshow-alle-promi-fragen-story-11611 Jump up ^ http://www.vol.at/3-millionarin-bei-millionenshow/vol-migrate-147842 Jump up ^ http://www.heute.at/news/welt/TV-Millionaerin-El-Awadalla-will-Bundespraesidentin-werden;art23661,1249963 Jump up ^ http://wiev1.orf.at/stories/137444 Jump up ^ http://www.oe24.at/old-channel/media/Junior-knackte-100-000-Euro-Jackpot/174153 Jump up ^ http://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20080627_OTS0337/junior-millionenshow-mit-vulkanen-zum-feuerwerk Jump up ^ http://www.gymzell.at/php/stefan_schweiger_superstar_der_juniormillionenshow,10384,19788.html Jump up ^ http://www.kornspitz.com/cn/aktuelles/artikel/millionenshow.de.php Jump up ^ http://tv.orf.at/groups/show/pool/sportlerpromimioshow Jump up ^ http://www.oe24.at/leute/tv/Lidia-Baich-verzauberte-Promi-Millionenshow/86386181 Jump up ^ http://tv.heute.at/art44262,877935 Jump up ^ http://www.oe24.at/leute/tv/Peter-Stoeger-knackt-den-Jackpot/119808790 Jump up ^ http://www.news.at/a/orf-promi-millionenshow-licht-dunkel Jump up ^ http://diepresse.com/home/kultur/medien/1502376/Millionenshow_Mathias-Stockinger-holt-die-Million Jump up ^ http://tv.heute.at/art44262,981998 Jump up ^ `` ORF - '' Promi - Millionenshow `` : 220.000 für `` Licht ins Dunkel '' '' ( in German ) . Jump up ^ http://www.kleinezeitung.at/kultur/4652576/PROMIMILLIONENSHOW_Bei-Armin-Assinger-werden-TVKommissarinnen-nervos - Jump up ^ Promis Erspielten 135.000 Euro für `` Licht ins Dunkel '' Jump up ^ `` DH.be -- Dix millions en 15 questions '' ( in French ) . Jump up ^ http://www.dhnet.be/medias/television/qui-sera-millionnaire-va-continuer-ses-speciales-duos-51b7cdb2e4b0de6db98f2186 Jump up ^ `` Vlaanderen heeft eindelijk multimiljonair '' ( in Dutch ) . Jump up ^ http://www.mercuriovalpo.cl/site/edic/20020909203857/pags/20020909223742.html Jump up ^ http://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/cultura/un-profesor-gano-los-100-millones-de-pesos-en-quien-quiere-ser-millonario/2002-09-10/000200.html Jump up ^ http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-1343057 Jump up ^ http://noticiasfarandulamodel.blogspot.co.il/2011/11/david-huertas-quiso-ser-millonario-y-lo.html Jump up ^ http://www.lapatria.com/variedades/nunca-quise-ser-millonario-paulo-laserna-31631 Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110928005254/http://www.revistadiners.com.co/nuevo/internaedicion.php?idn=454&idm=4 Jump up ^ `` DAVID HUERTAS QUISO SER MILLONARIO , ¡ Y LO LOGRÓ ! '' ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` ' ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? ' ya tiene su primer ganador '' ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110718162656/http://www.vueltaenu.co.cr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12391&Itemid=h Jump up ^ `` Mira Bićanić : Prva hrvatska milijunašica '' ( in Croatian ) . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2003 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Mira Bičanić postala prva milijunašica ! '' ( in Croatian ) . Jump up ^ `` Anders Lund Madsen fik tæv af storebror -- TV 2 Vip '' ( in Danish ) . Jump up ^ `` Anders Lund Madsen fik tæv af storebror -- TV 2 Vip '' ( in Danish ) . Jump up ^ http://underholdning.tv2.dk/2016-05-08-tommy-kenter-om-milliongevinst-vi-fik-hjaelp-oppefra Jump up ^ 92 - årig vinder milliongevinst Jump up ^ Tommy Kenter om milliongevinst : Vi fik hjælp oppefra Jump up ^ `` Skolebørn vinder million '' ( in Danish ) . Jump up ^ http://www.fyens.dk/nordfyn/Yes-nu-har-vi-en-million/artikel/869317 Jump up ^ `` ATLETIKKLUB VINDER MILLION '' ( in Danish ) . Jump up ^ `` JUNIOR - ISHOCKEYSPILLERE GIK HELE VEJEN '' ( in Danish ) . Jump up ^ `` Milliongevinst til unge rollespillere '' ( in Danish ) . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20110719132707/http://omtv2.tv2.dk/index.php?id=4614 Jump up ^ http://programmer.tv2.dk/articlenew.php/id-48827102:quizn%C3%B8rder-vinder-en-million.html Jump up ^ http://tvtid.tv2.dk/nytomtv/article.php/id-59023894:bircow-det-er-s%C3%A5-dejligt-at-kunne-hj%C3%A6lpe.html?forside Jump up ^ http://tvtid.tv2.dk/nytomtv/article.php/id-67401992:millionvindere-det-skal-pengene-g%C3%A5-til.html Jump up ^ http://tvtid.tv2.dk/2013-09-30-se-klippet-her-vinder-resen-og-nybo-millionen Jump up ^ `` Næste gang skal vi selv have millionen '' ( in Danish ) . Jump up ^ `` Vild jubel : Par vinder en million '' ( in Danish ) . Jump up ^ `` Ørken - sønner vinder én million i ' Millionæren ' : -- Vi var fandenivoldske '' ( in Danish ) . Jump up ^ `` Tommy Kenter om milliongevinst : Vi fik hjælp oppefra '' ( in Danish ) . Jump up ^ `` María Fernanda Compte se convirtió en millonaria '' ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` '' Qui veut gagner des millions ? '' ou la télé - tirelire '' ( in French ) . Jump up ^ http://www.leparisien.fr/loisirs-et-spectacles/un-deuxieme-gagnant-a-quatre-millions-05-11-2000-2001741726.php Jump up ^ http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/culture/20040828.OBS5750/une-gersoise-empoche-1-million-d-euros-dans-un-jeu.html Jump up ^ http://www.myvideo.ge/?CI=1&ci_c=video&ci_m=embed&id=FB6dRlSJo30 Jump up ^ Как Гарри Каспаров сыграл в грузинской версии игры `` Кто хочет стать миллионером ? '' Jump up ^ http://www.spiegel.de/quiztool/quiztool-44230.html Jump up ^ https://www.bluewin.ch/de/entertainment/tv/artikel-redaktion1/2014/10/wer-wird-millionaer-tot-erste-millionaerin-arm-gestorben-guenther-jauch-rtl.html Jump up ^ http://www.spiegel.de/quiztool/quiztool-44238.html Jump up ^ http://www.wa.de/hamm/zehn-jahren-gewann-maria-elisabeth-wienstroeer-eine-millionen-euro-wird-millionaer-3443309.html Jump up ^ http://www.t-online.de/unterhaltung/tv/id_71410150/-wer-wird-millionaer-guenther-jauchs-kult-quiz-feiert-15-jaehriges-jubilaeum.html Jump up ^ http://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/gallery.kuriose-kandidaten-zum-1000-mal-wer-wird-millionaer-param~11~10~0~13~false.cf69fcf4-e155-465d-aeb7-a57786a26f71.html Jump up ^ http://www.rp-online.de/panorama/fernsehen/promis-bei-jauch-verlierer-und-gewinner-bid-1.569987 Jump up ^ http://www.horizont.net/medien/nachrichten/-Thomas-Gottschalk-gewinnt-1-Million-Euro-bei-Wer-wird-Millionaer-80470 Jump up ^ `` Interview mit Jauch - Millionär Ralf Schnoor '' Die Leute sollen mit anständig Kohle heimgehen `` '' . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/leute/wer-wird-millionaer-schoeneberger-raeumt-die-million-ab-a-765803.html Jump up ^ `` Poker pro wins German version of Who Wants to be a Millionaire '' . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gastronom aus Hannover ist der neunte Millionen - Gewinner '' . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wer wird Millionär ? 2 . Jackpot - Special '' ( in German ) . Jump up ^ Wer wird Millionär ? ( 07.12. 2015 ) ^ Jump up to : Θέμα : Στέλιος Στεργίου : Πήρε τα 150.000 ευρώ του `` Εκατομμυριούχου '' Jump up ^ http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/2001-07-17/50204.html Jump up ^ Video on Youku ( in Chinese ) Jump up ^ http://ent.sina.com.cn/v/2001-08-21/54513.html Jump up ^ 台 港澳 新闻 - 港 人 陈汉翔 成 首 名 `` 百 万 富翁 '' ( in Chinese ) . Jump up ^ 「 百 萬 富翁 」 抬 錢 減 樓 債 ( in Chinese ) . Jump up ^ `` Főnyeremény volt a negyvenmilliós kérdés az RTL - nek '' ( in Hungarian ) . Jump up ^ `` Sóknarprestur á Tálknafirði vann fimm milljónir '' ( in Icelandic ) . Jump up ^ `` Hreppti 5 milljónir í Viltu vinna milljón ? '' ( in Icelandic ) . Jump up ^ `` Gljátína og kátína hjá Hannesi og Jóni Steinari '' ( in Icelandic ) . Jump up ^ http://ww.itimes.com/photo/kbc-winner-harshvardhan-nawathe Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20051023012640/http://kbc2.indya.com:80/kbc1/kbc1_crorepati.html Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20010811012341/http://kbc.indya.com:80/winners/quest.htm Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20010811010118/http://kbc.indya.com:80/winners/harshfav.htm Jump up ^ http://ww.itimes.com/photo/kbc-winner-vijay-and-arundhati-raul Jump up ^ http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010701/main6.htm Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/2001/06/29/stories/14292132.htm Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20010806195610/http://kbc.indya.com:80/junior/champ/july8_ravi.htm Jump up ^ Burke , Jason ( 27 October 2011 ) . `` ' Real Slumdog Millionaire ' is first to win $1 m on Indian gameshow '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ http://pages.rediff.com/photoalbum/preview/rediff-bollywood-photos/amitabh-bachchan-honours-kbc-6-winner-of-5-crores-sunmeet-kaur-sawhney/5065928/40457401/202510/3/amitabh-bachchan-posing-with-family-of-rs-5-crore-kbc-winner-sunmeet-kaur-sawhney-on-sets-of-kaun-banega-crorepati-6-in-mumbai--1 - Jump up ^ `` ' Kaun Banega Crorepati ' Season 8 Finds its First 7 Crore Winner in Narula Brothers ( PHOTO ) '' . International Business Times . 21 September 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/no-one-can-believe-weve-won-rs-7-crore-on-kbc/20141010.htm Jump up ^ http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2013/meet-hussain-basha-kannadada-kotyadhipati-108279.html Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/radio-and-tv/hitting-the-jackpot/article4650403.ece Jump up ^ http://www.keralatv.in/2013/04/sanuja-becomes-the-first-millionaire-of-nak/ Jump up ^ http://tvkiduniya.com/mahadev-jadhav-is-first-marathi-crorepati-with-his-wife-in-kon-hoeel-marathi-crorepati/ Jump up ^ http://indiainteracts.in/gossip/2011/06/28/18385/Aamir-Khan-and-Kiran-Rao-get-ready-to-occupy-the-hot-seat-on--Ke-Hobey-Banglar-Kotipoti-on-Mahuaa-Bangla/ Jump up ^ http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2011/07/mahuaa-tv-gets-its-first-winner-on-ke-bani-crorepati/ Jump up ^ נענע10 -- פורום טלוויזיה -- נבו , יזהר נבו ( in Hebrew ) . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20020411063040/http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/1,7340,L-54611,00.html Jump up ^ `` Parla Francesca Cinelli che domenica ha vinto il quiz di Gerry Scotti '' . la repubblica ( in Italian ) . 20 March 2001 . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.tvblog.it/post/23660/michela-de-paoli-vince-1-milione-a-chi-vuol-essere-milionario Jump up ^ http://www.tesionline.it/news/millionaire.jsp Jump up ^ http://www.lastampa.it/2011/01/28/societa/chi-vuol-essere-milionario-la-casalinga-da-un-milione-D7lIcHU0mU4f3K2omDv93L/pagina.html Jump up ^ http://www.tvblog.it/post/23653/chi-vuol-essere-milionario-michela-de-paoli-vince-il-milione Jump up ^ Schaeffer , Gary ( 9 August 2000 ) . `` ' Millionaire ' quiz show import does not work in Japan '' ( PDF ) . Laredo Morning Times . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ http://yamakatsureturns.doorblog.jp/archives/29835902.html Jump up ^ http://takeshiquiz.jugem.jp/?eid=31 Jump up ^ http://haluhico.exblog.jp/1806161/ Jump up ^ http://takeshiquiz.jugem.jp/?eid=162 Jump up ^ http://ameblo.jp/caroline-sp/entry-10200025304.html Jump up ^ http://blogs.yahoo.co.jp/hotcreationjp/57513148.html Jump up ^ http://mitokohmon02.blog93.fc2.com/blog-entry-523.html Jump up ^ http://www.nomad.su/?a=12-200204090003 Jump up ^ http://lyakhov.kz/editorial/kvm1.shtml Jump up ^ Кто возьмёт миллион ? ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ `` Нянечка детсада выиграла 10 000 латов в телеигре `` Кто хочет стать миллионером ? '' '' ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ http://www.delfi.lv/news/national/politics/auklite-elita-rumpe-uzvar-spele-gribi-but-miljonars.d?id=4473950 Jump up ^ `` Quien Quiere Ser Millonario ? en Tv Azteca '' ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ `` Alweer kort nieuws op woensdag 10 januari 2000 '' . Radio.nl. 10 January 2000 . Retrieved 25 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 15 Questions , 10 Million Naira ! Chimuanya ' Aroma ' Ufodike slays ' Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ' '' . Jump up ^ `` TV2 - millionærer holdt tett i 17 uker '' ( in Norwegian ) . Jump up ^ `` Her vinner Bjørn 1 million ! '' ( in Norwegian ) . Jump up ^ `` Sharon Cuneta wins P2 - M in ' Millionaire ' game show '' . Jump up ^ `` TV5 shows topped Sunday primetime , based on Nielsen Media Research data '' . Philippine Entertainment Portal . September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://philnews.ph/2013/10/22/eduardo-pajinag-jr-winner-of-who-wants-to-be-a-millionaire-2013/ Jump up ^ `` Milionerzy : pierwszy MILION wygrał 27 - letni Krzysztof Wójcik ! '' . 28 March 2010 . Jump up ^ António Franco não gosta de arriscar . Mas foi até ao fim Jump up ^ Vencedor do `` Quem Quer Ser Milionário ? '' causa polémica Jump up ^ http://www.movenoticias.com/2014/02/vencedor-do-quem-quer-ser-milionario-causa-polemica/ Jump up ^ http://www.cmjornal.pt/mais-cm/domingo/detalhe/ele-ganhou-100-mil-euros-no-quem-quer-ser-milionario Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20020215000750/http://www.primatv.ro/shows/?id=13 Jump up ^ http://www.libertatea.ro/detalii/articol/al-doilea-miliardar-la-prima-16188.html Jump up ^ Игорь Сазеев выиграл миллион , чтобы найти сына ! ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ Миллионеры - победители игры `` Кто хочет стать миллионером '' ( in Russian ) . Jump up ^ Photo gallery Jump up ^ < http://www.trud.ru/article/18-04-2010/240383_timur_budaev_o_tom_chto_stal_millionerom_nikomu_ne_skazal.html Jump up ^ http://izvestia.ru/news/361246 Jump up ^ http://www.vokrug.tv/article/show/bari_alibasov_i_danko_natselilis_na_3_milliona_40381/ Jump up ^ http://www.na-nax.com/alibasov/75-2010-06-02-17-36-51/2309-2013-11-14-07-16-16.html Jump up ^ `` V petek smo dobili novega desetmilijonarja '' ( in Slovenian ) . Jump up ^ https://www.dnevnik.si/46072 Jump up ^ Podelili smo novih deset milijonov Jump up ^ https://www.dnevnik.si/46072 Jump up ^ Nedeljski `` milijonar '' letos najbolj gledana oddaja na POP tv Jump up ^ `` Jonas drugič kot milijonar '' ( in Slovenian ) . Jump up ^ PE brainbox becomes TV millionaire Jump up ^ Rodríguez , Mercedes . `` ' Gran slam ' reunirá a los mejores concursantes de espacios televisivos '' ( in Spanish ) . El Norte de Castilla . Retrieved 25 December 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.20minutos.tv/video/gikAGO67-el-millonario-da-su-premio-de-100000-e Jump up ^ http://lankanstuff.blogspot.co.il/2013/02/apeksha-kumari-gets-2-million-from.html Jump up ^ https://vk.com/video-97638035_456240470 Jump up ^ Per Hörberg klarade slutfrågan -- och vann en miljon Jump up ^ Före detta Piteåbo blev TV - miljonär Jump up ^ http://news.cision.com/se/svenska-postkodlotteriet/i/miljonaren,c62125 Jump up ^ Gävleson blev miljonär i tv - frågelek Jump up ^ Mattias Österman jublar efter miljonvinsten Jump up ^ http://www.expressen.se/nyheter/bibliotekarien-lena-62-svarade-till-sig-1-miljon/ Jump up ^ http://www.st.nu/medelpad/sundsvall/15-fragor-gjorde-henne-till-miljonar Jump up ^ http://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/tv/article18708653.ab Jump up ^ http://kvinnatillkvinna.se/blog/2014/11/14/en-miljon-till-kvinnors-rattigheter/ Jump up ^ http://www.expressen.se/noje/ylva-61-vinner-miljonen-i-postkodmiljonaren/ Jump up ^ Первый украинский телемиллионер Сергей Карабинский : `` после победы мне ломанулись девушки из зала со словами : `` дайте подержаться за миллионера '' Jump up ^ Святослав Вакарчук : `` я никогда не верил , что можно выиграть миллион ! '' Jump up ^ В Украине стало на одного миллионера больше ^ Jump up to : `` TV quiz show makes another millionaire '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers Ltd. 13 September 2006 . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Coughs ' aided Millionaire win ' '' . Cable News Network LP. 5 March 2003 . Retrieved 21 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire Makeovers ! '' . People . Time Inc . November 13 , 2000 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Double jackpot winner on US Millionaire '' . BBC News . 2001 - 04 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Don ( April 16 , 2001 ) . `` Improbably , Millionaire Strikes Again '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Million Dollar Game Show Winners : What Happens After the Money Comes In '' . Daily Finance . September 29 , 2010 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Braxton , Greg ( 19 February 2003 ) . `` His final answer : not me '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` WHO WANTS TO BE A MILLIONAIRE ' PULLS OUT ALL THE STOPS FOR NOVEMBER SWEEPS '' . Buena Vista Television . 2004 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20091126043733/http://buzzerblog.flashgameshows.com/sam-murray-wins-1000000-on-millionaire-tournament-of-ten ^ Jump up to : `` El público sigue llamando a `` ¿ Quién quiere ser millonario ? '' '' ( in Spanish ) . eluniversal.com. 2007 . Retrieved 31 December 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.quepasa.com.ve/cultura-y-farandula/roque-penalver-a-punto-de-ser-el-quinto-gran-millonario/ Jump up ^ http://talentovenezolano.blogspot.co.il/2006/04/zulay-marcano-millonaria-en.html Jump up ^ `` Phương Thanh : `` 15 câu hỏi ở Ai là triệu phú rất hài hước '' '' ( in Vietnamese ) . Jump up ^ `` 100 - те хиляди на Асен Ангелов ще бъдат дарени '' ( in Bulgarian ) . Jump up ^ Dear Valued Customer : You Are a Loser ... And Over 100 Other Embarrassing and Funny Stories of Technology Gone Mad , Rick Broadhead Jump up ^ BBC.co.uk Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? National variants and hosts Top prize winners Play It ! 50 -- 50 Slumdog Millionaire Millionaire Hot Seat Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire%3F_top_prize_winners&oldid=801796672 '' Categories : Lists of award winners Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Hidden categories : CS1 uses Arabic - language script ( ar ) CS1 Arabic - language sources ( ar ) Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) Articles with Chinese - language external links CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 Icelandic - language sources ( is ) CS1 uses Hebrew - language script ( he ) CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 Vietnamese - language sources ( vi ) CS1 Bulgarian - language sources ( bg ) Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles needing additional references from August 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Talk View source About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 22 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wants to be a millionaire has anyone ever won | [] | [] |
-5163580519633563973 | Millennials | Millennials - wikipedia Millennials Jump to : navigation , search `` Generation Y '' redirects here . For other uses , see Generation Y ( disambiguation ) and Millennials ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on Generation Lost Generation G.I. Generation Silent Generation Baby boomers Generation X Millennials Generation Z Millennials ( also known as Generation Y ) are the demographic cohort following Generation X . There are no precise dates for when this cohort starts or ends ; demographers and researchers typically use the early 1980s as starting birth years and the mid-1990s to early 2000s as ending birth years . Millennials are sometimes referred to as `` Echo Boomers '' due to a major surge in birth rates in the 1980s and 1990s , and because Millennials are often the children of the Baby boomers . The 20th - century trend toward smaller families in developed countries continued , however , so the relative impact of the `` baby boom echo '' was generally less pronounced than the post -- World War II baby boom . Although Millennial characteristics vary by region , depending on social and economic conditions , the generation is generally marked by an increased use and familiarity with communications , media , and digital technologies . In most parts of the world , their upbringing was marked by an increase in a liberal approach to politics and economics ; the effects of this environment are disputed . The Great Recession has had a major impact on this generation because it has caused historically high levels of unemployment among young people , and has led to speculation about possible long - term economic and social damage to this generation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Terminology 2 Date and age range definitions 3 Traits 4 Workplace attitudes 5 Political views 5.1 Political correctness 6 Demographics in the United States 7 Economic prospects 8 Peter Pan generation 9 Religion 10 Digital technology 11 Cultural identity 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading Terminology Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe are widely credited with naming the Millennials . They coined the term in 1987 , around the time children born in 1982 were entering preschool , and the media were first identifying their prospective link to the new millennium as the high school graduating class of 2000 . They wrote about the cohort in their books Generations : The History of America 's Future , 1584 to 2069 ( 1991 ) and Millennials Rising : The Next Great Generation ( 2000 ) . In August 1993 , an Advertising Age editorial coined the phrase Generation Y to describe those who were aged 11 or younger as well as the teenagers of the upcoming ten years who were defined as different from Generation X . According to journalist Bruce Horovitz , in 2012 , Ad Age `` threw in the towel by conceding that Millennials is a better name than Gen Y '' , and by 2014 , a past director of data strategy at Ad Age said to NPR `` the Generation Y label was a placeholder until we found out more about them '' . Millennials are sometimes called Echo Boomers , due to their being the offspring of the baby boomers and due to the significant increase in birth rates from the early 1980s to mid 1990s , mirroring that of their parents . In the United States , birth rates peaked in August 1990 and a 20th - century trend toward smaller families in developed countries continued . In his book The Lucky Few : Between the Greatest Generation and the Baby Boom , author Elwood Carlson called this cohort the `` New Boomers '' . Psychologist Jean Twenge described Millennials as `` Generation Me '' in her 2006 book Generation Me : Why Today 's Young Americans Are More Confident , Assertive , Entitled -- and More Miserable Than Ever Before , which was updated in 2014 . In 2013 , Time magazine ran a cover story titled Millennials : The Me Me Me Generation . Newsweek used the term Generation 9 / 11 to refer to young people who were between the ages of 10 and 20 years during the terrorist acts of 11 September 2001 . The first reference to `` Generation 9 / 11 '' was made in the cover story of the 12 November 2001 issue of Newsweek . Alternative names for this group proposed include Generation We , Global Generation , Generation Next and the Net Generation . Chinese Millennials are commonly called the 1980s and 1990s generations . At a 2015 conference in Shanghai organized by University of Southern California 's US - China Institute , Millennials in China were examined and contrasted with American Millennials Findings included Millennials ' marriage , childbearing , and child raising preferences , life and career ambitions , and attitudes towards volunteerism and activism . Date and age range definitions A minority of demographers and researchers start the generation in the mid-to - late 1970s , such as Synchrony Financial which describes Millennials as starting as early as 1976 , Mobilize.org which uses 1976 -- 1996 , MetLife which uses birth dates ranging from 1977 -- 1994 , and Nielsen Media Research which uses 1977 -- 1995 . The majority of researchers and demographers start the generation in the early 1980s , with many ending the generation in the mid-1990s . Australia 's McCrindle Research regards 1980 -- 1994 as Generation Y birth years . A 2013 PricewaterhouseCoopers report and Edelman Berland use 1980 -- 1995 . Gallup Inc. , Eventbrite and Dale Carnegie Training and MSW Research all use 1980 -- 1996 . Ernst and Young uses 1981 -- 1996 . Manpower Group uses 1982 -- 1996 . Others end the generation in the late 1990s or early 2000s . A 2017 viral video from BuzzFeed , detailing the seven living generations of Americans , described Millennials as those born between 1981 -- 1997 . On the American television program Survivor , for their 33rd season , subtitled Millennials vs. Gen X , the `` Millennial tribe '' consisted of individuals born between 1984 and 1997 . Goldman Sachs , Resolution Foundation , and a 2013 Time magazine cover story all use 1980 -- 2000 . SYZYGY , a digital service agency partially owned by WPP , uses 1981 -- 1998 , and the United States Census Bureau uses 1982 -- 2000 . Pew Research Center defines Millennials as being born from 1981 onwards , with no chronological end point set yet . Demographers William Straus and Neil Howe define Millennials as born between 1982 -- 2004 . However , Howe described the dividing line between Millennials and the following Generation Z as `` tentative '' , saying `` you ca n't be sure where history will someday draw a cohort dividing line until a generation fully comes of age '' . He noted that the Millennials ' range beginning in 1982 would point to the next generation 's window starting between 2000 and 2006 . In his 2008 book The Lucky Few : Between the Greatest Generation and the Baby Boom , author Elwood Carlson defined this cohort as born between 1983 -- 2001 based on the upswing in births after 1983 and finishing with the `` political and social challenges '' that occurred after the September 11 terrorist acts . In 2016 , U.S Pirg described Millennials as those born between 1983 and 2000 . Due to birth - year overlap between definitions of Generation X and Millennials , some individuals born in the late 1970s and early 1980s see themselves as being `` between '' the two generations . Names given to those born in the Generation X and Millennial cusp years include Xennials , The Lucky Ones , Generation Catalano , and the Oregon Trail Generation . Traits Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe believe that each generation has common characteristics that give it a specific character with four basic generational archetypes , repeating in a cycle . According to their hypothesis , they predicted Millennials will become more like the `` civic - minded '' G.I. Generation with a strong sense of community both local and global . Strauss and Howe ascribe seven basic traits to the Millennial cohort : special , sheltered , confident , team - oriented , conventional , pressured , and achieving . Arthur E. Levine , author of When Hope and Fear Collide : A Portrait of Today 's College Student describes these generational images as `` stereotypes '' . Strauss and Howe 's research has been influential , but it also has critics . Psychologist Jean Twenge says Strauss and Howe 's assertions are overly - deterministic , non-falsifiable , and unsupported by rigorous evidence . Twenge , the author of the 2006 book Generation Me , considers Millennials , along with younger members of Generation X , to be part of what she calls `` Generation Me '' . Twenge attributes Millennials with the traits of confidence and tolerance , but also describes a sense of entitlement and narcissism , based on personality surveys showing increased narcissism among Millennials compared to preceding generations when they were teens and in their twenties . She questions the predictions of Strauss and Howe that this generation will turn out civic - minded . A 2016 study by SYZYGY a digital service agency , found Millennials in the U.S. continue to exhibit elevated scores on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory as they age , finding millennials exhibited 16 % more narcissism than older adults , with males scoring higher on average than females . The study examined two types of narcissism : grandiose narcissism , described as `` the narcissism of extraverts , characterized by attention - seeking behavior , power and dominance '' , and vulnerable narcissism , described as `` the narcissism of introverts , characterized by an acute sense of self - entitlement and defensiveness . '' The University of Michigan 's `` Monitoring the Future '' study of high school seniors ( conducted continually since 1975 ) and the American Freshman survey , conducted by UCLA 's Higher Education Research Institute of new college students since 1966 , showed an increase in the proportion of students who consider wealth a very important attribute , from 45 % for Baby Boomers ( surveyed between 1967 and 1985 ) to 70 % for Gen Xers , and 75 % for Millennials . The percentage who said it was important to keep abreast of political affairs fell , from 50 % for Baby Boomers to 39 % for Gen Xers , and 35 % for Millennials . The notion of `` developing a meaningful philosophy of life '' decreased the most across generations , from 73 % for Boomers to 45 % for Millennials . The willingness to be involved in an environmental cleanup program dropped from 33 % for Baby Boomers to 21 % for Millennials . Two early Millennials advocate for the legalization of marijuana at a 2001 event . A 2013 Pew Research Poll found that 84 % of Millennials , born since 1980 , who were at that time between the ages of 18 and 32 , favored legalizing the use of marijuana . In 2015 , the Pew Research Center also conducted research regarding generational identity that said a majority did not like the `` Millennial '' label . In March 2014 , the Pew Research Center issued a report about how `` Millennials in adulthood '' are `` detached from institutions and networked with friends . '' The report said Millennials are somewhat more upbeat than older adults about America 's future , with 49 % of Millennials saying the country 's best years are ahead though they 're the first in the modern era to have higher levels of student loan debt and unemployment . Fred Bonner , a Samuel DeWitt Proctor Chair in Education at Rutgers University and author of Diverse Millennial Students in College : Implications for Faculty and Student Affairs , believes that much of the commentary on the Millennial Generation may be partially accurate , but overly general and that many of the traits they describe apply primarily to `` white , affluent teenagers who accomplish great things as they grow up in the suburbs , who confront anxiety when applying to super-selective colleges , and who multitask with ease as their helicopter parents hover reassuringly above them . '' During class discussions , Bonner listened to black and Hispanic students describe how some or all of the so - called core traits did not apply to them . They often said that the `` special '' trait , in particular , is unrecognizable . Other socio - economic groups often do not display the same attributes commonly attributed to Millennials . `` It 's not that many diverse parents do n't want to treat their kids as special , '' he says , `` but they often do n't have the social and cultural capital , the time and resources , to do that . '' In his book Fast Future , author David Burstein describes Millennials ' approach to social change as `` pragmatic idealism '' with a deep desire to make the world a better place , combined with an understanding that doing so requires building new institutions while working inside and outside existing institutions . Workplace attitudes There are vast , and conflicting , amounts of literature and empirical studies discussing the existence of generational differences as it pertains to the workplace . The majority of research concludes Millennials differ from both their generational cohort predecessors , and can be characterized by a preference for a flat corporate culture , an emphasis on work - life balance and social consciousness . According to authors from Florida International University , original research performed by Howe and Strauss as well as Yu & Miller suggest Baby Boomers resonate primarily with loyalty , work ethic , steady career path , and compensation when it comes to their professional lives . Generation X on the other hand , started shifting preferences towards an improved work - life balance with a heightened focus on individual advancement , stability , and job satisfaction . Meanwhile , Millennials place an emphasis on producing meaningful work , finding a creative outlet , and have a preference for immediate feedback . Findings also suggest the introduction of social media has augmented collaborative skills and created a preference for a team - oriented environment . In the 2010 the Journal of Business and Psychology , contributors Myers and Sadaghiani find Millennials `` expect close relationships and frequent feedback from supervisors '' to be a main point of differentiation . Multiple studies observe Millennials ' associating job satisfaction with free flow of information , strong connectivity to supervisors , and more immediate feedback . Hershatter and Epstein , researches from Emory University , argue a lot of these traits can be linked to Millennials entering the educational system on the cusp of academic reform , which created a much more structured educational system . Some argue in the wake of these reforms , such as the No Child Left Behind Act , Millennials have increasingly sought the aid of mentors and advisers , leading to 66 % of Millennials seeking a flat work environment . Hershatter and Epstein also stress a growing importance on work - life balance . Studies show nearly one - third of students ' top priority is to `` balance personal and professional life '' . The Brain Drain Study shows nearly 9 out of 10 Millennials place an importance on work - life balance , with additional surveys demonstrating the generation to favor familial over corporate values . Studies also show a preference for work - life balance , which contrasts to the Baby Boomers ' work - centric attitude . Data also suggests Millennials are driving a shift towards the public service sector . In 2010 , Myers and Sadaghiani published research in the Journal of Business and Psychology stating heightened participation in the Peace Corps and MeriCorps as a result of Millennials , with volunteering being at all - time highs . Volunteer activity between 2007 and 2008 show the Millennial age group experienced almost three - times the increase of the overall population , which is consistent with a survey of 130 college upperclassmen depicting an emphasis on altruism in their upbringing . This has led , according to a Harvard University Institute of Politics , six out of ten Millennials to consider a career in public service . The 2014 Brookings publication shows a generational adherence to corporate social responsibility , with the National Society of High School Scholars ( NSHSS ) 2013 survey and Universum 's 2011 survey , depicting a preference to work for companies engaged in the betterment of society . Millennials ' shift in attitudes has led to data depicting 64 % of Millennials would take a 60 % pay cut to pursue a career path aligned with their passions , and financial institutions have fallen out of favor with banks comprising 40 % of the generation 's least liked brands . In 2008 , author Ron Alsop called the Millennials `` Trophy Kids , '' a term that reflects a trend in competitive sports , as well as many other aspects of life , where mere participation is frequently enough for a reward . It has been reported that this is an issue in corporate environments . Some employers are concerned that Millennials have too great expectations from the workplace . Some studies predict they will switch jobs frequently , holding many more jobs than Gen Xers due to their great expectations . Psychologist Jean Twenge reports data suggests there are differences between older and younger Millennials regarding workplace expectations , with younger Millennials being `` more practical '' and `` more attracted to industries with steady work and are more likely to say they are willing to work overtime '' which Twenge attributes to younger Millennials coming of age following the financial crisis of 2007 - 2008 . There is also a contention that the major differences are found solely between Millennials and Generation X . Researchers from the University of Missouri and The University of Tennessee conducted a study based on measurement equivalence to determine if such a difference does in fact exist . The study looked at 1,860 participants who had completed the Multidimensional Work Ethic Profile ( MWEP ) , a survey aimed at measuring identification with work - ethic characteristics , across a 12 - year period spanning from 1996 to 2008 . The results of the findings suggest the main difference in work ethic sentiments arose between the two most recent generational cohorts , Generation X and Millennials , with relatively small variances between the two generations and their predecessor , the Baby Boomers . That said , some research fails to find convincing differences . A meta study conducted by researchers from The George Washington University and The U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences questions the validity of workplace differences across any generational cohort . According to the researchers , disagreement in which events to include when assigning generational cohorts , as well as varied opinions on which age ranges to include in each generational category are the main drivers behind their skepticism . The analysis of 20 research reports focusing on the three work - related factors of job satisfaction , organizational commitment and intent to turn over proved any variation was too small to discount the impact of employee tenure and aging of individuals . Newer research shows that Millennials change jobs for the same reasons as other generations -- namely , more money and a more innovative work environment . They look for versatility and flexibility in the workplace , and strive for a strong work -- life balance in their jobs and have similar career aspirations to other generations , valuing financial security and a diverse workplace just as much as their older colleagues . Political views Surveys of political attitudes among Millennials in the United Kingdom have suggested increasingly social liberal views , as well as higher overall support for classical liberal economic policies than preceding generations . They are more likely to support same - sex marriage and the legalization of drugs . The Economist parallels this with Millennials in the United States , whose attitudes are more supportive of social liberal policies and same - sex marriage relative to other demographics . They are also more likely to oppose animal testing for medical purposes than older generations . Bernie Sanders , a self - proclaimed democratic socialist and democratic candidate in the 2016 United States presidential election , was the most popular candidate among Millennial voters in the primary phase , having garnered more votes from people under 30 in 21 states than the major parties ' candidates , Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton , did combined . In April 2016 , The Washington Post viewed him as changing the way Millennials viewed politics , saying , `` He 's not moving a party to the left . He 's moving a generation to the left . '' Bernie Sanders referred to Millennials as `` the least prejudiced generation in the history of the United States '' . A 2014 poll for the libertarian Reason magazine suggested that American Millennials were social liberals and fiscal centrists , more often than their global peers . The magazine predicted that Millennials would become more conservative on fiscal issues once they started paying taxes . In the United Kingdom , the majority of Millennials opposed the British withdrawal from the European Union . Blaming Baby boomers , who largely supported the referendum , one commenter said : `` The younger generation has lost the right to live and work in 27 other countries . We will never know the full extent of the lost opportunities , friendships , marriages and experiences we will be denied . '' The Washington Post phrased this as `` we let you steal our future '' , reporting high voter turnout among those over 55 years of age and low voter turnout among those under 34 years of age . Political correctness A Safe Space America vehicle in 2016 , which is used to promote the availability and creation of safe spaces . In some countries , like the U.S. and UK , Millennials are more likely to support political correctness than their elders . In 2015 , a Pew Research study found 40 % of Millennials in the United States supported government restriction of public speech offensive to minority groups ; agreeing with this were 27 % of Gen Xers , 24 % of Baby Boomers and only 12 % of the Silent Generation . Pew Research noted similar age related trends in the United Kingdom , but not in Germany and Spain , where Millennials were less supportive of restricting offensive speech than older groups , or France , Italy and Poland , where there were no noticeable age differences . In the U.S. and UK , Millennials have brought changes to higher education via drawing attention to microaggressions and advocating implementation of safe spaces and trigger warnings in the university setting . Critics of such changes have raised concerns regarding their impact on free speech , asserting these changes can promote censorship , while proponents have described these changes as promoting inclusiveness . Demographics in the United States Millennial population size varies , depending on the definition used . William Strauss and Neil Howe projected in their 1991 book Generations that the U.S. Millennial population would be 76 million . Later , using dates ranging from 1982 to 2004 , Neil Howe revised the number to over 95 million people ( in the U.S. ) . In a 2012 Time magazine article , it was estimated that there were approximately 80 million U.S. Millennials . The United States Census Bureau , using birth dates ranging from 1982 to 2000 , stated the estimated number of U.S. Millennials in 2015 was 83.1 million people . In 2016 , the Pew Research Center found that Millennials surpassed Baby Boomers to become the largest living generation in the United States . By analyzing 2015 U.S Census data they found there were 75.4 million Millennials , based on Pew 's definition of the generation which ranges from 1981 to 1997 , compared to 74.9 million Baby Boomers . Economic prospects German young adults protest youth unemployment at a 2014 event . Economic prospects for some Millennials have declined largely due to the Great Recession in the late 2000s . Several governments have instituted major youth employment schemes out of fear of social unrest due to the dramatically increased rates of youth unemployment . In Europe , youth unemployment levels were very high ( 56 % in Spain , 44 % in Italy , 35 % in the Baltic states , 19.1 % in Britain and more than 20 % in many more countries ) . In 2009 , leading commentators began to worry about the long - term social and economic effects of the unemployment . Unemployment levels in other areas of the world were also high , with the youth unemployment rate in the U.S. reaching a record 19.1 % in July 2010 since the statistic started being gathered in 1948 . In Canada , unemployment among youths in July 2009 was 15.9 % , the highest it had been in 11 years . Underemployment is also a major factor . In the U.S. the economic difficulties have led to dramatic increases in youth poverty , unemployment , and the numbers of young people living with their parents . In April 2012 , it was reported that half of all new college graduates in the US were still either unemployed or underemployed . It has been argued that this unemployment rate and poor economic situation has given Millennials a rallying call with the 2011 Occupy Wall Street movement . However , according to Christine Kelly , Occupy is not a youth movement and has participants that vary from the very young to very old . A variety of names have emerged in various European countries hard hit following the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 to designate young people with limited employment and career prospects . These groups can be considered to be more or less synonymous with Millennials , or at least major sub-groups in those countries . The Generation of € 700 is a term popularized by the Greek mass media and refers to educated Greek twixters of urban centers who generally fail to establish a career . In Greece , young adults are being `` excluded from the labor market '' and some `` leave their country of origin to look for better options '' . They 're being `` marginalized and face uncertain working conditions '' in jobs that are unrelated to their educational background , and receive the minimum allowable base salary of € 700 per month . This generation evolved in circumstances leading to the Greek debt crisis and some participated in the 2010 -- 2011 Greek protests . In Spain , they 're referred to as the mileurista ( for € 1,000 per month ) , in France `` The Precarious Generation , '' and as in Spain , Italy also has the `` milleurista '' ; generation of 1,000 euros ( per month ) . In 2015 , Millennials in New York City were reported as earning 20 % less than the generation before them , as a result of entering the workforce during the great recession . Despite higher college attendance rates than Generation X , many were stuck in low - paid jobs , with the percentage of degree - educated young adults working in low - wage industries rising from 23 % to 33 % between 2000 and 2014 . In 2016 , research from the Resolution Foundation found Millennials in the UK earned £ 8,000 less in their 20s than Generation X , describing Millennials as `` on course to become the first generation to earn less than the one before '' . Generation Flux is a neologism and psychographic ( not demographic ) designation coined by Fast Company for American employees who need to make several changes in career throughout their working lives due to the chaotic nature of the job market following the Great Recession . Societal change has been accelerated by the use of social media , smartphones , mobile computing , and other new technologies . Those in `` Generation Flux '' have birth - years in the ranges of both Generation X and Millennials . `` Generation Sell '' was used by author William Deresiewicz to describe Millennials ' interest in small businesses . Millennials are expected to make up approximately half of the U.S. workforce by 2020 . Millennials are the most highly educated and culturally diverse group of all generations , and have been regarded as hard to please when it comes to employers . To address these new challenges , many large firms are currently studying the social and behavioral patterns of Millennials and are trying to devise programs that decrease intergenerational estrangement , and increase relationships of reciprocal understanding between older employees and Millennials . The UK 's Institute of Leadership & Management researched the gap in understanding between Millennial recruits and their managers in collaboration with Ashridge Business School . The findings included high expectations for advancement , salary and for a coaching relationship with their manager , and suggested that organizations will need to adapt to accommodate and make the best use of Millennials . In an example of a company trying to do just this , Goldman Sachs conducted training programs that used actors to portray Millennials who assertively sought more feedback , responsibility , and involvement in decision making . After the performance , employees discussed and debated the generational differences they saw played out . Millennials have benefited the least from the economic recovery following the Great Recession , as average incomes for this generation have fallen at twice the general adult population 's total drop and are likely to be on a path toward lower incomes for at least another decade . A Bloomberg L.P. article wrote that `` Three and a half years after the worst recession since the Great Depression , the earnings and employment gap between those in the under - 35 population and their parents and grandparents threatens to unravel the American dream of each generation doing better than the last . The nation 's younger workers have benefited least from an economic recovery that has been the most uneven in recent history . '' In 2014 , Millennials were entering an increasingly multi-generational workplace . Even though research has shown that Millennials are joining the workforce during a tough economic time they still have remained optimistic , as shown when about nine out of ten Millennials surveyed by the Pew Research Center said that they currently have enough money or that they will eventually reach their long - term financial goals . Peter Pan Generation American sociologist Kathleen Shaputis labeled Millennials as the Boomerang Generation or Peter Pan generation , because of the members ' perceived tendency for delaying some rites of passage into adulthood for longer periods than most generations before them . These labels were also a reference to a trend toward members living with their parents for longer periods than previous generations . Kimberly Palmer regards the high cost of housing and higher education , and the relative affluence of older generations , as among the factors driving the trend . Questions regarding a clear definition of what it means to be an adult also impacts a debate about delayed transitions into adulthood and the emergence of a new life stage , Emerging Adulthood . A 2012 study by professors at Brigham Young University found that college students were more likely to define `` adult '' based on certain personal abilities and characteristics rather than more traditional `` rite of passage '' events . Larry Nelson noted that `` In prior generations , you get married and you start a career and you do that immediately . What young people today are seeing is that approach has led to divorces , to people unhappy with their careers ... The majority want to get married ( ... ) they just want to do it right the first time , the same thing with their careers . '' Their expectations have had a dampening effect on Millennials ' rate of marriage . In 2016 , the average American couple spent more than $14,000 on their wedding . A 2013 joint study by sociologists at the University of Virginia and Harvard University found that the decline and disappearance of stable full - time jobs with health insurance and pensions for people who lack a college degree has had profound effects on working - class Americans , who now are less likely to marry and have children within marriage than those with college degrees . Data from a 2014 study of US Millennials revealed over 56 % of this cohort considers themselves as part of the working class , with only approximately 35 % considering themselves as part of the middle class ; this class identity is the lowest polling of any generation . Research by the Urban Institute conducted in 2014 , projected that if current trends continue , Millennials will have a lower marriage rate compared to previous generations , predicting that by age 40 , 30.7 % of millennial women will remain single , approximately twice the share of their single Gen X counterparts . The data showed similar trends for males . A 2016 study from Pew Research showed Millennials delay some activities considered rites of passage of adulthood with data showing young adults aged 18 -- 34 were more likely to live with parents than with a relationship partner , an unprecedented occurrence since data collection began in 1880 . Data also showed a significant increase in the percentage of young adults living with parents compared to the previous demographic cohort , Generation X , with 23 % of young adults aged 18 -- 34 living with parents in 2000 , rising to 32 % in 2014 . Additionally , in 2000 , 43 % of those aged 18 -- 34 were married or living with a partner , with this figure dropping to 31.6 % in 2014 . High student debt is described as one reason for continuing to live with parents , but may not be the dominant factor for this shift as the data shows the trend is stronger for those without a college education . Richard Fry , a senior economist for Pew Research said of Millennials , `` they 're the group much more likely to live with their parents . '' furthering `` they 're concentrating more on school , careers and work and less focused on forming new families , spouses or partners and children '' . According to a cross-generational study comparing Millennials to Generation X conducted at Wharton School of Business , more than half of Millennial undergraduates surveyed do not plan to have children . The researchers compared surveys of the Wharton graduating class of 1992 and 2012 . In 1992 , 78 % of women planned to eventually have children dropping to 42 % in 2012 . The results were similar for male students . The research revealed among both genders the proportion of undergraduates who reported they eventually planned to have children had dropped in half over the course of a generation . Religion In the U.S. , Millennials are the least likely to be religious . There is a trend towards irreligion that has been increasing since the 1940s . 29 percent of Americans born between 1983 and 1994 are irreligious , as opposed to 21 percent born between 1963 and 1981 , 15 percent born between 1948 and 1962 and only 7 percent born before 1948 . A 2005 study looked at 1,385 people aged 18 to 25 and found that more than half of those in the study said that they pray regularly before a meal . One - third said that they discussed religion with friends , attended religious services , and read religious material weekly . Twenty - three percent of those studied did not identify themselves as religious practitioners . A Pew Research Center study on Millennials shows that of those between 18 -- 29 years old , only 3 % of these emerging adults self - identified as `` atheists '' and only 4 % self - identified as `` agnostics '' . Overall , 25 % of Millennials are `` Nones '' and 75 % are religiously affiliated . Over half of Millennials polled in the United Kingdom in 2013 said they had `` no religion nor attended a place of worship '' , other than for a wedding or a funeral . 25 % said they `` believe in a God '' , while 19 % believed in a `` spiritual greater power '' and 38 % said they did not believe in God nor any other `` greater spiritual power '' . The poll also found 41 % thought religion was `` the cause of evil '' in the world more often than good . Digital technology Three people who appear to be Millennials using smartphones . In their 2007 book , authors Junco and Mastrodicasa expanded on the work of William Strauss and Neil Howe to include research - based information about the personality profiles of Millennials , especially as it relates to higher education . They conducted a large - sample ( 7,705 ) research study of college students . They found that Next Generation college students , born between 1983 -- 1992 , were frequently in touch with their parents and they used technology at higher rates than people from other generations . In their survey , they found that 97 % of these students owned a computer , 94 % owned a mobile phone , and 56 % owned an MP3 player . They also found that students spoke with their parents an average of 1.5 times a day about a wide range of topics . Other findings in the Junco and Mastrodicasa survey revealed 76 % of students used instant messaging , 92 % of those reported multitasking while instant messaging , 40 % of them used television to get most of their news , and 34 % of students surveyed used the Internet as their primary news source . Older Millennials came of age prior to widespread usage and availability of smartphones , defined as those born 1988 and earlier , in contrast to younger Millennials , those born in 1989 and later , who were exposed to this technology in their teen years . Gen Xers and Millennials were the first to grow up with computers in their homes . In a 1999 speech at the New York Institute of Technology , Microsoft Chairman and CEO Bill Gates encouraged America 's teachers to use technology to serve the needs of the first generation of kids to grow up with the Internet . Some Millennials enjoy having hundreds of channels from cable TV . However , some other Millennials do not even have a TV , so they watch media over the Internet using smartphones and tablets . One of the most popular forms of media use by Millienials is social networking . In 2010 , research was published in the Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research which claimed that students who used social media and decided to quit showed the same withdrawal symptoms of a drug addict who quit their stimulant . Marc Prensky coined the term `` digital native '' to describe `` K through college '' students in 2001 , explaining they `` represent the first generations to grow up with this new technology . '' Millennials are identified as `` digital natives '' by the Pew Research Center which conducted a survey titled Millennials in Adulthood . Millennials use social networking sites , such as Facebook , to create a different sense of belonging , make acquaintances , and to remain connected with friends . In the Frontline episode `` Generation Like '' there is discussion about Millennials , their dependence on technology , and the ways the social media sphere is commoditized . Cultural identity Two women celebrate a same - sex marriage in 2007 . Strauss & Howe 's book titled Millennials Rising : The Next Great Generation describes the Millennial generation as `` civic - minded '' , rejecting the attitudes of the Baby Boomers and Generation X . Since the 2000 U.S. Census , which allowed people to select more than one racial group , Millennials in abundance have asserted the ideal that all their heritages should be respected , counted , and acknowledged . Millennials are the children of Baby Boomers or Generation Xers , while some older members may have parents from the Silent Generation . A 2013 poll in the United Kingdom found that Generation Y was more `` open - minded than their parents on controversial topics '' . Of those surveyed , nearly 75 % supported same - sex marriage . A 2013 Pew Research Poll found that 84 % of Millennials , born since 1980 , who were at that time between the ages of 18 and 32 , favored legalizing the use of marijuana . In 2015 , the Pew Research Center also conducted research regarding generational identity . It was discovered that Millennials , or members of Generation Y , are less likely to strongly identify with the generational term when compared to Generation X or to the baby boomers , with only 40 % of those born between 1981 and 1997 identifying as part of the Millennial Generation . Among older Millennials , those born 1981 -- 1988 , Pew Research found 43 % personally identified as members of the older demographic cohort , Generation X , while only 35 % identified as Millennials . Among younger Millennials ( born 1989 -- 1997 ) , generational identity was not much stronger , with only 45 % personally identifying as Millennials . It was also found that Millennials chose most often to define itself with more negative terms such as self - absorbed , wasteful or greedy . In this 2015 report , Pew defined Millennials with birth years ranging from 1981 onwards . Millennials came of age in a time where the entertainment industry began to be affected by the Internet . In addition to Millennials being the most ethnically and racially diverse compared to the generations older than they are , they are also on pace to be the most formally educated . As of 2008 , 39.6 % of Millennials between the ages of 18 and 24 were enrolled in college , which was an American record . Along with being educated , Millennials also tend to upbeat . As stated above in the economic prospects section , about 9 out of 10 Millennials feel as though they have enough money or that they will reach their long - term financial goals , even during the tough economic times , and they are more optimistic about the future of the U.S. Additionally , Millennials are also more open to change than older generations . According to the Pew Research Center that did a survey in 2008 , Millennials are the most likely of any generation to self - identify as liberals and are also more supportive of progressive domestic social agenda than older generations . Finally , Millennials are less overtly religious than the older generations . About one in four Millennials are unaffiliated with any religion , a considerably higher ratio than that of older generations when they were the ages of Millennials . See also Demographics of the United States Generation gap Generation Snowflake List of generations Psychological effects of Internet use Youth bulge References Jump up ^ Fries , Kimberly ( 22 September 2017 ) . `` 5 Reasons Why Millennial Leaders Need Performance Feedback '' . Forbes . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Horovitz , Bruce ( 4 May 2012 ) . `` After Gen X , Millennials , what should next generation be ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Strauss , William ; Howe , Neil ( 2000 ) . Millennials Rising : The Next Great Generation . Cartoons by R.J. Matson . New York , NY : Vintage Original . p. 370 . ISBN 0 - 375 - 70719 - 0 . Retrieved 17 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Strauss , William ; Howe , Neil ( 1991 ) . Generations : The History of America 's Future , 1584 to 2069 . Harper Perennial . p. 335 Jump up ^ `` Generation Y '' Ad Age 30 August 1993 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Francese , Peter ( 1 September 2003 ) . `` Trend Ticker : Ahead of the Next Wave '' . AdvertisingAge . Retrieved 31 March 2011 . Today 's 21 - year - olds , who were born in 1982 and are part of the leading edge of Generation Y , are among the most - studied group of young adults ever . Jump up ^ Samantha Raphelson ( 6 October 2014 ) . `` From GIs To Gen Z ( Or Is It iGen ? ) : How Generations Get Nicknames '' . NPR . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Armour , Stephanie ( 6 November 2008 ) . `` Generation Y : They 've arrived at work with a new attitude '' . USA Today . Retrieved 27 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Advance Report of Final Natality Statistics , 1990 , Monthly Vital Statistics Report , 25 February 1993 Jump up ^ Rebecca Leung ( 4 September 2005 ) . `` The Echo Boomers -- 60 Minutes '' . CBS News . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baby Boom -- A History of the Baby Boom '' . Geography.about.com. 9 August 1948 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Elisabeth ( 4 September 2006 ) . `` European Union 's Plunging Birthrates Spread Eastward '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Carlson , Elwood ( 30 June 2008 ) . The Lucky Few : Between the Greatest Generation and the Baby Boom . Springer . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 8540 - 6 . Jump up ^ Twinge , Jean ( 30 September 2014 ) . `` Generation Me -- Revised and Updated : Why Today 's Young Americans Are More Confident , Assertive , Entitled -- and More Miserable Than Ever Before '' . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` College students think they 're so special -- Study finds alarming rise in narcissism , self - centeredness in ' Generation Me ' '' . NBC News . 27 February 2007 . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Stein , Joel ( 20 May 2013 ) . `` Millennials : The Me Me Me Generation '' . TIME . Retrieved 14 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Kalb , Claudia ( September 2009 ) . `` Generation 9 / 11 '' . Newsweek . Retrieved 22 May 2011 . Jump up ^ GENERATION WE . How Millennial Youth Are Taking Over America And Changing Our World Forever Jump up ^ `` The Online NewsHour : Generation Next '' . PBS . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Shapira , Ian ( 6 July 2008 ) . `` What Comes Next After Generation X ? '' . The Washington Post . pp. C01 . Retrieved 19 July 2008 . Jump up ^ University of Southern California US - China Institute University of Southern California , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Video : # MillennialMinds '' . University of Southern California . 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who are the Millennials Anyway '' . 22 May 2015 -- via CNBC . Jump up ^ `` Balancing Multi-Generational Retail Strategies Winning over Millennials without losing Boomers '' ( PDF ) . Synchrony Financial . 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mobilize.org Snapshot '' ( PDF ) . ash.harvard.edu . Mobilize.org . Retrieved October 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Demographic Profile -- America 's Gen Y '' ( PDF ) . MetLife. 2009 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Millennials : Much Deeper Than Their Facebook Pages '' . www.nielsen.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Millennials : Breaking the Myths '' . www.nielsen.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Generations Defined . Mark McCrindle Jump up ^ PwC ; University of Southern California and the London Business School ( 2013 ) . `` PwC 's NextGen : A global generational study '' ( PDF ) . PwC 's NextGen : A global generational study . PwC . Retrieved 19 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Study Finds Millennial Generation 's Power to Influence Is Increasing -- Edelman '' . Edelman . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Inc. , Gallup , . `` How Hotels Can Engage Gen X and Millennial Guests '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Inc. , Gallup , . `` Millennial Banking Customers : Two Myths , One Fact '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Inc. , Gallup , . `` Insurance Companies Have a Big Problem With Millennials '' . Gallup.com . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Millennials : Fueling the Experience Economy '' ( PDF ) . eventbrite-s3.s3.amazonaws.com . Eventbrite. 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Art of Attracting a Millennial Arts Audience -- Eventbrite US Blog '' . Eventbrite US Blog. 2016 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Igniting Millennial Engagement : Supervising Similarities , Distinctions , and Realities '' ( PDF ) . Dale Carnegie Training . 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Americas retail report : Redefining loyalty for retail '' ( PDF ) . www.ey.com . EY . June 2015 . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Millennial Careers : 2020 Vision '' ( PDF ) . www.manpowergroup.com . Manpower Group . 2016 . Retrieved October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's everything you need to know about the 7 living American generations '' . 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Survivor : Millennials vs. Gen X premiere recap : ' May the Best Generation Win ' '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Time Warner , Inc . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Millennials Coming of Age '' . Goldman Sachs . 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Millennials ' set to earn less than Generation X ' '' . BBC . 18 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Millennials facing ' generational pay penalty ' as their earnings fall £ 8,000 behind during their 20s '' . Resolution Foundation . 18 July 2016 . Retrieved 11 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Stein , Joel ( 20 May 2013 ) . `` The Me Me Me Generation '' . Time . p. 30 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Technology - Driven Millennials Remain Narcissistic as They Age '' . PR Newswire. 20 October 2016 . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` EGOTECH '' . SYZYGY . October 2016 . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Bureau , US Census . `` Millennials Outnumber Baby Boomers and Are Far More Diverse '' . Jump up ^ `` Millennials overtake Baby Boomers as America 's largest generation '' . Pew Research . 25 April 2016 . Retrieved 4 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Millennials match Baby Boomers as largest generation in U.S. electorate , but will they vote ? '' . Pew Research Center . 16 May 2016 . Retrieved 6 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Howe , Neil ( 27 October 2014 ) . `` Introducing the Homeland Generation ( Part 1 of 2 ) '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Millennials Drive Less '' . US PIRG . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Millennnials Shift Away from Driving '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Why are Millennials Forgoing Driving '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Ingraham , Christopher ( 5 May 2015 ) . `` Five really good reasons to hate millennials '' . www.washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Mukherji , Rohini ( 29 July 2014 ) . `` X or Y : A View from the Cusp '' . www.apexpr.com . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Leonora ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` 22 Signs You 're Stuck Between Gen X And Millennials '' . www.buzzfeed.com . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Garvey , Ana ( 5 May 2015 ) . `` The Biggest ( And Best ) Difference Between Millennial and My Generation '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Fogarty , Lisa ( 7 January 2016 ) . `` 3 Signs you 're stuck between Gen X & Millennials '' . www.sheknows.com . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Shafrir , Doree ( 28 March 2016 ) . `` Generation Catalano '' . Slate . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Stankorb , Sarah ( 25 September 2014 ) . `` Reasonable People Disagree about the Post-Gen X , Pre-Millennial Generation '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Garvey , Anna . `` Why ' 80s Babies Are Different Than Other Millennials '' . ^ Jump up to : Hoover , Eric ( 11 October 2009 ) . `` The Millennial Muddle : How stereotyping students became a thriving industry and a bundle of contradictions '' . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Retrieved 21 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Twenge , Ph. D. , Jean ( 2006 ) . Generation Me . New York , NY : Free Press ( Simon & Schuster ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7697 - 9 . Jump up ^ Twenge , Jean M ( 6 March 2007 ) . `` Generation me : Why today 's young Americans are more confident , assertive , entitled -- and more miserable than ever before '' . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7698 - 6 . Jump up ^ Twenge , JM ; Campbell , WK ; Freeman , EC ( 2012 ) . `` Generational Differences in Young Adults ' Life Goals , Concern for Others , and Civic Orientation , 1966 -- 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 102 : 1045 -- 1062 . PMID 22390226 . doi : 10.1037 / a0027408 . Jump up ^ Longman , Molly ( 22 October 2016 ) . `` Survey : Iowa millennials not as narcissistic as rest of U.S. '' . The Des Moines Register . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Healy , Michelle ( 15 March 2012 ) . `` Millennials might not be so special after all , study finds '' . USA Today . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Majority Now Supports Legalizing Marijuana '' . Pew Research Center for the People and the Press . 4 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most Millennials Resist the ' Millennial ' Label '' . Pew Research Center for the People and the Press . Retrieved 13 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Millennials in Adulthood -- Detached from Institutions , Networked with Friends '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Millennials in Adulthood '' . Pew Research Center 's Social & Demographic Trends Project . 7 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Burstein , David ( 2013 ) . Fast Future : How the Millennial Generation is Shaping Our World . Boston , MA : Beacon Press . p. 3 Jump up ^ Bell , D'Vaughn ( July 2017 ) . `` Major Gen X & Gen Y Workplace Differences '' . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Huyler , Debaro ; Pierre , Yselande ; Ding , Wei ; Norelus , Adly . `` Millennials in the Workplace : Positioning Companies for Future Success '' . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Karen K. ; Sadaghiani , Kamyab ( 1 January 2010 ) . `` Millennials in the Workplace : A Communication Perspective on Millennials ' Organizational Relationships and Performance '' . Journal of Business and Psychology . 25 ( 2 ) : 225 -- 238 . JSTOR 40605781 . doi : 10.1007 / s10869 - 010 - 9172 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Hershatter , Andrea ; Epstein , Molly ( 1 January 2010 ) . `` Millennials and the World of Work : An Organization and Management Perspective '' . Journal of Business and Psychology . 25 ( 2 ) : 211 -- 223 . JSTOR 40605780 . doi : 10.1007 / s10869 - 010 - 9160 - y . ^ Jump up to : Winograd , Morley ; Hais , Michael . `` How Millennials Could Upend Wall Street and Corporate America Brookings Institution '' . Brookings . Brookings Institution . ^ Jump up to : Alsop , Ron ( 13 October 2008 ) . The Trophy Kids Grow Up : How the Millennial Generation is Shaking Up the Workplace . Jossey - Bass . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 22954 - 5 . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Alsop , Ron ( 21 October 2008 ) . `` The Trophy Kids Go to Work '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Kunreuther , Frances ; Kim , Helen & Rodriguez , Robby ( 2009 ) . Working Across Generations , San Francisco , CA . ^ Jump up to : Singal , Jesse ( 24 April 2017 ) . `` Do n't Call Me a Millennial -- I 'm an Old Millennial '' . NYMAG.com . Retrieved 3 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Meriac , John P. ; Woehr , David J. ; Banister , Christina ( 1 January 2010 ) . `` Generational Differences in Work Ethic : An Examination of Measurement Equivalence Across Three Cohorts '' . Journal of Business and Psychology . 25 ( 2 ) : 315 -- 324 . JSTOR 40605789 . doi : 10.1007 / s10869 - 010 - 9164 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Costanza , David P. ; Badger , Jessica M. ; Fraser , Rebecca L. ; Severt , Jamie B. ; Gade , Paul A. ( 1 January 2012 ) . `` Generational Differences in Work - Related Attitudes : A Meta - analysis '' . Journal of Business and Psychology . 27 ( 4 ) : 375 -- 394 . JSTOR 41682990 . doi : 10.1007 / s10869 - 012 - 9259 - 4 . Jump up ^ Karen Roberts . Millennial Workers Want Free Meals and Flex Time . 8 April 2015 Jump up ^ `` Myths , exaggerations and uncomfortable truths -- The real story behind Millennials in the workplace '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Generation Boris '' . The Economist . Jump up ^ Gallup , Inc . `` Older Americans ' Moral Attitudes Changing '' . Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( 20 June 2016 ) . `` More young people voted for Bernie Sanders than Trump and Clinton combined -- by a lot '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 6 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Ehrenfreund , Max ( 26 April 2016 ) . `` Bernie Sanders is profoundly changing how millennials think about politics , poll shows '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Goyal , Nikhil ( 19 April 2016 ) . `` The Real Reason Millennials Love Bernie Sanders '' . Time . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ CBS This Morning ( 14 November 2016 ) . `` Bernie Sanders on how Donald Trump won presidency '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Millennials Are Social Liberals , Fiscal Centrists '' . Reason.com . Jump up ^ Kottasova , Ivana ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` British Millennials : You 've stolen our future '' . CNN . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Boult , Adam ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` Millennials ' ' fury ' over baby boomers ' vote for Brexit '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Valinsky , Jordan ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` Comment on FT 's website goes viral after Brexit vote -- Digiday '' . Jump up ^ `` '' A vote for selfishness `` : The battle of millennials and Brexit - voting boomers '' . Thejournal.ie. 25 June 2016 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Zak , Dan ( 29 June 2016 ) . `` Baby boomers are the zombie invasion we 've feared '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ La Roche , Julie ( 24 June 2016 ) . `` British Millennials have themselves to blame for what happened '' . Yahoo Finance . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alexander ( 25 June 2016 ) . `` Britain 's Brexit : How Baby Boomers Defeated Millennials in Historic Vote '' . NBC News . Retrieved 30 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Parkinson , Hannah Jane ( 28 June 2016 ) . `` Young people are so bad at voting -- I 'm disappointed in my peers '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Khalaf , Roula ( 29 June 2016 ) . `` Young people feel betrayed by Brexit but gave up their voice '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Howe , Neil ( 16 November 2015 ) . `` Why Do Millennials Love Political Correctness ? Generational Values '' . Forbes . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Poushter , Jacob ( 20 November 2015 ) . `` 40 % of Millennials OK with limiting speech offensive to minorities '' . Pew Research . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Lukianoff , Gregg ( September 2015 ) . `` The Coddling of the American Mind '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Halls , Eleanor ( 12 May 2016 ) . `` MILLENNIALS . STOP BEING OFFENDED BY , LIKE , LITERALLY EVERYTHING '' . GQ . Retrieved 16 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Generations : The History of America 's Future , 1584 to 2069 . Harper Perennial. 1991 . p. 336 Jump up ^ Dan Schawbel ( 29 March 2012 ) . `` Millennials vs. Baby Boomers : Who Would You Rather Hire ? '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved 27 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Bureau , US Census . `` Millennials Outnumber Baby Boomers and Are Far More Diverse '' . www.census.gov . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Ehley , Brianna ( 26 April 2016 ) . `` Millennials dethrone baby boomers as largest generation '' . Politico . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Fry , Richard ( 25 April 2016 ) . `` Millennials overtake Baby Boomers as America 's largest generation '' . Pew Research . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How We Survive : The Recession Generation '' Making Contact , produced by National Radio Project . 23 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Yen , Hope ( 22 September 2011 ) . `` Census : Recession Turning Young Adults Into Lost Generation '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 22 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Chohan , Usman W. `` Young people worldwide fear a lack of opportunities , it 's easy to see why '' The Conversation . September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jobless Youth : Will Europe 's Gen Y Be Lost ? '' . Der Spiegel . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Stephen Burgen . `` Spain youth unemployment reaches record 56.1 % '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ F.Q. `` Disoccupazione giovanile , nuovo record : è al 44 , 2 % . In Italia senza lavoro il 12 , 7 % '' . Il Fatto Quotidiano . Jump up ^ Travis , Alan ( 12 August 2009 ) . `` Youth unemployment figures raise spectre of Thatcher 's Britain '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 3 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Annie Lowrey ( 13 July 2009 ) . `` Europe 's New Lost Generation '' . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Employment and Unemployment Among Youth Summary '' ( Press release ) . U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics . 27 August 2009 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Youth unemployment highest in 11 years : StatsCan '' . CBC.ca. 10 July 2009 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2009 . Retrieved 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Derek . `` Are today 's Youth Really a Lost Generation ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 23 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Altavena , Lily ( 27 April 2012 ) . `` One in Two New College Graduates is Jobless or Unemployed '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Serchuk , Dave . `` Move over Boomers ! '' . Forbes . Retrieved 7 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Generation Threat : Why the Youth of America Are Occupying the Nation '' . Logos Journal . ^ Jump up to : Itano , Nicole ( 14 May 2009 ) . `` In Greece , education is n't the answer '' . Global Post . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Γενιά των 600 € και `` αγανακτισμένοι '' της Μαδρίτης -- βίοι παράλληλοι ; -- Πολιτική `` . Deutsche Welle. 30 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Pérez - Lanzac , Carmen ( 12 March 2012 ) . `` 1,000 euros a month ? Dream on ... '' . El Pais . Retrieved 28 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Emma Dayson ( 5 May 2014 ) . `` La génération Y existe - t - elle vraiment ? '' . Midiformations Actualités . Jump up ^ `` Tired , poor , huddled millennials of New York earn 20 % less than prior generation '' . The Guardian . The Guardian . 25 April 2016 . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ York , Chris ( 18 July 2016 ) . `` Millennials ' Will Earn Less Than Generation X ' , And They 'll Spend Far More On Rent '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Gardiner , Laura ( 18 July 2016 ) . `` Stagnation Generation : the case for renewing the intergenerational contract '' . Resolution Foundation . Retrieved 18 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Safian , Robert ( 9 January 2012 ) . `` This Is Generation Flux : Meet The Pioneers Of The New ( And Chaotic ) Frontier Of Business '' . fastcompany.com . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Deresiewicz , William ( 11 December 2011 ) . `` The Entrepreneurial Generation '' . The New York Times . pp. 1 -- 4 . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/jennagoudreau/2013/03/07/7-surprising-ways-to-motivate-millennial-workers/#27d2e85b4ed9 Jump up ^ `` Great Expectations : Managing Generation Y , 2011 '' . I-l-m.com. 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Elliot Blair . `` American Dream Fades for Generation Y Professionals . '' Bloomberg L.P. 20 December 2012 Jump up ^ Armour , Stephanie ( 8 November 2005 ) . `` Generation Y : They 've arrived at work with a new attitude '' . USA Today . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Millennials : Confident . Connected . Open to Change '' . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 6 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Shaputis , Kathleen . The Crowded Nest Syndrome : Surviving the Return of Adult Children . Clutter Fairy Publishing , 2004 . Print . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9726727 - 0 - 2 Jump up ^ `` Palmer , Kimberly . `` The New Parent Trap : More Boomers Help Adult Kids out Financially . '' `` . U.S. News & World Report . 12 December 2007 . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Brittani Lusk ( 5 December 2007 ) . `` Study Finds Kids Take Longer to Reach Adulthood '' . Provo Daily Herald . Retrieved 24 August 2010 . Jump up ^ 2016 U.S. Median Cost of a Wedding was $14,399 , The Wedding Institute , retrieved September 1 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Love and work do n't always work for working class in America , study shows '' . American Association for the Advancement of Science . 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` US millennials feel more working class than any other generation '' . The Guardian . 15 March 2016 . Retrieved 15 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Luhby , Tami ( 30 July 2014 ) . `` When it comes to marriage , Millennials are saying `` I do n't . '' `` . CNN Money . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , Steven ( 29 April 2014 ) . `` Fewer Marriages , More Divergence : Marriage Projections for Millennials to Age 40 '' . Urban Institute . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` More young adults live with parents than partners , a first '' . Los Angeles Times . 24 May 2016 . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Fry , Richard ( 24 May 2016 ) . `` For First Time in Modern Era , Living With Parents Edges Out Other Living Arrangements for 18 - to 34 - Year - Olds '' . Pew Research . Retrieved 31 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Life Interests Of Wharton Students '' . Work / Life Integration Project . University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kare ( 5 October 2013 ) . `` Baby Bust : Millennials ' View Of Family , Work , Friendship And Doing Well '' . Forbes . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Assimon , Jessie . `` Millennials Are n't Planning on Having Children . Should We Worry ? '' . Parents . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Twenge , Jean M. `` The Least Religious Generation '' . San Diego State University . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` '' Nones '' on the Rise `` . Pew Research . 9 October 2012 . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Poll : One In Five Americans Are n't Religious -- A Huge Spike '' . TPM . Jump up ^ `` Generation Y embraces choice , redefines religion '' . Washington Times . 12 April 2005 . Retrieved 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Religion Among the Millennials '' . Pew Research Center . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` YouGov / The Sun Youth Survey Results '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Junco , Reynol ; Mastrodicasa , Jeanna ( 2007 ) . Connecting to the Net. Generation : What Higher Education Professionals Need to Know About Today 's Students . National Association of Student Personnel Administrators . ISBN 0 - 931654 - 48 - 3 . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Berk , Ronald A. ( 2009 ) . `` How Do You Leverage the Latest Technologies , including Web 2.0 Tools , in Your Classroom ? '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Technology in Teaching and Learning . 6 ( 1 ) : 4 . Retrieved 2 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Challenge and Promise of `` Generation I '' '' ( Press release ) . Microsoft . 28 October 1999 . Retrieved 13 December 2009 . Jump up ^ John M. Grohol ( 1 August 2012 ) . `` The Death of TV : 5 Reasons People Are Fleeing Traditional TV '' . World of Psychology . Retrieved 12 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Cabral , J. ( 2010 ) . Is Generation Y Addicted to Social Media . The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communication , 2 ( 1 ) , 5 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Prensky , Marc . `` Digital Natives , Digital Immigrants '' ( PDF ) . MCB University Press . Retrieved 6 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Woodman , Dan ( 2015 ) . Youth and Generation . London : Sage Publications Ltd. p. 132 . ISBN 9781446259054 . Jump up ^ Generation Like PBS Film 18 February 2014 Jump up ^ Howe , Neil , Strauss , William Millennials Rising : The Next Great Generation , p. 352 . Jump up ^ Ryder , Ulli K. ( February 20 , 2011 ) . `` The President , the Census and the Multiracial ' Community ' '' . Open Salon . Archived from the original on 6 October 2012 . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Espinoza , Chip ( 10 July 2012 ) . `` Millennials : The Most Diverse Generation '' . News Room . CNN . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Martin . `` Future 's bright : Young Brits upbeat over working lives '' . The Sun . London . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Kurt ( 5 August 2009 ) . `` Pop Culture in the Age of Obama '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Sound of a Generation '' . NPR. 5 June 2008 . Retrieved 2 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Gundersen , Edna ( 30 December 2009 ) . `` The decade in music : Sales slide , pirates , digital rise '' . USA Today . Retrieved 23 December 2011 . Further reading Espinoza , Chip ; Mick Ukleja , Craig Rusch ( 2010 ) . Managing the Millennials : Discover the Core Competencies for Managing Today 's Workforce . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . p. 172 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 56393 - 9 . Espinoza , Chip ( 2012 ) . Millennial Integration : Challenges Millennials Face in the Workplace and What They Can Do About Them . Yellow Springs . OH : Antioch University and OhioLINK . p. 151 . Gardner , Stephanie F. ( 15 August 2006 ) . `` Preparing for the Nexters '' . American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education . 70 ( 4 ) : 87 . PMC 1636975 . PMID 17136206 . doi : 10.5688 / aj700487 . born between 1983 and 1994 Furlong , Andy. Youth Studies : An Introduction . New York , NY : Routlege , 2013 . DeChane , Darrin J. ( 2014 ) . `` How to Explain the Millennial Generation ? Understand the Context '' . Student Pulse. 6 ( 03 ) : 16 . Baird , Carolyn ( 2015 ) , Myths , exaggerations and uncomfortable truths : The real story behind Millennials in the workplace , IBM Institute for Business Value Social generations of Western society Lost Generation Interbellum Generation G.I. Generation Silent Generation Baby boomers Generation X Millennials Generation Z Young adult development Life stages or events Adolescence Emerging adulthood and early adulthood Gap year Twixter Generation labels 421 generation Boomerang Generation Baby boomers Generation X Millennials Generation Z Post-80s Post-90s Sampo generation Satori generation Strawberry generation Waithood Psychological or social dysfunction Disconnected youth Freeter Hikikomori NEET Parasite single Quarter - life crisis Youth homelessness Youth unemployment Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Millennials&oldid=806235782 '' Categories : Millennials Cultural generations Demographics Words coined in the 1980s Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from August 2016 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 17 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when do you have to be born to be a millennial | [] | [] |
6035169193319062622 | Gregorian chant | Gregorian chant - wikipedia Gregorian chant Jump to : navigation , search The Introit Gaudeamus omnes , scripted in square notation in the 14th -- 15th century Graduale Aboense , honors Henry , patron saint of Finland Gaudeamus omnes Introit for the Mass in honor of Henry , patron saint of Finland Problems playing this file ? See media help . Gregorian chant is the central tradition of Western plainchant , a form of monophonic , unaccompanied sacred song of the Roman Catholic Church . Gregorian chant developed mainly in western and central Europe during the 9th and 10th centuries , with later additions and redactions . Although popular legend credits Pope St. Gregory the Great with inventing Gregorian chant , scholars believe that it arose from a later Carolingian synthesis of Roman chant and Gallican chant . Gregorian chants were organized initially into four , then eight , and finally 12 modes . Typical melodic features include a characteristic ambitus , and also characteristic intervallic patterns relative to a referential mode final , incipits and cadences , the use of reciting tones at a particular distance from the final , around which the other notes of the melody revolve , and a vocabulary of musical motifs woven together through a process called centonization to create families of related chants . The scale patterns are organized against a background pattern formed of conjunct and disjunct tetrachords , producing a larger pitch system called the gamut . The chants can be sung by using six - note patterns called hexachords . Gregorian melodies are traditionally written using neumes , an early form of musical notation from which the modern four - line and five - line staff developed . Multi-voice elaborations of Gregorian chant , known as organum , were an early stage in the development of Western polyphony . Gregorian chant was traditionally sung by choirs of men and boys in churches , or by men and women of religious orders in their chapels . It is the music of the Roman Rite , performed in the Mass and the monastic Office . Although Gregorian chant supplanted or marginalized the other indigenous plainchant traditions of the Christian West to become the official music of the Christian liturgy , Ambrosian chant still continues in use in Milan , and there are musicologists exploring both that and the Mozarabic chant of Christian Spain . Although Gregorian chant is no longer obligatory , the Roman Catholic Church still officially considers it the music most suitable for worship . During the 20th century , Gregorian chant underwent a musicological and popular resurgence . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Development of earlier plainchant 1.2 Origins of mature plainchant 1.3 Dissemination and hegemony 1.4 Early sources and later revisions 2 Musical form 2.1 Melodic types 2.2 Modality 2.3 Musical idiom 2.4 Notation 3 Performance 3.1 Texture 3.2 Rhythm 3.3 Melodic restitution 4 Liturgical functions 4.1 Proper chants of the Mass 4.2 Ordinary chants of the Mass 4.3 Chants of the Office 5 Influence 5.1 Medieval and Renaissance music 5.2 20th century 5.2. 1 Popular culture 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Development of earlier plainchant ( edit ) Singing has been part of the Christian liturgy since the earliest days of the Church . Until the mid-1990s , it was widely accepted that the psalmody of ancient Jewish worship significantly influenced and contributed to early Christian ritual and chant . This view is no longer generally accepted by scholars , due to analysis that shows that most early Christian hymns did not have Psalms for texts , and that the Psalms were not sung in synagogues for centuries after the Destruction of the Second Temple in AD 70 . However , early Christian rites did incorporate elements of Jewish worship that survived in later chant tradition . Canonical hours have their roots in Jewish prayer hours . `` Amen '' and `` alleluia '' come from Hebrew , and the threefold `` sanctus '' derives from the threefold `` kadosh '' of the Kedushah . The New Testament mentions singing hymns during the Last Supper : `` When they had sung the hymn , they went out to the Mount of Olives '' Matthew 26.30 . Other ancient witnesses such as Pope Clement I , Tertullian , St. Athanasius , and Egeria confirm the practice , although in poetic or obscure ways that shed little light on how music sounded during this period . The 3rd - century Greek `` Oxyrhynchus hymn '' survived with musical notation , but the connection between this hymn and the plainchant tradition is uncertain . Musical elements that would later be used in the Roman Rite began to appear in the 3rd century . The Apostolic Tradition , attributed to the theologian Hippolytus , attests the singing of Hallel psalms with Alleluia as the refrain in early Christian agape feasts . Chants of the Office , sung during the canonical hours , have their roots in the early 4th century , when desert monks following St. Anthony introduced the practice of continuous psalmody , singing the complete cycle of 150 psalms each week . Around 375 , antiphonal psalmody became popular in the Christian East ; in 386 , St. Ambrose introduced this practice to the West . In the fifth century , a singing school , the Schola Cantorum , was founded at Rome to provide training in church musicianship . Scholars are still debating how plainchant developed during the 5th through the 9th centuries , as information from this period is scarce . Around 410 , St. Augustine described the responsorial singing of a Gradual psalm at Mass . At c. 520 , Benedict of Nursia established what is called the rule of St. Benedict , in which the protocol of the Divine Office for monastic use was laid down . Around 678 , Roman chant was taught at York . Distinctive regional traditions of Western plainchant arose during this period , notably in the British Isles ( Celtic chant ) , Spain ( Mozarabic ) , Gaul ( Gallican ) , and Italy ( Old Roman , Ambrosian and Beneventan ) . These traditions may have evolved from a hypothetical year - round repertory of 5th - century plainchant after the western Roman Empire collapsed . John the Deacon , biographer ( c. 872 ) of Pope Gregory I , modestly claimed that the saint `` compiled a patchwork antiphonary '' , unsurprisingly , given his considerable work with liturgical development . He reorganized the Schola Cantorum and established a more uniform standard in church services , gathering chants from among the regional traditions as widely as he could manage . Of those , he retained what he could , revised where necessary , and assigned particular chants to the various services . According to Donald Jay Grout , his goal was to organize the bodies of chants from diverse traditions into a uniform and orderly whole for use by the entire western region of the Church . His renowned love for music was recorded only 34 years after his death ; the epitaph of Honorius testified that comparison to Gregory was already considered the highest praise for a music - loving pope . While later legends magnified his real achievements , these significant steps may account for why his name came to be attached to Gregorian chant . Origins of mature plainchant ( edit ) A dove representing the Holy Spirit sitting on Pope Gregory I 's shoulder symbolizes Divine Inspiration The Gregorian repertory was further systematized for use in the Roman Rite , and scholars weigh the relative influences of Roman and Carolingian practices upon the development of plainchant . The late 8th century saw a steadily increasing influence of the Carolingian monarchs over the popes . During a visit to Gaul in 752 -- 753 , Pope Stephen II celebrated Mass using Roman chant . According to Charlemagne , his father Pepin abolished the local Gallican Rites in favor of the Roman use , in order to strengthen ties with Rome . Thirty years later ( 785 -- 786 ) , at Charlemagne 's request , Pope Adrian I sent a papal sacramentary with Roman chants to the Carolingian court . According to James McKinnon , over a brief period in the 8th century , a project overseen by Chrodegang of Metz in the favorable atmosphere of the Carolingian monarchs , also compiled the core liturgy of the Roman Mass and promoted its use in Francia and throughout Gaul . Willi Apel and Robert Snow assert a scholarly consensus that Gregorian chant developed around 750 from a synthesis of Roman and Gallican chants , and was commissioned by the Carolingian rulers in France . Andreas Pfisterer and Peter Jeffery have shown that older melodic essentials from Roman chant are clear in the synthesized chant repertory . There were other developments as well . Chants were modified , influenced by local styles and Gallican chant , and fitted into the theory of the ancient Greek octoechos system of modes in a manner that created what later came to be known as the western system of the eight church modes . The Metz project also invented an innovative musical notation , using freeform neumes to show the shape of a remembered melody . This notation was further developed over time , culminating in the introduction of staff lines ( attributed to Guido d'Arezzo ) in the early 11th century , what we know today as plainchant notation . The whole body of Frankish - Roman Carolingian chant , augmented with new chants to complete the liturgical year , coalesced into a single body of chant that was called `` Gregorian . '' The changes made in the new system of chants were so significant that they have led some scholars to speculate that it was named in honor of the contemporary Pope Gregory II . Nevertheless , the lore surrounding Pope Gregory I was sufficient to culminate in his portrayal as the actual author of Gregorian Chant . He was often depicted as receiving the dictation of plainchant from a dove representing the Holy Spirit , thus giving Gregorian chant the stamp of being divinely inspired . Scholars agree that the melodic content of much Gregorian Chant did not exist in that form in Gregory I 's day . In addition , it is known definitively that the familiar neumatic system for notating plainchant had not been established in his time . Nevertheless , Gregory 's authorship is popularly accepted by some as fact to this day . Dissemination and hegemony ( edit ) Gregorian chant appeared in a remarkably uniform state across Europe within a short time . Charlemagne , once elevated to Holy Roman Emperor , aggressively spread Gregorian chant throughout his empire to consolidate religious and secular power , requiring the clergy to use the new repertory on pain of death . From English and German sources , Gregorian chant spread north to Scandinavia , Iceland and Finland . In 885 , Pope Stephen V banned the Slavonic liturgy , leading to the ascendancy of Gregorian chant in Eastern Catholic lands including Poland , Moravia , Slovakia , and Austria . The other plainchant repertories of the Christian West faced severe competition from the new Gregorian chant . Charlemagne continued his father 's policy of favoring the Roman Rite over the local Gallican traditions . By the 9th century the Gallican rite and chant had effectively been eliminated , although not without local resistance . The Gregorian chant of the Sarum Rite displaced Celtic chant . Gregorian coexisted with Beneventan chant for over a century before Beneventan chant was abolished by papal decree ( 1058 ) . Mozarabic chant survived the influx of the Visigoths and Moors , but not the Roman - backed prelates newly installed in Spain during the Reconquista . Restricted to a handful of dedicated chapels , modern Mozarabic chant is highly Gregorianized and bears no musical resemblance to its original form . Ambrosian chant alone survived to the present day , preserved in Milan due to the musical reputation and ecclesiastical authority of St. Ambrose . Gregorian chant eventually replaced the local chant tradition of Rome itself , which is now known as Old Roman chant . In the 10th century , virtually no musical manuscripts were being notated in Italy . Instead , Roman Popes imported Gregorian chant from ( German ) Holy Roman Emperors during the 10th and 11th centuries . For example , the Credo was added to the Roman Rite at the behest of the Emperor Henry II in 1014 . Reinforced by the legend of Pope Gregory , Gregorian chant was taken to be the authentic , original chant of Rome , a misconception that continues to this day . By the 12th and 13th centuries , Gregorian chant had supplanted or marginalized all the other Western plainchant traditions . Later sources of these other chant traditions show an increasing Gregorian influence , such as occasional efforts to categorize their chants into the Gregorian modes . Similarly , the Gregorian repertory incorporated elements of these lost plainchant traditions , which can be identified by careful stylistic and historical analysis . For example , the Improperia of Good Friday are believed to be a remnant of the Gallican repertory . Early sources and later revisions ( edit ) Two plainchants from the Mass Proper , written in adiastematic neumes , from St. Gallen , MS 359 Universi qui te expectant , Gradual for the Mass ( first Sunday of Advent ) This chant corresponds to the second one on the manuscript folio above beneath the large rubric Responsorium Graduale ; by Schola Antiqua of Chicago . Problems playing this file ? See media help . The first extant sources with musical notation were written around 930 ( Graduale Laon ) . Before this , plainchant had been transmitted orally . Most scholars of Gregorian chant agree that the development of music notation assisted the dissemination of chant across Europe . The earlier notated manuscripts are primarily from Regensburg in Germany , St. Gall in Switzerland , Laon and St. Martial in France . Gregorian chant has in its long history been subjected to a series of redactions to bring it up to changing contemporary tastes and practice . The more recent redaction undertaken in the Benedictine Abbey of St. Pierre , Solesmes , has turned into a huge undertaking to restore the allegedly corrupted chant to a hypothetical `` original '' state . Early Gregorian chant was revised to conform to the theoretical structure of the modes . In 1562 -- 63 , the Council of Trent banned most sequences . Guidette 's Directorium chori , published in 1582 , and the Editio medicea , published in 1614 , drastically revised what was perceived as corrupt and flawed `` barbarism '' by making the chants conform to contemporary aesthetic standards . In 1811 , the French musicologist Alexandre - Étienne Choron , as part of a conservative backlash following the liberal Catholic orders ' inefficacy during the French Revolution , called for returning to the `` purer '' Gregorian chant of Rome over French corruptions . In the late 19th century , early liturgical and musical manuscripts were unearthed and edited . Earlier , Dom Prosper Guéranger revived the monastic tradition in Solesmes . Re-establishing the Divine Office was among his priorities , but no proper chantbooks existed . Many monks were sent out to libraries throughout Europe to find relevant Chant manuscripts . In 1871 , however , the old Medicea edition was reprinted ( Pustet , Regensburg ) which Pope Pius IX declared the only official version . In their firm belief that they were on the right way , Solesmes increased its efforts . In 1889 , after decades of research , the monks of Solesmes released the first book in a planned series , the Paléographie Musicale . The incentive of its publication was to demonstrate the corruption of the ' Medicea ' by presenting photographed notations originating from a great variety of manuscripts of one single chant , which Solesmes called forth as witnesses to assert their own reforms . The monks of Solesmes brought in their heaviest artillery in this battle , as indeed the academically sound ' Paleo ' was intended to be a war - tank , meant to abolish once and for all the corrupted Pustet edition . On the evidence of congruence throughout various manuscripts ( which were duly published in facsimile editions with ample editorial introductions ) Solesmes was able to work out a practical reconstruction . This reconstructed chant was academically praised , but rejected by Rome until 1903 , when Pope Leo XIII died . His successor , Pope Pius X , promptly accepted the Solesmes chant -- now compiled as the Liber Usualis -- as authoritative . In 1904 , the Vatican edition of the Solesmes chant was commissioned . Serious academic debates arose , primarily owing to stylistic liberties taken by the Solesmes editors to impose their controversial interpretation of rhythm . The Solesmes editions insert phrasing marks and note - lengthening episema and mora marks not found in the original sources . Conversely , they omit significative letters found in the original sources , which give instructions for rhythm and articulation such as speeding up or slowing down . These editorial practices has placed the historical authenticity of the Solesmes interpretation in doubt . Ever since restoration of Chant was taken up in Solesmes , there have been lengthy discussions of exactly what course was to be taken . Some favored a strict academic rigour and wanted to postpone publications , while others concentrated on practical matters and wanted to supplant the corrupted tradition as soon as possible . Roughly a century later , there still exists a breach between a strict musicological approach and the practical needs of church choirs . Thus the performance tradition officially promulgated since the onset of the Solesmes restoration is substantially at odds with musicological evidence . In his motu proprio Tra le sollecitudini , Pius X mandated the use of Gregorian chant , encouraging the faithful to sing the Ordinary of the Mass , although he reserved the singing of the Propers for males . While this custom is maintained in traditionalist Catholic communities ( most of which allow all - female scholas as well , though ) , the Catholic Church no longer persists with this ban . Vatican II officially allowed worshipers to substitute other music , particularly sacred polyphony , in place of Gregorian chant , although it did reaffirm that Gregorian chant was still the official music of the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church , and the music most suitable for worship in the Roman Liturgy . Musical form ( edit ) Melodic types ( edit ) Gregorian chant is , as ' chant ' implies , vocal music . The text , the phrases , words and eventually the syllables , can be sung in various ways . The most straightforward is recitation on the same tone , which is called `` syllabic '' as each syllable is sung to a single tone . Likewise , simple chants are often syllabic throughout with only a few instances where two or more notes are sung on one syllable . `` Neumatic '' chants are more embellished and ligatures , a connected group of notes , written as a single compound neume , abound in the text . Melismatic chants are the most ornate chants in which elaborate melodies are sung on long sustained vowels as in the Alleluia , ranging from five or six notes per syllable to over sixty in the more prolix melismata . Epistle for the Solemn Mass of Easter Day Example of liturgical recitative in Gregorian chant Problems playing this file ? See media help . Gregorian chants fall into two broad categories of melody : recitatives and free melodies . The simplest kind of melody is the liturgical recitative . Recitative melodies are dominated by a single pitch , called the reciting tone . Other pitches appear in melodic formulae for incipits , partial cadences , and full cadences . These chants are primarily syllabic . For example , the Collect for Easter consists of 127 syllables sung to 131 pitches , with 108 of these pitches being the reciting note A and the other 23 pitches flexing down to G. Liturgical recitatives are commonly found in the accentus chants of the liturgy , such as the intonations of the Collect , Epistle , and Gospel during the Mass , and in the direct psalmody of the Office . Psalmodic chants , which intone psalms , include both recitatives and free melodies . Psalmodic chants include direct psalmody , antiphonal chants , and responsorial chants . In direct psalmody , psalm verses are sung without refrains to simple , formulaic tones . Most psalmodic chants are antiphonal and responsorial , sung to free melodies of varying complexity . Antiphonary with Gregorian chants Loquetur Dominus , Introit for Week XXXIV of Ordinary Time Example of antiphonal psalmody in Gregorian chant De profundis , tract for the Requiem Mass Example of responsorial psalmody in Gregorian chant Problems playing these files ? See media help . Antiphonal chants such as the Introit , and Communion originally referred to chants in which two choirs sang in alternation , one choir singing verses of a psalm , the other singing a refrain called an antiphon . Over time , the verses were reduced in number , usually to just one psalm verse and the doxology , or even omitted entirely . Antiphonal chants reflect their ancient origins as elaborate recitatives through the reciting tones in their melodies . Ordinary chants , such as the Kyrie and Gloria , are not considered antiphonal chants , although they are often performed in antiphonal style . Responsorial chants such as the Gradual , Alleluia , Offertory , and the Office Responsories originally consisted of a refrain called a respond sung by a choir , alternating with psalm verses sung by a soloist . Responsorial chants are often composed of an amalgamation of various stock musical phrases , pieced together in a practice called centonization . Tracts are melismatic settings of psalm verses and use frequent recurring cadences and they are strongly centonized . Gregorian chant evolved to fulfill various functions in the Roman Catholic liturgy . Broadly speaking , liturgical recitatives are used for texts intoned by deacons or priests . Antiphonal chants accompany liturgical actions : the entrance of the officiant , the collection of offerings , and the distribution of sanctified bread and wine . Responsorial chants expand on readings and lessons . The non-psalmodic chants , including the Ordinary of the Mass , sequences , and hymns , were originally intended for congregational singing . The structure of their texts largely defines their musical style . In sequences , the same melodic phrase is repeated in each couplet . The strophic texts of hymns use the same syllabic melody for each stanza . Modality ( edit ) Main article : Musical mode Early plainchant , like much of Western music , is believed to have been distinguished by the use of the diatonic scale . Modal theory , which postdates the composition of the core chant repertory , arises from a synthesis of two very different traditions : the speculative tradition of numerical ratios and species inherited from ancient Greece and a second tradition rooted in the practical art of cantus . The earliest writings that deal with both theory and practice include the Enchiriadis group of treatises , which circulated in the late ninth century and possibly have their roots in an earlier , oral tradition . In contrast to the ancient Greek system of tetrachords ( a collection of four continuous notes ) that descend by two tones and a semitone , the Enchiriadis writings base their tone - system on a tetrachord that corresponds to the four finals of chant , D , E , F , and G . The disjunct tetrachords in the Enchiriadis system have been the subject of much speculation , because they do not correspond to the diatonic framework that became the standard Medieval scale ( for example , there is a high F# , a note not recognized by later Medieval writers ) . A diatonic scale with a chromatically alterable b / b - flat was first described by Hucbald , who adopted the tetrachord of the finals ( D , E , F , G ) and constructed the rest of the system following the model of the Greek Greater and Lesser Perfect Systems . These were the first steps in forging a theoretical tradition that corresponded to chant . Around 1025 , Guido d'Arezzo revolutionized Western music with the development of the gamut , in which pitches in the singing range were organized into overlapping hexachords . Hexachords could be built on C ( the natural hexachord , C-D-E ^ F-G-A ) , F ( the soft hexachord , using a B - flat , F-G-A ^ Bb - C-D ) , or G ( the hard hexachord , using a B - natural , G-A-B ^ C-D-E ) . The B - flat was an integral part of the system of hexachords rather than an accidental . The use of notes outside of this collection was described as musica ficta . Gregorian chant was categorized into eight modes , influenced by the eightfold division of Byzantine chants called the oktoechos . Each mode is distinguished by its final , dominant , and ambitus . The final is the ending note , which is usually an important note in the overall structure of the melody . The dominant is a secondary pitch that usually serves as a reciting tone in the melody . Ambitus refers to the range of pitches used in the melody . Melodies whose final is in the middle of the ambitus , or which have only a limited ambitus , are categorized as plagal , while melodies whose final is in the lower end of the ambitus and have a range of over five or six notes are categorized as authentic . Although corresponding plagal and authentic modes have the same final , they have different dominants . The existent pseudo-Greek names of the modes , rarely used in medieval times , derive from a misunderstanding of the Ancient Greek modes ; the prefix `` hypo - '' ( under , Gr . ) indicates a plagal mode , where the melody moves below the final . In contemporary Latin manuscripts the modes are simply called Protus authentus / plagalis , Deuterus , Tritus and Tetrardus : the 1st mode , authentic or plagal , the 2nd mode etc . In the Roman Chantbooks the modes are indicated by Roman numerals . Modes 1 and 2 are the authentic and plagal modes ending on D , sometimes called Dorian and Hypodorian . Modes 3 and 4 are the authentic and plagal modes ending on E , sometimes called Phrygian and Hypophrygian . Modes 5 and 6 are the authentic and plagal modes ending on F , sometimes called Lydian and Hypolydian . Modes 7 and 8 are the authentic and plagal modes ending on G , sometimes called Mixolydian and Hypomixolydian . Although the modes with melodies ending on A , B , and C are sometimes referred to as Aeolian , Locrian , and Ionian , these are not considered distinct modes and are treated as transpositions of whichever mode uses the same set of hexachords . The actual pitch of the Gregorian chant is not fixed , so the piece can be sung in whichever range is most comfortable . Certain classes of Gregorian chant have a separate musical formula for each mode , allowing one section of the chant to transition smoothly into the next section , such as the psalm verses that are sung between the repetition of antiphons , or the Gloria Patri . Thus we find models for the recitation of psalmverses , Alleluia and Gloria Patri for all eight modes . Not every Gregorian chant fits neatly into Guido 's hexachords or into the system of eight modes . For example , there are chants -- especially from German sources -- whose neumes suggest a warbling of pitches between the notes E and F , outside the hexachord system , or in other words , employing a form of chromatism . Early Gregorian chant , like Ambrosian and Old Roman chant , whose melodies are most closely related to Gregorian , did not use the modal system . The great need for a system of organizing chants lies in the need to link antiphons with standard tones , as in for example , the psalmody at the Office . Using Psalm Tone i with an antiphon in Mode 1 makes for a smooth transition between the end of the antiphon and the intonation of the tone , and the ending of the tone can then be chosen to provide a smooth transition back to the antiphon . As the modal system gained acceptance , Gregorian chants were edited to conform to the modes , especially during 12th - century Cistercian reforms . Finals were altered , melodic ranges reduced , melismata trimmed , B - flats eliminated , and repeated words removed . Despite these attempts to impose modal consistency , some chants -- notably Communions -- defy simple modal assignment . For example , in four medieval manuscripts , the Communion Circuibo was transcribed using a different mode in each . Musical idiom ( edit ) Several features besides modality contribute to the musical idiom of Gregorian chant , giving it a distinctive musical flavor . Melodic motion is primarily stepwise . Skips of a third are common , and larger skips far more common than in other plainchant repertories such as Ambrosian chant or Beneventan chant . Gregorian melodies are more likely to traverse a seventh than a full octave , so that melodies rarely travel from D up to the D an octave higher , but often travel from D to the C a seventh higher , using such patterns as D-F-G-A-C . Gregorian melodies often explore chains of pitches , such as F-A-C , around which the other notes of the chant gravitate . Within each mode , certain incipits and cadences are preferred , which the modal theory alone does not explain . Chants often display complex internal structures that combine and repeat musical subphrases . This occurs notably in the Offertories ; in chants with shorter , repeating texts such as the Kyrie and Agnus Dei ; and in longer chants with clear textual divisions such as the Great Responsories , the Gloria , and the Credo . Chants sometimes fall into melodically related groups . The musical phrases centonized to create Graduals and Tracts follow a musical `` grammar '' of sorts . Certain phrases are used only at the beginnings of chants , or only at the end , or only in certain combinations , creating musical families of chants such as the Iustus ut palma family of Graduals . Several Introits in mode 3 , including Loquetur Dominus above , exhibit melodic similarities . Mode III ( E authentic ) chants have C as a dominant , so C is the expected reciting tone . These mode III Introits , however , use both G and C as reciting tones , and often begin with a decorated leap from G to C to establish this tonality . Similar examples exist throughout the repertory . Notation ( edit ) Offertory Iubilate deo universa terra in unheightened neume The earliest notated sources of Gregorian chant ( written ca . 950 ) used symbols called neumes ( Gr . sign , of the hand ) to indicate tone - movements and relative duration within each syllable . A sort of musical stenography that seems to focus on gestures and tone - movements but not the specific pitches of individual notes , nor the relative starting pitches of each neume . Given the fact that Chant was learned in an oral tradition in which the texts and melodies were sung from memory , this was obviously not necessary . The neumatic manuscripts display great sophistication and precision in notation and a wealth of graphic signs to indicate the musical gesture and proper pronunciation of the text . Scholars postulate that this practice may have been derived from cheironomic hand - gestures , the ekphonetic notation of Byzantine chant , punctuation marks , or diacritical accents . Later adaptations and innovations included the use of a dry - scratched line or an inked line or two lines , marked C or F showing the relative pitches between neumes . Consistent relative heightening first developed in the Aquitaine region , particularly at St. Martial de Limoges , in the first half of the eleventh century . Many German - speaking areas , however , continued to use unpitched neumes into the twelfth century . Additional symbols developed , such as the custos , placed at the end of a system to show the next pitch . Other symbols indicated changes in articulation , duration , or tempo , such as a letter `` t '' to indicate a tenuto . Another form of early notation used a system of letters corresponding to different pitches , much as Shaker music is notated . Liber usualis in square notation ( excerpt from the Kyrie eleison ( Orbis factor ) ) By the 13th century , the neumes of Gregorian chant were usually written in square notation on a four - line staff with a clef , as in the Graduale Aboense pictured above . In square notation , small groups of ascending notes on a syllable are shown as stacked squares , read from bottom to top , while descending notes are written with diamonds read from left to right . When a syllable has a large number of notes , a series of smaller such groups of neumes are written in succession , read from left to right . The oriscus , quilisma , and liquescent neumes indicate special vocal treatments , that have been largely neglected due to uncertainty as to how to sing them . Since the 1970s , with the influential insights of Dom Eugène Cardine ( see below under ' rhythm ' ) , ornamental neumes have received more attention from both researchers and performers . B - flat is indicated by a `` b - mollum '' ( Lat . soft ) , a rounded undercaste ' b ' placed to the left of the entire neume in which the note occurs , as shown in the `` Kyrie '' to the right . When necessary , a `` b - durum '' ( Lat . hard ) , written squarely , indicates B - natural and serves to cancel the b - mollum . This system of square notation is standard in modern chantbooks . Performance ( edit ) Texture ( edit ) Gregorian chant was originally used for singing the Office ( by male and female religious ) and for singing the parts of the Mass pertaining to the lay faithful ( male and female ) , the celebrant ( priest , always male ) and the choir ( composed of male ordained clergy , except in convents ) . Outside the larger cities , the number of available clergy dropped , and lay men started singing these parts . The choir was considered an official liturgical duty reserved to clergy , so women were not allowed to sing in the Schola Cantorum or other choirs except in convents where women were permitted to sing the Office and the parts of the Mass pertaining to the choir as a function of their consecrated life . Chant was normally sung in unison . Later innovations included tropes , which is a new text sung to the same melodic phrases in a melismatic chant ( repeating an entire Alleluia - melody on a new text for instance , or repeating a full phrase with a new text that comments on the previously sung text ) and various forms of organum , ( improvised ) harmonic embellishment of chant melodies focusing on octaves , fifths , fourths , and , later , thirds . Neither tropes nor organum , however , belong to the chant repertory proper . The main exception to this is the sequence , whose origins lay in troping the extended melisma of Alleluia chants known as the jubilus , but the sequences , like the tropes , were later officially suppressed . The Council of Trent struck sequences from the Gregorian corpus , except those for Easter , Pentecost , Corpus Christi and All Souls ' Day . Not much is known about the particular vocal stylings or performance practices used for Gregorian chant in the Middle Ages . On occasion , the clergy was urged to have their singers perform with more restraint and piety . This suggests that virtuosic performances occurred , contrary to the modern stereotype of Gregorian chant as slow - moving mood music . This tension between musicality and piety goes far back ; Gregory the Great himself criticized the practice of promoting clerics based on their charming singing rather than their preaching . However , Odo of Cluny , a renowned monastic reformer , praised the intellectual and musical virtuosity to be found in chant : For in these ( Offertories and Communions ) there are the most varied kinds of ascent , descent , repeat ... , delight for the cognoscenti , difficulty for the beginners , and an admirable organization ... that widely differs from other chants ; they are not so much made according to the rules of music ... but rather evince the authority and validity ... of music . True antiphonal performance by two alternating choruses still occurs , as in certain German monasteries . However , antiphonal chants are generally performed in responsorial style by a solo cantor alternating with a chorus . This practice appears to have begun in the Middle Ages . Another medieval innovation had the solo cantor sing the opening words of responsorial chants , with the full chorus finishing the end of the opening phrase . This innovation allowed the soloist to fix the pitch of the chant for the chorus and to cue the choral entrance . Rhythm ( edit ) Given the oral teaching tradition of Gregorian chant , modern reconstruction of intended rhythm from the written notation of Gregorian chant has always been a source of debate among modern scholars . To complicate matters further , many ornamental neumes used in the earliest manuscripts pose difficulties on the interpretation of rhythm . Certain neumes such as the pressus , pes quassus , strophic neumes may indicate repeated notes , lengthening by repercussion , in some cases with added ornaments . By the 13th century , with the widespread use of square notation , most chant was sung with an approximately equal duration allotted to each note , although Jerome of Moravia cites exceptions in which certain notes , such as the final notes of a chant , are lengthened . While the standard repertory of Gregorian Chant was partly being supplanted with new forms of polyphony , the earlier melo - rhythmic refinements of monophonic chant seem to fall into disuse . Later redactions such as the Editio medicaea of 1614 rewrote chant so that melismata , with their melodic accent , fell on accented syllables . This aesthetic held sway until the re-examination of chant in the late 19th century by such scholars as Wagner , Pothier , and Mocquereau , who fell into two camps . One school of thought , including Wagner , Jammers , and Lipphardt , advocated imposing rhythmic meters on chants , although they disagreed on how that should be done . An opposing interpretation , represented by Pothier and Mocquereau , supported a free rhythm of equal note values , although some notes are lengthened for textual emphasis or musical effect . The modern Solesmes editions of Gregorian chant follow this interpretation . Mocquereau divided melodies into two - and three - note phrases , each beginning with an ictus , akin to a beat , notated in chantbooks as a small vertical mark . These basic melodic units combined into larger phrases through a complex system expressed by cheironomic hand - gestures . This approach prevailed during the twentieth century , propagated by Justine Ward 's program of music education for children , until the liturgical role of chant was diminished after the liturgical reforms of Paul VI , and new scholarship `` essentially discredited '' Mocquereau 's rhythmic theories . Common modern practice favors performing Gregorian chant with no beat or regular metric accent , largely for aesthetic reasons . The text determines the accent while the melodic contour determines the phrasing . The note lengthenings recommended by the Solesmes school remain influential , though not prescriptive . Dom Eugene Cardine , ( 1905 -- 1988 ) monk from Solesmes , published his ' Semiologie Gregorienne ' in 1970 in which he clearly explains the musical significance of the neumes of the early chant manuscripts . Cardine shows the great diversity of neumes and graphic variations of the basic shape of a particular neume , which can not be expressed in the square notation . This variety in notation must have served a practical purpose and therefore a musical significance . Nine years later , the Graduale Triplex was published , in which the Roman Gradual , containing all the chants for Mass in a Year 's cycle , appeared with the neumes of the two most important manuscripts copied under and over the 4 - line staff of the square notation . The Graduale Triplex made widely accessible the original notation of Sankt Gallen and Laon ( compiled after 930 AD ) in a single chantbook and was a huge step forward . Dom Cardine had many students who have each in their own way continued their semiological studies , some of whom also started experimenting in applying the newly understood principles in performance practice . The studies of Cardine and his students ( Godehard Joppich , Luigi Augustoni , Johannes B. Göschl , Marie - Noël Colette , Rupert Fischer , Marie - Claire Billecocq , Alexander M. Schweitzer to name a few ) have clearly demonstrated that rhythm in Gregorian chant as notated in the 10th century rhythmic manuscripts ( notably Skt . Gallen and Laon ) manifest such rhythmic diversity and melodic -- rhythmic ornamentations for which there is hardly a living performance tradition in the Western world . Contemporary groups that endeavour to sing according to the manuscript traditions have evolved after 1975 . Some practising researchers favour a closer look at non Western ( liturgical ) traditions , in such cultures where the tradition of modal monophony was never abandoned . Another group with different views are the mensuralists or the proportionalists , who maintain that rhythm has to be interpreted proportionately , where shorts are exactly half the longs . This school of interpretation claims the support of historical authorities such as St Augustine , Remigius , Guido and Aribo . This view is advocated by John Blackley and his ' Schola Antiqua New York ' . Recent research in the Netherlands by Dr. Dirk van Kampen has indicated that the authentic rhythm of Gregorian chant in the 10th century includes both proportional elements and elements that are in agreement with semiology . Starting with the expectation that the rhythm of Gregorian chant ( and thus the duration of the individual notes ) anyway adds to the expressivity of the sacred Latin texts , several word - related variables were studied for their relationship with several neume - related variables , exploring these relationships in a sample of introit chants using such statistical methods as correlational analysis and multiple regression analysis . Beside the length of the syllables ( measured in tenths of seconds ) , each text syllable was evaluated in terms of its position within the word to which it belongs , defining such variables as `` the syllable has or has not the main accent '' , `` the syllable is or is not at the end of a word '' , etc. , and in terms of the particular sounds produced ( for instance , the syllable contains the vowel `` i '' ) . The various neume elements were evaluated by attaching different duration values to them , both in terms of semiological propositions ( nuanced durations according to the manner of neume writing in Chris Hakkennes ' Graduale Lagal ) , and in terms of fixed duration values that were based on mensuralistic notions , however with ratios between short and long notes ranging from 1 : 1 , via 1 : 1.2 , 1 : 1.4 , etc. to 1 : 3 . To distinguish short and long notes , tables were consulted that were established by Van Kampen in an unpublished comparative study regarding the neume notations according to St Gallen and Laon codices . With some exceptions , these tables confirm the short vs. long distinctions in Cardine 's ' Semiologie Gregorienne ' . The lengths of the neumes were given values by adding up the duration values for the separate neume elements , each time following a particular hypothesis concerning the rhythm of Gregoriant chant . Both the syllable lengths and the neume lengths were also expressed in relation to the total duration of the syllables , resp . neumes for a word ( contextual variables ) . Correlating the various word and neume variables , substantial correlations were found for the word variables ' accented syllable ' and ' contextual syllable duration ' . Moreover , it could be established that the multiple correlation ( R ) between the two types of variables reaches its maximum ( R is about 0.80 ) if the neumatic elements are evaluated according to the following rules of duration : ( a ) neume elements that represent short notes in neumes consisting of at least two notes have duration values of 1 time ; ( b ) neume elements that represent long notes in neumes consisting of at least two notes have duration values of 2 times ; ( c ) neumes consisting of only one note are characterized by flexible duration values ( with an average value of 2 times ) , which take over the duration values of the syllables to match . It is interesting that the distinction between the first two rules and the latter rule can also be found in early treatises on music , introducing the terms metrum and rhythmus . As it could also be demonstrated by Van Kampen that melodic peaks often coincide with the word accent ( see also ) , the conclusion seems warranted that the Gregorian melodies enhance the expressiveness of the Latin words by mimicking to some extent both the accentuation of the sacred words ( pitch differences between neumes ) and the relative duration of the word syllables ( by paying attention to well - defined length differences between the individual notes of a neume ) . Melodic restitution ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Recent developments involve an intensifying of the semiological approach according to Dom Cardine , which also gave a new impetus to the research into melodic variants in various manuscripts of chant . On the basis of this ongoing research it has become obvious that the Graduale and other chantbooks contain many melodic errors , some very consistently , ( the mis - interpretation of third and eighth mode ) necessitating a new edition of the Graduale according to state - of - the - art melodic restitutions . Since the 1970 a melodic restitution group of AISCGre ( International Society for the Study of Gregorian Chant ) has worked on an `` editio magis critica '' as requested by the 2 . Vatican Council Constitution `` Sacrosanctum Concilium '' . As a response to this need and following the Holy See 's invitation to edit a more critical edition , in 2011 the first volume `` De Dominicis et Festis '' of the `` Graduale Novum Editio Magis Critica Iuxta SC 117 '' was published by Libreria Editrice Vatican and ConBrio Verlagsgesellschaft , Regensburg . In this approach the so - called earlier ' rhythmic ' manuscripts of unheightened neumes that carry a wealth of melo - rhythmic information but not of exact pitches , are compared in large tables of comparison with relevant later ' melodic ' manuscripts ' that are written on lines or use double alphabetic and neumes notation over the text , but as a rule have less rhythmic refinement compared to the earlier group . However , the comparison between the two groups has made it possible to correct what are obvious mistakes . In other instances it is not so easy to find a consensus . In 1984 Chris Hakkennes published his own transcription of the Graduale Triplex . He devised a new graphic adaptation of square notation ' simplex ' in which he integrated the rhythmic indications of the two most relevant sources , that of Laon and Skt . Gallen . Referring to these manuscripts , he called his own transcription Gradual Lagal . Furthermore , while making the transcription , he cross-checked with the melodic manuscripts to correct modal errors or other melodic errors found in the Graduale Romanum . His intention was to provide a corrected melody in rhythmic notation but above all -- he was also a choirmaster -- suited for practical use , therefore a simplex , integrated notation . Although fully admitting the importance of Hakkennes ' melodic revisions , the rhythmical solution suggested in the Graduale Lagal was actually found by Van Kampen ( see above ) to be rather modestly related to the text of the chant . Liturgical functions ( edit ) Gregorian chant is sung in the Office during the canonical hours and in the liturgy of the Mass . Texts known as accentus are intoned by bishops , priests , and deacons , mostly on a single reciting tone with simple melodic formulae at certain places in each sentence . More complex chants are sung by trained soloists and choirs . The most complete collection of chants is the Liber usualis , which contains the chants for the Tridentine Mass and the most commonly used Office chants . Outside of monasteries , the more compact Graduale Romanum is commonly used . Proper chants of the Mass ( edit ) The Introit , Gradual , Alleluia , Tract , Sequence , Offertory and Communion chants are part of the Proper of the Mass . `` Proprium Missae '' in Latin refers to the chants of the Mass that have their proper individual texts for each Sunday throughout the annual cycle , as opposed to ' Ordinarium Missae ' which have fixed texts ( but various melodies ) ( Kyrie , Sanctus , Benedictus , Agnus Dei ) . Introits cover the procession of the officiants . Introits are antiphonal chants , typically consisting of an antiphon , a psalm verse , a repeat of the antiphon , an intonation of the Gloria Patri Doxology , and a final repeat of the antiphon . Reciting tones often dominate their melodic structures . Graduals are responsorial chants that follow the reading of the Epistle . Graduals usually result from centonization ; stock musical phrases are assembled like a patchwork to create the full melody of the chant , creating families of musically related melodies . Graduals are accompanied by an elaborate Verse , so that it actually consists in two different parts , A B. Often the first part is sung again , creating a ' rondeau ' AB A. At least the verse , if not the complete gradual , is for the solo cantor and are in elaborate , ornate style with long , wide - ranged melismata . The Alleluia is known for the jubilus , an extended joyful melisma on the last vowel of ' Alleluia ' . The Alleluia is also in two parts , the alleluia proper and the psalmverse , by which the Alleluia is identified ( Alleluia V. Pascha nostrum ) . The last melisma of the verse is the same as the jubilus attached to the Alleluia . Alleluias are not sung during penitential times , such as Lent . Instead , a Tract is chanted , usually with texts from the Psalms . Tracts , like Graduals , are highly centonized . Sequences are sung poems based on couplets . Although many sequences are not part of the liturgy and thus not part of the Gregorian repertory proper , Gregorian sequences include such well - known chants as Victimae paschali laudes and Veni Sancte Spiritus . According to Notker Balbulus , an early sequence writer , their origins lie in the addition of words to the long melismata of the jubilus of Alleluia chants . Offertories are sung during the offering of Eucharistic bread and wine . Offertories once had highly prolix melodies in their verses , but the use of verses in Gregorian Offertories disappeared around the 12th century . These verses however , are among the most ornate and elaborated in the whole chant repertoire . Offertories are in form closest to Responsories , which are likewise accompanied by at least one Verse and the opening sections of both Off. and Resp . are partly repeated after the verse ( s ) . This last section is therefore called the ' repetenda ' and is in performance the last melodic line of the chant . Communions are sung during the distribution of the Eucharist . In presentation the Communio is similar to the Introitus , an antiphon with a series of psalm verses . Communion melodies are often tonally ambiguous and do not fit into a single musical mode which has led to the same communio being classed in different modes in different manuscripts or editions . Ordinary chants of the Mass ( edit ) The Kyrie , Gloria , Credo , Sanctus , Benedictus and Agnus Dei use the same text in every service of the Mass . Because they follow the regular invariable `` order '' of the Mass , these chants are called `` Ordinary '' . The Kyrie consists of a threefold repetition of `` Kyrie eleison '' ( `` Lord , have mercy '' ) , a threefold repetition of `` Christe eleison '' ( `` Christ have mercy '' ) , followed by another threefold repetition of `` Kyrie eleison . '' In older chants , `` Kyrie eleison imas '' ( `` Lord , have mercy on us '' ) can be found . The Kyrie is distinguished by its use of the Greek language instead of Latin . Because of the textual repetition , various musical repeat structures occur in these chants . The following , Kyrie ad . lib . VI as transmitted in a Cambrai manuscript , uses the form ABA CDC EFE ' , with shifts in tessitura between sections . The E ' section , on the final `` Kyrie eleison '' , itself has an aa'b structure , contributing to the sense of climax . Kyrie 55 , Vatican ad lib . VI , from Cambrai , Bibl . Mun. 61 , fo. 155v , as transcribed by David Hiley Example of musical repeat structures in Gregorian chant Problems playing this file ? See media help . The Gloria recites the Greater Doxology , and the Credo intones the Nicene Creed . Because of the length of these texts , these chants often break into musical subsections corresponding with textual breaks . Because the Credo was the last Ordinary chant to be added to the Mass , there are relatively few Credo melodies in the Gregorian corpus . The Sanctus and the Agnus Dei , like the Kyrie , also contain repeated texts , which their musical structures often exploit . Technically , the Ite missa est and the Benedicamus Domino , which conclude the Mass , belong to the Ordinary . They have their own Gregorian melodies , but because they are short and simple , and have rarely been the subject of later musical composition , they are often omitted in discussion . Plainchant notation for the solemn setting of the Salve Regina ; a simple setting is used more commonly . Chants of the Office ( edit ) Gregorian chant is sung in the canonical hours of the monastic Office , primarily in antiphons used to sing the Psalms , in the Great Responsories of Matins , and the Short Responsories of the Lesser Hours and Compline . The psalm antiphons of the Office tend to be short and simple , especially compared to the complex Great Responsories . At the close of the Office , one of four Marian antiphons is sung . These songs , Alma Redemptoris Mater ( see top of article ) , Ave Regina caelorum , Regina caeli laetare , and Salve , Regina , are relatively late chants , dating to the 11th century , and considerably more complex than most Office antiphons . Willi Apel has described these four songs as `` among the most beautiful creations of the late Middle Ages . '' Alma Redemptoris Mater Marian antiphon sung at Compline and Lauds between the First Sunday of Advent and Candlemas Problems playing this file ? See media help . Influence ( edit ) Medieval and Renaissance Music ( edit ) Gregorian chant had a significant impact on the development of medieval and Renaissance music . Modern staff notation developed directly from Gregorian neumes . The square notation that had been devised for plainchant was borrowed and adapted for other kinds of music . Certain groupings of neumes were used to indicate repeating rhythms called rhythmic modes . Rounded noteheads increasingly replaced the older squares and lozenges in the 15th and 16th centuries , although chantbooks conservatively maintained the square notation . By the 16th century , the fifth line added to the musical staff had become standard . The bass clef and the flat , natural , and sharp accidentals derived directly from Gregorian notation . Gregorian melodies provided musical material and served as models for tropes and liturgical dramas . Vernacular hymns such as `` Christ ist erstanden '' and `` Nun bitten wir den Heiligen Geist '' adapted original Gregorian melodies to translated texts . Secular tunes such as the popular Renaissance `` In Nomine '' were based on Gregorian melodies . Beginning with the improvised harmonizations of Gregorian chant known as organum , Gregorian chants became a driving force in medieval and Renaissance polyphony . Often , a Gregorian chant ( sometimes in modified form ) would be used as a cantus firmus , so that the consecutive notes of the chant determined the harmonic progression . The Marian antiphons , especially Alma Redemptoris Mater , were frequently arranged by Renaissance composers . The use of chant as a cantus firmus was the predominant practice until the Baroque period , when the stronger harmonic progressions made possible by an independent bass line became standard . The Catholic Church later allowed polyphonic arrangements to replace the Gregorian chant of the Ordinary of the Mass . This is why the Mass as a compositional form , as set by composers like Palestrina or Mozart , features a Kyrie but not an Introit . The Propers may also be replaced by choral settings on certain solemn occasions . Among the composers who most frequently wrote polyphonic settings of the Propers were William Byrd and Tomás Luis de Victoria . These polyphonic arrangements usually incorporate elements of the original chant . 20th century ( edit ) The renewed interest in early music in the late 19th century left its mark on 20th - century music . Gregorian influences in classical music include the choral setting of four chants in Quatre Motets sur des thèmes grégoriens by Maurice Duruflé , the carols of Peter Maxwell Davies , and the choral work of Arvo Pärt . Gregorian chant is vaguely imitated into other genres , such as London Boys ' Requiem and some other dance compositions , Enigma 's Sadeness ( Part I ) , the chant interpretation of pop and rock by the German band Gregorian , the new - age project Era , the techno project E Nomine , many of the songs by American power / thrash metal band Iced Earth , and the work of black metal band Deathspell Omega . The modal melodies of chant provide unusual sounds to ears attuned to modern scales . It has also been used in The Omen 's main theme , Ave Satani . Popular culture ( edit ) The monks of Solesmes , discussed above for their revival of Gregorian chant , issued a number of recordings . However , when Gregorian chant as plainchant experienced a popular resurgence during the new - age and world - music movements of the 1980s and ' 90s , the iconic album was somewhat unexpectedly Chant , recorded by the Benedictine monks of Santo Domingo de Silos , Spain . This was marketed as music to inspire timeless calm and serenity . In 2008 , the Cistercian Monks of Austrian Heiligenkreuz Abbey released the CD Chant -- Music for Paradise , which became the best - selling album of the Austrian pop charts and peaked # 7 of the UK charts . In the US , the album was released under the title Chant -- Music for the Soul and peaked at # 4 on the Billboard classical charts . It became conventional wisdom that listening to Gregorian chant increased the production of alpha waves in the brain , reinforcing the popular reputation of Gregorian chant as tranquilizing music . Gregorian chant has often been parodied for its supposed monotony , both before and after the release of Chant . Famous references include the flagellant monks in Monty Python and the Holy Grail intoning `` Pie Jesu Domine dona eis requiem '' ( Good Lord Jesus , grant them rest ) . `` The Gregorian Chant '' was the title of a British television play in the 60 's starring Billie Whitelaw as a prostitute with unexpectedly refined tastes . Gregorian chant has been also used in Vision of Escaflowne and Death Note anime series , Disney 's The Hunchback of Notre Dame , the theme of the Temple of Time in the Legend of Zelda series and the Halo series of videogames , although it had been used in such a number of productions and movies that this is only a very selective list of examples . See also ( edit ) Anglican chant Cecilian Movement Damien Poisblaud Paul Jausions Schola Antiqua Semiology ( Gregorian Chant ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Development of notation styles is discussed at Dolmetsch online , accessed 4 July 2006 ^ Jump up to : The Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy , Second Vatican Council ; Pope Benedict XVI : Catholic World News 28 June 2006 both accessed 5 July 2006 Jump up ^ David Hiley , Western Plainchant pp. 484 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant p. 34 . Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant p. 74 . Jump up ^ Hiley , Western Plainchant pp. 484 -- 7 and James McKinnon , Antiquity and the Middle Ages p. 72 . Jump up ^ McKinnon , James W. : `` Christian Church , music of the early '' , Grove Music Online ed . L. Macy ( Accessed 11 July 2006 ) , ( subscription access ) Jump up ^ Hiley , Western Plainchant p. 486 . Jump up ^ Grout , A History of Western Music , pp. 28 Jump up ^ James McKinnon , Antiquity and the Middle Ages p. 320 . ^ Jump up to : Bewerunge , Heinrich ( 1913 ) . `` Gregorian chant '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ Grout , A History of Western Music , pp. 28 -- 9 Jump up ^ Grout , A History of Western Music , p. 30 Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant p. 79 . Jump up ^ Kenneth , Levy ; et al. `` Plainchant , § 2 : History to the 10th century '' . Grove Music Online . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Grier J. ( 2003 ) Ademar de Chabannes , Carolingian Musical Practices , and Nota Romana . Journal of the American Musicological Society . 56 ( 1 ) : 43 -- 98 . Jump up ^ McKinnon , Antiquity and the Middle Ages p. 114 . Jump up ^ Taruskin , Richard The Oxford History of Western Music , Volume I -- Music from the earliest notations to the 16th century Chapter 1 , the curtain goes up , page 6 . ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2010 ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Music of the Middle Ages p. 13 . Jump up ^ David Wilson , Music of the Middle Ages p. 10 . Jump up ^ Hiley , Western Plainchant p. 604 . Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant p. 80 . Jump up ^ Richard Hoppin , Medieval Music p. 47 . Jump up ^ Carl Parrish , `` A Treasury of Early Music '' pp. 8 -- 9 Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant pp. 288 -- 289 . Jump up ^ Hiley , Western Plainchant p. 622 . Jump up ^ `` Paléographie musicale : fac - similés phototypiques des principaux manuscrits de chant grégorien , ambrosien , mozarabe , gallican '' . Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Hiley , Western Plainchant p. 624 -- 627 . Jump up ^ Hoppin , Medieval Music pp. 85 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant p. 203 Jump up ^ Hoppin , Anthology of Medieval Music p. 11 . Jump up ^ Hoppin , Medieval Music p. 81 . Jump up ^ Hoppin , Medieval Music p. 123 . Jump up ^ Hoppin , Medieval Music p. 131 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Music of the Middle Ages p. 11 . Jump up ^ Hoppin , Medieval Music pp. 64 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Hoppin , Medieval Music p. 82 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Music of the Middle Ages p. 22 . Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant p. 166 -- 78 , and Hiley , Western Plainchant p. 454 . Jump up ^ Hiley , Western Plainchant pp. 608 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant pp. 171 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant pp. 256 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Music of the Middle Ages p. 21 . Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant pp. 258 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant pp. 344 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Hiley , Western Plainchant pp. 110 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Levy , Kenneth : `` Plainchant '' , Grove Music Online , ed . L. Macy ( Accessed 20 January 2006 ) , ( subscription access ) Jump up ^ Carol Neuls - Bates , Women in Music p. 3 . Jump up ^ Hiley , Western Plainchant p. 504 . Jump up ^ Apel , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant p. 197 . Jump up ^ Hiley , `` Chant '' , Performance Practice : Music before 1600 p. 44 . `` The performance of chant in equal note lengths from the 13th century onwards is well supported by contemporary statements . '' Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant p. 289 . Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant p. 127 . Jump up ^ Dyer , Joseph : `` Roman Catholic Church Music '' , Section VI. 1 , Grove Music Online ed . L. Macy ( Accessed 28 June 2006 ) , ( subscription access ) Jump up ^ William P. Mahrt , `` Chant '' , A Performer 's Guide to Medieval Music p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` The symbolism of chant rhythm '' . Calumcille.com . Archived from the original on 15 March 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Dirk van Kampen ( 1994 ) . Het oorspronkelijke ritme van het Gregoriaans : Een ' semiologisch - mensuralistische ' studie . Landsmeer , ISBN 90 - 900742 - 8 - 7 . Jump up ^ Dirk van Kampen ( 2005 ) . Uitgangspunten voor de ritmiek van Gregoriaans . Tijdschrift voor Gregoriaans , 30 , 89 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Chris Hakkennes ( 1984 ) . Graduale Lagal . Den Haag : Stichting Centrum voor de Kerkzang . Jump up ^ Peter Wagner ( 1916 ) . Zur ursprünglichen Ausführung des Gregorianischen Gesanges . Gregoriusblatt , 81 -- 82 . Jump up ^ J. Jeannin ( 1930 ) . Proportionale Dauerwerte oder einfache Schattierungen im Gregorianischen Choral ? Gregoriusblatt , 54 , 129 -- 135 . Jump up ^ G. Reese ( 1940 ) . Music in the Middle Ages . New York : Norton & Comp. , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Richard Crocker , The Early Medieval Sequence pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Hiley , Western Plainchant p. 153 . Jump up ^ Apel , Gregorian Chant p. 404 . Jump up ^ Chew , Geoffrey and Richard Rastall : `` Notation '' , Grove Music Online , ed . L. Macy ( Accessed 27 June 2006 ) ( subscription access ) ) Jump up ^ `` Cistercian Monks of Stift Heiligenkreuz '' . Chart History . Billboard . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Universal news . Retrieved 24 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Le Mée , Chant : The Origins , Form , Practice , and Healing Power of Gregorian Chant p. 140 . References ( edit ) Graduale triplex ( 1979 ) . Tournai : Desclée& Socii . ISBN 2 - 85274 - 094 - X Graduale Novum , Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2011 ISBN 978 - 3 - 940768 - 15 - 5 Graduale Lagal ( 1984 / 1990 ) Chris Hakkennes , Stichting Lagal Utrecht ISBN 90 - 800408 - 2 - 7 Liber usualis ( 1953 ) . Tournai : Desclée& Socii . Liber Usualis ( 1961 ) in PDF format ( 115 MB ) Apel , Willi ( 1990 ) . Gregorian Chant . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . ISBN 0 - 253 - 20601 - 4 . Bewerunge , H. ( 1913 ) . `` Gregorian Chant '' . In Herbermann , Charles . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Ian D. Bent ; David W. Hughes ; Robert C. Provine ; Richard Rastall ; Anne Kilmer ; David Hiley ; Janka Szendrei ; Thomas B. Payne ; Margaret Bent ; Geoffrey Chew . L. Macy , ed . Notation . Grove Music Online . Crocker , Richard ( 1977 ) . The Early Medieval Sequence . University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 02847 - 3 . Dyer , Joseph . `` Roman Catholic Church Music '' . Grove Music Online , ed . L. Macy . pp. Section VI. 1 . Retrieved 28 June 2006 . Grout , Donald ( 1960 ) . A History of Western Music . New York : W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 0 - 393 - 09537 - 1 . Hiley , David ( 1990 ) . `` Chant '' . In Brown , Howard Mayer ; Sadie , Stanley . Performance Practice : Music before 1600 . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 37 -- 54 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 02807 - 0 . Hiley , David ( 1995 ) . Western Plainchant : A Handbook . Clarendon Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 816572 - 2 . Hoppin , Richard , ed. ( 1978 ) . Anthology of Medieval Music . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 09080 - 9 . Hoppin , Richard ( 1978 ) . Medieval Music . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 09090 - 6 . Le Mée , Katharine ( 1994 ) . Chant : The Origins , Form , Practice , and Healing Power of Gregorian Chant . Harmony . ISBN 0 - 517 - 70037 - 9 . Levy , Kenneth . `` Plainchant '' . Grove Music Online , ed . L. Macy . pp. Section VI. 1 . Retrieved 20 January 2006 . Mahrt , William P. `` Gregorian Chant as a Paradigm of Sacred Music '' . Sacred Music . 133 ( 3 ) : 5 -- 14 . Mahrt , William P. ( 2000 ) . `` Chant '' . In Duffin , Ross . A Performer 's Guide to Medieval Music . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . pp. 1 -- 22 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 33752 - 6 . McKinnon , James , ed. ( 1990 ) . Antiquity and the Middle Ages . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 036153 - 4 . McKinnon , James W. `` Christian Church , music of the early '' . Grove Music Online , ed . L. Macy . Retrieved 11 July 2006 . Neuls - Bates , Carol , ed. ( 1996 ) . Women in Music . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 1 - 55553 - 240 - 3 . Novum , Canticum . `` Lessons on Gregorian Chant : Notation , characteristics , rhythm , modes , the psalmody and scores '' . Retrieved 11 July 2006 . Parrish , Carl ( 1986 ) . A Treasury of Early Music . Mineola , New York : Dover Publications , Inc . ISBN 0 - 486 - 41088 - 9 . Robinson , Ray , ed. ( 1978 ) . Choral Music . W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 0 - 393 - 09062 - 0 . Wagner , Peter ( 1911 ) . Einführung in die Gregorianischen Melodien . Ein Handbuch der Choralwissenschaft ( in German ) . Leipzig : Breitkopf & Härtel . Ward , Justine Bayard ( April 1906 ) . `` The Reform in Church Music '' . The Atlantic Monthly . 97 : 455 -- 463 . Reprint at MusicaSacra.com website ( accessed 20 January 2014 ) . Wilson , David ( 1990 ) . Music of the Middle Ages . Schirmer Books . ISBN 0 - 02 - 872951 - X . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gregorian chant . Canticum Novum , Lessons on Gregorian Chant -- Notation , characteristics , rhythm , modes , the psalmody and scores The 1961 Liber Usualis compares , inter alia , modern and chant notations . It is also a handy reference for all the types of neumes . Singing Gregorian Chant : Pitch and Mode Free Gregorian Chant School Online Gregoriani Cantus . Gregorian Chant Free Fonts under Creative Commons License ( Spanish ) The Divine Office in Latin at the Community of Jesus Spanish Chant Manuscript -- A collection of Gregorian chants , hymns and psalms ( Spain , 1575 -- 1625 ) from the UBC Library Digital Collections Concertzender Gregoriaans Radio -- live stream ( 1 ) Website of Anton Stingl jun . including articles and editions of Sankt Gallen notations `` The living textbook '' on the choral notation of the Gregorian chant History of the Catholic Church General History of the Catholic Church By country or region History of the Papacy Timeline of the Catholic Church Catholic ecumenical councils History of the Roman Curia Catholic Church art Religious institutes Christian monasticism Papal States Role of Christianity in civilization Church beginnings , Great Church Jesus John the Baptist Apostles Peter Paul Saint Stephen Great Commission Council of Jerusalem Apostolic Age Apostolic Fathers Ignatius of Antioch Irenaeus Pope Victor I Tertullian Constantine to Pope Gregory I Constantine the Great and Christianity Arianism Archbasilica of St. John Lateran First Council of Nicaea Pope Sylvester I First Council of Constantinople Biblical canon Jerome Vulgate Council of Ephesus Council of Chalcedon Benedict of Nursia Second Council of Constantinople Pope Gregory I Gregorian chant Early Middle Ages Third Council of Constantinople Saint Boniface Byzantine Iconoclasm Second Council of Nicaea Charlemagne Pope Leo III Fourth Council of Constantinople East -- West Schism High Middle Ages Pope Urban II Investiture Controversy Crusades First Council of the Lateran Second Council of the Lateran Third Council of the Lateran Pope Innocent III Latin Empire Francis of Assisi Fourth Council of the Lateran Inquisition First Council of Lyon Second Council of Lyon Bernard of Clairvaux Thomas Aquinas Late Middle Ages Pope Boniface VIII Avignon Papacy Pope Clement V Council of Vienne Knights Templar Catherine of Siena Pope Alexander VI Reformation Counter-Reformation Reformation Counter-Reformation Thomas More Pope Leo X Society of Jesus Ignatius of Loyola Francis Xavier Dissolution of the Monasteries Council of Trent Pope Pius V Tridentine Mass Teresa of Ávila John of the Cross Philip Neri Robert Bellarmine Baroque Period to the French Revolution Pope Innocent XI Pope Benedict XIV Suppression of the Society of Jesus Anti-clericalism Pope Pius VI Shimabara Rebellion Edict of Nantes Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution 19th century Pope Pius VII Pope Pius IX Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary Our Lady of La Salette Our Lady of Lourdes First Vatican Council Papal infallibility Pope Leo XIII Mary of the Divine Heart Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart Rerum novarum 20th century Pope Pius X Our Lady of Fátima Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII Pope Pius XII Pope Pius XII Consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary Lateran Treaty Pope John XXIII Second Vatican Council Pope Paul VI Pope John Paul I Pope John Paul II World Youth Day 1995 2000 21st century Catholic Church sexual abuse cases Pope Benedict XVI World Youth Day 2002 2005 2008 2011 2013 2016 Pope Francis Pope portal Vatican City portal Catholicism portal Medieval music Movements and schools Ars antiqua Ars nova Ars subtilior Burgundian School Contenance angloise Notre Dame school Saint Martial school Musical instruments Wind Bagpipes Bladder pipe Bombard Crumhorn Flute Gemshorn Jew 's harp Organ Recorder Sackbut Shawm String Citole Gittern Guitarra latina Guitarra morisca Dulcimer Harp Hurdy - gurdy Lute Cretan lyra Lyre Psaltery Rebec Tromba marina Vielle Viol Zampogna Zither Percussion Carillon Crotales Nakers Tabor Tambourine Triangle Musical forms Antiphon Canso Carol Chanson Chant Conductus Geisslerlied Lai Liturgical drama Madrigal Motet Organum Rondeau Virelai Composers François Andrieu Odo of Arezzo Notker Balbulus Hildegard of Bingen Jacopo da Bologna Borlet Antonello da Caserta Philippus de Caserta Donato da Cascia Johannes Ciconia Odo of Cluny Petrus de Cruce John Dunstaple Gherardello da Firenze St. Godric Giovanni da Cascia Lorenzo da Firenze Paolo da Firenze Pope Gregory I Grimace Roy Henry Hucbald Francesco Landini Arnold de Lantins Kir Stefan the Serb Léonin Guillaume de Machaut Lorenzo da Firenze Bartolino da Padova Matteo da Perugia Niccolò da Perugia Pérotin Maestro Piero Leonel Power Jacob Senleches John Koukouzelis Solage Trebor Tuotilo Adam of Saint Victor Philippe de Vitry W. de Wycombe Traditions British Isles England Scotland Cyprus France Germany Italy Lithuania Netherlands Portugal Spain Derivatives and fusions Medieval folk rock Medieval metal Neo-Medieval music Related articles Goliards Monophony Music of the Trecento Neume Polyphony Troubadour Christian liturgical chant Eastern Armenian Byzantine Coptic Ethiopian Georgian Obikhod Bulgarian Greek Kievan Prostopinije Syrian Znamenny Western Ambrosian Anglican Beneventan Celtic Gallican Gelineau Gregorian Mozarabic Old Roman Gregorian chants of the Roman mass of the Catholic Church Ordinary Kyrie Gloria Credo Sanctus Agnus Dei Ite , missa est Benedicamus Domino Requiescant in pace Proper Introit Gradual Alleluia or Tract Sequence Offertory Communion Accentus Collect Epistle Gospel Secret Preface Canon Postcommunion Catholicism portal GND : 4021952 - 5 HDS : 11518 NDL : 00562582 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregorian_chant&oldid=821366060 '' Categories : Catholic music Christian chants Order of Mass Tridentine Mass Western plainchant Pope Gregory I Hidden categories : Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from October 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Use dmy dates from March 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Mirandés Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Vèneto Tiếng Việt 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 01 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which composer was renowned for creating expressive gregorian chants | [] | [] |
8647873662586624300 | Cytoskeleton | Cytoskeleton - wikipedia Cytoskeleton Jump to : navigation , search Cell biology The animal cell Components of a typical animal cell : Nucleolus Nucleus Ribosome ( little dots ) Vesicle Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus ( or `` Golgi body '' ) Cytoskeleton Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion Vacuole Cytosol ( fluid that contains organelles , comprising the cytoplasm ) Lysosome Centrosome Cell membrane The eukaryotic cytoskeleton . Actin filaments are shown in red , and microtubules composed of beta tubulin are in green . A cytoskeleton is present in all cells of all domains of life ( archaea , bacteria , eukaryotes ) . It is a complex network of interlinking filaments and tubules that extend throughout the cytoplasm , from the nucleus to the plasma membrane . The cytoskeletal systems of different organisms are composed of similar proteins . In eukaryotes , the cytoskeletal matrix is a dynamic structure composed of three main proteins , which are capable of rapid growth or disassembly dependent on the cell 's requirements at a certain period of time . The structure , function and dynamic behavior of the cytoskeleton can be very different , depending on organism and cell type . Even within one cell the cytoskeleton can change through association with other proteins and the previous history of the network . A multitude of functions can be performed by the cytoskeleton . Its primary function would arguably be to give the cell its shape and mechanical resistance to deformation , and through association with extracellular connective tissue and other cells it stabilizes entire tissues . The cytoskeleton can also contract , thereby deforming the cell and the cell 's environment and allowing cells to migrate . Moreover , it is involved in many cell signaling pathways : in the uptake of extracellular material ( endocytosis ) , segregates chromosomes during cellular division , is involved in cytokinesis ( the division of a mother cell into two daughter cells ) , provides a scaffold to organize the contents of the cell in space and for intracellular transport ( for example , the movement of vesicles and organelles within the cell ) ; and can be a template for the construction of a cell wall . Furthermore , it forms specialized structures , such as flagella , cilia , lamellipodia and podosomes . A large - scale example of an action performed by the cytoskeleton is muscle contraction . In the muscle , there are groups of highly specialized cells that work together to perform a function known as muscle contraction . A main component in the cytoskeleton that helps show the true function of this muscle contraction is known as a microfilament . Microfilaments are composed of the most abundant cellular protein known as actin . During contraction of a muscle , within each muscle cell , myosin molecular motors collectively exert forces on parallel actin filaments . Muscle contraction starts from nerve impulses which then causes increased amounts of calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum . Increases in calcium in the cytosol allows muscle contraction to begin with the help of two proteins , tropomyosin and troponin . Tropomyosin inhibits the interaction between actin and myosin , while troponin senses the increase in calcium and releases the inhibition . This action contracts the muscle cell , and through the synchronous process in many muscle cells , the entire muscle . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Eukaryotic cytoskeleton 2.1 Microfilaments ( actin filaments ) 2.2 Intermediate filaments 2.3 Microtubules 2.4 Comparison 2.5 Septins 2.6 Spectrin 2.7 Yeast cytoskeleton 3 Prokaryotic cytoskeleton 3.1 FtsZ 3.2 MreB and ParM 3.3 Crescentin 4 Common features and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes 5 Cytoplasmic streaming 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) In 1903 , Nikolai K. Koltsov proposed that the shape of cells was determined by a network of tubules that he termed the cytoskeleton . The concept of a protein mosaic that dynamically coordinated cytoplasmic biochemistry was proposed by Rudolph Peters in 1929 while the term ( cytosquelette , in French ) was first introduced by French embryologist Paul Wintrebert in 1931 . When the cytoskeleton was first introduced , it was thought to be an uninteresting gel - like substance that helps organelles stay in place . Much research took place to try to understand the purpose of the cytoskeleton and its components . With the help of Stuart Hameroff and Roger Penrose , they discovered that microtubules vibrate within neurons in the brain which suggest that brain waves come from deeper microtubule vibrations . This discovery showed that the cytoskeleton is not just a gel like substance but it actually has a purpose . Initially , it was thought that the cytoskeleton was exclusive to eukaryotes but in 1992 , it was discovered to be present in prokaryotes as well . This discovery came after the realization that bacteria possess proteins that are homologous to tubulin and actin ; the main components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton . Eukaryotic cytoskeleton ( edit ) Actin cytoskeleton of mouse embryo fibroblasts , stained with phalloidin Eukaryotic cells contain three main kinds of cytoskeletal filaments : microfilaments , microtubules , and intermediate filaments . Each cytoskeletal filament type is formed by polymerization of a distinct type of protein subunit and has its own characteristic shape and intracellular distribution . Microfilaments are polymers of the protein actin and are 7 nm in diameter . Microtubules are composed of tubulin and are 25 nm in diameter . Intermediate filaments are composed of various proteins , depending on the type of cell in which they are found ; they are normally 8 - 12 nm in diameter . The cytoskeleton provides the cell with structure and shape , and by excluding macromolecules from some of the cytosol , it adds to the level of macromolecular crowding in this compartment . Cytoskeletal elements interact extensively and intimately with cellular membranes . Neurodegenerative disorders have recently become more understood in context to what parts of the cell they affect . Diseases , such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , Alzheimer 's Disease , Huntington 's disease , and Parkinson 's disease have had breakthrough research that supports the conclusion that neurodegenerative diseases affect the cytoskeleton . Parkinson 's disease is a condition that causes the degradation of neurons , resulting in tremors , rigidity , and other non-motor symptoms . Research has found evidence that microtubule assembly and stability in the cytoskeleton is compromised causing the neurons to degrade over time . Alzheimer 's disease is much like Parkinson 's in that it is also a neurodegenerative disease that affects the cytoskeleton . Tau proteins , which stabilize microtubules , malfunction in patient 's affected by Alzheimers , causing pathology with the cytoskeleton . Huntington 's disease has also been found to affect the cytoskeleton of cells by excess glutamine in the Huntington protein , which is involved with linking vesicles to the cytoskeleton . An error with this protein is proposed to be a factor in the development of the disease . A fourth neurodegenerative disorder is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , or ALS , which causes a loss of movement by the degradation of motor neurons from defects of the cytoskeleton . A number of small - molecule cytoskeletal drugs have been discovered that interact with actin and microtubules . These compounds have proven useful in studying the cytoskeleton and several have clinical applications . All filaments interact with accessory proteins that regulate and link the filaments to other cell compounds and each other . The accessory proteins are essential for controlled assembly of cytoskeletal filaments in particular locations , and they include motor proteins . Microfilaments ( actin filaments ) ( edit ) Main article : microfilament Microfilaments are composed of linear polymers of G - actin proteins , and generate force when the growing ( plus ) end of the filament pushes against a barrier , such as the cell membrane . They also act as tracks for the movement of myosin molecules that affix to the microfilament and `` walk '' along them . In general , the major component or protein of microfilaments are actin . The G - actin monomer combines to form a polymer which continues to form the microfilament ( actin filament ) . These subunits then assemble into two chains that intertwine into what is called , F - actin chains . Myosin motoring along F - actin filaments generates contractile forces in so - called actomyosin fibers , both in muscle as well as most non-muscle cell types . Actin structures are controlled by the Rho family of small GTP - binding proteins such as Rho itself for contractile acto - myosin filaments ( `` stress fibers '' ) , Rac for lamellipodia and Cdc42 for filopodia . Functions include : Muscle contraction Cell movement Intracellular transport / trafficking Maintenance of eukaryotic cell shape Cytokinesis Cytoplasmic streaming Intermediate filaments ( edit ) Microscopy of keratin filaments inside cells Main article : intermediate filament Intermediate filaments are a part of the cytoskeleton of many eukaryotic cells . These filaments , averaging 10 nanometers in diameter , are more stable ( strongly bound ) than actin filaments , and heterogeneous constituents of the cytoskeleton . Like actin filaments , they function in the maintenance of cell - shape by bearing tension ( microtubules , by contrast , resist compression but can also bear tension during mitosis and during the positioning of the centrosome ) . Intermediate filaments organize the internal tridimensional structure of the cell , anchoring organelles and serving as structural components of the nuclear lamina . They also participate in some cell - cell and cell - matrix junctions . Nuclear lamina exist in all animals and all tissues . Some animals like the fruit fly do not have any cytoplasmic intermediate filaments . In those animals that express cytoplasmic intermediate filaments , these are tissue specific . Keratin intermediate filaments in epithelial cells provide protection for different mechanical stresses the skin may endure . They also provide protection for organs against metabolic , oxidative , and chemical stresses . Strengthening of epithelial cells with these intermediate filaments may prevent onset of apoptosis , or cell death , by reducing the probability of stress . Intermediate filaments are most commonly known as the support system or `` scaffolding '' for the cell and nucleus while also playing a role in some cell functions . In combination with proteins and desmosomes , the intermediate filaments form cell - cell connections and anchor the cell - matrix junctions that are used in messaging between cells as well as vital functions of the cell . These connections allow the cell to communicate through the desmosome of multiple cells to adjust structures of the tissue based on signals from the cells environment . Mutations in the IF proteins have been shown to cause serious medical issues such as premature aging , desmin mutations compromising organs , Alexander Disease , and muscular dystrophy . Different intermediate filaments are : made of vimentins . Vimentin intermediate filaments are in general present in mesenchymal cells . made of keratin . Keratin is present in general in epithelial cells . neurofilaments of neural cells . made of lamin , giving structural support to the nuclear envelope . made of desmin , play an important role in structural and mechanical support of muscle cells . Microtubules ( edit ) Microtubules in a gel - fixated cell Main article : microtubule Microtubules are hollow cylinders about 23 nm in diameter ( lumen = approximately 15 nm in diameter ) , most commonly comprising 13 protofilaments that , in turn , are polymers of alpha and beta tubulin . They have a very dynamic behavior , binding GTP for polymerization . They are commonly organized by the centrosome . In nine triplet sets ( star - shaped ) , they form the centrioles , and in nine doublets oriented about two additional microtubules ( wheel - shaped ) , they form cilia and flagella . The latter formation is commonly referred to as a `` 9 + 2 '' arrangement , wherein each doublet is connected to another by the protein dynein . As both flagella and cilia are structural components of the cell , and are maintained by microtubules , they can be considered part of the cytoskeleton . There are two types of cilia : motile and non-motile cilia . Cilia are short and more numerous than flagella . The motile cilia have a rhythmic waving or beating motion compared to the non-motile cilia which receive sensory information for the cell ; processing signals from the other cells or the fluids surrounding it . Additionally , the microtubules control the beating ( movement ) of the cilia and flagella . Also , the dynein arms attached to the microtubules function as the molecular motors . The motion of the cilia and flagella is created by the microtubules sliding past one another , which requires ATP . They play key roles in : intracellular transport ( associated with dyneins and kinesins , they transport organelles like mitochondria or vesicles ) . Cross section diagram through the cilium shows the `` 9 + 2 '' arrangement of microtubules . the axoneme of cilia and flagella . the mitotic spindle . synthesis of the cell wall in plants . In addition to the roles described above , Stuart Hameroff and Roger Penrose have proposed that microtubules function in consciousness . Comparison ( edit ) Cytoskeleton type Diameter ( nm ) Structure Subunit examples Microfilaments 6 double helix actin Intermediate filaments 10 two anti-parallel helices / dimers , forming tetramers vimentin ( mesenchyme ) glial fibrillary acidic protein ( glial cells ) neurofilament proteins ( neuronal processes ) keratins ( epithelial cells ) nuclear lamins Microtubules 23 protofilaments , in turn consisting of tubulin subunits in complex with stathmin α - and β - tubulin Septins ( edit ) Main article : Septin Septins are a group of the highly conserved GTP binding proteins found in eukaryotes . Different septins form protein complexes with each other . These can assemble to filaments and rings . Therefore , septins can be considered part of the cytoskeleton . The function of septins in cells include serving as a localized attachment site for other proteins , and preventing the diffusion of certain molecules from one cell compartment to another . In yeast cells , they build scaffolding to provide structural support during cell division and compartmentalize parts of the cell . Recent research in human cells suggests that septins build cages around bacterial pathogens , immobilizing the harmful microbes and preventing them from invading other cells . Spectrin ( edit ) Main article : Spectrin Spectrin is a cytoskeletal protein that lines the intracellular side of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells . Spectrin forms pentagonal or hexagonal arrangements , forming a scaffolding and playing an important role in maintenance of plasma membrane integrity and cytoskeletal structure . Yeast cytoskeleton ( edit ) See also : Yeast In budding yeast ( an important model organism ) , actin forms cortical patches , actin cables , and a cytokinetic ring and the cap . Cortical patches are discrete actin bodies on the membrane and are vital for endocytosis , especially the recycling of glucan synthase which is important for cell wall synthesis . Actin cables are bundles of actin filaments and are involved in the transport of vesicles towards the cap ( which contains a number of different proteins to polarize cell growth ) and in the positioning of mitochondria . The cytokinetic ring forms and constricts around the site of cell division . Prokaryotic cytoskeleton ( edit ) Main article : Prokaryotic cytoskeleton Prior to the work of Jones et al. , 2001 , the cell wall was believed to be the deciding factor for many bacterial cell shapes , including rods and spirals . When studied , many misshapen bacteria were found to have mutations linked to development of a cell envelope . The cytoskeleton was once thought to be a feature only of eukaryotic cells , but homologues to all the major proteins of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton have been found in prokaryotes . Harold Erickson notes that before 1992 , only eukaryotes were believed to have cytoskeleton components . However , research in the early ' 90s suggested that bacteria and archaea had homologues of actin and tubulin , and that these were the basis of eukaryotic microtubules and microfilaments . Although the evolutionary relationships are so distant that they are not obvious from protein sequence comparisons alone , the similarity of their three - dimensional structures and similar functions in maintaining cell shape and polarity provides strong evidence that the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cytoskeletons are truly homologous . Three laboratories independently discovered that FtsZ , a protein already known as a key player in bacterial cytokinesis , had the `` tubulin signature sequence '' present in all α - , β - , and γ - tubulins . However , some structures in the bacterial cytoskeleton may not have been identified as of yet . FtsZ ( edit ) FtsZ was the first protein of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton to be identified . Like tubulin , FtsZ forms filaments in the presence of guanosine triphosphate ( GTP ) , but these filaments do not group into tubules . During cell division , FtsZ is the first protein to move to the division site , and is essential for recruiting other proteins that synthesize the new cell wall between the dividing cells . MreB and ParM ( edit ) Prokaryotic actin - like proteins , such as MreB , are involved in the maintenance of cell shape . All non-spherical bacteria have genes encoding actin - like proteins , and these proteins form a helical network beneath the cell membrane that guides the proteins involved in cell wall biosynthesis . Some plasmids encode a separate system that involves an actin - like protein ParM . Filaments of ParM exhibit dynamic instability , and may partition plasmid DNA into the dividing daughter cells by a mechanism analogous to that used by microtubules during eukaryotic mitosis . Crescentin ( edit ) The bacterium Caulobacter crescentus contains a third protein , crescentin , that is related to the intermediate filaments of eukaryotic cells . Crescentin is also involved in maintaining cell shape , such as helical and vibrioid forms of bacteria , but the mechanism by which it does this is currently unclear . Additionally , curvature could be described by the displacement of crescentic filaments , after the disruption of peptidoglycan synthesis . Common features and differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes ( edit ) By definition , the cytoskeleton is composed of proteins that can form longitudinal arrays ( fibres ) in all organisms . These filament forming proteins have been classified into 4 classes . Tubulin - like , actin - like , Walker A cytoskeletal ATPases ( WACA - proteins ) , and intermediate filaments . Tubulin - like proteins are tubulin in eukaryotes and FtsZ , TubZ , RepX in prokaryotes . Actin - like proteins are actin in eukaryotes and MreB , FtsA in prokaryotes . An example of a WACA - proteins , which are mostly found in prokaryotes , is MinD . Examples for intermediate filaments , which have almost exclusively been found in animals ( i.e. eukaryotes ) are the lamins , keratins , vimentin , neurofilaments , and desmin . Although tubulin - like proteins share some amino acid sequence similarity , their equivalence in protein-fold and the similarity in the GTP binding site is more striking . The same holds true for the actin - like proteins and their structure and ATP binding domain . Cytoskeletal proteins are usually correlated with cell shape , DNA segregation and cell division in prokaryotes and eukaryotes . Which proteins fulfill which task is very different . For example , DNA segregation in all eukaryotes happens through use of tubulin , but in prokaryotes either WACA proteins , actin - like or tubulin - like proteins can be used . Cell division is mediated in eukaryotes by actin , but in prokaryotes usually by tubulin - like ( often FtsZ - ring ) proteins and sometimes ( Crenarchaeota ) ESCRT - III , which in eukaryotes still has a role in the last step of division . Cytoplasmic streaming ( edit ) Cytoplasmic streaming , also known as cylcosis , is the active movement of a cell 's contents along the components of the cytoskeleton . While mainly seen in plants , all cell types use this process for transportation of waste , nutrients , and organelles to other parts of the cell . Plant and algae cells are generally larger than many other cells ; so cytoplasmic streaming is important in these types of cells . This is because the cell 's extra volume requires cytoplasmic streaming in order to move organelles throughout the entire cell . Organelles move along microfilaments in the cytoskeleton driven by myosin motors binding and pushing along actin filament bundles . See also ( edit ) Biology portal Molecular and cellular biology portal Cell ( biology ) Organelle Nuclear matrix Microfilament References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hardin , Jeff ; Bertoni , Gregory ; Kleinsmith , Lewis J. ( 2015 ) . Becker 's World of the Cell ( 8th ed . ) . New York : Pearson . pp. 422 -- 446 . ISBN 978013399939 - 6 . Jump up ^ McKinley , Michael ; Dean O'Loughlin , Valerie ; Pennefather - O'Brien , Elizabeth ; Harris , Ronald ( 2015 ) . Human Anatomy ( 4th ed . ) . New York : McGraw Hill Education . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 352573 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Alberts , Bruce ; et al. ( 2008 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell ( 5th ed . ) . New York : Garland Science . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 4105 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Wickstead B , Gull K ( August 2011 ) . `` The evolution of the cytoskeleton '' . The Journal of Cell Biology . 194 ( 4 ) : 513 -- 25 . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 201102065 . PMC 3160578 . PMID 21859859 . ^ Jump up to : Fletcher DA , Mullins RD ( January 2010 ) . `` Cell mechanics and the cytoskeleton '' . Nature . 463 ( 7280 ) : 485 -- 92 . Bibcode : 2010Natur. 463 ... 485F . doi : 10.1038 / nature08908 . PMC 2851742 . PMID 20110992 . ^ Jump up to : Herrmann H , Bär H , Kreplak L , Strelkov SV , Aebi U ( July 2007 ) . `` Intermediate filaments : from cell architecture to nanomechanics '' . Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology . 8 ( 7 ) : 562 -- 73 . doi : 10.1038 / nrm2197 . PMID 17551517 . Jump up ^ Geli MI , Riezman H ( April 1998 ) . `` Endocytic internalization in yeast and animal cells : similar and different '' . Journal of Cell Science . 111 ( 8 ) : 1031 -- 7 . PMID 9512499 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Geoffrey M. ( 2000 ) . `` Actin , Myosin , and Cell Movement '' . The Cell : A Molecular Approach . 2nd edition . Sinauer Associates . Jump up ^ Berg , Jeremy M. ; Tymoczko , John L. ; Stryer , Lubert ( 2002 ) . `` Myosins Move Along Actin Filaments '' . Biochemistry . 5th edition . Biochemistry . 5th edition . Jump up ^ Peters RA . `` The Harben Lectures , 1929 . Reprinted in : Peters , R.A. ( 1963 ) Biochemical lesions and lethal synthesis , p. 216 . Pergamon Press , Oxford . '' . Jump up ^ Frixione E ( June 2000 ) . `` Recurring views on the structure and function of the cytoskeleton : a 300 - year epic '' . Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton. 46 ( 2 ) : 73 -- 94 . doi : 10.1002 / 1097 - 0169 ( 200006 ) 46 : 2 < 73 : : AID - CM1 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - 0 . PMID 10891854 . Jump up ^ Hardin , Jeff . Becker 's World of the Cell ( 9th ed . ) . Pearson . p. 351 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 321 - 93492 - 5 . Jump up ^ Elsevier . `` Discovery of Quantum Vibrations in `` Microtubules '' Inside Brain Neurons Corroborates Controversial 20 - Year - Old Theory of Consciousness `` . www.elsevier.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 20 . Jump up ^ Wickstead , Bill ; Gull , Keith ( 22 August 2011 ) . `` The evolution of the cytoskeleton '' . The Journal of Cell Biology . pp. 513 -- 525 . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 201102065 . Jump up ^ Minton AP ( October 1992 ) . `` Confinement as a determinant of macromolecular structure and reactivity '' . Biophysical Journal . 63 ( 4 ) : 1090 -- 100 . Bibcode : 1992BpJ ... 63.1090 M . doi : 10.1016 / S0006 - 3495 ( 92 ) 81663 - 6 . PMC 1262248 . PMID 1420928 . Jump up ^ Doherty GJ , McMahon HT ( 2008 ) . `` Mediation , modulation , and consequences of membrane - cytoskeleton interactions '' . Annual Review of Biophysics. 37 : 65 -- 95 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biophys. 37.032807. 125912 . PMID 18573073 . Jump up ^ Pellegrini , Laura ; Wetzel , Andrea ; Grannó , Simone ; Heaton , George ; Harvey , Kirsten ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Back to the tubule : microtubule dynamics in Parkinson 's disease '' . Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences . 74 ( 3 ) : 409 -- 434 . doi : 10.1007 / s00018 - 016 - 2351 - 6 . ISSN 1420 - 682X . PMID 27600680 . Jump up ^ Bamburg , James R. ; Bloom , George S. ( 2009 ) . `` Cytoskeletal Pathologies of Alzheimer Disease '' . Cell motility and the cytoskeleton. 66 ( 8 ) : 635 -- 649 . doi : 10.1002 / cm. 20388 . ISSN 0886 - 1544 . PMC 2754410 . PMID 19479823 . Jump up ^ Caviston , Juliane P. ; Holzbaur , Erika L.F. ( 2009 ) . `` Huntingtin as an essential integrator of intracellular vesicular trafficking '' . Trends in Cell Biology . 19 ( 4 ) : 147 -- 155 . doi : 10.1016 / j. tcb. 2009.01. 005 . Jump up ^ Julien , Jean - Pierre ; Millecamps , Stephanie ; Kriz , Jasna ( 2005 ) . `` Cytoskeletal defects in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( motor neuron disease ) '' . Novartis Foundation Symposium. 264 : 183 -- 192 ; discussion 192 -- 196 , 227 -- 230 . ISSN 1528 - 2511 . PMID 15773754 . Jump up ^ Alberts , Bruce ( 2015 ) . Molecular Biology of the Cell . Garland Science . p. 889 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 4464 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Cooper , Geoffrey M. ( 2000 ) . `` Structure and Organization of Actin Filaments '' . The Cell : A Molecular Approach . 2nd edition . Sinauer Associates . ^ Jump up to : Gunning PW , Ghoshdastider U , Whitaker S , Popp D , Robinson RC ( June 2015 ) . `` The evolution of compositionally and functionally distinct actin filaments '' . Journal of Cell Science . 128 ( 11 ) : 2009 -- 2019 . doi : 10.1242 / jcs. 165563 . PMID 25788699 . Jump up ^ Pan , Xiaoou ; Hobbs , Ryan P. ; Coulombe , Pierre A. ( 2013 ) . `` The expanding significance of keratin intermediate filaments in normal and diseased epithelia '' . Current Opinion in Cell Biology . 25 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 56 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ceb. 2012.10. 018 . ISSN 0955 - 0674 . PMC 3578078 . PMID 23270662 . Jump up ^ Herrmann , Harald ; Bär , Harald ; Kreplak , Laurent ; Strelkov , Sergei V. ; Aebi , Ueli ( 2007 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Intermediate filaments : from cell architecture to nanomechanics '' . Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology . 8 ( 7 ) : 562 -- 573 . doi : 10.1038 / nrm2197 . ISSN 1471 - 0080 . Jump up ^ Paulin D , Li Z ( November 2004 ) . `` Desmin : a major intermediate filament protein essential for the structural integrity and function of muscle '' . Experimental Cell Research . 301 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. yexcr. 2004.08. 004 . PMID 15501438 . Jump up ^ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21698// Jump up ^ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21698// Jump up ^ Hameroff , S. and Penrose , R. Physics of Life Reviews 2014 , 11 , 39 - 78 ^ Jump up to : Unless else specified in boxes , then ref is : Walter F. , PhD . Boron ( 2003 ) . Medical Physiology : A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch . Elsevier / Saunders . p. 1300 . ISBN 1 - 4160 - 2328 - 3 . Page 25 Jump up ^ Fuchs E , Cleveland DW ( January 1998 ) . `` A structural scaffolding of intermediate filaments in health and disease '' . Science . 279 ( 5350 ) : 514 -- 9 . Bibcode : 1998Sci ... 279 ... 514F . doi : 10.1126 / science. 279.5350. 514 . PMID 9438837 . Jump up ^ Steinmetz MO ( May 2007 ) . `` Structure and thermodynamics of the tubulin - stathmin interaction '' . Journal of Structural Biology . 158 ( 2 ) : 137 -- 47 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jsb. 2006.07. 018 . PMID 17029844 . ^ Jump up to : Mostowy S , Cossart P ( March 2012 ) . `` Septins : the fourth component of the cytoskeleton '' . Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology . 13 ( 3 ) : 183 -- 94 . doi : 10.1038 / nrm3284 . PMID 22314400 . Jump up ^ Mascarelli A ( December 2011 ) . `` Septin proteins take bacterial prisoners : A cellular defence against microbial pathogens holds therapeutic potential '' . Nature . doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2011.9540 . Jump up ^ Huh , G. Y ; Glantz , S. B ; Je , S ; Morrow , J. S ; Kim , J. H ( December 2001 ) . `` Calpain proteolysis of alpha - II - spectrin in the normal adult human brain '' . Neurosci . Lett. 316 ( 1 ) : 41 -- 4 . doi : 10.1016 / S0304 - 3940 ( 01 ) 02371 - 0 . PMID 11720774 . Jump up ^ Pruyne D , Bretscher A ( February 2000 ) . `` Polarization of cell growth in yeast '' . Journal of Cell Science . 113 ( 4 ) : 571 -- 85 . PMID 10652251 . Jump up ^ Jones , Laura J.F. ; Carballido - López , Rut ; Errington , Jeffery ( 2001 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Control of Cell Shape in Bacteria : Helical , Actin - like Filaments in Bacillus subtilis '' . Cell. 104 ( 6 ) : 913 -- 922 . doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 8674 ( 01 ) 00287 - 2 . Jump up ^ Shih YL , Rothfield L ( September 2006 ) . `` The bacterial cytoskeleton '' . Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews . 70 ( 3 ) : 729 -- 54 . doi : 10.1128 / MMBR. 00017 - 06 . PMC 1594594 . PMID 16959967 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson , Harold P. ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) . `` The discovery of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton : 25th anniversary '' . Molecular Biology of the Cell. 28 ( 3 ) : 357 -- 358 . doi : 10.1091 / mbc. E16 - 03 - 0183 . ISSN 1059 - 1524 . PMC 5341718 . PMID 28137947 . Jump up ^ Michie KA , Löwe J ( 2006 ) . `` Dynamic filaments of the bacterial cytoskeleton '' ( PDF ) . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 75 : 467 -- 92 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. biochem. 75.103004. 142452 . PMID 16756499 . Jump up ^ Briegel A , Dias DP , Li Z , Jensen RB , Frangakis AS , Jensen GJ ( October 2006 ) . `` Multiple large filament bundles observed in Caulobacter crescentus by electron cryotomography '' . Molecular Microbiology. 62 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 14 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2958.2006. 05355. x . PMID 16987173 . Jump up ^ Popp D , Narita A , Maeda K , Fujisawa T , Ghoshdastider U , Iwasa M , Maéda Y , Robinson RC ( 2010 ) . `` Filament structure , organization , and dynamics in MreB sheets '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 285 ( 21 ) : 15858 -- 65 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M109. 095901 . PMC 2871453 . PMID 20223832 . Jump up ^ Popp D , Narita A , Lee LJ , Ghoshdastider U , Xue B , Srinivasan R , Balasubramanian MK , Tanaka T , Robinson RC ( 2012 ) . `` Novel actin - like filament structure from Clostridium tetani '' . The Journal of Biological Chemistry . 287 ( 25 ) : 21121 -- 9 . doi : 10.1074 / jbc. M112. 341016 . PMC 3375535 . PMID 22514279 . Jump up ^ Ausmees N , Kuhn JR , Jacobs - Wagner C ( December 2003 ) . `` The bacterial cytoskeleton : an intermediate filament - like function in cell shape '' . Cell. 115 ( 6 ) : 705 -- 13 . doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 8674 ( 03 ) 00935 - 8 . PMID 14675535 . Jump up ^ Esue , Osigwe ( January 2010 ) . `` Dynamics of the Bacterial Intermediate Filament Crescentin In Vitro and In Vivo '' . plosone.org . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Woodhouse , Francis G. ; Goldstein , Raymond E. ( 2013 - 08 - 27 ) . `` Cytoplasmic streaming in plant cells emerges naturally by microfilament self - organization '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 110 ( 35 ) : 14132 -- 14137 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1302736110 . ISSN 1091 - 6490 . PMC 3761564 . PMID 23940314 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Raymond E. ; Meent , Jan - Willem van de ( 2015 - 08 - 06 ) . `` A physical perspective on cytoplasmic streaming '' . Interface Focus. 5 ( 4 ) : 20150030 . doi : 10.1098 / rsfs. 2015.0030 . ISSN 2042 - 8898 . PMID 26464789 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cytoskeleton . Cytoskeleton Monthly News and Blog MBInfo - Cytoskeleton Dynamics Cytoskeleton , Cell Motility and Motors - The Virtual Library of Biochemistry , Molecular Biology and Cell Biology Cytoskeleton database , clinical trials , recent literature , lab registry ... Animation of leukocyte adhesion ( Animation with some images of actin and microtubule assembly and dynamics . ) http://cellix.imba.oeaw.ac.at/ Cytoskeleton and cell motility including videos Open access review article on the emergent complexity of the cytoskeleton ( appeared in Advances in Physics , 2013 ) Structures of the cell / organelles ( TH H1. 00.01. 2 - 3 ) Endomembrane system Cell membrane Nucleus Nucleolus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Parenthesome Autophagosome Vesicles Exosome Lysosome Endosome Phagosome Vacuole Acrosome Cytoplasmic granules Melanosome Microbody Glyoxysome Peroxisome Weibel -- Palade body Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Prokaryotic cytoskeleton MTOCs Centrosome Centriole Basal body Spindle pole body Myofibril Endosymbionts Mitochondrion Plastids Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast Elaioplast Proteinoplast Tannosome Other internal RNA Ribosome Spliceosome Vault Cytoplasm Cytosol Proteasome External Undulipodium Cilium Flagellum Axoneme Radial spoke Extracellular matrix Cell wall Proteins of the cytoskeleton Human Microfilaments and ABPs Myofilament Actins A1 A2 C1 G1 G2 Myosins MYO1A MYO1B MYO1C MYO1D MYO1E MYO1F MYO1G MYO1H ) II MYH1 MYH2 MYH3 MYH4 MYH6 MYH7 MYH7B MYH8 MYH9 MYH10 MYH11 MYH13 MYH14 MYH15 MYH16 III MYO3A MYO3B V MYO5A MYO5B MYO5C VI MYO6 VII MYO7A MYO7B IX MYO9A MYO9B X MYO10 XV MYO15A XVIII MYO18A MYO18B LC MYL1 MYL2 MYL3 MYL4 MYL5 MYL6 MYL6B MYL7 MYL9 MYLIP MYLK MYLK2 MYLL1 Other Tropomodulin Troponin Tropomyosin Actinin Arp2 / 3 complex actin depolymerizing factors Cofilin Destrin Gelsolin Profilin Titin Other Wiskott - Aldrich syndrome protein Fibrillin Filamin FLNA FLNB FLNC Espin TRIOBP Intermediate filaments Type 1 / 2 ( Keratin , Cytokeratin ) Epithelial keratins ( soft alpha - keratins ) type I / chromosome 17 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 19 20 chromosome 12 18 none 21 type II / chromosome 12 2A 5 6A 6B 7 8 9 Hair keratins ( hard alpha - keratins ) type I / chromosome 17 31 32 33A 33B 34 35 36 37 38 type II / chromosome 12 81 82 83 84 85 86 Ungrouped alpha chromosome 17 23 24 25 26 27 28 39 40 chromosome 12 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Not alpha Beta - keratin Type 3 Desmin GFAP Peripherin Vimentin Type 4 Internexin Nestin Neurofilament NEFL NEFM NEFH Synemin Syncoilin Type 5 Nuclear lamins : A / C B1 B2 Microtubules and MAPs Kinesins KIF1A KIF1B KIF2A KIF2C KIF3B KIF3C KIF4A KIF4B KIF5A KIF5B KIF5C KIF6 KIF7 KIF9 KIF11 KIF12 KIF13A KIF13B KIF14 KIF15 KIF16B KIF17 KIF18A KIF18B KIF19 KIF20A KIF20B KIF21A KIF21B KIF22 KIF23 KIF24 KIF25 KIF26A KIF26B KIF27 KIFC1 KIFC2 KIFC3 Dyneins axonemal : DNAH1 DNAH2 DNAH3 DNAH5 DNAH6 DNAH7 DNAH8 DNAH9 DNAH10 DNAH11 DNAH12 DNAH13 DNAH14 DNAH17 DNAI1 DNAI2 DNALI1 DNAL1 DNAL4 cytoplasmic : DYNC1H1 DYNC2H1 DYNC1I1 DYNC1I2 DYNC1LI1 DYNC1LI2 DYNC2LI1 DYNLL1 DYNLL2 DYNLRB1 DYNLRB2 DYNLT1 DYNLT3 Other Tau protein Dynactin DCTN1 Tubulins TUBA1A TUBA1B TUBA1C TUBA3C TUBA3D TUBA3E TUBA4A TUBA8 Stathmin Tektin TEKT1 TEKT2 TEKT3 TEKT4 TEKT5 Dynamin DNM1 DNM2 DNM3 Catenins Alpha catenin Beta catenin APC Plakoglobin ( gamma catenin ) Delta catenin GAN Membrane Dystrophin Dystroglycan Utrophin Ankyrin ANK1 ANK2 ANK3 Spectrin SPTA1 SPTAN1 SPTB SPTBN1 SPTBN2 SPTBN4 SPTBN5 Other Plakins Corneodesmosin Desmoplakin Dystonin Envoplakin MACF1 Periplakin Plectin Talin TLN1 Vinculin Plakophilin PKP1 PKP2 Nonhuman Major sperm proteins Prokaryotic cytoskeleton Crescentin FtsZ MreB See also : cytoskeletal defects GND : 4121944 - 2 NDL : 00576209 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cytoskeleton&oldid=825240240 '' Categories : Cell anatomy Cytoskeleton Hidden categories : Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 07 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | is cytoskeleton in both plant and animal cells | [] | [] |
8645573720338573819 | Edmond Halley | Edmond Halley - wikipedia Edmond Halley Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( December 2016 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Edmond Halley Portrait by Richard Phillips , before 1722 8 November ( O.S. 29 October ) 1656 Haggerston , Middlesex , England 25 January 1742 ( O.S. 14 January 1741 ) ( aged 85 ) Greenwich , Kent , England Resting place St. Margaret 's , Lee , South London Nationality English Alma mater The Queen 's College , Oxford Spouse ( s ) Mary Tooke Children Edmond Halley ( d . 1741 ) Margaret ( d . 1713 ) Richelle ( d . 1748 ) Scientific career Fields Astronomy , geophysics , mathematics , meteorology , physics , cartography Institutions University of Oxford Royal Observatory , Greenwich Edmond ( or Edmund ) Halley , FRS ( pronounced / ˈɛdmənd ˈhæli / ; 8 November ( O.S. 29 October ) 1656 -- 25 January 1742 ( O.S. 14 January 1741 ) ) was an English astronomer , geophysicist , mathematician , meteorologist , and physicist who is best known for computing the orbit of Halley 's Comet . He was the second Astronomer Royal in Britain , succeeding John Flamsteed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Publications and inventions 2.2 Exploration years 3 Personal life 4 Named after Edmond Halley 5 Pronunciation and spelling 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Halley was born in Haggerston , in east London . His father , Edmond Halley Sr. , came from a Derbyshire family and was a wealthy soap - maker in London . As a child , Halley was very interested in mathematics . He studied at St Paul 's School , and from 1673 at The Queen 's College , Oxford . While still an undergraduate , Halley published papers on the Solar System and sunspots . Career ( edit ) Publications and inventions ( edit ) While at Oxford University , Halley was introduced to John Flamsteed , the Astronomer Royal . Influenced by Flamsteed 's project to compile a catalog of northern stars , Halley proposed to do the same for the Southern Hemisphere . In 1676 , Halley visited the south Atlantic island of Saint Helena and set up an observatory with a large sextant with telescopic sights to catalogue the stars of the southern hemisphere . While there he observed a transit of Mercury , and realised that a similar transit of Venus could be used to determine the absolute size of the Solar System . He returned to England in May 1678 . In the following year he went to Danzig ( Gdańsk ) on behalf of the Royal Society to help resolve a dispute . Because astronomer Johannes Hevelius did not use a telescope , his observations had been questioned by Robert Hooke . Halley stayed with Hevelius and he observed and verified the quality of Hevelius ' observations . In 1679 , Halley published the results from his observations on St. Helena as Catalogus Stellarum Australium which included details of 341 southern stars . These additions to contemporary star maps earned him comparison with Tycho Brahe : e.g. `` the southern Tycho '' as described by Flamsteed . Halley was awarded his M.A. degree at Oxford and elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society at the age of 22 . Bust of Halley ( Royal Observatory , Greenwich ) In 1686 , Halley published the second part of the results from his Helenian expedition , being a paper and chart on trade winds and monsoons . The symbols he used to represent trailing winds still exist in most modern day weather chart representations . In this article he identified solar heating as the cause of atmospheric motions . He also established the relationship between barometric pressure and height above sea level . His charts were an important contribution to the emerging field of information visualisation . Halley spent most of his time on lunar observations , but was also interested in the problems of gravity . One problem that attracted his attention was the proof of Kepler 's laws of planetary motion . In August 1684 , he went to Cambridge to discuss this with Isaac Newton , much as John Flamsteed had done four years earlier , only to find that Newton had solved the problem , at the instigation of Flamsteed with regard to the orbit of comet Kirch , without publishing the solution . Halley asked to see the calculations and was told by Newton that he could not find them , but promised to redo them and send them on later , which he eventually did , in a short treatise entitled , On the motion of bodies in an orbit . Halley recognised the importance of the work and returned to Cambridge to arrange its publication with Newton , who instead went on to expand it into his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica published at Halley 's expense in 1687 . Halley 's first calculations with comets were thereby for the orbit of comet Kirch , based on Flamsteed 's observations in 1680 - 1 . Although he was to accurately calculate the orbit of the comet of 1682 , he was inaccurate in his calculations of the orbit of comet Kirch . They indicated a periodicity of 575 years , thus appearing in the years 531 and 1106 , and presumably heralding the death of Julius Caesar in a like fashion in − 44 ( 45 BCE ) . It is now known to have an orbital period of circa 10,000 years . In 1691 , Halley built a diving bell , a device in which the atmosphere was replenished by way of weighted barrels of air sent down from the surface . In a demonstration , Halley and five companions dived to 60 feet ( 18 m ) in the River Thames , and remained there for over an hour and a half . Halley 's bell was of little use for practical salvage work , as it was very heavy , but he made improvements to it over time , later extending his underwater exposure time to over 4 hours . Halley suffered one of the earliest recorded cases of middle ear barotrauma . That same year , at a meeting of the Royal Society , Halley introduced a rudimentary working model of a magnetic compass using a liquid - filled housing to damp the swing and wobble of the magnetised needle . In 1691 , Halley sought the post of Savilian Professor of Astronomy at Oxford . While a candidate for the position , Halley faced the animosity of the Astronomer Royal , John Flamsteed , and his religious views were questioned . His candidacy was opposed by both the Archbishop of Canterbury , John Tillotson , and Bishop Stillingfleet , and the post went instead to David Gregory , who had the support of Isaac Newton . In 1692 , Halley put forth the idea of a hollow Earth consisting of a shell about 500 miles ( 800 km ) thick , two inner concentric shells and an innermost core . He suggested that atmospheres separated these shells , and that each shell had its own magnetic poles , with each sphere rotating at a different speed . Halley proposed this scheme to explain anomalous compass readings . He envisaged each inner region as having an atmosphere and being luminous ( and possibly inhabited ) , and speculated that escaping gas caused the Aurora Borealis . In 1693 Halley published an article on life annuities , which featured an analysis of age - at - death on the basis of the Breslau statistics Caspar Neumann had been able to provide . This article allowed the British government to sell life annuities at an appropriate price based on the age of the purchaser . Halley 's work strongly influenced the development of actuarial science . The construction of the life - table for Breslau , which followed more primitive work by John Graunt , is now seen as a major event in the history of demography . The Royal Society censured Halley for suggesting in 1694 that the story of Noah 's flood might be an account of a cometary impact . Exploration years ( edit ) In 1698 , Halley was given command of the Paramour , a 52 feet ( 16 m ) pink , so that he could carry out investigations in the South Atlantic into the laws governing the variation of the compass . On 19 August 1698 , he took command of the ship and , in November 1698 , sailed on what was the first purely scientific voyage by an English naval vessel . Unfortunately problems of insubordination arose over questions of Halley 's competence to command a vessel . Halley returned the ship to England to proceed against officers in July 1699 . The result was a mild rebuke for his men , and dissatisfaction for Halley , who felt the court had been too lenient . Halley thereafter received a temporary commission as a Captain in the Royal Navy , recommissioned the Paramour on 24 August 1699 and sailed again in September 1699 to make extensive observations on the conditions of terrestrial magnetism . This task he accomplished in a second Atlantic voyage which lasted until 6 September 1700 , and extended from 52 degrees north to 52 degrees south . The results were published in General Chart of the Variation of the Compass ( 1701 ) . This was the first such chart to be published and the first on which isogonic , or Halleyan , lines appeared . Plaque in South Cloister of Westminster Abbey The preface to Awnsham and John Churchill 's collection of voyages and travels ( 1704 ) , supposedly written by John Locke or by Halley , made the link . `` Natural and moral history is embellished with the most beneficial increase of so many thousands of plants it had never before received , so many drugs and spices , such unaccountable diversity . Trade is raised to highest pitch , and this not in a niggard and scanty manner as when the Venetians served all Europe ... the empire of Europe is now extended to the utmost bounds of the Earth . '' Edmond Halley 's tombstone , re-positioned at the Royal Observatory , Greenwich ; he is not buried there , but at St Margaret 's , Lee , some 30 minutes ' walk away In November 1703 , Halley was appointed Savilian Professor of Geometry at the University of Oxford , his theological enemies , John Tillotson and Bishop Stillingfleet having died , and received an honorary degree of doctor of laws in 1710 . In 1705 , applying historical astronomy methods , he published Synopsis Astronomia Cometicae , which stated his belief that the comet sightings of 1456 , 1531 , 1607 , and 1682 were of the same comet , which he predicted would return in 1758 . Halley did not live to witness the comet 's return , but when it did , the comet became generally known as Halley 's Comet . By 1706 Halley had learned Arabic and completed the translation started by Edward Bernard of Books V - VII of Apollonius 's Conics from copies found at Leiden and the Bodleian Library at Oxford . He also completed a new translation of the first four books from the original Greek that had been started by the late David Gregory . He published these along with his own reconstruction of Book VIII in the first complete Latin edition in 1710 . In 1716 , Halley suggested a high - precision measurement of the distance between the Earth and the Sun by timing the transit of Venus . In doing so , he was following the method described by James Gregory in Optica Promota ( in which the design of the Gregorian telescope is also described ) . It is reasonable to assume Halley possessed and had read this book given that the Gregorian design was the principal telescope design used in astronomy in Halley 's day . It is not to Halley 's credit that he failed to acknowledge Gregory 's priority in this matter . In 1718 he discovered the proper motion of the `` fixed '' stars by comparing his astrometric measurements with those given in Ptolemy 's Almagest . Arcturus and Sirius were two noted to have moved significantly , the latter having progressed 30 arc minutes ( about the diameter of the moon ) southwards in 1800 years . In 1720 , together with his friend the antiquarian William Stukeley , Halley participated in the first attempt to scientifically date Stonehenge . Assuming that the monument had been laid out using a magnetic compass , Stukeley and Halley attempted to calculate the perceived deviation introducing corrections from existing magnetic records , and suggested three dates ( 460 BC , 220 AD and 920 AD ) , the earliest being the one accepted . These dates were wrong by thousands of years , but the idea that scientific methods could be used to date ancient monuments was revolutionary in its day . Halley succeeded John Flamsteed in 1720 as Astronomer Royal , a position Halley held until his death . Halley 's grave Halley died in 1742 at the age of 85 . He was buried in the graveyard of the old church of St Margaret 's , Lee ( since rebuilt ) , at Lee Terrace , Blackheath . He was interred in the same vault as the Astronomer Royal John Pond ; the unmarked grave of the Astronomer Royal Nathaniel Bliss is nearby . His original tombstone was transferred by the Admiralty when the original Lee church was demolished and rebuilt -- it can be seen today on the southern wall of the Camera Obscura at the Royal Observatory , Greenwich . His marked grave can be seen at St Margaret 's Church , Lee Terrace . Personal life ( edit ) Halley married Mary Tooke in 1682 and settled in Islington . The couple had three children . Named after Edmond Halley ( edit ) Halley 's map of the path of the Solar eclipse of 3 May 1715 across England Halley 's Comet ( orbital period ( approximately ) 75 years ) Halley ( lunar crater ) Halley ( Martian crater ) Halley Research Station , Antarctica Halley 's method , for the numerical solution of equations Halley Street , in Blackburn , Victoria , Australia Edmund Halley Road , Oxford Science Park , Oxford , OX4 4DQ UK Edmund Halley Drive , Reston , Virginia , USA Halley Ward , surgical ward at Homerton Hospital East London Halley 's Mount , Saint Helena ( 680m high ) Halley Drive , Hackensack , NJ . Intersects with Comet Way on the campus of Hackensack High School , The home of The Comets Rue Edmund Halley , Avignon , France The Edmund Halley , A JD Wetherspoon pub in Lee Green London Sir Edmond Halley 's Restaurant & Freehouse , a pub in Charlotte , North Carolina Halley House School , Hackney London ( 2015 ) Pronunciation and spelling ( edit ) There are three pronunciations of the surname Halley . The most common , both in Great Britain and in the United States , is / ˈhæli / . This is the personal pronunciation used by most Halleys living in London today . The alternative / ˈheɪli / is often preferred for the man and the comet by those who grew up with rock and roll singer Bill Haley , who called his backing band his `` Comets '' after the common pronunciation of Halley 's Comet in the United States at the time . Colin Ronan , one of Halley 's biographers , preferred / ˈhɔːli / . Contemporary accounts spell his name Hailey , Hayley , Haley , Haly , Halley , Hawley and Hawly , and presumably pronunciations varied similarly . As for his given name , although the spelling `` Edmund '' is quite common , `` Edmond '' is what Halley himself used , according to a 1902 article , though a 2007 International Comet Quarterly article disputes this , commenting that in his published works , he used `` Edmund '' 22 times and `` Edmond '' only 3 times , with several other variations used as well , such as the Latinised `` Edmundus '' . Much of the debate stems from the fact that , in Halley 's own time , English spelling conventions were not yet standardised , and so he himself used multiple spellings . See also ( edit ) Geomagnetism -- Wikipedia book History of geomagnetism References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Times ( London ) Notes and Queries No. 254 , 8 November 1902 p. 36 ^ Jump up to : Hughes , David W. ; Green , Daniel W.E. ( January 2007 ) . `` Halley 's First Name : Edmond or Edmund '' ( PDF ) . International Comet Quarterly . Harvard University : 14 . Might we suggest ... simply recogniz ( ing ) both forms , noting that -- in the days when Halley lived -- there was no rigid ' correct ' spelling , and that this particular astronomer seemed to prefer the ' u ' over the ' o ' in his published works . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Daniel ; Gimson , Alfred C. ( 1977 ) ( 1917 ) . Everyman 's English Pronunciation Dictionary . Everyman 's Reference Library ( 14 ed . ) . London : J.M. Dent & Sons . ISBN 0 - 460 - 03029 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Kenyon , John S. ; Knott , Thomas A. ( 1953 ) . A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English . Springfield , MA : Merriam - Webster Inc . ISBN 0 - 87779 - 047 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography ( 2004 ) . `` Edmond Halley '' . Westminster Abbey . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ BBC . `` Edmond Halley ( 1656 - 1742 ) '' . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Ian Ridpath . `` Edmond Halley 's southern star catalogue '' . Retrieved 29 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Jeremiah Horrocks , William Crabtree , and the Lancashire observations of the transit of Venus of 1639 , Allan Chapman 2004 Cambridge University Press ( doi : 10.1017 / S1743921305001225 ) Jump up ^ Carter , Harold B. ( July 1995 ) . `` The Royal Society and the Voyage of HMS Endeavour 1768 -- 71 '' . Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London . London , UK : The Royal Society . 49 ( 2 ) : 248 . JSTOR 532013 . doi : 10.1098 / rsnr. 1995.0026 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Kanas , Nick ( 2012 ) . Star Maps : History , Artistry , and Cartography ( Second Edition ) . Chickester , U.K. : Springer . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4614 - 0916 - 8 . Jump up ^ Halley E. ( 1686 ) , `` An Historical Account of the Trade Winds , and Monsoons , Observable in the Seas between and Near the Tropicks , with an Attempt to Assign the Phisical Cause of the Said Winds '' , Philosophical Transactions , 16 : 153 - 168 Jump up ^ Peter Ackroyd . Newton . Great Britain : Chatto and Windus , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Edmonds , Carl ; Lowry , C ; Pennefather , John . `` History of diving . '' . South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal . 5 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 17 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History : Edmond Halley '' . London Diving Chamber . Retrieved 6 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Gubbins , David , Encyclopedia of Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism , Springer Press ( 2007 ) , ISBN 1 - 4020 - 3992 - 1 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3992 - 8 , p. 67 Jump up ^ Hughes , David W. ( August 1985 ) . `` Edmond Halley , Scientist '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the British Astronomical Association . London , UK : British Astronomical Association . 95 ( 5 ) : 193 . Bibcode : 1985JBAA ... 95 ... 193H . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . `` To what extent Halley 's failure was due the animosity of John Flamsteed or to his stout defence ( sic ) of his religious belief that not every iota of scripture was necessarily divinely inspired is still a matter of some argument . All Oxford appointees had to assent to the Articles of Religion and be approved by the Church of England . Halley 's religious views could not have been too outlandish because the University was happy to grant him another chair 12 years later . '' Hughes at 198 . `` Halley held liberal religious views and was very outspoken . He believed in having a reverent but questioning attitude towards the eternal problems and had little sympathy for those who unquestioningly accepted dogma . He was certainly not an atheist . '' Hughes at 201 . Jump up ^ Derek Gjertsen , The Newton Handbook , ISBN 0 - 7102 - 0279 - 2 , pg 250 Jump up ^ Halley , E. ( 1692 ) . `` An account of the cause of the change of the variation of the magnetic needle ; with an hypothesis of the structure of the internal parts of the earth '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . 16 ( 179 -- 191 ) : 470 -- 478 . Jump up ^ Carroll , Robert Todd ( 13 February 2006 ) . `` hollow Earth '' . Skeptic 's Dictionary . Retrieved 23 July 2006 . Jump up ^ V. Clube and B. Napier , The Cosmic Serpent London : Faber and Faber , 1982 . Jump up ^ Halley , Edmond ( 1982 ) . The Three Voyages of Edmond Halley in the Paramore , 1698 -- 1701 . UK : Hakluyt Society . pp. 129 -- 131 . ISBN 0 - 904180 - 02 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cook , Alan ( 12 April 1997 ) . Edmond Halley : Charting the Heavens and the Seas ( 1 ed . ) . Oxford USA : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0198500319 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ M.B. Hall , ' Arabick Learning in the Correspondence of the Royal Society , 1660 -- 1677 ' , The ' Arabick ' Interest of the Natural Philosophers in 17th - Century England , p. 154 Jump up ^ Michael N. Fried , ' Edmond Halley 's Reconstruction of the Lost Book of Apollonius 's Conics : Translation and Commentary ' , Spring 2011 Jump up ^ Wakefield , Julie ; Press , Joseph Henry ( 2005 ) . Halley s Quest : A Selfless Genius and His Troubled Paramore . USA : National Academies Press . ISBN 0309095948 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Holberg , JB ( 2007 ) . Sirius : Brightest Diamond in the Night Sky . Chichester , UK : Praxis Publishing . pp. 41 -- 42 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 48941 - X . Jump up ^ Johnson , Anthony , Solving Stonehenge , The New Key to an Ancient Enigma ( Thames & Hudson 2008 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05155 - 9 Jump up ^ `` Location of Edmond Halley 's tomb '' . http://www.shadyoldlady.com . The Shady Old Lady 's guide to London . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Halley 's gravesite is in a cemetery at the junction of Lee Terrace and Brandram Road , across from the Victorian Parish Church of St Margaret . The cemetery is a 30 - minute walk from the Greenwich Observatory . Jump up ^ `` Photograph of Edmond Halley 's Tombstone '' . http://www.flamsteed.org . Flamsteed Society . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Redfern , Dave ( Summer 2004 ) . Doing the Halley Walk ( Issue 14 ed . ) . London : Horizons . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Ian Ridpath . `` Saying Hallo to Halley '' . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Guide Profile : Bill Haley '' . Oldies.about.com . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Science : Q&A '' . Nytimes.com. 14 May 1985 . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Hughes , David W. ; Green , Daniel W.E. ( January 2007 ) . `` Halley 's First Name : Edmond or Edmund '' ( PDF ) . International Comet Quarterly . Harvard University : 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Armitage , Angus ( 1966 ) . Edmond Halley . London : Nelson . Coley , Noel ( 1986 ) . `` Halley and Post-Restoration Science '' . History Today . 36 ( September ) : 10 -- 16 . Cook , Alan H. ( 1998 ) . Edmond Halley : Charting the Heavens and the Seas . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Ronan , Colin A. ( 1969 ) . Edmond Halley , Genius in Eclipse . Garden City , New York : Doubleday and Company . Seyour , Ian ( 1996 ) . `` Edmond Halley -- explorer '' . History Today . 46 ( June ) : 39 -- 44 . Sarah Irving ( 2008 ) . `` Natural science and the origins of the British empire ( London , 1704 ) , 92 -- 93 '' . A collection of voyages and travels . 3 ( June ) : 92 -- 93 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Edmond Halley Wikisource has original works written by or about : Edmund Halley Wikimedia Commons has media related to Edmond Halley . Edmond Halley Biography ( SEDS ) A Halley Odyssey The National Portrait Gallery ( London ) has several portraits of Halley : Search the collection Halley , Edmond , An Estimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind ( 1693 ) Halley , Edmond , Some Considerations about the Cause of the Universal Deluge ( 1694 ) Material on Halley 's life table for Breslau on the Life & Work of Statisticians site : Halley , Edmond Halley , Edmund , Considerations on the Changes of the Latitudes of Some of the Principal Fixed Stars ( 1718 ) -- Reprinted in R.G. Aitken , Edmund Halley and Stellar Proper Motions ( 1942 ) Halley , Edmund , A Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets ( 1715 ) annexed on pages 881 to 905 of volume 2 of The Elements of Astronomy by David Gregory O'Connor , John J. ; Robertson , Edmund F. , `` Edmond Halley '' , MacTutor History of Mathematics archive , University of St Andrews . Online catalogue of Halley 's working papers ( part of the Royal Greenwich Observatory Archives held at Cambridge University Library ) Halley , Edmond ( 1724 ) `` Some considerations about the cause of the universal deluge , laid before the Royal Society , on the 12th of December 1694 '' and `` Some farther thoughts upon the same subject , delivered on the 19th of the same month '' Philosophical Transactions , Giving Some Account of the Present Undertakings , Studies , and Labours of the Ingenious , in Many Considerable Parts of the World . Vol. 33 p. 118 - 125 . - digital facsimile from Linda Hall Library Savilian Professors Chairs established by Sir Henry Savile Savilian Professors of Astronomy John Bainbridge ( 1620 ) John Greaves ( 1642 ) Seth Ward ( 1649 ) Christopher Wren ( 1661 ) Edward Bernard ( 1673 ) David Gregory ( 1691 ) John Caswell ( 1709 ) John Keill ( 1712 ) James Bradley ( 1721 ) Thomas Hornsby ( 1763 ) Abraham Robertson ( 1810 ) Stephen Rigaud ( 1827 ) George Johnson ( 1839 ) William Donkin ( 1842 ) Charles Pritchard ( 1870 ) Herbert Turner ( 1893 ) Harry Plaskett ( 1932 ) Donald Blackwell ( 1960 ) George Efstathiou ( 1994 ) Joseph Silk ( 1999 ) Steven Balbus ( 2012 ) Savilian Professors of Geometry Henry Briggs ( 1619 ) Peter Turner ( 1631 ) John Wallis ( 1649 ) Edmond Halley ( 1704 ) Nathaniel Bliss ( 1742 ) Joseph Betts ( 1765 ) John Smith ( 1766 ) Abraham Robertson ( 1797 ) Stephen Rigaud ( 1810 ) Baden Powell ( 1827 ) Henry John Stephen Smith ( 1861 ) James Joseph Sylvester ( 1883 ) William Esson ( 1897 ) Godfrey Harold Hardy ( 1919 ) Edward Charles Titchmarsh ( 1931 ) Michael Atiyah ( 1963 ) Ioan James ( 1969 ) Richard Taylor ( 1995 ) Nigel Hitchin ( 1997 ) University of Oxford portal Astronomers Royal John Flamsteed ( 1675 ) Edmond Halley ( 1720 ) James Bradley ( 1742 ) Nathaniel Bliss ( 1762 ) Nevil Maskelyne ( 1765 ) John Pond ( 1811 ) George Biddell Airy ( 1835 ) William Christie ( 1881 ) Frank Watson Dyson ( 1910 ) Harold Spencer Jones ( 1933 ) Richard van der Riet Woolley ( 1956 ) Martin Ryle ( 1972 ) Francis Graham - Smith ( 1982 ) Arnold Wolfendale ( 1991 ) Martin Rees ( 1995 ) Book : Astronomers Royal Category : Astronomers Royal Portal : Astronomy VIAF : 71400665 LCCN : n50018459 ISNI : 0000 0000 8077 7282 GND : 118720066 SELIBR : 316910 SUDOC : 027718247 BNF : cb119960783 ( data ) NLA : 35164286 NKC : nlk20000091836 BNE : XX1469639 IATH : w64j0nmh Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edmond_Halley&oldid=807299364 '' Categories : 1656 births 1742 deaths 18th - century astronomers 18th - century English people Alumni of The Queen 's College , Oxford Astronomers Royal British geophysicists British climatologists English astronomers English inventors English meteorologists English physicists Fellows of the Royal Society Halley 's Comet Hollow Earth theory People educated at St Paul 's School , London People from Shoreditch Savilian Professors of Geometry Scientific instrument makers Diving equipment inventors 17th - century English mathematicians 18th - century English mathematicians 18th - century British scientists Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 errors : external links Wikipedia introduction cleanup from December 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from December 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles needing additional references from March 2014 All articles needing additional references EngvarB from September 2014 Use dmy dates from September 2014 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2013 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 03 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who was the head of the royal society of london when halley came home to sell his map of the stars | [] | [] |
-5874203785071787219 | NES Classic Edition | NES Classic Edition - wikipedia NES Classic Edition Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Classic NES Series . NES Classic Edition Also known as Nintendo Classic Mini : Nintendo Entertainment System in Europe and Australia Nintendo Classic Mini : Family Computer in Japan Developer Nintendo Manufacturer Nintendo Type Dedicated console Release date JP / AUS : November 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 10 ) NA / EU : November 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 11 ) Relaunch : 2018 ( 2018 ) Retail availability 2016 -- 2017 Summer 2018 Introductory price US $ 59.99 € 59.95 ¥ 5,980 Discontinued NA : April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) WW : April 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 15 ) ( Original 2016 launch ) Units sold 2.3 million ( as of April 28 , 2017 ) Media Internal flash memory System - on - chip used Allwinner R16 , Quad - Core ARM Cortex - A7 Memory 256 MB of DDR3 RAM Storage 512 MB NAND Flash TSOP48 Graphics Mali - 400 MP Controller input 2 controller ports Successor Super NES Classic Edition Menu of the Nintendo Classic Mini : Nintendo Entertainment System Menu of the Nintendo Classic Mini : Family Computer Nintendo Entertainment System : NES Classic Edition , known as Nintendo Classic Mini : Nintendo Entertainment System in Europe and Australia and the Nintendo Classic Mini : Family Computer ( Japanese : ニンテンドー クラシック ミニ ファミリー コンピュータ ) in Japan , is a dedicated video game console by Nintendo , which emulates the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) . It launched on November 10 , 2016 in Australia and Japan , and November 11 , 2016 in North America and Europe . Aesthetically , the console is a miniature replica of the NES , and it includes a static library of 30 built - in games from the licensed NES library , supporting save states for all of them . Nintendo Classic Mini : Family Computer ( CLV - 101 ) Nintendo produced and sold about 2.3 million NES Classic Editions from November 2016 through April 2017 , with shipments selling out nearly immediately . In April 2017 , Nintendo announced they were discontinuing the product , leading to console confusion on the decision and price gouging for what remaining units there were . Shortly after announcing the Super NES Classic Edition in September 2017 , Nintendo affirmed it will produce more NES Classic Editions starting in mid-2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Hardware 1.1 Hacking 2 Release 3 Reception 3.1 Scalping and bootlegs 4 List of games 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Hardware ( edit ) The NES Classic Edition is a dedicated console for emulating 30 Nintendo Entertainment System games . The console is distributed in two variations ; one for Japan , featuring the likeness of the original Famicom , and one for the rest of the world , which looks like the original NES . For the non-Japanese variation , all of the games are based on their US release , running at 60 Hz and using the names by which they were released in the United States . The console 's user interface supports up to eight languages ; this selection does not affect the language in - game . Internally , the console uses an Allwinner R16 system on a chip with four ARM Cortex - A7 central processing cores and an ARM Mali 400 MP2 graphics processing unit . It includes 512 MB of flash storage and 256 MB of DDR3 memory . For video output , the system features an HDMI connection , which puts out 60 Hz video for all games . The controllers in the international version of the console feature the Wii 's nunchuk 's connector , which allows the controller to be connected to the Wii Remote for use with Virtual Console games on the Wii and Wii U. Likewise , accessories for the Wii such as the Classic Controller may be used with the NES Classic . The controllers for the Japanese version , however , are hardwired into the console just like in the original Famicom , so they can not be used in conjunction with the Wii . The Famicom Mini controllers are also proportioned to the size of the console , resulting in them being smaller than their North American or European counterpart . They fit into small holding slots on the side of the console . The Famicom Mini comes with two controllers . The `` player 2 '' controller 's `` mic '' input is superficial only and does not work . The console uses the Linux operating system , running a new Nintendo Entertainment System emulation engine developed by Nintendo European Research & Development ( NERD ) . The emulation included limited support for some of the memory management controllers , aka mappers , used in NES cartridges to extend the ability of the console , such as for Super Mario Bros. 3 , though not all known mappers were included with the emulation engine . The emulation engine was well - received by critics and was regarded as superior in both visual and audio support when compared to the NES Virtual Console emulation on the Wii U . A 320 - page book called Playing with Power : Nintendo NES Classics , published by Prima Games , was released the same day as the console ; the book is a guide to some of the games included on the system . Nintendo of America brought back the Nintendo Power Line as an automated phone hotline from November 11 to 13 as a celebration of the launch of the system . Hacking ( edit ) Shortly after the NES Classic Edition 's release , hackers discovered ways to unofficially add titles to the system 's library , as well as enable emulation support for other consoles . Games from various consoles , such as the Nintendo 64 and 32X , have been successfully ported to the NES Classic Edition . Release ( edit ) The NES Classic Edition was first released on November 10 , 2016 in Japan and Australia , and November 11 in North America and Europe . With the limited supply , these initial shipments sold out almost immediately . Nintendo produced about 2.3 million NES Classic Editions over the next five months . By April 13 , 2017 , Nintendo announced it was ceasing production of the unit , with final shipments sent out within the next few days . Nintendo 's decision to stop production of the console was met with criticism due to consumer 's lack of awareness of the limited availability of the console , as described below . Following the announcement of the Super NES Classic Edition , which served as a counterpart to the NES Classic Edition but for Super Nintendo Entertainment System titles , Nintendo announced it would also resume production of the NES Classic Edition with renewed shipments starting in mid-2018 . Reception ( edit ) Aside from criticism regarding the controller cord being too short as well as minor emulation glitches , especially with sound , the NES Classic Edition has been well received . One of many `` plug - n - play '' consoles on the market , the demand for NES Classic Edition was notably large , with various retailers collectively selling approximately 196,000 units in its first month , remarkably selling out within hours of availability . Nintendo reported 1.5 million units had been sold by the end of 2016 . On April 28 , 2017 , Nintendo revealed that 2.3 million consoles were sold in total . Despite the positive reception , journalists were confused about Nintendo 's decision to discontinue the unit as announced in April 2017 . Nintendo had not said at launch that the system was meant to be only a limited run , and its messaging for it seemed to suggest it would be a product with a longer production life . The company had clarified , when announcing the discontinuation , that `` NES Classic Edition was n't intended to be an ongoing , long - term product . However , due to high demand , we did add extra shipments to our original plans . '' The lack of availability of the unit since launch , with shipments immediately selling out when they reach stores , also suggested Nintendo was not prepared for the demand for the product . Nintendo of America 's CEO Reggie Fils - Aimé later stated that `` We just did n't anticipate how incredible the response would be '' , having considered the sales of other similar retro - consoles , but they had to discontinue the unit as `` we 've got a lot going on right now and we do n't have unlimited resources . '' According to an April 2017 report by Eurogamer , the discontinuation of the NES Classic was in part to transition the production line to a Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) Classic system designed similarly to the NES Classic but featuring games from the SNES , to be launched in late 2017 , though Nintendo had not confirmed this information . While journalists agreed an SNES Classic would be a more enticing product and Nintendo would likely be more prepared to produce a larger number of systems , Nintendo 's decision with the NES Classic may have influenced consumers to be wary of trying to buy a system produced in low volumes , or give the impression of artificial scarcity with the product as part of a longer - term strategy to keep consumers demanding Nintendo products . When the Super NES Classic Edition was officially announced in June 2017 , Nintendo said it `` will produce significantly more units of Super NES Classic Edition than we did of NES Classic Edition '' to avoid a similar shortage issue , but reaffirmed that it was not anticipated to be an ongoing product . Scalping and bootlegs ( edit ) The NES Classic Edition 's very limited stock during its shelf life was one of its main criticisms , with some stores receiving fewer than 10 units at a time . This , coupled with the extremely high demand , prompted internet scalpers to buy as many as they could , so they could resell them with extreme price markups . In the US , prices were commonly set between $200 and $500 , compared to its launch price of $59.99 . The separate controller that could be bought without the console suffered the same fate , often being included with the main unit . Many have compared this situation to the Amiibo shortage , accusing Nintendo of deliberately using the limited supply to create increased demand for the product , but failing to supply enough to be bought by people who wanted to play it , instead , encouraging scalpers who would only resell and not use the product , creating frustration among fans . Nintendo 's actions and past behaviors left many to speculate that the low stock was an attempt at artificial scarcity that went too far and eventually got out of hand . Following the April 2017 discontinuation , consumers found that several bootleg versions of the NES Classic Edition appeared on third party auction sites , typically produced from Chinese companies . These bootlegs have been found to be near - identical in hardware and software , which could confuse consumers who were looking to purchase a Classic Edition . List of games ( edit ) Regardless of the model / region , the microconsole included 30 built - in games in all regions . Games that originally had different titles in the PAL regions now use their respective American monikers , such as Ninja Gaiden ( originally Shadow Warriors ) and Super C ( originally Probotector II : Return of the Evil Forces ) . From the 30 included titles , 22 are common between all regions , while the eight remaining ones are exclusive to either Japan or North America / PAL region respectively . Titles Original Year of release Original Publisher NES Classic / Mini Famicom Mini Balloon Fight 1985 1986 Nintendo Yes Yes Castlevania Akumajō Dracula 1986 Konami Yes Yes Donkey Kong 1986 Nintendo Yes Yes Double Dragon II : The Revenge 1989 1990 Technos Japan Acclaim Entertainment Yes Yes Dr. Mario 1990 Nintendo Yes Yes Excitebike 1984 1985 Nintendo Yes Yes Galaga 1985 1988 Namco Bandai Yes Yes Ghosts ' n Goblins Makaimura 1986 Capcom Yes Yes Gradius 1986 Konami Yes Yes Ice Climber 1985 Nintendo Yes Yes Kirby 's Adventure Hoshi no Kirby : Yume no Izumi no Monogatari 1993 Nintendo Yes Yes Mario Bros . 1985 Nintendo Yes Yes Mega Man 2 Rockman 2 : Dr. Wily no Nazo 1988 1989 Capcom Yes Yes Metroid 1986 Nintendo Yes Yes Ninja Gaiden Ninja Ryūkenden 1988 1989 Tecmo Yes Yes Pac - Man 1984 1993 Namco Yes Yes Super Contra Super C 1990 Konami Yes Yes Super Mario Bros . 1985 Nintendo Yes Yes Super Mario Bros. 2 Super Mario USA 1988 Nintendo Yes Yes Super Mario Bros. 3 1988 1990 Nintendo Yes Yes The Legend of Zelda The Hyrule Fantasy : Zelda no Densetsu 1986 Nintendo Yes Yes Zelda II : The Adventure of Link Zelda no Densetsu 2 : Link no Bōken 1988 Nintendo Yes Yes Bubble Bobble 1988 Taito Yes No Castlevania II : Simon 's Quest 1988 Konami Yes No Donkey Kong Jr . 1986 Nintendo Yes No Final Fantasy 1990 Nintendo Yes No Kid Icarus Nintendo Yes No Punch - Out ! ! 1990 Nintendo Yes No StarTropics 1990 Nintendo Yes No Tecmo Bowl 1989 Tecmo Yes No Atlantis no Nazo 1986 Sunsoft No Yes Downtown Nekketsu Kōshinkyoku : Soreyuke Daiundōkai 1990 Technos Japan No Yes Final Fantasy III 1990 Square No Yes Mario Open Golf 1991 Nintendo No Yes Downtown Nekketsu Monogatari 1989 Technos Japan No Yes Solomon no Kagi 1986 Tecmo No Yes Tsuppari Ōzumō Tecmo No Yes Yie Ar Kung - Fu 1985 Konami No Yes See also ( edit ) Atari Flashback Coleco Sonic Namco Plug & Play games Neo Geo X Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kickham , Dylan ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` Nintendo to re-release classic NES 30 years after original system '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Russell , Jon ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Nintendo is launching a mini version of its iconic NES console with 30 classic games '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tumbokon , Karen ( September 30 , 2016 ) . `` Nintendo 's Famicom Mini Console Is Coming To Japan '' . International Business Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Linneman , John ( February 5 , 2017 ) . `` Nintendo Classic Mini NES review '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grant , Christopher ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` What 's inside the NES Classic Edition '' . Polygon . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kamen , Matt ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Nintendo unveils the Classic Mini loaded with 30 NES games '' . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul , Ian ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` Nintendo 's releasing a miniature NES console packed with 30 classic games '' . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grant , Christopher ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` The mini NES Classic controller works with your Wii U Virtual Console games '' . Polygon . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ファミコン が 、 手のひら サイズ で '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Mitch ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` NES Classic Edition Will Feature a Brand New Emulator Developed by NERD '' . Nintendo Life . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Humphries , Matthew ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Nintendo commissions official NES book to compliment Classic Mini console Games Geek.com '' . @ geekdotcom . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Nintendo Brings Back The Power Line For A Weekend '' . Kotaku . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Brad . `` Hackers Tweak NES Classic Edition to Play Games From Other Consoles '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Perez , Angela ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Nintendo New NES Release Date & Price in Australia '' . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Alex ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` The re-release of the original Nintendo has some amazing new features '' . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City shoppers find bargains and long lines on Black Friday '' . The new version has been out of stock since Nov. 11 , when it sold out in a single day . ^ Jump up to : McAloon , Alissa . `` Nintendo sold 2.3 million NES Classic Editions '' . Jump up ^ `` NES Classic shipments end in Japan and Europe as well - NintendoToday '' . April 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schreier , Jason ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Nintendo Announces SNES Classic , Which Comes With 21 Stellar Games '' . Kotaku . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Byford , Sam ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Nintendo is bringing back the NES Classic '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NES Classic Edition - Game Review '' . Most of the games sound nearly the same as their NES versions , but devoted fans will notice a few deviations , whether it 's the oddly muffled beat of the first - level music in Kid Icarus or the slightly tinnier clangs of a heart counter winding back after a Castlevania level . The games are also based on their Virtual Console versions , so StarTropics renames its yoyo weapon a `` star . '' Jump up ^ `` Linux On Your NES Classic Edition '' . Nintendo look as though they may have something of a hit on their hands with their latest console offering . Jump up ^ https://gamerant.com/nintendo-nes-classic-sales-wii-u/ `` Nintendo NES Classic is Selling Almost 6 Times as Fast as Wii U '' `` The NES Classic sells an impressive 196,000 units in the US in the month of November , significantly outpacing the sales of Nintendo 's eighth generation Wii U console . '' Jump up ^ http://time.com/4568238/nes-classic-sold-out/ `` People Are Selling Nintendo 's NES Classic Edition For Hundreds of Dollars '' `` Nintendo 's NES Classic Edition is out today , as in sold out today , as in chances are if you 're just stepping out the door to pick one up , it 's probably too late . '' Jump up ^ `` NES Classic Edition Surpasses 1.5 Million Units In Global Sales '' . February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otero , Jose ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Nintendo Discontinues the NES Classic Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sarkar , Samit ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Nintendo 's NES Classic strategy threatens to hurt the rest of its business '' . Polygon . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peckham , Matt ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` Nintendo Says it Sold Over 2 Million NES Classics '' . Time . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Tim ; Lewis , Leo ( September 9 , 2017 ) . `` Component bottlenecks hit Nintendo 's Switch '' . Financial Times . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Sources : Nintendo to launch SNES mini this year '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Statt , Nick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Nintendo does n't want your money -- it wants your soul '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orland , Kyle ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Nintendo figured 2.3 million NES Classics was enough ( it was n't ) '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kain , Erik . `` It 's Time To Give Up On Getting A Mini NES Classic Edition This Christmas '' . Jump up ^ `` People Are Not Happy With Nintendo Over The NES Classic Selling Out '' . November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Grant , Christopher ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` NES Classic Edition shortages prove Nintendo is either underhanded or incompetent '' . Polygon . Jump up ^ Orland , Kyle ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Bootleg NES Classics flood market to fill demand that Nintendo wo n't '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Gary ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` NES Classic Edition : The final 30 games list revealed as Nintendo talk mini N64 '' . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nintendo Classic Mini . Official website Video game consoles Types Home video game console list Handheld game console list Microconsole list Dedicated console list Generations First ( 1972 -- 80 ) Second ( 1976 -- 92 ) Third ( 1983 -- 2003 ) Fourth ( 1987 -- 2004 ) Fifth ( 1993 -- 2005 ) Sixth ( 1998 -- 2013 ) Seventh ( 2005 -- ) Eighth ( 2012 -- ) Other generation Home Leapster V. Smile V. Flash Xavix Handheld GameKing consoles LeapFrog Didj Neo Geo X Pokémon Mini Hybrid Nintendo Switch Dedicated Atari Flashback Barcode Battler C64 Direct - to - TV Coleco Sonic Plug It in & Play TV Games NES Classic Edition Stunt Cycle Super NES Classic Edition Pelican VG Pocket consoles ← Eighth generation Emulator Game History List Manufacturer Dedicated consoles Home APF TV Fun Atari Flashback C64 Direct - to - TV Coleco Telstar Color TV - Game Plug It In & Play TV Games NES Classic Edition Super NES Classic Edition Video Pinball Handheld Game & Watch VG Pocket Max Pokémon Pikachu Arcade Stunt Cycle Super Famicom Box List Nintendo Entertainment System Known in Japan as the Family Computer or Famicom Third generation console Accessories Nintendo manufactured Family Computer Disk System Famicom Modem Family BASIC NES Advantage NES Controller ( Basic ) NES Controller 2 ( Basic ) NES Four Score NES Lockout NES Max NES Satellite NES Zapper Power Pad R.O.B. Third - party Aladdin Deck Enhancer Arkanoid Controller Double Player FamiCoin Game Genie HES Unidaptor Jammer LaserScope Miracle Piano Power Glove Pro Beam Light Gun Speedboard Super Controller Teleplay Modem Turbo Tech Controller Turbo Touch 360 Turbotronic U-Force Ultimate Superstick Hardware Ricoh 2A03 MOS Technology 6502 Picture Processing Unit Game Pak Software List of Family Computer games List of Family Computer Disk System games List of NES games Variations NES - 101 NES Classic Edition Twin Famicom Sharp Nintendo Television Famicom Titler Hardware clones Predecessor : Color TV Game Successor : Super Nintendo Entertainment System Nintendo video game hardware Consoles Home NES Famicom Titler Twin Famicom NES - 101 Sharp Nintendo Television NES Classic Edition accessories Super NES New - Style SF Naizou TV SF1 Super NES Classic Edition Nintendo 64 iQue Player GameCube Panasonic Q accessories Wii Wii U Switch Handheld Game Boy Game Boy Color Virtual Boy Game Boy Advance SP Micro Dockable Entertainment Pokémon Mini Nintendo DS Lite DSi Nintendo 3DS 2DS New 3DS New 2DS XL Switch Dedicated Home Color TV - Game NES Classic Edition Super NES Classic Edition Handheld Game & Watch Mini Classics Pokémon Pikachu Arcade VS . System PlayChoice - 10 Super Famicom Box Nintendo Super System Peripherals Add - ons 3D System Data Recorder Disk System Satellaview Super NES CD - ROM ( unreleased ) Super Game Boy Game Boy Camera Game Boy Printer 64DD Rumble Pak e-Reader Game Boy Player Connectivity NES Four Score NES Satellite Game Link Cable GCN - GBA Link Cable Controllers Family BASIC NES Advantage NES Zapper Power Pad R.O.B. Speedboard SNES Mouse Super Scope Nintendo 64 controller GameCube controller WaveBird Wireless Wii Balance Board Wii Remote Classic Controller MotionPlus Wii Zapper Third - party accessories Wii Speak Wii U GamePad Wii U Pro Controller Joy - Con Networking Family Computer Network System Teleplay Modem XBAND Satellaview Nintendo Wi - Fi USB Connector Other Nintendo Power Nintendo DS & DSi Browser Amiibo Technology Media NES Game Pak SNES Game Pak N64 Game Pak Game Boy Advance Video Nintendo optical discs Nintendo game card Processors 2A03 PPU 5A22 S - APU GSU RCP Gekko Broadway Hollywood PICA200 Espresso Erista List of products Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NES_Classic_Edition&oldid=825156779 '' Categories : ARM - based video game consoles Dedicated consoles Nintendo Entertainment System hardware clones Products introduced in 2016 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 20 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what games are loaded on the nintendo nes | [] | [] |
3487287495799148853 | Dominican War of Independence | Dominican war of independence - wikipedia Dominican war of independence Jump to : navigation , search Dominican War of Independence Date 1844 -- 1856 Location Hispaniola Result Dominican victory Expulsion of Haitian government Dominican Independence Belligerents Dominican Republic Haiti Commanders and leaders Pedro Santana Antonio Duvergé Felipe Alfau Juan B. Cambiaso Juan B. Maggiolo Juan Acosta Manuel Mota José Ma . Cabral José Ma . Imbert J. J. Puello Pedro E. Pelletier Charles Hérard Jean - Louis Pierrot Faustin Soulouque Pierre Paul Auguste Brouard Gen. Souffrand Gen. St. - Louis Jean Francois Casualties and losses Haiti lost more than twice as many slain as did the Dominican Republic Dominican War of Independence Fuente del Rodeo Cabeza de Las Marías Azua Santiago El Memiso Tortuguero Fort Cachimán Estrelleta Beler El Número Las Carreras Santomé Sabana Larga The Dominican Independence War gave the Dominican Republic autonomy from Haiti on February 27 , 1844 . Before the war , the island of Hispaniola had been united under the Haitian government for a period of 22 years when the newly independent nation , then known as the Republic of Spanish Haiti , was invaded by Haiti in 1822 . Previously known as the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo , the criollo class within the country overthrew the Spanish crown in 1821 before unifying with Haiti a year later . At the time Haiti had been more economically and militarily powerful and had a population 8 to 10 times larger than the former Spanish colony , having been the richest colony in the western hemisphere before the Haitian Revolution . Dominican military officers agreed to merge the newly independent nation with Haiti , as they sought for political stability under the Haitian president Jean - Pierre Boyer , and were attracted to Haiti 's perceived wealth and power at the time . However , due to the Haitian government 's mismanagement , heavy military disputes , and an economic crisis the Haitian government became increasingly unpopular , thus the Dominican people decided to forcefully overthrow the Haitian government with no compromises . After winning the war and ousting the Haitian occupying force from the country , Dominican nationalists fought against a series of attempted Haitian invasions that served to consolidate their independence from 1844 to 1856 . Under the command of the `` emperor '' Faustin Soulouque Haitian soldiers would make incessant attacks to try to gain back control of the territory , but these efforts were to no avail as the Dominicans would go on to decisively win every battle henceforth . Nearly a century later , the Dominican despot Rafael Trujillo revived the old hatreds between the Hispaniolan neighbors by a sudden ruthless massacre ( called el Corte -- the Cutting ) , from October 2 -- 4 , 1937 , of some 15,000 Haitian sugar cane cutters working in the Dominican Republic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 First Independence 2 Unification of Hispaniola ( 1822 - 1844 ) 2.1 Resistance 3 War of Independence 4 See also 5 References Background ( edit ) At the beginning of the 1800s , the colony of Santo Domingo , which had once been the headquarters of Spanish power in the New World was in its worst decline . Spain during this time was embroiled in the Peninsular War in Europe , and other various wars to maintain control of the Americas . With Spain 's resources spread among its global interest , Santo Domingo became neglected . This period is referred to as the España Boba era . The population of the Spanish colony stood at approximately 80,000 with the vast majority being European descendants and free people of color . Santo Domingo 's plantation economy never truly flourished , because of this the black slave population had been significantly lower than that of the neighboring Saint - Domingue , which was nearing a million slaves before the Haitian Revolution . First independence ( edit ) José Núñez de Cáceres . During this period in time the Spanish crown wielded little to no influence in the colony of Santo Domingo . Some wealthy cattle ranchers had become leaders , and sought to bring control and order in the southeast of the colony where the `` law of machete '' ruled the land . On November 9 , 1821 the former Captain general in charge of the colony , José Núñez de Cáceres , influenced by all the Revolutions that were going on around him , finally decided to overthrow the Spanish government and declared independence from Spanish rule , this would usher in an Ephemeral Independence , as the nation would be united with Haiti shortly after . Unification of Hispaniola ( 1822 - 1844 ) ( edit ) Main article : Unification of Hispaniola Jean - Pierre Boyer , the mulatto ruler of Haiti A group of Dominican politicians and military officers had expressed interest in uniting the entire island , while they sought for political stability and support under Haiti , which at the time was still seen as having a great deal of wealth and power . Haiti had been by far the richest colony in the western hemisphere and was known as the Pearl of the Antilles . Haiti 's president , Jean - Pierre Boyer , conducted the third military campaign of the Dominican , this one was met with resistance , partly due to the previous invasion experiences , and because of Haiti 's overpowering military strength at the time . The population of Haiti had a ratio of 8 : 1 compared to the Dominican population of 1822 . On February 9 , 1822 , Boyer formally entered the capital city , Santo Domingo , where he was met and received by Núñez who handed to him the keys of the Palace . Boyer then proclaimed : `` I have not come into this city as a conqueror but by the will of its inhabitants '' . The island was thus united from `` Cape Tiburon to Cape Samana in possession of one government . '' Eventually the Haitian government became extremely unpopular throughout the country . The Dominican population grew increasingly impatient with Haiti 's poor management and perceived incompetence , and the heavy taxation that was imposed on their side . The country was hit with a severe economic crisis after having been forced to pay a huge indemnity to France . A debt was accrued by Haiti in order to pay for their own independence from the European nation ; this would give rise to many anti-Haitian plots . Resistance ( edit ) An assembly of the Trinitarios . In 1838 Juan Pablo Duarte , an educated nationalist , founded a resistance movement called La Trinitaria ( `` The Trinity '' ) along with Matías Ramón Mella and Francisco del Rosario Sánchez . It was so named because its original nine members had organized themselves into cells of three . The cells went on to recruit as separate organizations , maintaining strict secrecy , with little or no direct contact among themselves , in order to minimize the possibility of detection by the Haitian authorities . Many recruits quickly came to the group , but it was discovered and forced to change its name to La Filantrópica ( `` The Philanthropic '' ) , and continued agitating against the Haitians . In 1843 the revolution made a breakthrough : they worked with a liberal Haitian party that overthrew President Jean - Pierre Boyer . However , the Trinitarios ' work in the overthrow gained the attention of Boyer 's replacement , Charles Rivière - Hérard . Rivière - Hérard imprisoned some Trinitarios and forced Duarte to leave the island . While gone , Duarte searched for support in Colombia and Venezuela , but was unsuccessful . In December 1843 the rebels told Duarte to return since they had to act quickly because they were afraid the Haitians had learned of their insurrection plans . When Duarte had not returned by February , because of illness , the rebels decided to take action anyway with the leadership of Francisco del Rosario Sánchez , Ramón Matías Mella , and by Pedro Santana , a wealthy cattle - rancher from El Seibo who commanded a private army of peons who worked on his estates . War of independence ( edit ) On February 27 , 1844 , the rebels seized the Ozama Fortress in the capital . The Haitian garrison , taken by surprise and apparently betrayed by at least one of its sentries , retreated in disarray . Within two days , all Haitian officials had left Santo Domingo . Mella headed the provisional governing junta of the new Dominican Republic . On March 14 , Duarte finally returned after recovering from his illness and was greeted in celebration . Haitian Commander , Charles Rivière - Hérard , sent three columns totaling 30,000 men to crush the Dominican uprising . In the south , Hérard was checked by Dominican forces led by Pedro Santana at Azua on March 19 . In the north , General Jean - Louis Pierrot and 15,000 Haitians were repelled in an attack on Santiago by the garrison commanded by José María Imbert . On June 17 , 1845 , the Dominicans , only a little over a year after winning independence from Haiti , invaded their former master in retaliation for Haitian border raids . The invaders captured two towns on the Plateau du Centre and established a bastion at Cachimán . Haitian President Jean - Louis Pierrot quickly mobilized his army and counterattacked on July 22 , driving the invaders from Cachimán and back across the frontier . In the first significant naval action between the Hispaniolan rivals , a Dominican squadron captured 3 small Haitian warships and 149 seamen off Puerto Plata on December 21 . On March 9 , 1849 , President Faustin Soulouque of Haiti led 10,000 troops in an invasion of the Dominican Republic . Dominican General ( and presidential contender ) Santana raised 6,000 soldiers and , with the help of several gunboats , routed the Haitian invaders at El Número on April 17 and at Las Carreras on April 21 -- 22 . In November 1849 , a small naval campaign was undertaken in which Dominican government schooners captured Anse - à - Pitres and one or two other villages on the southern coast of Haiti , which were sacked and burned by the Dominicans . By late 1854 the Hispaniolan nations were at war again . In November , 2 Dominican ships captured a Haitian warship and bombarded two Haitian ports . In November 1855 , Soulouque , having proclaimed himself Emperor Faustin I of a Haitian empire which he hoped to expand to include the Dominican Republic , invaded his neighbor again , this time with a ravaging and looting army of 30,000 men marching in three columns . But again the Dominicans proved to be superior soldiers , defeating Soulouque 's army , which vastly outnumbered them . See also ( edit ) Dominican Restoration War Parsley Massacre References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Clodfelter ( 2017 ) . Warfare and Armed Conflicts : A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures , 1492 - 2015 . p. 302 . Jump up ^ The members of La Trinitaria . Dominican Republic articles History Cacicazgo Captaincy General of Santo Domingo Colonial governors Atlantic slave trade Maroons Era de Francia Spanish reconquest España Boba Unification of Hispaniola La Trinitaria War of Independence Dominican Restoration War U.S. occupation 1916 -- 24 Trujillo Era ( Rafael and Héctor Trujillo ) Parsley Massacre Dominican Civil War Geography Cities Ciudad Colonial Hispaniola Islands Mountains Municipalities Protected areas Provinces Regions Rivers Wildlife Politics Cabinet Congress Senate Chamber of Deputies Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT Law enforcement Military Politics Political parties President Economy Peso ( currency ) Banks Central Bank Companies Energy Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Crime Demographics Education Health Language Religion Water and sanitation Culture Anthem Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Literature Music People Sports Outline Index Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominican_War_of_Independence&oldid=800618755 '' Categories : Wars of independence Conflicts in 1844 Conflicts in 1845 Conflicts in 1849 19th century in the Dominican Republic Wars involving the Dominican Republic Wars involving Haiti Hidden categories : All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Hrvatski Nederlands Português Српски / srpski Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 17 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did dominican republic get their independence from | [] | [] |
-1340978504317225500 | Riverdale (2017 TV series) | Riverdale ( 2017 TV series ) - wikipedia Riverdale ( 2017 TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search Riverdale Genre Teen drama Mystery Based on Characters by Archie Comics Developed by Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa Starring KJ Apa Lili Reinhart Camila Mendes Cole Sprouse Marisol Nichols Madelaine Petsch Ashleigh Murray Mädchen Amick Luke Perry Narrated by Cole Sprouse Composer ( s ) Blake Neely Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 13 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Jon Goldwater Sarah Schechter Greg Berlanti Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa Producer ( s ) J.B. Moranville Location ( s ) Vancouver , British Columbia Cinematography Stephen Jackson David Lanzenberg Editor ( s ) Paul Karasick Harry Jierjian Camera setup Single - camera Running time 42 minutes Production company ( s ) Berlanti Productions Archie Comics CBS Television Studios Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network The CW Original release January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website www.cwtv.com/shows/riverdale Riverdale is an American teen drama television series based on the characters by Archie Comics . The series premiered on January 26 , 2017 , on The CW . It was adapted for television by Archie Comics ' chief creative officer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa and executive produced by Greg Berlanti . On March 7 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a second season , which is scheduled to debut on October 11 , 2017 . In September 2017 , a spin - off series , titled The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina , was revealed to be in development . The show features an ensemble cast based on the characters of Archie Comics , with KJ Apa in the role of Archie Andrews , Lili Reinhart as Betty Cooper , his next door neighbor who has a crush on him , Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge , his new love interest and Cole Sprouse as Jughead Jones , his ex-best friend and the narrator of the show . The show also features Ashleigh Murray as Josie McCoy , the lead singer of the Pussycats , and Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom , the twin sister of Jason Blossom , who is at the center of the series ' mystery . Other characters in the show include Fred Andrews , Alice Cooper and Hermione Lodge , the parents of Archie , Betty , and Veronica respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 2.4 Notes 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 2 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Broadcast 5.2 Marketing 5.3 Comic - book adaptation 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Ratings 6.2. 1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 6.3 Awards and nominations 7 Spin - off 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Archie Andrews ' life in the small town of Riverdale and explores the darkness hidden behind its seemingly perfect image . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) KJ Apa as Archibald `` Archie '' Andrews : An intense and conflicted teen , Archie is a boyish high school sophomore who got pumped up over the summer working at his father 's construction business . He is now juggling the interest of several girls , as well as trying to balance his passion for writing and performing music -- against the wishes of his father and his football coach . Lili Reinhart as Elizabeth `` Betty '' Cooper : A sweet , smart , eager - to - please and beautiful girl with a longtime crush on her best friend , Archie . She is tired of being the perfect daughter , student , sister , etc. , so she turns to her new friend , Veronica , for life advice -- much to the consternation of her emotionally brittle mother . Camila Mendes as Veronica Lodge : A beautiful , sophisticated , confident , silver - tongued high school sophomore and former socialite . Veronica is the `` new girl '' in town and is eager for a fresh start . Veronica sees the move to Riverdale from New York as an opportunity to reinvent herself while making amends to redeem herself from the rich spoiled girl she once was . Humbled from her old ways in the past and from an embezzlement scandal involving her father , she and her mother have lost most of their status and wealth . Cole Sprouse as Forsythe `` Jughead '' Jones III : A philosophically inclined social outcast who was once the best friend of Archie , who is still dealing with the rift that came between them over the summer . His father is the leader of a local motorcycle gang called the Southside Serpents . Marisol Nichols as Hermione Lodge : Veronica 's mother , who has returned to Riverdale with her daughter in order to continue a deal established by Lodge Industries and to start an affair with Fred Andrews , following the recent incarceration of her husband Hiram Lodge . Madelaine Petsch as Cheryl Blossom : A wealthy , entitled , and manipulative girl who recently lost her twin brother in a mysterious accident . Ashleigh Murray as Josephine `` Josie '' McCoy : A striving , competitive , fierce , snooty , and ambitious girl who is the lead singer for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats . Mädchen Amick as Alice Cooper : Polly and Betty 's mother , who is the editor of the local paper . She is a controlling and demanding perfectionist who places exceedingly high expectations on her daughters . Luke Perry as Frederick `` Fred '' Andrews : Archie 's father , who owns a construction firm that he hopes his son will take over one day . Recurring ( edit ) Casey Cott as Kevin Keller : An openly gay high school student who is friends with Betty Cooper and Veronica Lodge . He is the son of Riverdale 's sheriff . Martin Cummins as Sheriff Keller : The town 's police chief and Kevin 's father . Skeet Ulrich as Forsythe `` F.P. '' Jones II : The estranged father of Jughead , and the leader of the Southside Serpents , a gang of criminals that live and operate on the fringes of Riverdale . Robin Givens as Sierra McCoy : the Mayor of Riverdale and mother of Josie McCoy . Nathalie Boltt as Penelope Blossom : The mother of Cheryl and Jason . Lochlyn Munro as Hal Cooper : The father of Polly and Betty , and husband to Alice Cooper . Colin Lawrence as Coach Floyd Clayton : The father of Chuck , and coach of Riverdale Bulldogs Football Team . Peter James Bryant as Mr. Waldo Weatherbee : the principal of Riverdale High School . Sarah Habel as Miss Geraldine Grundy : Riverdale High School 's young music teacher , who had a sexual relationship with Archie over the summer . It is revealed in the fourth episode of Riverdale that Grundy moved to Riverdale after changing her name from Jennifer Gibson after her divorce , to escape from an abusive relationship . Since then Grundy has moved from Riverdale to avoid police capture because of her relationship with Archie . ( season 1 ) Ross Butler ( season 1 ) and Charles Melton ( season 2 ) as Reginald `` Reggie '' Mantle : Archie 's long - time friend and rival , a football player at Riverdale High and town prankster . Jordan Calloway as Chuck Clayton : A football - star jock at Riverdale High School with a reputation for being a player Rob Raco as Joaquin DeSantos : The youngest member of the Southside Serpents , who finds himself tied between a romantic relationship with Kevin and the mystery of Jason Blossom 's murder . Asha Bromfield as Melody Valentine : The drummer for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats . Cody Kearsley as Marmaduke `` Moose '' Mason : Archie 's bicurious jock friend who propositions Kevin . Hayley Law as Valerie Brown : The songwriter , bassist , and backup vocalist for the popular band Josie and the Pussycats and Archie 's ex-girlfriend . Shannon Purser as Ethel Muggs : A victim of Chuck Clayton 's slut - shaming . Trevor Stines as Jason Blossom : Cheryl 's twin brother , whose murder hangs over the town of Riverdale . Olivia Ryan Stern as Tina Patel : The super-smart little sister of Archie Comics character Raj Patel , Tina has been described as an Indian Veronica . Tina is one of Cheryl Blossom 's best friends . Caitlin Mitchell - Markovitch as Ginger Lopez : One of Cheryl 's best friends . Major Curda as Dilton Doiley : The leader of the town 's troop of Ranger Scouts . Tiera Skovbye as Polly Cooper : The older sister of Betty , and the daughter of Alice and Hal Cooper . She is pregnant with Jason Blossom 's children . Barclay Hope as Clifford Blossom : The father of Cheryl and Jason . ( season 1 ) Alvin Sanders as Pop Tate : The owner of the local diner ; Pop 's Chock'lit Shoppe . Tom McBeath as Smithers : The butler for the Lodge family . Adain Bradley as Trev Brown : The younger brother of Valerie . Guest ( edit ) Raúl Castillo as Oscar Castillo : A serious and successful songwriter from New York who is a visiting professor at Riverdale 's Carson College who agrees to audition Archie in the hopes of possibly mentoring the aspiring singer - songwriter . Molly Ringwald as Mary Andrews : The mother of Archie , who left two years ago to Chicago to follow her dreams , but returns to Riverdale in her family 's hour of need . She not only reconnects with Archie and her husband , Fred , but also her former high school friends Hermione and Alice . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Butler left the series after season 1 owing to his commitments as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why . Jump up ^ Melton has been cast to take over the role of Reggie from Ross Butler in season 2 . Jump up ^ Daniel Yang portrayed Dilton in the pilot . Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewers ( in millions inc . DVR ) 13 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 154 1.69 22 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) TBA TBA TBA Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) T15. 10136 1.38 During an eventful summer , including the tragic death of quarterback Jason Blossom on the Fourth of July , Archie Andrews discovers his passion for music . He soon begins his sophomore year and expresses his love for music to Betty Cooper , the sweet girl - next - door who harbors her own secret -- her feelings for Archie . Meanwhile , Veronica Lodge , the daughter of Hermione and Hiram , a millionaire facing embezzlement charges , arrives in town , instantly capturing Archie 's attention . Despite the fact that a love triangle is developing , Betty and Veronica become fast friends , united when Veronica stands up against the condescending captain of the cheerleading squad , Cheryl Blossom , who may be hiding a secret concerning her brother 's death . Archie 's former best friend , Jughead Jones , begins to write a novel retelling the events of the summer , including what happened between him and Archie . Kevin Keller and Moose Mason stumble across Jason 's body by the lake . `` Chapter Two : A Touch of Evil '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa February 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 02 ) T13. 20302 1.15 Veronica 's kiss with Archie strains his relationship with both girls , while Miss Grundy insists that he not reveal that the two of them heard the gunshot that may have killed Jason since it would also expose their secret affair . Kevin , disturbed by the discovery of Jason 's body , refuses to acknowledge Moose 's affections for him . Jughead , after accidentally discovering Archie and Grundy holding hands , deduces their secret and confronts Archie for refusing to go to the sheriff , Kevin 's father . Archie asks his father , Fred , for advice and decides to come clean . Cheryl strikes up a friendship with Betty , but it soon ends when it becomes clear that she blames Betty 's sister , Polly , for Jason 's death . At a pep rally in his honor , Cheryl runs away after hallucinating Jason on the field ; in the locker room , where Veronica has followed to comfort her , Cheryl admits to her that Jason was supposed to `` come back . '' Against the wishes of her mother , Alice , Betty renews her friendship with both Archie and Veronica , while Archie also reconciles with Jughead . The next day , during science class , Cheryl is arrested due to evidence from Jason 's autopsy , which revealed that he was actually murdered a week after the Fourth of July . `` Chapter Three : Body Double '' Lee Toland Krieger Yolonda E. Lawrence February 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 09 ) T13. 20303 1.20 Cheryl is questioned by Sheriff Keller about her role in Jason 's death , but she gets bailed out by her parents , Clifford and Penelope . Betty , upset with how Alice is attacking the Blossom family in the press , restarts the school newspaper , the Blue and Gold , and sends Jughead to interview the Adventure Scouts who found Cheryl at Sweet Water River just after Jason died . Veronica is enraged to learn that her new boyfriend , Chuck Clayton , has been slut shaming her to the rest of the school and , when he refuses to stop , she , Betty , and Cheryl find evidence linking him and his friends , including Jason , to the shaming . Jughead learns from one of the Scouts that the shot heard on the Fourth of July was fired by the troop 's Scoutmaster , Dilton Doiley , during a training exercise . Betty and Veronica drug and torture Chuck until he apologizes and Jughead pressures Dilton to come clean . Fred builds Archie a studio in which to practice , Chuck is kicked off the football team , and Betty and Cheryl burn the evidence together . Dilton reveals that he saw Ms. Grundy 's car by the river and Jughead realizes Archie 's secret is at risk . `` Chapter Four : The Last Picture Show '' Mark Piznarski Michael Grassi February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) T13. 20304 1.14 Jughead despairs over the news that the local drive - in where he works is closing and compares Riverdale 's atmosphere of suspicion to that of Salem . At the diner , Betty spots Archie and Fred having dinner with Ms. Grundy and she confronts him about their relationship . Under the guise of an interview , Betty questions Ms. Grundy about her life , while Veronica demands answers from Hermione upon learning she was speaking to a gangbanger ; Hermione insists that nothing shady happened . Betty and Veronica meet with Archie and inform him that there is no trace of Geraldine Grundy ever existing aside from a woman who died seven years ago . They break into her car and find a gun and ID with the name `` Jennifer Gibson . '' Grundy reveals that she was in an abusive relationship and only wanted to escape . At the drive - in 's final night , Veronica spots Hermione meeting with the same man from before . Alice exposes Archie 's affair and threatens to put Grundy on trial , but agrees to stand down as long as she leaves town . Sheriff Keller finds that all of his evidence pertaining to Jason 's murder has been stolen . Jughead vandalizes the projectionist 's booth before leaving his temporary home in full view of the gang leader , who turns out to be his father . 5 5 `` Chapter Five : Heart of Darkness '' Jesse Warn Ross Maxwell February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) T13. 20305 0.98 Clifford and Penelope refuse to allow Cheryl to speak at Jason 's memorial , but she does so anyway , ultimately breaking down during her speech while wearing the white dress she had on the day he left . Coach Clayton pits Archie and Reggie against each other for the coveted spot of team captain . Archie is introduced to a potential songwriting mentor , who ultimately decides not to teach him . Trev informs Betty that Jason had become much more secretive in the weeks before his death and was rumored to be selling drugs . Jughead suggests searching the Blossom family mansion for clues during the memorial dinner . He and Betty encounter Jason 's grandmother , Rose , who mistakes Betty for Polly and reveals that she and Jason were engaged . While cleaning the diner , Hermione finds a box with a snake inside it , a warning from the Serpents . Betty learns that her family has hated the Blossoms ever since their ancestor killed great - grandfather Cooper decades before . Archie is named captain , but turns it down to focus on his music . Jughead and Betty deduce that her father , Hal , is responsible for stealing the sheriff 's evidence . 6 6 `` Chapter Six : Faster , Pussycats ! Kill ! Kill ! '' Steven A. Adelson Tessa Leigh Williams & Nicholas Zwart March 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 02 ) T13. 20306 1.09 With Riverdale High 's annual variety show approaching , Valerie 's efforts to help Archie prepare for his debut performance lead to a major fallout with Josie . Meanwhile , Betty and Jughead 's investigation into Jason 's murder brings them face - to - face with Betty 's sister Polly , who is revealed to be captive at a home for troubled youth , unaware of Jason 's death and seven months pregnant . As Veronica decides to rebuild her relationship with her mother , she learns that Hermione is using her for her own purposes . At the same time , Hermione 's first day of work at Andrews Construction brings her closer to Fred . Josie deals with her own family pressures after her father visits for her performance at the variety show . Betty confronts Hal and Alice about Jason 's death to no avail , but grows closer to Jughead , eventually kissing him . After , they discover a car hidden in the woods containing drugs and Jason 's belongings . However , an unknown perpetrator torches the car and destroys all the evidence before the police arrive , around the same time that Polly escapes from the home . 7 7 `` Chapter Seven : In a Lonely Place '' Allison Anders Aaron Allen March 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 09 ) T13. 20307 1.03 Cheryl informs Sheriff Keller that Polly has escaped and the town organizes a search party to find her , which fails . As tensions continue to grow between the Blossoms and the Coopers , Betty finds her sister hiding in the attic of their house . Cheryl offers to help Betty take care of Polly . F.P. , after being offered a job by Fred , reveals that he and Fred founded Andrews Construction together , but Fred kicked him out of the business after bailing him out of jail . Fred counters that F.P. was stealing money from him while abusing drugs and alcohol and that he had no choice . Jughead is taken into custody as a suspect in Jason 's murder , but Fred provides Keller with an alibi . Cheryl suspects that her parents have bad intentions with Polly , so Polly moves in with the Lodges instead . F.P. is revealed to have Jason 's jacket in his trailer . 8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Outsiders '' David Katzenberg Julia Cohen March 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 30 ) T13. 20308 0.99 Polly reveals to Sheriff Keller that Jason was supposed to make a drug delivery for `` some biker gang '' , implied to be the Southside Serpents , in exchange for money before both of them ran away . Veronica suggests hosting a baby shower for Polly . Fred 's workers leave because of promised work from Clifford . Archie tries to help Fred by getting some friends to work on the construction project , but Moose is attacked after witnessing someone vandalize the machinery and warned they should stop . After a confrontation with F.P. Jones in the Serpents ' bar , Archie realizes Jughead 's father is a Serpent . At the baby shower , Penelope and Alice argue over with whom Polly should live . Alice learns that Hal threatened Polly with an abortion , and when he refuses to let her come back , Alice kicks him out of the Cooper household . F.P. recruits some of his Serpents to replace Fred 's crew and informs Hermione that Hiram was behind the attack on Fred 's construction site . Polly chooses to live with the Blossoms . 9 9 `` Chapter Nine : La Grande Illusion '' Lee Rose James DeWille April 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) T13. 20309 0.91 As the Blossom family 's annual maple tree - tapping ceremony approaches , Cheryl asks Archie to be her escort . When he refuses , Penelope offers to get him into an exclusive music school as a favor . Veronica grows close to Ethel but , when Hermione reveals that her father was one of Hiram 's investors , she becomes distraught upon learning that he attempted suicide due to his financial hardship . Alice prepares to publish a full - blown exposé on the Blossoms , but Hal fires her from the paper as retaliation for being kicked out of the house . Betty gets a call from Archie , learning that Polly moved in with the Blossoms to uncover the truth about Jason 's death . She and Jughead decide to write the tell - all exposé in the Blue and Gold and ask Alice to join them . Finally realizing that the Blossoms are using him , Archie attempts to reconcile with Val , but she breaks up with him . 10 10 `` Chapter Ten : The Lost Weekend '' Dawn Wilkinson Britta Lundin & Brian E. Paterson April 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 13 ) T13. 20310 0.87 Fred leaves for Chicago to finalize his divorce , leaving Archie alone . Betty learns that Jughead 's birthday is coming up and that he has never had an actual party . She and Veronica persuade Archie to let them throw it at his house . Hiram threatens retaliation against Hermione if Veronica refuses to testify on his behalf . The Vixens elect Veronica as captain over Cheryl , who retaliates by crashing the party with Chuck and his friends . F.P. also shows up after Betty 's insistence . Jughead argues with Betty and tries to leave , but Cheryl forces him to stay for a `` game '' in which participants are forced to reveal their secrets . Jughead and Chuck get into a fight and F.P. declares the party over . He urges his son to reconcile with Betty and confronts Alice , implying she was once a member of the Serpents . Archie and Veronica comfort each other and share a kiss . Veronica agrees to testify on Hiram 's behalf . To Archie 's surprise , his father returns home with his mother , Mary . 11 11 `` Chapter Eleven : To Riverdale and Back Again '' Kevin Rodney Sullivan Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa April 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 27 ) T13. 20311 0.89 While Archie and his mother reconnect , Veronica learns that Hiram may soon be released from prison . F.P. questions the purpose of Jughead 's novel , urging him to consider moving on . To learn the truth about Hiram , Veronica decides to investigate F.P. as a possible suspect in Jason 's murder . The Blossoms , increasingly suspicious of Polly , forbid her from entering their master bedroom . Fred and Mary agree to attend homecoming together . Polly and Cheryl discover the former 's engagement ring in Penelope 's jewelry collection , which she claims is because Jason threw it away in disgust after arguing with Clifford . At a contentious dinner , Alice tries to question F.P. , but he shuts her down . Afterwards , he informs Jughead that they will be moving to Toledo to reunite with the rest of the Jones family . While Archie and Veronica perform `` Kids in America '' at homecoming , the police execute a search warrant on F.P. 's trailer , find a gun , and arrest him for murder . Jughead disappears and Archie and Veronica deduce that someone is framing F.P. for Jason 's death . 12 12 `` Chapter Twelve : Anatomy of a Murder '' Rob Seidenglanz Michael Grassi May 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 04 ) T13. 20312 0.98 Jughead calls his mother , but she refuses to let him move in with her . F.P. confesses to everything , including Jason 's murder . Betty and Alice catch Hal trying to destroy evidence , and learn the family secret : the Coopers are , in fact , Blossoms by blood , and Jason and Polly 's relationship was technically incest . The Coopers take Polly back to their home . Mary , posing as F.P. 's lawyer , advises Jughead to visit his father , who tells him never to come see him again . With Joaquin 's help , the group tracks down one of F.P. 's associates , but find him dead of overdose . The police are summoned , and find a bag full of money with Hermione 's initials on it . With both Hal and Hermione cleared as suspects , Jughead and Betty investigate a lead from Kevin , and find Jason 's varsity jacket . Inside one of the pockets , they find a thumb drive and discover Clifford murdered Jason , before informing Cheryl . Nevertheless , Jughead learns that his father 's other charges will not be dropped . Veronica learns that Hiram has been released and is coming to Riverdale , and Mary returns to Chicago . When the police go to arrest Clifford , they discover he has hung himself in syrup distillery , next to several open casks filled with drugs . 13 13 `` Chapter Thirteen : The Sweet Hereafter '' Lee Toland Krieger Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) T13. 20313 0.96 It is revealed that Clifford was in the drug business and that Jason found out . Clifford killed Jason to stop him from exposing this . F.P. is cleared of any charges relating to the murder but remains in police custody . Alice reveals to Betty that in high school , she found out that she was pregnant , but Hal sent her to the Sisters of Silent Mercy and made her give up the child , a baby boy , for adoption . Jughead is placed in the care of a foster family and transfers to Southside High . Devastated by her father 's revelation and suicide , Cheryl attempts to drown herself at Sweetwater River , but Archie , along with Veronica , Betty , and Jughead , save her . Cheryl later burns down her mansion , much to Penelope 's dismay . The next day , Archie meets Fred at Pop 's where a masked gunman arrives and demands Pop turn over his money . He then tells Fred to turn over his wallet at gunpoint . When Archie tries to intervene , the gunman shoots Fred . Season 2 ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Chapter Fourteen : A Kiss Before Dying '' Rob Seidenglanz Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) TBA TBD 15 `` Chapter Fifteen : Nighthawks '' TBA Michael Grassi TBA TBA TBD 16 `` Chapter Sixteen : The Watcher in the Woods '' TBA Ross Maxwell TBA TBA TBD 17 `` Chapter Seventeen : The Town That Dreaded Sundown '' TBA Amanda Lasher TBA TBA TBD 18 5 `` Chapter Eighteen : When a Stranger Calls '' TBA Aaron Allen TBA TBA TBD 19 6 `` Chapter Nineteen : Death Proof '' TBA Tessa Leigh Williams & Arabella Anderson TBA TBA TBD 20 7 `` Chapter Twenty : Tales from the Darkside '' TBA James DeWille TBA TBA TBD 21 8 `` Chapter Twenty - One : House of the Devil '' TBA Yolonda Lawrence TBA TBA TBD 22 9 `` Chapter Twenty - Two : Silent Night , Deadly Night '' TBA Shepard Boucher TBA TBA TBD Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Warner Bros. began development on an Archie feature film in 2013 , after a pitch from writer Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa and director Jason Moore that would place Archie 's gang into a teen comedy feature film in the John Hughes tradition . Dan Lin and Roy Lee became producers on the project , which eventually stalled as priorities shifted at Warner Bros. towards larger tentpole films and was reimagined as a television series . Riverdale was originally in development at Fox , with the network landing the project in 2014 with a script deal plus penalty . However , Fox did not go forward with the project . In 2015 , the show 's development was moved to The CW , which officially ordered a pilot on January 29 , 2016 . On March 7 , 2017 , The CW announced that the series had been renewed for a second season . Casting ( edit ) Casting Archie was a difficult process , with Aguirre - Sacasa stating `` I think we literally saw every redheaded young guy in L.A. It certainly felt that way . '' The production team found KJ Apa just three days before they had to present screen tests to the network , which created tension in the last few days leading up to the studio presentation . In April 2017 , it was announced Mark Consuelos had signed on for the second season to play Veronica Lodge 's father , Hiram Lodge . The role was in second position to his existing role on Pitch but the cancellation of that series was announced on May 1 , 2017 . The next month , it was announced Charles Melton was cast to take over the role of Reggie from Ross Butler in season 2 due to his status as a series regular on 13 Reasons Why . It was also announced that Casey Cott was promoted to a series regular . In July 2017 , it was announced that True Blood star Brit Morgan had been cast in the recurring role of Penny Peabody , an attorney the Southside Serpents call in case of any run - ins with the law . In August 2017 , it was announced Graham Phillips had been cast to play Nick St. Clair , Veronica 's ex-boyfriend from New York . Filming ( edit ) Filming of the pilot began on March 14 and ended on April 1 , in Vancouver , British Columbia . Production on the remaining 12 episodes of season one began on September 7 in Vancouver . Sets include Pop Tate 's Chock'lit Shoppe , a copy of the functioning diner used in the pilot that is so realistic a truck driver parked his 18 - wheeler there , believing that it was open . Production of season two will return to Vancouver and the Fraser Valley . Principal photography began on June 22 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) Netflix acquired the exclusive international broadcast rights to Riverdale , making the series available as an original series to its platform less than a day after their original U.S. broadcast . Marketing ( edit ) In July 2016 , members of the cast and the executive producers attended San Diego Comic - Con to promote the upcoming series , where they premiered the first episode `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' . The first trailer for the series was released in early December 2016 , while additional teasers followed later that month and into 2017 . The CW also sponsored multiple Tastemade videos , where they cooked several foods that are popular in the Archie universe . Comic - book adaptation ( edit ) Along with heavily promoting the TV series in their regular comics since January 2017 , Archie Comics are planning to release a comic book adaptation of Riverdale , featuring auxiliary story arcs set within the television series ' own continuity . The comic book adaptation is being headed by Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa himself , along with various other writers from the show . Alongside a one - shot pilot issue , illustrated by Alitha Martinez , released in March 2017 , the first issue of the on - going Riverdale the comic book series is set to release starting April 2017 . In addition to the adaptation , Archie Comics are releasing a series of compilation graphic novels branded under the title Road to Riverdale . This series features early issues from the New Riverdale reboot line , introducing the audience of the TV series to the regular on - going comic series that inspired it . Archie Comics plans to re-print the volumes of Road to Riverdale in subsequent months as digest magazines . The first volume was released in March 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The first season of Riverdale has received generally positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a fresh rating of 89 % based on 51 reviews , with a weighted average of 7.3 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Riverdale offers an amusingly self - aware reimagining of its classic source material that proves eerie , odd , daring , and above all addictive . '' On Metacritic , the season has a normalized score of 67 out of 100 based on 35 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Dave Nemetz of TVLine gave the series a `` B + '' saying that it turned , `` out to be an artfully crafted , instantly engaging teen soap with loads of potential . '' Some writers have criticized the series for its handling of minority characters . While reviewing the first season , Kadeen Griffiths of Bustle declared `` the show marginalizes and ignores the ( people of color ) in the cast to the point where they may as well not be there . '' In an article for Vulture , Angelica Jade Bastien discussed the show 's treatment of Josie and the Pussycats ( who are each played by African Americans ) , noting , `` They 're not characters so much as they are a vehicle for a Message . Josie and her fellow pussycats are positioned to communicate the message that Riverdale is more modern and inclusive than teen dramas of the past , even though it has yet to prove it beyond its casting . '' Monique Jones of Ebony noted , `` Despite the show 's multi-racial casting choices , it seems like Riverdale is still a mostly white town . '' She also expressed fondness for the relationship between Archie Andrews and Valerie Brown , but declared `` Archie should n't be what makes Valerie interesting to us '' . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg . viewers ( millions ) 18 -- 49 rating ( average ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Date Viewers ( millions ) Thursday 9 : 00 pm 13 January 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 26 ) 1.38 May 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 11 ) 0.96 2016 -- 17 154 1.69 0.7 / 2 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm 22 October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) TBD TBA TBD 2017 -- 18 TBD TBD TBD Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' January 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 1.01 0.9 2.38 `` Chapter Two : A Touch of Evil '' February 2 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.15 0.4 0.76 0.8 1.91 `` Chapter Three : Body Double '' February 9 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.20 N / A 0.71 N / A 1.90 `` Chapter Four : The Last Picture Show '' February 16 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.14 0.4 0.73 0.8 1.87 5 `` Chapter Five : Heart of Darkness '' February 23 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.4 0.71 0.7 1.69 6 `` Chapter Six : Faster , Pussycats ! Kill ! Kill ! '' March 2 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.09 N / A N / A N / A N / A 7 `` Chapter Seven : In a Lonely Place '' March 9 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.03 0.3 0.76 0.7 1.80 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Outsiders '' March 30 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.99 N / A 0.55 N / A 1.54 9 `` Chapter Nine : La Grande Illusion '' April 6 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.91 N / A 0.63 N / A 1.54 10 `` Chapter Ten : The Lost Weekend '' April 13 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.87 0.3 0.58 0.6 1.48 11 `` Chapter Eleven : To Riverdale and Back Again '' April 27 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.89 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` Chapter Twelve : Anatomy of a Murder '' May 4 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.3 0.58 0.6 1.56 13 `` Chapter Thirteen : The Sweet Hereafter '' May 11 , 2017 0.4 / 2 0.96 N / A 0.56 N / A 1.52 Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2017 Saturn Awards Best Action - Thriller Television Series Riverdale Won Best Performance by a Younger Actor in a Television Series KJ Apa Nominated Breakthrough Performance KJ Apa Won Teen Choice Awards Choice Drama TV Show Riverdale Won Choice Drama TV Actor Cole Sprouse Won Choice Breakout TV Show Riverdale Won Choice Breakout TV Star K.J. Apa Nominated Lili Reinhart Won Choice TV Ship # BUGHEAD ( Lili Reinhart & Cole Sprouse ) Won Choice Hissy Fit Madelaine Petsch Won Choice Scene Stealer Camila Mendes Won Spin - off ( edit ) In September 2017 , it was reported that a live - action television series , The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina , was being developed for The CW by Warner Bros. Television and Berlanti Productions , with a planned release in the 2018 -- 2019 television season . Based on the comic series of the same name , featuring the Archie Comics character Sabrina the Teenage Witch , the series would be a companion series to Riverdale. Lee Toland Krieger will direct the pilot , which will be written by Aguirre - Sacasa . Both are executive producers along with Berlanti , Schechter , and Goldwater . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` CW Midseason Schedule : ' Supernatural ' & ' DC 's Legends Of Tomorrow ' On the Move '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ron C. ( January 3 , 2016 ) . `` Archie Com '' live - action aubamayangTV pilot `` . Archie Comics . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference CWFallPremiereDates was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` CW Picks Up Four Pilots Including Greg Berlanti 's Archie Comics Project ' Riverdale ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Finds Its Archie & Josie : KJ Apa To Topline CW Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Archie Comics CW Pilot Casts Its Betty Cooper & Jughead Jones '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Veronica '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Hermione Lodge '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Finds Cheryl Blossom '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' CW Pilot Casts Mädchen Amick As Alice Cooper '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Luke Perry To Play Archie 's Dad In Archie Comics CW Pilot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale Promotes Casey Cott to Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Martin Cummins Jan 13 , 2017 at 11 : 20pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . ^ Jump up to : @ CWRiverdaleNews ( December 12 , 2016 ) . `` Episode 10 is called ' The Lost Weekend ' It confirms Jordan Calloway as Chuck Clayton and the recasting of Dilton Doily . And Mary Andrews 😱 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Scream 's Skeet Ulrich Joins Riverdale -- As Jughead 's Dad ? '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Robin Givens Cast As Riverdale 's Mayor In The CW Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mädchen Amick on Twitter '' -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Riverdale Set to Recast a Major Character Ahead of Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Riverdale ' Casts Its New Reggie '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ge , Linda ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` CW 's Archie Pilot ' Riverdale ' Casts Reggie , Moose and Dilton ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ @ RiverdaleBrazil ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Rob Raco added to cast of CW 's Riverdale as `` Joaquin '' . '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Barb from Stranger Things to join Archie reboot Riverdale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/TieraSkovbye1/status/793673086956662784 Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Looking ' Star Raúl Castillo Joins The CW 's ' Riverdale ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Molly Ringwald Joins The CW 's ' Riverdale ' as Archie 's Mom '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Apa , KJ ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` First ep of riverdale season 2 is wrapped up . directed by the legend @ robseidenglanz who is an epic director , but more importantly , an epic human being . One of the narliest weeks of shooting I 've done in a wee while , ca n't wait for you guys to see what we 're doing with Season2 ! ! 1 in the bank ! ! 21 left to go . # deehaa haha u know what 's up when u get into your trailer in the morning and the only wardrobe you have is a pair of skin * coloured jocks . '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 -- via Instagram . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' My Kitchen Rules ' adjust down , Mary Tyler Moore special adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Scandal ' adjusts down a little : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up ; ' Great Indoors , ' ' Powerless , ' ' Mom , ' ' Chicago Med ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' How to Get Away with Murder ' finale , ' Training Day ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' When We Rise , ' ' Life in Pieces ' rerun adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mom ' and NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up ; ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Scandal , ' ' Mom , ' ' Powerless ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Blacklist : Redemption ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Scandal ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up ; ' The Catch ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' Riverdale ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' Masterchef Junior ' adjust up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 201 ) `` Chapter Fourteen : A Kiss Before Dying '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Come for the burgers , stay ... for the rest of your life . Episode 2 of # Riverdale Season 2 . It 's on . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` # Riverdale fans , if you see Kevin Keller , please tell him ... DON 'T GO IN THE WOODS ! # prayforkevin '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Dark Season Two of # Riverdale continues , and Gang , NO ONE is ready for episode four ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` # Riverdale fans , please tell @ lilireinhart : DON 'T . ANSWER. THE . PHONE . BETTY . '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` North vs. South . Bulldog vs. Serpent . Archie vs. Jughead ? ? Betty vs. Veronica ? ? What is happening in # Riverdale ? ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` This is one of my FAVORITE scripts for # Riverdale so far ... But it wo n't be for Jughead , Josie , and Betty ... '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Uh - oh . Now it 's # Archie and # Veronica 's turn to enter # Riverdale 's ... House of the Devil ! ! Will # Varchie survive ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa ( @ WriterRAS ) ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` He sees you when you 're sleeping , he knows when you 're awake ... Who 's been naughty or nice in # Riverdale this year ? '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Barth , Bob ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` A Touch of Evil with creator and show runner Roberto Aguirre - Sacasa '' . Welcome to Riverdale : Official Podcast ( Podcast ) . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Archie Comics Drama Series ' Riverdale ' Set At Fox With Greg Berlanti Producing '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Archie Comics Drama ' Riverdale ' Moved To CW With Greg Berlanti Producing -- Comic Con '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' , ' Transylvania ' , ' No Tomorrow ' & Mars Drama Get CW Pilot Orders '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Renewed For Season 2 By the CW '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jung , E. Alex ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` How Riverdale Found Its ( Hot ) Archie Andrews '' . Vulture . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Consuelos Joins ' Riverdale ' For Season 2 ; ' Suits ' Casts Dulé Hill '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kimberly ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Fox 's Pitch Cancelled After One Season '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Riverdale Promotes Casey Cott to Series Regular for Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' : Brit Morgan Set To Recur In Season 2 Of the CW Drama '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Riverdale ' : Meet Veronica 's Ex-Boyfriend '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale Casts The Good Wife Alum as Veronica 's Ex '' . TV Guide . August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` RIVERDALE NEWS ! on Twitter : `` # RIVERDALE has officially wrapped filming ! '' `` . April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Pilot Locations 2016 : Los Angeles Continues Rebound , New York Tally Slips '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Movies and TV Shows Filming in Vancouver Soon '' . Whatsfilming.ca . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Cole Sprouse on Riverdale , your drunk uncle at Thanksgiving , and Jughead 's Asexuality '' . New York . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale '' . Netflix Media Center . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( December 16 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix UK Acquires The CW 's ' Riverdale ' , Freeform 's ' Beyond ' & Polyamorous Comedy ' You Me Her ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Will ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con 2016 : Riverdale pilot things to know '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' -- via Youtube . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' -- via Youtube . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Tastemade Jan 26 , 2017 at 8 : 01pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Tastemade Jan 23 , 2017 at 9 : 14pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Tastemade Jan 17 , 2017 at 8 : 01pm UTC '' -- via Instagram . Jump up ^ C. , Ron ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Check out a preview of RIVERDALE ONE SHOT and more new Archie Comics on sale 3 / 1 / 17 ! '' . Archie Comics . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : C. , Ron ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Get a sneak peek at the Archie Comics solicitations for April 2017 ! '' . Archie Comics . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Riverdale : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Review : Archie Gets a Dark , Moody Update ... and Surprise , It Works ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Kadeen ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Has A Huge Representation Problem Despite Its Amazingly Diverse Cast '' . Bustle.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bastien , Angelica ( May 10 , 2017 ) . `` Why Do Teen Dramas Like ' Riverdale ' Keep Sidelining Black Female Characters ? '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Monique ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale 's ' Woke Report Card '' . Ebony . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sleepy Hollow ' & 5 more shows double , ' This Is Us ' has biggest total gain : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' iZombie ' premiere gets decent bump in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` 6 shows double , led by ' Designated Survivor ' : Week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staley , Brandon ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Supergirl , Luke Cage , Doctor Strange Win at Annual Saturn Awards '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : ' Riverdale , ' Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition '' . Variety . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' Companion Series ' The Chilling Adventures of Sabrina ' In the Works at The CW '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Riverdale on IMDb Archie Comics properties in other media Television series Archie The Archie Show Archie 's TV Funnies The U.S. of Archie The New Archie and Sabrina Hour The New Archies Archie 's Weird Mysteries Riverdale `` Chapter One : The River 's Edge '' Sabrina Sabrina the Teenage Witch ( 1970 ) Groovie Goolies Sabrina the Teenage Witch ( 1996 ) Sabrina : The Animated Series Sabrina 's Secret Life Sabrina : Secrets of a Teenage Witch Josie Josie and the Pussycats ( 1970 ) Films Archie : To Riverdale and Back Again Sabrina the Teenage Witch ( 1996 ) Sabrina Goes to Rome Sabrina Down Under Josie and the Pussycats ( 2001 ) The Archies in Jugman Sabrina : Friends Forever Music The Archies The Archies Everything 's Archie `` Sugar , Sugar '' `` Seventeen Ai n't Young '' `` Jingle Jangle '' Josie and the Pussycats Sabrina the Teenage Witch See also : Archie Comics in popular culture List of Sabrina , the Teenage Witch Books , CDs and DVDs Berlanti Productions Greg Berlanti Television series As Berlanti - Liddell Productions Everwood ( 2002 -- 06 ) Jack & Bobby ( 2004 -- 05 ) Brothers & Sisters ( 2006 -- 11 ) Dirty Sexy Money ( 2007 -- 09 ) Eli Stone ( 2008 -- 09 ) No Ordinary Family ( 2009 -- 10 ) Political Animals ( 2012 ) Arrow ( since 2012 ) Golden Boy ( 2013 ) The Tomorrow People ( 2013 -- 14 ) The Mysteries of Laura ( 2014 -- 16 ) The Flash ( since 2014 ) Blindspot ( since 2015 ) Supergirl ( since 2015 ) Legends of Tomorrow ( since 2016 ) Riverdale ( since 2017 ) Black Lightning ( 2018 ) Titans ( 2018 ) Films Pan ( 2015 ) The CW programming Former 2000s debuts 13 : Fear Is Real 4Real 7th Heaven 90210 Aliens in America All of Us America 's Next Top Model The Beautiful Life : TBL Beauty and the Geek Crowned : The Mother of All Pageants CW Now Easy Money Everybody Hates Chris Farmer Wants a Wife The Game Gilmore Girls Girlfriends Gossip Girl Hidden Palms Hitched or Ditched In Harm 's Way Judge Jeanine Pirro Life Is Wild Melrose Place One Tree Hill Online Nation Privileged Pussycat Dolls Present Reaper Reba Runaway Smallville Stylista The Tyra Banks Show The Vampire Diaries Valentine Veronica Mars WWE Friday Night SmackDown 2010s debuts 18 to Life A Wicked Offer Beauty & the Beast The Bill Cunningham Show ( daytime ) Breaking Pointe Capture The Carrie Diaries The Catalina Cedric 's Barber Battle Containment Cult Dates Emily Owens , M.D. Famous in 12 Fly Girls Frequency H8R Hart of Dixie Hellcats High Society MADtv Nikita No Tomorrow Oh Sit ! The L.A. Complex Lifechangers Life Unexpected The Messengers The Next : Fame Is at Your Doorstep Perfect Score Plain Jane Reign Remodeled Ringer The Secret Circle Shedding for the Wedding Significant Mother Star - Crossed The Tomorrow People Current The 100 ( since 2014 ) Arrow ( since 2012 ) Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ( since 2015 ) The Flash ( since 2014 ) iZombie ( since 2015 ) Jane the Virgin ( since 2014 ) Legends of Tomorrow ( since 2016 ) Masters of Illusion ( since 2014 ) The Originals ( since 2013 ) Penn & Teller : Fool Us ( since 2014 ) Riverdale ( since 2017 ) The Robert Irvine Show ( since 2016 , daytime ) Supergirl ( since 2016 ) Supernatural ( since 2006 ) Whose Line Is It Anyway ? ( since 2013 ) Upcoming Black Lightning ( 2018 ) Dynasty ( 2017 ) Life Sentence ( 2018 ) Valor ( 2017 ) Book Category Teen Choice Award for Choice Drama Series Dawson 's Creek ( 1999 -- 2000 ) 7th Heaven ( 2001 -- 03 ) The O.C. ( 2004 -- 06 ) Grey 's Anatomy ( 2007 ) Gossip Girl ( 2008 -- 11 ) Pretty Little Liars ( 2012 -- 16 ) Riverdale ( 2017 ) Teen Choice Award for Choice Breakout Series Popular ( 2000 ) The Bernie Mac Show ( 2002 ) 8 Simple Rules ( 2003 ) The O.C. ( 2004 ) Desperate Housewives ( 2005 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( 2006 ) Heroes ( 2007 ) Gossip Girl ( 2008 ) Jonas ( 2009 ) The Vampire Diaries ( 2010 ) The Voice ( 2011 ) The X Factor ( 2012 ) The Fosters ( 2013 ) Faking It ( 2014 ) Empire ( 2015 ) Shadowhunters ( 2016 ) Riverdale ( 2017 ) 2010s portal Culture portal Television in the United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Riverdale_(2017_TV_series)&oldid=802658246 '' Categories : United States media company templates 2010s American drama television series 2017 American television series debuts American high school television series American LGBT - related television shows American mystery television series Bullying in fiction English - language television programs Fictional rivalries Filicide in fiction Fire in fiction Gangs in fiction Homelessness in popular culture Incest in television Media portrayals of the working class Murder in television Snakes in popular culture Suicide in television Teen dramas Teenage pregnancy in television Television programs about drugs Television programs based on Archie Comics Television series about dysfunctional families Television series about friendship Television series about sisters Television series about twins Television series based on singers and musicians Television series by CBS Television Studios Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television series produced in Vancouver Television series set in fictional populated places Television shows set in the United States Termination of employment in popular culture The CW shows Unemployment in fiction Works about high school football in the United States Works about misogyny Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with broken reference names Use mdy dates from August 2017 Pages using infobox television with editor parameter All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 16 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many episodes does riverdale season one have | [
"\n\nSeason\nEpisodes\nOriginally aired\nNielsen ratings\n\n\nFirst aired\nLast aired\nRank\nAverage viewers\n(in millions inc. DVR)\n\n\n\n1\n13\nJanuary 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)\nMay 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)\n154\n1.69[26]\n\n\n\n2\n22[27]\nOctober 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)[3]\nTBA\nTBA\nTBA\n\n"
] | [
"13"
] |
501130909185316128 | Safety coffin | Safety coffin - wikipedia Safety coffin Jump to : navigation , search Taberger 's Safety Coffin employed a bell as a signaling device , for anybody buried alive . A safety coffin or security coffin is a coffin fitted with a mechanism to prevent premature burial or allow the occupant to signal that they have been buried alive . A large number of designs for safety coffins were patented during the 18th and 19th centuries and variations on the idea are still available today . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 `` Saved by the bell '' expression 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References History ( edit ) The fear of being buried alive peaked during the cholera epidemics of the 18th and 19th centuries but accounts of live burial have been recorded even further back . When his tomb was reopened , the philosopher John Duns Scotus ( 1266 -- 1308 ) was reportedly found outside his coffin with his hands torn and bloody after attempting to escape . The fears of being buried alive were heightened by reports of doctors and accounts in literature and the newspapers . As well as dealing with the subject in `` The Fall of the House of Usher '' and `` The Cask of Amontillado '' , Edgar Allan Poe wrote `` The Premature Burial '' , which was published in 1844 . It contained accounts of supposedly genuine cases of premature burial as well as detailing the narrator 's own ( perceived ) interment while still alive . The recovery of supposedly dead victims of cholera , as depicted in The Premature Burial by Antoine Wiertz , fuelled the demand for safety coffins . The general fear of premature burial led to the invention of many safety devices which could be incorporated into coffins . Most consisted of some type of device for communication to the outside world such as a cord attached to a bell that the interred person could ring should they revive after the burial . A safety coffin of this type appears in the 1979 film The First Great Train Robbery . Other variations on the bell included flags and pyrotechnics . Some designs included ladders , escape hatches , and even feeding tubes , but many forgot a method for providing air . Robert Robinson died in Manchester in 1791 . A movable glass pane was inserted in his coffin , and the mausoleum had a door for purposes of inspection by a watchman , who was to see if he breathed on the glass . He instructed his relatives to visit his grave periodically to check that he was still dead . The first recorded safety coffin was constructed on the orders of Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick before his death in 1792 . He had a window installed to allow light in , an air tube to provide a supply of fresh air , and instead of having the lid nailed down he had a lock fitted . In a special pocket of his shroud he had two keys , one for the coffin lid and a second for the tomb door . P.G. Pessler , a German priest , suggested in 1798 that all coffins have a tube inserted from which a cord would run to the church bells . If an individual had been buried alive they could draw attention to themself by ringing the bells . This idea , while highly impractical , led to the first designs of safety coffins equipped with signalling systems . Pessler 's colleague , Pastor Beck , suggested that coffins should have a small trumpet - like tube attached . Each day the local priest could check the state of putrefaction of the corpse by sniffing the odours emanating from the tube . If no odour was detected or the priest heard cries for help the coffin could be dug up and the occupant rescued . Dr. Adolf Gutsmuth was buried alive several times to demonstrate a safety coffin of his own design , and in 1822 he stayed underground for several hours and even ate a meal of soup , bratwurst , marzipan , sauerkraut , spätzle , beer , and for dessert , prinzregententorte , delivered to him through the coffin 's feeding tube . The 1820s also saw the use of `` portable death chambers '' in Germany . A small chamber , equipped with a bell for signalling and a window for viewing the body , was constructed over an empty grave . Watchmen would check each day for signs of life or decomposition in each of the chambers . If the bell was rung the `` body '' could be immediately removed , but if the watchman observed signs of putrefaction in the corpse , a door in the floor of the chamber could be opened and the body would drop down into the grave . A panel could then be slid in to cover the grave and the upper chamber removed and reused . In 1829 , Dr. Johann Gottfried Taberger designed a system using a bell which would alert the cemetery nightwatchman . The corpse would have strings attached to its hands , head and feet . A housing around the bell above ground prevented it ringing accidentally . An improvement over previous designs , the housing prevented rainwater from running down the tube and netting prevented insects from entering the coffin . If the bell rang the watchman had to insert a second tube and pump air into the coffin with a bellows to allow the occupant to survive until the casket could be dug up . Vester 's `` Burial Case '' was an elaborate variation on earlier bell and cord systems . The systems using cords tied to the body suffered from the drawback that the natural processes of decay often caused the body to swell or shift position , causing accidental tension on the cords and a `` false positive '' . Franz Vester 's 1868 `` Burial Case '' overcame this problem by adding a tube through which the face of the `` corpse '' could be viewed . If the interred person came to , they could ring the bell ( if not strong enough to ascend the tube by means of a supplied ladder ) and the watchmen could check to see if the person had genuinely returned to life or whether it was merely a movement of the corpse . Vester 's design allowed the viewing tube to be removed and reused once death was assured . Count Michel de Karnice - Karnicki , a chamberlain to the Tsar of Russia , patented his own safety coffin , called Le Karnice , in 1897 and demonstrated it at the Sorbonne the following year . His design detected movement in the coffin and opened a tube to supply air while simultaneously raising a flag and ringing a bell . Le Karnice never caught on : it was too sensitive to allow for even a slight movement in a decaying corpse , and a demonstration in which one of Karnice - Karnicki 's assistants had been buried alive ended badly when the signalling systems failed . Luckily , the breathing tube had activated and the assistant was disinterred unharmed , but the reputation of Le Karnice was damaged beyond repair . In 1995 a modern safety coffin was patented by Fabrizio Caselli . His design included an emergency alarm , intercom system , a torch ( flashlight ) , breathing apparatus , and both a heart monitor and stimulator . Despite the fear of burial while still alive , there are no documented cases of anybody being saved by a safety coffin . `` Saved by the bell '' expression ( edit ) Folk etymology has suggested that perhaps the phrases `` saved by the bell '' , `` dead ringer '' and `` graveyard shift '' come from the use of safety coffins in the Victorian era ; however , these have been dispelled as urban myth , attributed to a linguistic e-mail hoax Life in the 1500s . The `` saved by the bell '' expression is actually well established to have come from boxing , where a boxer who is still on their feet but close to being knocked down can be saved from losing by the bell ringing to indicate the end of the round . In popular culture ( edit ) The 2009 song The Tale of Solomon Snell by Duncan Sheik from his album Whisper House tells the story of a man who for his burial gives instructions to be buried in a safety coffin with a bell mechanism attached but ultimately fails to be saved due to the person in charge of listening to the bell getting drunk . See also ( edit ) Burial vault Lazarus phenomenon Tomb Safety bicycle , invented at about the same time Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0079240/ Jump up ^ James Cocks ; Memorials of Hatherlow and of the old Chadkick Chapel ; Stockport , 1895 . Jump up ^ * `` Safety coffins '' . Australian Museum . 2011 . Retrieved 3 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Wilton , David ( 2009 ) . Word Myths : Debunking Linguistic Urban Legends . Oxford University Press . pp. 75 -- 77 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 537557 - 2 . Jump up ^ Mikkelson , Barbara . `` snopes.com : Life in the 1500s : '' . snopes.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/saved-by-the-bell.html References ( edit ) Patents related to alarms / signals used in connection with coffins for indicating life in persons supposed to be dead . Troy Taylor ( 2000 ) . `` Beyond The Grave '' . Retrieved 5 December 2006 . Jan Bondeson ( 2002 ) . Buried Alive : The Terrifying History of Our Most Primal Fear . WW Norton & Co Ltd . ISBN 0 - 393 - 32222 - X . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safety_coffin&oldid=814019459 '' Categories : Coffins Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español 日本 語 Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 13 : 14 . About Wikipedia | where does the saying saved by the bell | [] | [] |
-3613203044025994566 | The Commuter (film) | The Commuter ( film ) - wikipedia The Commuter ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Commuter Theatrical release poster Directed by Jaume Collet - Serra Produced by Andrew Rona Alex Heineman Screenplay by Byron Willinger Philip de Blasi Ryan Engle Story by Byron Willinger Philip de Blasi Starring Liam Neeson Vera Farmiga Patrick Wilson Jonathan Banks Elizabeth McGovern Sam Neill Music by Roque Baños Cinematography Paul Cameron Edited by Nicolas de Toth Production companies StudioCanal The Picture Company Ombra Films Distributed by StudioCanal UK ( United Kingdom ) Lionsgate ( United States ) Release date January 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 08 ) ( New York City ) January 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 12 ) ( United States ) January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 105 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $116 million The Commuter is a 2018 action thriller film directed by Jaume Collet - Serra and written by Byron Willinger , Philip de Blasi and Ryan Engle . The film stars Liam Neeson , Vera Farmiga , Patrick Wilson , Jonathan Banks , Elizabeth McGovern and Sam Neill , and follows a man who is unwittingly recruited into a murder conspiracy after meeting a mysterious woman while on his daily train commute . The film premiered in New York City on January 8 , 2018 , and was theatrically released in the United States on January 12 , 2018 , by Lionsgate , and on January 19 , 2018 in the United Kingdom by StudioCanal ; it had a select IMAX release . The film grossed $116 million worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics , who called it similar to Neeson and Collet - Serra 's previous film , Non-Stop , but praised Neeson 's performance and the genre thrills . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Music 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Michael MacCauley , a former police officer , is a family man with a wife and son . He goes through the same routine train commute to work and back every day , only to be fired from his job as a life insurance salesman after ten years . On the train , Michael meets a mysterious woman named Joanna . Joanna proposes a hypothetical situation to Michael , asking him to do one little thing , the results of which would have consequences that he would know nothing about , but would affect one of the passengers on the train . Joanna 's one little thing that she wants Michael to do is locate `` Prynne , '' an unknown passenger , and plant a GPS tracker on them . Out of curiosity , Michael searches the bathroom and finds an envelope with $25,000 , and realizes that the situation is not hypothetical . He attempts to leave the train but is stopped by a young woman who hands him another envelope with Michael 's wife 's wedding ring . Michael attempts to call his wife but with no response . Michael attempts to warn a fellow passenger of what is going on by writing on a newspaper , but after he gets off is pushed in front of a bus on the street . Michael proceeds to track down Prynne by examining the destination tags for the passengers that he does not recognize and plants the GPS tracker . Michael then calls Murphy , his former partner , and tells him what is going on . Murphy informs him that Prynne is a key witness in a supposed suicide case of a man named Enrique , leading Michael to realize that Prynne will be killed . Sabotaging the air conditioning in the train except for the last car , Michael forces all of the remaining passengers into the last car . Prynne is revealed to be a young girl named Sofia , who is holding incriminating information on powerful people and was to go into witness protection at the final stop of the train . Michael asks Sofia why she did not go to the police , and she reveals that it was the police who killed Enrique . Joanna calls Michael and tries to convince him to kill Sofia for the sake of his family , but Michael refuses . Joanna activates the fail - safe plan and derails the train in order to kill everyone aboard . Michael manages to save all of the passengers by unhooking the final car from the rest of the train right before a curve . Assuming Michael is holding the train hostage , Murphy is sent to talk to him , only to be revealed as the cop who killed Enrique . Michael and Murphy engage in a fight , during which Michael removes Murphy 's police tracker which identifies him as a `` friendly '' to the snipers outside . The snipers , believing Murphy to be Michael , shoot and kill Murphy . Outside of the train , Sofia is met by the FBI and proceeds to tell what she knows . Sometime later , Joanna is on a train back from Chicago . Michael approaches her and shows his police detective badge . Cast ( edit ) Liam Neeson as Michael MacCauley Vera Farmiga as Joanna Patrick Wilson as Detective Lieutenant Alex `` Murph '' Murphy Jonathan Banks as Walt Sam Neill as Captain David Hawthorne Elizabeth McGovern as Karen MacCauley Killian Scott as F.B.I. Agent Dylan Shazad Latif as Vince Andy Nyman as Tony Clara Lago as Eva Roland Møller as Jackson Florence Pugh as Gwen Dean - Charles Chapman as Danny MacCauley Ella - Rae Smith as Sofia Nila Aalia as Sherri Colin McFarlane as Sam Kobna Holdbrook - Smith as Oliver Kingsley Ben - Adir as Special Agent Garcia Letitia Wright as Jules Skateboarder Pat Kiernan as himself Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2010 , Olatunde Osunsanmi boarded the action - thriller film as director for the production company Gold Circle Films , with a screenplay written by Byron Willinger and Philip de Blasi . More than a year later , in August 2011 , Julian Jarrold was reported to be directing the film instead . In January 2016 , Jaume Collet - Serra closed a deal to direct the film , marking his fourth collaboration with Neeson , and also executive produced through Ombra Films , with partner Juan Sola . The film was produced by StudioCanal and The Picture Company . Casting ( edit ) In September 2015 , it was announced that Liam Neeson would star in the film . In June 2016 , Vera Farmiga joined , in a role described as `` a mysterious woman who boards a commuter train and proposes an enticing opportunity to Neeson 's character , one that has dire circumstances if he accepts . '' The project marks the second working collaboration between Farmiga and Collet - Serra , after 2009 's psychological thriller Orphan . On July 13 , Sam Neill , Elizabeth McGovern , and Jonathan Banks were added to the principal cast , and in August 2016 , Kobna Holdbrook - Smith joined in an undisclosed role . The same month , Patrick Wilson joined the cast as a trusted friend of Neeson 's character . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography began on July 25 , 2016 , at Pinewood Studios in Buckinghamshire , England , and continued in New York City . Neeson and McGovern were spotted on the set of the film at Worplesdon railway station in Surrey on September 18 , 2016 . Music ( edit ) In May 2017 , it was reported that Roque Baños would compose the film 's score . Varèse Sarabande released the soundtrack album digitally in January 2018 , with a physical release following on February 9 , 2018 . Release ( edit ) In November 2015 , Lionsgate pre-bought the domestic distribution rights to the film , in a deal with StudioCanal . The Commuter was originally scheduled for release in the United States on October 13 , 2017 , and was pushed back to January 12 , 2018 . The film was set for release in the United Kingdom on October 20 , 2017 by StudioCanal , and was also pushed back to January 19 , 2018 , in accordance with the U.S. rescheduling . The film had a limited IMAX release . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Commuter grossed $36.3 million in the United States and Canada , and $79.7 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $116 million . In the United States and Canada , The Commuter was released alongside the openings of Proud Mary and Paddington 2 , and the wide expansion of The Post , and was projected to gross $12 -- 14 million from 2,892 theaters in its opening weekend . It made $4.5 million on its first day and $13.4 million over the weekend , on par with previous Neeson - Collet - Serra collaborations , finishing third at the box office behind holdover Jumanji : Welcome to the Jungle and The Post . It made $6.6 million in its second weekend , dropping 51.8 % and finishing 7th . Internationally , the film debuted at number two in Germany with $2.6 million . It went on to gross a total of $6.5 million in the country , the biggest market outside the US , as well as $5.4 million in the UK , $4.1 million in France and $2.5 million in Australia . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 57 % based on 167 reviews , with a weighted average of 5.5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Commuter 's cast is better than its workmanlike script -- which helps make this reasonably diverting Liam Neeson action thriller worth the price of a matinee ticket or rental , if not a full - price ticket . '' Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 56 out of 100 , based on 44 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Commuter Fact Sheet '' . Lionsgate Press . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Commuter ' Rides Past $100 M At Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Commuter ( 2018 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 24 , 2010 ) . `` ' Commuter ' driven '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` Gold Circle Taps ' Red Riding ' Director of ' The Commuter ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Liam Neeson 's ' Commuter ' Draws Jaume Collet - Serra to Direct '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Jaume Collet - Serra Reunites With Liam Neeson On StudioCanal 's ' The Commuter ' '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` Liam Neeson To Star In Thriller ' The Commuter ' For StudioCanal And The Picture Company '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Vera Farmiga Follows ' Conjuring 2 ' By Boarding ' The Commuter ' With Liam Neeson '' . Deadline.com . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Vera Farmiga Joins Liam Neeson in Thriller ' The Commuter ' '' . Variety . ^ Jump up to : Hipes , Patrick ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Commuter ' Adds Trio , Sets October 2017 Arrival In U.S. '' Deadline.com . Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` James Remar Joins ' Altar Rock ' ; Kobna Holdbrook - Smith Tops Paradise Garage Pic '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Patrick Wilson Boards Liam Neeson 's Thriller ' The Commuter ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Nia ( April 14 , 2016 ) . `` Liam Neeson thriller to film in London '' . The Knowledge Online . Jump up ^ Wiseman , Andreas ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Liam Neeson action - thriller ' The Commuter ' sets shoot and release dates '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Mark ( September 19 , 2016 ) . `` Liam Neeson and co-stars filming at Worplesdon railway station for The Commuter '' . Get Surrey . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roque Banos to Score Jaume Collet - Serra 's ' The Commuter ' '' . Film Music Reporter . May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Varese Sarabande to Release ' The Commuter ' Soundtrack '' . Film Music Reporter . December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` AFM : Lionsgate Takes U.S. Rights to Liam Neeson 's ' The Commuter ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Pederson , Erik ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Commuter ' : Lionsgate Moves Liam Neeson Thriller Back Three Months To January '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Theatrical Release 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Studio Canal . July 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Commuter '' . Launching Films . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Can ' The Post ' or ' Paddington 2 ' Knock off ' Jumanji ' at MLK Weekend Box Office ? '' . TheWrap . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Jumanji ' Roars To $34 M ; ' The Post ' Still The Most With $22 M+ ; ' The Commuter ' Punches $16 M : MLK Weekend Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` January Slows As ' Jumanji ' Takes No. 1 For 3rd Weekend With $19 M To $20 M ; Older Guy Pics ' 12 Strong ' & ' Den Of Thieves ' In Mid-Teens '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Commuter ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Commuter Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website The Commuter on IMDb The Commuter at Box Office Mojo The Commuter at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Jaume Collet - Serra As director House of Wax ( 2005 ) Goal II : Living the Dream ( 2007 ) Orphan ( 2009 ) Unknown ( 2011 ) Non-Stop ( 2014 ) Run All Night ( 2015 ) The Shallows ( 2016 ) The Commuter ( 2018 ) As producer The River ( 2012 ) Mindscape ( 2013 ) Hooked Up ( 2013 ; exec ) Eden ( 2015 ) Extinction ( 2015 ) Curve ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Commuter_(film)&oldid=837168445 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s action thriller films 2010s mystery films American action thriller films American films American mystery films British films British action thriller films British mystery films Films about murder Films directed by Jaume Collet - Serra Films set in New York City Films set on trains Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in New York City Films shot in Surrey IMAX films StudioCanal films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa 日本 語 Polski Русский Svenska Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 04 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where does the movie the commuter take place | [] | [] |
3203139704733459414 | Statue of Liberty | Statue of Liberty - wikipedia Statue of Liberty Colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor For other uses , see Statue of Liberty ( disambiguation ) . Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Location Liberty Island Manhattan , New York City , New York , U.S. Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Height Height of copper statue ( to torch ) : 151 feet 1 inch ( 46 meters ) From ground level to torch : 305 feet 1 inch ( 93 meters ) Dedicated October 28 , 1886 Restored 1938 , 1984 -- 1986 , 2011 -- 2012 Sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Visitors 3.2 million ( in 2009 ) Governing body U.S. National Park Service Website Statue of Liberty National Monument UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria i , vi Designated 1984 ( 8th session ) Reference no . 307 State Party United States Region Europe and North America U.S. National Monument Designated October 15 , 1924 Designated by President Calvin Coolidge U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name : Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000058 New Jersey Register of Historic Places Designated May 27 , 1971 Reference no . 1535 New York City Landmark Type Individual Designated September 14 , 1976 Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Statue of Liberty ( New York ) Statue of Liberty ( the US ) Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all The Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ; French : La Liberté éclairant le monde ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City , in the United States . The copper statue , a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States , was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel . The statue was dedicated on October 28 , 1886 . The Statue of Liberty is a figure of a robed woman representing Libertas , a Roman liberty goddess . She holds a torch above her head with her right hand , and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' ( July 4 , 1776 ) , the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence . A broken chain lies at her feet as she walks forward . The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States , and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad . Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician , Édouard René de Laboulaye , who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and U.S. peoples . Because of the post-war instability in France , work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s . In 1875 , Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the U.S. provide the site and build the pedestal . Bartholdi completed the head and the torch - bearing arm before the statue was fully designed , and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions . The torch - bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 , and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882 . Fundraising proved difficult , especially for the Americans , and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds . Publisher Joseph Pulitzer , of the New York World , started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors , most of whom gave less than a dollar . The statue was built in France , shipped overseas in crates , and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe 's Island . The statue 's completion was marked by New York 's first ticker - tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland . The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War ; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service . Public access to the balcony around the torch has been barred for safety since 1916 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design and construction process 1.1 Origin 1.2 Design , style , and symbolism 1.3 Announcement and early work 1.4 Construction in France 1.4. 1 Design 1.4. 2 Fundraising 1.4. 3 Construction 1.5 Dedication 2 After dedication 2.1 Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) 2.2 Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) 2.3 Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) 2.4 Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) 3 Access and attributes 3.1 Location and tourism 3.2 Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications 4 UNESCO World Heritage Site 4.1 Physical characteristics 5 Depictions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Design and construction process Origin As well as the Roman Libertas , Sol Invictus ( `` Unconquered Sun '' ) also influenced the Statue of Liberty ( 3rd century disc found at Pessinus - British Museum ) . According to the National Park Service , the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye the president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time . The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between de Laboulaye , a staunch abolitionist , and Frédéric Bartholdi , a sculptor . In after - dinner conversation at his home near Versailles , Laboulaye , an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War , is supposed to have said : `` If a monument should rise in the United States , as a memorial to their independence , I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort -- a common work of both our nations . '' The National Park Service , in a 2000 report , however , deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet , and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870 . In another essay on their website , the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences , `` With the abolition of slavery and the Union 's victory in the Civil War in 1865 , Laboulaye 's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States . In order to honor these achievements , Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France . Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States , the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy . '' Bartholdi 's design patent According to sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , who later recounted the story , Laboulaye 's comment was not intended as a proposal , but it inspired Bartholdi . Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III , Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye . Bartholdi was in any event busy with other possible projects ; in the late 1860s , he approached Isma'il Pasha , Khedive of Egypt , with a plan to build Progress or Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia , a huge lighthouse in the form of an ancient Egyptian female fellah or peasant , robed and holding a torch aloft , at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal in Port Said . Sketches and models were made of the proposed work , though it was never erected . There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal , the Colossus of Rhodes : an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun , Helios . This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet ( 30 m ) high , and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships . The Statue of Liberty from behind , showing that she is walking forward Any large project was further delayed by the Franco - Prussian War , in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia . In the war , Napoleon III was captured and deposed . Bartholdi 's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians ( Alsace - Lorraine ) , and a more liberal republic was installed in France . As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States , he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans . In June 1871 , Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic , with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye . Arriving at New York Harbor , Bartholdi focused on Bedloe 's Island ( now named Liberty Island ) as a site for the statue , struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it . He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government -- it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense . It was thus , as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye : `` land common to all the states . '' As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers , Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant , who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue . Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail , and met many Americans who he thought would be sympathetic to the project . But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal , and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign . Bartholdi 's Lion of Belfort Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870 . The son of a friend of Bartholdi 's , U.S. artist John LaFarge , later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his U.S. visit at La Farge 's Rhode Island studio . Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France . He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians . One of these was the Lion of Belfort , a monumental sculpture carved in sandstone below the fortress of Belfort , which during the war had resisted a Prussian siege for over three months . The defiant lion , 73 feet ( 22 m ) long and half that in height , displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism , which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty . Design , style , and symbolism Detail from a fresco by Constantino Brumidi in the U.S. Capitol in Washington , D.C. , showing two early symbols of America : Columbia ( left ) and the Indian princess Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty . In early American history , two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation . One of these symbols , the personified Columbia , was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom and Marianne came to represent France . Columbia had supplanted the earlier figure of an Indian princess , which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans . The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty , derived from Libertas , the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome , especially among emancipated slaves . A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time , and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art , including Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom ( 1863 ) atop the dome of the United States Capitol Building . Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke republican ideals commonly used representations of Libertas as an allegorical symbol . A figure of Liberty was also depicted on the Great Seal of France . However , Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in Eugène Delacroix 's famed Liberty Leading the People ( 1830 ) . In this painting , which commemorates France 's Revolution of 1830 , a half - clothed Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen . Laboulaye had no sympathy for revolution , and so Bartholdi 's figure would be fully dressed in flowing robes . Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work , Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch , representing progress , for the figure to hold . Crawford 's statue was designed in the early 1850s . It was originally to be crowned with a pileus , the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome . Secretary of War Jefferson Davis , a Southerner who would later serve as President of the Confederate States of America , was concerned that the pileus would be taken as an abolitionist symbol . He ordered that it be changed to a helmet . Delacroix 's figure wears a pileus , and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well . Instead , he used a diadem , or crown , to top its head . In so doing , he avoided a reference to Marianne , who invariably wears a pileus . The seven rays form a halo or aureole . They evoke the sun , the seven seas , and the seven continents , and represent another means , besides the torch , whereby Liberty enlightens the world . Bartholdi 's early models were all similar in concept : a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty , wearing a stola and pella ( gown and cloak , common in depictions of Roman goddesses ) and holding a torch aloft . According to popular accounts , the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi , the sculptor 's mother , but Regis Huber , the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this , as well as other similar speculations , have no basis in fact . He designed the figure with a strong , uncomplicated silhouette , which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan . He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling , reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose . Bartholdi wrote of his technique : Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom The surfaces should be broad and simple , defined by a bold and clear design , accentuated in the important places . The enlargement of the details or their multiplicity is to be feared . By exaggerating the forms , in order to render them more clearly visible , or by enriching them with details , we would destroy the proportion of the work . Finally , the model , like the design , should have a summarized character , such as one would give to a rapid sketch . Only it is necessary that this character should be the product of volition and study , and that the artist , concentrating his knowledge , should find the form and the line in its greatest simplicity . Bartholdi made alterations in the design as the project evolved . Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain , but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War . The erected statue does rise over a broken chain , half - hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground . Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty 's left hand ; he settled on a tabula ansata , used to evoke the concept of law . Though Bartholdi greatly admired the United States Constitution , he chose to inscribe `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' on the tablet , thus associating the date of the country 's Declaration of Independence with the concept of liberty . Bartholdi interested his friend and mentor , architect Eugène Viollet - le - Duc , in the project . As chief engineer , Viollet - le - Duc designed a brick pier within the statue , to which the skin would be anchored . After consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget , Gauthier & Co. , Viollet - le - Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin , copper sheets , and the method used to shape it , repoussé , in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers . An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume , as the copper need be only 0.094 inches ( 2.4 mm ) thick . Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over 151 feet ( 46 m ) for the statue , double that of Italy 's Sancarlone and the German statue of Arminius , both made with the same method . Announcement and early work By 1875 , France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy . Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support . In September 1875 , he announced the project and the formation of the Franco - American Union as its fundraising arm . With the announcement , the statue was given a name , Liberty Enlightening the World . The French would finance the statue ; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal . The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France , though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia . French monarchists opposed the statue , if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye , who had recently been elected a senator for life . Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful , including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25 , 1876 , that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod . The piece was titled La Liberté éclairant le monde , the French version of the statue 's announced name . Stereoscopic image of right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty , 1876 Centennial Exposition Despite its initial focus on the elites , the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society . Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave , as did 181 French municipalities . Laboulaye 's political allies supported the call , as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War . Less idealistically , contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal . The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes , Norway , though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples . According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York , 90,800 kilos ( 200,000 pounds ) was needed to build the statue , and the French copper industrialist Eugène Secrétan donated 58,100 kilos ( 128,000 pounds ) of copper . Although plans for the statue had not been finalized , Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm , bearing the torch , and the head . Work began at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop . In May 1876 , Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition , and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities . The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August ; because of its late arrival , it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue , and while some reports correctly identified the work , others called it the `` Colossal Arm '' or `` Bartholdi Electric Light '' . The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers ' interest , including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi . Nevertheless , the arm proved popular in the exhibition 's waning days , and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds . After the exhibition closed , the arm was transported to New York , where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue . During his second trip to the United States , Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project , and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco - American Union . Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York , Boston , and Philadelphia . The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the `` American Committee '' . One of its members was 19 - year - old Theodore Roosevelt , the future governor of New York and president of the United States . On March 3 , 1877 , on his final full day in office , President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it . President Rutherford B. Hayes , who took office the following day , selected the Bedloe 's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed . Construction in France The statue 's head on exhibit at the Paris World 's Fair , 1878 On his return to Paris in 1877 , Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head , which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World 's Fair . Fundraising continued , with models of the statue put on sale . Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered . The French government authorized a lottery ; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue . By the end of 1879 , about 250,000 francs had been raised . The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet - le - Duc , who fell ill in 1879 . He soon died , leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier . The following year , Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Gustave Eiffel . Eiffel and his structural engineer , Maurice Koechlin , decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower . Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure , which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking . A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon , then , to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days , he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars which culminated in a mesh of metal straps , known as `` saddles '' , that were riveted to the skin , providing firm support . In a labor - intensive process , each saddle had to be crafted individually . To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure , Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac . Eiffel 's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction , in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing , but is instead supported by an interior framework . He included two interior spiral staircases , to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown . Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided , but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder , 40 feet ( 12 m ) long . As the pylon tower arose , Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure . The components of the pylon tower were built in the Eiffel factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret . The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue 's assembly . He had originally expected to assemble the skin on - site as the masonry pier was built ; instead he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe 's Island . In a symbolic act , the first rivet placed into the skin , fixing a copper plate onto the statue 's big toe , was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton . The skin was not , however , crafted in exact sequence from low to high ; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors . Some work was performed by contractors -- one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi 's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban . By 1882 , the statue was complete up to the waist , an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue . Laboulaye died in 1883 . He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps , builder of the Suez Canal . The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4 , 1884 , and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York . The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal ; by January 1885 , this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage . Richard Morris Hunt 's pedestal under construction in June 1885 The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal . The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade . The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money : construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years ; it would ultimately take over three - and - a-half decades to complete . There was criticism both of Bartholdi 's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal . In the years following the Civil War , most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation 's history , rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue . There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works -- the selection of Italian - born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism , even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen . Harper 's Weekly declared its wish that `` M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had ' gone the whole figure ' while they were about it , and given us statue and pedestal at once . '' The New York Times stated that `` no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances . '' Faced with these criticisms , the American committees took little action for several years . Design Frank Leslie 's Illustrated Newspaper , June 1885 , showing ( clockwise from left ) woodcuts of the completed statue in Paris , Bartholdi , and the statue 's interior structure The foundation of Bartholdi 's statue was to be laid inside Fort Wood , a disused army base on Bedloe 's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811 . Since 1823 , it had rarely been used , though during the Civil War , it had served as a recruiting station . The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven - point star . The statue 's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast , greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean . In 1881 , the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal . Within months , Hunt submitted a detailed plan , indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months . He proposed a pedestal 114 feet ( 35 m ) in height ; faced with money problems , the committee reduced that to 89 feet ( 27 m ) . Hunt 's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture , including Doric portals , as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture . The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail , in order to focus attention on the statue . In form , it is a truncated pyramid , 62 feet ( 19 m ) square at the base and 39.4 feet ( 12.0 m ) at the top . The four sides are identical in appearance . Above the door on each side , there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states ( between 1876 and 1889 , there were 38 U.S. states ) , although this was not done . Above that , a balcony was placed on each side , framed by pillars . Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal , above which the statue itself rises . According to author Louis Auchincloss , the pedestal `` craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty '' . The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work . Construction on the 15 - foot - deep ( 4.6 m ) foundation began in 1883 , and the pedestal 's cornerstone was laid in 1884 . In Hunt 's original conception , the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite . Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans ; the final design called for poured concrete walls , up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) thick , faced with granite blocks . This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford , Connecticut . The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time . Norwegian immigrant civil engineer Joachim Goschen Giæver designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty . His work involved design computations , detailed fabrication and construction drawings , and oversight of construction . In completing his engineering for the statue 's frame , Giæver worked from drawings and sketches produced by Gustave Eiffel . Fundraising Unpacking of the face of the Statue of Liberty , which was delivered on June 17 , 1885 Fundraising for the statue had begun in 1882 . The committee organized a large number of money - raising events . As part of one such effort , an auction of art and manuscripts , poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work . She initially declined , stating she could not write a poem about a statue . At the time , she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe . These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced . She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue . The resulting sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' , including the iconic lines `` Give me your tired , your poor / Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free '' , is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in the museum in its base . Even with these efforts , fundraising lagged . Grover Cleveland , the governor of New York , vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project in 1884 . An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100,000 , sufficient to complete the project , also failed . The New York committee , with only $3,000 in the bank , suspended work on the pedestal . With the project in jeopardy , groups from other American cities , including Boston and Philadelphia , offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it . Joseph Pulitzer , publisher of the New York World , a New York newspaper , announced a drive to raise $100,000 -- the equivalent of $2.3 million today . Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor , no matter how small the amount given . The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers , especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors . `` A young girl alone in the world '' donated `` 60 cents , the result of self denial . '' One donor gave `` five cents as a poor office boy 's mite toward the Pedestal Fund . '' A group of children sent a dollar as `` the money we saved to go to the circus with . '' Another dollar was given by a `` lonely and very aged woman . '' Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York 's rival city of Brooklyn -- the cities would not merge until 1898 -- donated $15 ; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons . A kindergarten class in Davenport , Iowa , mailed the World a gift of $1.35 . As the donations flooded in , the committee resumed work on the pedestal . Construction On June 17 , 1885 , the French steamer Isère , laden with the Statue of Liberty , reached the New York port safely . New Yorkers displayed their new - found enthusiasm for the statue , as the French vessel arrived with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board . Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the Isère . After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund , on August 11 , 1885 , the World announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors , and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar . Even with the success of the fund drive , the pedestal was not completed until April 1886 . Immediately thereafter , reassembly of the statue began . Eiffel 's iron framework was anchored to steel I - beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled . Once this was done , the sections of skin were carefully attached . Due to the width of the pedestal , it was not possible to erect scaffolding , and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections . Nevertheless , no one died during the construction . Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch 's balcony to illuminate it ; a week before the dedication , the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal , fearing that ships ' pilots passing the statue would be blinded . Instead , Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch -- which was covered with gold leaf -- and placed the lights inside them . A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs . After the skin was completed , renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted , co-designer of New York 's Central Park and Brooklyn 's Prospect Park , supervised a cleanup of Bedloe 's Island in anticipation of the dedication . Dedication Unveiling of the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World ( 1886 ) by Edward Moran . Oil on canvas . The J. Clarence Davies Collection , Museum of the City of New York . A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28 , 1886 . President Grover Cleveland , the former New York governor , presided over the event . On the morning of the dedication , a parade was held in New York City ; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million . President Cleveland headed the procession , then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America . General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade . The route began at Madison Square , once the venue for the arm , and proceeded to the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway , with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the World building on Park Row . As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange , traders threw ticker tape from the windows , beginning the New York tradition of the ticker - tape parade . A nautical parade began at 12 : 45 p.m. , and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe 's Island for the dedication . De Lesseps made the first speech , on behalf of the French committee , followed by the chairman of the New York committee , Senator William M. Evarts . A French flag draped across the statue 's face was to be lowered to unveil the statue at the close of Evarts 's speech , but Bartholdi mistook a pause as the conclusion and let the flag fall prematurely . The ensuing cheers put an end to Evarts 's address . President Cleveland spoke next , stating that the statue 's `` stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man 's oppression until Liberty enlightens the world '' . Bartholdi , observed near the dais , was called upon to speak , but he declined . Orator Chauncey M. Depew concluded the speechmaking with a lengthy address . No members of the general public were permitted on the island during the ceremonies , which were reserved entirely for dignitaries . The only females granted access were Bartholdi 's wife and de Lesseps 's granddaughter ; officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people . The restriction offended area suffragists , who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island . The group 's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women 's right to vote . A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather . Shortly after the dedication , The Cleveland Gazette , an African American newspaper , suggested that the statue 's torch not be lit until the United States became a free nation `` in reality '' : `` Liberty enlightening the world , '' indeed ! The expression makes us sick . This government is a howling farce . It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders . Shove the Bartholdi statue , torch and all , into the ocean until the `` liberty '' of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family , without being ku - kluxed , perhaps murdered , his daughter and wife outraged , and his property destroyed . The idea of the `` liberty '' of this country `` enlightening the world , '' or even Patagonia , is ridiculous in the extreme . After dedication Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) Statue of Liberty ca . 1900 Government poster using the Statue of Liberty to promote the sale of Liberty Bonds When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue 's dedication , it produced only a faint gleam , barely visible from Manhattan . The World characterized it as `` more like a glowworm than a beacon . '' Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light , but this proved too expensive . The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch 's effect ; in spite of its efforts , the statue remained virtually invisible at night . When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893 , he made additional suggestions , all of which proved ineffective . He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue , allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel 's design . In 1901 , President Theodore Roosevelt , once a member of the New York committee , ordered the statue 's transfer to the War Department , as it had proved useless as a lighthouse . A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe 's Island until 1923 , after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction . The statue rapidly became a landmark . Many immigrants who entered through New York saw it as a welcoming sight . Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty . One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled , I saw the Statue of Liberty . And I said to myself , `` Lady , you 're such a beautiful ! ( sic ) You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here . Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it , to do something , to be someone in America . '' And always that statue was on my mind . Originally , the statue was a dull copper color , but shortly after 1900 a green patina , also called verdigris , caused by the oxidation of the copper skin , began to spread . As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press ; by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue . Believing that the patina was evidence of corrosion , Congress authorized US $62,800 ( equivalent to $1,710,486 in 2017 ) for various repairs , and to paint the statue both inside and out . There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting . The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin , `` softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful . '' The statue was painted only on the inside . The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal . On July 30 , 1916 , during World War I , German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City , New Jersey , in what is now part of Liberty State Park , close to Bedloe 's Island . Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated , and seven people were killed . The statue sustained minor damage , mostly to the torch - bearing right arm , and was closed for ten days . The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about US $100,000 ( equivalent to $2,248,930 in 2017 ) . The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public - safety reasons , and it has remained closed ever since . That same year , Ralph Pulitzer , who had succeeded his father Joseph as publisher of the World , began a drive to raise US $30,000 ( equivalent to $674,679 in 2017 ) for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night . He claimed over 80,000 contributors , but failed to reach the goal . The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor -- a fact that was not revealed until 1936 . An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood . Gutzon Borglum , who later sculpted Mount Rushmore , redesigned the torch , replacing much of the original copper with stained glass . On December 2 , 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights , successfully illuminating the statue . After the United States entered World War I in 1917 , images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty Bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially . This impressed upon the public the war 's stated purpose -- to secure liberty -- and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue . In 1924 , President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a National Monument . The only successful suicide in the statue 's history occurred five years later , when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death , glancing off the statue 's breast and landing on the base . Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) Bedloe 's Island in 1927 , showing the statue and army buildings . The eleven - pointed walls of Fort Wood , which still form the statue 's base , are visible . In 1933 , President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service ( NPS ) . In 1937 , the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe 's Island . With the Army 's departure , the NPS began to transform the island into a park . The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) demolished most of the old buildings , regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island , and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear . The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue , temporarily removing the rays from the statue 's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced . Rusted cast - iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete ; the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced , as well . Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal . The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938 . During World War II , the statue remained open to visitors , although it was not illuminated at night due to wartime blackouts . It was lit briefly on December 31 , 1943 , and on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , when its lights flashed `` dot - dot - dot - dash '' , the Morse code for V , for victory . New , powerful lighting was installed in 1944 -- 1945 , and beginning on V-E Day , the statue was once again illuminated after sunset . The lighting was for only a few hours each evening , and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night , all night . In 1946 , the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away . In 1956 , an Act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe 's Island as Liberty Island , a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier . The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island , which backers took as federal approval of the project , though the government was slow to grant funds for it . Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 . In 1972 , the immigration museum , in the statue 's base , was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon . The museum 's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island . September 26 , 1972 : President Richard Nixon visits the statue to open the American Museum of Immigration . The statue 's raised right foot is visible , showing that it is depicted moving forward . In 1970 , Ivy Bottini led a demonstration at the statue where she and others from the National Organization for Women 's New York chapter draped an enormous banner over a railing which read `` WOMEN OF THE WORLD UNITE ! '' Beginning December 26 , 1971 , 15 anti-Vietnam War veterans occupied the statue , flying a US flag upside down from her crown . They left December 28 following a Federal Court order . The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators publicizing causes such as Puerto Rican independence , opposition to abortion , and opposition to US intervention in Grenada . Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a Gay Pride Parade rally and the annual Captive Baltic Nations rally . A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976 . The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail , a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4 , 1976 , and sailed around Liberty Island . The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue . Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) July 4 , 1986 : First Lady Nancy Reagan ( in red ) reopens the statue to the public . Main article : Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty See also : Liberty Weekend The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986 . In 1982 , it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration . Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure . It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure . In addition , the head had been installed 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) off center , and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind . The armature structure was badly corroded , and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced . Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936 , when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed , much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years . In May 1982 , President Ronald Reagan announced the formation of the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Centennial Commission , led by Chrysler Corporation chair Lee Iacocca , to raise the funds needed to complete the work . Through its fundraising arm , the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc. , the group raised more than $350 million in donations . The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign . A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card , the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue . The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the restoration project . In 1984 , the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation . Workers erected the world 's largest free - standing scaffold , which obscured the statue from view . Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades , leaving two layers of coal tar , originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion . Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper . The restorers ' work was hampered by the asbestos - based substance that Bartholdi had used -- ineffectively , as inspections showed -- to prevent galvanic corrosion . Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear , dubbed `` moon suits '' , with self - contained breathing circuits . Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired , and new copper was added where necessary . The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs , which had a patina that closely resembled the statue 's ; in exchange , the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing . The torch , found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations , was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi 's unaltered torch . Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder ; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead . The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one , whose flame is covered in 24 - carat gold . The torch reflects the sun 's rays in daytime and is lighted by floodlights at night . Liberty Enlightening the World The entire puddled iron armature designed by Gustave Eiffel was replaced . Low - carbon corrosion - resistant stainless steel bars that now hold the staples next to the skin are made of Ferralium , an alloy that bends slightly and returns to its original shape as the statue moves . To prevent the ray and arm making contact , the ray was realigned by several degrees . The lighting was again replaced -- night - time illumination subsequently came from metal - halide lamps that send beams of light to particular parts of the pedestal or statue , showing off various details . Access to the pedestal , which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the 1960s , was renovated to create a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation . A modern elevator was installed , allowing handicapped access to the observation area of the pedestal . An emergency elevator was installed within the statue , reaching up to the level of the shoulder . July 3 -- 6 , 1986 , was designated `` Liberty Weekend '' , marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening . President Reagan presided over the rededication , with French President François Mitterrand in attendance . July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail , and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5 . In Reagan 's dedication speech , he stated , `` We are the keepers of the flame of liberty ; we hold it high for the world to see . '' Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) The Statue of Liberty on September 11 , 2001 as the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center burn in the background Following the September 11 attacks , the statue and Liberty Island were immediately closed to the public . The island reopened at the end of 2001 , while the pedestal and statue remained off - limits . The pedestal reopened in August 2004 , but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency . The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration . New York Congressman Anthony Weiner made the statue 's reopening a personal crusade . On May 17 , 2009 , President Barack Obama 's Secretary of the Interior , Ken Salazar , announced that as a `` special gift '' to America , the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4 , but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day . The statue , including the pedestal and base , closed on October 29 , 2011 , for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities , such as restrooms , up to code . The statue was reopened on October 28 , 2012 , only to close again a day later due to Hurricane Sandy . Although the storm did not harm the statue , it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty Island and Ellis Island , severely damaging the dock used by the ferries bearing visitors to the statue . On November 8 , 2012 , a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done . Due to lack of electricity on Liberty Island , a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night . The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument , David Luchsinger , whose home on the island was severely damaged , stated that it would be `` optimistically ... months '' before the island was reopened to the public . The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4 , 2013 . Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013 . For part of October 2013 , Liberty Island was closed to the public due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 , along with other federally funded museums , parks , monuments , construction projects and buildings . The statue and Liberty Island were briefly closed on July 4 , 2018 , due to a protester against American immigration policy climbing on to the statue . The new staircase to the crown On October 7 , 2016 , construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island . The new $70 million , 26,000 - square - foot ( 2,400 m ) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island 's visitors when it opens in 2019 , as opposed to the current museum , which only 20 % of the island 's visitors can visit . The original torch will be relocated here , and in addition to exhibits relating to the statue 's construction and history , there will be a theater where visitors can watch an aerial view of the statue . The museum , designed by FXFOWLE Architects , will integrate with the parkland around it . It is being funded privately by Diane von Fürstenberg , Michael Bloomberg , Jeff Bezos , Coca - Cola , NBCUniversal , the family of Laurence Tisch and Preston Robert Tisch , Mellody Hobson , and George Lucas . Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum , and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking . Access and attributes Location and tourism Tourists aboard a Circle Line ferry arriving at Liberty Island , June 1973 The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island , which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument . Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800 . As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay 's midpoint , the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line . Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York . Land created by reclamation added to the 2.3 acres ( 0.93 ha ) original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory . No charge is made for entrance to the national monument , but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use , as private boats may not dock at the island . A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities , replacing Circle Line , which had operated the service since 1953 . The ferries , which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and Battery Park in Lower Manhattan , also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public , making a combined trip possible . All ferry riders are subject to security screening , similar to airport procedures , prior to boarding . Visitors intending to enter the statue 's base and pedestal must obtain a complimentary museum / pedestal ticket along with their ferry ticket . Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown purchase a special ticket , which may be reserved up to a year in advance . A total of 240 people per day are permitted to ascend : ten per group , three groups per hour . Climbers may bring only medication and cameras -- lockers are provided for other items -- and must undergo a second security screening . Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island . There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty . A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty , designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget , Gauthier et Cie ( Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co . ) . A presentation tablet , also bearing Bartholdi 's name , declares the statue is a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors `` the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship . '' A tablet placed by the New York committee commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal . The cornerstone bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons . In 1903 , a bronze tablet that bears the text of Emma Lazarus 's sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 ) , was presented by friends of the poet . Until the 1986 renovation , it was mounted inside the pedestal ; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum , in the base . `` The New Colossus '' tablet is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977 , celebrating the poet 's life . A group of statues stands at the western end of the island , honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty . Two Americans -- Pulitzer and Lazarus -- and three Frenchmen -- Bartholdi , Eiffel , and Laboulaye -- are depicted . They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner . UNESCO World Heritage site In 1984 , the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The UNESCO `` Statement of Significance '' describes the statue as a `` masterpiece of the human spirit '' that `` endures as a highly potent symbol -- inspiring contemplation , debate and protest -- of ideals such as liberty , peace , human rights , abolition of slavery , democracy and opportunity . '' Physical characteristics As viewed from the ground on Liberty Island Feature U.S. Metric Height of copper statue 151 ft 1 in 46 m Foundation of pedestal ( ground level ) to tip of torch 305 ft 1 in 93 m Heel to top of head 111 ft 1 in 34 m Height of hand 16 ft 5 in 5 m Index finger 8 ft 1 in 2.44 m Circumference at second joint 3 ft 6 in 1.07 m Head from chin to cranium 17 ft 3 in 5.26 m Head thickness from ear to ear 10 ft 0 in 3.05 m Distance across the eye 2 ft 6 in 0.76 m Length of nose 4 ft 6 in 1.48 m Right arm length 42 ft 0 in 12.8 m Right arm greatest thickness 12 ft 0 in 3.66 m Thickness of waist 35 ft 0 in 10.67 m Width of mouth 3 ft 0 in 0.91 m Tablet , length 23 ft 7 in 7.19 m Tablet , width 13 ft 7 in 4.14 m Tablet , thickness 2 ft 0 in 0.61 m Height of pedestal 89 ft 0 in 27.13 m Height of foundation 65 ft 0 in 19.81 m Weight of copper used in statue 60,000 pounds 27.22 tonnes Weight of steel used in statue 250,000 pounds 113.4 tonnes Total weight of statue 450,000 pounds 204.1 tonnes Thickness of copper sheeting 3 / 32 of an inch 2.4 mm Depictions See also : Replicas of the Statue of Liberty and Statue of Liberty in popular culture A replica of the Statue of Liberty forms part of the exterior decor at the New York - New York Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide . A smaller version of the statue , one - fourth the height of the original , was given by the American community in Paris to that city . It now stands on the Île aux Cygnes , facing west toward her larger sister . A replica 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years ; it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum . In a patriotic tribute , the Boy Scouts of America , as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949 -- 1952 , donated about two hundred replicas of the statue , made of stamped copper and 100 inches ( 2,500 mm ) in height , to states and municipalities across the United States . Though not a true replica , the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions -- the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty . Among other recreations of New York City structures , a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York - New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas . Head of Liberty , U.S. airmail stamp , 1971 issue Reverse side of a Presidential Dollar coin As an American icon , the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country 's coinage and stamps . It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial , and on New York 's 2001 entry in the state quarters series . An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997 , and it was placed on the reverse , or tails , side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins . Two images of the statue 's torch appear on the current ten - dollar bill . The statue 's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino . Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions . Between 1986 and 2000 , New York State issued license plates with an outline of the statue to either the front or the side of the serial number . The Women 's National Basketball Association 's New York Liberty use both the statue 's name and its image in their logo , in which the torch 's flame doubles as a basketball . The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue 's head on their third jersey , beginning in 1997 . The National Collegiate Athletic Association 's 1996 Men 's Basketball Final Four , played at New Jersey 's Meadowlands Sports Complex , featured the statue in its logo . The Libertarian Party of the United States uses the statue in its emblem . The statue is a frequent subject in popular culture . In music , it has been evoked to indicate support for American policies , as in Toby Keith 's song `` Courtesy of the Red , White and Blue ( The Angry American ) '' , and in opposition , appearing on the cover of the Dead Kennedys ' album Bedtime for Democracy , which protested the Reagan administration . In film , the torch is the setting for the climax of director Alfred Hitchcock 's 1942 movie Saboteur . The statue makes one of its most famous cinematic appearances in the 1968 picture Planet of the Apes , in which it is seen half - buried in sand . It is knocked over in the science - fiction film Independence Day and in Cloverfield the head is ripped off . In Jack Finney 's time - travel novel Time and Again , the right arm of the statue , on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park , plays a crucial role . Robert Holdstock , consulting editor of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction , wondered in 1979 , Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty ? For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted ( E ) arth -- giants have uprooted it , aliens have found it curious ... the symbol of Liberty , of optimism , has become a symbol of science fiction 's pessimistic view of the future . See also Approximate heights of various notable statues : 1 . Spring Temple Buddha 153 m ( incl. 25 m pedestal and 20 m throne ) 2 . Statue of Liberty 93 m ( incl. 47 m pedestal ) 3 . The Motherland Calls 91 m ( excl . pedestal ) 4 . Christ the Redeemer 38 m ( incl. 8 m pedestal ) 5 . Statue of David 5.17 m ( excl . 2.5 m pedestal ) New Jersey portal New York portal New York City portal NRHP portal United States portal Visual arts portal List of the tallest statues in the United States Place des États - Unis , in Paris , France The Statue of Liberty , 1985 Ken Burns documentary film Statues and sculptures in New York City List of statues by height References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . National Park Service . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` For tourists , Statue of Liberty is nice , but no Forever 21 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Monument Proclamations under the Antiquities Act '' . National Park Service . January 16 , 2003 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 1994 ) . National Register of Historic Places , 1966 -- 1994 : Cumulative List Through January 1 , 1994 . Washington , D.C. : National Park Service . p. 502 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89133 - 254 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places -- Hudson County '' . New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection -- Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' ( PDF ) . New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . September 14 , 1976 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Rebecca M. ; Brooke Rosenblatt ; Carolyn Kinebrew ( September 2000 ) . `` The Black Statue of Liberty Rumor '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Abolition '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Statue of Liberty and its Ties to the Middle East '' ( PDF ) . University of Chicago . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 60 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , pp. 17 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Bodnar , John ( 2006 ) . `` Monuments and Morals : The Nationalization of Civic Instruction '' . In Warren , Donald R. ; Patrick , John J. Civic and Moral Learning in America . Macmillan . pp. 212 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 7396 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Jane ( 2000 ) . The Grove Dictionary of Art : From Monet to Cézanne : Late 19th - century French Artists . Oxford University Press US . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 22971 - 9 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 96 -- 97 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 105 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Blume , Mary ( July 16 , 2004 ) . `` The French icon Marianne à la mode '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get the Facts ( Frequently Asked Questions about the Statue of Liberty ) '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady Liberty Reverse Statue of Liberty ( 1886 ) '' . Presidential $1 coin . United States Mint . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 52 -- 53 , 55 , 87 . ^ Jump up to : Interviewed for Watson , Corin . Statue of Liberty : Building a Colossus ( TV documentary , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 108 -- 111 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently asked questions '' . Statue of Liberty National Monument . National Park Service . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 118 , 125 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 123 -- 125 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` News of Norway '' . 1999 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty , Part 2 '' . The New York Times . July 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 126 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 135 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 139 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` La tour a vu le jour à Levallois '' . Le Parisien ( in French ) . April 30 , 2004 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . pbs.org . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 36 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 159 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistics '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . August 16 , 2006 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : Auchincloss , Louis ( May 12 , 1986 ) . `` Liberty : Building on the Past '' . New York : 87 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , pp. 49 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 184 -- 186 . Jump up ^ `` Branford 's History Is Set in Stone '' . Connecticut Humanities . Jump up ^ `` STRUCTUREmag -- Structural Engineering Magazine , Tradeshow : Joachim Gotsche Giaver '' . archive.org . November 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 165 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 172 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Levine , Benjamin ; Story , Isabelle F. ( 1961 ) . `` Statue of Liberty '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount , 1774 to Present / '' . MeasuringWorth . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ( Consumer price index ) Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , pp. 40 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` The Isere - Bartholdi Gift Reaches the Horsehoe Safely '' ( PDF ) . The Evening Post . June 17 , 1885 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 133 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ `` Postponing Bartholdi 's statue until there is liberty for colored as well '' . The Cleveland Gazette . Cleveland , Ohio . November 27 , 1886 . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty '' . The New York Times . July 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` To paint Miss Liberty '' . The New York Times . July 19 , 1906 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How shall `` Miss Liberty '' 's toilet be made ? `` . The New York Times . July 29 , 1906 . pp. SM2 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 136 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 148 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 136 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 141 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 147 -- 148 . Jump up ^ `` Honorees '' . Lapride.org . January 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2012 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Feminist Chronicles , 1953 -- 1993 -- 1970 -- Feminist Majority Foundation '' . Feminist.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 1973 World Almanac and Book of Facts , p. 996 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 169 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 216 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Daw , Jocelyne ( March 2006 ) . Cause Marketing for Nonprofits : Partner for Purpose , Passion , and Profits . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 71750 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , pp. 74 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : `` History and Culture '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Sewell ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Statue of Liberty 's Crown Will Reopen July 4 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , William ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Congress to Ask Why Miss Liberty 's Crown is Still Closed to Visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Raja , Nina ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Liberty Island to remain open during statue 's renovation '' . CNN . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty interior to re-open next month '' . AP via Fox News . September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powlowski , A. ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty closed for ' foreseeable future ' '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mcgeehan , Patrick ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Storm leaves Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island cut off from visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty was unscathed by hurricane , but its home took a beating '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Long , Colleen ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty reopens as US marks July Fourth '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Foderaro , Lisa ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Ellis Island Welcoming Visitors Once Again , but Repairs Continue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armaghan , Sarah ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Closed in Shutdown '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Shannon , James . `` Woman Climbs Base of the Statue of Liberty After ICE Protest '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Durkin , Erin ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty getting new $70 M museum set to open in 2019 '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Plagianos , Irene ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` See Designs for the New Statue of Liberty Museum '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Ivan ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Museum to open in 2019 '' . am New York . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Early History of Bedloe 's Island '' . Statue of Liberty Historical Handbook . National Park Service . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NEW JERSEY v. NEW YORK 523 U.S. 767 '' . Supreme Court of the United States . 1998 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Anthony ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` Circle Line Loses Pact for Ferries to Liberty Island '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NPS : Liberty and Ellis Island ferry map '' . Ferry Map . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` For Your Safety and Security '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions : Reserving tickets to visit the crown '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 222 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . World Heritage . UNESCO . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 200 -- 201 . Jump up ^ `` Collections : American Art : Replica of the Statue of Liberty , from Liberty Storage & Warehouse , 43 -- 47 West 64th Street , NYC '' . Brooklyn Museum . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Attoun , Marti ( October 2007 ) . `` Little Sisters of Liberty '' . Scouting . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 103 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Goldberger , Paul ( January 15 , 1997 ) . `` New York - New York , it 's a Las Vegas town '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty postage stamps '' . Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The redesigned $10 note '' . newmoney.gov . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Severson , Kim ; Healey , Matthew ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` This Lady Liberty is a Las Vegas teenager '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State to start issuing new license plates July 1 '' . The New York Times . January 24 , 1986 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State license plates to get new look '' . The New York Times . January 11 , 2000 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Liberty ' for New York club '' . The New York Times . February 14 , 1997 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( January 12 , 1997 ) . `` Lady Liberty laces up at the Garden '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( March 29 , 1996 ) . `` Final Four : States put aside their rivalry and try a little cooperation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Axinn , Mark ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Statue of Liberty after 125 years -- by LPNY Chair Mark Axinn '' . Libertarian Party of the United States . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Tracy S . `` The Statue of Liberty in Popular Culture '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Spoto , Donald ( 1983 ) . The Dark Side of Genius : The Life of Alfred Hitchcock . Ballantine . pp. 262 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 31462 - 8 . Jump up ^ Greene , Eric ; Slotkin , Richard ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American myth : race , politics , and popular culture . Middletown , Connecticut : Wesleyan University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6329 - 3 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Movies That Hated The Statue Of Liberty > > Page 6 of 10 '' . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Cloverfield ' Release Will Be Test of Online Hype : NPR '' . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Darrach , Brad ( June 26 , 1970 ) . `` The spy who came in from 1882 '' . Life . p. 16 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Peter ( 1979 ) . The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction . St Albans , Herts , UK : Granada Publishing Ltd. p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 586 - 05380 - 5 . Bibliography Bell , James B. ; Abrams , Richard L. ( 1984 ) . In Search of Liberty : The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 19624 - 6 . Harris , Jonathan ( 1985 ) . A Statue for America : The First 100 Years of the Statue of Liberty . New York City : Four Winds Press ( a division of Macmillan Publishing Company ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 742730 - 1 . Hayden , Richard Seth ; Despont , Thierry W. ( 1986 ) . Restoring the Statue of Liberty . New York City : McGraw - Hill Book Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 027326 - 9 . Khan , Yasmin Sabina ( 2010 ) . Enlightening the World : The Creation of the Statue of Liberty . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4851 - 5 . Moreno , Barry ( 2000 ) . The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia . New York City : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3689 - 7 . Sutherland , Cara A. ( 2003 ) . The Statue of Liberty . New York City : Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 0 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Statue of Liberty Wikimedia Commons has media related to Statue of Liberty . Wikivoyage has a listing for Statue of Liberty . Statue of Liberty National Monument Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation `` A Giant 's Task -- Cleaning Statue of Liberty '' , Popular Mechanics ( February 1932 ) Views from the webcams affixed to the Statue of Liberty Made in Paris The Statue of Liberty 1877 -- 1885 -- many historical photographs Statue of Liberty at Structurae Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NY - 138 , `` Statue of Liberty , Liberty Island , Manhattan , New York , New York County , NY '' , 404 photos , 59 color transparencies , 41 measured drawings , 10 data pages , 33 photo caption pages HAER No . NY - 138 - A , `` Statue of Liberty , Administration Building '' , 6 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page HAER No . NY - 138 - B , `` Statue of Liberty , Concessions Building '' , 12 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page hide Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Creators Édouard René de Laboulaye , originator Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , sculptor Gustave Eiffel , builder Eiffel company Eugène Secrétan , donated copper Location Statue of Liberty National Monument Liberty Island Musée des Arts et Métiers , original statue Former locations Right arm and torch Centennial Exposition , 1876 Madison Square Park , 1876 - 1882 Head Paris World 's Fair , 1878 Replicas Île aux Cygnes Flame of Liberty Boy Scout replicas Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Fayetteville , Arkansas Pine Bluff , Arkansas Overview Park , Kansas Legacy In popular culture `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 sonnet ) Working on the Statue of Liberty ( 1946 painting ) Miss Liberty ( 1949 musical ) The Statue of Liberty ( 1985 documentary ) Statue of Liberty play ( American football ) Liberty Weekend , 1986 Liberty Fanfare Medal of Liberty Statue of Liberty Forever stamp American Platinum Eagle coin Presidential $1 Coin Program Related Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia Libertas National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Other articles related to the Statue of Liberty Lighthouses of New York Main : List of lighthouses in the United States Ambrose Tower Aunt Phebe Rock Barber 's Point Barcelona Blackwell Island Bluff Point Braddock Point Buffalo Light Buffalo Harbor North and South entrance Lights Buffalo Harbor South Entrance Light Buffalo North breakwater East end Light Buffalo North Breakwater South End Light Cape Vincent Carleton Island Cedar Island Charlotte -- Genesee Cold Spring Harbor Coney Island Coxsackie Crossover Island Crown Point Cumberland Head Dunkirk East Charity Shoal Eatons Neck Elm Tree Beacon Esopus Meadows Execution Rocks Fair Haven Fire Island Fort Niagara Fort Lafayette Fort Tompkins Fort Wadsworth Frenchman Island Galloo Island Gardiners Point Horse Island Horton Point Hudson - Athens Huntington Harbor Kings Point Latimer Reef Little Gull Island Little Red Montauk Point Moriches New Dorp North Brother Island North Dumpling Oak Orchard Old Field Point Old Orchard Shoal Ogdensburg Harbor Orient Long Beach Bar Orient Point Oswego Harbor West Pierhead Plattsburgh Beacon Plum Island Point Aux Roches Prince 's Bay Race Rock Rock Island Romer Shoal Rondout Sands Point Saugerties Selkirk Shinnecock Sodus Outer Sodus Point South Brother Island Channel Range South Buffalo North Side Split Rock Point Staten Island Statue of Liberty Stepping Stones Stony Point ( Henderson ) Stony Point ( Hudson ) Strawberry Island Upper Cut Range Stuyvesant Sunken Meadows Sunken Rock Tarrytown Thirty Mile Point Three Sisters Island Throgs Neck Tibbetts Point Turkey Point Watervliet West Point West Bank Whitehall Narrows Whitestone Point Protected areas of New York Federal National Historic Sites , Parks and Districts Christman Eleanor Roosevelt Harriet Tubman Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt Martin Van Buren Sagamore Hill Saint Paul 's Church Saratoga Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural Women 's Rights Erie Canalway Kate Mullany affiliated Thomas Cole affiliated National Memorials Federal Hall General Grant Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty National Monuments African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Fort Stanwix Governors Island Stonewall National Trails Appalachian Trail North Country Trail National Seashores and Recreation Areas Fire Island Gateway Upper Delaware National Wildlife Refuges Iroquois Long Island Complex Amagansett Conscience Point Elizabeth A. Morton Lido Beach Oyster Bay Sayville Seatuck Target Rock Wertheim Montezuma Shawangunk Grasslands Wallkill River National Forests Finger Lakes Wilderness Areas Otis Pike Fire Island High Dune State parks Allen H. Treman Allegany Amherst Amsterdam Beach Battle Island Bayard Cutting Arboretum Bayswater Point Bear Mountain Beaver Island Beechwood Belmont Lake Bethpage Betty & Wilbur Davis Big Six Mile Creek Blauvelt Bonavista Bowman Lake Braddock Bay Brentwood Bristol Beach Brookhaven Buckhorn Island Buffalo Harbor Burnham Point Buttermilk Falls Caleb Smith Camp Hero Canandaigua Lake Canoe - Picnic Point Captree Catharine Valley Trail Caumsett Cayuga Lake Cedar Island Cedar Point Chenango Valley Cherry Plain Chimney Bluffs Chittenango Falls Clarence Fahnestock Clark Reservation Clay Pit Ponds Cold Spring Harbor Coles Creek Conesus Lake Connetquot River Crab Island Croil Island Cumberland Bay Darien Lakes De Veaux Woods Deans Cove Delta Lake Devil 's Hole Dewolf Point Donald J. Trump Earl W. Brydges Artpark Eel Weir Empire -- Fulton Ferry Evangola Fair Haven Beach Fillmore Glen Fort Niagara Four Mile Creek Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Franny Reese Frenchman Island Galop Island Gantry Plaza Genesee Valley Greenway Gilbert Lake Gilgo Glimmerglass Golden Hill Goosepond Mountain Grafton Lakes Grass Point Green Lakes Hallock Hamlin Beach Harriet Hollister Spencer Harriman Hart 's Brook Haverstraw Beach Heckscher Helen L. McNitt Hempstead Lake High Tor Highland Lakes Higley Flow Hither Hills Honeoye Hook Mountain Hudson Highlands Hudson River Islands Hudson River Hunts Pond Iona Island Irondequoit Bay Jacques Cartier James Baird John Boyd Thacher Jones Beach Joseph Davis Keewaydin Keuka Lake Knox Farm Kring Point Lake Erie Lake Lauderdale Lake Superior Lake Taghkanic Lakeside Beach Letchworth Lock 32 Lodi Point Long Point - Finger Lakes Long Point - Thousand Islands Long Point on Lake Chautauqua Macomb Reservation Margaret Lewis Norrie Mark Twain Mary Island Max V. Shaul Mexico Point Midway Mine Kill Minnewaska Mohawk River Montauk Downs Montauk Point Moreau Lake Napeague Newtown Battlefield Niagara Falls Nissequogue River Nyack Beach Oak Orchard Ogden Mills & Ruth Livingston Mills Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Oquaga Creek Orient Beach Peebles Island Pinnacle Pixley Falls Point Au Roche Reservoir Riverbank Robert G. Wehle Robert H. Treman Robert Moses - Long Island Robert Moses - Thousand Islands Robert V. Riddell Roberto Clemente Rockefeller Rock Island Lighthouse Rockland Lake Sampson Sandy Island Beach Saratoga Lake Saratoga Spa Schodack Island Schunemunk Mountain Selkirk Shores Seneca Lake Shadmoor Silver Lake Sonnenberg Gardens Southwick Beach St. Lawrence State Park at the Fair Sterling Forest Steuben Memorial Stony Brook Storm King Strawberry Island Sunken Meadow Taconic Tallman Mountain Taughannock Falls Thompson 's Lake Two Rivers Trail View Valley Stream Verona Beach Waterson Point Watkins Glen Wellesley Island Westcott Beach Whetstone Gulf Whirlpool Wildwood Wilson - Tuscarora Wonder Lake Woodlawn Beach State historic sites Bennington Battlefield Caumsett Clermont Clinton House Crailo Crown Point Darwin Martin House Fort Montgomery Fort Ontario Ganondagan Grant Cottage Herkimer Home Hyde Hall John Brown Farm John Burroughs Memorial ( Woodchuck Lodge ) John Hay Homestead Johnson Hall Knox 's Headquarters Lorenzo New Windsor Cantonment Olana Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Old Fort Niagara Oriskany Battlefield Philipse Manor Hall Plantings Fields Arboretum Sackets Harbor Battlefield Schoharie Crossing Schuyler Mansion Senate House Sonnenberg Gardens & Mansion Staatsburgh Steuben Memorial Stony Point Battlefield Walt Whitman Birthplace Washington 's Headquarters Preserves and sanctuaries Public preserves Albany Pine Bush Forest Preserve Adirondack Park Saint Regis Canoe Area Santanoni Preserve wilderness areas Catskill Park Hudson River Estuary Long Island Pine Barrens Reinstein Woods Rome Sand Plains Tahawus Vischer Ferry Welwyn The Nature Conservacy Accabonac Harbor Andy Warhol Visual Arts Arthur W. Butler Memorial Atlantic Double Dunes Bear Swamp Calverton Ponds Chaumont Barrens Clintonville Pine Barrens Coon Mountain Deer Lick Denton El Dorado Beach Eugene and Agnes Meyer Everton Falls Freund Gadway Sandstone Pavement Barrens Hannacroix Ravine Henry Morgenthau Indian Brook Assemblage Ironsides Island Kenrose Limestone Rise Lisha Kill Long Island Center for Conservation Long Pond Lordsland Lower Poultney River and Saddles Marrion Yarrow Mashomack Mianus River Gorge Mildred E. Grierson Memorial Moccasin Kill Montauk Mountain Moss Lake Mount Holly Nellie Hill Neversink O.D. von Engeln Otter Creek Pawling Peconic Estuary Big Woods Pine Neck Roger Perry Memorial Ruth Wales Schunemunk Mountain Shadmoor Silver Lake Bog Spring Pond Bog Stewart Lewis A. Swyer Thompson Pond and Stissing Mountain Uplands Farm West Branch Whitbeck Memorial Grove Other preserves Angle Fly Baxter Bergen - Byron Swamp Black Rock Forest Brandreth Park Calder Center Louis C. Clark Cornell Botanic Gardens Ferncliff Forest Heiberg Memorial Forest James Lime Hollow Mohonk Peabody Plotter Kill Sagamore Camp Sam 's Point Teatown Lake Turkey Mountain Turner Brook Theodore Roosevelt Wallkill Valley Woodlawn Zurich Bog Other ( lists ) National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks Botanical gardens Nature centers New York City parks POPS WWI New York state forests wild historic sites parks wildlife management areas Trails rail trails Category NYS DEC NYS OPRHP Protected areas of New York City Federal National Historic Sites Lower East Side Tenement Museum Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Monuments and Memorials African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Federal Hall General Grant Governors Island Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty Stonewall Other Protected Areas Gateway National Recreation Area Floyd Bennett Field Fort Tilden Fort Wadsworth Great Kills Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge Jacob Riis Miller Field State State Parks Bayswater Point Clay Pit Ponds East River Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Gantry Plaza Riverbank Roberto Clemente City parks and preserves Manhattan 79th Street Boat Basin Abingdon Square Albert Capsouto Asphalt Green Battery Bennett British Garden at Hanover Square Bowling Green Bryant Captain Patrick J. Brown Walk Carl Schurz Central Park Chelsea City Hall Collect Columbus Corlears Hook Dag Hammarskjold Plaza Damrosch Dante DeSalvio Playground DeWitt Clinton Drumgoole Plaza Duane East River Greenway East River Esplanade East River Park Stuyvesant Cove Finn Square Foley Square Fort Tryon Fort Washington Gorman Gramercy Greenacre Park Hamilton Fish Hanover Square Harlem River Hell 's Kitchen Herald Square High Line Highbridge Holcombe Rucker Hudson Hudson River Imagination Playground at Burling Slip Inwood Hill Isham J. Hood Wright Jackie Robinson Jackson Square John Jay Liberty Louis Cuvillier Madison Square Manhattan Waterfront Greenway Marcus Garvey Mill Rock Mitchell Square Morningside Murphy 's Brother 's Playground Muscota Marsh Paley Peretz Square Peter Cooper Plaza Lafayette Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden Ralph Bunche Randalls Island Richard Tucker Square Riverside Robert Moses Playground Roosevelt Triangle Rucker Sakura Samuel N. Bennerson 2nd Playground Sara Delano Roosevelt Septuagesimo Uno Seward Sheridan Square Sherman Square St. John 's St. Nicholas St. Vartan Straus Stuyvesant Square Swindler Cove Teardrop Theodore Roosevelt Thomas Jefferson Thomas Paine Tompkins Square Tribeca Union Square Verdi Square Vesuvio Playground Wards Island Washington Market Washington Square West Side Community Garden Winston Churchill Zuccotti Brooklyn American Veterans Memorial Pier Amersfort Asser Levy Bath Beach Betsy Head Bensonhurst Breukelen Ballfields Brooklyn Botanic Garden Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn Heights Promenade Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brower Bushwick Byrne Cadman Plaza Canarsie Carroll Calvert Vaux City Line Coffey Columbus Commodore Barry Coney Island Beach & Boardwalk Coney Island Creek Continental Army Plaza Cooper Domino Dyker Beach Floyd Bennett Field Fort Greene Four Sparrow Marsh Frank M. Charles Fresh Creek Nature Preserve Friends Field Fulton Gravesend Green Central Knoll Herbert Von King Highland Irving Square JJ Byrne Jamaica Bay Park John J. Carty John Paul Jones Kaiser Kelly Leif Ericson Leon S. Kaiser Playground Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino Lincoln Terrace Linden Lindower Linton Manhattan Beach Maria Hernandez Marine McCarren McGolrick McKinley Mt . Prospect Owl 's Head Paerdegat Basin Paerdegat Prospect Red Hook Robert E. Venable Saratoga Scarangella Seaside Seth Low Shore Spring Creek Steeplechase Sternberg St. Johns Sunset Tompkins Trinity Van Voorhees Walt Whitman Wingate WNYC Transmitter Zion Triangle The Bronx Baretto Point Bicentennial Veterans Bronx Park New York Botanical Garden Castle Hill City Island Wetlands Claremont Concrete Plant Crotona Devoe Ewen Ferry Point Givans Creek Woods Grant Haffen Harding Harris Henry Hudson Hunts Point Jerome Joseph Rodman Drake Joyce Kilmer Julius Richman Macombs Dam Mill Pond Mullaly North and South Brother Islands Pelham Bay Orchard Beach Rodman 's Neck Playground 52 Poe Printer 's Park Pugsley Creek Rainey Raoul Wallenberg Forest Richman Riverdale St. Mary 's Seton Falls Seton Soundview Spuyten Duyvil Shorefront St. James St. Mary 's Starlight Tremont University Woods Van Cortlandt Vidalia Vinmont Veteran Washington 's Walk Williamsbridge Oval Queens Admiral Alley Alley Pond Andrews Grove Astoria Baisley Pond Bayside Fields Bayswater Beach Channel Big Bush Bowne Brant Point Wildlife Sanctuary Breininger Broad Channel American Park Broad Channel Park Broad Channel Wetlands Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brookville Bulova Captain Tilly Crocheron Cunningham Det . Keith L. Williams Det . William T. Gunn Dr. Charles R. Drew Dubos Point Wildlife Sanctuary Doughboy Douglaston Elmhurst Evergreen Flushing Fields Flushing Meadows - Corona Forest Fort Tilden Fort Totten Francis Lewis Frank Golden Frank Principe Haggerty Harvey Highland Hinton Hoffman Hook Creek Hunter 's Point Idlewild Jamaica Bay John Golden Juniper Valley Kissena Kohlreiter Square Libra Triangle Linnaeus Little Bay Louis Pasteur Mafera Macneil Marconi Marie Curie Montbellier O'Donohue Overlook Park of the Americas Phil `` Scooter '' Rizzuto Ofc . Edward Byrne Powell 's Cove Queens County Farm Museum Queensbridge Rachel Carson Railroad Ralph Demarco Rochdale Rockaway Community Rufus King Seagirt Avenue Wetlands Socrates Sculpture Spring Creek Springfield St. Albans Travers Tudor Udall 's Park Preserve Wayanda Staten Island Aesop Allison Pond Amundsen Circle Annadale Arbutus Woods Arden Woods Austen House Barrett Bayview Terrace Blood Root Valley Bloomingdale Blue Heron Park Preserve Blueberry Bradys Bunker Ponds Buono Beach Carlton Clove Lakes Clove 's Tail Conference House Corporal Thompson Crescent Beach Deere Eibs Pond Faber Fairview Father Macris Forest Grove Fort Hill Fort Wadsworth FDR Boardwalk and Beach Freshkills Gaeta Great Kills Graniteville Quarry Graniteville Swamp Hero High Rock Hoffman Island Huguenot Ponds Hybrid Oak Woods Ingram Woods Isle of Meadows Jones Woods Joseph Manna King Fisher Kingdom Pond Last Chance LaTourette Lemon Creek Long Pond Gen. MacArthur Maple Woods Mariners Marsh Meredith Woods Midland Beach Midland Field Miller Field Mount Loretto Unique Area New Dorp Beach New York Chinese Scholar 's Garden Northerleigh Park Ocean Breeze Old Place Creek Olmstead - Beil House Prall 's Island Reed 's Basket WIllow Swamp Richmond Terrace Wetlands Saw Mill Creek Marsh Schmul Seaside Wildlife Nature Shooters Island Siedenburg Silver Lake Snug Harbor Cultural Center & Botanical Garden Sobel Court South Beach Wetlands St. George Staten Island Greenbelt Staten Island Industrial Swinburne Island Tappen Tompkinsville Tottenville Shore Von Briesen Walker Wegener Westerleigh Westwood William T. Davis Wildlife Refuge Willowbrook Wolfe 's Pond Other Nature centers Alley Pond Belvedere Castle Blue Heron Crotona Dana Discovery Center Forest Fort Greene Fort Totten Greenbelt High Rock Inwood Hill Orchard Beach Prospect Salt Marsh Van Cortlandt Zoos Bronx Central Park Prospect Queens Staten Island Botanical gardens Brooklyn Botanic Conservatory New York Botanical Queens Botanical Staten Island Botanical New York Chinese Scholar 's Wave Hill Roosevelt Island Lighthouse Southpoint Other lists World War I - related parks Vietnam War - related parks Category Department of Parks and Recreation New York State Commons World Heritage Sites in the United States Northeast Independence Hall Statue of Liberty Midwest Cahokia South Everglades Great Smoky Mountains Mammoth Cave Monticello and the University of Virginia Poverty Point San Antonio Missions West Carlsbad Caverns Chaco Culture National Historical Park Grand Canyon National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Kluane - Wrangell -- St. Elias - Glacier Bay - Tatshenshini - Alsek Mesa Verde Olympic National Park Pueblo de Taos Papahānaumokuākea Redwood Waterton - Glacier International Peace Park Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park Territories La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site Shared with Canada Popular visitor attractions in New York City More than 10 million annual visitors Times Square ( 50 M ) Central Park ( 40 M ) Grand Central Terminal ( 21.6 M ) Broadway ( 13.2 M ) South Street Seaport ( 12 M ) Rockefeller Center 1 to 10 million annual visitors High Line ( 7.6 M ) Metropolitan Museum of Art ( 6.3 M ) American Museum of Natural History ( 5.0 M ) National September 11 Memorial & Museum ( 5.0 M ) Empire State Building ( 3.5 M ) Museum of Modern Art ( 2.8 M ) Statue of Liberty ( 2.4 M ) One World Trade Center ( 2.3 M ) Bronx Zoo ( 1.8 M ) Ellis Island ( 1.7 M ) Note : Visitor numbers are estimates only . See also : Tourism in New York City U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . Above 110th St . Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category : National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Portal : National Register of Historic Places Museums in Manhattan Financial District and Battery Park ( Below Chambers St ) Castle Clinton China Institute Federal Hall Fraunces Tavern George Gustav Heye Center Mmuseumm Museum of American Finance Museum of Jewish Heritage New York City Police Museum Skyscraper Museum South Street Seaport Lower Manhattan ( Chambers - 14th Sts ) Asian American Arts Centre Drawing Center Eldridge Street Synagogue FusionArts Museum International Center of Photography Lower East Side Tenement Museum Merchant 's House Museum Museum of Chinese in America New Museum New York City Fire Museum The Theatre Museum Ukrainian Museum Whitney Museum of American Art Chelsea , Flatiron , Gramercy ( 14th - 34th Sts ) Center for Jewish History International Print Center New York John J. Harvey The Museum at FIT Museum of Mathematics Museum of Sex Rubin Museum of Art Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Tibet House Midtown ( 34th - 59th Sts ) Girl Scout Museum and Archives Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum Japan Society John M. Mossman Lock Museum Madame Tussauds Morgan Library & Museum Museum of Arts and Design Museum of Modern Art New York Public Library Main Branch New York Transit Museum Paley Center for Media Scandinavia House United Nations Art Collection Upper West Side ( 59th - 125th Sts west of 5th Av ) American Folk Art Museum American Museum of Natural History Rose Center for Earth and Space Children 's Museum of Manhattan Museum of Biblical Art New York Public Library for the Performing Arts New - York Historical Society Nicholas Roerich Museum Rose Museum Upper East Side and East Harlem ( 59th - 125th Sts along or east of 5th Av ) Asia Society El Museo del Barrio Frick Collection Gracie Mansion Grolier Club Guggenheim Museum Jewish Museum Met Breuer Metropolitan Museum of Art Mount Vernon Hotel Museum Museum of Motherhood Museum of the City of New York National Academy Museum and School Upper Manhattan ( Above 125th St ) American Academy of Arts and Letters The Cloisters Dyckman House Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hispanic Society of America Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center Morris -- Jumel Mansion National Jazz Museum in Harlem National Track and Field Hall of Fame Neue Galerie New York Yeshiva University Museum Studio Museum in Harlem Islands Ellis Island Statue of Liberty Defunct Chelsea Art Museum Dahesh Museum of Art Forbes Galleries Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art Museum of Primitive Art See also : Museum Mile Hudson River watershed Tributaries Batten Kill Black Meadow Creek Bowery Creek Breakneck Brook Canajoharie Creek Caroga Creek Casperkill Catskill Creek Cayadutta Creek Cedar River Claverack Creek Clove Brook Cobleskill Creek Coeymans Creek Coxsackie Creek Cross River Croton River East Branch Croton River East Branch Sacandaga River East Canada Creek Eightmile Creek Esopus Creek Fall Kill Fishkill Creek Fonteyn Kill Fulmer Creek Hannacrois Creek Honnedaga Brook Hoosic River Jackson Creek Jan De Bakkers Kill Kaaterskill Creek Kayaderosseras Kinderhook Creek Kisco River Lake Creek Little Shawangunk Kill Maritje Kill Miami River Mill Creek Mohawk River Moodna Creek Moordener Kill Moyer Creek Muddy Kill Neepaulakating Creek Normans Kill Nowadaga Creek Onesquethaw Creek Oriskany Creek Otsquago Creek Otter Kill Papakating Creek Peekskill Hollow Creek Pocantico River Pochuck Creek Poesten Kill Potic Creek Quassaick Creek Roeliff Jansen Kill Rondout Creek Sacandaga River Sauquoit Creek Saw Kill Saw Mill River Sawyer Kill Schoharie Creek Schroon River Shawangunk Kill Sparkill Creek Sprout Creek Steele Creek Stockport Creek Stony Clove Creek Taghkanic Creek Tenmile Creek Tin Brook Titicus River Verkeerder Kill Vloman Kill Wallkill River Walloomsac River Wappinger Creek Wawayanda Creek West Branch Papakating Creek West Branch Sacandaga River West Canada Creek West Kill Wynants Kill Lakes Alcove Reservoir Ashokan Reservoir Basic Creek Reservoir Beacon Reservoir Bog Brook Reservoir Cedar Lake Chadwick Lake Chub Lake Cross River Reservoir Croton Falls Reservoir Dyken Pond East Branch Reservoir East Caroga Lake Fall Lake Franklinton Vlaie Garnet Lake Glenmere Lake Great Sacandaga Lake Great Vlaie Henderson Lake Honnedaga Lake Indian Lake Lizard Pond Lake Maratanza Muscoot Reservoir Lake Neepaulin New Croton Reservoir Notch Lake Piseco Lake Lake Pleasant Queechy Lake Rondout Reservoir Sacandaga Lake Saratoga Lake Sturgeon Pool Surprise Lake Sylvan Lake Lake Tear of the Clouds Thompson Pond Titicus Reservoir Trout Lake West Caroga Lake Whaley Lake Winnisook Lake Towns Albany Alpine Amsterdam Bayonne Beacon Bedford Beekman Bennington Bethlehem Blooming Grove Carmel Catskill Cliffside Park Clifton Park Cohoes Colonie Cortlandt East Fishkill East Greenbush Edgewater Englewood Cliffs Fishkill Fort Lee Glenville Gloversville Greenburgh Guilderland Halfmoon Herkimer Hoboken Hyde Park Jersey City Kingston Kirkland LaGrange Lloyd Malta Middletown Milton Monroe Montgomery Moreau Mount Pleasant New Castle New Hartford New Paltz New Windsor New York City Newburgh Niskayuna North Adams North Bergen Ossining Peekskill Plattekill Poughkeepsie Queensbury Rome Rotterdam Saugerties Schenectady Shawangunk Somers Southeast Sparta Tenafly Troy Utica Vernon Wallkill Wappinger Warwick Weehawken West New York Whitestown Wilton Yonkers Yorktown Landmarks Adirondack Mountains Adirondack Park Ashokan Bridge Blenheim Bridge Buskirk Bridge Catskill Mountains Champlain Canal Cohoes Falls Copeland Bridge Delaware and Hudson Canal Eagleville Bridge East River Erie Canal George Washington Bridge Harlem River Helderberg Escarpment Hudson Highlands State Park Kaaterskill Clove Kaaterskill Falls Kill Van Kull Kingston -- Rhinecliff Bridge Mid-Hudson Bridge Newburgh -- Beacon Bridge New Tappan Zee Bridge The Palisades Perrine 's Bridge Plotter Kill Preserve Pollepel Island Popolopen Rexleigh Bridge Rip Van Winkle Bridge Salisbury Center Bridge Schoharie Bridge Shushan Bridge Sleepy Hollow Statue of Liberty Taconic Mountains Tappan Zee Bridge Verkeerder Kill Falls Verrazano - Narrows Bridge Walkway over the Hudson Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge West Canada Lake Wilderness Area West Point GND : 4122611 - 2 LCCN : sh85127593 NARA : 10643327 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Liberty&oldid=850284540 '' Categories : Statue of Liberty 1886 sculptures 1886 in international relations 1886 in the United States Allegorical sculptures in the United States Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service Buildings and structures completed in 1886 Colossal statues in the United States Copper sculptures in the United States France -- United States relations French architecture Historic American Engineering Record in New York City Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks History museums in New York City Symbols of New York City French Third Republic History of immigration to the United States Landmarks in Manhattan Liberty symbols Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Museums in Manhattan National Park Service National Monuments in New York City National personifications National symbols of the United States Outdoor sculptures in Manhattan Port of New York and New Jersey Richard Morris Hunt buildings Sculptures by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Tourist attractions in Manhattan World Heritage Sites in the United States National Park Service areas in New York City New Jersey Register of Historic Places Diplomatic gifts National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan Allegorical sculptures in New York City Monuments and memorials in Manhattan Tourism in New York ( state ) Buildings and structures in Manhattan Lighthouses in New York City Transportation in Manhattan Gustave Eiffel 's designs Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with short description Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French - language text Structurae ID different from Wikidata Featured articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 102 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 23 : 01 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | where in new york is statue of liberty | [
"The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; French: La Liberté éclairant le monde) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel. The statue was dedicated on October 28, 1886.\n"
] | [
"Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City"
] |
4197068176377917163 | 999 (emergency telephone number) | 999 ( emergency telephone number ) - wikipedia 999 ( emergency telephone number ) A sign on a beach in Whitstable , United Kingdom , advising readers to dial 999 in the event of an emergency 999 is an official emergency telephone number in a number of countries which allows the caller to contact emergency services for urgent assistance . Countries and territories using 999 include Bahrain , Bangladesh , Botswana , Ghana , Hong Kong , Kenya , Macau , Malaysia , Mauritius , Qatar , Ireland , Poland , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , Swaziland , Trinidad and Tobago , Seychelles , the United Arab Emirates , the United Kingdom and Zimbabwe . Contents 1 United Kingdom 1.1 Emergency services 1.2 History 1.3 Procedure 1.4 Location 1.5 Abandoned and hoax calls 2 Ireland 3 Bangladesh 4 Hong Kong and Macau 5 Malaysia 6 Mauritius 7 Poland 8 United Arab Emirates 9 Singapore 10 Swaziland 11 Trinidad and Tobago 12 Others 13 See also 14 References United Kingdom ( edit ) 999 is the official emergency number for the United Kingdom , but calls are also accepted on the European Union emergency number , 112 . All calls are answered by 999 operators . Calls are always free . Emergency services ( edit ) Distribution of emergency calls between service ECCs in the United Kingdom ( based on 2011 data ) In the United Kingdom there are four emergency services which maintain full - time Emergency Control Centres ( ECC ) , to which 999 emergency calls may be directly routed by emergency operators in telephone company Operator Assistance Centres ( OAC ) . These services are as follows , listed in the order of percentage of calls received : Police Ambulance service Fire Brigade Coastguard Other emergency services may also be reached through the 999 system , but do not maintain permanent Emergency Control Centres . All of these emergency services are summoned through the ECC of one of the four principal services listed above : Lifeboat service Mountain rescue service Lowland Rescue Cave rescue service Moorland search and rescue service ( particularly in Cornwall and Yorkshire ) Quicksand search and rescue service ( operating in the extensive quicksands of Morecambe Bay ) Mine rescue service Bomb disposal ( provided by HM Armed Forces ) History ( edit ) First introduced in the London area on 30 June 1937 , the UK 's 999 number is the world 's oldest emergency call telephone service . The system was introduced following a fire on 10 November 1935 in a house on Wimpole Street in which five women were killed . A neighbour had tried to telephone the fire brigade and was so outraged at being held in a queue by the Welbeck telephone exchange that he wrote a letter to the editor of The Times , which prompted a government inquiry . The initial scheme covered a 12 - mile radius around Oxford Circus and the public were advised only to use it in ongoing emergency if `` for instance , the man in the flat next to yours is murdering his wife or you have seen a heavily masked cat burglar peering round the stack pipe of the local bank building . '' The first arrest -- for burglary -- took place a week later and the scheme was extended to major cities after World War II and then to the whole UK in 1976 . The 9 - 9 - 9 format was chosen based on the ' button A ' and ' button B ' design of pre-payment coin - operated public payphones in wide use ( first introduced in 1925 ) which could be easily modified to allow free use of the 9 digit on the rotary dial in addition to the 0 digit ( then used to call the operator ) , without allowing free use of numbers involving other digits ; other combinations of free call 9 and 0 were later used for more purposes , including multiples of 9 ( to access exchanges before STD came into use ) as a fail - safe for attempted emergency calls , e.g. 9 or 99 , reaching at least an operator . US style rotary phone dial As it happens , the choice of 999 was fortunate for accessibility reasons , compared with e.g. lower numbers , because in the dark or in dense smoke 999 could be dialled by placing a finger one hole away from the dial stop ( see the articles on rotary dial and GPO telephones ) and rotating the dial to the full extent three times . This enables all users including the visually impaired to easily dial the emergency number . It is also the case that it is relatively easy for 111 , and other low - number sequences , to be called accidentally , including when transmission wires making momentary contact produce a pulse similar to dialling ( e.g. when overhead cables touch in high winds ) . Hoax calls and improper use are an issue . For these reasons , there are frequent public information campaigns in the UK on the correct use of the 999 system . Alternative three - digit numbers for non-emergency calls have also been introduced in recent years . 101 was introduced for non-urgent calls in England and Wales The scheme was extended to Scotland and Northern Ireland . Trials of 111 as a number to access health services in the UK for urgent but not life - threatening cases began in England in 2010 . The main roll - out occurred from 2011 to 2013 , with a number of delays , and was completed by February 2014 . In Scotland , the NHS24 service moved from 0845 424 2424 to 111 on 29 April 2014 . NHS Direct Wales continues to use 0845 46 47 despite it costing up to 57p per minute from mobile phones . In 2008 -- 2009 , Nottinghamshire Police ran a successful pilot of Pegasus , a database containing the details of people with physical and learning disabilities or mental health problems , who have registered with the force because their disabilities make it difficult for them to give spoken details when calling the police . Those registered on the database are issued with a personal identification number ( PIN ) that can be used in two ways . By phone -- either 999 or the force 's non-emergency 101 number can be used -- once a person is put through to the control room , they only need to say `` Pegasus '' and their PIN . Their details can then be retrieved from the database and the caller can quickly get on with explaining why they have called . In person -- the Pegasus PIN can be told or shown to a police officer . Pegasus is also used by the City of London Police , Dyfed Powys Police , Surrey Police & Lincolnshire Police . The introduction of push - button ( landline , cordless and mobile ) telephones has produced a problem for UK emergency services , due to the ease of same - digit sequences being accidentally keyed , e.g. , by objects in the same pocket as a telephone ( termed ' pocket dialling ' ) or by children playing with a telephone . This problem is less of a concern with emergency numbers that use two different digits , such as 112 and 911 although on landlines 112 suffers much of the same risk of false generation as the 111 code which was considered and rejected when the original choice of 999 was made . The pan-European 112 code was introduced in the UK in April 1995 with little publicity . It connects to existing 999 circuits . The GSM standard mandates that the user of a GSM phone can dial 112 without unlocking the keypad , a feature that can save time in emergencies but that also causes some accidental calls . All mobile telephones will make emergency calls with the keypad locked . Originally a valid SIM card was not required to make a 999 / 112 emergency call in the UK . However , as a result of high numbers of untraceable hoax calls being made , this feature is now blocked by all UK networks . Most UK mobile telephone handsets will dial 999 / 112 without a SIM inserted ( or with a locked / invalid SIM ) , but the call will not be connected . Following the blocking of SIM-less calls , in 2009 the UK networks introduced emergency call roaming . This allows a user with a valid SIM of a UK network to make emergency calls on any network for which they have coverage . Silent solution 55 is the name given to the initiative that allows people to call 999 when they are n't able to speak . If there is no answer , the operator will then ask you to cough , or make another audible sign that you 're in need of police assistance . If you 're in too much danger to make any sound at all , the call will be put through to an automated system which asks the caller to press 55 if they 're in danger . Procedure ( edit ) 999 or 112 is used to contact the emergency services upon witnessing or being involved in an emergency . In the United Kingdom , the numbers 999 and 112 both connect to the same service , and there is no priority or charge for either of them . Callers dialling 911 , the USA 's emergency number , will be transferred to the 999 call system if the call is made within the United Kingdom . An emergency can be : A person in immediate danger of injury or whose life is at risk Suspicion that a crime is in progress , or that an offender is in the area Structure on fire Another serious incident which needs immediate emergency service attendance All telecoms providers operating in the UK are obliged as part of their licence agreement to provide a free of charge emergency operator service . As of 2014 emergency calls made on any network in the UK are handled predominantly by BT , although other emergency operator services are provided by Vodafone ( ex-Cable&Wireless ) and Level 3 Communications ( ex-Global Crossing , previously British Rail Telecoms ) . A flowchart for a 999 call On dialling 999 or 112 an operator will answer and ask , `` Emergency . Which service ? '' Previously operators asked `` Which service do you require ? '' ( approximately up to the mid-90s ) . The operator will then transfer the call to the appropriate service 's own call - taker . If the caller is unsure as to which service they require , the operator will default the call to the police , and if an incident requires more than one service , for instance a road traffic accident with injuries and trapped people , depending on the service the caller has chosen , this service will alert the other services for the caller ( while the operator has to also contact each emergency service individually , regardless of whether the caller has remained on the line ) . The caller will be connected to the service which covers the area that they are ( or appear to be ) calling from . On 6 October 1998 , BT introduced a new system whereby all the information about the location of the calling telephone was transmitted electronically to the relevant service rather than having to read it out ( with the possibility of errors ) . This system is called EISEC ( Enhanced Information Service for Emergency Calls ) . Previously , the operator had to start the connection to the emergency service control room by stating the location of the operator , followed by the caller 's telephone number , e.g. `` Bangor connecting 01248 300 000 '' . It was common for the person calling to be confused as to why the operator was talking to the emergency service , and the caller frequently talked over the operator . Only around 50 % of the emergency authorities have EISEC , although the number is ever increasing , so , in those cases without EISEC present , the operator still has to pass their location and the caller 's number . The rooms in which operators work are called operator assistance centres ( OACs ) . There are BT OACs in Bangor , Portadown , Dundee , Glasgow , Liverpool , and Nottingham . The rooms in which emergency response operators work are called Emergency Control Centres ( ECCs ) and are operated by local authorities . In some situations there may be specific instructions on nearby signs to notify some other authority of an emergency before calling 999 . For example , bridges carrying railways over roads may carry signs advising that if a road vehicle strikes the bridge the railway authority ( Network Rail in most instances ) ( on a given number ) should be called first to alert the railway operator of the potential of a major incident occurring should a train pass over the damaged bridge . Network Rail has its own procedures to alert trains to the emergency and to stop them if necessary . The instructions on the signs then state 999 should then be dialled and that the Police should be requested . Access to the 999 / 112 service is provided for the hearing - impaired via Textphone and use of the Text Relay service , run by BT to cover all telephone providers , and previously known as the RNID `` Typetalk '' relay service . The number is 18000 . 999 is also accessible via SMS for pre-registered users . The service is open for anyone to register and works with all major providers in the UK . Location ( edit ) It is important for the caller to be aware of their location when phoning for the emergency services ; the caller 's location will not be passed onto the emergency services immediately , and finding the location requires a combination of efforts from both parties . However it is possible to trace both landline and mobile telephone numbers with the BT operator ; the former can be traced to an address . The latter can be immediately traced to a grid reference according to the transmitter being used , however this is only accurate to a certain wide area -- for more specific traces senior authority must be acquired and an expensive operation can be conducted to trace the mobile phone to within a few metres . A number of smartphone apps can now be downloaded that assist with caller location by using the smartphone 's satellite navigation features . Since 2014 , smartphones will detect that an emergency call is being placed , and use any available location services ( WiFi or GPS based location ) to send an emergency SMS which also contains an identifier for the call . This is intended to be received by the mobile operator whilst the call is in progress . On some occasions callers will be put through to the wrong area service -- this is called a `` misrouted nines '' . The most common reason for this is when a mobile phone calls 999 and is using a radio transmitter that is located in another force area ; most frequently these are calls that are made within a few miles of a border . Upon establishing the incident location , the emergency service operator will relay the information to the responsible force for their dispatch . In most areas , other forces will respond to incidents just within the border if they could get there quicker , assist , and then hand over to the other force when they arrive . On strategic routes like almost all motorways and some major A roads in the United Kingdom , Highways England have placed blue signs with the location printed on them , at approximately 500 metre intervals . Although emergency SOS phones are placed along the hard shoulder on all motorways ( or in emergency refuge areas on smart motorways ) which automatically send location information to the Highways England regional control centre ( RCC ) , most people involved in a road emergency call for help using their mobile phones and so must be able to identify their location . These signs contain a code which can be given to the emergency operator or the RCC to locate you quickly . For example , a sign may say `` M1 A 100.5 '' . This translates as the M1 motorway , on the `` A '' carriageway , at 100.5 kilometres from the M1 's nominal start at the North Circular A406 . The `` A '' and `` B '' carriageways are designated by Highways England to each carriageway , dependent upon which direction it travels ; these normally refer to whether the carriageway goes `` Away from London '' or `` Back to London . '' On circular motorways like the London Orbital M25 and M60 Manchester Outer Ring Road , the clockwise carriageway is the A carriageway and the anti-clockwise carriageway is the B carriageway . Letters J , K , L and M refer to slip roads at junctions . These signs are in addition to the pre-existing 100m distance marker posts alongside the carriageway . Abandoned and hoax calls ( edit ) An abandoned call is when a caller , intentionally or otherwise , rings 999 and then ends the call or stays silent ; this could be for any number of reasons , including coercion or harm coming to the caller . Abandoned calls are filtered by emergency operators BT and Cable & Wireless , and are either disconnected or passed on to police . They are normally disconnected by the operator repeating `` Emergency . Which service ? '' , then if no response is given , the operator will say `` Do you need police , fire or ambulance ? '' . If there is still no response , the operator will sometimes ask the caller to press the keypad or make a noise if they need assistance . If no response is given , they will confirm they are clearing the line . For abandoned calls , if the caller requests the police and the call is routed to police and then the line is dropped , either while waiting for connection or on the line with police , they are checked by police and a call back will be done . If there is no answer , the police service are likely to attend and if the line is disconnected without the caller telling the operator which service they need , they then make a decision to filter the call to police ( if suspicious background noise ) or clear the line . The most common reasons for abandoned calls include : Accidental dialling of 999 on mobile phones . As a GSM standard , mobile phones still allow emergency calls to be made even with the keypad locked . Faulty phone lines . Believing an urban myth that says dialing 999 charges mobile phone batteries Ireland ( edit ) In Ireland , 999 ( and the European and GSM standard 112 ) are the national emergency numbers . The 999 and 112 service is able to respond in English , Irish ( As the first official language , public services are always available in English and Irish ) , Polish , French , German and Italian . 999 and 112 operators in Ireland answer the calls in under one second and say `` Emergency , which service ? '' . The caller may then request the Gardaí ( the Irish police ) , ambulance , fire service , coastguard , or cave and mountain rescue service . The caller is then transferred to the emergency dispatcher for the appropriate service . Bangladesh ( edit ) In Bangladesh , 999 is the national emergency number . It officially launched on 11 December , 2017 . This number is toll - free . Calling this number connects the caller to an operator , who then connects the caller to the police , ambulance or fire service . The services are provided under the national help desk , which has been set up at a cost of Tk 60.50 crore . In the past , dialing 100 would connect to Bangladesh Police , 101 to Rapid Action Battalion , 102 to fire services , 103 to ambulance service and 104 to the Access to Information Programme under the Prime Minister 's Office . Hong Kong and Macau ( edit ) 999 was introduced to Hong Kong for emergency services ( Police , Fire - fighting Services and Ambulance Services ) during British rule and continues to be used following the transfer of sovereignty . Macau also adopted the 999 number ; it also introduced two emergency hotline numbers : 110 ( mainly for tourists from mainland China ) and 112 ( mainly for tourists from overseas ) . The worldwide emergency number for GSM mobile phones , 112 , also works on all GSM networks in the country . Calls made to this number are redirected to the 999 call centre . Malaysia ( edit ) The 999 emergency services in Malaysia is staffed by about 138 telephonists from Telekom Malaysia . Like Singapore , the number was inherited from British rule and continued after independence . Ongoing upgrading works are taking place to introduce the Computer - Telephony Integration ( CTI ) for hospital exchanges , digital mapping to track the callers ' locations and Computer Assisted Despatching ( CAD ) for online connectivity among the agencies providing the emergency services in the country . All calls to the number are made free of charge . In the late 90s , the number 994 was adopted as a direct connection to fire stations , but use of the number has been discontinued due to cost - saving measures taken by the government . 991 Connects to civil services . The worldwide emergency number for GSM mobile phones , 112 , also works on all GSM networks in the country . Calls made to this number are redirected to the 999 call centre . Mauritius ( edit ) Mauritius uses the 999 emergency number for police contact only . The other emergency numbers in use are 114 for emergency medical assistance and 115 for the fire service . Poland ( edit ) The 112 emergency number is an all - service number in Poland like in other EU states , but old numbers that were traditionally designated for emergencies are still in use parallel to 112 . Those are 999 for ambulance , 998 for fire brigade and 997 for police . United Arab Emirates ( edit ) In the United Arab Emirates the 999 service is used to contact the police who are also capable of forwarding the call as appropriate to the ambulance or fire services . The number 998 connects directly to the ambulance service and 997 to the fire brigade . Singapore ( edit ) In Singapore , the number 999 was inherited from British rule and continued after independence . The number is attributed more to requesting for the police , with the number 995 , established in 1984 , used for direct lines to the fire brigade and ambulance services of the Singapore Civil Defence Force . Because most of the population of Singapore is Chinese , it is likely that 995 was adopted because the Chinese pronunciation for that number ( 九 九 五 , jiŭ jiŭ wŭ ) sounds similar to the Chinese phrase for ' Save me ' ( 救 救 我 , jiù jiù wŏ ) . Swaziland ( edit ) The Kingdom of Swaziland uses the 999 emergency number for police contact only . Also 975 for human trafficking reports . The other emergency numbers in use are 977 for emergency medical assistance and 933 for the fire service . Trinidad and Tobago ( edit ) In Trinidad and Tobago , 999 is used to contact the police only . The number 990 is used for the ambulance service and fire brigade . Others ( edit ) In 1959 , Winnipeg , Manitoba ( 16 municipalities ) used 9 - 9 - 9 as the first North American deployment of a local unified emergency number . North America later standardised on 9 - 1 - 1 , with + 1 - 204 - 999 - xxxx eventually reassigned as a standard mobile telephone exchange . See also ( edit ) Look up 999 in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . 000 -- emergency number in Australia 111 -- emergency number in New Zealand 112 -- emergency number across the European Union and on GSM mobile networks across the world 119 -- emergency number in Jamaica and parts of Asia 9 - 1 - 1 ( also known as 911 ) -- emergency number in Canada , the Cayman Islands , and the United States 999 ( disambiguation ) eCall Emergency Control Centre Emergency telephone Emergency telephone number In case of emergency Police 101 - non-emergency number for contacting the police in England , Northern Ireland , Scotland , and Wales Single Non-Emergency Number References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Data from British Telecom , based on the year 2011 , and available on - line here ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Service details here ( 2 ) . ^ Jump up to : The Times ( 9 September 2009 ) . `` 999 : can somebody help ? It 's an emergency '' . London . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ The Times ( 11 November 1935 ) . `` The fire in Wimpole Street '' . London . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Gary Holland ( 13 May 2010 ) . `` Why 999 for an emergency ? '' . BBC History . Retrieved 1 July 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Keith Moore ( 30 June 2012 ) . `` Dial 999 : 75 years of emergency phone calls '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Atkinson ( 1950 ) . Telephony , Volume 2 . Pitman . Jump up ^ BT plc ( 29 June 2007 ) . `` 999 celebrates its 70th birthday '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ BBC ( 26 November 2008 ) . `` When are silent 999 calls cut off ? '' . BBC News . Archived from the original on 3 December 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to 101 '' . Home Office . Jump up ^ `` 101 '' . Police Scotland . Jump up ^ `` New 101 number for non-emergency PSNI calls '' . BBC News . BBC . 2014 - 03 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` New 111 telephone number '' . NHS 24 . 2014 - 04 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` New 111 freephone number for NHS 24 helpline '' . BBC News . 2014 - 04 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ BBC News Online ( 21 March 2000 ) . `` Mobiles blamed for emergency calls '' . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ Oftel ( May 2000 ) , Access Codes : Options for the future , retrieved 2012 - 07 - 31 Jump up ^ `` Silent 999 Calls West Yorkshire Police '' . www.westyorkshire.police.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Service , London Ambulance ( 2013 - 07 - 08 ) . `` What happens when you call 999 '' . www.londonambulance.nhs.uk . Archived from the original on 8 January 2018 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Questions and answers EmergencySMS '' . www.emergencysms.org.uk/ . Retrieved 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Ofcom ( 15 January 2004 ) . `` Enhanced 999 facility for mobile phones '' . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Location information for emergency calls from mobile phones '' ( PDF ) . Ofcom . ^ Jump up to : `` Driver location signs AA '' . www.theaa.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Silent 999 Calls '' . www.herts.police.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 18 February 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 22 . 112 Official Website Jump up ^ `` RTÉ News ( 11 February 2009 ) '' . RTÉ.ie. 11 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh officially launches 999 emergency helpline - bdnews24.com '' . 2017 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Toll - free national help desk ' 999 ' gets live '' . 2016 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Mauritius Country Specific Information Archived 4 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , U.S. Department of State , 18 January 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.winnipeg.ca/police/History/history5.stm Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/winnipeggers-call-999-for-help Jump up ^ http://www.localcallingguide.com/lca_prefix.php?npa=204&nxx=999 Jump up ^ www.emergencySMS.org.uk Official website Emergency telephone numbers 000 ( Australia ) 108 ( India ) 110 ( Iran ; Police ) 111 ( New Zealand ) 1122 ( Pakistan ) 112 ( EU and various others ) 119 ( parts of Asia and Jamaica ) 120 ( China ) 911 ( North America E-911 system , Philippines ) 999 ( UK and various others ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=999_(emergency_telephone_number)&oldid=856913810 '' Categories : Emergency telephone numbers Three - digit telephone numbers Telecommunications - related introductions in 1937 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Français 한국어 Polski Русский Scots Simple English Svenska 粵語 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 10 : 21 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how to call a english number from ireland | [] | [] |
-8513730049763617978 | Deception (criminal law) | Deception ( Criminal law ) - wikipedia Deception ( Criminal law ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Deception '' was a legal term of art used in the definition of statutory offences in England and Wales and Northern Ireland . It is a legal term of art in the Republic of Ireland . Until 2007 , in England and Wales , the main deception offences were defined in the Theft Act 1968 and the Theft Act 1978 . The basic pattern of deception offences was established in the Theft Act 1968 , and was then amended in the Theft Act 1978 and the Theft ( Amendment ) Act 1996 which addressed some of the problems that had arisen in the enforcement of the law . Contents ( hide ) 1 England and Wales 1.1 Definition 1.1. 1 Deliberate or reckless 1.1. 2 Words or conduct 1.1. 3 Fact or law 1.1. 4 Present intentions 1.2 Deception and theft 2 Republic of Ireland 3 References England and Wales ( edit ) Definition ( edit ) Section 15 ( 4 ) of the Theft Act 1968 read : For the purposes of this section `` deception '' means any deception ( whether deliberate or reckless ) by words or conduct as to fact or as to law , including a deception as to the present intentions of the person using the deception or any other person . This definition applied to the following offences : obtaining property by deception , contrary to section 15 of the Theft Act 1968 obtaining a money transfer by deception , contrary to section 15A of the Theft Act 1968 obtaining pecuniary advantage by deception , contrary to section 16 of the Theft Act 1968 Procuring the execution of a valuable security by deception , contrary to section 20 ( 2 ) of the Theft Act 1968 obtaining services by deception , contrary to section 1 of the Theft Act 1978 evasion of liability by deception , contrary to section 2 of the Theft Act 1978 Sections 15 , 15A , 16 and 20 ( 2 ) of the Theft Act 1968 , and sections 1 and 2 of the Theft Act 1978 , were repealed on 15 January 2007 by the Fraud Act 2006 . The offences listed above have been called `` deception offences '' . Deliberate or reckless ( edit ) A deception will be deliberate when the defendant knows that what he represents as true is untrue . This is predominantly a subjective test , matching the general approach to establishing intentional behaviour . The test of recklessness is also predominantly subjective to show that the defendant is aware that what is represented may or may not be true , excluding the extended meaning of recklessness in R v Caldwell ( 1982 ) AC 341 . Words or conduct ( edit ) Deceptions are most commonly made by saying or not saying something significant , as in the advance fee fraud , in which the defendant tells the victim that he is a rich person who needs discreetly to move money abroad , and wants to use the victim 's bank account in return for a percentage of the money transferred . Mere conduct , however , can also imply facts which are untrue . Thus , wearing a particular uniform represents that the person is employed in that occupation , or writing a cheque supported by a cheque card represents that the writer has actual authority from the bank to use the card and that the bank will honour the cheque ( see Metropolitan Police Commissioner v Charles ) . If the defendant 's words or conduct innocently represent something that later becomes untrue , or the defendant becomes aware the `` victim '' has made a mistake , they are obligated to correct the misunderstanding . Failure to do so can amount to deception . In Director of Public Prosecutions v Ray the defendant , after eating in a restaurant , decided not to pay for a meal . The defendant continued to sit quietly , lulling the waiters into believing payment would be made in due course , and thereby obtained the opportunity to leave without paying . Consequently , silence or an omission can be a continuing representation that nothing material has changed and so be a deception . This reasoning has also been applied to the offence of obtaining a service by deception , contrary to section 1 of the Theft Act 1978 . In R v Rai , the defendant applied for a grant to adapt the house of his infirm mother . After the work had commenced , he failed to inform the local authority that his mother had died , and thereby obtained completion of the work . His conduct , taken as a whole , amounted to a continuing representation that she was alive . Fact or law ( edit ) Most deceptions relate to actual or supposed facts , or to an existing state of affairs , but this is distinguished from a false statement of opinion which , no matter how persuasive , is not a deception . Deception offences include situations where the defendant represents that counterfeited goods are genuine items , or misrepresents their identity ( e.g. , R v Barnard , where the defendant represented that he was a student to an Oxford bookshop to qualify for their scheme of discounting books to students ) , or asserts that an envelope contains money . Statements may appear equivocal and still be a deception . Thus , in R v King ( 1979 ) CLR 279 the defendant admitted that the mileage on a car he was selling might not be correct . He had actually altered the odometer , so this statement was true , but he was properly convicted because in a second statement , he claimed not to know whether the odometer was correct , which was false . Similarly , a man dressed as a police officer who instructs someone to act in a particular way because ' the law requires it , ' or a lawyer or accountant who relies on their professional status to mislead a client as to the law for their private benefit , deceives even though the general policy of English law is ignorantia juris non excusat , i.e. the Latin for ignorance of the law does not excuse and so everyone is presumed to know what the law is . Present intentions ( edit ) In Director of Public Prosecutions v Ray , the defendant who sits in a restaurant impliedly represents that they intend to pay for the meal . This is a representation as to present intention and it would be a deception whether the defendant has sufficient money to pay . It is distinguishable from the defendants who hide their money so that they can represent an inability to pay ( a misrepresentation as to fact ) . Deception and Theft ( edit ) There is an inevitable overlap between the general offence of theft , contrary to section 1 ( 1 ) , and these offences because they cover both general and specific situations in which the defendant will appropriate property by using some form of deception . Deception offences are separately defined to avoid any problems that might arise when the `` victim '' consents to the taking . Because the effect of the deception may be to persuade the owner to pass title to the goods , albeit on a voidable title , those goods may not `` belong to another '' at the time of the appropriation . In fact , strong authority has emerged that this is not a real problem because an appropriation is the `` assumption '' of the rights of ownership , whether that assumption is effective in law : see R v Gomez ( 1993 ) AC 442 ( 1 ) . This case has been criticised because it apparently eliminates the need for the section 15 offence . Yet the deception offences are preserved and are the preferred charges in situations involving deceptive behaviour both because theft carries a lower minimum sentence , and as a matter of general principle , because a charge should describe what the defendant actually did in the simplest and most direct form . Republic of Ireland ( edit ) Sections 2 ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) of the Criminal Justice ( Theft and Fraud Offences ) Act , 2001 provide a definition of deception . It applies to the following offences : Making gain or causing loss by deception , contrary to section 6 of the Criminal Justice ( Theft and Fraud Offences ) Act , 2001 Obtaining services by deception , contrary to section 7 of the Criminal Justice ( Theft and Fraud Offences ) Act , 2001 Procuring the execution of a valuable security by deception , contrary to section 11 ( 2 ) ( a ) of the Criminal Justice ( Theft and Fraud Offences ) Act , 2001 References ( edit ) Allen , Michael . Textbook on Criminal Law . Oxford University Press : Oxford . ( 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 927918 - 7 . Criminal Law Revision Committee . 8th Report . Theft and Related Offences . Cmnd. 2977 Law Commission Consultation Paper No. 15 . Fraud and Deception . ( October , 1999 ) ( 2 ) Griew , Edward . Theft Acts 1968 & 1978 , Sweet & Maxwell : London . ISBN 0 - 421 - 19960 - 1 Ormerod , David . Smith and Hogan Criminal Law , LexisNexis : London . ( 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 406 - 97730 - 5 Smith , J.C. Law of Theft , LexisNexis : London . ( 1997 ) ISBN 0 - 406 - 89545 - 7 . Smith , J.C. Obtaining Cheques by Deception or Theft ( 1997 ) CLR 396 Smith , J.C. : Stealing Tickets ( 1998 ) CLR 723 Jump up ^ The Theft Act 1968 , section 15 ( 4 ) Jump up ^ The Theft Act 1968 , section 15B ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) Jump up ^ The Theft Act 1968 , section 16 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ The Theft Act 1968 , section 20 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ The Theft Act 1978 , section 5 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ The Theft Act 1978 , section 5 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Ormerod , David . Smith and Hogan 's Criminal Law . Thirteenth Edition . Oxford University Press . Section 23.1. 2 at page 870 . Jump up ^ Metropolitan Police Commissioner v Charles ( 1977 ) AC 177 , ( 1976 ) 3 WLR 431 , ( 1976 ) 3 All ER 112 , 63 Cr App R 252 , ( 1977 ) Crim LR 615 , HL , sub nom Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis v Charles . Jump up ^ Director of Public Prosecutions v Ray ( 1974 ) AC 370 , ( 1973 ) 3 WLR 359 , ( 1973 ) 3 All ER 131 , 117 SJ 663 , 58 Cr App R 130 , sub nom Ray v Sempers ( 1974 ) Crim LR 181 , HL , reversing sub nom Ray v Sempers ( 1973 ) 1 WLR 317 Jump up ^ R v Rai ( 2000 ) 1 Cr App R 242 , 164 JP 121 , ( 2000 ) Crim LR 192 , CA Jump up ^ R v Barnard ( 1837 ) 7 C & P 784 , ( 1837 ) 173 ER 342 Jump up ^ Director of Public Prosecutions v Ray ( 1974 ) AC 370 , ( 1973 ) 3 WLR 359 , ( 1973 ) 3 All ER 131 , 117 SJ 663 , 58 Cr App R 130 , sub nom Ray v Sempers ( 1974 ) Crim LR 181 , HL , reversing sub nom Ray v Sempers ( 1973 ) 1 WLR 317 ( hide ) English criminal law Classes of crimes Common law Indictable Either way Summary Regulatory Lesser included Elements of crimes Actus reus Causation Mens rea Intention ( criminal law ) Intention in English law Recklessness Criminal negligence Corporate / Vicarious / Strict liability Omissions Concurrence Ignorantia juris non excusat Inchoate offences Encouraging or assisting crime Conspiracy Accessory Attempt Common purpose Defences Self - defence Duress Necessity Marital coercion Consent Medical procedure Prevention of crime Participation in a sporting event Lawful excuse Insanity Diminished responsibility Intoxication Category : Criminal defences Offences against the person Homicide ( Murder / Manslaughter / Corporate manslaughter / Infanticide ) Manslaughter in English law Unlawful killing Mayhem Concealing birth Child destruction Wounding or causing grievous bodily harm Assault occasioning actual bodily harm Common assault Attempting to choke , &c. in order to commit any indictable offence Assault with intent to rob Robbery Assault with intent to rape Assault with intent to commit felony , or on peace officers Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension Buggery Battery Kidnapping Child abduction False imprisonment Harassment Offences against the Person Act 1861 Sexual offences Rape Sexual assault Sexual Offences Act 2003 Public order offences Riot Violent disorder Affray Unlawful assembly Fear or provocation of violence Intentional harassment , alarm or distress Harassment , alarm or distress Public Order Act 1986 Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred Challenging to a fight Nuisance Causing Public nuisance Outraging public decency Effecting a public mischief Keeping a Disorderly house Preventing the lawful burial of a body Breach of the Peace Treason High treason Common scold Nightwalker statute Rout Forcible entry Accessory ( legal term ) Misconduct in a public office Malfeasance in public office Abuse of authority Perjury of oath Dereliction of duty Offences against property Arson Dishonesty Cheating ( law ) Burglary Robbery Theft Larceny Criminal damage Squatting Trespass Taken Without Owner 's Consent ( TWOC ) Deception Handling stolen goods Misappropriation of funds Blackmail Extortion Cybercrime Theft Act 1968 Theft Act 1978 Fraud Act 2006 Fraud by abuse of position Conspiracy to defraud Fare evasion Webcam blackmail Forgery , personation and cheating Forgery Cheating the public revenue Uttering Offences against justice Bribery Perjury Offences Akin to Perjury Perverting the course of justice Misrepresentation as to identity Embracery Witness intimidation Witness tampering Harming People who have Assisted the Police / Given Evidence / Been a Juror Misprison of treason Misprision of felony Compounding a felony Jury tampering Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension Assisting an offender Harboring a fugitive Encouraging or assisting a crime Escape from lawful custody Obstructing justice Obstruction of a police officer Wasting police time Refusing to assist a constable Sedition Espionage Contempt of the sovereign Contempt of court Fabrication of false evidence Breach of prison / breaking prison Rescuing a prisoner Other common law areas Contract Tort Property Wills Trusts and estates Evidence Criminal procedure History Law of England and Wales portal Criminal Justice portal NDL : 00569940 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deception_(criminal_law)&oldid=784065254 '' Categories : Crime by type English criminal law Talk Contents About Wikipedia 한국어 Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 6 June 2017 , at 08 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is the act of engaging in deception to obtain money or property | [] | [] |
4914981770483543061 | Brittany Hodges | Brittany Hodges - wikipedia Brittany Hodges Brittany Hodges Lauren Woodland as Brittany Hodges The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Vanessa Evigan ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Lauren Woodland ( 2000 -- ) Duration 1999 -- 2005 2018 -- First appearance December 1 , 1999 Created by Kay Alden Introduced by William J. Bell and Edward J. Scott ( 1999 ) Mal Young ( 2018 ) Classification Present ; recurring Profile Other names Brittany Marsino Marilyn Occupation Lawyer Entertainer Home New York City show Family Father Frederick Hodges Mother Anita Hodges Husband Bobby Marsino ( 2005 ) Raul Guittierez ( 2010 -- ) Sons Joshua Marsino Brittany Hodges is a fictional character from the American CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless . Brittany was introduced on December 1 , 1999 , by former executive producer Edward J. Scott . The role was originated by Vanessa Lee Evigan who departed on February 25 , 2000 , and was replaced by Lauren Woodland , who debuted on March 7 . Brittany 's storylines included relationships with Raul Guittierez ( David Lago ) and J.T. Hellstrom ( Thad Luckinbill ) , as well as marriage to Bobby Marsino ( John Enos III ) and giving birth to their child , Joshua . Woodland said that the romance with Raul changed the character who was previously manipulative and sexual . Brittany began working at a club owned by Bobby Marsino as a stripper and later a singer , for which she created the stage alter - ego Marilyn . Woodland enjoyed working on this storyline because she is an entertainer in real life . She eventually married Bobby and they had a child together . Bobby died in an accident and Brittany left town on November 2 , 2005 . The character was well - received ; three years after her departure , Luke Kerr of Daytime Confidential said that he missed when the character was on , writing : `` It 's really too bad that Lauren was n't snapped up by another soap after leaving Y&R . '' Contents 1 Casting 2 Development 3 Storylines 4 References 5 External links Casting ( edit ) Vanessa Lee Evigan originated the role of Brittany on December 1 , 1999 , and portrayed the role on a recurring status until February 25 , 2000 . The role was recast with Lauren Woodland . Woodland first aired in March 2000 . She was absent from the series from February to March 2003 when she was in contract negotiations . Dan Kroll of the website SoapCentral noted that Sharon Case , also blonde , who plays Sharon Newman was also in the middle of intense contract negotiations , and that the show could `` lose two of its high - profile blonde actresses . '' That April , it was announced that the actress had opted for a three - year contract . Woodland last appeared in the role of Brittany on November 2 , 2005 ; the character left following her husband 's death . Woodland was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for her portrayal . In February 2018 , it was reported that Woodland would be returning as Brittany to commemorate with the show 's 45th anniversary . Woodland returned on March 28 and 29 , 2018 . In April 2018 , Soap Opera Digest announced that Woodland would return as Brittany for an `` indefinite run , '' the new scenes aired on June 12 , 2018 . Development ( edit ) Three years into her duration on the series , Woodland said that Brittany `` Started off as this manipulative and very sexual person who would do whatever it took to get what she wanted . '' She explained that Brittany has always been a `` complicated '' person but everyone was `` able to see that a lot of that behavior came from her insecurities '' along with the bad relationship she had with her family , including her parents Frederick ( John Martin ) and Anita Hodges ( Mitzi Kapture ) . In November 2002 , Candace Havens of Zap2It wrote that Brittany had always `` been a bit of a schemer '' until she found `` true love '' with the `` handsome '' Raul Guittierez ( David Lago ) . Woodland stated that Raul is the `` First person to give her the love and attention she needs , and she has fallen in love with him because of it . After the car crash , she blamed herself and did n't think she was worthy of his love , but he showed her how much he truly cared about her . '' However , the relationship did n't work out in the end . Another man Brittany was involved with was J.T. Hellstrom ( Thad Luckinbill ) . Woodland was thrilled when she found out that her character would be a stripper , because she was an entertainer herself . Nancy Reichardt of Oakland Tribune noted that the storyline was `` complete with choreographed song - and - dance routines '' , the reason for the actress being excited . Woodland explained that `` I always wanted to do musical theater '' which is why this was a great opportunity . She forms an on - stage alter ego , Marilyn , named after Marilyn Monroe . Her father Frederick attended the club , allured by the new sensation `` Marilyn '' but is horrified to find out that she is his own daughter . Brittany became involved with the owner of the club she stripped at , Bobby Marsino ( John Enos III ) . She asked Bobby if she could pursue her real passion at the club , singing , instead of stripping , to which he accepted . They became engaged , although she still had feelings for J.T. The show 's special eight - thousandth episode was the wedding between Brittany and Bobby . Storylines ( edit ) In 1999 , Brittany Hodges introduced as part of the new teen scene at Walnut Grove Academy . She was the snobby rich girl , the daughter of a wealthy banker ; she was often neglected by her parents . At the time , Brittany had a rich boyfriend , J.T. She soon dumped J.T. when she snagged Billy Abbott ( David Tom ) , an Abbott heir . Brittany was n't a good influence on Billy , who was trying to make his place in his family 's company by pretending to be a party boy . Billy got alcohol poisoning at a party thrown by J.T. , and neither J.T. nor Brittany attempted to call the ambulance for fear of getting in trouble themselves . Billy 's friend Raul came in time to save him , but his mother , Jill Abbott ( Jess Walton ) , lost respect for Brittany when she did n't help her son . At the Junior Prom , Brittany realized that Billy was attracted to Mackenzie Browning ( Ashley Bashioum ) , after they won Prom King and Queen . Brittany and Billy were chosen for the Glo By Jabot Kids campaign , and she used the opportunity to keep Billy for herself . She staged making love to Billy in order for Mac to walk in on them . Billy did n't remember anything , but the truth eventually came out when J.T. accidentally revealed it . Billy and Mac continued to be drawn to one another , and Brittany was left alone , plotting for revenge . Mac began talking to Billy in an Internet chat room under an alias in order to get him to admit to his feelings for her . Brittany found out , and she put Mac 's real name on the website . Brittany revealed that Mac was a runaway , but her plan was foiled when Mac 's mother , Amanda Browning ( Denice Duff ) , came to Genoa City . Brittany named her stripper alter ego `` Marilyn '' after Marilyn Monroe . Brittany began to spend more time with Raul , who was unlike Brittany 's other friends because he did not come from a wealthy background . Brittany shoplifted a sweater for Raul to give to his mother for Christmas . She also helped him with his college applications that he was reluctant to complete . Then , Brittany got the lead role in the school play , Much Ado About Nothing . Raul stepped in to play the male lead when J.T. did n't show up to play his role . Brittany and Raul 's feelings culminated when they shared a kiss backstage at the play . Later , Raul supported Brittany when her parents did n't come to see her . In a turn of events , Brittany then dumped Raul after she became afraid by the feeling of being in love . She started dating J.T. again in order to hurt Raul . Raul 's ex-girlfriend , Rianna Miner ( Alexis Thorpe ) , returned to town just in time for prom , and she persuaded Brittany and Raul to start dating . After prom , the couple made love at a campsite . Their lives took different paths when they accepted colleges in different towns . Before they went to school , they got into a car accident where Brittany was driving drunk . She came out of the accident unscathed while Raul was paralyzed for several months . Raul blamed Brittany for the accident , and he told her to go to college and leave him alone . Brittany refused to leave Genoa City , and she stayed with Raul while he recovered . When Brittany and Raul reunited , Brittany 's parents , Anita and Frederick , did n't approve of their relationship . They cut Brittany off from their money , and she was forced to live in a cheap apartment with Raul . One night , burglars came into the apartment and held Brittany captive . Luckily , Billy Abbott and Raul arrived in time to save her . After the break - in , Brittany and Raul both moved back in with their families for a short while . During that time , Raul turned down his scholarship from an out - of - town college in order to stay with Brittany and work part - time in Genoa City . Then , Brittany and Raul moved into an apartment with Billy and Mac , who were engaged at the time . In a turn of events , Billy and Mac left town after they were led to believe that they were first cousins . Raul and Brittany rented Mac 's room to J.T. in order to make some money . The peaceful life started to bother Brittany , and she started working as a singer , under the name of `` Marilyn '' , at a club owned by Bobby . She refused to strip , but the crown encouraged her to , and she gave in . She got a lot of money for her performances , and she loved the attention that she was getting . J.T. followed her to work one day , and he discovered what she had been doing . Raul soon found out the truth , and he broke up with Brittany , who thought that Raul would accept her new job . Soon , Brittany and Bobby began to have romantic feelings for each other . Then , Brittany 's father went to the club with some of his clients . After discovering Brittany there , he teamed up with Raul in order to get the club shut down . They were successful for a short while , but the club eventually opened again . Bobby Marsino was involved in the mob , and his mobster friends wanted revenge on Brittany 's father for shutting the club down . They punished him by electrocuting Brittany when she touched her stripper pole on stage . The right side of her face was severely burned , and Raul and Bobby stayed with her during her recovery . In the end , Brittany found comfort in Bobby , and she left Raul behind . Bobby decided to reopen the club as a cabaret called Marilyn 's just for Brittany . His mobster friends were angry with him , but Bobby had the last laugh when he wore a wire to get them to confess to their crimes . They were eventually sent to jail . Meanwhile , Raul found Brittany a plastic surgeon to fix her scars , and he later left town after Brittany rejected him . In 2005 , Brittany and Bobby got married at the Chancellor Estate with her parents reluctantly in attendance . After the wedding , Brittany 's father gave Bobby a large check and a threat to take care of his little girl . Then , they disowned their daughter . After the wedding , the newlyweds moved into the Newman Ranch while Bobby 's condo was being renovated . During their stay , Bobby became close to Nikki Newman ( Melody Thomas Scott ) . Brittany forced him to move somewhere else away from Nikki . Then , Brittany found out that she was pregnant . Due to complications from her pregnancy , Bobby borrowed money from the mob to pay for Brittany 's medical bills . They planned on naming their son Joshua after Bobby 's late brother . Before the birth , Bobby and Brittany began to receive anonymous baby gifts that were really from the mob . In order to protect the baby , Brittany told the public that J.T. was the father of the baby . Also , she and Bobby staged a split to throw the mob off course . Nikki found out about Bobby and Brittany 's secret , and she was kidnapped by the mob . Bobby rescued Nikki , and J.T. took Brittany to the Newman Ranch for protection , where she gave birth to her son , Joshua Marsino . Mac helped deliver the baby , who was two months premature . Bobby was forced into the Witness Protection Program , and Brittany moved into the Chancellor Estate with baby Joshua , J.T. and Mac . Later , Brittany was able to see Bobby , under heavy security protection , for a short while . Then , she waited for months to hear from him again . Eventually , Brittany received the tragic news that Bobby was killed by a hit - and - run . Distraught , Brittany left Genoa City with Joshua , and they moved back in with her parents in New York City . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ' ' The Young and the Restless ' ' recap ( Dec 01 , 00 ) '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kerr , Luke ( October 25 , 2008 ) . `` David Lago Emmy Nomination Scene , 2005 '' . Zap2It . Tribune Media Services . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2013 . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Woodland re-signs , Case still in doubt The Young and the Restless @ '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Y&R : About the Actors Lauren Woodland The Young and the Restless @ '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Toby ( April 20 , 2003 ) . `` PILOTS SPARKLE WITH SOAP STARS '' . Orlando Sentinel . Tribune Media Services . p. 6 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ' ' The Young and the Restless ' ' recap ( Nov 05 , 05 ) '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Mohammad ( May 19 , 2004 ) . `` Stardom Beckons to Teen '' . Dayton Daily News . Cox Enterprises . p. 1 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Eades , Chris ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Lauren Woodland Returns to The Young and The Restless '' . CBS Soaps In Depth . United States : Bauer Media Group . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SOD ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` Lauren Woodland And Kelly Kruger Returning to Y&R '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Soaps SheKnows ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` Lauren Woodland Returns to Y&R As Brittany Hodges Guittierez '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Coming '' . Comings and Goings . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 43 ( 23 ) : 12 -- 13 . June 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Havens , Candace ( November 10 , 2002 ) . `` Woodland character reveals new personality '' . The Free Lance - Star . The Free Lance -- Star Publishing Company . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thad Luckinbill '' . Buddy TV . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Reichardt , Nancy M. ( June 21 , 2003 ) . `` ' Y&R ' star glad to bump , grind '' . Oakland Tribune . MediaNews Group . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Soap Plot Lines '' . Toronto Star . Star Media Group . September 14 , 2003 . p. 10 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cooper , Mary Ann ( April 24 , 2004 ) . `` Curtis Helps Doc Out of a Jam on ' As the World Turns ' '' . Lakeland Ledger . Halifax Media Group . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Groves , Sell ( August 2 , 2004 ) . `` Summary of soaps '' . Beaver Country Times . Calkins Media . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spoofing Politics , In Matchless ' SNL ' Style , ' Presidential Bash ' Will Poke Fun at Candidate Debates from 3 Decades '' . The Charlotte Observer . The McClatchy Company . October 29 , 2004 . p. 5 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Josh Griffith , Jill Farren Phelps ( November 23 , 2012 ) . `` # 10041 : Encore '' . The Young and the Restless . Season 40 . CBS . access - date = requires url = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Brittany Hodges profile - Soapcentral.com The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Mal Young Families Newman Abbott Chancellor Barber / Winters Related articles Genoa City Storylines The Bold and the Beautiful Victor and Nikki Nick and Sharon J.T. and Colleen Daniel and Lily Devon and Hilary `` Nadia 's Theme '' The Young and the Restless characters Present and future characters Ashley Abbott Billy Abbott Jack Abbott Jill Abbott John Abbott Johnny Abbott Kyle Abbott Traci Abbott Cane Ashby Charlie Ashby Mattie Ashby Sam Ashby Lily Winters Ashby Colin Atkinson Michael Baldwin Gloria Abbott Bardwell Christine Blair Mackenzie Browning Mariah Copeland Hilary Curtis Lauren Fenmore Kevin Fisher Devon Hamilton Dina Mergeron Leslie Michaelson Abby Newman Christian Newman Faith Newman Katie Newman Nicholas Newman Nikki Newman Sharon Newman Victor Newman Victoria Newman Barton Shelby Phyllis Summers Esther Valentine Paul Williams Neil Winters Past characters Kelly Andrews Genevieve Atkinson Avery Bailey Clark Eden Baldwin Fenmore Baldwin Jeffrey Bardwell Isabella Braña Brad Carlton Colleen Carlton Daisy Carter Sheila Carter Chance Chancellor Katherine Chancellor Joe Clark Matt Clark Greg Foster Dr. Snapper Foster Sam Gibson Scotty Grainger Diego Guittierez Nathan Hastings Jana Hawkes J.T. Hellstrom Reed Hellstrom Juliet Helton Brittany Hodges Cole Howard Diane Jenkins Mamie Johnson Anita Lawson Chelsea Lawson Leanna Love Ronan Malloy Dylan McAvoy Tucker McCall Ryan McNeil Tyler Michaelson Chloe Mitchell Amber Moore Adam Newman Cassie Newman Connor Newman Noah Newman Summer Newman Cassandra Rawlins Stitch Rayburn Gina Roma Daniel Romalotti Danny Romalotti Luca Santori Deacon Sharpe Marisa Sierras Rex Sterling Heather Stevens Grace Turner Angelina Veneziano Ian Ward Sage Warner Nina Webster Patty Williams Ricky Williams Hope Wilson Drucilla Winters Malcolm Winters Olivia Winters Character lists 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Newman family Abbott family Chancellor family Barber / Winters family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brittany_Hodges&oldid=848891214 '' Categories : The Young and the Restless characters Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 02 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is playing nicks lawyer on young and the restless | [] | [] |
-3905652649005002459 | Marika Domińczyk | Marika Domińczyk - wikipedia Marika Domińczyk Marika Domińczyk ( 1980 - 07 - 07 ) July 7 , 1980 ( age 38 ) Occupation Actress Years active 2000 -- present Spouse ( s ) Scott Foley ( m . 2007 ) Children Relatives Dagmara Domińczyk ( sister ) Marika Domińczyk ( / doʊˈmiːntʃɪk / doh - MEEN - chik ) is a Polish - American actress who became best known in the United States for her role as Dr. Eliza Minnick on Grey 's Anatomy , which she originated in its thirteenth season . Contents 1 Personal life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Personal life ( edit ) Marika Domińczyk is one of three daughters born to Aleksandra and Miroslaw `` Mirek '' Domińczyk . Her father was one of the leaders in the Polish Solidarity movement . She is the younger sister of actress Dagmara Dominczyk . Domińczyk became engaged to actor Scott Foley in 2006 . In June 2007 , the two wed in a private ceremony in Hawaii . They have three children : daughter Malina , son Keller , and son Konrad ( b . November 13 , 2014 ) . Career ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Marika Domińczyk '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 2004 , Domińczyk appeared in the short - lived television series The Help , which also starred Mindy Cohn and Antonio Sabàto , Jr . The following year , she appeared as Bernadette in the 2005 movie The 40 - Year - Old Virgin . From 2006 - 2007 , she guest - starred on the ABC 's Brothers & Sisters as Tyler Altamirano . She reprised her role in the last two episodes of the show 's fifth season . Despite being Polish , her looks have often led to her being cast in Hispanic roles , such as Anna in The Help and , most recently , as South American agent Isabella in Get Smart 's Bruce and Lloyd : Out of Control . She appeared in Who Do You Love ? , the Las Vegas episode `` 3 Babes , 100 Guns , and a Fat Chick '' ( 2008 ) as a bounty hunter , and Danny 's Marine Sergeant in Iraq , and as a Russian informant to Cool Breeze , played by her by - then husband Scott Foley , in The Unit . She also starred in National Lampoon 's Bag Boy . Domińczyk played the role of Lara in the film I Hope They Serve Beer in Hell . She was then signed for the recurring role , in ABC 's drama series Grey 's Anatomy , of Dr. Eliza Minnick , an orthopedic surgeon and residency - instruction consultant who became a love interest for Jessica Capshaw 's character of Dr. Arizona Robbins , which role she originated as the program 's thirteenth season began . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2001 3 A.M. Cathy Invitation to a Suicide Manhattan Woman 2005 The 40 - Year Old Virgin Bernadette 2007 National Lampoon 's Bag Boy Bambi Strasinsky Direct to video 2008 Get Smart 's Bruce and Lloyd : Out of Control Isabella Direct to video 2008 Who Do You Love Revetta Chess 2009 I Hope They Serve Beer in Hell Lara 2014 Let 's Kill Ward 's Wife Amanda Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2000 The Street Hostess Episode : `` Closet Cases '' 2001 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Tess Michner Episode : `` Consent '' 2002 Witchblade Christina 2 episodes 2002 Porn n Chicken Tatiana Television film The Help Anna , the Nanny 7 episodes North Shore Erika 6 episodes 2005 Confessions of a Dog Brunette Television film 2005 Halley 's Comet Mattea Television film 2006 Bones Leslie Snow Episode : `` The Woman at the Airport '' 2006 Heist Lola 6 episodes 2006 -- 11 Brothers & Sisters Tyler Altamirano 10 episodes 2008 Las Vegas Marisa Rodriguez Episode : `` 3 Babes , 100 Guns and a Fat Chick '' 2008 House Heather Episode : `` Adverse Events '' 2009 The Unit Anya Episode : `` Endgame '' 2011 Rizzoli & Isles Theresa Episode : `` Bloodlines '' 2013 Vegas Nadia Lattimer Episode : `` Two of a Kind '' 2013 Criminal Minds Lida Taffert Episode : `` The Caller '' 2016 -- 2017 Grey 's Anatomy Dr. Eliza Minnick Recurring , season 13 , 11 episodes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Dagmara Dominczyk Biography ( 1976 - ) '' . FilmReference.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Foley to wed actress girlfriend '' . USA Today . 6 November 2006 . Retrieved 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : Scott Foley Is Hitched '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Scott Foley 's Wife Marika Dominczyk Gives Birth , Couple Welcomes Baby Boy Konrad Foley '' . Us Weekly . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2018 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Marika Domińczyk on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Marika_Domińczyk&oldid = 854478924 '' Categories : American film actresses 1980 births American television actresses American people of Polish descent Living people Polish emigrants to the United States 20th - century births 21st - century American actresses Hidden categories : Articles with hCards BLP articles lacking sources from August 2017 All BLP articles lacking sources Place of birth missing ( living people ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Polski Русский Türkçe Volapük 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 17 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who plays dr. minnick on grey's anatomy | [
"Marika Domińczyk (/doʊˈmiːntʃɪk/ doh-MEEN-chik) is a Polish-American actress who became best known in the United States for her role as Dr. Eliza Minnick on Grey's Anatomy, which she originated in its thirteenth season.\n"
] | [
"Marika Domińczyk"
] |
2673302531817846065 | Caspian Sea | Caspian Sea - wikipedia Caspian Sea Jump to : navigation , search Caspian Sea Xəzər dənizi / دریای خزر / Каспий теңізі / Каспийское море / Hazar deňzi The Caspian Sea as captured by the MODIS on the orbiting Terra satellite , June 2003 Coordinates 41 ° 40 ′ N 50 ° 40 ′ E / 41.667 ° N 50.667 ° E / 41.667 ; 50.667 Coordinates : 41 ° 40 ′ N 50 ° 40 ′ E / 41.667 ° N 50.667 ° E / 41.667 ; 50.667 Type Endorheic , Saline , Permanent , Natural Primary inflows Volga River , Ural River , Kura River , Terek River Primary outflows Evaporation , Garabogazköl Catchment area 3,626,000 km ( 1,400,000 sq mi ) Basin countries Azerbaijan , Iran , Kazakhstan , Russia , Turkmenistan Max. length 1,030 km ( 640 mi ) Max . width 435 km ( 270 mi ) Surface area 371,000 km ( 143,200 sq mi ) Average depth 211 m ( 690 ft ) Max . depth 1,025 m ( 3,360 ft ) Water volume 78,200 km ( 18,800 cu mi ) Residence time 250 years Shore length 7,000 km ( 4,300 mi ) Surface elevation − 28 m ( − 92 ft ) Islands 26 + Settlements Baku ( Azerbaijan ) , Anzali ( Iran ) , Aktau ( Kazakhstan ) , Makhachkala ( Russia ) , Türkmenbaşy ( Turkmenistan ) ( see article ) References Shore length is not a well - defined measure . Unlike the Mediterranean and the Black Sea , towards the end of the 16th century the Caspian Sea was still not well explored and mapped. 1570 map by Fernão Vaz Dourado . The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed inland body of water on Earth by area , variously classed as the world 's largest lake or a full - fledged sea . It is in an endorheic basin ( a basin without outflows ) located between Europe and Asia . It is bounded by Kazakhstan to the northeast , Russia to the northwest , Azerbaijan to the west , Iran to the south , and Turkmenistan to the southeast . The Caspian Sea presently lies about 28 m ( 92 ft ) below sea level in the Caspian Depression , to the east of the Caucasus Mountains and to the west of the vast steppe of Central Asia . The sea bed in the southern part reaches as low as 1023 m below sea level , which is the second lowest natural depression on earth after Lake Baikal ( - 1180 m ) . The ancient inhabitants of its coast perceived the Caspian Sea as an ocean , probably because of its saltiness and large size . The sea has a surface area of 371,000 km ( 143,200 sq mi ) ( not including the detached lagoon of Garabogazköl ) and a volume of 78,200 km ( 18,800 cu mi ) . It has a salinity of approximately 1.2 % ( 12 g / l ) , about a third of the salinity of most seawater . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Physical characteristics 2.1 Formation 2.2 Geography 2.3 Hydrology 2.4 Environmental degradation 3 Nature 3.1 Aquatic 3.1. 1 Flora 3.1. 2 Fauna 3.2 Terrestrial 3.2. 1 Flora 3.2. 2 Fauna 4 History 4.1 Cities 4.1. 1 Ancient 4.1. 2 Modern 5 Oil extraction 5.1 Political issues 6 Territorial status 6.1 Cross-border inflow 7 Transport 7.1 Canals 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word Caspian is derived from the name of the Caspi , an ancient people who lived to the southwest of the sea in Transcaucasia . Strabo wrote that `` to the country of the Albanians belongs also the territory called Caspiane , which was named after the Caspian tribe , as was also the sea ; but the tribe has now disappeared '' . Moreover , the Caspian Gates , which is the name of a region in Iran 's Tehran province , possibly indicates that they migrated to the south of the sea . The Iranian city of Qazvin shares the root of its name with that of the sea . In fact , the traditional Arabic name for the sea itself is Bahr al - Qazwin ( Sea of Qazvin ) . In classical antiquity among Greeks and Persians it was called the Hyrcanian Ocean . In Persian antiquity , as well as in modern Iran , it is known as درياى خزر , Daryā - e Khazar ; it is also sometimes referred to as Mazandaran Sea ( Persian : دریای مازندران ) in Iran . Ancient Arabic sources refer to it as Baḥr Gīlān ( بحر گیلان ) meaning `` the Gilan Sea '' . Turkic languages refer to the lake as Khazar Sea . In Turkmen , the name is Hazar deňizi , in Azeri , it is Xəzər dənizi , and in modern Turkish , it is Hazar denizi . In all these cases , the second word simply means `` sea '' , and the first word refers to the historical Khazars who had a large empire based to the north of the Caspian Sea between the 7th and 10th centuries . An exception is Kazakh , where it is called Каспий теңізі , Kaspiy teñizi ( Caspian Sea ) . Old Russian sources call it the Khvalyn or Khvalis Sea ( Хвалынское море / Хвалисское море ) after the name of Khwarezmia . In modern Russian , it is called Каспи́йское мо́ре , Kaspiyskoye more . Physical characteristics ( edit ) Formation ( edit ) The Caspian Sea , like the Black Sea , Namak Lake , and Lake Urmia , is a remnant of the ancient Paratethys Sea . It became landlocked about 5.5 million years ago due to tectonic uplift and a fall in sea level . During warm and dry climatic periods , the landlocked sea almost dried up , depositing evaporitic sediments like halite that were covered by wind - blown deposits and were sealed off as an evaporite sink when cool , wet climates refilled the basin . ( Comparable evaporite beds underlie the Mediterranean . ) Due to the current inflow of fresh water , the Caspian Sea is a freshwater lake in its northern portions , and is most saline on the Iranian shore , where the catchment basin contributes little flow . Currently , the mean salinity of the Caspian is one third that of Earth 's oceans . The Garabogazköl embayment , which dried up when water flow from the main body of the Caspian was blocked in the 1980s but has since been restored , routinely exceeds oceanic salinity by a factor of 10 . Geography ( edit ) Map of the Caspian Sea , yellow shading indicates Caspian drainage basin . ( Since this map was drawn , the nearby Aral Sea has greatly decreased in size . ) The Caspian Sea is the largest inland body of water in the world and accounts for 40 to 44 % of the total lacustrine waters of the world . The coastlines of the Caspian are shared by Azerbaijan , Iran , Kazakhstan , Russia , and Turkmenistan . The Caspian is divided into three distinct physical regions : the Northern , Middle , and Southern Caspian . The Northern -- Middle boundary is the Mangyshlak Threshold , which runs through Chechen Island and Cape Tiub - Karagan . The Middle -- Southern boundary is the Apsheron Threshold , a sill of tectonic origin between the Eurasian continent and an oceanic remnant , that runs through Zhiloi Island and Cape Kuuli . The Garabogazköl Bay is the saline eastern inlet of the Caspian , which is part of Turkmenistan and at times has been a lake in its own right due to the isthmus that cuts it off from the Caspian . Differences between the three regions are dramatic . The Northern Caspian only includes the Caspian shelf , and is very shallow ; it accounts for less than 1 % of the total water volume with an average depth of only 5 -- 6 metres ( 16 -- 20 ft ) . The sea noticeably drops off towards the Middle Caspian , where the average depth is 190 metres ( 620 ft ) . The Southern Caspian is the deepest , with oceanic depths of over 1,000 metres ( 3,300 ft ) , greatly exceeding the depth of other regional seas , such as the Persian Gulf . The Middle and Southern Caspian account for 33 % and 66 % of the total water volume , respectively . The northern portion of the Caspian Sea typically freezes in the winter , and in the coldest winters ice forms in the south as well . Over 130 rivers provide inflow to the Caspian , with the Volga River being the largest . A second affluent , the Ural River , flows in from the north , and the Kura River flows into the sea from the west . In the past , the Amu Darya ( Oxus ) of Central Asia in the east often changed course to empty into the Caspian through a now - desiccated riverbed called the Uzboy River , as did the Syr Darya farther north . The Caspian also has several small islands ; they are primarily located in the north and have a collective land area of roughly 2,000 km ( 770 sq mi ) . Adjacent to the North Caspian is the Caspian Depression , a low - lying region 27 metres ( 89 ft ) below sea level . The Central Asian steppes stretch across the northeast coast , while the Caucasus mountains hug the western shore . The biomes to both the north and east are characterized by cold , continental deserts . Conversely , the climate to the southwest and south are generally warm with uneven elevation due to a mix of highlands and mountain ranges ; the drastic changes in climate alongside the Caspian have led to a great deal of biodiversity in the region . The Caspian Sea has numerous islands throughout , all of them near the coasts ; none in the deeper parts of the sea . Ogurja Ada is the largest island . The island is 37 km ( 23 mi ) long , with gazelles roaming freely on it . In the North Caspian , the majority of the islands are small and uninhabited , like the Tyuleniy Archipelago , an Important Bird Area ( IBA ) , although some of them have human settlements . Hydrology ( edit ) Caspian Sea near Aktau , Mangystau Region , Kazakhstan . The Caspian has characteristics common to both seas and lakes . It is often listed as the world 's largest lake , although it is not a freshwater lake . It contains about 3.5 times more water , by volume , than all five of North America 's Great Lakes combined . The Caspian was once part of the Tethys Ocean , but became landlocked about 5.5 million years ago due to plate tectonics . The Volga River ( about 80 % of the inflow ) and the Ural River discharge into the Caspian Sea , but it has no natural outflow other than by evaporation . Thus the Caspian ecosystem is a closed basin , with its own sea level history that is independent of the eustatic level of the world 's oceans . The level of the Caspian has fallen and risen , often rapidly , many times over the centuries . Some Russian historians claim that a medieval rising of the Caspian , perhaps caused by the Amu Darya changing its inflow to the Caspian from the 13th century to the 16th century , caused the coastal towns of Khazaria , such as Atil , to flood . In 2004 , the water level was 28 metres ( 92 feet ) below sea level . Over the centuries , Caspian Sea levels have changed in synchrony with the estimated discharge of the Volga , which in turn depends on rainfall levels in its vast catchment basin . Precipitation is related to variations in the amount of North Atlantic depressions that reach the interior , and they in turn are affected by cycles of the North Atlantic Oscillation . Thus levels in the Caspian Sea relate to atmospheric conditions in the North Atlantic thousands of miles to the northwest . The last short - term sea - level cycle started with a sea - level fall of 3 m ( 10 ft ) from 1929 to 1977 , followed by a rise of 3 m ( 10 ft ) from 1977 until 1995 . Since then smaller oscillations have taken place . Environmental degradation ( edit ) The Volga River , the largest in Europe , drains 20 % of the European land area and is the source of 80 % of the Caspian 's inflow . Its lower reaches are heavily developed with numerous unregulated releases of chemical and biological pollutants . Although existing data are sparse and of questionable quality , there is ample evidence to suggest that the Volga is one of the principal sources of transboundary contaminants into the Caspian . The magnitude of fossil fuel extraction and transport activity in the Caspian also poses a risk to the environment . The island of Vulf off Baku , for example , has suffered ecological damage as a result of the petrochemical industry ; this has significantly decreased the number of species of marine birds in the area . Existing and planned oil and gas pipelines under the sea further increase the potential threat to the environment . The Vladimir Filanovsky field in the Russian section of the body of water was discovered for its wealth of oil in 2005 . It is reportedly the largest discovery of oil that they have had in 25 years . It was announced in October 2016 that Lukoil would start production in this region . Nature ( edit ) Iran 's northern Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests are maintained by moisture captured from the Caspian Sea by the Alborz Mountain Range . Aquatic ( edit ) Flora ( edit ) The rising level of the Caspian Sea between 1994 -- 96 reduced the number of habitats for rare species of aquatic vegetation . This has been attributed to a general lack of seeding material in newly formed coastal lagoons and water bodies . Fauna ( edit ) Most tadpole gobies ( Benthophilus ) are only found in the Caspian Sea basin . The Caspian turtle ( Mauremys caspica ) , although found in neighboring areas , is a wholly freshwater species . The zebra mussel is native to the Caspian and Black Sea basins , but has become an invasive species elsewhere , when introduced . The area has given its name to several species , including the Caspian gull and the Caspian tern . The Caspian seal ( Pusa caspica ) is the only aquatic mammal and is endemic to the Caspian Sea , being one of very few seal species that live in inland waters , but is different from those inhabiting freshwaters due to the hydrological environment of the sea . Archeological studies of Gobustan petroglyphs indicate that there once had been dolphins and porpoises , or a certain species of beaked whales and a whaling scene indicates of large baleen whales likely being present in Caspian Sea at least until when Caspian Sea was a part of ocean system or until Quaternary or much more recent periods such as until the last glacial period or antiquity . Although the rock art on Kichikdash Mountain assumed to be of a dolphin or of a beaked whale , might instead represent the famous beluga sturgeon due to its size ( 430 cm in length ) , but fossil records suggest certain ancestors of modern dolphins and whales , such as Macrokentriodon morani ( bottlenose dolphins ) and Balaenoptera sibbaldina ( blue whales ) were presumably larger than their present descendants . From the same artworks , auks , like Brunnich 's Guillemot could also have been in the sea as well , and the existences of current endemic , oceanic species such as lagoon cockles which was genetically identified to originate in Caspian / Black Seas regions , and these petroglyphs suggest marine inflow between the current Caspian Sea and the Arctic Ocean or North Sea , or the Black Sea . The sea 's basin ( including associated waters such as rivers ) has 160 native species and subspecies of fish in more than 60 genera . About 62 % of the species and subspecies are endemic , as are 4 -- 6 genera ( depending on taxonomic treatment ) . The lake proper has 115 natives , including 73 endemics ( 63.5 % ) . Among the more than 50 genera in the lake proper , 3 -- 4 are endemic : Anatirostrum , Caspiomyzon , Chasar ( often included in Ponticola ) and Hyrcanogobius . By far the most numerous families in the lake proper are gobies ( 35 species and subspecies ) , cyprinids ( 32 ) and clupeids ( 22 ) . Two particularly rich genera are Alosa with 18 endemic species / subspecies and Benthophilus with 16 endemic species . Other examples of endemics are four species of Clupeonella , Gobio volgensis , two Rutilus , three Sabanejewia , Stenodus leucichthys , two Salmo , two Mesogobius and three Neogobius . Most non-endemic natives are either shared with the Black Sea basin or widespread Palearctic species such as crucian carp , Prussian carp , common carp , common bream , common bleak , asp , white bream , sunbleak , common dace , common roach , common rudd , European chub , sichel , tench , European weatherfish , wels catfish , northern pike , burbot , European perch and zander . Almost 30 non-indigenous , introduced fish species have been reported from the Caspian Sea , but only a few have become established . Six sturgeon species , the Russian , bastard , Persian , sterlet , starry and beluga , are native to the Caspian Sea . The last of these is arguably the largest freshwater fish in the world . The sturgeon yield roe ( eggs ) that are processed into caviar . Overfishing has depleted a number of the historic fisheries . In recent years , overfishing has threatened the sturgeon population to the point that environmentalists advocate banning sturgeon fishing completely until the population recovers . The high price of sturgeon caviar , however , allows fishermen to afford bribes to ensure the authorities look the other way , making regulations in many locations ineffective . Caviar harvesting further endangers the fish stocks , since it targets reproductive females . Terrestrial ( edit ) Flora ( edit ) Many rare and endemic plant species of Russia are associated with the tidal areas of the Volga delta and riparian forests of the Samur River delta . The shoreline is also a unique refuge for plants adapted to the loose sands of the Central Asian Deserts . The principal limiting factors to successful establishment of plant species are hydrological imbalances within the surrounding deltas , water pollution , and various land reclamation activities . The water level change within the Caspian Sea is an indirect reason for which plants may not get established . These affect aquatic plants of the Volga Delta , such as Aldrovanda vesiculosa and the native Nelumbo caspica . About 11 plant species are found in the Samur River Delta , including the unique liana forests that date back to the Tertiary period . Fauna ( edit ) Illustration of two Caspian tigers , extinct in the region since the 1970s . Reptiles native to the region include spur - thighed tortoise ( Testudo graeca buxtoni ) and Horsfield 's tortoise . The Asiatic cheetah used to occur in the Trans - Caucasus and Central Asia , but is today restricted to Iran . The Asiatic lion used to occur in the Trans - Caucasus , Iran , and possibly the southern part of Turkestan . The Caspian tiger used to occur in northern Iran , the Caucasus and Central Asia . The Persian leopard is found in Iran , the Caucasus and Central Asia . History ( edit ) Caspian Sea ( Bahr ul - Khazar ) . 10th century map by Ibn Hawqal Caspian Sea map from 1747 with the Dead Kultuk as ' Blue Sea ' The 17th - century Cossack rebel and pirate Stenka Razin , on a raid in the Caspian ( Vasily Surikov , 1906 ) The earliest hominid remains found around the Caspian Sea are from Dmanisi dating back to around 1.8 Ma and yielded a number of skeletal remains of Homo erectus or Homo ergaster . More later evidence for human occupation of the region come from a number of caves in Georgia and Azerbaijan such as Kudaro and Azykh Caves . There is evidence for Lower Palaeolithic human occupation south of the Caspian from western Alburz . These are Ganj Par and Darband Cave sites . Neanderthal remains also have been discovered at a cave site in Georgia . Discoveries in the Huto cave and the adjacent Kamarband cave , near the town of Behshahr , Mazandaran south of the Caspian in Iran , suggest human habitation of the area as early as 11,000 years ago . The Caspian area is rich in energy resources . Oil wells were being dug in the region as early as the 10th century to reach oil `` for use in everyday life , both for medicinal purposes and for heating and lighting in homes . '' By the 16th century , Europeans were aware of the rich oil and gas deposits around the area . English traders Thomas Bannister and Jeffrey Duckett described the area around Baku as `` a strange thing to behold , for there issueth out of the ground a marvelous quantity of oil , which serveth all the country to burn in their houses . This oil is black and is called nefte . There is also by the town of Baku , another kind of oil which is white and very precious ( i.e. , petroleum ) . '' In the 18th century , during the rule of Peter I the Great , Fedor I. Soimonov , hydrographer and pioneering explorer of the Caspian Sea charted the until then little known body of water . Soimonov drew a set of four maps and wrote the ' Pilot of the Caspian Sea ' , the first report and modern maps of the Caspian , that were published in 1720 by the Russian Academy of Sciences . Today , oil and gas platforms are abounding along the edges of the sea . Cities ( edit ) Baku , the capital of Azerbaijan is the largest city by the Caspian Sea . Ancient ( edit ) Hyrcania , ancient state in the north of Iran Anzali , Gilan Province of Iran Astara , Gilan Province of Iran Astarabad , Golestan Province of Iran Tamisheh , Golestan Province of Iran Atil , Khazaria Khazaran Baku , Azerbaijan Derbent , Dagestan , Russia Xacitarxan , modern - day Astrakhan Modern ( edit ) Iran : Ali Abad Astaneh - ye Ashrafiyeh Astara Babolsar Bandar - e Anzali Bandar - e-gaz Bandar Torkaman Behshahr Chaloos Fenderesk Gomishan Gonbad - e Kavus Gorgan Jooybar Kordkuy Lahijan Langrud MahmudAbad Neka Nowshahr Nur Ramsar Rasht Rudbar Rudsar Sari Tonekabon Azerbaijan : Astara Baku Gobustan Khudat Khachmaz Lankaran Masalli Nabran Neftchala Shabran Siyazan Oil Rocks Sumqayit Kazakhstan : Atyrau Aktau Russia : Astrakhan Dagestanskiye Ogni Derbent Izberbash Kaspiysk Makhachkala Turkmenistan : Türkmenbaşy ( formerly Krasnovodsk ) Hazar ( formerly Çeleken ) Esenguly Garabogaz ( formerly Bekdaş ) Oil extraction ( edit ) Oil pipelines in the Caspian region . September 2002 . Caspian region oil and natural gas infrastructure . August 2013 . The world 's first offshore wells and machine - drilled wells were made in Bibi - Heybat Bay , near Baku , Azerbaijan . In 1873 , exploration and development of oil began in some of the largest fields known to exist in the world at that time on the Absheron peninsula near the villages of Balakhanli , Sabunchi , Ramana and Bibi Heybat . Total recoverable reserves were more than 500 million tons . By 1900 , Baku had more than 3,000 oil wells , 2,000 of which were producing at industrial levels . By the end of the 19th century , Baku became known as the `` black gold capital '' , and many skilled workers and specialists flocked to the city . By the beginning of the 20th century , Baku was the centre of international oil industry . In 1920 , when the Bolsheviks captured Azerbaijan , all private property -- including oil wells and factories -- was confiscated . Afterwards , the republic 's entire oil industry came under the control of the Soviet Union . By 1941 , Azerbaijan was producing a record 23.5 million tons of oil , and the Baku region supplied nearly 72 % of all oil extracted in the entire USSR . In 1994 , the `` Contract of the Century '' was signed , signalling the start of major international development of the Baku oil fields . The Baku -- Tbilisi -- Ceyhan pipeline , a major pipeline allowing Azerbaijan oil to flow straight to the Turkish Mediterranean port of Ceyhan , opened in 2006 . Political issues ( edit ) Many of the islands along the Azerbaijani coast continue to hold significant geopolitical and economic importance because of the potential oil reserves found nearby . Bulla Island , Pirallahı Island , and Nargin , which was used as a former Soviet base and is the largest island in the Baku bay , all hold oil reserves . The collapse of the USSR and subsequent opening of the region has led to an intense investment and development scramble by international oil companies . In 1998 , Dick Cheney commented that `` I ca n't think of a time when we 've had a region emerge as suddenly to become as strategically significant as the Caspian . '' A key problem to further development in the region is the status of the Caspian Sea and the establishment of the water boundaries among the five littoral states . The current disputes along Azerbaijan 's maritime borders with Turkmenistan and Iran could potentially affect future development plans . Much controversy currently exists over the proposed Trans - Caspian oil and gas pipelines . These projects would allow Western markets easier access to Kazakh oil and , potentially , Uzbek and Turkmen gas as well . Russia officially opposes the project on environmental grounds . However , analysts note that the pipelines would bypass Russia completely , thereby denying the country valuable transit fees , as well as destroying its current monopoly on westward - bound hydrocarbon exports from the region . Recently , both Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan have expressed their support for the Trans - Caspian Pipeline . U.S. diplomatic cables disclosed by WikiLeaks revealed that BP covered up a gas leak and blowout incident in September 2008 at an operating gas field in the Azeri - Chirag - Guneshi area of the Azerbaijan Caspian Sea . Territorial status ( edit ) Southern Caspian Energy Prospects ( portion of Iran ) . Country Profile 2004 . Caspian Sea , Azerbaijan As of 2000 , negotiations related to the demarcation of the Caspian Sea had been going on for nearly a decade among the states bordering the Caspian -- Azerbaijan , Russia , Kazakhstan , Turkmenistan , and Iran . The status of the Caspian Sea is the key problem . Access to mineral resources ( oil and natural gas ) , access for fishing , and access to international waters ( through Russia 's Volga river and the canals connecting it to the Black Sea and Baltic Sea ) all depend upon the outcomes of negotiations . Access to the Volga River is particularly important for the landlocked states of Azerbaijan , Kazakhstan , and Turkmenistan . This concerns Russia , because the potential traffic would use its inland waterways . If a body of water is labelled as a sea , then there would be some precedents and international treaties obliging the granting of access permits to foreign vessels . If a body of water is labelled merely as a lake , then there are no such obligations . Environmental issues are also somewhat connected to the status and borders issue . All five Caspian littoral states maintain naval forces on the sea . According to a treaty signed between Iran and the Soviet Union , the Caspian Sea is technically a lake and was divided into two sectors ( Iranian and Soviet ) , but the resources ( then mainly fish ) were commonly shared . The line between the two sectors was considered an international border in a common lake , like Lake Albert . The Soviet sector was sub-divided into the four littoral republics ' administrative sectors . Russia , Kazakhstan , and Azerbaijan have bilateral agreements with each other based on median lines . Because of their use by the three nations , median lines seem to be the most likely method of delineating territory in future agreements . However , Iran insists on a single , multilateral agreement between the five nations ( as this is the only way for it to achieve a one - fifth share of the sea ) . Azerbaijan is at odds with Iran over some oil fields that both states claim . Occasionally , Iranian patrol boats have fired at vessels sent by Azerbaijan for exploration into the disputed region . There are similar tensions between Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan ( the latter claims that the former has pumped more oil than agreed from a field , recognized by both parties as shared ) . The Caspian littoral states ' meeting in 2007 signed an agreement that bars any ship not flying the national flag of a littoral state from entering the sea . Negotiations among the five littoral states have been ongoing , amidst ebbs and flows , for the past 20 years , with some degree of progress being made at the fourth Caspian Summit held in Astrakhan in 2014 . Cross-border inflow ( edit ) UNECE recognizes several rivers that cross international borders which flow into the Caspian Sea . These are : River Countries Atrek River Iran , Turkmenistan Kura River Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , Iran , Turkey Ural River Kazakhstan , Russia Samur River Azerbaijan , Russia Sulak River Georgia , Russia Terek River Georgia , Russia Transport ( edit ) Although the Caspian Sea is endorheic , its main tributary , the Volga , is connected by important shipping canals with the Don River ( and thus the Black Sea ) and with the Baltic Sea , with branch canals to Northern Dvina and to the White Sea . Another Caspian tributary , the Kuma River , is connected by an irrigation canal with the Don basin as well . Several scheduled ferry services ( including train ferries ) operate on the Caspian Sea , including : a line between Türkmenbaşy , Turkmenistan ( formerly Krasnovodsk ) and Baku . a line between Baku and Aktau . several lines between cities in Iran and Russia . The ferries are mostly used for cargo ; only the Baku -- Aktau and Baku -- Türkmenbaşy routes accept passengers . Canals ( edit ) As an endorheic basin , the Caspian Sea basin has no natural connection with the ocean . Since the medieval period , traders reached the Caspian via a number of portages that connected the Volga and its tributaries with the Don ( which flows into the Sea of Azov ) and various rivers that flow into the Baltic . Primitive canals connecting the Volga Basin with the Baltic have been constructed as early as the early 18th century ; since then , a number of canal projects have been completed . The two modern canal systems connecting the Volga basin with the ocean are the Volga -- Baltic Waterway and the Volga -- Don Canal . The proposed Pechora - Kama Canal was a project that was widely discussed between the 1930s and 1980s . Shipping was a secondary consideration ; its main goal was to redirect some of the water of the Pechora River ( which flows into the Arctic Ocean ) via the Kama into the Volga . The goals were both irrigation and stabilizing the water level in the Caspian , which was thought to be falling dangerously fast at the time . In 1971 some construction experiments were conducted using nuclear explosions . In June 2007 , in order to boost his oil - rich country 's access to markets , Kazakhstan 's President Nursultan Nazarbaev proposed a 700 - kilometre ( 435 - mile ) link between the Caspian and Black seas . It is hoped that the `` Eurasia Canal '' ( Manych Ship Canal ) would transform landlocked Kazakhstan and other Central Asian countries into maritime states , enabling them to significantly increase trade volume . Although the canal would traverse Russian territory , it would benefit Kazakhstan through its Caspian Sea ports . The most likely route for the canal , the officials at the Committee on Water Resources at Kazakhstan 's Agriculture Ministry say , would follow the Kuma - Manych Depression , where currently a chain of rivers and lakes is already connected by an irrigation canal ( Kuma - Manych Canal ) . Upgrading the Volga -- Don Canal would be another option . See also ( edit ) Baku Oil Fields Caspian people Ekranoplan , a ground effect plane which was developed on the Caspian Sea . Epoch of Extremal Inundations Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea Shah Deniz gas field South Caucasus pipeline Southern Gas Corridor Tengiz Field Trans - Caspian Gas Pipeline Trans - Caspian Oil Pipeline Wildlife of Azerbaijan Wildlife of Iran Wildlife of Kazakhstan Wildlife of Russia References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : van der Leeden , Troise , and Todd , eds. , The Water Encyclopedia . Second Edition . Chelsea F.C. , MI : Lewis Publishers , 1990 , p. 196 . ^ Jump up to : `` Caspian Sea -- Background '' . Caspian Environment Programme. 2009 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2013 . Retrieved 11 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ESA : Observing the Earth -- Earth from Space : The southern Caspian Sea '' . ESA.int . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Caspian Sea '' . Jump up ^ Lake Profile : Caspian Sea . LakeNet . Jump up ^ Lake Basin Management Initiative - The Caspian Sea ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Caspian Sea in Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` Strabo . Geography. 11.3. 1 '' . Perseus.tufts.edu . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Iran ( 5th ed. , 2008 ) , by Andrew Burke and Mark Elliott , p. 28 , Lonely Planet Publications , ISBN 978 - 1 - 74104 - 293 - 1 Jump up ^ Hyrcania . www.livius.org . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Drainage Basins -- Caspian Sea . Briancoad.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ Max Vasmer , Etimologicheskii slovar ' russkogo yazyka , Vol. IV ( Moscow : Progress , 1973 ) , p. 229 . Jump up ^ `` Sea Facts '' . Casp Info . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Caspian Sea '' . Iran Gazette . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Hooshang Amirahmadi ( 10 June 2000 ) . The Caspian Region at a Crossroad : Challenges of a New Frontier of Energy and Development . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 112 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 22351 - 9 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Khain V.E. Gadjiev A.N. Kengerli T. N ( 2007 ) . `` Tectonic origin of the Apsheron Threshold in the Caspian Sea '' . Doklady Earth Sciences . 414 : 552 -- 556 . doi : 10.1134 / S1028334X07040149 . ^ Jump up to : Henri J. Dumont ; Tamara A. Shiganova ; Ulrich Niermann ( 20 July 2004 ) . Aquatic Invasions in the Black , Caspian , and Mediterranean Seas . Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 1869 - 5 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ A.G. Kostianoi and A. Kosarev ( 16 December 2005 ) . The Caspian Sea Environment . Birkhäuser . ISBN 978 - 3 - 540 - 28281 - 5 . Retrieved 20 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News Azerbaijan '' . ann.az . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the Caspian Sea Level Project Site '' . Caspage.citg.tudelft.nl . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Caspian Environment Programme '' . caspianenvironment.org . Archived from the original on 13 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LUKOIL starts up V. Filanovsky in the Caspian Sea '' . ^ Jump up to : Naseka , A.M. ; and N.G. Bogutskaya ( 2009 ) . Fishes of the Caspian Sea : zoogeography and updated check - list . Zoosystematica Rossica 18 ( 2 ) : 295 -- 317 . Jump up ^ `` The Caspian Sea '' . All The Sea . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Masuleh '' . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher R. ( 2012 ) . `` Azerbaijan : Land of Fire and Flood -- Ancient Mariners and a Deluged Landscape - Rock Art Evidence of a Marine Inflow . '' . The Official Graham Hancock Homepage . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Gallagher , R. `` THE ICE AGE RISE AND FALL OF THE PONTO CASPIAN : ANCIENT MARINERS AND THE ASIATIC MEDITERRANEAN . '' . Documentlide.com . Jump up ^ `` Gobustan Petroglyphs -- Methods & Chronology '' . The Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gobustan Petroglyphs -- Subject Matter '' . The Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan Overfishing . Encyclopedia of Earth . eds . Sidney Draggan and Cutler Cleveland . National Council for Science and the Environment , Washington DC Jump up ^ `` Fishing Prospects '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . iran-daily.com ( 2007 - 01 - 14 ) ^ Jump up to : Heptner , V.G. , Sludskij , A.A. ( 1992 ) ( 1972 ) . Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza . Moskva : Vysšaia Škola ( Mammals of the Soviet Union . Volume II , Part 2 . Carnivora ( Hyaenas and Cats ) ) . Washington DC : Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation . pp. 1 -- 732 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Humphreys , P. , Kahrom , E. ( 1999 ) . Lion and Gazelle : The Mammals and Birds of Iran . Images Publishing , Avon . Jump up ^ `` Major Monuments '' Archived May 14 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Iranair.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Safeguarding Caspian Interests '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 07 ... iran-daily.com ( 2006 - 11 - 26 ) ^ Jump up to : The Development of the Oil and Gas Industry in Azerbaijan SOCAR Jump up ^ Back to the Future : Britain , Baku Oil and the Cycle of History SOCAR Jump up ^ `` Fedor I. Soimonov '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Caspian Sea '' . Jump up ^ The Great Gas Game , Christian Science Monitor , ( 2001 - 10 - 25 ) Jump up ^ Sergei Blagov , Russia Tries to Scuttle Proposed Trans - Caspian Pipeline , Eurasianet , ( 2006 - 03 - 27 ) Jump up ^ Sergei Blagov , Russia Tries to Scuttle Proposed Trans - Caspian Pipeline , Eurasianet , ( 2006 - 03 - 27 ) Jump up ^ Russia Seeking To Keep Kazakhstan Happy , Eurasianet , ( 2007 - 12 - 10 ) Jump up ^ Tim Webb ( 2010 - 12 - 15 ) . `` WikiLeaks cables : BP suffered blowout on Azerbaijan gas platform '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Walt , Vivienne ( 2010 - 12 - 18 ) . `` WikiLeaks Reveals BP 's ' Other ' Offshore Drilling Disaster '' . Time . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Khoshbakht B. Yusifzade . `` 8.3 The Status of the Caspian Sea -- Dividing Natural Resources Between Five Countries '' . Azer.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` The great Caspian arms race '' , Foreign Policy , June 2012 Jump up ^ `` Russia Gets Way in Caspian Meet '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 28 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Nicola Contessi ( April 2015 ) , `` Traditional Security in Eurasia : The Caspian caught between Militarisation and Diplomacy '' , The RUSI Journal Jump up ^ `` Drainage basing of the Caspian Sea '' ( PDF ) . unece.org . Jump up ^ Caspian Canal Could Boost Kazakh Trade Business Week ( 2007 - 07 - 09 ) External links ( edit ) Look up Caspian Sea in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caspian Sea . Names of the Caspian Sea Caspian Sea Region Target : Caspian Sea Oil John Robb , 2004 Dating Caspian sea level changes Caspian Sea Is Dying IIKSS - international institute of khazar ( caspian ) sea studies Regions of the world Regions of Africa North Mediterranean Gibraltar Arc Greater Middle East MENA Middle East Maghreb Barbary Coast Barbara Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains ( Middle Atlas ) Sahara Western Sahara Sahel Eastern Mediterranean Egypt Upper Egypt Middle Egypt Lower Egypt Cataracts of the Nile Bashmur Nubia Lower Nubia Nile Valley Nile Delta Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Sub-Saharan East Aethiopia Swahili coast East African Rift Great Rift Valley Afar Triangle Danakil Desert Danakil Alps Albertine Rift Virunga Mountains Gregory Rift Valley Southern Rift Valley Rift Valley lakes African Great Lakes Mittelafrika Horn of Africa Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Sudan ( region ) Sudanian Savanna East African montane forests Sub-Saharan Central Negroland Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau Sub-Saharan West Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Negroland Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Sudanian Savanna Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Sudan ( region ) Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Sub-Saharan South Madagascar Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) Northern Highlands Rhodesia North South Thembuland Succulent Karoo Nama Karoo Bushveld Highveld Fynbos Cape Floristic Region Kalahari Desert Okavango Delta False Bay Hydra Bay Sub-Saharan Anglophone Africa Francophone Africa Lusophone Africa Arabophone Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Tropical Africa Islands Regions of North America Canada Eastern Canada Western Canada Canadian Prairies Central Canada Northern Canada Atlantic Canada The Maritimes French Canada English Canada Acadia Acadian Peninsula Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor Peace River Country Cypress Hills Palliser 's Triangle Canadian Shield Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Newfoundland ( island ) Vancouver island Gulf Islands Strait of Georgia Canadian Arctic Archipelago Labrador Peninsula Gaspé Peninsula Avalon Peninsula Bay de Verde Peninsula Brodeur Peninsula Melville Peninsula Bruce Peninsula Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) Cook Peninsula Gulf of Boothia Georgian Bay Hudson Bay James Bay Greenland United States Pacific Northwest Inland Northwest Northeast New England Mid-Atlantic Commonwealth West Midwest Upper Midwest Mountain States Intermountain West Basin and Range Province Oregon Trail Mormon Corridor Calumet Region Southwest Old Southwest Llano Estacado Frontier Strip Central United States Tallgrass prairie South South Central Deep South Upland South Four Corners East Coast West Coast Gulf Coast Third Coast Coastal states Eastern United States Appalachia Trans - Mississippi Great North Woods Great Plains Interior Plains Great Lakes Great Basin Great Basin Desert Acadia Ozarks Ark - La - Tex Waxhaws Siouxland Twin Tiers Driftless Area Palouse Piedmont Atlantic coastal plain Outer Lands Black Dirt Region Blackstone Valley Piney Woods Rocky Mountains Mojave Desert The Dakotas The Carolinas Shawnee Hills San Fernando Valley Tornado Alley North Coast Lost Coast Emerald Triangle San Francisco Bay Area San Francisco Bay North Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) East Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) Silicon valley Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga Gulf of Mexico Lower Colorado River Valley Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta Colville Delta Arkansas Delta Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta Mississippi Delta Mississippi River Delta Columbia River Estuary Great Basin High Desert Monterey Peninsula Upper Peninsula of Michigan Lower Peninsula of Michigan Virginia Peninsula Keweenaw Peninsula Middle Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula Alaska Peninsula Kenai Peninsula Niagara Peninsula Beringia Belt regions Bible Belt Black Belt Corn Belt Cotton Belt Frost Belt Rice Belt Rust Belt Sun Belt Snow Belt Mexico Northern Mexico Baja California Peninsula Gulf of California Colorado River Delta Gulf of Mexico Soconusco Tierra Caliente La Mixteca La Huasteca Bajío Valley of Mexico Mezquital Valley Sierra Madre de Oaxaca Yucatán Peninsula Basin and Range Province Central Western Caribbean Zone Isthmus of Panama Gulf of Panama Pearl Islands Azuero Peninsula Mosquito Coast Caribbean West Indies Antilles Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Leeward Leeward Antilles Windward Lucayan Archipelago Southern Caribbean Aridoamerica Mesoamerica Oasisamerica Northern Middle Anglo Latin French Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of South America North Caribbean South America West Indies Los Llanos The Guianas Amazon Basin Amazon rainforest Gulf of Paria Paria Peninsula Paraguaná Peninsula Orinoco Delta South Tierra del Fuego Patagonia Pampas Pantanal Gran Chaco Chiquitano dry forests Valdes Peninsula West Andes Tropical Andes Wet Andes Dry Andes Pariacaca mountain range Altiplano Atacama Desert East Amazon basin Atlantic Forest Caatinga Cerrado Latin Hispanic American Cordillera Ring of Fire LAC Regions of Asia Central Greater Middle East Aral Sea Aralkum Desert Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Transoxiana Turan Greater Khorasan Ariana Khwarezm Sistan Kazakhstania Eurasian Steppe Asian Steppe Kazakh Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Mongolian - Manchurian grassland Wild Fields Yedisan Muravsky Trail Ural Ural Mountains Volga region Idel - Ural Kolyma Transbaikal Pryazovia Bjarmaland Kuban Zalesye Ingria Novorossiya Gornaya Shoriya Tulgas Iranian plateau Altai Mountains Pamir Mountains Tian Shan Badakhshan Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Mount Imeon Mongolian Plateau Western Regions Taklamakan Desert Karakoram Trans - Karakoram Tract Siachen Glacier North Inner Asia Northeast Far East Russian Far East Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga Extreme North Siberia Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) Transbaikal Khatanga Gulf Baraba Steppe Kamchatka Peninsula Amur Basin Yenisei Gulf Yenisei Basin Beringia Sikhote - Alin East Japanese archipelago Northeastern Japan Arc Sakhalin Island Arc Korean Peninsula Gobi Desert Taklamakan Desert Greater Khingan Mongolian Plateau Inner Asia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia China proper Manchuria Outer Manchuria Inner Manchuria Northeast China Plain Mongolian - Manchurian grassland North China Plain Yan_Mountains Kunlun Mountains Liaodong Peninsula Himalayas Tibetan Plateau Tibet Tarim Basin Northern Silk Road Hexi Corridor Nanzhong Lingnan Liangguang Jiangnan Jianghuai Guanzhong Huizhou Wu Jiaozhou Zhongyuan Shaannan Ordos Loop Loess Plateau Shaanbei Hamgyong Mountains Central Mountain Range Japanese Alps Suzuka Mountains Leizhou Peninsula Gulf of Tonkin Yangtze River Delta Pearl River Delta Yenisei Basin Altai Mountains Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass West Greater Middle East MENA Middle East Red Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Zagros Mountains Persian Gulf Pirate Coast Strait of Hormuz Greater and Lesser Tunbs Al - Faw Peninsula Gulf of Oman Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Aden Balochistan Arabian Peninsula Najd Hejaz Tihamah Eastern Arabia South Arabia Hadhramaut Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert Tigris -- Euphrates Mesopotamia Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia Sawad Nineveh plains Akkad ( region ) Babylonia Canaan Aram Eber - Nari Suhum Eastern Mediterranean Mashriq Kurdistan Levant Southern Levant Transjordan Jordan Rift Valley Levantine Sea Golan Heights Hula Valley Gaza Strip West Bank Galilee Gilead Judea Samaria Arabah Anti-Lebanon Mountains Sinai Peninsula Arabian Desert Syrian Desert Fertile Crescent Azerbaijan Syria Palestine Iranian plateau Armenian Highlands Caucasus Caucasus mountains Greater Caucasus Lesser Caucasus North Caucasus South Caucasus Kur - Araz Lowland Lankaran Lowland Alborz Absheron Peninsula Anatolia Cilicia Cappadocia Alpide belt South Greater India Indian subcontinent Himalayas Hindu Kush Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Ganges Basin Ganges Delta Pashtunistan Punjab Balochistan Kashmir Kashmir Valley Pir Panjal Range Thar Desert Indus Valley Indus River Delta Indus Valley Desert Indo - Gangetic Plain Eastern coastal plains Western Coastal Plains Meghalaya subtropical forests Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows Doab Bagar region Great Rann of Kutch Little Rann of Kutch Deccan Plateau Coromandel Coast Konkan False Divi Point Hindi Belt Ladakh Aksai Chin Gilgit - Baltistan Baltistan Shigar Valley Karakoram Saltoro Mountains Siachen Glacier Bay of Bengal Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Mannar Trans - Karakoram Tract Wakhan Corridor Wakhjir Pass Lakshadweep Andaman and Nicobar Islands Andaman Islands Nicobar Islands Maldive Islands Alpide belt Southeast Mainland Indochina Malay Peninsula Maritime Peninsular Malaysia Sunda Islands Greater Sunda Islands Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesian Archipelago Timor New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula Philippine Archipelago Luzon Visayas Mindanao Leyte Gulf Gulf of Thailand East Indies Nanyang Alpide belt Asia - Pacific Tropical Asia Ring of Fire Regions of Europe North Nordic Northwestern Scandinavia Scandinavian Peninsula Fennoscandia Baltoscandia Sápmi West Nordic Baltic Baltic Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Iceland Faroe Islands East Danubian countries Prussia Galicia Sambia Peninsula Amber Coast Curonian Spit Izyum Trail Lithuania Minor Nemunas Delta Baltic Baltic Sea Vyborg Bay Lokhaniemi Southeastern Balkans Aegean Islands Gulf of Chania North Caucasus Greater Caucasus Kabardia European Russia Southern Russia Central Baltic Baltic Sea Alpine states Alpide belt Mitteleuropa Visegrád Group West Benelux Low Countries Northwest British Isles English Channel Channel Islands Cotentin Peninsula Normandy Brittany Gulf of Lion Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Pyrenees Alpide belt South Italian Peninsula Insular Italy Tuscan Archipelago Aegadian Islands Iberia Al - Andalus Baetic System Gibraltar Arc Southeastern Mediterranean Crimea Donbass Sloboda Ukraine Alpide belt Germanic Romance Celtic Slavic countries Uralic European Plain Eurasian Steppe Pontic -- Caspian steppe Wild Fields Pannonian Basin Great Hungarian Plain Little Hungarian Plain Eastern Slovak Lowland Volhynia Karelia East Karelia Karelian Isthmus Regions of Oceania Australasia Gulf of Carpentaria New Guinea Bonis Peninsula Papuan Peninsula Huon Peninsula Huon Gulf Bird 's Head Peninsula Gazelle Peninsula New Zealand South Island North Island Coromandel Peninsula Zealandia New Caledonia Solomon Islands ( archipelago ) Vanuatu Kula Gulf Australia Capital Country Eastern Australia Lake Eyre basin Murray -- Darling basin Northern Australia Nullarbor Plain Outback Southern Australia Maralinga Sunraysia Great Victoria Desert Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf St Vincent Lefevre Peninsula Fleurieu Peninsula Yorke Peninsula Eyre Peninsula Mornington Peninsula Bellarine Peninsula Mount Henry Peninsula Melanesia Islands Region Bismarck Archipelago Solomon Islands Archipelago Fiji New Caledonia Papua New Guinea Vanuatu Micronesia Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia Palau Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island Polynesia Easter Island Hawaiian Islands Cook Islands French Polynesia Austral Islands Gambier Islands Marquesas Islands Society Islands Tuamotu Kermadec Islands Mangareva Islands Samoa Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Ring of Fire Polar regions Antarctic Antarctic Peninsula East Antarctica West Antarctica Eklund Islands Ecozone Extreme points Islands Arctic Arctic Alaska British Arctic Territories Canadian Arctic Archipelago Finnmark Greenland Northern Canada Northwest Territories Nunavik Nunavut Russian Arctic Sakha Sápmi Yukon North American Arctic Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Endorheic basins Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Salton Sea Book Category Islands of the Caspian Sea Adsiz Ada Ashuradeh Baburi Baku Archipelago Batkachnyy Blinov Bolshiye Peshnyye Bolshoy Zyudostinskiy Bolshoy Setnoy Boyuk Zira Bulla Chechen Chikil Chilov Chistoy Banki Durneva Gil Kichik Zira Kura Island Kura Rock Malyy Zhemchuzhnyy Morskaya Chapura Morskoy Biryuchek Morskoy Ivan - Karaul Morskoy Setnoy Nizhniy Oseredok Nordovyy Nordvestinskiy Ogurja Ada / Ogurchinskiy Osushnoy Pillarahi Podvodnyye Qara Su Qum Sedmoy Sara Spirkin Oseredok Svinoy Tava Tyuleniy Archipelago Tyuleniy Ukatnyy Verkhny Oseredok Vulf Zenbil Zhanbay Zhestkiy Zyudev Earth 's oceans and seas Arctic Ocean Amundsen Gulf Barents Sea Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea East Siberian Sea Greenland Sea Gulf of Boothia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Lincoln Sea Prince Gustav Adolf Sea Pechora Sea Queen Victoria Sea Wandel Sea White Sea Atlantic Ocean Adriatic Sea Aegean Sea Alboran Sea Archipelago Sea Argentine Sea Baffin Bay Balearic Sea Baltic Sea Bay of Biscay Bay of Bothnia Bay of Campeche Bay of Fundy Black Sea Bothnian Sea Caribbean Sea Celtic Sea English Channel Foxe Basin Greenland Sea Gulf of Bothnia Gulf of Finland Gulf of Lion Gulf of Guinea Gulf of Maine Gulf of Mexico Gulf of Saint Lawrence Gulf of Sidra Gulf of Venezuela Hudson Bay Ionian Sea Irish Sea Irminger Sea James Bay Labrador Sea Levantine Sea Libyan Sea Ligurian Sea Marmara Sea Mediterranean Sea Myrtoan Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Sargasso Sea Sea of Åland Sea of Azov Sea of Crete Sea of the Hebrides Thracian Sea Tyrrhenian Sea Wadden Sea Indian Ocean Andaman Sea Arabian Sea Bali Sea Bay of Bengal Flores Sea Great Australian Bight Gulf of Aden Gulf of Aqaba Gulf of Khambhat Gulf of Kutch Gulf of Oman Gulf of Suez Java Sea Laccadive Sea Mozambique Channel Persian Gulf Red Sea Timor Sea Pacific Ocean Arafura Sea Banda Sea Bering Sea Bismarck Sea Bohai Sea Bohol Sea Camotes Sea Celebes Sea Ceram Sea Chilean Sea Coral Sea East China Sea Gulf of Alaska Gulf of Anadyr Gulf of California Gulf of Carpentaria Gulf of Fonseca Gulf of Panama Gulf of Thailand Gulf of Tonkin Halmahera Sea Koro Sea Mar de Grau Molucca Sea Moro Gulf Philippine Sea Salish Sea Savu Sea Sea of Japan Sea of Okhotsk Seto Inland Sea Shantar Sea Sibuyan Sea Solomon Sea South China Sea Sulu Sea Tasman Sea Visayan Sea Yellow Sea Southern Ocean Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen Sea Cooperation Sea Cosmonauts Sea Davis Sea D'Urville Sea King Haakon VII Sea Lazarev Sea Mawson Sea Riiser - Larsen Sea Ross Sea Scotia Sea Somov Sea Weddell Sea Endorheic basins Aral Sea Caspian Sea Dead Sea Sea of Galilee Salton Sea Book Category Lakes of Kazakhstan Caspian Sea Aike Alakol Aral North South Balkhash Barak Kol Bartogay Chagan Issyk Jasybay Kayindi Kopa Kamyslybas Markakol Sasykkol Siletiteniz Tengiz Zaysan Zerenda Zhasylkol Azerbaijan articles History Early Kura -- Araxes culture Khojaly -- Gadabay culture Shulaveri - Shomu culture Mughan culture Jar - Burial Culture Leyla - Tepe culture Mannaeans Medes Achaemenid Empire Atropatene Caucasian Albania Parthian Empire Arran ( Caucasus ) Sasanian Empire Shirvan Middle Ages Sajid dynasty Sallarid dynasty Rawwadids Shaddadids Shirvanshahs Kingdom of Syunik ( Siunia dynasty ) Eldiguzids Ilkhanate Principality of Khachen ( House of Dop , House of Hasan - Jalalyan ) Kara Koyunlu Ag Qoyunlu Safavid dynasty Afsharid dynasty Zand dynasty Qajar dynasty Russo - Persian War ( 1804 -- 13 ) Treaty of Gulistan Russo - Persian War ( 1826 -- 28 ) Treaty of Turkmenchay Modern Armenian -- Tatar massacres March Days Armenian -- Azerbaijani War Azerbaijan Democratic Republic Soviet Azerbaijan Nagorno - Karabakh War Black January Independent Azerbaijan By topic History of the name Azerbaijan The Land of Fire Geography Bodies of water Caspian Sea Climate Earthquakes Environment issues Extreme points Fauna Flora Geology Mountains National parks Orography Protected areas State reserves Wildlife more ... Subdivisions Administrative divisions Borders Cities World Heritage Sites more ... Politics Government Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations European Union Human rights LGBT Law enforcement Ministry of National Security National Assembly Political parties Politics President Prime Minister Military History Air and Air Defence Force Caspian Guard Internal Troops Land Forces National Guard Navy Peacekeeping forces State Border Service Gabala Radar Station Ministry of Defense Ministry of Defence Industry more ... Economy Agriculture Central Bank Companies Energy Manat ( currency ) Mineral industry Petroleum industry Telecommunications Tourism Transport more ... Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Dances Dress Folklore Language Literature Media Music Ashiq Meykhana Mugham Novruz ( New Year ) Public holidays Rugs Sport Theatre more ... Demographics Education Ethnic minorities Health Languages LGBT history People list more ... Religion Freedom of religion Bahá'í Christianity Hinduism Islam Judaism Zoroastrianism more ... Symbols Flag National anthem National emblem Outline Index Book Category Portal Russia articles History Timeline Proto - Indo - Europeans Scythians East Slavs Rus ' Khaganate Kievan Rus ' Novgorod Republic Vladimir - Suzdal Grand Duchy of Moscow Tsardom of Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Russian SFSR Soviet Union Russian Federation By topic Economy Military Journalism Postal Geography Subdivisions Borders Earthquakes Geology European Russia Caucasus Mountains North Caucasus Caspian Sea Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Siberia Russian Far East North Asia Extreme points Cities and towns Islands Lakes Rivers Volcanoes Climate Politics Conscription Constitution Elections Federal budget Foreign relations Freedom of assembly Freedom of press Media Government Human rights Judiciary Law Citizenship Civil Service Law enforcement ( Prisons ) Liberalism Military Opposition Political parties President of Russia Economy Agriculture Aircraft industry Car industry Banking Central Bank Corruption Defence industry Economic regions Energy Fishing industry Forestry Gambling Mining Petroleum industry Russian ruble Russian oligarchs Space industry Shipbuilding Trade unions Taxation Tourism Transport Telecommunications Waste Society Demographics Citizens Abortion Alcoholism Crime Education Healthcare Ethnic groups Languages LGBT Immigration Illegal Prostitution Racism Religion Suicide Water supply and sanitation Women Culture Architecture Art Literature Ballet Cinema Graffiti Inventions Media Music Public holidays Opera Language Cuisine Martial arts Folklore Television Internet National anthem Coat of arms National flag Sports Outline Book Category Portal Soviet Union topics History Index of Soviet Union - related articles Russian Revolution February October Russian Civil War Russian SFSR USSR creation treaty New Economic Policy Stalinism Great Purge Great Patriotic War ( World War II ) Cold War Khrushchev Thaw 1965 reform Stagnation Perestroika Glasnost Revolutions of 1989 Dissolution Nostalgia Post-Soviet states Geography Subdivisions Republics autonomous Oblasts autonomous Autonomous okrugs Closed cities list Regions Caspian Sea Caucasus Mountains European Russia North Caucasus Siberia Ural Mountains West Siberian Plain Politics General Constitution Elections Foreign relations Brezhnev Doctrine Government list Human rights LGBT Law Leaders Collective leadership Passport system State ideology Marxism -- Leninism Leninism Stalinism Bodies Communist Party organisation Central Committee Politburo Secretariat Congress General Secretary Congress of Soviets ( 1922 -- 1936 ) Supreme Soviet ( 1938 -- 1991 ) Congress of People 's Deputies ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Supreme Court Offices Premier President Deputy Premier First Deputy Premier Security services Cheka GPU NKVD MVD MGB KGB Political repression Red Terror Collectivization Great Purge Population transfer Gulag list Holodomor Political abuse of psychiatry Ideological repression Religion Suppressed research Censorship Censorship of images Economy Agriculture Central Bank Energy policy Five - Year Plans Net material product Inventions Ruble ( currency ) Internet domain Transport Science Communist Academy Academy of Sciences Academy of Medical Sciences Lenin All - Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences Sharashkas Naukograds list Society Crime Demographics Soviet people working class 1989 census Languages Linguistics LGBT Culture Ballet Cinema Fashion Literature Music opera Propaganda Sports Stalinist architecture Opposition Soviet dissidents and their groups list Anthem republics Emblem republics Flag republics Templates Departments Russian Revolution 1917 Joseph Stalin Stagnation Era Fall of Communism Book Category Commons Portal WikiProject VIAF : 235067119 GND : 4110033 - 5 SUDOC : 028231511 BNF : cb15322350n ( data ) NDL : 01135352 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caspian_Sea&oldid=795407225 '' Categories : Caspian Sea Endorheic lakes of Asia International lakes of Asia International lakes of Europe Saline lakes Landforms of Central Asia Landforms of Western Asia Geography of Central Asia Geography of Western Asia Lakes of Azerbaijan Lakes of Iran Lakes of Kazakhstan Lakes of Turkmenistan Geography of Southern Russia Lakes of Astrakhan Oblast Lakes of Dagestan Lakes of Kalmykia Disputed territories in Asia Border tripoints Azerbaijan -- Iran border Iran -- Turkmenistan border Kazakhstan -- Turkmenistan border Kazakhstan -- Russia border Azerbaijan -- Russia border Iran -- Soviet Union relations Lowest points Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Webarchive template wayback links All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from September 2015 Wikipedia pages move - protected due to vandalism Use British English Oxford spelling from September 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing Persian - language text Articles containing Turkmen - language text Articles containing Azerbaijani - language text Articles containing Turkish - language text Articles containing Kazakh - language text Articles containing Russian - language text All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2000 All articles containing potentially dated statements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Languages Адыгэбзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Авар Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 گیلکی ગુજરાતી 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Лакку Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Livvinkarjala Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois ភាសា ខ្មែរ Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Tarandíne Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Zeêuws Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 14 August 2017 , at 01 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | is the caspian sea a lake or a sea | [
"The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed inland body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea.[2][3] It is in an endorheic basin (a basin without outflows) located between Europe and Asia.[4] It is bounded by Kazakhstan to the northeast, Russia to the northwest, Azerbaijan to the west, Iran to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southeast."
] | [
"variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea"
] |
-2558826003861794689 | Red John | Red John - wikipedia Red John `` Red John ( The Mentalist ) '' redirects here . For the Mentalist episode , see Red John ( The Mentalist episode ) . This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( October 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Red John The Mentalist character Xander Berkeley as Red John First appearance `` Red Hair and Silver Tape '' Last appearance `` Red John '' Portrayed by Xander Berkeley Simon Baker ( Voice , in `` Red Sky In The Morning '' , `` The Crimson Hat '' and `` The Desert Rose '' ) Information Full name Thomas McAllister Aliases Roy Tagliaferro ; Dr. Joe N.H. ; McAllister ; Jay Roth Gender Male Occupation Sheriff of Napa County , California Nationality American Red John is a fictional character and the primary antagonist of the CBS crime drama The Mentalist for the first five seasons and half of the sixth . As a serial killer , he is believed to have begun his killing spree in 1988 , and has , with his operatives and acolytes , killed more than 70 people in California , Nevada , and Mexico , throughout his murder spree . Five years prior to the action of the first episode , he murdered the wife and the daughter of Patrick Jane ( Simon Baker ) , making Jane his dedicated nemesis . In the season 3 finale , `` Strawberries and Cream ( Part 2 ) '' , Jane encounters a man ( played by Bradley Whitford ) in a shopping mall who convinces him he is Red John and whom he subsequently kills . However , after this `` cliffhanger '' episode , over the course of the first several episodes of season 4 , Jane determines that the man he killed , Timothy Carter , although a psychopathic killer himself , was not Red John but one of the killer 's many operatives . In season 5 's `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' , Lorelei Martins ( Emmanuelle Chriqui ) , a Red John operative , who goes astray after Jane convinces her that Red John murdered her sister , Miranda , accidentally reveals to Jane that he has already met Red John and shaken his hand . Jane compiles a list of men whose hands he has shaken and eventually narrows the list to seven names . Lorelei , however , is captured by Red John , whom she refused to name to Jane , breaking a promise she had made , and reads a pre-mortem message from Red John threatening to go back to killing `` a lot '' until Jane captures Red John or vice versa . In Lorelei 's message from Red John , she names the seven men Jane had narrowed down his list to include , indicating that somehow Red John has gotten inside Jane 's mind , although Red John does n't deny being one of the seven men . In the season 6 episode `` Red John '' , the eponymous serial killer 's identity is revealed to be Thomas McAllister , the sheriff of Napa County , portrayed by Xander Berkeley . After unmasking himself to Patrick Jane , McAllister discloses that he is the founder and overall leader of the secret organization known as the Blake Association . TV Guide included Red John in its 2013 list of `` The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time '' . Contents 1 Character profile 2 The Face and other signatures 3 Tyger Tyger Conspiracy : The Blake Association 4 Victims 4.1 Known victims 4.2 Likely killed by Red John 4.3 Indirect victims / killed by Red John associates 5 Appearances , accomplices , and copycats 5.1 Face - to - face 5.2 Todd Johnson and Red John impersonator 5.3 Red John still at large 5.4 James Panzer and Susan Darcy 's investigation 5.5 Ninth anniversary of Jane 's wife and daughter 's death 5.6 Jane 's breakdown and Red John 's proposal 5.7 Lorelei Martins 5.8 Visualize 5.9 Bob Kirkland and Homeland Security 5.10 The seven suspects 5.11 The final hunt 5.12 Kirkland 's ambition and the final clue 5.13 The Blake Association 5.14 The reveal and death of Red John 6 References Character profile ( edit ) Patrick Jane relentlessly pursues Red John , and ultimately in season 5 narrows his list of suspects to seven . The number of people in series who claim to have met `` Red John '' is limited . Although Patrick Jane learns that he has met Red John and shaken his hand at some point , he only discovers Red John 's true identity midway through season 6 . The face and other signatures ( edit ) `` The Face '' As part of his criminal signature , Red John draws a smiley face on the wall with the blood of the victim -- always clockwise ( except when it was portrayed in skywriting in `` Red John 's Footsteps '' ) , using the three fingers of his rubber - gloved right hand . Jane says in the pilot episode , `` Red John thinks of himself as a showman ; an artist . He has a strong sense of theater ... the first thing that anyone sees is the face on the wall . You see the face first and you know . You know what 's happened and you feel dread . Then , and only then do you see the body of the victim . Always in that order . '' Jane uses this information to work out that an apparent Red John murder was a copycat crime . Red John has twice painted his victim 's toenails with their own blood . Both were female . The first was Patrick Jane 's wife , Angela ; Red John wanted to punish Jane for saying derogatory things about him during a TV interview . Years later , knowing the case would be intercepted by the California Bureau of Investigation team and that the reminder of his wife 's death would make Jane furious , Red John painted the toenails of a young girl , to lead Jane into a trap . Red John 's victims have been mostly female , with some exceptions , such as Jared Renfrew ( Todd Stashwick ) in the season 1 episode `` Red John 's Friends '' , a man Jane helped to be released from prison on the condition he would give Jane information on the whereabouts of Red John . Fearing Red John , the man escaped Jane 's custody before giving any relevant information . Later that day , the man contacted Jane to explain that he would be of no further assistance , although this does n't save Renfrew 's life . Jane used background noises from the conversation as a starting point to find this man , but Red John got to him first , killing both Renfrew and the prostitute Renfrew had been with . In the season 2 episode `` His Red Right Hand '' , it is revealed another man was killed when he interrupted his wife 's murder at the hand of Red John . Jane believes this occurred early in Red John 's career and that Red John made a `` mistake '' due to his inexperience . Jane believes Red John removed the body from the crime scene ( something he had otherwise not done ) to bury the mistake . In the season 2 finale `` Red Sky in the Morning '' , Red John and Jane meet when Red John rescues Jane from kidnappers ; however Red John wears a mask that obscures his face . Red John also kills the two kidnappers , one of whom was male , but leaves alive a boy who the kidnappers blackmailed into looking like a criminal . In the season 4 episode `` Blinking Red Light '' , Red John kills James Panzer , a blogger and serial killer known as the San Joaquin killer , after Panzer has been goaded by Jane into insulting Red John on television . Jane did this because he could think of no other way to protect society from Panzer . In the season 4 premiere `` Scarlet Ribbons '' , Patrick Jane says that Red John 's victims are `` nearly all women , late at night , in their homes . He wakes them first , because he likes to see the fear in their eyes . He likes to hear them beg for mercy as he cuts them open . '' In the season 2 episode `` The Scarlet Letter '' , Jane tells Senior Special Agent Sam Bosco ( Terry Kinney ) that `` Red John does n't make mistakes . He does n't leave clues . If you have new evidence , it 's because he wants you to have it . The question is n't ' What does it mean ? ' ; it 's ' Why did he give it to you ? ' '' . Bruno Heller , show 's creator , has said that Red John is n't a `` pathetic loser who is hiding out in a basement somewhere '' , and that Jane is `` not fighting the Green River Killer . He 's fighting Moriarty . '' In addition , `` Jane and the audience are coming to the gradual realization that this is a much larger task than it seemed at first . It 's like those Amazon tribesmen who throw spears at passing airplanes , then come to realize those planes are the seeds of a much larger civilization that is coming down on them . '' Like Moriarty , Red John has a network of agents , willing to kill or to die for him . In a radio interview Heller has also stated : `` Red John is really just a personification of death , I mean it 's that simple . Patrick Jane is very much alive and is very much about being alive in the face of death . And Red John is the fate that awaits us all in the end . '' Tyger Tyger conspiracy : the Blake Association ( edit ) Further information : William Blake in popular culture In season 2 's finale episode `` Red Sky in the Morning '' , a William Blake theme is introduced , when a person , whom we believe at the time to be Red John , saves Patrick Jane from being killed under the direction of deranged slasher movie makers Ruth and Dylan . Jane is tied with saran wrap to a chair and , while he is immobilized , Red John recites the first verse of the William Blake poem `` Tyger Tyger '' : Tyger ! Tyger ! burning bright In the forests of the night What immortal hand or eye Could frame thy fearful symmetry ? In subsequent episodes ( season 3 ) , Jane wonders about this but does n't tell anyone that Red John recited it to him . In episode 9 of season 3 ( `` Red Moon '' ) , serial cop killer Todd Johnson is burned alive . While in the ICU , with Jane the only person present , Johnson whispers in his dying breath `` Tyger ! Tyger ! '' . This makes Jane conclude that there is a connection between Johnson and Red John , but he does n't tell anyone about this either . During subsequent episodes , it becomes clear that Red John either has an inside man in the CBI or is himself working within the CBI . In season 3 's `` Red Queen '' , the new director of the CBI , Gale Bertram ( Michael Gaston ) , also recites William Blake . This time it 's from another poem , called `` A Cradle Song '' . The two lines he recites are : And when thy little heart doth wake , Then the dreadful night shall break Jane is not present at the time of the reciting , but it is quite out of character for Bertram to recite poetry , and the fact that it is a poem by the same author is probably more than a simple coincidence . Bertram is later revealed to be among Jane 's final list of Red John suspects . In the season 3 finale , Jane tells the entire team all that he knows and recites the first verse of `` Tyger Tyger '' . Kimball Cho knows the poem very well and recites the first two lines of the second verse : In what distant deeps or skies Burnt the fire of thine eyes ? When discussing what the poem means , Cho says , `` Well , God made the lamb , but he also made the tiger . You ca n't have light without darkness . Life without death . '' This is also the mindset Red John 's accomplices follow to act on his orders . In Cho 's interpretation , he refers to a third , and earlier poem by William Blake , called `` The Lamb '' to which `` Tyger Tyger '' is a response or a further musing on the different parts of creation and the reasons for them , as started in `` The Lamb '' . Actually , Blake himself refers to `` The Lamb '' in `` Tyger ! Tyger ! '' , in the last line of the fifth verse : Did he who made the Lamb make thee ? In the season 6 episode `` Red Listed '' , there is a revelation by Bob Kirkland ( Kevin Corrigan ) as to what `` Tyger Tyger '' means . Kirkland reveals to FBI agent Reede Smith ( Drew Powell ) that corrupt officials use the term `` Tyger , Tyger '' to cover up dirty work done under law enforcement . Smith pretends to know nothing about `` Tyger Tyger '' until he shoots Kirkland in the back six times when pretending to free him from a prison transfer , after which he tells the driver , who belongs to the same organization , `` Tyger Tyger '' . The driver replies with the same phrase . In the season 6 episode `` The Red Tattoo '' , a woman named Kira Tinsley ( Beth Riesgraf ) is murdered by a man with a tattoo containing three dots - she reveals this to Jane in her final moments . Jane , believing that the man who killed Tinsley was Red John , gathers his five remaining Red John suspects into one location ( in `` Fire and Brimstone '' ) , only to find that three of his suspects have the identical tattoo of three dots , revealing that they are all part of the `` Tyger Tyger '' group of corrupt officials . In the season 6 episode `` The Great Red Dragon '' , Smith decides to hand himself in after the same organization he is part of attempts to kill him , in the same way he killed Bob Kirkland . Once he is alone with Lisbon and Jane , he reveals that he is a member of The Blake Association ( whose name is simultaneously first revealed ) , that they use the phrase `` Tyger , Tyger '' to identify fellow members , and that Red John is also a member of the Association . He explains how he came to join the Association after accidentally shooting a 12 - year - old girl . The Association promised to clear his name and protect him if he agreed to join them and follow any instructions given to him , including murder . Victims ( edit ) As of season 5 , Red John had killed a number of people , mostly women . In the series pilot , a copycat killer ( played by Željko Ivanek ) claims in a letter that he has killed 12 women ( he claims to have `` 12 wives '' in the letter ) . This means that only 11 women had been killed by the real Red John at the time of episode one . In the episode `` Red Dawn '' , when Jane first joins the CBI , he states at that time Red John was known to have killed 10 people . After Jane kills Timothy Carter , he tells the jury in season 4 's `` Scarlet Ribbons '' that Red John killed `` at least 28 people '' . Known victims ( edit ) Unnamed Victim - Red John 's first known murder is done with the assistance of Orville Tanner , himself eventually arrested and sent to prison , where he dies . Janet and Carter Peak - Red John 's third and fourth victims according to Cho in the episode `` His Red Right Hand '' . When Red John kills Janet Peak he is surprised by her husband , whom he is then forced to kill . In the same episode , Red John is discovered to have then buried Carter Peak 's body , which is subsequently found , one of Red John 's few `` mistakes '' . The DNA evidence on Carter Peak 's body is sought out by Sam Bosco and his team , and eventually Patrick Jane , but is never located as `` Agent Rojo '' removes the evidence before the CBI can examine it . `` Agent Rojo '' turns out to be Rebecca Anderson , Bosco 's secretary and one of Red John 's associates . Subsequent unnamed victims - Red John and / or his operatives kill others , who have not been named . Angela Ruskin Jane and Charlotte Anne Jane - Patrick Jane 's wife and daughter , killed by Red John in retaliation for Jane 's insulting remarks toward and about him on national television . Angela 's toenails are found painted in her own blood , something Red John has never done ( and repeats only once , some years later ) . A year or so after their deaths , Jane joins the CBI . Red John paints his signature smiley face on the wall of Jane 's bedroom in his Malibu house , where it remains . Miranda Martins - In the episode `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' it is revealed that sometime in the past , Miranda , the sister of Red John operative Lorelei Martins , was found raped and tortured , chained alone in a warehouse , where she died of heat suffocation . Etched in the floor was the word `` ROY '' , which Jane takes as a sign that , before her death , she was identifying her murderer as `` Roy Tagliaferro '' , an alias of Red John . It was confirmed in the episode `` There Will Be Blood '' by Jason Lennon , a Red John operative , that Red John was responsible for her death . Jared Renfrew and Juana Porfiria Braga - Renfrew , who knows Red John presumably through his own association with the late Orville Tanner , is murdered with Braga , a prostitute , in Tijuana in the episode `` Red John 's Friends '' . Although Jane is aware that Red John wishes Renfrew out of prison to `` get him out in the open '' and therefore vulnerable , Jane assists Renfrew 's escape and manages to secure new evidence proving Renfrew 's innocence . Renfrew abandons Jane , and is murdered shortly thereafter without providing any useful information . The painted smiley face is left above the bodies , along with the words `` He is mar '' , which could have been scrawled by one of the victims as a possible clue . Emma Plaskett - Plaskett is killed in the episode `` Red John 's Footsteps '' . Her corpse appears with Red John 's signature cutting style , and her toenails are painted red in her own blood , just as Jane 's wife 's had been . This , along with a skywritten signature smiley face , alerts Jane that Red John wishes him on the case . Her twin sister is allowed to live , however . Although Plaskett was stabbed and cut in Red John style , her body is found outdoors . Dr. Towlen Morning - Killed in the episode `` His Red Right Hand '' , Morning was Janet and Carter Peak 's doctor . He is murdered in an unconventional way for Red John ( frozen and his body displayed in public ) . He is presumably killed due to his possession of DNA records concerning the death of Carter Peak , a rare mistake in the early days of Red John 's killing spree . Marlon Hicks - A member of Sam Bosco 's team . Hicks is killed in typical Red John style and his corpse is left under Red John 's signature smiley face . He is presumably killed for examining the files of Dr. Morning that could implicate Red John . Rebecca Anderson - Bosco 's secretary who kills two of Sam Bosco 's team members and mortally wounds Bosco in `` His Red Right Hand '' , is killed by Red John , after she is captured by the CBI , by an extremely potent toxic substance sprinkled on her skin . Jacqueline Sandoval - Sandoval is killed in the season 2 episode `` Red Sky in the Morning '' , shortly after a television broadcast in which she interviews purported psychic Kristina Frye ( Leslie Hope ) about Red John . Sandoval 's comments on Red John ( `` that horrible Red John '' ) lead to her being killed in typical Red John style , with the smiley face signature painted on her wall . Frye disappears , presumably kidnapped , and left in a near comatose state . Dylan and Ruth - Amateur film students and budding serial killers who , after the death of Sandoval in the above episode , are killed by Red John since they imitated his style of murder to make a snuff film . After Red John is seen physically for the first time and shoots and stabs the two to death , he quotes the first line from William Blake 's `` The Tyger '' for the first time to Jane . James Panzer - In the season 4 episode `` Blinking Red Light '' , Panzer is secretly a serial murderer himself , the `` San Joaquin Killer '' , and is murdered by Red John after a televised interview in which Jane goads Panzer into insulting Red John - Jane realized that Panzer is going to keep on killing and that there is no other way to protect society from him . At the time of the interview , both Panzer and the public assumed that Red John had been killed by Jane ( in the finale episode of season 3 ) . It is not clear if Red John is aware of Jane 's stratagem or the underlying reason , but Panzer nonetheless dies in typical Red John slash / stab style , and the smiley face is painted above his corpse . Lorelei Martins - Lorelei is first introduced in the fourth season finale as a cocktail waitress , and is later revealed as one of Red John 's friends . In season 5 's `` There Will Be Blood '' , she is found dead under Red John 's smiley face after Jane turned her against Red John by convincing her that Red John murdered her sister , Miranda ( see above ) . In the same episode , Lorelei shows her capacity for violence , killing a woman named Julia Howard , who played a role in Miranda 's death , after brutally interrogating Howard and extracting information . Lorelei fatefully reneges on her promise to reveal Red John 's identity , telling Jane she has `` done a lot worse ( things than breaking a promise ) '' . She later shoots Red John operative Jason Lennon , who previously confirmed to Lorelei that Miranda was indeed killed by Red John . Red John tortures and kills the rebellious Lorelei after forcing her to make a pre-mortem recording to Jane , telling Jane that he is going to go back to killing `` a lot '' until Jane finds him or vice versa . Eileen Turner - Eileen Turner ( née Barlow ) was a fellow `` carny '' and childhood companion of Jane from his carnival days . A younger Eileen being lifted in the air by her father on the Fourth of July was one of the few memories that made Jane happy . Her murder in season 5 's finale `` Red John 's Rules '' marks Red John 's return . Turner was betrayed by a social worker , Miriam Gottlieb ( played by Laura San Giacomo ) , who wanted Turner 's baby and happened to be an `` old friend '' of Red John . Gottlieb commits suicide in the back of a police car by swallowing what appears to be a cyanide pill . A video in which Lorelei Martins , shortly before she herself is to be killed by Red John for treachery , reads Red John 's words ; his reference to killing a happy memory of Jane 's was borne out by Eileen Turner 's murder . Brett Partridge - Partridge was a CBI forensics agent who was introduced in the series pilot . At the end of season 5 , he , along with six other men , are revealed to be Red John suspects . At the end of the sixth season premiere `` The Desert Rose '' , he is found severely and mortally wounded by Red John . Before dying , he says `` Tyger Tyger '' to Lisbon , hinting that he was somehow connected to Red John . Partridge is later revealed to have worked for the Blake Association . Sophie Miller - Miller was Jane 's psychiatrist after his nervous breakdown . She was a suspect in her husband 's murder , but was exonerated by Jane . In season 6 's `` Black Winged Redbird '' , Jane attempts to contact her after assuming that Red John learned about the connection between him and Eileen Turner . After not receiving an answer to his two calls , Jane goes to her house to find her severed head in her oven . Jane learns that Red John visited her as a patient under the alias `` Jay Roth '' . He is described as being middle - aged , in good health , victim to certain phobias , an excellent whistler , and slightly narcissistic . Charlie - Charlie was a guest at a wedding in Napa County . At the wedding chapel , he tried to steal a very expensive Bible , but was caught in the act . He therefore killed the only witness , Uncle Larry . When Jane and Lisbon discover that he is the killer , he takes Jane hostage . While on the roof of the chapel , Red John / McAllister climbs up a ladder reserved for tree trimming and shoots Charlie in the torso , disproving his previously noticeable apparent fear of heights . During this episode McAllister is one of Jane 's 7 Red John suspects . This is the second time that Red John has saved Jane 's life . Kira Tinsley - Tinsley was hired by an unknown client to play a love interest to Cho . As a private investigator , she planted a listening device in the CBI offices . When Jane discovers that it was not the `` Visualize '' church who employed Tinsley , he concludes that Tinsley was either hired by Red John or is one of his many operatives . He hurries to rescue her , but is too late and arrives just as Tinsley is about to die . She reveals to Jane that her attacker has a tattoo on his left arm of three horizontal dots , which she draws on her arm using her own blood . Bret Stiles - The ambitious leader of the independent church known as `` Visualize '' . During the meeting with the five remaining Red John suspects , a concussion bomb goes off . This knocks out everyone in the room except Red John , who knew of the bomb in advance . Since Red John knew that he was no longer safe because he possessed the `` Blake Association '' tattoo , he faked his own death . By doing this he knew that the one of the two other members present in the room , Gale Bertram or Reede Smith , would be pinned as Red John . Red John dragged Jane , Bertram , and Smith out of the room where the second , lethal explosion would go off , one which killed Bret Stiles . Ray Haffner - Along with mentor Bret Stiles , he perished in the second explosion at Jane 's house during the Red John suspects meeting . Since he and Stiles were n't members of the `` Blake Association '' , Red John figured he and Stiles had to die , in order to protect himself . Likely killed by Red John ( edit ) Ron Deutsch - A security guard and Red John operative who is a first responder after Jane kills Timothy Carter in the season 3 finale . In season 4 , it is revealed that Deutsch had removed evidence from the scene that would have confirmed Jane 's account , including Carter 's cell phone and gun . Deutsch is electrocuted in his bathtub by Red John or another Red John operative . Baris Acar - A morgue attendant who lets Jane look at Timothy Carter 's corpse and whose face Jane has the blind Rosalind Harker feel to examine the features , which Harker confirms are not those of `` Roy '' ( the alias by which she knows Red John ) . Acar is interviewed by Susan Darcy in the episode `` Red is the New Black '' . Acar 's body is later found dead in Harker 's closet . It is not clear why he was killed , as he had no new information to provide , but his death directly resulted from Darcy 's interference in Jane 's activities . Martin Talbot and Alan Charney - Two members of a fictitious cult - like group , `` Visualize '' , who lived and worked at Elliston Farm , a farm owned by the cult , in 1988 , a decade before `` Red John '' became known as a serial killer . The decomposed bodies of the men are discovered in the season 5 episode `` The Red Barn '' and subsequently identified as possible early victims of Red John , as the barn in which their bodies are found bears the characteristic bloody `` smiley face '' design , albeit on its outside wall . Michael Kirkland - In the season 6 episode `` Red Listed '' , Bob Kirkland explains that his brother joined Red John 's following after their mother had committed suicide to escape from their abusive father ( who later drank himself to death ) . Kirkland states that , after his brother had joined Red John , he never saw or heard from him again and believes him to be one of the countless victims . Indirect victims / killed by Red John associates ( edit ) Red John 's disciples or operatives are willing and ready to assist him , including in acts of murder to either sabotage investigations or influence events . Almost all die after serving their purpose ( s ) . These include : Unnamed police officer - The officer is shot in the chest by Dumar Tanner , the son of Red John 's first accomplice , Orville Tanner . Dumar is shot moments later by Jane . Sam Bosco , Nick Martinez , and Mark Dyson - The new team replacing Jane 's to take charge of the Red John investigation . They are all killed by Bosco 's secretary Rebecca Anderson , who tells Jane : `` Red John thought you 'd understand . I got rid of Bosco and his team so that you could have the case back . Red John misses you . And it 's what you wanted too . Is n't it ? '' Todd Johnson - Red John associate who has killed several police officers , including his own uncle . When Johnson is captured by the CBI and suggests he has information for Jane , Red John has him burned alive by FBI Agent Craig O'Laughlin , one of Red John 's highest - ranking disciples . Madeline Hightower is later framed for the Johnson killing . Manuel Montero - A successful archaeologist and friend of Todd Johnson - they were on the same football team . Montero was found dead in a museum . It is unknown if he was killed by Red John or one of his operatives , such as O'Laughlin . Alan Dinkler - In the episode `` Strawberries and Cream - Part 1 '' , he is killed as a pawn to get information , via a bomb vest that explodes while he is wearing it . Anthony Gupta , who detonates the vest , is another Red John associate . Gupta himself is fatally shot by Agent J.J. LaRoche ( Pruitt Taylor Vince ) in an escape attempt . Max James - In the episode `` Strawberries and Cream '' , it is revealed that Anthony Gupta tortured James , Madeline Hightower 's cousin , to death while trying to get Hightower 's location for Red John . Unnamed assassin ( committed suicide ) - Hired by O'Laughlin to kill Hightower in the episode `` Strawberries and Cream - Part 2 '' . The young woman leaps to her death from a hotel window rather than allow herself to be taken into custody by the CBI . Two unnamed deputies - In the above episode , FBI Agent Craig O'Laughlin ( Eric Winter ) murders two police officers guarding Supervisory Agent Madeleine Hightower ( Aunjanue Ellis ) , who was being guarded by Jane 's team . Luther Wainwright - The young CBI supervisor is found gagged and bound in the backseat of the limousine driven by Red John 's operatives : an unnamed bodyguard and Lorelei Martins . Wainwright was shot to death in the back seat unknowingly by FBI Agent Susan Darcy ( Catherine Dent ) during the firefight , in the fourth season finale . Julia Howard - Howard worked at the women 's shelter where Lorelei Martins ' sister stayed temporarily . When Lorelei discovered that she was involved with her sister 's death , she tortures her , then kills her . Gale Bertram - The CBI director is killed by Blake Association member Oscar Cordero in the episode `` Red John '' , right before the real Red John reveals himself to Jane . Appearances , accomplices , and copycats ( edit ) Face - to - face ( edit ) At the start of the series , Red John was initially known as simply a serial killer who tortured and murdered mostly women , with at least eleven confirmed victims by the series ' premiere . However , Red John 's persona would become much more mysterious as any individual who would come close to disclosing any crucial information regarding the killer to Jane would wind up dead themselves , implying that Red John is far more than just an average serial killer and has deep connections throughout the state . It would later be revealed that Red John has a multitude of followers that see him as a savior who gave their life a purpose and willingly aid him in his various plans and murders in gratitude for what he gives them , which can range from a new life , an occupation , or some form of compensation . His followers do not simply aid him , but worship him and willingly give their lives for his cause , refusing to ever reveal any information about their leader or how they met him . Jane soon realizes that Red John is more powerful than he could ever imagine , having connections in law enforcement and an entire cult of brainwashed followers under his complete control and at his beck and call . The character of Red John himself remained largely unseen from the beginning . His face was confined in the shadows when he escaped from the abandoned house in the first - season finale . He may have appeared as a slim , dark - haired CHP motorcycle officer ( blue turtleneck , rather than blue tie ) to poison Rebecca using his left hand in `` His Red Right Hand '' ; in the same episode , he is also seen in flashback . In the second - season finale , `` Red Sky in the Morning '' , a man claiming to be Red John appears in the flesh , wearing a black sweatshirt , apron and pants , black rubber gloves , a pair of charcoal boots , and a grotesque rubber mask that covers his face , making him look slightly similar to what many believe the real life serial killer Jack the Ripper donned during his murder hunts . In the episode , Red John saves Jane from two student filmmakers who had copycatted Red John murders . During the encounter , Red John keeps his face hidden behind a mask , preventing Jane from identifying him . Before leaving Jane , Red John recites the first stanza of `` The Tyger '' by William Blake ( see above ) . This poem is alluded to numerous times throughout the series , before and after its reveal to Jane , with its contents making up the backbone of Red John 's philosophy ( implying the reason for why it is his favorite poem ) of there being no such thing as life without death or light without darkness , something he tells his followers to get them into the correct mindset for their murders and exploits . There have been further developments in season 5 . In `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' , Lorelei Martins reveals , in a moment of pique , that Red John is someone Jane knows by telling him that he and Red John are very much alike and she is surprised that they did n't become best friends `` as soon as they shook hands '' . This prompts Jane to compile a list of men he has shaken hands with , which would eventually be narrowed down to seven names . Todd Johnson and Red John impersonator ( edit ) In the episode `` Red Moon '' , Jane exposes an EMT worker , Todd Johnson ( Josh Braaten ) , as a serial cop killer . After being locked in a holding cell in the CBI headquarters , Johnson says he will only talk to Jane , as he claims only Jane will understand what he has to say . When the guard returns with Jane , Johnson has been set aflame and is writhing on fire . On his deathbed , Johnson says `` Tyger Tyger '' to Jane , indicating he is in some way connected to Red John . The reason behind Todd Johnson 's cop killings is left unclear , but later seasons along with Johnson 's knowledge of the phrase `` Tyger , Tyger '' would imply that their deaths were in some way connected to the `` Blake Association '' . Red John most likely ordered Johnson to murder various police officers who were close to discovering his society or were members themselves ( perhaps indicating why one of Johnson 's victims was burned alive , probably in order to hide the organization 's tattoo , which is marked on all members to better ensure loyalty ) who failed to complete their orders or were planning on turning themselves , and the association by extension , over to the authorities . When Johnson realized that Red John would never let him live while he was in custody and surrounded by potentially corrupt officials , he was prepared to reveal everything he knew to Jane , before he himself is killed by another Red John operative , but still managed to utter the society 's main form of communication to Jane . Jane then begins a secret investigation of his own to track the killer . Red John , in the meantime , decides to exploit the opportunity to use Johnson 's murder as a means to target another individual close to Jane and additionally cover up the identity of Johnson 's true killer , who also served as his secret informant on the CBI . Meanwhile , Special Agent J.J. LaRoche ( Pruitt Taylor Vince ) begins rigorously working to find Johnson 's killer . He ultimately suspects Supervising Agent Madeleine Hightower ( Aunjanue Ellis ) , due to DNA evidence that Jane believes has been planted by Red John or one of his accomplices . With Jane 's help , Hightower stages a hostile escape and is advised by Jane to remain in hiding , not only to evade the police but due to the danger imposed by Red John . Hightower goes to stay with her sister . In the season 3 finale , `` Strawberries and Cream - Part 2 '' , the mole is identified as Grace Van Pelt 's fiancé , FBI Agent Craig O'Laughlin ( played by Eric Winter ) ; O'Laughlin attempts to assassinate Hightower and instead shoots Lisbon , and is then himself shot dead by Hightower and Van Pelt in tandem . In a mall , after Gale Bertram ( Michael Gaston ) leaves in a huff over Jane 's wasting of his time . Jane , on a call with Lisbon during the shootout , tells her to use O'Laughlin's cell phone to redial the last number and tell the one who answered that O'Laughlin is dead . When Lisbon does so , a phone rings near Jane and is answered by a man ( Timothy Carter , played by Bradley Whitford ) reading a newspaper and speaking in an odd , high - pitched voice . After ending the call , Jane approaches the man and questions him . At first , the man appears upset and threatens to call security , but then smiles and says he was joking and claims he is Red John . The two talk ; the man reveals to Jane that he has a gun concealed in a folded newspaper and states that he is tired of killing and wants to start a new life , and encourages Jane to do the same . Jane says he will not be able to move on until Red John is dead . The man begins to leave , but at Jane 's insistence answers a question , revealing details about Jane 's wife and daughter that Jane mistakenly presumes only Red John could know . Jane vengefully shoots Carter with a gun he has hidden in his pocket . In season 4 , Carter is shown to have been a Red John operative imposter . Red John still at large ( edit ) In reference to the season 3 finale , the series creator , Bruno Heller , has stated : `` What you get from that scene is what you should get . The viewer is supposed to be convinced . Patrick Jane is certain it 's Red John ... The thing is , Red John is a master of the mind game . If Red John wanted to die , maybe this is how he wanted to die . Or maybe he just wants Jane to think he 's dead . '' In the season 4 premiere it is revealed that Ron Deutsch , the bald security officer at the mall , was a Red John operative who removed crucial evidence from the scene . Jane comes to believe the man he shot was not Red John , but Timothy Carter , a sadistic businessman who , with his equally twisted wife , Sally , had kidnapped a young woman Debbie Lupin , in whose search the couple cynically pretended to join . Jane tricks Sally into revealing the girl 's location . Sally is arrested by Lisbon and taken into custody , not to be heard from again , as she commits suicide in jail . Jane convinces a jury that Carter was Red John and is acquitted , although Jane is already beginning to have doubts about that . In `` Little Red Book '' , Lisbon arranges a meeting with Agent J.J. LaRoche , who is apparently leaving Major Crimes , to see Sally Carter , who committed suicide by slitting her wrists with a sharpened spoon , leaving a note about how lost she was now that her `` God '' ( by which she presumably means Timothy Carter ) is dead . But Jane , still not satisfied Carter was Red John , brings Rosalind Harker , the blind woman who had a relationship with Red John , to identify Carter 's body . She feels his face and told him that she had never met the man before , confirming Jane 's suspicion that Red John is `` still out there somewhere '' . James Panzer and Susan Darcy 's investigation ( edit ) By the episode `` Blinking Red Light '' , it is now widely believed that Red John is dead , with Jane and Lisbon the only ones aware he is still alive . One of the people believing Red John to be dead is James Panzer , a blogger pretending to devote his life to find a serial killer known as `` the San Joaquin Killer '' ( abbreviated SJK , who has killed at least five young women ) . In reality , Panzer is the killer . Jane suspects Panzer but initially lacks the proof to expose him . When he and Panzer both appear on Karen Cross 's television talk show discussing the SJK case , Jane recognizes Panzer has to be stopped and goads Panzer into comparing Red John unfavorably to SJK . Panzer rises to the bait , making bold statements that the SJK killings were the work of a genius and Red John by comparison is a `` common sociopath , lazy , sloppy , delusional '' and already forgotten since Jane killed him . Panzer then makes the same mistake made by Jane and Kristina Frye : belittling Red John in a public forum . A couple of hours after the television appearance , Panzer is found murdered , with Red John 's smiley face painted in blood on one of the walls near his body . Panzer 's murder proves Jane 's theory that Red John is still alive . This makes Panzer Red John 's ninth male victim . By the episode `` Always Bet on Red '' , the FBI had investigated Panzer 's murder and believed that a copycat of Red John was now active . The agent in charge , Susan Darcy ( Catherine Dent ) , begins pressing Jane for confirmation that he did kill Red John . At this time , Red John is shown to be stalking Darcy via an uploaded video called `` I Dare You '' on the Major Crime server , which shows her in her apartment , unaware that she is being filmed . The cameraman uploads an infobox saying , `` She 's cute , this is going to be fun '' . Jane reluctantly frames the late Thomas Maier , father of Panzer 's first victim , for killing Panzer as revenge for SJK 's victims - Maier had recently committed suicide . The FBI closes the case , presumably leaving Darcy safe , as she will presumably drop her inquiry . In the episode `` Red is the New Black '' , Jane 's efforts are later exposed and undone when Darcy refuses to let the case go after finding too many discrepancies . Darcy interviews Rosalind Harker , Red John 's blind ex-girlfriend and also the attendant of the morgue that Timothy Carter 's body was taken to following his death . Darcy subsequently realizes that Red John was still alive even though Jane has kept up the deception . Later , Harker contacts Jane and happily reveals Red John , once again under the alias `` Roy Tagliaferro '' , has come to visit her for tea , promising to `` sort things out '' with Jane and Darcy . As Harker speaks on the phone , a slim man , holding a tea cup in his left hand , and dressed in a smart , dark - coloured suit , is sitting nearby ; Harker , when asked , confirms that `` Roy '' is present and listening . Jane , fearing Red John will kill Harker , alerts Lisbon and Darcy , and they proceed to her house with an FBI SWAT team . Upon arrival , they find Harker alive and unhurt , playing her piano alone , seemingly sad that Red John `` could n't stay '' . Darcy notices a blood trail leading to a nearby closet , which , when opened , reveals the murdered body of the morgue attendant , confirming that Red John is still alive , either following Darcy or with access to the information in her files and / or her comings and goings . All of the Red John files were delivered to Darcy by CBI Director Wainwright , himself killed shortly thereafter by either Red John or a Red John operative . Ninth Anniversary of Jane 's wife and daughter 's death ( edit ) In the season 4 's penultimate episode `` Red Rover , Red Rover '' , Jane receives a message from Red John : an envelope with the words `` Happy Anniversary '' under the wiper of his car . In the cemetery where Jane 's wife and daughter are buried , a little girl named Hailey ( Emma Rayne Lyle ) approaches him and says , `` Hello , Patrick . '' When Patrick asks how she knows his name , she says , `` Your friend told me , '' and reveals the red smiley - face painted on her hand . She says , `` He told me to ask you a question ... ' Do you give up yet ? ' '' Hailey tells Patrick the man is white , was wearing a baseball cap , and had an odd voice . Lisbon says to Patrick that Red John wants to play with his mind . Later in the episode , Patrick burns all the CBI files of Red John , presumably out of despair , and the next morning says , `` He 's right ... it 's time to give up ... nothing 's working . Nothing . It 's just a game , and he keeps winning . The only way for me to stop him is if I stop playing . '' Jane 's breakdown and Red John 's proposal ( edit ) In the season 4 's finale `` The Crimson Hat '' , after being fired from the CBI , Jane finds himself in a Las Vegas bar , where he meets an attractive woman named Lorelei ( Emmanuelle Chriqui ) . He gets arrested . Lorelei bails him out , and the two have sex in Jane 's apartment . The next day , Lorelei reveals herself as an associate of Red John and says her presence in Jane 's life is `` a gift '' . She brings forward Red John 's proposal for friendship and a ' change ' in Jane 's lifestyle to help him overcome his depression . Jane is shocked and tells Lorelei to get out . However , he later confides to Lisbon that his breakdown had been tailored to get Red John to believe Patrick was really giving up . Red John communicates through Lorelei that he will only meet Jane in person if he kills Lisbon and brings him her head as a `` present '' . The CBI team executes a plot where they fake the murders of Lisbon and Rigsby at the hands of Jane , and the team goes into hiding . On hearing this over the news , Red John sends a message to Jane to meet him in Nevada . Darcy is investigating the apparent deaths of Lisbon and Rigsby . She discovers that the body found does not belong to Rigsby and gets arrest warrants issued against the entire team involved in the deception . Meanwhile , a limousine pulls over in the middle of a deserted street where Jane is waiting . Lorelei and a huge , armed man emerge from the car , and she claims Red John is inside . Lorelei looks at the box Jane is bearing and asks if it contains a football or a cabbage . He tells her it is a melon , specifically a honeydew . She does not react angrily , apparently since Red John ( and thus she ) became aware of Jane 's deception . Lorelei does have her assistant beat Jane up `` a little '' . Jane sits in the front seat of the limo while a dark , shadowy figure sitting in the back whose voice is distorted with a radio transmitter , and whose face is not visible , greets Jane . He tells Jane that he was fooled for a while by Jane 's plot but was apprised of the truth by a `` good friend '' inside the FBI . At this moment , Lisbon and her team , who were to move in and arrest Red John , are arrested by Darcy and her squad . Lisbon , cuffed on the side of the road , tells Darcy about the plan and the imminent danger to Jane 's life . Just as Lorelei is about to reluctantly punish Jane by cutting off two of his fingers , the CBI and FBI teams arrive . Jane emerges unharmed . The FBI fire bullets at the fleeing limousine , which stops . Lorelei is arrested unhurt , although the driver / bodyguard is killed . Darcy opens the back door , which reveals CBI Director Luther Wainwright , bound and dead , with a cell phone attached to his body . Lorelei is interrogated at the CBI by Jane and Lisbon . She refuses to speak about Red John but tells Lisbon that she and Jane have been lovers , calling Jane `` lover '' frequently . Jane tells Lorelei that she will eventually reveal what she knows and walks out of the room , ending season 4 . Lorelei Martins ( edit ) In the season 5 episode `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' , Lorelei Martins reappears in a women 's prison , having been removed from CBI custody by the FBI . She remains loyal to Red John , and when Jane ( with the aid of Bret Stiles ( Malcolm McDowell ) has her broken out of prison , she expresses shock and disappointment that her liberator is Jane , not Red John . Jane discovers Lorelei previously had a sister , who was murdered some years prior . Lisbon faxes him a photo of the crime scene where the word `` ROY '' can be seen scrawled on the floor next to the sister 's body -- information that had been withheld from the public at the time of the murder . This suggests to Jane that Red John ( who has used the alias Roy Tagliaferro ) was the killer , a fact that Jane reveals to Lorelei , who , angry at an earlier deception by Jane , tells him that `` you 're just like him , you know that ? Relentless manipulation ... I only wonder why the two of you did n't become lifelong friends from the moment you shook hands . '' This slip of Lorelei suggests that Jane has met Red John in the past . However , Lorelei refuses to believe Jane about the murderer . Alerted to Jane 's whereabouts , the CBI begins to close in on the pair , but Jane allows Lorelei to escape , telling her to `` find the truth '' for herself and come back to him when she realizes Red John used her . Lorelei reappears in episode 16 of season 5 , `` There Will Be Blood '' . This episode reveals two new accomplices of Red John : Julia Howard and Jason Lennon , well - regarded citizens , a worker and a trustee of a women 's shelter , respectively . Lorelei tortures Julia to get information about her sister 's death . She kills Howard after brutally beating her . After Lorelei comes after Lennon , Jane appears to try to rescue Lennon ( for Jane 's own ends ) and to acknowledge Lennon 's and Red John 's involvement in Miranda Martins ' murder . Lorelei shoots Lennon , critically wounding him . After kissing Jane , she departs on a mission to kill Red John , breaking her pact to reveal Red John 's identity . She tells Jane she has done `` much worse ( than breaking a promise ) '' , and that she and Jane are both going to hell `` on two different roads '' . Two weeks later , Lennon is revealed to have survived the shooting , although in a coma , while Lorelei is found dead under Red John 's smiley face with Homeland Security and police at the scene . Jane apologizes to her corpse but , still peeved over Lorelei 's breaking her promise to identify Red John , tells Lisbon ( of Lorelei ) , `` She had it coming . '' Visualize ( edit ) In the fifth season episode `` The Red Barn '' , it is hinted that Red John may currently be or was a member of the `` Visualize Self - Realization Center '' church , a notorious cult with a reputation for brainwashing its members , as two bodies which fit his MO were found on a farm previously controlled by Visualize , complete with his signature smiley face on the outside of the barn where the bodies were found . The murders are revealed to have been committed over two decades ago , when various Visualize members worked on the farm until its eventual shutdown due to a lack of farming expertise , and ten years before Red John was an active serial killer who targeted predominantly women . This implies that Red John used the cult and its techniques to recruit individuals who would make suitable followers ( as many of Visualize 's members come from broken families and traumatic childhoods , a trait that nearly every single Red John operative also shares ) , then brainwashes or seduces them to effectively control them . This finally explains how Red John recruited so many followers over the years who worshipped him and who were willing to give their lives for his plans . Rebecca Anderson , a loyal Red John operative who murdered Sam Bosco and his team under his orders before she herself is killed by Red John , reveals that Red John `` opened her eyes to the truth '' and enabled her to see the world for what it really was . This is similar to Visualize 's motto of opening up potential members ' eyes to the truth in order to effectively recruit them , implying that Red John uses the same philosophy to recruit his followers . Visualize is also known for teaching its members various and diverse skills , such as bomb manufacturing and advanced technology and computer uses , skills that Red John himself and many of his followers also display throughout the series . In a later episode , a private investigator named Kira Tinsley , who was hired by Red John to spy on the CBI , mentions that it was a Visualize member that hired her , confirming that Red John is indeed still a functioning member of the organization . The leader of the cult , Bret Stiles , has shown in previous seasons that he has a very thorough grasp on Red John 's inner workings , hinting at a connection between the two , which seems to finally be revealed as Visualize . Whether Bret Stiles actually knows the identity of Red John appears to be debatable throughout the series , but subsequent episodes imply that , although Stiles may know Red John is connected to his organization , he does not know which member he currently is and simply uses his own resources to keep tabs on the killer 's activities . Bob Kirkland and Homeland Security ( edit ) Robert `` Bob '' Kirkland , introduced in the retcon episode `` Red Dawn '' , has engaged in numerous suspicious activities relating to Jane and Jane 's search for Red John . In flashback just after Jane has joined the CBI , a man is seen thanking FBI Director Alexa Shultz for asking Virgil Minelli to keep the FBI updated on the Red John investigation . A couple of episodes later , the man reappears . He identifies himself as Homeland Security Agent Bob Kirkland , telling Lisbon that the Tommy Volker matter is being handled and that she should `` take a step back '' . After he leaves her office , he comes upon Jane . The two shake hands , and Kirkland tells Jane that he knows him , although Jane did n't know Kirkland . In the next episode , Lorelei Martins tells Jane that he had already met and shaken hands with Red John . In the episodes `` Red Sails in the Sunset '' and `` There Will Be Blood '' , Kirkland and Homeland Security are shown taking deep interest in finding Red John 's accomplice , Lorelei Martins , when she goes on a killing spree . Neither the CBI nor Homeland Security locate Lorelei before she is found murdered under Red John 's trademark smiley face . When Jason Lennon ( who admitted to being an accomplice of Red John ) awakes from an induced coma , he is interviewed by Kirkland . He tells Kirkland that he remembers who shot him but says he does not recognize Kirkland . Kirkland then kills Lennon with an injection , making it appear Lennon has died of his injuries . Kirkland tells Jane that Lennon `` never said a word '' before dying . In the episode `` Red Letter Day '' , Kirkland has two Homeland Security agents break into the attic where Jane works ( and occasionally lives ) at CBI . They take pictures of the information on Red John that Jane has on display . Kirkland is able to reproduce a near exact version of Jane 's bulletin board on Red John , presumably including the references to Kirkland himself as a suspect . Jane had had suspicions that he was being watched and realizes that his room has been broken into because he sees the toothpick he had been leaving of late between the door and the frame lying on the floor where it fell after Kirkland 's men entered the premises , never noticing it . Kirkland reappears in episode 4 of season 6 . He is revealed to be responsible for killing names on a list of fake Red John suspects his men stole from Jane . Once he learns that the list was fake from Jane , he kidnaps him . At the barn where he is being held captive , it is also shown that Richard Haibach is there , one of the men suspected of being the `` San Joaquin Killer . '' Jane is saved by Hightower and Lisbon , and Kirkland is arrested . On his way to prison , his vehicle is pulled over by FBI Agent Reede Smith . Smith informs him that the `` Tyger , Tyger '' quote is used by dirty officers of California Law Enforcement . Smith is one of them . When he gives Kirkland the address to a safe house , he then shoots him to death while running to his freedom . He and the driver cover it up and before departing say , `` Tyger , Tyger . '' While Kirkland originally monitored Jane through his connections in the FBI and researched Red John on his own accord , Kirkland 's findings into the existence of this criminal organization enabled him to authorize Homeland Security to openly investigate Red John , as he is a suspected member of the organization , which could pose a threat to national security and commit acts of terrorism . The seven suspects ( edit ) In the fifth season finale , Jane reveals to Lisbon that he has narrowed the Red John suspect list to seven names . Although those names are n't revealed until the end of the episode , Jane and the CBI investigate a Red John murder . Although it was initially believed that Red John was n't involved in the murder , and that it was either the victim 's husband or uncle , it is revealed that Red John committed the murder with the help of Miriam Gottlieb , a social worker who wanted Eileen Turner 's child . Gottlieb tricked Turner into separating herself from her volatile husband and moving into a motel , where Red John struck . In transit after her arrest , Gottlieb commits suicide by swallowing a cyanide pill , refusing , like almost all Red John 's operatives , to be taken alive . Before her arrest , she gave Jane a DVD from Red John , which featured the now dead Lorelei Martins , who recorded a video shortly before her own murder by Red John . Martins reveals that Red John is very angry with her for revealing that Patrick and Red John had shaken hands , and that , in exchange for her making the recording , Red John will not `` make her suffer so much '' . The video reveals that Red John somehow knows the names of Patrick Jane 's seven suspects : No . Suspect First appearance Description Outcome 1 . Gale Bertram s3 , ep. 1 `` Red Sky at Night '' CBI Director & member of the Blake Association Final suspect Killed by Oscar Cordero in `` Red John '' 2 . Bret Stiles s2 , ep. 20 `` Red All Over '' Leader of Visualize Self - Realization Center Eliminated = 3rd Killed by Red John in `` The Great Red Dragon '' 3 . Raymond Haffner s4 , ep. 2 `` Little Red Book '' Private detective , former CBI and FBI agent & member of Visualize Eliminated = 3rd Killed by Red John in `` The Great Red Dragon '' 4 . Reede Smith s5 , ep. 1 `` The Crimson Ticket '' FBI agent & member of the Blake Association Eliminated 6th Apprehended in `` The Great Red Dragon '' 5 . Robert Kirkland s5 , ep. 5 `` Red Dawn '' Homeland Security agent Eliminated 2nd Killed by Reede Smith in `` Red Listed '' 6 . Thomas McAllister s1 , ep. 2 `` Red Hair and Silver Tape '' Sheriff of Napa County , leader of the Blake Association & Red John Eliminated = 3rd First believed killed via bomb in `` The Great Red Dragon '' ; Killed by Patrick Jane in `` Red John '' 7 . Brett Partridge s1 , ep. 1 `` Pilot '' Bureau of Forensic Science Lead agent & member of the Blake Association Eliminated 1st Killed by Red John in `` The Desert Rose '' Red John does n't deny being one of these men . The killing of Eileen Turner marks the beginning of a new killing spree as Lorelei tells Jane that Red John will `` start killing again ... often '' until either Jane catches him , or he catches Jane . Out of frustration , Jane breaks the DVD with his own fingers , and sighs while looking out his window of his room at CBI . To be a final suspect , each character had to have ' red ' or ' reed ' ( a name that means ' red ' ) in the name of the character or the actor ( such as Reed Diamond , Reede Smith , Xan ( der ) Berkeley ) , or the name Bret or Bert ( ( Bret ) Stiles , Brett Partridge , Ro ( bert ) Kirkland , and Gale ( Bert ) ram ) , just as Red John 's right - arm woman and man must have ' red ' backwards in their names ( Rebecca An ( der ) son and Oscar Cor ( der ) o ) . The final hunt ( edit ) In the premiere of season 6 , Jane is highly disturbed at how Red John could deduce who he would have on his final list two months before finishing it , as well as have so much intimate knowledge of his memories and thought process . At a loss as to what to do , Jane remains extremely cautious around the seven suspects while Lisbon goes behind his back and has all the suspects ' cell phones installed with GPS trackers . Infuriated that Lisbon went behind his back and played into Red John 's hands , Jane and Lisbon have a falling out , with Lisbon eventually going to an abandoned house after receiving an anonymous tip at 5570 West Huron Street . She calls SAC - PD ; however , when she arrives at the address , a lady on the line informs her that they are temporarily unavailable . She then hears a faint scream inside and enters . Inside , she finds the mutilated body of Brett Partridge , chanting `` Tyger , Tyger '' , before dying , effectively revealing that he is not Red John . It is revealed that Red John called in the anonymous tip , abducted and placed Partridge within the house to torture and murder him , knowing that Lisbon was tracking the suspects ' phones and would arrive after learning that Partridge was in the house . He abducts her and then uses her phone to call Jane , who has previously been attempting to call Lisbon to apologize for their earlier argument , and taunts him as he paints his signature smiley - face on her face with Partridge 's blood . However , Jane and the authorities locate Lisbon , who seems to have been left unscathed by Red John , confusing her and Jane . As Jane ponders how Red John could have such intimate knowledge into his past and memories , he concludes that Red John must have had access to someone with such knowledge : Sophie Miller , Jane 's old psychiatrist , who helped him regain his mental health after he suffered a breakdown in the wake of his family 's murder . After repeated attempts to communicate with Sophie fail , Jane visits her house , only to find her severed head in the kitchen oven , revealing her to be one of Red John 's victims . As it is revealed that Red John stole Sophie 's personal files on her patients , Jane concludes that Red John most likely came to her in the guise of a patient in order to ply her for knowledge . However , Red John did n't know that Sophie used an audio device to record her thoughts about her patients , using her unique ability to read people even if they attempt to hide their true emotions and personality . Locating an entry dedicated to a man with the last name `` Roth '' ( a word meaning ' red ' ) , Red John 's alias when visiting Sophie , Jane listens to a detailed description of Red John 's inner workings ; he seems to have a case of acrophobia * , and / or other phobias , is middle aged , is in good health , has no family but many friends , is a great speaker , has good posture , is an excellent whistler , possesses hints of narcissism , and seems to be harboring something dark within himself . With this knowledge , Jane is one step ahead of Red John with an additional description to narrow down his list of six suspects . Kirkland 's ambition and the final clue ( edit ) As Jane keeps tabs over the six remaining suspects , Robert Kirkland begins using the information he stole from Jane 's room in the CBI from the previous season to make his own list of Red John suspects and begins abducting , torturing , and murdering them . Little does Kirkland know that Jane intentionally put false evidence in his room in the event that someone stole his information that pointed to seven men , all of whom were bad men , but not Red John . Jane learns from Hightower , who faked the death of herself and her family to continue hiding from Red John , that Kirkland has been keeping surveillance on Jane through his connections with the FBI for nearly a decade as he believed he might be Red John . Jane visits Kirkland at Homeland and informs him of his ruse , which entices Kirkland to take him hostage and bring him to his brother 's barn , where he has been torturing the false Red John suspects . Kirkland reveals to Jane that he also wants revenge on Red John because he murdered his twin brother ( explaining why he asks all Red John associates if he recognizes his face to confirm if they knew his brother ) , Michael , who was persuaded to join his ranks after their mother committed suicide to escape from their abusive father , who later drank himself to death . Kirkland never heard from his brother again , and since then has dedicated himself to using his position and resources to locate Red John and kill him . However , Lisbon and Hightower locate both of them and arrest Kirkland before he can obtain any of the names from Jane . With only five suspects left on his list , Jane tells Kirkland that he will see this through to the end and will visit him to learn everything else he knows about Red John with Kirkland agreeing to do so . En route to the prison , the transfer van is forced to pull over by Reede Smith , who approaches Kirkland and confirms a theory that Kirkland previously mentioned to him earlier that day : there is a massive secret organization ( later revealed as `` The Blake Association '' ) spread across various government agencies , in which its members cover up for one another if they commit illegal operations or unethical practices . Smith reveals that he is a member and proposes to Kirkland that he should join , as he and his superiors have had their eyes on him for a while to join . The reality , however , is that Smith was ordered by his superiors in the organization to kill Kirkland as he knows far too much to be left alive . Regardless , Kirkland refuses , believing Red John to be amongst their ranks , and prefers to be killed instead ; Reede complies and shoots him with the gun belonging to the guard driving the transfer van as Kirkland begins to run to make it look like an escape attempt gone wrong . Reede and the guard then chant `` Tyger , Tyger '' to each other , the password used amongst the members of the conspiracy organization . This implies that Red John may be a member of the government organization or , at the very least , has intimate knowledge of its inner workings . Kirkland is killed before any of this information can be communicated to Jane . After Kirkland 's death , Red John resorts to drastic measures to find out what Jane knows about him by hiring a private investigator named Kira Tinsley to bug the CBI . When Jane discovers the bug and deduces that it was left by Kira , who falsely pretends to have an interest in Agent Kimball Cho , he realizes that Red John is now on the hunt to kill her . Having used his skills to plant the chip used to bug CBI inside Tinsley 's purse , the CBI realize Red John has visited her and can hear her being murdered via the transmitter . Jane and Lisbon rush to save her and arrive just as Tinsley is about to die . However , before Tinsley dies , she whispers to Jane that Red John has a tattoo on his left shoulder ( implying that the significance of a past clue ' he is mar ' to mean ' he is marked ' ) and draws it in her own blood , indicating three dots , which Jane then smears to avoid anyone knowing what Tinsley has told him . The Blake Association ( edit ) Knowing about the tattoo and using it as his leverage , Jane plans to gather the remaining five suspects at his old house where he has ammunition . He plans to attract each suspect individually , telling them he has critical information about Red John . Jane promises Lisbon that she can accompany him during this process , but breaks his promise as he is worried about her safety . Once the five suspects are together , Jane tells them that one of them is Red John . He pulls out his shotgun and asks that they all put their guns on the floor . He then reveals what Tinsley told him about the tattoo and asks the men to reveal their left shoulders . First to reveal is Raymond Haffner and Bret Stiles , who do not have tattoos . Sheriff Thomas McAllister reveals his arm and his tattoo , three dots , just as Tinsley described . Jane moves in to take a closer look at whom he now believes is the real Red John before Bret Stiles indicates for him to look at Gale Bertram and Reede Smith , who both have the same tattoo as the sheriff . Now that three men have identical tattoos , a new window is opened to identify who Red John is ; and whether Red John also has the tattoo . It is believed that the men who have these tattoos are all corrupt government officials who use the `` Tyger , Tyger '' phrase to cover up their unlawful work . As Jane gathers them in his home , the house explodes with all five Red John suspects and Jane still inside . Police arrive , and Lisbon enters the house to discover Reede Smith . She identifies the tattoo and shoots Smith , wounding him , but he escapes . Lisbon then sees Bertram and tells him Smith is Red John . Bertram slips away as only Jane at this point knows he has the tattoo . An unconscious Jane is asleep at the hospital and Bertram attempts to kill him before being interrupted by Lisbon . As Jane begins to regain consciousness , Bertram flees and Lisbon and Jane deduce that either Bertram or Smith is Red John . It is also revealed through DNA testing that the other Red John suspects were killed in the blast , although no bodies were seen . Jane and Lisbon then realize that Brett Partridge was chanting the phrase `` Tyger , Tyger '' to Lisbon just prior to his death , in the hope that she was a member and could help him . When Agent Cho checks Partridge 's body at the morgue to verify the tattoo confirming that he was a Blake member , he learns that Red John peeled away the section of skin on his shoulder where the tattoo would have been located , implying that Partridge was a member and Red John had attempted to cover up his affiliation to the group . While Smith attempts to recover from his wound , the corrupt law enforcement organization he is a part of attempts to kill him before the CBI finds him , fearful that he will reveal their secrets . After two attempts are made on his life , Smith decides to hand himself in to the CBI in exchange for protection , where he reveals that he joined the Blake Association after accidentally killing a twelve - year - old girl as a result of paranoia induced by pain medication he was addicted to at the time , eventually being cleared of the crime due to his ties with the Blake Association . Since then , Smith has been a member of the group , helping fellow associates cover their own illegal acts , while developing more and more guilt over his own actions . The name of the group and its code are derived from William Blake and his famous poem `` The Tyger '' , implying that whoever controls the organization is an admirer of Blake 's work . Smith further reveals that Red John is part of the association , which was how he managed to poison Rebecca , one of his followers when she killed Bosco and his entire unit , as well as how he managed to have so many connections throughout law enforcement . Jane then looks Smith in the eye and asks him if he killed his wife and daughter , at which point Smith states that he did not . This prompts Jane to reveal at a press conference that Red John is Gale Bertram , who has since gone on the run with the aid of a fellow Blake associate named Oscar . While hiding from the authorities , Bertram brutally murders a bartender who comes close to recognizing him on the news reports and evades capture by posing as a SWAT officer as other units , many of which he called in himself , arrive , allowing him to escape unseen in Oscar 's vehicle . With so much corruption being revealed to have infiltrated California 's law enforcement agencies , along with Bertram seemingly revealed as Red John , an out of state FBI team led by Special Agent Dennis Abbot from Austin , Texas , is sent to disband the CBI , at which point Jane decides to `` let go '' but tells Lisbon he has n't quit in his hunt for Red John . The reveal and death of Red John ( edit ) The next day , as the FBI cleans out the CBI headquarters , Jane receives a phone call from Bertram , who is still on the run with the aid of Oscar , but cuts their conversation short when a police officer at the gas station he is calling from recognizes Bertram . Before the officer can arrest him , Oscar shoots the officer dead and escapes with Bertram . Jane bides his time until Bertram calls him again , wishing to meet him to gain a sense of closure and believing that their rivalry has ended in an honorable tie . Jane gets Bertram to meet him in the chapel at the cemetery where his wife and daughter are buried . Taking Lisbon 's gun and escaping from the FBI as they attempt to arrest him , Jane meets Bertram at the chapel after being disarmed by Oscar and learns that Bertram is not Red John . Bertram reveals that he is not even a high - ranking member of the Blake Association and it is Red John who is one of the high members . He does not know who Red John is but was ordered to lure Jane to a meeting so that he can be killed . He then orders Oscar to kill Jane . However , Oscar , also under orders from Red John , shoots Bertram dead as the real Red John enters the chapel : Sheriff Thomas McAllister . McAllister thanks Oscar and then instructs him to leave to give him and Jane time to talk . As Jane asks why Bertram had to die , McAllister reveals that , as the world now believes Bertram to be Red John , it would be a fitting end for Jane to end up dying with his supposed nemesis . The killer reveals that he has been the secret power controlling the Blake Association , having started it many years ago , and has been manipulating its thousands of members with their secrets and illegal acts , using his favorite poet , William Blake , and his poem `` The Tyger '' as inspiration for the name of the society and its inner communications . With this secret organization at his disposal , in conjunction with the dozens of loyal followers he recruited , seduced , and brainwashed through Visualize , McAllister formed connections all over the state to spy for him , tamper with evidence , commit murders , and aid in his plans of building up his society and cult , as well as targeting Jane and people close to him . While Red John gloats over his victories , Jane reveals that he knows how McAllister survived the explosion back at his home : he brought two bombs . One was a concussion bomb that knocked out everyone in the room , at which point McAllister dragged Jane , Bertram , and Smith away from the more deadly bomb . McAllister then brought in a dead body from the trunk of his car , which had its DNA records swapped with those of McAllister 's courtesy of Brett Partridge , a member of the Blake Association whose job gave him access to the DNA primary data base and was later murdered by McAllister for knowing too much . This body was placed next to Stiles and Haffner , both of whom perished in the explosion , leaving only Jane , Smith , and Bertram alive , while McAllister escaped before the authorities arrived . McAllister knew that either Smith or Bertram would be accused of being Red John as they would be the only remaining suspects with ties to the Blake Association . McAllister had then ordered for Smith to be killed before CBI could arrest him and had Bertram ( anonymously through the Blake Association ) lure Jane to a final meeting before Bertram was to escape the country , while also secretly ordering Oscar to aid the former CBI director and ensure his safety until Jane arrived , at which point he was to kill Bertram . Before McAllister can kill Jane , Jane hands him a handful of bread crumbs and releases a pigeon from his jacket , startling McAllister , who had displayed a phobia of the creatures in a previous episode . This revealed that Jane knew McAllister was Red John before meeting Bertram and deduced his phobia , which Sophia Miller previously speculated on ( also implying why he was unable to kill Lisbon previously as the house they were in during the season premiere contained pigeons ) . Jane then snatches a gun he taped underneath one of the pews the previous day and shoots McAllister in the torso and Oscar dead when he enters to stop Jane ; McAllister begs Jane not to kill him . As Jane revels in finally knowing who his nemesis is and having him at his mercy , a startled woman enters the chapel and asks Jane to stop . As Jane tries to calm the woman and get her to leave , she reveals herself to be another of Red John 's agents and attempts to slit Jane 's throat with a knife . Jane knocks out the woman with a candle stand and , realizing that McAllister escaped during the commotion , leaves the chapel to chase the killer . After being pursued through the cemetery , a neighborhood , and a playground , McAllister loses his stamina near a small pond and dials 911 . Jane kicks his nemesis , knocking the phone away from him , and grasps the man 's throat . As McAllister claims that he knew who would be on Jane 's final list of suspects because he is a real psychic , Jane asks him two final questions to determine his honesty by looking at his eyes . Asking McAllister to blink once for no and two for yes , Jane asks if he is sorry for murdering his wife and daughter and if he is afraid to die ; McAllister blinks twice to both questions . Satisfied with his answers , Jane then strangles McAllister to death . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bretts , Bruce ; Roush , Matt ( March 25 , 2013 ) . `` Baddies to the Bone : The 60 nastiest villains of all time '' . TV Guide . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( March 6 , 2012 ) . `` The Mentalist 's Bruno Heller Delivers the Scoop : Will Jane Get Busted By the FBI ? '' . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with The Mentalist Creator Bruno Heller '' . TV Time Machine . 2012 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Blake , William . `` Cradle Song '' . Poetry Archive . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( 2011 - 05 - 26 ) . `` ' The Mentalist ' creator breaks his silence on last week 's Red John finale shocker '' . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Red Letter Day '' episode of season 5 . Jump up ^ Daniel , David ( 2013 ) . The Mentalist Code and the Search for Red John . ( 1st ed . ) . Rajanata . ISBN 978 - 1495942228 The Mentalist Characters Patrick Jane Teresa Lisbon Kimball Cho Wayne Rigsby Grace Van Pelt Red John Seasons `` Strawberries and Cream '' 5 6 `` Red John '' 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_John&oldid=864511648 '' Categories : The Mentalist characters Fictional serial killers Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Fictional characters from San Francisco Bay Area Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional sheriffs Napa County , California Narcissism in fiction Psychopathy in fiction Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from August 2018 All articles that may contain original research Articles needing additional references from August 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from October 2018 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2018 , at 18 : 18 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | when does red john get caught in the mentalist | [] | [] |
-1848223396603177828 | I'm Going Down (Rose Royce song) | I 'm Going Down ( Rose Royce song ) - wikipedia I 'm Going Down ( Rose Royce song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` I 'm Going Down '' A-side label of U.S. vinyl single Single by Rose Royce from the album Car Wash : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack B - side `` Yo Yo '' Released September 1976 Format 7 '' single Recorded 1976 Genre R&B , soul Length 3 : 37 Label Whitfield Songwriter ( s ) Norman Whitfield Producer ( s ) Norman Whitfield Rose Royce singles chronology `` I Wanna Get Next to You '' ( 1977 ) `` I 'm Going Down '' ( 1976 ) `` Do Your Dance '' ( 1977 ) `` I Wanna Get Next to You '' ( 1977 ) `` I 'm Going Down '' ( 1977 ) `` Do Your Dance '' ( 1977 ) `` I 'm Going Down '' is a song written and produced by Norman Whitfield , and performed by Rose Royce . The single is from the film Car Wash and is featured on the film 's soundtrack . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Charts 2 Mary J. Blige version 2.1 Music video 2.2 Chart 3 In popular culture 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Rose Royce ( original ) version received moderate success . It peaked at number seventy on the US Billboard Hot 100 and reached number ten on the R&B singles chart . In the film Car Wash , the song serves as a double entendre , as it compliments the screen time of Maureen , a forlorn prostitute who desperately seeks a chance at true love with `` Joe , '' even as she turns tricks . Charts ( edit ) Charts ( 1977 ) Peak position Canadian RPM Singles Chart 58 US Billboard Hot 100 70 US Hot Black Singles 10 Mary J. Blige version ( edit ) `` I 'm Goin ' Down '' Standard artwork ( U.S. commercial cassette single pictured ) Single by Mary J. Blige from the album My Life Released January 18 , 1995 ( 1995 - 01 - 18 ) Format CD single , maxi single , promo single Recorded Genre R&B soul Length 3 : 44 Label Uptown , MCA Songwriter ( s ) Norman Whitfield Producer ( s ) Sean `` Puffy '' Combs and Chucky Thompson for The Hitmen Mary J. Blige singles chronology `` Be Happy '' ( 1994 ) `` I 'm Goin ' Down '' ( 1995 ) `` Mary Jane ( All Night Long ) '' ( 1995 ) `` Be Happy '' ( 1994 ) `` I 'm Goin ' Down '' ( 1995 ) `` Mary Jane ( All Night Long ) '' ( 1995 ) In 1994 , the song would gain more exposure and popularity when it was covered by R&B artist Mary J. Blige for her second album , My Life . Due to the heavy airplay that it received , Blige 's version peaked at number thirteen on the Hot R&B Songs chart and number twenty - two on the US Billboard Hot 100 . It became her fifth consecutive Top 40 hit as a lead artist . This song is also frequently performed at many of her concerts and as well as live sets . Music video ( edit ) The music video for Blige 's `` I 'm Goin ' Down '' was directed from January 14 -- 15 , 1995 by Matthew Rolston and was shot in black and white , with Blige singing in a club , and wearing an - all black suit with a matching hat , walking downstairs ( being duplicated over and over again ) . Chart ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 12 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 22 U.S. Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs 13 In popular culture ( edit ) `` Oh Boy '' off of Cam'ron 's third album Come Home with Me samples the original Rose Royce song . Mariah Carey also sampled the song in her 2002 album Charmbracelet for the song `` Boy ( I Need You ) '' . Both songs were composed by hip - hop producer Justin `` Just Blaze '' Smith and are almost identical . On the episode season 3 finale of Sister , Sister , Tamera ( Tamera Mowry ) covered the song for a talent show , winning a bet that her sister Tia ( Tia Mowry ) had with her enemy -- and Tamera 's opponent , Marva . Marcus Canty performed this song on season one of The X Factor ( U.S. ) during `` Movie Week '' and the elimination . Megan Hilty performs the song in the `` Tech '' episode of Smash Sera Hill performed the song in `` Episode 5 : The Blind Auditions , Part 5 '' episode of The Voice ( U.S. season 2 ) Paige Thomas performed this song as her audition for the second season of The X Factor ( U.S. ) Taylor Beckham performed this song on `` Episode 3 : The Blind Auditions , Part 3 '' of The Voice ( U.S. season 4 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Billboard . Mary J. Blige Hot 100 Singles chart history Jump up ^ Billboard . Mary J. Blige R&B Singles chart history External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Rose Royce Gwen Dickey Kenny Copeland Kenji Brown Lequeint `` Duke '' Jobe Victor Nix Henry Garner Freddie Dunn Michael Moore Terry Santiel Michael Nash Studio albums Car Wash Rose Royce II : In Full Bloom Rose Royce III : Strikes Again ! Rose Royce IV : Rainbow Connection Compilation albums Greatest Hits Singles `` Car Wash '' `` I Wanna Get Next to You '' `` I 'm Going Down '' `` Wishing on a Star '' `` Ooh Boy '' `` Love Do n't Live Here Anymore '' `` Is It Love You 're After '' Related articles Discography Norman Whitfield Whitfield Records Mary J. Blige singles Discography What 's the 411 ? `` You Remind Me '' `` Real Love '' `` Reminisce '' `` Sweet Thing '' `` Love No Limit '' `` You Do n't Have to Worry '' `` My Love '' My Life `` Be Happy '' `` Mary Jane ( All Night Long ) '' `` I 'm Goin ' Down '' `` You Bring Me Joy '' `` I Love You '' Share My World `` Love Is All We Need '' `` I Can Love You '' `` Everything '' `` Missing You '' `` Seven Days '' Mary `` As '' `` All That I Can Say '' `` Deep Inside '' `` Your Child '' `` Give Me You '' No More Drama `` Family Affair '' `` Dance for Me '' `` No More Drama '' `` Rainy Dayz '' Love & Life `` Love @ 1st Sight '' `` Ooh ! '' `` Not Today '' `` Whenever I Say Your Name '' `` It 's a Wrap '' The Breakthrough `` MJB da MVP '' `` Be Without You '' `` One '' `` Enough Cryin '' `` Take Me As I Am '' Reflections ( A Retrospective ) `` We Ride ( I See the Future ) '' Growing Pains `` Just Fine '' `` Work That '' `` Stay Down '' Stronger with Each Tear `` The One '' `` I Am '' `` Each Tear '' `` We Got Hood Love '' My Life II ... The Journey Continues ( Act 1 ) `` Ai n't Nobody '' `` 25 / 8 '' `` Do n't Mind '' `` Mr. Wrong '' `` Why '' `` Love a Woman '' `` Someone to Love Me ( Naked ) '' A Mary Christmas `` Do You Hear What I Hear ? '' `` This Christmas '' Think Like a Man Too `` Suitcase '' The London Sessions `` Doubt '' `` Right Now '' `` Therapy '' `` Whole Damn Year '' Strength of a Woman `` Thick of It '' `` U + Me ( Love Lesson ) '' `` Love Yourself '' Soundtracks `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' `` Not Gon ' Cry '' `` Stronger '' `` The Living Proof '' Guest appearances `` 911 '' `` Ai n't No Way '' `` America 's Song '' `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' `` Ca n't Knock the Hustle '' `` Disrespectful '' `` F for You '' `` Hands '' `` I 'll Be There for You / You 're All I Need to Get By '' `` I 'm a Hustla ( Remix ) '' `` IfULeave '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Lean on Me '' `` Magic Touch ( NYC Remix ) '' `` Now or Never '' `` Remember Me '' `` Runaway Love '' `` Stay with Me ( Remix ) '' `` Touch It ( Remix ) '' `` Wake Up Call ( Mark Ronson Remix ) '' `` What Child Is This '' `` Where Is the Love ? '' Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27m_Going_Down_(Rose_Royce_song)&oldid=788725724 '' Categories : 1976 songs 1977 singles 1995 singles Rose Royce songs Mary J. Blige songs Music videos directed by Matthew Rolston Songs written by Norman Whitfield Soul ballads Song recordings produced by Norman Whitfield Whitfield Records singles MCA Records singles Uptown Records singles Black - and - white music videos Torch songs Songs about heartache Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from August 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Português Edit links This page was last edited on 3 July 2017 , at 03 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who wrote the song i'm going down | [
"\"I'm Going Down\" is a song written and produced by Norman Whitfield, and performed by Rose Royce. The single is from the film Car Wash and is featured on the film's soundtrack."
] | [
"Norman Whitfield"
] |
6519789682197158060 | History of the periodic table | History of the periodic table - wikipedia History of the periodic table This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 20 March 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search A collection of historic documents that led to the development of the modern periodic table ( clockwise from top left ) -- Lavoisier 's ' Table of Simple substances ' ; de Chancourtois ' ' Vis Tellurique ' ; Mendeleyev 's hand - written periodic table ; a modern periodic table ; John Dalton 's list of atomic weights & symbols . The periodic table is an arrangement of the chemical elements and are organized on the basis of their atomic numbers , electron configurations and recurring chemical properties . Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number . The standard form of the table consists of a grid of elements with rows called periods and columns called groups . The history of the periodic table reflects over a century of growth in the understanding of chemical properties . The most important event in its history occurred in 1869 , when the table was published by Dmitri Mendeleev , who built upon earlier discoveries by scientists such as Antoine - Laurent de Lavoisier and John Newlands , but who is nevertheless generally given sole credit for its development . Contents ( hide ) 1 Antiquity to the 18th century 1.1 Hennig Brand 1.2 Antoine - Laurent de Lavoisier 2 19th century 2.1 William Prout 2.2 Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner 2.3 Alexandre - Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois 2.4 John Newlands 2.5 Mendeleev 2.6 Lothar Meyer 2.7 William Odling 3 20th century 3.1 Frederick Soddy 3.2 Henry Moseley 3.3 Glenn T. Seaborg 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Antiquity to the 18th century ( edit ) Further information : Classical element A number of physical elements ( such as platinum , mercury , tin and zinc ) have been known from antiquity , as they are found in their native form and are relatively simple to mine with primitive tools . Around 330 BCE , the Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that everything is made up of a mixture of one or more roots , an idea that had originally been suggested by the Sicilian philosopher Empedocles . The four roots , which were later renamed as elements by Plato , were earth , water , air and fire . Similar ideas about these four elements also existed in other ancient traditions , such as Indian philosophy . While Aristotle and Plato understood the concept of an element , their ideas did nothing to advance the understanding of the nature of matter . Hennig Brand , as shown in The Alchemist Discovering Phosphorus Hennig Brand ( edit ) The history of the periodic table is also a history of the discovery of the chemical elements . The first person in history to discover a new element was Hennig Brand , a bankrupt German merchant . Brand tried to discover the Philosopher 's Stone -- a mythical object that was supposed to turn inexpensive base metals into gold . In 1669 ( or later ) , his experiments with distilled human urine resulted in the production of a glowing white substance , which he called `` cold fire '' ( kaltes Feuer ) . He kept his discovery secret until 1680 , when Robert Boyle rediscovered phosphorus and published his findings . The discovery of phosphorus helped to raise the question of what it meant for a substance to be an element . In 1661 , Boyle defined an element as `` those primitive and simple Bodies of which the mixt ones are said to be composed , and into which they are ultimately resolved . '' Antoine - Laurent de Lavoisier ( edit ) Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier Lavoisier 's Traité Élémentaire de Chimie ( Elementary Treatise of Chemistry ) , which was written in 1789 and first translated into English by the writer Robert Kerr , is considered to be the first modern textbook about chemistry . Lavoisier defined an element as a substance that can not be broken down into a simpler substance by a chemical reaction . This simple definition served for a century and lasted until the discovery of subatomic particles . Lavoisier 's book contained a list of `` simple substances '' that Lavoisier believed could not be broken down further , which included oxygen , nitrogen , hydrogen , phosphorus , mercury , zinc and sulfur , which formed the basis for the modern list of elements . Lavoisier 's list also included ' light ' and ' caloric ' , which at the time were believed to be material substances . He has classified these substances into metals and non metals . While many leading chemists refused to believe Lavoisier 's new revelations , the Elementary Treatise was written well enough to convince the younger generation . However , Lavoisier 's descriptions of his elements lack completeness , as he only classified them as metals and non-metals . 19th century ( edit ) William Prout ( edit ) In 1815 , the English physician and chemist William Prout noticed that atomic weights seemed to be multiples of that of hydrogen . Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner ( edit ) In 1817 , Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner , a chemist , began to formulate one of the earliest attempts to classify the elements . In 1829 , he found that he could form some of the elements into groups of three , with the members of each group having related properties . He termed these groups triads . Definition of Triad law : - `` Chemically analogous elements arranged in increasing order of their atomic weights formed well marked groups of three called Triads in which the atomic weight of the middle element was found to be generally the arithmetic mean of the atomic weight of the other two elements in the triad . chlorine , bromine , and iodine calcium , strontium , and barium sulfur , selenium , and tellurium lithium , sodium , and potassium Alexandre - Émile Béguyer de Chancourtois ( edit ) Alexandre - Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois , a French geologist , was the first person to notice the periodicity of the elements -- similar elements occurring at regular intervals when they are ordered by their atomic weights . In 1862 he devised an early form of periodic table , which he named Vis tellurique ( the ' telluric helix ' ) , after the element tellurium , which fell near the center of his diagram . With the elements arranged in a spiral on a cylinder by order of increasing atomic weight , de Chancourtois saw that elements with similar properties lined up vertically . His 1863 publication included a chart ( which contained ions and compounds , in addition to elements ) , but his original paper in the Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences used geological rather than chemical terms and did not include a diagram . As a result , de Chancourtois ' ideas received little attention until after the work of Dmitri Mendeleev had been publicised . John Newlands ( edit ) Newlands ' law of octaves In 1864 , the English chemist John Newlands classified the sixty - two known elements into eight groups , based on their physical properties . Newlands noted that many pairs of similar elements existed , which differed by some multiple of eight in mass number , and was the first to assign them an atomic number . When his ' law of octaves ' was printed in Chemistry News , likening this periodicity of eights to the musical scale , it was ridiculed by some of his contemporaries . His lecture to the Chemistry Society on 1 March 1866 was not published , the Society defending their decision by saying that such ' theoretical ' topics might be controversial . The importance of Newlands ' analysis was eventually recognised by the Chemistry Society with a Gold Medal five years after they recognised Mendeleev 's work . It was not until the following century , with Gilbert N. Lewis 's valence bond theory ( 1916 ) and Irving Langmuir 's octet theory of chemical bonding ( 1919 ) , that the importance of the periodicity of eight would be accepted . The Royal Chemistry Society acknowledged Newlands ' contribution to science in 2008 , when they put a Blue Plaque on the house where he was born , which described him as the `` discoverer of the Periodic Law for the chemical elements '' . He contributed the word ' periodic ' in chemistry . Mendeleev ( edit ) Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev Zeitschrift für Chemie ( 1869 , pages 405 -- 6 ) , in which Mendeleev 's periodic table is first published outside Russia . Mendeleev 's 1871 periodic table . Dashes : unknown elements . Group I - VII : modern group 1 -- 2 and 3 -- 7 with transition metals added ; some of these extend into a group VIII . Noble gases unknown ( and unpredicted ) . The Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev was the first scientist to make a periodic table similar to the one used today . Mendeleev arranged the elements by atomic mass , corresponding to relative molar mass . It is sometimes said that he played ' chemical solitaire ' on long train journeys , using cards with various facts about the known elements . On March 6 , 1869 , Mendeleev gave a formal presentation , The Dependence Between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements , to the Russian Chemical Society . In 1869 , the table was published in an obscure Russian journal and then republished in a German journal , Zeitschrift für Chemie . In it , Mendeleev stated that : The elements , if arranged according to their atomic mass , exhibit an apparent periodicity of properties . Elements which are similar as regards to their chemical properties have atomic weights which are either of nearly the same value ( e.g. , Pt , Ir , Os ) or which increase regularly ( e.g. , K , Rb , Cs ) . The arrangement of the elements , or of groups of elements in the order of their atomic masses , corresponds to their so - called valencies , as well as , to some extent , to their distinctive chemical properties ; as is apparent among other series in that of Li , Be , B , C , N , O , and F . The elements which are the most widely diffused have small atomic weights . The magnitude of the atomic weight determines the character of the element , just as the magnitude of the molecule determines the character of a compound body . We must expect the discovery of many yet unknown elements -- for example , elements analogous to aluminium and silicon -- whose atomic weight would be between 65 and 75 . The atomic weight of an element may sometimes be amended by a knowledge of those of its contiguous elements . Thus the atomic weight of tellurium must lie between 123 and 126 , and can not be 128 . Certain characteristic properties of elements can be foretold from their atomic masses . Scientific benefits of Mendeleev 's table It enabled Mendeleev to predict the discovery of new elements and left spaces for them , namely eka - silicon ( germanium , discovered in 1885 ) , eka - aluminium ( gallium , 1875 ) , and eka - boron ( scandium , 1879 ) . Thus , there was no disturbance in the periodic table . It could be used by Mendeleev to point out that some of the atomic weights being used at the time were incorrect . It provided for variance from atomic weight order . Shortcomings of Mendeleev 's table The table was not able to predict the existence of the noble gases , but did , however , leave spaces for yet to be discovered elements to slot into . Time proved this audacious calculation correct . However , when this entire family of elements was discovered , William Ramsay was able to add them to the table as Group 0 , without the basic concept of the periodic table being disturbed . A single position could not be assigned to hydrogen , which could be placed either in the alkali metals group , the halogens group or separately above the table between boron and carbon . The lanthanides were difficult to fit into the table . Polonium and radium , discovered by Marie Curie in 1898 , also were difficult to fit into the table . Lothar Meyer ( edit ) Unknown to Mendeleev , a German chemist , Lothar Meyer , was also working on a periodic table . Although his work was published in 1864 , and was done independently of Mendeleev , few historians regard him as an equal co-creator of the periodic table . Meyer 's table only included twenty - eight elements , which were not classified by atomic weight , but by valence , and he never reached the idea of predicting new elements and correcting atomic weights . A few months after Mendeleev published his periodic table of the known elements , predicted new elements to help complete his table and corrected the atomic weights of some of the elements , Meyer published a virtually identical periodic table . Meyer and Mendeleev are considered by some historians of science to be the co-creators of the periodic table , but Mendeleev 's accurate prediction of the qualities of undiscovered elements enables him to have the larger share of the credit . William Odling ( edit ) In 1864 , the English chemist William Odling also drew up a table that was remarkably similar to the table produced by Mendeleev . Odling overcame the tellurium - iodine problem and even managed to get thallium , lead , mercury and platinum into the right groups , which is something that Mendeleev failed to do at his first attempt . Odling failed to achieve recognition , however , since it is suspected that he , as Secretary of the Chemical Society of London , was instrumental in discrediting Newlands ' earlier work on the periodic table . 20th century ( edit ) Frederick Soddy ( edit ) By 1912 almost 50 different radioactive elements were found , too many for the periodic table . Frederick Soddy in 1913 found that although they emitted different radiation , many elements were alike in their chemical characteristics so shared the same place on the table . They became known as isotopes , from the Greek eisos topos ( `` same place '' ) . Henry Moseley ( edit ) Henry Moseley In 1914 , a year before he was killed in action at Gallipoli , the English physicist Henry Moseley found a relationship between the X-ray wavelength of an element and its atomic number . He was then able to re-sequence the periodic table by nuclear charge , rather than by atomic weight . Before this discovery , atomic numbers were sequential numbers based on an element 's atomic weight . Moseley 's discovery showed that atomic numbers were in fact based upon experimental measurements . Using information about their X-ray wavelengths , Moseley placed argon ( with an atomic number Z = 18 ) before potassium ( Z = 19 ) , despite the fact that argon 's atomic weight of 39.9 is greater than the atomic weight of potassium ( 39.1 ) . The new order was in agreement with the chemical properties of these elements , since argon is a noble gas and potassium is an alkali metal . Similarly , Moseley placed cobalt before nickel and was able to explain that tellurium occurs before iodine , without revising the experimental atomic weight of tellurium , as had been proposed by Mendeleev . Moseley 's research showed that there were gaps in the periodic table at atomic numbers 43 and 61 , which are now known to be occupied by technetium and promethium respectively . Glenn T. Seaborg ( edit ) During his Manhattan Project research in 1943 , Glenn T. Seaborg experienced unexpected difficulties in isolating the elements americium and curium . Seaborg wondered if these elements belonged to a different series , which would explain why their chemical properties were different from what was expected . In 1945 , against the advice of colleagues , he proposed a significant change to Mendeleev 's table : the actinide series . Seaborg 's actinide concept of heavy element electronic structure , predicting that the actinides form a transition series analogous to the rare earth series of lanthanide elements , is now well accepted and included in the periodic table . The actinide series is the second row of the f - block ( 5f series ) . In both the actinide and lanthanide series , an inner electron shell is being filled . The actinide series comprises the elements from actinium to lawrencium . Seaborg 's subsequent elaborations of the actinide concept theorized a series of superheavy elements in a transactinide series comprising elements from 104 to 121 and a superactinide series of elements from 122 to 153 . See also ( edit ) Alternative periodic tables History of chemistry Periodic Systems of Small Molecules Prout 's hypothesis The Mystery of Matter : Search for the Elements ( PBS film ) Timeline of chemical element discoveries References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : John Newlands , Chemistry Review , November 2003 , pp15 - 16 Jump up ^ IUPAC article on periodic table Archived 2008 - 02 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Scerri , E.R. ( 2006 ) . The Periodic Table : Its Story ad Its Significance ; New York City , New York ; Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Weeks , Mary ( 1956 ) . Discovery of the Elements ( 6th ed . ) . Easton , Pennsylvania , USA : Journal of Chemical Education . p. 122 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Robert ( 1661 ) . The Skeptical Chymist . London , England : J. Crooke . p. 16 . Jump up ^ Lavoisier with Robert Kerr , trans . ( 1790 ) Elements of Chemistry . Edinburgh , Scotland : William Creech . From p. xxiv : `` I shall therefore only add upon this subject , that if , by the term elements , we mean to express those simple and indivisible atoms of which matter is composed , it is extremely probable we know nothing at all about them ; but , if we apply the term elements , or principles of bodies , to express our idea of the last point which analysis is capable of reaching , we must admit , as elements , all substances into which we are capable , by any means , to reduce bodies by decomposition . Not that we are entitled to affirm , that these substances we consider as simple may not be compounded of two , or even of a greater number of principles ; but , since these principles can not be separated , or rather since we have not hitherto discovered means of separating them , they act with regard to us as simple substances , and we ought never to suppose them compounded until experiment and observation has proved them to be so . '' Jump up ^ See : Prout , William ( November 1815 ) . `` On the relation between the specific gravities of bodies in their gaseous state and the weights of their atoms '' . Annals of Philosophy. 6 : 321 -- 330 . Prout , William ( February 1816 ) . `` Correction of a mistake in the essay on the relation between the specific gravities of bodies in their gaseous state and the weights of their atoms '' . Annals of Philosophy. 7 : 111 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Wurzer , Ferdinand ( 1817 ) . `` Auszug eines Briefes vom Hofrath Wurzer , Prof. der Chemie zu Marburg '' ( Excerpt of a letter from Court Advisor Wurzer , Professor of Chemistry at Marburg ) . Annalen der Physik ( in German ) . 56 : 331 -- 334 . Here , Döbereiner found that strontium 's properties were intermediate to those of calcium and barium . Jump up ^ Döbereiner , J.W. ( 1829 ) . `` Versuch zu einer Gruppirung der elementaren Stoffe nach ihrer Analogie '' ( An attempt to group elementary substances according to their analogies ) . Annalen der Physik und Chemie . 2nd series ( in German ) . 15 : 301 -- 307 . For an English translation of this article , see : Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner : `` An Attempt to Group Elementary Substances according to Their Analogies '' ( Lemoyne College ( Syracuse , New York , USA ) ) Jump up ^ Beguyer de Chancourtois ( 1862 ) . `` Tableau du classement naturel des corps simples , dit vis tellurique '' ( Table of the natural classification of elements , called the `` telluric helix '' ) . Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences ( in French ) . 55 : 600 -- 601 . ^ Jump up to : Ley , Willy ( October 1966 ) . `` The Delayed Discovery '' . For Your Information . Galaxy Science Fiction . pp. 116 -- 127 . Jump up ^ Chancourtois , Alexandre - Émile Béguyer de ( 1863 ) . Vis tellurique . Classement des corps simples ou radicaux , obtenu au moyen d'un système de classification hélicoïdal et numérique ( in French ) . Paris , France : Mallet - Bachelier. 21 pages . Jump up ^ Annales des Mines history page . Jump up ^ See : Newlands , John A.R. ( 7 February 1863 ) . `` On relations among the equivalents '' . The Chemical News . 7 : 70 -- 72 . Newlands , John A.R. ( 30 July 1864 ) . `` Relations between equivalents '' . The Chemical News . 10 : 59 -- 60 . Newlands , John A.R. ( 20 August 1864 ) . `` On relations among the equivalents '' . The Chemical News . 10 : 94 -- 95 . Newlands , John A.R. ( 18 August 1865 ) . `` On the law of octaves '' . The Chemical News . 12 : 83 . ( Editorial staff ) ( 9 March 1866 ) . `` Proceedings of Societies : Chemical Society : Thursday , March 1 '' . The Chemical News . 13 : 113 -- 114 . Newlands , John A.R. ( 1884 ) . On the Discovery of the Periodic Law and on Relations among the Atomic Weights . E. & F.N. Spon : London , England . Jump up ^ in a letter published in Chemistry News in February 1863 , according to the Notable Names Data Base Jump up ^ Newlands on classification of elements ^ Jump up to : Shaviv , Giora ( 2012 ) . The Synthesis of the Elements . Berlin , Germany : Springer - Verlag . p. 38 . From p. 38 : `` The reason ( for rejecting Newlands ' paper , which was ) given by Odling , then the president of the Chemical Society , was that they made a rule not to publish theoretical papers , and this on the quite astonishing grounds that such papers lead to a correspondence of controversial character . '' Jump up ^ Lewis , Gilbert N. ( 1916 ) . `` The atom and the molecule '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 38 : 762 -- 785 . Jump up ^ Langmuir , Irving ( 1919 ) . `` The structure of atoms and the octet theory of valence '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 5 : 252 -- 259 . Jump up ^ Langmuir , Irving ( 1919 ) . `` The arrangement of electrons in atoms and molecules '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 41 ( 6 ) : 868 -- 934 . Jump up ^ Physical Science , Holt Rinehart & Winston ( January 2004 ) , page 302 ISBN 0 - 03 - 073168 - 2 Jump up ^ Менделеев , Д. ( 1869 ) . `` Соотношение свойств с атомным весом элементов '' ( Relationship of elements ' properties to their atomic weights ) . Журнал Русского Химического Общества ( Journal of the Russian Chemical Society ) ( in Russian ) . 1 : 60 -- 77 . Jump up ^ Mendeleev , Dmitri ( 1869 ) . `` Ueber die Beziehungen der Eigenschaften zu den Atomgewichten der Elemente '' ( On the relations of elements ' properties to their atomic weights ) . Zeitschrift für Chemie. 12 : 405 -- 406 . Jump up ^ `` Reed Magazine : The Alumni Association : Around the World in 80 Seconds '' . reed.edu . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ See : Odling , William ( June 1857 ) . `` On the natural groupings of the elements . Part 1 '' . Philosophical Magazine . 4th series . 13 ( 88 ) : 423 -- 440 . Odling , William ( 1857 ) . `` On the natural groupings of the elements . Part 2 '' . Philosophical Magazine . 4th series . 13 ( 89 ) : 480 -- 497 . Odling , William ( 1864 ) . `` On the hexatomicity of ferricum and aluminium '' . Philosophical Magazine . 4th series . 27 ( 180 ) : 115 -- 119 . Odling , William ( 1864 ) . `` On the proportional numbers of the elements '' . Quarterly Journal of Science . 1 : 642 -- 648 . Jump up ^ See : Soddy , Frederick ( 1913 ) . `` Radioactivity '' . Annual Reports on the Progress of Chemistry . 10 : 262 -- 288 . Soddy , Frederick ( 28 February 1913 ) . `` The radio - elements and the periodic law '' . The Chemical News . 107 ( 2779 ) : 97 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Soddy first used the word `` isotope '' in : Soddy , Frederick ( 4 December 1913 ) . `` Intra-atomic charge '' . Nature . 92 ( 2301 ) : 399 -- 400 . See p. 400 . Jump up ^ Moseley , H.G.J. ( 1914 ) . `` The high - frequency spectra of the elements '' . Philosophical Magazine . 6th series . 27 : 703 -- 713 . External links ( edit ) Development of the periodic table ( part of a collection of pages that explores the periodic table and the elements ) by the Royal Society of Chemistry Dr. Eric Scerri 's web page , which has links to interviews , lectures and articles on various aspects of the periodic system , including the history of the periodic table . The Internet Database of Periodic Tables -- a large collection of periodic tables and periodic system formulations . History of Mendeleev periodic table of elements as a data visualization at CrossValidated Stack Exchange ( hide ) Periodic table Periodic table forms Standard 18 - column 18 - column , large cells 32 - column , large cells Alternative Alternatives Chemical Galaxy Janet 's left step table Extended Extension beyond the 7th period Fricke model large cells Pyykkö model Sets of elements By periodic table structure Groups 1 ( Alkali metals ) 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ( Pnictogens ) 16 ( Chalcogens ) 17 ( Halogens ) 18 ( Noble gases ) Periods 5 6 7 8 + Aufbau Fricke Pyykkö Blocks s - block p - block d - block f - block g - block Aufbau principle By metallicity Metals Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Lanthanides Actinides Superactinides Transition metals Post-transition metals Metalloids Lists of metalloids by source Dividing line Nonmetals Polyatomic nonmetals Diatomic nonmetals Noble gases Other sets Nutritional elements Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) Rare - earth elements Refractory metals Precious metals Coinage metals Noble metal Heavy metals Native metals Transuranium elements Transactinide elements Major actinides Minor actinides Elements Lists By : Abundance ( in humans ) Atomic properties Nuclear stability Production Symbol Properties Atomic weight Crystal structure Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Allen Pauling Goldschmidt classification Maximum valence Data pages Abundance Atomic radius Boiling point Critical point Density Elasticity Electrical resistivity Electron affinity Electron configuration Electronegativity Hardness Heat capacity Heat of fusion Heat of vaporization Ionization energy Melting point Oxidation state Speed of sound Thermal conductivity Thermal expansion coefficient Vapor pressure History Element discoveries Mendeleev 's predictions Naming Etymology controversies places scientists in East Asia See also IUPAC nomenclature systematic element name Trivial name Dmitri Mendeleev Book Chemistry Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_periodic_table&oldid=831482808 '' Categories : History of chemistry History of physics Periodic table Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Wikipedia pending changes protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Articles containing Greek - language text Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Bahasa Indonesia മലയാളം Nederlands Português Română Slovenčina Српски / srpski தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe 吴语 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 20 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who is the scientist who created the modern periodic table that we use today | [
"The Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev was the first scientist to make a periodic table similar to the one used today.[citation needed] Mendeleev arranged the elements by atomic mass, corresponding to relative molar mass. It is sometimes said that he played 'chemical solitaire' on long train journeys, using cards with various facts about the known elements.[21] On March 6, 1869, Mendeleev gave a formal presentation, The Dependence Between the Properties of the Atomic Weights of the Elements, to the Russian Chemical Society. In 1869, the table was published in an obscure Russian journal and then republished in a German journal, Zeitschrift für Chemie.[22][23] In it, Mendeleev stated that:"
] | [
"Dmitri Mendeleev"
] |
3157391906553163001 | List of Dawson's Creek episodes | List of Dawson 's Creek episodes - wikipedia List of Dawson 's Creek episodes Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Dawson 's Creek , an American television series , was created by Kevin Williamson , who was the executive producer until the end of the show 's second season . Paul Stupin shared the executive producer role until Williamson left , and remained until the series finale along with Tom Kapinos and Greg Prange . It is produced by Outerbanks Entertainment and Sony Pictures Television . The series stars James Van Der Beek as Dawson Leery , an aspiring film maker . Katie Holmes portrays his best friend and love interest Joey Potter , with Joshua Jackson as their fellow best friend Pacey Witter . Michelle Williams plays Jen Lindley , who moves from New York City to Capeside after being sent away by her parents . Kerr Smith and Meredith Monroe plays siblings Jack and Andie McPhee . Between January 20 , 1998 , and May 14 , 2003 , Dawson 's Creek aired six seasons on the American television network The WB , the first a mid-season replacement and the following five as regular seasons . One hundred and twenty - eight episodes were produced over the show 's six - year run , and concluded with a two - hour series finale . All six seasons are available on DVD in Regions 1 , 2 and 4 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 : 1998 2.2 Season 2 : 1998 -- 1999 2.3 Season 3 : 1999 -- 2000 2.4 Season 4 : 2000 -- 2001 2.5 Season 5 : 2001 -- 2002 2.6 Season 6 : 2002 -- 2003 3 References 3.1 General 3.2 Notes 4 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 January 20 , 1998 ( 1998 - 01 - 20 ) May 19 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 19 ) 22 October 7 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 07 ) May 26 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 26 ) 23 September 29 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 29 ) May 24 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 24 ) 23 October 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 04 ) May 23 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 23 ) 5 23 October 10 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 10 ) May 15 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 15 ) 6 24 October 2 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 02 ) May 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 14 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 : 1998 ( edit ) `` No. in series '' refers to the episode 's number in the overall series ; `` No. in season '' refers to the episode 's number in this particular season . The first season , 13 pre-filmed episodes , ran from January 20 to May 19 , 1998 . Season one regular cast members include James Van Der Beek , Katie Holmes , Michelle Williams , Joshua Jackson , with Mary - Margaret Humes and John Wesley Shipp portraying Dawson Leery 's parents Gail and Mitch Leery , Nina Repeta as Joey Potter 's sister and guardian Bessie Potter , Mary Beth Peil as Jen Lindley 's grandmother Evelyn Ryan `` Grams '' . This season takes place during the characters ' sophomore year of high - school . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code `` Pilot '' Steve Miner Kevin Williamson January 20 , 1998 ( 1998 - 01 - 20 ) 101 Film addict Dawson is making an amateur movie with his friends Pacey and Joey when filming is interrupted by the arrival of Jen , the beautiful granddaughter of Dawson 's next - door neighbor . Pacey develops a crush on Tamara Jacobs , an older woman he meets at the video shop , but is stunned to discover that she is his new English teacher . As the friends start high school , Joey discovers Dawson 's mother , Gail , is having an affair , a fact that neither Dawson or his father , Mitch , know . Note : This was the last programming of any kind to air on The WB before it transitioned into The CW as a result of a merger with UPN . `` Dance '' Steve Miner Kevin Williamson January 27 , 1998 ( 1998 - 01 - 27 ) 102 Dawson casts Jen as the new leading lady in his film , but creates a messy off - camera scene during her date at the school dance . Meanwhile , Joey confronts Mrs. Leery about her liaisons and Pacey gets under Tamara 's skin with his public flirting . `` Kiss '' Michael Uno Rob Thomas February 3 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 03 ) 103 While working on the film class 's movie , team player Dawson has a hard time being stuck in the background . Meanwhile as he plots to give Jen the `` perfect kiss '' , Joey is swept away by a handsome stranger and Pacey tries to graduate to manhood with the help of girlfriend / teacher Tamara . `` Discovery '' Steve Miner Jon Harmon Feldman February 10 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 10 ) 104 Dawson learns of his mother 's affair , and upon discovering that Joey already knew , he turns to Jen for comfort and advice . He regrets doing so when she tells him about her past and the real reason she moved to Capeside . Meanwhile Pacey and Tamara continue to tempt fate with their fling . 5 5 `` Hurricane '' Lou Antonio Kevin Williamson & Dana Baratta February 17 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 17 ) 105 When a major hurricane moves inland , several characters take refuge in the Leery home , where Dawson rages at Jen about her past , and Mitch storms out after Gail confesses to her affair . A tormented Dawson is left to deal with the fallout . Elsewhere , Pacey ruins his brother 's chances of a date with Tamara when they are all trapped at her beach house during the hurricane . 6 6 `` Baby '' Steve Miner Story by : Joanne Waters Teleplay by : Jon Harmon Feldman February 24 , 1998 ( 1998 - 02 - 24 ) 106 Another student overhears Pacey and Dawson discussing Pacey 's relationship with Tamara , and within hours the rumors are all around school and the rest of Capeside . Tamara and Pacey find themselves in legal trouble before the day is out . Over at Dawson 's house , Bessie gives birth to baby Alexander , aided by Joey , Dawson and Jen and an unlikely ally , Evelyn Ryan . 7 7 `` Detention '' Allan Arkush Mike White March 3 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 03 ) 107 Dawson , Pacey , Joey and Jen all wind up spending a Saturday in detention at Capeside High under the supervision of Mrs. Tringle , the school librarian . The day takes on a `` Breakfast Club '' type air as Abby Morgan , the school trouble - maker , stirs the pot by initiating a telling game of truth or dare to break up the monotony of the day . Joey 's secret longing for Dawson threatens to reveal itself . 8 8 `` Boyfriend '' Michael Fields Story by : Charles Rosin & Karen Rosin Teleplay by : Jon Harmon Feldman & Dana Baratta March 10 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 10 ) 108 Dawson feels the heat when Jen is visited by an old boyfriend from New York . Elsewhere , Joey lets off a bit too much steam at a beach party and ends up in a sticky situation , saved only by Pacey 's intervention . In the Leery family , tensions between Mitch and Gail reach boiling point as they attempt to rebuild their marriage . 9 9 `` Roadtrip '' Steve Robman Rob Thomas March 17 , 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 17 ) 109 Hoping to get over Jen , Dawson agrees to skip school and join Pacey and Billy ( Jen 's ex ) on a road trip . The three of them end up in a bar where Dawson finds some emotional clarity . Meanwhile , Jen handles damage control after Joey becomes the subject of a wild rumor at school . The two of them join forces to perpetuate an act of revenge on Warren who claimed to have had sex with Joey . 10 10 `` Double Date '' David Semel Jon Harmon Feldman April 28 , 1998 ( 1998 - 04 - 28 ) 110 A double date finds Jen and Cliff joined by Dawson and Mary - Beth , whom Dawson asks out solely as part of a plot to make Jen jealous . Pacey and Joey work together on a school project , with a strange turn of events leading Pacey to admit possible feelings he may have for Joey . He later discusses this with Dawson , who is passionately against Pacey pursuing his emotions . 11 11 `` The Scare '' Rodman Flender Mike White May 5 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 05 ) 111 Friday the 13th dawns in Capeside , and Dawson plans a séance for the group . While shopping for supplies for the evening , they meet a distressed woman in the middle of a nasty row with her boyfriend . She accompanies them back to Dawson 's house . In addition to being spooked by the woman and the séance , emotions are heightened by the knowledge that a serial killer may be headed towards Capeside . 12 12 `` Beauty Contest '' Arvin Brown Dana Baratta May 12 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 12 ) 112 Capeside 's annual Miss Windjammer beauty pageant gets turned on its ear when it draws some unexpected contestants . Jen tries to persuade Joey to enter but she is very reluctant . After finding out the winner receives a $5,000 prize for college tuition , Joey changes her mind . Even more shockingly , Pacey enters , and in the process exposes some hypocrisy . 13 13 `` Decisions '' David Semel Mike White & Dana Baratta ( teleplay ) Jon Harmon Feldman ( story ) May 19 , 1998 ( 1998 - 05 - 19 ) 113 In the season finale , Dawson and Joey are forced to confront their true feelings . Joey visits her father in prison and debates leaving to go to France . Jen 's grandfather dies and she turns to Dawson for comfort . Season 2 : 1998 -- 1999 ( edit ) The second season ran from October 7 , 1998 to May 26 , 1999 . This season takes place during the characters ' sophomore year of high - school . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 14 `` The Kiss '' David Semel Jon Harmon Feldman October 7 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 07 ) 201 After their kiss at the end of season one , Dawson and Joey have doubts about the future of their relationship as Joey is still mulling over plans to go to France . Meanwhile , Pacey plays a trick on new girl Andie , but later finds himself the victim of her revenge trick on him . 15 `` Crossroads '' Dennie Gordon Dana Baratta October 14 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 14 ) 202 Jack , Andie 's brother , scores a job at the Ice House . During the same day , an entry in Joey 's diary lands her in hot water with Dawson , who forgets Pacey 's 16th birthday . Meanwhile , Abby begins to become a negative influence over lonely Jen . 16 `` Alternative Lifestyles '' David Semel Mike White October 21 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 21 ) 203 An economics class project pairs Dawson and Jen as husband and wife , Pacey and Andie as a married couple and Joey as a single mother with two children . Jen tries to use the project to get closer to Dawson , flaunting and flirting in increasingly obvious ways . Pacey gets to know more about Andie 's troubled family life and Joey begins to see that she has a chance of success in the real world while doing her project solo . 17 `` Tamara 's Return '' Jesus Trevino Mike White October 28 , 1998 ( 1998 - 10 - 28 ) 204 Tamara Jacobs , who left town after her affair with Pacey was exposed , shares an awkward reunion with her former boyfriend . The encounter triggers old emotions in Pacey and curiosity in Andie , who sheepishly confesses to Dawson that she has feelings for Pacey . Meanwhile , Jack and Joey bond over their shared interest in art . 18 5 `` Full Moon Rising '' David Semel Dana Baratta November 4 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 04 ) 205 Parental problems cast a shadow over Dawson and Joey 's new romance . Pacey is troubled when he sees the McPhee 's homelife and struggles to comfort Andie when she unloads her emotions onto him . Jen has a date that makes Abby jealous and Joey and Jack share a late night kiss . 19 6 `` The Dance '' Lou Antonio Jon Harmon Feldman November 11 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 11 ) 206 Two tragedies rock Dawson 's world . First he learns the awful truth about his parents ' marriage . Then , at the Homecoming dance , he witnesses a heated moment between Joey and Jack , during which their illicit kiss is revealed . Dawson is heartbroken as his lifelong friendship and newfound romance with Joey is shattered . The big night also introduces Jen and Jack for the first time . Pacey tries to open his heart to Andie , but something she witnesses ends up hurting her . 20 7 `` The All - Nighter '' David Semel Greg Berlanti November 18 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 18 ) 207 Facing the scariest English test of their lives , the gang has an all night study session at wealthy , horny Chris Wolfe 's house . During the night , secrets are revealed and friendships are altered . The truth about Pacey 's affair with Tamara is publicly revealed , much to Andie 's horror . Dawson and Joey discuss their relationship . 21 8 `` The Reluctant Hero '' Joe Napolitano Shelley Meals & Darin Goldberg November 25 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 25 ) 208 Joey 's `` semi-date '' with Jack prompts a resentful Dawson to join Jen at a party where he saves her from doing some things she 'll regret . Pacey proves his worth when Andie 's mother has a psychotic episode during their study session . Mitch fails to understand Dawson 's views on their divorce . 22 9 `` The Election '' Patrick Norris Darin Goldberg & Shelley Meals December 16 , 1998 ( 1998 - 12 - 16 ) 209 Andie 's decision to run for student council lands her on a campaign trail of tears when Abby begins advertising her family situation . Jen helps Dawson take steps to deal with his powerlessness over his parents divorce and tries to teach him how to be a teenager . Jack shuts out Joey during a family crisis . 23 10 `` High Risk Behavior '' James Whitmore , Jr . Jenny Bicks January 13 , 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 13 ) 210 Epic tryouts for Dawson 's new movie prompt a steamy dialogue between him and Jen that could recast her role in his love life . Jack poses nude for Joey 's art project , which prompts an intimate moment between the two of them . Pacey sets out to give Andie her dream date and to make their night truly memorable . Andie collects her anti-anxiety medication and lies to Pacey that it 's for her mother . 24 11 `` Sex , She Wrote '' Nick Marck Mike White & Greg Berlanti January 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 20 ) 211 Abby and Chris find an anonymous note at school which reveals that one of the class couples had sex the night before . Abby sets out to expose the affair . Working from clues about Joey 's night of nude sketching with Jack , Dawson 's steamy stop over at Jen 's , and Pacey 's bed and breakfast trip with Andie , Abby calls together her list of suspects and reveals the dirty secrets of Capeside . Jen is furious and berates Abby for her endless cruelty to other people . 25 12 `` Uncharted Waters '' Scott Paulin Dana Baratta & Mike White January 27 , 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 27 ) 212 The gang explores uncharted waters when Dawson and Pacey go on a father - son fishing trip with Mitch Leery and Pacey 's critical and abusive father , Sheriff John Witter , who uses the trip to tell Pacey how useless he is . But tensions really begin to rise when Pacey invites Jack along , who tries to make amends with a reluctant Dawson . Meanwhile , Jen , Joey , Andie and Abby spend a day with Gail doing a report on teenage girls in the consumer world with Abby naturally not passing up the opportunity to insult and provoke conflicts and tension between Mrs. Leery and the girls . 26 13 `` His Leading Lady '' David Semel Shelley Meals & Darin Goldberg February 3 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 03 ) 213 The filming of Dawson 's new movie , Creek Times , brings back memories for the filmmaker and for Joey , who grows to dislike the actress playing her . Andie 's emotions are running high and she attempts to break up with Pacey , who refuses to let her dump him . Dawson begins to bond with Jack . 27 14 `` To Be or Not to Be ... '' Sandy Smolan Greg Berlanti February 10 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 10 ) 214 In a compelling two - part episode , the Capeside High School gossip mill kicks into overdrive after Jack bears his soul in an English assignment and is forced to expose his innermost secrets while reading his poem aloud in class . The poem alludes to feelings that Jack may have towards another boy . Dawson , Joey , and Andie are shaken by the implications of what it all means . Meanwhile , Pacey tries to defend Jack in the face of an adversarial teacher and Jen finds her latest suitor , Tyson `` Ty '' Hicks , is full of surprises . Jack later tells Joey that the poem meant nothing sexual and that it may have been about his deceased brother . 28 15 `` ... That Is the Question '' Greg Prange Kevin Williamson & Greg Berlanti February 17 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 17 ) 215 On Dawson 's advice , Joey attempts to heal the wounds of her new romance with Jack , which were left exposed by the poem and the resulting innuendo . Jack again reassures her . However , when Jack confronts his innermost secrets , their lives and everyone 's close to them will never be the same again . Elsewhere , Pacey takes on Mr. Peterson and challenges his abusive teaching methods . His insistence on making things right in the school alienate Andie , and the two of them must work hard to put their relationship back together . 29 16 `` Be Careful What You Wish For '' David Semel Heidi Ferrer March 3 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 03 ) 216 On the night of Dawson 's 16th birthday , Dawson and Andie follow her therapist 's advice and throw themselves into an unabashed night of recklessness . They arrive at a blues bar , and unbeknownst to Pacey , Andie and Dawson start drinking . Meanwhile , back at the Leery house , Joey is putting together a surprise party for Dawson , and Jack has a few surprises of his own . Jen and Ty face up to their potentially irreconcilable differences , and Gail and Mitch come to a decision about how to raise their son in light of their separation . 30 17 `` Psychic Friends '' Patrick Norris Dana Baratta March 10 , 1999 ( 1999 - 03 - 10 ) 217 Dawson 's confidence as a filmmaker is shaken when Miss Kennedy , the new film teacher , turns out to be a movie studio executive on sabbatical in Capeside , who gives his amateur movie a scathing review . The future is unsure for Joey as well , when a psychic advises her to be open to every new opportunity that crosses her path . Andie also visits the psychic and is told less than positive things about her future . 31 18 `` A Perfect Wedding '' Greg Prange Mike White April 28 , 1999 ( 1999 - 04 - 28 ) 218 With Joey 's father suddenly back in town , Bessie and he decide to expand the Ice House to also cater for weddings . Needing help , they enlist Andie , who says she hates weddings , and Pacey , who loves them . Joey does n't think her father , recently out of jail , should be seen so publicly in Capeside . Dawson feels sorry for his mother , who arrives to the wedding alone , a feeling that is exacerbated when his father shows up with Miss Kennedy . Jack and Dawson battle to help a scared bride , while Andie and Pacey scramble to fix the cake . Dawson and Joey reconnect romantically . Jen and Abby sneak into the wedding , but when Andie kicks them out , they head to the local docks , leading to tragedy . 32 19 `` Abby Morgan , Rest in Peace '' David Semel Mike White May 5 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 05 ) 219 Abby 's death shocks everyone , and all of Capeside is attempting to `` whitewash '' her life . All the hypocrisy is making Jen crazy and in a later discussion with Grams , she denounces God and angers Grams in the process . When making a speech at the funeral , she further embarrasses Grams by announcing that Abby taught her the falseness of God . Abby 's mother asks Andie to give the official eulogy , thinking wrongly that they were friends . Memories of Andie 's brother are brought up and Andie 's emotional reactions scare Pacey . Joey is reluctant to go to the funeral , since she has n't been to one since her mother died years earlier . While at the graveyard , she and Dawson decide to visit her mother for the first time . Grams is so disgusted with Jen 's speech at the funeral that she packs her bags and tells her to find somewhere else to live . 33 20 `` Reunited '' Melanie Mayron Greg Berlanti May 12 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 12 ) 220 Dawson decides to take Joey out to dinner to celebrate their first month together . Mitch Leery also makes reservations at the same restaurant , and when the management fail to realise there are two Leery parties , all four are forced to sit together . Miss Kennedy , Dawson and Joey fight causing Miss Kennedy to leave . Later , Jen ( who is now living at the Leery house ) arrives with Gail , which inspires a plan to get Gail and Mitch together again . Also reunited are Andie and her deceased brother . Pacey and Jack catch on that she thinks he is with her , but it is just a figment of her imagination . After a showdown with Andie , Jack and Pacey engineer a plan to aid her medical recovery . 34 21 `` Ch ... Ch ... Changes '' Lou Antonio Dana Baratta May 19 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 19 ) 221 All of the gang 's lives go through changes . After Andie begins seeing her dead brother Tim in the last episode , Jack and Pacey agree to call Mr. McPhee , who decides that he wants his daughter to be treated in Providence , not Capeside . All are stunned at the new changes , and Andie and Pacey must decide if Andie 's mental health is more important than being together . Jack also must decide whether or not to go with Andie or stay . His decision is complicated when his father implies that Jack 's homosexuality can be ' treated ' . Dawson , while helping Mr. Potter extend the Ice House , interviews him for a film project about his supposedly changed life , but inadvertently catches him in the act of a drug deal . Jen decides to make a change so she calls her mother and inquires about returning home or visiting . She is upset to be told that it is an inconvenient time . She ends up moving in with Jack , as she has no other place to go . Andie leaves , and Jack and Pacey watch her go . 35 22 `` Parental Discretion Advised '' Greg Prange Greg Berlanti May 26 , 1999 ( 1999 - 05 - 26 ) 222 Dawson is unsure about whether to tell Joey about her father 's drug dealing . Sheriff Witter stakes out the Ice House , believing that Mr. Potter is back to his old tricks . When the gang is studying in the restaurant , one of Mr. Potter 's unruly competitors sets it on fire with everyone still inside , making Dawson 's conflict greater . Gail tells Mitch about her new job offer in Philadelphia . Pacey becomes depressed now that Andie is gone and his father mocks his pain , which results in a physical confrontation between Pacey and the Sheriff . As a result , Sheriff Witter comes to understand Andie 's importance in Pacey 's life and that he has been a bad father . Jack becomes worried that Jen is suicidal when she does n't immediately leave the burning Ice House . Later , Grams and Jen reconcile , causing Jen to move back in , taking Jack with her as well . Joey aids the police in arresting her father , having been encouraged to do so by Dawson . Afterwards , she tells Dawson she will never forgive him and wants him out of her life , bringing their romance to a second grinding halt . Season 3 : 1999 -- 2000 ( edit ) Season 3 aired from September 29 , 1999 to May 24 , 2000 and features twenty - three episodes . This season takes place during the characters ' junior year of high school in Capeside . There were several cast changes from season two . Kerr Smith and Meredith Monroe joined the main cast as Jack and Andie McPhee , respectively . The two had previously held special guest star roles in the previous season with Smith appearing in twenty episodes and Monroe appearing in twenty - one . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 36 `` Like a Virgin '' Greg Prange Tammy Ader September 29 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 29 ) 301 Dawson returns from spending the summer in Philadelphia with his mother , and on the journey home meets a beautiful blonde girl , Eve , who takes a liking to him . He has n't spoken to Joey all summer . Jen gets an unexpected offer after she stands up to the school 's popular crowd . Mitch becomes the new coach of the high school football team , and leaves for a coaching conference . In a moment of madness , Dawson crashes Mitch 's boat and he and Pacey hatch a crazy plan to raise money to fix it . Joey offers herself to Dawson but he rejects her . Pacey awaits the return of Andie , who has spent the summer in the hospital . Absent : Meredith Monroe 37 `` Homecoming '' Melanie Mayron Greg Berlanti October 6 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 06 ) 302 As Pacey and Joey leave Capeside to collect Andie from hospital , Dawson is manipulated by his father and the school principal to produce a film about football for the upcoming pep rally . However , the ultimate stars of the film , which is seen by many students and teachers , are Dawson and Eve , who inadvertently appear semi-clothed . The same night , Jen is revealed to be the new head cheerleader and Jack , the new star of the football team , two facts which stun Pacey , Joey and Andie , who are watching from the audience . Pacey is overjoyed to be spending time with Andie , but she does n't appear as excited to see him , and when confronted by her boyfriend , Andie makes a shocking confession to sleeping with someone else . Jack has an unexpected encounter with his father , who has returned to Capeside . 38 `` None of the Above '' Patrick Norris Bonnie Schneider & Hadley Davis October 13 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 13 ) 303 Dawson is stunned when Eve presents him with an advance copy of the PSAT exam he and his friends will be taking shortly . The entire gang are tempted to cheat for various reasons , and when the test goes missing , it becomes obvious that one friend in particular was unable to resist the temptation . In the quest to discover who stole the paper , Dawson gets into a fight with Pacey , who is still reeling from his break - up with Andie . As the gang takes the exam , the thief is revealed to be Andie , who is desperate to ace the test to prove that she is recovered from her medical problems . None of the group yet know who the guilty party is . Elsewhere , Jack is adamant he will be giving up football until a persistent Jen manipulates him into thinking otherwise . 39 `` Home Movies '' Nick Marck Jeffrey Stepakoff October 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 20 ) 304 Mitch and Dawson clash when Gail gives Dawson an opportunity to produce a news report for local television . The subject of the report is Jack , Capeside 's first gay football star , and Mitch is concerned that the timing of the piece could jeopardise his chances to win the upcoming game . Joey and Pacey are handed a strange punishment for skipping classes together , but when Pacey later reveals a personal project to Joey ( that he has acquired a small boat that he is restoring ) , she stops blaming him for getting her in trouble . Meanwhile , Andie begins to panic when Principal Green asks to speak to her , and Jen decides to quit her position as head cheerleader , but the other girls will not let her go without a fight , especially when she is voted homecoming queen . 40 5 `` Indian Summer '' Lou Antonio Gina Fattore & Tom Kapinos October 27 , 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 27 ) 305 Dawson gets increasingly annoyed when Eve wo n't give him any details about her mysterious life . He and Pacey set out to find out more , but Dawson is knocked sideways when he discovers the shocking connection that Eve has to Jen . Joey 's misgivings about her slimy boss , Rob , lead her to gatecrashing his date with Andie , but her goodwill backfires when Rob later fires her . Jack deceives Jen in his effort to set her up on a date with Henry , one of his teammates . 41 6 `` Secrets and Lies '' Greg Prange Greg Berlanti & Alex Gansa November 10 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 10 ) 306 Dawson struggles with whether or not to tell Jen the truth about Eve , who has by now left town . Later , his mother returns to Capeside , but it is n't initially clear why . Jen is reluctant to plan a big homecoming event , but is persuaded to get involved by Henry who is friends with the host of the event . She repays him by asking him to be her date to the party , but later disappoints him when she rejects his advances . Dawson also attends the event as an escort for his mother , a former homecoming queen , and accidentally discovers that she is having career difficulties . Andie accuses Joey of sabotaging her chances of a reunion with Pacey , but the two girls end up bonding when Andie realises Joey is not to blame . Absent : Kerr Smith 42 7 `` Escape from Witch Island '' James Whitmore , Jr . Tom Kapinos November 17 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 17 ) 307 In an effort to add excitement to a dull school project , Dawson decides to make a documentary , enlisting the help of Joey , Pacey and Jen . The group head to a small island near Capeside , rumoured to be haunted by the ghosts of some 18th - century girls , killed after being accused of witchcraft . Joey finds similarities between her own life and that of one of the dead girls which provokes some deep reflections on her strained relationship with Dawson . After some exploratory conversations , Jen and Pacey make the decision to become more than just good friends , albeit on a casual basis . Back at school , Andie gets a little too involved with her role as head of the school disciplinary committee . When Dawson screens his documentary for his class , Joey is forced to again question her opinions about love and happiness . Absent : Kerr Smith 43 8 `` Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner '' James Charleston Heidi Ferrer November 24 , 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 24 ) 308 When Jen 's mother , Helen , unexpectedly arrives in Capeside to spend Thanksgiving with her mother and daughter , Dawson tells her what he knows about Eve and this clearly flusters Helen , who asks him not to tell Jen . A poignant speech at the dinner table forces Helen to think again , and she eventually tells Jen that she has a half - sister . Upset and confused by her mother 's confession , Jen attempts to change her relationship with Pacey to the more physical , but finds comfort in another unexpected way . Mitch and Gail reveal that their divorce has become final . 44 9 `` Four to Tango '' James Whitmore , Jr . Gina Fattore December 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 01 ) 309 Dawson almost uncovers Pacey and Jen 's secret after they get frisky in his bedroom and leave an unused condom on the floor . Crossed wires lead him to believe that Joey is the one apparently having sex with Pacey , but when the friends discover the truth , an excessive reaction from Joey leads to teasing from Pacey . After careful consideration , Pacey and Jen realise that things will never happen for them , and they go back to being just good friends . To win a scholarship for college , Joey enrolls at a local dance school with Pacey as her partner . Meanwhile , Jack attempts to meet up with a gay student from another high school , who saw the story Dawson produced about him . Andie annoys Jack with her relentless encouragement , but ends up soothing him when things do n't go as planned . 45 10 `` First Encounters of the Close Kind '' Greg Prange Leslie Ray December 15 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 15 ) 310 Dawson , Joey , Jack and Andie spend the weekend at a Boston university for an advance look at college life . Dawson enters his `` Witch Island '' documentary in a student film festival . He is later stunned when it does n't get the reaction he was hoping for . Elsewhere on campus , due to a clerical error , Joey 's weekend guide is not what she expected . Andie 's pursuit for an advanced admissions interview leads her to some inspirational advice from an unlikely source , and Jack takes a risk and explores the local gay community . Dawson encounters another young filmmaker , Nikki Green , who coincidentally turns out to be his principal 's daughter . Absent : Joshua Jackson , Michelle Williams 46 11 `` Barefoot at Capefest '' Jan Eliasberg Bonnie Schneider & Hadley Davis January 12 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 12 ) 311 Dawson experiences an identity crisis when Nikki emerges as filmmaking competition , and Joey experiences her own crisis when Dawson wo n't open up to her about the pain of his parents ' divorce . Meanwhile , Jack 's first efforts to hit on another boy are rebuffed , Pacey and Andie uncomfortably find themselves sharing the same after school activity , and Jen finally sees that she may have passed up the chance at something special with Henry . 47 12 `` A Weekend in the Country '' Michael Katleman Jeffrey Stepskoff January 19 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 19 ) 312 Joey 's friends and their families work together to ensure the success of the Potter family business , a new bed and breakfast . Joey explodes at Pacey after he invites a critic to spend the weekend with them , but ultimately ends up grateful for his help and support . Jack and Andie find some common ground and Jack ends up moving back home . Jen works through some issues with Henry , who is surprisingly calm when he hears about her past indiscretions . Dawson attempts to reconnect with his parents , as Mitch helps Gail rediscover a long forgotten dream , by showing her a potential venue for a restaurant . New developments in the Pacey / Joey relationship force Pacey to think about how he really feels about the new bond between the two of them . 48 13 `` Northern Lights '' Jay Tobias Gina Fattore January 26 , 2000 ( 2000 - 01 - 26 ) 313 Dawson , lacking inspiration , makes the radical move of dropping out of film class to spend some time re-evaluating his life . Back at the bed and breakfast , Joey is torn between attending Pacey 's opening night and her date with A.J. , who has come to Capeside for the evening . At the play , Andie must take over as director when Mr. Broderick falls ill . Jen agrees to meet Henry , but she throws him another block by bringing Grams as her date . 49 14 `` Valentine 's Day Massacre '' Sandy Smolan Tom Kapinos February 2 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 02 ) 314 Joey is disapproving when Dawson is convinced into attending a party by Pacey , who berates Joey for being too protective of Dawson . After reconsidering , Joey decides to attend the party , along with Jack and Andie , who bring along Kate , a childhood friend of theirs . The party soon descends into total chaos , and the gang are rounded up by Doug and thrown in the drunk tank . All except Pacey are later rescued by a stern looking Mitch . Doug retains custody of his little brother on the advice of their father , and the two later have a heart to heart , during which Pacey reveals for the first time that he has feelings for Joey . At the end of the episode , he attempts to talk to her about it , but ends up offering her driving lessons instead . Elsewhere , Jen goes on a date with Henry , which ends in a hospital trip when Henry tries too hard . 50 15 `` Crime and Punishment '' Joe Napolitano Gina Fattore February 9 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 09 ) 315 Joey is chosen as one of only a handful of students selected to paint an inspriational mural on a school wall . At the unveiling , it is revealed that Joey 's mural has been vandalised , and when Pacey discovers the identity of the culprit , he takes vigilante action which lands him in trouble , and gets the vandal expelled . As part of his punishment , Principal Green enrolls him in the Capeside mentoring scheme , and Pacey seems excited at the chance to help local kids . Andie 's PSAT scores come back and Principal Green reveals that she is one of the country 's top scorers . Racked with guilt about her dishonesty over the test , Andie , against the advice of Jack , confesses the truth to Principal Green who is deeply disappointed . Pacey 's home life becomes over-crowded when his sister Carrie and her children come to stay . He decides to move in with Doug , who is less than pleased with the idea . Pacey and Joey bond further when Dawson inadvertently pushes Joey to see how much Pacey genuinely cares for her . Absent : Michelle Williams 51 16 `` To Green , with Love '' Kenneth Fink Gina Fattore February 16 , 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 16 ) 316 Joey enlists the help of her friends to rally the school in protest after Principal Green is pressured to resign over the student he expelled . Dawson talks Gail into making a news report on the situation , which leads to her being offered another job in television which she happily turns down in favour of starting her restaurant . Pacey 's feelings for Joey are becoming more and more obvious , and he turns to Jen to talk about things . In an effort to encourage Joey 's creativity , Pacey rents her a public wall to paint as she chooses . 52 17 `` Cinderella Story '' Janice Cooke Jeffrey Stepakoff March 1 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 01 ) 317 Joey travels to Boston for a date with AJ , but when she senses that he has feelings for another girl , she becomes tense and wants to leave . Upon arriving at the train station and seeing that there are no departures for several hours , Joey calls Pacey , who drives to pick her up . Pacey pushes Joey to tell him what went wrong with AJ , and when she confesses , the conversation leads to Joey telling Pacey she feels like he is one of the few people who has ever really known her . Hearing this , Pacey instantly pulls the car over to the side of the road , and after a fractured and emotional speech , dramatically kisses Joey . Jen , Jack and Andie assist Dawson and Gail in the restaurant , before Dawson admits defeat and angers his mother by asking his father for help . 53 18 `` Neverland '' Patrick Norris Maggie Friedman March 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 03 - 08 ) 318 After the kiss , Joey is upset by Pacey 's impulsive actions and they both head home to discuss the situation with their siblings . Pacey receives encouragement from Doug that Joey might be protesting a little too much , and attempts to tell Dawson how he feels , in the hope that he will then give Pacey the green light to tell Joey everything . However , he fails to confess when events conspire against him . Joey attempts to make sense of everything by having a rare girls night with Jen and Andie , and a moment of clarity with Jen forces her to acknowledge that Pacey might not be the only one in a state of confusion . Jen has a fight with Henry , but later forgives him when she realizes he was lying to her with the best intentions . 54 19 `` Stolen Kisses '' Greg Prange Tom Kapinos April 26 , 2000 ( 2000 - 04 - 26 ) 319 Dawson , Joey , Andie , Pacey and Will ( a childhood friend of the gang who has remained close with Pacey ) head to Dawson 's aunt 's house to spend their school holiday away from Capeside . The trip is filled with tension as Joey and Pacey attempt to fight their feelings . Andie and Will appear to have a connection , and Dawson tries to bond again with Joey , who is preoccupied by her feelings for Pacey . Encouraged by Dawson 's aunt , the friends have a karaoke contest . Pacey kisses Joey again and informs her that she must make the next move . They are interrupted by Dawson 's aunt but later Joey initiates a kiss with Pacey . Back in Capeside , Jen and Henry go through a bumpy time when she is consumed with jealously over his friendship with a waitress at Gail 's restaurant . Absent : Kerr Smith 55 20 `` The Longest Day '' Perry Lang Gina Fattore May 3 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 03 ) 320 In a story reminiscent of the film Go , the day Pacey and Joey 's relationship goes public is played out four times , each time revealing a little more of what happened . Capeside 's newest couple struggle to tell Dawson about their relationship , but end up not needing to say anything after Jen unknowingly lets the cat out of the bag . Dawson is not the only one hurt by the relationship , as Andie also gets upset and sours her first date with Will . Dawson gives Joey an ultimatum ; if she continues her relationship with Pacey , she will be subsequently ending their friendship . Joey is brokenhearted at losing either Dawson or Pacey , but reluctantly ends things with Pacey out of guilt . 56 21 `` Show Me Love '' Morgan J. Freeman Liz Tigelaar & Holly Henderson May 10 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 10 ) 321 As Capeside prepares for their annual regatta , Dawson and Pacey compete to win , although Dawson selfishly tries to make Joey the prize and comes close to physically injuring Pacey in the process . She scolds him for it , and tells both boys that she is not worth fighting over . After many weeks of deliberating , Gail finally makes things happen with Mitch . Jen and Henry , reeling from another fight , spend a romantic night together on the roof of the restaurant . 57 22 `` The Anti-Prom '' Greg Prange Maggie Friedman May 17 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 17 ) 322 Dawson , Joey and Andie organise their own unique prom when they learn that Jack has been the victim of homophobic discrimination over his choice of prom date . Dawson asks Joey to be his date to the group 's anti-prom , but misleads Joey into believing that the night is about their renewed friendship , hiding the fact that he wants to win her back . Pacey attends the prom with Andie on his arm , who has plans to make things happen between the two of them . Dawson and Andie are both upset when they see the chemistry between Joey and Pacey who share an intimate moment on the dance floor . Joey goes to visit Dawson the next day , and tells him she is n't ready to make decisions . Jen breaks up with Henry after he selfishly makes plans for an entire summer at football camp without considering her feelings . Gail responds to Mitch 's doubts about her commitment to their relationship by proposing to him . He accepts , witnessed by Dawson and Joey from the doorway . 58 23 `` True Love '' James Whitmore , Jr . Story by : Greg Berlanti & Jeffrey Stepakoff Teleplay by : Tom Kapinos & Gina Fattore May 24 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 24 ) 323 Gail and Mitch prepare for their hasty wedding , while elsewhere in Capeside , Pacey finalizes plans to leave straight after the ceremony . As the day goes on , it becomes blindingly obvious that Joey must make a choice , and when a conversation takes place between her and Dawson , during which he accepts he must cease being selfish and allow Joey her freedom to make her own choices , she leaves to find Pacey , hoping to tell him how she really feels before he leaves Capeside . Meanwhile , Jen regrets ending things with Henry the way she did , and ends up chasing his camp bus to tell him how she feels . In another carpe diem moment , Jack pursues Ethan , the boy he took to the prom , although he is unhappy with the outcome . However , his heartache leads to a new connection with his father , and the two embrace for the first time in years . When Dawson returns to his house after crying for Joey at the side of the creek , he finds Jen , Jack and Andie sitting on his bed , waiting to support him after his rejection by Joey . Joey , meanwhile , manages to catch Pacey before he leaves , and instead of stopping him , confesses that she is in love with him , and leaves on the boat with him . Season 4 : 2000 -- 2001 ( edit ) Dawson 's Creek fourth season started on October 4 , 2000 and ended May 23 , 2001 . This season takes place during the characters ' senior year of high school in Capeside . Meredith Monroe left the series after episode , `` You Had Me at Goodbye '' , but continued to be credited episodes remaining in the season , returning only to participate in the episode `` The Graduate '' . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 59 `` Coming Home '' Greg Prange Greg Berlanti October 4 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 04 ) 4.01 Pacey and Joey return from their summer vacation on `` True Love '' . Now they have to deal with Dawson 's feelings , who has been deeply hurt over the past few months . At first , he does n't want to talk with either one of them , but Jen convinces him to talk to Joey . Meanwhile , Pacey 's older sister , Gretchen , arrives in Capeside and moves in with Doug , making Pacey homeless . He refuses to live with his parents anymore ( going so far as to declare that he would rather sleep on death row ) , and after exhausting all other options , ends up back on his boat . Dawson tells Jack about his childhood crush on Gretchen . Andie meets two French boys , and she is attracted to both of them . Joey apologizes for hurting Dawson , but he tells her he is n't sure if he wants their friendship back . Everybody is wondering if Pacey and Joey had sex while on their trip , but both refuse to discuss it . However , when Dawson asks the same question , Joey tells him the answer would n't kill him , confirming that she and Pacey have not yet slept together . 60 `` Failing Down '' Sandy Smolan Tom Kapinos October 11 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 11 ) 4.02 Joey is looking for a new job and gets one at the Yacht Club pretending to know a very influential family . She is tricked by her boss 's son , Drue Valentine , who instantly sees through her lies . Mitch ( now a guidance counsellor at the school ) tells Pacey he will not graduate unless he makes up for his bad grades from the previous academic year . Pacey does n't want Joey to know , but Mitch tells Dawson , who tells Joey , showing that he still cares about Pacey . Pacey and Joey have a fight and Pacey admits he needs help . 61 `` The Two Gentlemen of Capeside '' Sandy Smolan Jeffrey Stepakoff October 18 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 18 ) 4.03 Pacey 's hard work pays off and he gets an ' A ' in an assignment . To celebrate , he decides to go sailing , taking Jen with him . Dawson , Joey and Drue are forced to reluctantly team up for a project , which they have to work on at the Yacht Club because Joey is working . During the evening , a huge storm hits Capeside , putting Jen and Pacey 's lives in danger . Andie is also at the club , having an interview with Drue 's mother for college , but her medical records cruelly prejudice Mrs. Valentine against her . When the storm gets bigger , Andie takes control of the situation and initiates the rescue of her friends . Pacey and Jen talk on the boat , with each admitting to their regrets . Jen regrets never being in love , while Pacey regrets the destruction of his friendship with Dawson . Dawson and Joey risk their own lives to rescue Pacey and Jen and in the process steal a boat from a cranky Yacht Club patron , Mr. Brooks . Pacey later gives an emotional apology to Dawson for the fact that he got hurt . Both admit that they miss the friendship and allude to a potential reunion . 62 `` Future Tense '' Michael Lange Gina Fattore October 25 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 25 ) 4.04 Everybody starts to think about their future , and their higher education options . Joey is concerned about Pacey not having grades good enough to get into college and gets drunk to forget her worries . Drue makes everybody think it 's Jen 's birthday so he can have a party to get to know more people . Andie takes over Jack 's applications and drives him crazy with her obsessive behavior . Gretchen applies for a job as bartender at the Leery 's restaurant and appears reluctant to admit her reason for not going back to college . 63 5 `` A Family Way '' Nancy Malone Maggie Friedman November 1 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 01 ) 4.05 Gail drops a bomb on the family by confirming she is pregnant . Joey discusses her lack of sexual experience with Jen , who advises her to go visit a doctor for contraceptive advice . Jack begins to coach a children 's soccer team , and later finds himself in an awkward situation when a girl is making moves on him and he feels pressured to tell her he 's gay . 64 6 `` Great Xpectations '' Bruce Seth Green Nan Hagan November 8 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 08 ) 4.06 Andie gets accepted into Harvard in advance , but accomplishing what should be the biggest thing in her life does n't exactly makes her happy . She decides to explore different paths in her life by going to a rave . At the party , ecstasy tablets that Drue has given to Jen find their way to Andie , who takes them in a bid to feel happy for one night . The tablets react with her anti-depressants , a disastrous combination which almost leads her to death . Mitch and Gail decide to keep their baby , news that makes Dawson very happy . 65 7 `` You Had Me at Goodbye '' John Behring Zack Estrin & Chris Levinson November 15 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 15 ) 4.07 While Andie is recovering from her near - fatal drug overdose at the party , Jack is blaming Jen for the whole incident and is refusing to talk to her . Jen blames Drue for her life falling apart when he turns Grams and the whole town against her by telling everyone that they intentionally gave Andie the drugs . After Andie comes home from the hospital her dad offers her the chance to spend the rest of the school year in Italy with her aunt , telling her that she has more than enough credits to graduate . Andie decides to go and plans a goodbye dinner with the whole gang . She tells them how important life is and not to waste valuable time with useless bickering . Jack and Jen get things straight and Andie tricks Dawson and Pacey into playing nice with each other . 66 8 `` The Unusual Suspects '' James Whitmore Jr . Jon Kasdan November 22 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 22 ) 4.08 Principal Peskin 's sailboat turns up in the school swimming pool with the words ' Class of 2001 ' emblazoned on the sail in white paint . On board the boat is his dog , Chester , who was kidnapped the previous day . Dawson , Pacey and Jack are all prime suspects in the prank . Pacey is the only senior with access to the boatyard from where Peskin 's boat was stolen , Dawson has keyholder access to the school through his father 's job ( and therefore would have the ability to get the boat into the pool after hours ) , and a nervous Jack attracts attention from Chester , as well as admitting to buying white paint . After their interrogations reveal seemingly air - tight alibis , another culprit surfaces and some poetic justice is dished out . Absent : Meredith Monroe 67 9 `` Kiss Kiss Bang Bang '' Perry Lang Tom Kapinos November 29 , 2000 ( 2000 - 11 - 29 ) 4.09 Dawson asks Mr. Brooks ' advice on becoming a director . Mr. Brooks gives Dawson some insight on his past and why he is the way he is . Joey takes Pacey to a dinner hosted by an exclusive college . She is a nervous wreck but Pacey saves the day . The Leery 's host a Christmas party which provokes well hidden feelings between Dawson and Gretchen to surface . Joey and Pacey arrive late at the party and witness a kiss between their friends . Jen has n't filled out a single college application , and Jack is concerned . Grams , who has n't spoken to Jen since the incident with Andie , has an idea to get Jen 's college applications in on time and enlists Jack to help with her plan . Absent : Meredith Monroe 68 10 `` Self Reliance '' David Petrarca Gina Fattore December 20 , 2000 ( 2000 - 12 - 20 ) 4.10 Joey ca n't find a moment alone to study or deal with her feelings . Dawson 's collaboration with Brooks begins , rejuvenating his filmmaking spirit . Jen takes Jack to a `` Gay - Straight Teen Coalition '' meeting but she seems to fit in with the crowd more than Jack does . They meet one of the lead members , Toby , and he clashes with Jack , leading to him being exceptionally keen to putting Jack down . Absent : Meredith Monroe 69 11 `` The Tao of Dawson '' Keith Samples Jeffrey Stepakoff January 10 , 2001 ( 2001 - 01 - 10 ) 4.11 Pacey and Dawson finally start hanging out together again when Dawson tells him that he has feelings for Gretchen . Pacey hates the idea , so when he and Gretchen go on a road trip to her ex-boyfriend's house to pick up her truck , Pacey tries to get them back together . However , after being there for a while , Pacey sees that the guy he 's trying to get Gretchen back together with is not who he thought he was . Back in Capeside , Joey has her fair share of problems when she gets locked in a storage area at the Yacht Club with Drue Valentine , an event he set up to avoid going to visit his father . Meanwhile , Dawson observes the feelings growing between Brooks and Grams and fears that Grams will get hurt when she finds out that Brooks is terminally ill . Gretchen finally gives into her feelings for Dawson . Absent : Michelle Williams and Meredith Monroe 70 12 `` The Te of Pacey '' Harry Winer Maggie Friedman January 17 , 2001 ( 2001 - 01 - 17 ) 4.12 Joey decides to help Pacey 's mother throw a surprise 18th birthday party for Pacey , not knowing about Pacey 's self - professed ' birthday curse ' . The party goes downhill fast as Pacey 's family makes Pacey feel worthless and everyone else feel uncomfortable . Dawson becomes upset when he feels that Gretchen does n't want anyone to know about their new relationship and postpones their first real date to go to the party . Pacey and Joey again walk in on Dawson and Gretchen kissing , this time more passionately . Jen correctly suspects that Toby might be harboring romantic feelings for Jack . Absent : Meredith Monroe 71 13 `` Hopeless '' Krishna Rao Nan Hagan January 31 , 2001 ( 2001 - 01 - 31 ) 4.13 The senior trip is coming up and Joey needs to get the time off from work -- not an easy task seeing that Drue 's nasty mother is her boss . However , she decides to give Joey a few days off if she agrees to go on a double date with Pacey and a wealthy girl named Anna Evans . During their night out , Joey starts to get concerned about Drue 's offensive behavior towards Anna . Dawson has his own problems when he and Gretchen go out with her friends and he is surprised at the problems their age gap cause . Jack gets some positive attention from Toby . Absent : Michelle Williams and Meredith Monroe 72 14 `` A Winter 's Tale '' Greg Prange Zack Estrin & Chris Levinson February 7 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 07 ) 4.14 While the rest of the class is on the ski trip , Dawson stays behind to care for a near - death Brooks , but he is overwhelmed when he is asked to make a life or death decision . Meanwhile , there 's a lot more than skiing going on when the senior trip does n't go exactly as planned . The evening takes an unexpectedly romantic turn for best friends Jack and Jen , while Pacey and Joey find their own ways to keep warm on the cold night , finally taking their relationship to the next level . Absent : Meredith Monroe 73 15 `` Four Stories '' David Petrarca Tom Kapinos February 14 , 2001 ( 2001 - 02 - 14 ) 4.15 The morning after , Joey and Pacey discover they have overslept and missed the bus back to Capeside . While they wait for the next one , the couple find themselves confronted with the tensions that accompany the latest development in their relationship . Meanwhile , as punishment for breaking into her hotel mini-bar during the class ski trip , Mr. Kasdan decides to send Jen to a psychologist where she can discuss her issues . Back in Capeside , Joey and Dawson 's paths collide and they spend an evening catching up on the past weekend and its many happenings . Sensing a change in Joey , Dawson poses an intrusive question , once again asking Joey if she has slept with Pacey . She lies and tells him she has n't , feeling bad when Dawson expresses relief . Dawson comes to terms with the death of Brooks and is surprised to discover he has been named in his will . Absent : Kerr Smith and Meredith Monroe 74 16 `` Mind Games '' David Straiton Gina Fattore March 28 , 2001 ( 2001 - 03 - 28 ) 4.16 The results of the senior polls have ramifications for Dawson , Joey , and Pacey , as the three try to ignore the tauntings of Drue Valentine . While Pacey and Joey try to find some alone time , Dawson finds his night with Gretchen more awkward than he 'd expected . Meanwhile , Jack is suspicious when Jen drags him on some mysterious errands , and his suspicions are confirmed when he learns that she is stalking her therapist . Absent : Meredith Monroe 75 17 `` Admissions '' Lev L. Spiro Barb Siebertz April 11 , 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 11 ) 4.17 Joey receives some good college news , but while she glows , Dawson is forced to face a crushing rejection . Joey 's elated mood , however , is tempered by a sobering revelation that her family 's lack of savings may prevent her from achieving her dreams . Dawson offers her a financial solution but she feels she must confess to sleeping with Pacey before she can really consider Dawson 's offer . Jen and Jack want to attend college together but hit a stumbling block when Jack decides that New York is the place to go and Jen is n't so sure she 's ready to return to the Big Apple . A therapy session forces her to confront her past with the help of Drue . Absent : Meredith Monroe 76 18 `` Eastern Standard Time '' David Grossman Jon Kasdan April 18 , 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 18 ) 4.18 As senior ditch day arrives , Joey is excited to find herself accompanying Jen on an excursion to New York under the guise of attending a college meeting . It is n't long before Joey sees that they are there for an entirely different reason . Jen finally talks to her father , for the first time since she left for Capeside . She witnessed her father in bed with another woman before she moved to Capeside , and that her attitude towards men and herself has been harmed by what she saw . Meanwhile , Gretchen and Dawson take off on a road trip . Back in Capeside , Pacey and Drue find themselves the only seniors in school . Out of frustration , they head for a bar . The night ends in disaster , however , when Pacey is arrested for public drunkenness . Absent : Kerr Smith and Meredith Monroe 77 19 `` Late '' David Petrarca Jeffrey Stepakoff April 25 , 2001 ( 2001 - 04 - 25 ) 4.19 As Gail 's delivery date approaches , the women in her life throw a baby shower for her , but it 's an experience that throws Joey through a loop when she discovers she might be pregnant . Pacey is nowhere to be found . While Dawson awaits the arrival of his new sibling , he and Gretchen wonder what their future holds . Meanwhile , Jack faces an unexpected situation when he learns that Toby has fallen victim to a violent crime . Absent : Meredith Monroe 78 20 `` Promicide '' Jason Moore Maggie Friedman May 4 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 04 ) 4.20 As everyone gets ready for the year 's senior prom , some bad news causes Gretchen to reflect on her life . Joey worries about Pacey and they confront once unspoken issues . The festivities cause conflict for Gretchen , as she questions her relationship with Dawson , while an unhappy Jen is rescued by unlikely hero Drue after she and Jack meddle in each other 's lives and arrange dates for each other . Joey and Pacey have a screaming row at the prom and break up . Absent : Meredith Monroe 79 21 `` Separation Anxiety '' Krishna Rao Rina Mimoun May 9 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 09 ) 4.21 The school year draws to a close , and changes are abound for the class of 2001 . While Joey and Dawson deal with their respective break ups , Jen makes a startling decision about her future . Meanwhile , Dawson has his own decision to make with regards to Gretchen when an unusual opportunity comes their way . A professor from Worthington asks Joey to bring Pacey with her to a party for incoming freshman , which fills the pair with hope that they might be able to have a future together after all but eventually , Joey and Pacey have to come to terms with the end of their romance . Absent : Meredith Monroe 80 22 `` The Graduate '' Harry Winer Alan Cross May 16 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 16 ) 4.22 As graduation approaches , Joey has a tough time preparing her speech , and Dawson helps her find some bittersweet inspiration . Joey gets a surprise gift from her late mother . Pacey wonders if he 's going to graduate at all , and he worries that his last final will be the toughest one . He walks out of the test after the teacher makes a comment to him , nearly costing him his diploma . Meanwhile , Andie McPhee returns home for the cap and gown ceremony , and is surprised to meet Jack 's new boyfriend , Toby . Drue , who is staying at Jen 's after a fight with his mother , convinces Jen to help him pull a hilarious senior prank . Pacey tells Andie he has decided to take a job offer on a boat for the summer . 81 23 `` Coda '' Greg Prange Gina Fattore & Tom Kapinos May 23 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 23 ) 4.23 Accepted early to USC , Dawson finds his last night in Capeside has arrived much sooner than everyone had originally anticipated . While Dawson looks forward to spending the evening with Joey , Jack and Jen , Mitch has other ideas . Meanwhile , Dawson is not the only goodbye Jen has to deal with , as she bids farewell to the house she 's been sharing with Grams . Finally , Joey attempts to say goodbye to Dawson , but in the process ends up telling him that she wants him to stay . The two of them kiss . Absent : Meredith Monroe Season 5 : 2001 -- 2002 ( edit ) Season 5 started on October 10 , 2001 and ended May 15 , 2002 . It had a late premiere due to the terrorist attacks on September 11 , 2001 . The season takes place during the characters 's freshman year of college in Boston . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 82 `` The Bostonians '' Greg Prange Tom Kapinos October 10 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 10 ) 501 Dawson is a freshman film student in Los Angeles , while Joey starts college at Worthington College , an Ivy League university , in Boston . Instead of focusing on their new lives , they find themselves distracted by the distance between them and their unsettling last kiss . Jen and Jack try to settle into their new hometown of Boston , with Jack taking the chance to tease Jen about her lack of love life . Joey 's new roommate Audrey makes her first appearance and Pacey is seen to be living on a newly docked boat in Boston , his location known only to Jen . 83 `` The Lost Weekend '' David Petrarca Gina Fattore October 17 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 17 ) 502 Pacey reluctantly gets a job at a restaurant and meets an attractive waitress named Karen . Although Karen has a mysterious boyfriend , that does n't stop Pacey from feeling attracted to her . Dawson arrives to visit Joey , but ends up spending more time with Audrey who jokingly flirts with him while giving him a guided tour of the campus . Jen helps Charlie at the radio station and lands a job there herself . 84 `` Capeside Revisited '' Michael Lange Jeffrey Stepakoff October 24 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 24 ) 503 Joey is shocked to discover that Pacey has been living in Boston for more than three weeks and has made no attempt to contact her . Dawson heads home to Capeside , having made the decision to drop out of university and move to Boston to be with Joey and all his friends . While Gail is understanding , Mitch is not . Dawson and his father have a heated argument which Dawson refuses to concede . Dawson leaves the family home , still sure that he will not be returning to USC . Later , Mitch leaves for the local shop , but tragedy strikes during the journey . 85 `` The Long Goodbye '' Robert McNeill Tom Kapinos October 31 , 2001 ( 2001 - 10 - 31 ) 504 The group reconnects back in Capeside in order to support Dawson at the funeral of his father . They make separate attempts to let him know they are there for him , perhaps most notably Pacey , who makes an emotional attempt at convincing Dawson that he was not to blame for his father 's death . Dawson and Gail are devastated that Lily will never remember her father . 86 5 `` Use Your Disillusion '' Perry Lang Rina Mimoun November 7 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 07 ) 505 Dawson takes Joey up on her invitation to spend a weekend in Boston , but the two have difficulty connecting once there . Meanwhile , Jack is surprised when his boyfriend Toby shows up unexpectedly forcing Jack to choose between fraternity hell week and spending time with Toby . 87 6 `` High Anxiety '' Jason Moore Joshua Krist & Allison Robinson November 14 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 14 ) 506 Dawson is having trouble with anxiety attacks since his father 's death , so he tries to escape reality on a night of debauchery with Jack and his fraternity brothers , which ends with Dawson accusing Joey of causing his father 's death ( by way of being the central cause of his decision to stay in Boston , which in turn was the cause of the argument on the night of Mitch 's death ) . Jen seeks revenge on cheating Charlie . Audrey 's critical mother visits . And Pacey makes a discovery about Danny and Karen . 88 7 `` Text , Lies and Videotape '' Marita Grabiak Karin Lewicki November 21 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 21 ) 507 Jen helps Dawson go to the grief counsellor ( played by Pauley Perrette ) he ran away from the week before . Dawson finds the idea of sharing his thoughts with a complete stranger uncomfortable , but he is surprised with how much he learns from it . Back in Capeside , Dawson and Gail run into problems handling Mitch 's will , the main problem being that Lily is not included in it . Meanwhile , Joey is working on a project about old letters authored many years ago by a recently deceased writer , and with the help of Audrey 's audition tape for `` The Real World : Ibiza '' , she manages to catch something no one of the fellow students did . Pacey confronts Karen about the risks she is taking by having an affair with Danny . Later , Karen is hurt when Danny 's wife shows up at a party they are both attending . Absent : Kerr Smith 89 8 `` Hotel New Hampshire '' Lev L. Spiro Diego Gutierrez November 28 , 2001 ( 2001 - 11 - 28 ) 508 Dawson takes Jen on a road trip to a small film festival in Hooksett , New Hampshire where his documentary about Mr. Brooks has won a prize . The spotlight is intoxicating for both of them as they share one of the single most momentous events in Dawson 's life , which results in them becoming a couple . Meanwhile , Jack brings Joey and Audrey to a frat party under false pretenses . Pacey takes Karen on a non-romantic date . 90 9 `` Four Scary Stories '' Krishna Rao Jed Seidel December 12 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 12 ) 509 After watching scary movies , Joey , Pacey and Jack talk about their creepiest experiences and urban legends . Joey shares her story of how she was almost attacked by the librarian on Halloween and saved by the creepy man she was running from . Jack tells the story of when he was helping clean the frat house basement and found a guy strapped , who later he found out to be a ghost . Pacey reveals that he was chased by a black car while giving Karen a ride home , but there was nobody driving the car . Grams arrives and says she has the scariest story : the time when Jen got locked out of the radio booth . Absent : James Van Der Beek 91 10 `` Appetite for Destruction '' Harry Winer Anna Fricke December 19 , 2001 ( 2001 - 12 - 19 ) 510 Pacey offers to cook for the gang at their weekly dinner ( an event they always plan on doing but have so far failed to stick to ) . Jen and Dawson return early and decide to keep what happened between them , but they are caught by everyone kissing at the door . The dinner continues with a tense atmosphere , with Joey 's reaction being at the forefront of everyone 's minds . She reluctantly accepts Dawson 's new status with Jen , but is wounded when Dawson tells her that because of their history , it hurts to be around her . Charlie also drops by , causing some tension between Dawson and Jen . Joey talks to Pacey about her real feelings about Dawson and Jen . 92 11 `` Something Wild '' Michael Lange Jeffrey Stepakoff January 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 16 ) 511 Joey and Audrey go to a nightclub to celebrate Joey 's excellent grades . There , Audrey tries to convince Joey to have some real fun . Charlie is also there and he hits on Joey , who turns him down because of what he did to Jen . But Charlie does n't give up so easily and dares Joey to do something wild . She accepts the dare and goes on the stage to sing with the band . Excited about it , she impulsively kisses Charlie . Meanwhile , Pacey joins the girls at the club to celebrate his new promotion . Dawson and Jen go back to Capeside , where they have their first fight over what Dawson will do with his life . He ultimately decides to move to Boston and live with Jen and Grams . Absent : Kerr Smith 93 12 `` Sleeping Arrangements '' Mel Damski Jed Seidel January 23 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 23 ) 512 Dawson and Jen see that living together is not as much fun as they hoped it would be . Between ruined toothbrushes and bathroom overcrowding , they get on each other 's nerves . Jen faces a new challenge at work after she turns her regular show into an advice show . She mainly gives advice to other girls with problems , and makes statements on men that hurt Dawson 's feelings . She comes home expecting a fight , but Dawson surprises her by saying he wo n't ever treat her badly . Meanwhile , Melanie ( Pacey 's ex ) shows up offering Pacey a job working on her uncle 's new boat in the Greek Islands . After a lot of thinking , Pacey decides not to go , since he has made a successful life in Boston . Jack , somewhat estranged from Jen , moves into the fraternity house and gets his own room , but has some problems staying there after he discovers he was supposed to be rooming with another guy who felt uncomfortable living with a gay guy . 94 13 `` Something Wilder '' David Petrarca Rina Mimoun January 30 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 30 ) 513 Dawson 's first day in his new film school arrives . Oliver ( an acquaintance from the Hooksett festival ) starts showing him around and wastes no time in asking Dawson to direct a movie he wrote . Reluctant to direct someone else 's work , Dawson starts giving notes to Oliver on the script , and ends up accepting the job , thanks to Jen 's incentive . Jen has problems of her own . Her current state of happiness from her relationship with Dawson is reflecting in her on - air performance . Now she has to go back to the sharp - tongued , edgy advice she used to give instead of the romantic , love - themed offerings . Elsewhere , Jack is on academic probation . Irritated , he goes out and has a few too many drinks , which results in a fight with his fraternity brothers . 95 14 `` Guerilla Filmmaking '' Julia Rask Jon Kasdan February 6 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 06 ) 514 Directing Oliver 's movie is not an easy task . First , Dawson has to deal with lead actress Audrey who has complaints about Oliver 's kissing skills . Then he has to recast the other lead role after discovering that Oliver is a terrible actor . Jen 's slimy ex Charlie is the only one who fits the bill . During the shooting Audrey has a crisis and locks herself in the bathroom because she kissed Pacey and felt like she was betraying her best friend . Joey arrives to help smooth things over and gives Audrey and Pacey her blessing . Meanwhile , Jack is fed up with his friends and decides to move out of the fraternity house after he and Eric almost kiss and Jack is accused of forcing himself on Eric . 96 15 `` Downtown Crossing '' David Petrarca Tom Kapinos February 13 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 13 ) 515 Joey is forced at gunpoint to clear out her bank account by a mugger , who is accidentally run over by a car just after robbing Joey . Joey stays with her attacker , checking up on him and trying to get an ambulance to get him to the hospital . Bizarrely , they find common ground , after Joey sees the similarities between him and her father . When the police and paramedics arrive , Joey faints and is also taken to the hospital . After recovering , she accidentally meets the mugger 's estranged wife and daughter and soon finds out that the man died from his injuries . Joey decides not to tell the truth about the man to his daughter and tells her instead that her father pushed her out of the way when she walked out in front of a car and died a hero . Absent : James Van Der Beek , Joshua Jackson , Michelle Williams , Kerr Smith 97 16 `` In a Lonely Place '' Keith Samples Gina Fattore February 20 , 2002 ( 2002 - 02 - 20 ) 516 Jen and Audrey are tempted to risk their new relationships with Dawson and Pacey after interviewing a couple of cute musicians . Meanwhile , Pacey is caught by surprise when Jack takes him to a gay bar , and Dawson and Joey spend the evening together . 98 17 `` Highway to Hell '' Sanford Bookstaver Anna Fricke April 4 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 04 ) 517 Charlie asks Joey to sing with his band at a distant club , which requires Pacey to drive them there . Pacey and Charlie hate each other , and it takes a patient Audrey to keep them from going at each other 's throats . Joey is nervous and is n't well received by the audience , until Charlie helps her with a duet . Dawson , Jen , Jack and Grams drive to Capeside for Lily 's first birthday , and Dawson is uncomfortable with his mother 's friendship with a man . Jen confesses to Jack that she wants to break up with Dawson . 99 18 `` Cigarette Burns '' Les Sheldon Tom Kapinos & Jon Kasdan April 10 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 10 ) 518 Oliver tells Dawson he has arranged a screening for their movie , which is yet to be finished . Dawson freaks out , but Joey comforts him saying the movie is brilliant . At the screening , Dawson meets a beautiful woman , and after exchanging insults she reveals herself to be Amy Lloyd , movie critic for Boston Weekly , whom Oliver secretly invited . She storms out , and it 's up to Dawson to bring her back . They go out for coffee and have a heart - to - heart talk . Meanwhile , Joey is scared about her feelings towards Charlie and goes to Jen for advice . Jen , recently reunited with Jack , struggles to deal with the fact that Grams has a new boyfriend , Clifton Smalls , an African American member of the Baptist faith . Pacey asks Audrey how many men she 's slept with , and she tests his reactions by saying 27 , then 57 , when it was really only five . 100 19 `` 100 Light Years from Home '' David Petrarca Rina Mimoun April 17 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 17 ) 519 It 's Spring Break and the group goes to Miami to party . Audrey and Pacey go through their first relationship test when Audrey 's high school boyfriend ( and her first true love ) shows up with tickets for the M2M concert at an MTV event . She is torn with the memories of the past , and eventually kisses Chris . Pacey stays cool about it and asks Audrey to be his official girlfriend after she confesses she loves him not Chris . Meanwhile , Dawson and Oliver hit to road to NY to meet a film agent who is interested in their movie , but never make it there . Dawson starts to tell Oliver his story with Joey and decides to surprise her in Miami , looking to resuscitate their romance . But when he gets there , all he finds is a drunk and depressed Jack ( who is flunking out of college ) and Pacey , who tells him his story with Joey is over . Charlie shows up and he and Joey end up spending the night together , while Dawson is left with nowhere to go and a broken heart over Joey . 101 20 `` Separate Ways ( Worlds Apart ) '' Robert McNeill Nicole Ranadive April 28 , 2002 ( 2002 - 04 - 28 ) 520 Charlie 's band lands a deal for a tour and he asks Joey to go with him , but she does n't want to leave college in the middle of the semester . Charlie then decides to quit the band and stay with her , which freaks Joey , who thinks they 're jumping too many steps . She breaks up with him so he can go with his band on tour . Meanwhile , Oliver and Dawson finally get to NY to meet with an agent , but Oliver ruins the meeting . Dawson threatens to end their partnership but Oliver begs for another chance . Pacey meets the nasty new manager of the restaurant , Alex Pearl . She promotes Pacey to head chef but fires Audrey . Pacey tries to get Audrey her job back , but all he gets is a kiss from Alex . Absent : Michelle Williams , Kerr Smith 102 21 `` After Hours '' Mel Damski Jeffrey Stepakoff May 1 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 01 ) 521 Pacey 's new boss proposes more professionalism in the workplace and promises to leave behind her attraction towards him , even offering Audrey her job back . Audrey suspects something is going on between them and refuses to return . Later , Alex drops by at Pacey 's and Audrey walks in on them talking about their kiss . She storms out in anger , leaving the future of their relationship unknown while Pacey struggles with the growing attraction he feels for Alex. Dawson runs into Amy Lloyd , the movie critic , and they end up in bed together . Afterward , they talk about movies and she gives him a copy of the Woody Allen film , What 's Up , Tiger Lily ? . Joey and Jack focus on studies , and while she has problems concentrating , he has to catch up an entire semester and even goes back to the fraternity house asking for help . Luckily , Eric ( the same guy who caused Jack his expulsion ) shows up with the needed notes . Absent : Michelle Williams 103 22 `` The Abby '' Michael Lange Diego Gutierrez & Jon Kasdan May 8 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 08 ) 522 Pacey leads a revolt against Alex at Civilization . Dawson , Joey , and Audrey return to Capeside , leaving Audrey to wonder about their pasts . Joey decides to see her father for the first time since his latest incarceration , while Dawson finally pays a visit to his father 's grave . Jack and Jen wonder how they 'll spend the summer . 104 23 `` Swan Song '' Greg Prange Gina Fattore & Tom Kapinos May 15 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 15 ) 523 As summer approaches , everyone gets ready for various travels . Dawson prepares to head out for LA with Audrey , while Jack and Jen get ready for their Costa Rican adventure . Left behind in Capeside for the summer , Joey and Pacey lament their fates -- until they make a crucial last - minute decision that changes everything . Season 6 : 2002 -- 2003 ( edit ) The sixth and final season of Dawson 's Creek began October 2 , 2002 and ended May 14 , 2003 with a special two - hour series finale . The season takes place during the characters ' sophomore year of college and the series finale takes place five years later . The show saw the addition of Busy Philipps as Audrey Lidell , who previously guest starred throughout the entire fifth season . No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Production code 105 `` The Kids Are Alright '' Greg Prange Tom Kapinos October 2 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 02 ) 601 Dawson returns to Boston after working as an assistant director in Los Angeles over the summer and reunites with Joey who has spent a relatively angst - free summer in Capeside . Audrey and Pacey return from LA with a surprise passenger , Audrey 's childhood friend Jack Osborne . 106 `` The Song Remains the Same '' Robert McNeill Gina Fattore October 2 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 02 ) 602 Dawson and Joey 's reunion leads to an evening of truth and intimacy , which is ruined on Joey 's birthday when Dawson receives a phone call from another woman . Pacey gets a job interview that could change his life . Sparks fly between Jen and C.J. , a handsome new peer counselor she meets at school . 107 `` The Importance of Not Being Too Earnest '' Joanna Kerns Anna Fricke October 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 09 ) 603 Joey 's worst nightmare comes true when she accidentally sends a very personal e-mail she wrote for Dawson to the entire student body . The next morning , Joey 's e-mail is the topic of virtually all campus discussions when Professor Hetson decides to debate it with his students . Meanwhile , Jack makes an attempt to get to know a little better his cultural professor , Mark Freeman , who pays no attention to Jack . Pacey , while struggling to survive the first days on his new job , closes a very important deal for the firm , which his wheeling - dealing mentor Rich Rinaldi takes full credit for . Eddie , a student in Joey 's reading class , who also works as the bartender at Hell 's Kitchen , persuades Joey to confront any challenge that Hetson throws and not show any weakness since Hetson thrives on it . James Van Der Beek only appears in the last scene of the episode , and does n't have any lines . 108 `` Instant Karma ! '' Robert McNeill Maggie Friedman October 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 16 ) 604 Dawson finds himself in an awkward situation when he is put between Joey and the intoxicated leading lady of his film . Audrey allows herself to be taken in by another man 's charm . 109 5 `` The Imposters '' Michael Lange Gina Fattore October 23 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 23 ) 605 Dawson manages to `` get the girl '' when a producer visits the `` Wicked Dead '' movie set to fire Natasha and close down production . Audrey is excited when asked to be the lead singer of Emma 's band but is crushed when Pacey misses the gig . Joey demands the truth from Eddie . 110 6 `` Living Dead Girl '' Les Sheldon Tom Kapinos October 30 , 2002 ( 2002 - 10 - 30 ) 606 When Dawson assists Todd in throwing a blow - out Halloween party , Todd and Natasha have Dawson believing he is seeing the ghost of a legendary film actress . Jen becomes suspicious about C.J. , and Joey gets stuck taking Professor Heston 's daughter to a haunted house with Eddie . 111 7 `` Ego Tripping at the Gates of Hell '' Jason Moore Anna Fricke November 6 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 06 ) 607 Audrey gets drunk before her band performs and worries her friends , especially C.J. who suspects a deeper problem . Meanwhile , Eddie and Joey agree to go on a real date . Pacey hits it off with a beautiful woman while on a business trip to New Orleans , and is shocked to discover that she 's a call girl . When Professor Freeman announces that he 's leaving he and Jack have a heart - to - heart talk about their future . Absent : James Van Der Beek 112 8 `` Spiderwebs '' Bethany Rooney Gina Fattore November 13 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 13 ) 608 Dawson comes through with No Doubt concert tickets , but his and Natasha 's first public date ends in a brush with the law . Joey and Eddie have to sneak into the concert , while Pacey come to blows with C.J. at the concert when it is revealed that he slept with Audrey . 113 9 `` Everything Put Together Falls Apart '' Kerr Smith Maggie Friedman November 20 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 20 ) 609 Natasha is drawn to a handsome new actor who arrives on the set . Meanwhile , Joey spends the night at Eddie 's apartment but misses Professor Heston 's final exam . Pacey invites Emma to his office party and sparks between the two turn to passion . Absent : Michelle Williams , Busy Philipps 114 10 `` Merry Mayhem '' David Petrarca Tom Kapinos December 11 , 2002 ( 2002 - 12 - 11 ) 610 Dawson and Gail invite everyone back to Capeside for Christmas , but Dawson confronts Natasha about her one - night stand . Joey 's happiness with Eddie turns sour when her father expresses his disapproval . Audrey gets loaded during the dinner at Dawson 's . At the Christmas dinner , a drunk Todd delivers a hysterical prayer and ends up airing some dirty laundry . When he is finished Audrey airs the rest of the gang 's dirty laundry then storms off . Absent : Kerr Smith 115 11 `` Day Out of Days '' Robert McNeill Gina Fattore January 15 , 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 15 ) 611 Back in Los Angeles , Dawson is asked by the studio to direct re-shoots but is conflicted about being disloyal to his mentor . Meanwhile , Joey has n't heard from Eddie since Christmas and finds his apartment empty . Pacey starts skipping work to spend time with Emma . Jen 's insecurities as a peer counselor are compounded when C.J. is assigned to train her . 116 12 `` All the Right Moves '' Arlene Sanford Maggie Friedman January 22 , 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 22 ) 612 Joey follows Eddie to his family home where they face up to their true emotions and the obstacles they must overcome to be together . Back in Boston , Pacey is invited to an exclusive party where he receives a promotion and is recruited to be part of a special project but is tipped off that the project maybe not be ethical . Audrey returns from Los Angeles and is welcomed back into the band , but blows her chances by getting drunk just before taking the stage . Absent : James Van Der Beek 117 13 `` Rock Bottom '' Robert McNeill Tom Kapinos January 29 , 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 29 ) 613 In Los Angeles , while directing re-shoots on `` Wicked Dead '' , Dawson finds his authority questioned by Heather Tracey and the other producers when Natasha refuses to do a nude scene . As a result , Dawson adopts an aggressive take - no - prisoners attitude , similar to the one that Todd has , to take control of the situation . In Boston , Joey is unable to say good - bye to Eddie who is moving to California to register at a college when she convinces him to help her take Audrey to a rehab clinic in Los Angeles , and the three of them , plus a guy Audrey picks up , drive cross country where the four constantly quarrel with each other . Jen spends her time consoling a dumped Grams , and Jen and C.J. set a lonely Grams up with C.J. 's Uncle Bill , who turns out to be quite randy . Absent : Joshua Jackson , Kerr Smith 118 14 `` Clean and Sober '' Michael Lange Anna Fricke February 5 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 05 ) 614 In Los Angeles , Dawson visits Audrey at the rehab clinic where he spots a big time film producer , named Toni Stark , and follows her into a therapy session hoping to talk to the woman who 'll direct Dawson to better contacts . Meanwhile in Boston , Pacey throws a party at his place to celebrate his new success at his job as well as purchasing a new super-sized TV set and is surprised when Joey , still sulking over the departure of Eddie , lets loose by getting drunk and setting up a spontaneous game of spin the bottle . Jen catches the reformed alcoholic C.J. with a drink which leads to them arguing , and making up by having sex for the first time . Also , Emma tries to stay in the country to get her green card by courting a stoner to marry her until Jack offers to marry Emma . 119 15 `` Castaways '' Greg Prange Gina Fattore February 19 , 2003 ( 2003 - 02 - 19 ) 615 After agreeing to pose as Pacey 's sister at a business party , Joey demands to be taken home . When Pacey makes a quick stop at a local K - Mart they are accidentally locked inside the store . They 're forced to spend the night there and talk about their friendship and relationship , both past and future . After the night is over they are both left to ponder what the future has in store for them . Absent : James Van Der Beek , Michelle Williams , Kerr Smith , Busy Philipps 120 16 `` That Was Then '' Perry Lang Anna Fricke March 26 , 2003 ( 2003 - 03 - 26 ) 616 Professor Heston orders Joey to baby - sit for Harley to make sure she does her homework . But Joey ends up serving as relationship counselor when she finds Harley 's boyfriend , Patrick , hiding in the house . Patrick starts to drool over Joey which makes Harley jealous . Meanwhile , Dawson pays a visit to his past when he 's asked to speak to Mr. Gold 's class at Capeside High about how it is to be working in L.A. One of the students asks Dawson to watch his film . While watching the film Dawson realizes that he 's moved on from the teenager he once was . Pacey also returns to Capeside when his father is admitted to the hospital after suffering a heart attack . Pacey has an argument with his brother , Doug , about the way Pacey 's been treating the family by shutting them out . Absent : Michelle Williams , Kerr Smith , Busy Philipps 121 17 `` Sex and Violence '' Frank Perl Anna Fricke & Tom Kapinos April 2 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 02 ) 617 Joey agrees to be Pacey 's temporary assistant but their mutual jealousy leads to disaster in the office . Dawson sells his idea for a coming - of - age movie , but when the studio wants to change it to a teen sex film , he must decide whether to stick with his original concept . Absent : Kerr Smith , Busy Philipps 122 18 `` Love Bites '' Bethany Rooney Liz Garcia April 9 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 09 ) 618 Jen 's seemingly happy world comes crashing down when she learns that Grams has breast cancer . Meanwhile , Joey 's tumultuous love life continues when Eddie reveals his true reasons for returning to Boston , and Pacey agrees to join Joey as she chaperones for Harley 's school dance , but what should be a magical night does n't feel right for Joey . Although he is at first reluctant , Pacey agrees to invest Dawson 's life savings to finance his new film project . Absent : Kerr Smith , Busy Philipps 123 19 `` Lovelines '' Joshua Jackson Jason M. Palmer April 16 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 16 ) 619 Joey 's and Eddie 's emotional and sexual relationship is played out on stage during a counseling center benefit with hosts Dr. Drew and Adam Carolla ( playing themselves ) . At the same event , Jack and David deal with the insecurities in their relationship ; Jen opens up to C.J. about Grams ' cancer ; and a sober Audrey returns to Boston and surprises everyone at the benefit . Absent : James Van Der Beek , Joshua Jackson 124 20 `` Catch -- 22 '' Robert McNeill Laura Glasser April 23 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 23 ) 620 Pacey learns he has lost Dawson 's money in the stock market . Back at school , Eddie surprises Joey with a trip to Europe for the summer , but a fiery conversation about how differently they live their lives leaves both of them questioning their future together . 125 21 `` Goodbye , Yellow Brick Road '' Peter Kowalski Anna Fricke April 30 , 2003 ( 2003 - 04 - 30 ) 621 Joey returns to Capeside to find Dawson 's script on her doorstep and is overwhelmed that he has written a story about three friends , but Dawson 's movie - making dreams are shattered when Pacey comes clean about losing Dawson 's money . The ensuing fight opens old wounds and leaves the three friends believing their friendship will never be the same . Also , with classes at Worthington over , Joey says goodbye to Audrey who has to stay behind to attend summer classes . And Jen invites her mother , Helen , over to Grams ' house where she wants her to tell Helen about her cancer . 126 22 `` Joey Potter and Capeside Redemption '' Michael Lange Gina Fattore & Tom Kapinos May 7 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 07 ) 622 When Dawson gives up his dream of making his film , a strong - minded Joey rallies the old group back to Capeside to help Dawson begin production before pursuing her dream of traveling to Paris . Jen , Jack and Grams must say their goodbyes and leave for New York . 127 128 23 24 `` All Good Things ... '' `` ... Must Come to An End '' James Whitmore , Jr . Kevin Williamson & Maggie Friedman May 14 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 14 ) 623 - 624 Five years have passed and everyone is reunited in Capeside for a special wedding . Dawson has been living in Los Angeles producing his autobiographical television series The Creek and has never forgotten the love of his life , Joey . She is now a successful book editor living in New York with her boyfriend but comes home to realize she still loves her childhood sweethearts . Pacey is the owner of the new Ice House and still carries a torch for Joey , Jen is a single mom living with Grams and managing an art gallery in SoHo , and Jack is a teacher at Capeside High and has fallen in love with Deputy Doug . Together all the secrets come out as tragedy and love becomes clear . With Jen in the hospital , the gang tries not to be too sad about it . Dawson helps Jen make a video for her daughter , asking her to never stop loving and dreaming . Jen also asks Joey as her last wish to end the chasing and running and to finally pick between Pacey and Dawson . Joey tells Jen that she has always known who she is supposed to be with . Jack tells Jen that she 's his soul mate and asks to raise baby Amy for her . Jen finally passes away and while mourning the death of their close friend , the gang has to move on . Doug tells Jack he 's willing to spend his life with him and wants to help raise Amy . Joey breaks up with Chris over the phone while she tries to decide whom she will choose : Dawson or Pacey . After Jen 's funeral , Pacey tells Joey that despite his endless love for her , he ca n't hold her back any more . As much as Joey wanted , all her life , to leave Capeside and see the world , Pacey seems destined to be stuck there . Before returning to New York , Joey sits with Dawson and confesses that even though they may never be together , he and she are soul mates and nothing should ever change that , but , in the end , she decides it is Pacey she wants to be with . In the final moments of the series , Dawson answers a phone call from Pacey and Joey who have just watched an episode of The Creek . Dawson tells them that he 's meeting someone tomorrow and Pacey and Joey figure out it 's Steven Spielberg , Dawson 's idol . The episode ends when the camera lingers on a picture on Dawson 's desk of him and his friends before cutting to a scene of them all walking down the beach from season one . In 2011 , the whole two - part finale was ranked # 16 on the TV Guide Network special , TV 's Most Unforgettable Finales . References ( edit ) General ( edit ) Dawson 's Creek : The Complete First Season ( 2003 - 04 - 01 ) from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Dawson 's Creek : The Complete Second Season ( 2003 - 12 - 16 ) from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Dawson 's Creek : The Complete Third Season ( 2004 - 06 - 29 ) from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Dawson 's Creek : The Complete Fourth Season ( 2004 - 10 - 05 ) from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Dawson 's Creek : The Complete Fifth Season ( 2005 - 05 - 03 ) from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Dawson 's Creek : The Complete Sixth Season ( 2006 - 04 - 04 ) from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ TV 's Most Unforgettable Finales -- Aired May 22 , 2011 on TV Guide Network External links ( edit ) List of Dawson 's Creek episodes on IMDb ( hide ) Dawson 's Creek Characters Dawson Leery Jen Lindley Pacey Witter Joey Potter Gail Leery Mitch Leery Bessie Potter Evelyn `` Grams '' Ryan Jack McPhee Andie McPhee Audrey Liddell Episodes `` True Love '' Releases List of Dawson 's Creek home video releases Related Young Americans I Do n't Want to Wait Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dawson%27s_Creek_episodes&oldid=804543113 '' Categories : Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of soap opera episodes Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from November 2016 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 18 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when does the hundred season five come out | [] | [] |
-4375776308831545080 | Super Bowl XLIX | Super Bowl XLIX - wikipedia Super Bowl XLIX This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 31 March 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Super Bowl XLIX New England Patriots ( AFC ) Seattle Seahawks ( NFC ) 28 24 Total NE 0 14 0 14 28 SEA 0 14 10 0 24 Date February 1 , 2015 Stadium University of Phoenix Stadium , Glendale , Arizona MVP Tom Brady , Quarterback Favorite Pick ' em ( even / toss - up ) Referee Bill Vinovich Attendance 70,288 Ceremonies National anthem Idina Menzel Coin toss Tedy Bruschi , Kenny Easley Halftime show Katy Perry featuring Lenny Kravitz , Missy Elliott and the Arizona State University Sun Devil Marching Band TV in the United States Network NBC Announcers Al Michaels ( play - by - play ) Cris Collinsworth ( analyst ) Michele Tafoya ( sideline reporter ) Nielsen ratings 47.5 ( national ) 61.0 ( Boston ) 55.6 ( Phoenix ) 52.1 ( Seattle ) U.S. viewership : 114.4 million est . avg . Market share 72 ( national ) Cost of 30 - second commercial $4.5 million ← XLVIII Super Bowl 50 → Super Bowl XLIX was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League ( NFL ) for the 2014 season . The American Football Conference ( AFC ) champion New England Patriots defeated the National Football Conference ( NFC ) champion Seattle Seahawks , 28 -- 24 , to earn their fourth Super Bowl title . The game was played on February 1 , 2015 , at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona . It was the second time the stadium has hosted a Super Bowl , and the third one held in the Phoenix metropolitan area . With the loss , the Seahawks became the fourth defending Super Bowl champions to lose in the following year 's title game , after the 1978 Dallas Cowboys , 1983 Washington Redskins and the 1997 Green Bay Packers . After finishing the previous season by defeating the Denver Broncos , 43 -- 8 , in Super Bowl XLVIII , Seattle completed the 2014 regular season with a 12 -- 4 record . The Patriots , who also posted a 12 -- 4 record , joined the Dallas Cowboys and Pittsburgh Steelers as one of the three teams to have made eight appearances in the Super Bowl . For the second straight season , but only the third time in the prior 21 seasons , the number one seeds from both conferences met in the league championship game . Seattle became the first team to appear in consecutive Super Bowls since New England won two straight ( XXXVIII and XXXIX ) . After the teams were tied 14 -- 14 at halftime , the Seahawks built a 10 - point lead to end the third quarter . The Patriots , however , rallied to take a 28 -- 24 lead with 2 : 02 left in the game . Seattle threatened to score in the final moments , driving the ball to New England 's 1 - yard line . With 26 seconds remaining in the game , Seattle decided to pass the ball in a highly scrutinized call that resulted in Patriots undrafted rookie Malcolm Butler making a game - saving interception of Russell Wilson 's throw . Patriots quarterback Tom Brady was named the game 's Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) after a then Super Bowl - record 37 completions on 50 attempts for 328 yards , four touchdowns , and two interceptions ( a record Brady himself would break 2 years later in Super Bowl LI ) . NBC 's broadcast of Super Bowl XLIX remains , as of the present , the most - watched program in the network 's history , as well as the most watched program in American television history , surpassing the previous year 's game . The game was seen by an average of 114.4 million viewers , with it reaching to 118.5 million during the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show featuring Katy Perry , and then peaking to 120.8 million during New England 's fourth - quarter comeback . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Host selection process 1.1. 1 Initial plan for Kansas City as host city 1.1. 2 Bidding process 1.2 Teams 1.2. 1 New England Patriots 1.2. 2 Seattle Seahawks 1.3 Playoffs 1.4 Pregame notes 1.4. 1 Team facilities 1.4. 2 Tickets 2 Broadcasting 2.1 Television 2.1. 1 United States 2.1. 2 Advertising 2.1. 3 International 2.2 Digital 2.3 Radio 2.3. 1 National coverage 2.3. 2 Local market coverage 2.3. 3 International radio coverage 3 Entertainment 3.1 Pregame 3.2 Halftime show 4 Game summary 4.1 First half 4.2 Second half 4.3 Game statistics 4.4 Reactions to Seattle 's final play 4.5 Box score 5 Final statistics 5.1 Statistical comparison 5.2 Individual leaders 6 Starting lineups 7 Officials 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) Host selection process ( edit ) Initial plan for Kansas City as host City ( edit ) Arrowhead Stadium was originally selected for Super Bowl XLIX , but plans to add a retractable roof ultimately fell through . NFL owners initially voted in November 2005 to award a Super Bowl to Kansas City , Missouri , in honor of Chiefs owner Lamar Hunt , the founder of the American Football League ( AFL ) in the 1960s who helped engineer the annual game . Then - NFL Commissioner Paul Tagliabue further announced on March 5 , 2006 , that Kansas City would host Super Bowl XLIX . However , the game was contingent on the successful passage of two sales taxes in Jackson County , Missouri , on April 4 , 2006 . The first tax to fund improvements to Arrowhead and neighboring Kauffman stadiums passed with 53 percent approval . However , the second tax that would have allowed the construction of a rolling roof between the two stadiums was narrowly defeated , with 48 percent approval . In the wake of the defeat , and opposition by the Kansas City Chamber of Commerce and several civic and business groups , Hunt and the Chiefs announced on May 25 , 2006 , that they were withdrawing the request to host Super Bowl XLIX . Bidding process ( edit ) University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona , was chosen for Super Bowl XLIX . After the Kansas City plan fell through , the following submitted bids to host Super Bowl XLIX : Raymond James Stadium -- Tampa , Florida Sun Life Stadium -- Miami Gardens , Florida University of Phoenix Stadium -- Glendale , Arizona Tampa and Miami both submitted bids after losing the Super Bowl XLVIII bid to MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey . Arizona had declined to bid for Super Bowl XLVIII , citing the economy , to focus on bidding for Super Bowl XLIX . NFL spokesman Greg Aiello confirmed in April 2011 that Tampa and Arizona were selected as finalists . The league then announced on October 11 , 2011 , that University of Phoenix Stadium will host Super Bowl XLIX . This is the second Super Bowl contested at University of Phoenix Stadium , which hosted Super Bowl XLII in February 2008 , and the third Super Bowl played in the Phoenix area , as Super Bowl XXX was held at Sun Devil Stadium in nearby Tempe in January 1996 . Teams ( edit ) New England Patriots ( edit ) Main article : 2014 New England Patriots season The New England Patriots had a rough start to their 2014 season , starting the season with a 2 -- 2 record and hitting a low point with a humiliating 41 -- 14 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs in week four . By this point , the Patriots faced heavy criticism in the media , especially quarterback Tom Brady . Former Patriots safety and teammate Rodney Harrison declared Brady `` looked scared to death '' in the pocket and `` does n't have any confidence in his offensive line . '' However , New England recovered with an NFL season long seven game winning streak , beginning with a dominating 43 -- 17 win over the Cincinnati Bengals in week five , and went on to lose only two more games for the rest of the year ( the latter of which was done while resting the starters the final week of the season ) , finishing the season with a 12 -- 4 record and the number one seed in the AFC . They finished fourth in the NFL in scoring ( 468 points ) and eighth in points allowed ( 313 ) , and had the largest point differential in the NFL ( with an average margin of victory of 9.7 points ) . The Patriots defeated the Baltimore Ravens 35 -- 31 in the AFC Divisional playoffs , and then defeated the Indianapolis Colts 45 -- 7 in the AFC Championship Game . Brady had another fine season in his 14th year as the team 's starter , earning his 10th Pro Bowl selection with 4,109 passing yards and 33 touchdowns , with just eight interceptions . His top target was Pro Bowl tight end Rob Gronkowski , who caught 82 passes for 1,124 yards and 12 touchdowns , along with wide receiver Brandon LaFell , who caught 74 passes for 954 yards and seven touchdowns . Wide receiver Julian Edelman was another key aspect of the passing game , with 92 receptions for 974 yards and four touchdowns , while also rushing for 92 yards and returning 25 punts for 299 yards and a touchdown . Running back Jonas Gray was the team 's leading rusher with 412 yards and a 4.6 yards per carry average , while Stevan Ridley added 340 yards and Shane Vereen had 391 . Vereen was also a reliable pass catcher , hauling in 52 receptions for 447 yards . On special teams , kicker Stephen Gostkowski was selected to his third Pro Bowl and became the third player ever to lead the NFL in scoring four times ( and the first since the NFL - AFL merger ) , converting 35 of 37 field goals ( 94.6 percent ) and racking up 156 points . Special teamer Matthew Slater also made the Pro Bowl for the fourth time . The Patriots defensive line was led by five - time Pro Bowl defensive tackle Vince Wilfork and defensive end Rob Ninkovich , who compiled eight sacks . Behind them , linebacker Jamie Collins led the team in tackles ( 116 ) and forced fumbles ( four ) , while also intercepting two passes . Linebacker Dont'a Hightower was also a big contributor with 89 tackles and six sacks . The secondary was led by Pro Bowl cornerback Darrelle Revis , along with safety Devin McCourty , who recorded two interceptions and Brandon Browner , who added a physical presence to the secondary . Seattle Seahawks ( edit ) Main article : 2014 Seattle Seahawks season After winning Super Bowl XLVIII the previous season , the Seahawks also struggled to begin the season , floundering near the season 's midpoint with a 3 -- 3 record . However , they went on from there to win nine of their final 10 regular season games , preventing their opponents from scoring any touchdowns in five of them . By the time they finished with a 12 -- 4 record and entered the playoffs , they had earned the number one seed , and not allowed any touchdowns in the previous 10 quarters . Their defense ranked first in the NFL in fewest points allowed ( 254 ) and their offense was tied at first in rushing yards ( 2,762 ) . The Seahawks defeated the Carolina Panthers 31 -- 17 in the NFC Divisional playoffs , and then defeated the Green Bay Packers 28 -- 22 in overtime in the NFC Championship Game . Seattle became the first NFC team to advance to consecutive Super Bowls since the 1996 -- 97 Packers in Super Bowls XXXI and XXXII . Quarterback Russell Wilson was back in control of the Seattle offense , completing 63.1 percent of his passes for 3,475 yards and 20 touchdowns , with seven interceptions , while also rushing for 849 yards and six touchdowns . The team 's leading receiver was Doug Baldwin , who caught 66 passes for 825 yards and three touchdowns . Receiver Jermaine Kearse was another reliable target with 38 catches for 537 yards , while tight end Luke Willson caught 22 passes for 362 yards . Running back Marshawn Lynch was selected to his fourth Pro Bowl , ranking fourth in the NFL with 1,306 rushing yards and first in rushing touchdowns with 13 . He also caught 37 passes for 364 yards and four more touchdowns . Running back Robert Turbin chipped in 310 yards and 16 receptions . On special teams , kicker Steven Hauschka ranked fourth in the NFL with 134 points and made 31 of 37 field goals ( 83.8 percent ) . Michael Bennett anchored the Seattle defensive line , leading the team with seven sacks , while teammate Bruce Irvin ranked second with 6.5 and intercepted two passes , returning both for touchdowns . Behind them , linebackers K.J. Wright and Pro Bowl selection Bobby Wagner combined for a staggering 211 tackles ( 107 for Wright , 104 for Wagner ) , while Wright also forced three fumbles . But the strongest aspect of the team 's number one ranked defense was their secondary . Known as the `` Legion of Boom '' , they sent three of their four starters to the Pro Bowl for the second year in a row : cornerback Richard Sherman , free safety Earl Thomas , and strong safety Kam Chancellor . Sherman led the team with four interceptions , while Thomas had 97 tackles and forced four fumbles . Chancellor had 78 tackles and also recorded six passes deflected . Playoffs ( edit ) Main article : 2014 -- 15 NFL playoffs New England became the first playoff team to overcome two 14 - point deficits to win a game as they defeated the Baltimore Ravens 35 -- 31 , pulling ahead for the first time in the game on Brady 's 23 - yard touchdown pass to LaFell with 5 : 13 left in regulation . Then safety Duron Harmon iced the game by intercepting a pass from Joe Flacco in the end zone on Baltimore 's ensuing drive . Although New England only had 14 rushing yards , Brady 's franchise playoff record 33 completions for 367 yards and three touchdowns , along with a rushing score , were able to make up the difference . The Patriots had a much easier time in the AFC Championship Game against the Indianapolis Colts . Although the score was still a close 17 -- 7 by the end of the half , New England dominated the game in the second with touchdowns on their first four drives . Brady had another great game , throwing for 226 yards and three touchdowns with one interception , while Blount rushed for 148 yards and three scores . New England 's defense held Colts quarterback Andrew Luck , who had thrown for 4,761 yards and 40 touchdowns during the season , to just 12 / 23 completions for 126 yards . By the end of New England 's two postseason games , Brady set new NFL records for postseason passing yards and touchdowns , while coach Bill Belichick set the all - time record for most playoff wins . Seattle started off their postseason with a 31 -- 17 win over the Carolina Panthers . The score was just 14 -- 10 at the end of the first half , but the Seahawks took control of the game in the second , scoring 17 unanswered points . After a field goal and Russell Wilson 's 25 - yard touchdown pass to Luke Willson , Chancellor put the game completely out of reach by intercepting a pass from Cam Newton and returning it 90 yards for a touchdown . Seattle had to mount a furious comeback to defeat their next opponent , the Green Bay Packers , as they fell behind 16 -- 0 before Jon Ryan 's 19 - yard touchdown pass to Garry Gilliam on a fake field goal in the third quarter got them their first score . They still found themselves trailing 19 -- 7 with just over 5 minutes left when Wilson threw his fourth interception of the day . But after Green Bay was forced to punt , Wilson led the team 69 yards to make the score 19 -- 14 on his 1 - yard touchdown run . On the ensuing kickoff , receiver Chris Matthews recovered an onside kick for Seattle , and they took their first lead on a 24 - yard touchdown run from Marshawn Lynch . Now with the score 20 -- 19 , the Seahawks managed to go up by 3 points on a dramatic 2 - point conversion play in which Wilson was forced to run all the way back to the 17 - yard line near the right sideline before hurling the ball to the opposite side of the field , where Luke Willson , who had only been assigned as a blocker for the play , caught the ball and took it into the end zone . Although Green Bay kicked a field goal to send the game into overtime , Seattle 's comeback could not be stopped . After winning the coin toss , the Seahawks took the ball and drove 87 yards to win the game on Wilson 's 35 - yard touchdown pass to Kearse , sending the Seahawks to the Super Bowl for the second year in a row . Pre-game notes ( edit ) Downtown Phoenix before the event . Super Bowl XLIX was the first Super Bowl matchup , and the first postseason matchup , between the Patriots and Seahawks ; while Seattle was part of the AFC before moving to the NFC in the NFL 's 2002 realignment , the teams had never met beyond the regular season . The game was notable for featuring the coach of one team who had replaced the other as head coach ; Patriots head coach Bill Belichick was hired in 2000 to replace Pete Carroll , who went on to become the coach of the Seahawks . This was only the fourth time this has occurred . The other three times were in Super Bowl III ( Weeb Ewbank 's New York Jets vs. Ewbank 's former team , Don Shula 's Baltimore Colts ) , Super Bowl XXXIII ( Dan Reeves 's Atlanta Falcons vs. Mike Shanahan 's Denver Broncos ) , and Super Bowl XXXVII ( Jon Gruden 's Tampa Bay Buccaneers vs. Gruden 's former team , Bill Callahan 's Oakland Raiders ) . The only previous time that the old coach 's former team had won was in Super Bowl XXXIII . The Patriots had also appeared in the only other Super Bowl to be held at University of Phoenix Stadium to date , having fallen short in their quest for a 19 -- 0 undefeated season with a 17 -- 14 loss to the New York Giants there in Super Bowl XLII . In fact , this game marked the Patriots ' return to University of Phoenix Stadium for the first time since that contest . The betting odds for Super Bowl XLIX initially opened after the conclusion of the conference championship games with the Seahawks favored by 2.5 points , but within hours of opening , heavy betting on the Patriots had moved the line to a pick ' em at most sportsbooks . Over most of the two - week run - up to the Super Bowl , the line held steady with the Patriots as slight 1 - point favorites , but , on the day before the Super Bowl , a surge of large bets on the Seahawks pushed the line back to a toss - up . After the AFC Championship Game , ESPN reported an NFL investigation discovered 11 of 12 footballs the Patriots had used during it were under - inflated , while none of the balls used by the Colts had been , although these findings were later shown to be false . Patriots coach Bill Belichick denied any knowledge that the footballs his team used were not inflated to NFL standards . Tom Brady and Bill Belichick became large targets as controversy swirled around what colloquially became known as Deflategate just before the week of Super Bowl XLIX . The effects of the incident would drag on for nearly two years , finally being resolved with Brady receiving a 4 - game suspension at the start of the 2016 season . As the designated home team in the annual rotation between AFC and NFC teams , the Seahawks elected to wear their college navy home jerseys with navy pants , which meant that the Patriots would wear their white road jerseys . Super Bowl XLIX was the first Super Bowl to be played in a retractable roof stadium with the roof open by league decision ( previous Super Bowls played in such stadiums , including Super Bowl XLII , were played with the roof closed ) . The gametime temperature was 66 ° F ( 19 ° C ) , with clear conditions . It was the second time all season , along with the Pro Bowl , the stadium had its roof open during an NFL game or the College Football Playoff 's Fiesta Bowl . It is the home stadium of the Arizona Cardinals , but all Cardinals home games in 2014 had it closed either because of warm temperatures or to provide home field advantage and hold in crowd noise . Team facilities ( edit ) The Patriots used the Arizona Cardinals headquarters , in Tempe , Arizona , while the Seahawks used the Arizona State University practice facilities , also in Tempe . Tickets ( edit ) Ticket prices for Super Bowl XLIX rose quickly , with the lowest - cost tickets reaching over $8,000 by January 29 . The average ticket price charged by brokers was $10,352 , an increase of more than three times over the previous year 's prices . The raise in ticket prices was due to a shortage caused by the short selling practice of brokers and resale sites . Jeff Miller , writing for the Orange County Register , observed that the cheapest tickets were nearly as expensive as a year 's tuition at the University of Phoenix , and commented that the $28,888 price of seats near the 50 - yard line `` should not only buy you Katy Perry 's halftime show but also Katy Perry singing again from your backseat halfway through your drive home . '' Broadcasting ( edit ) Television ( edit ) United States ( edit ) Super Bowl XLIX was televised by NBC in the United States , with play - by - play announcer Al Michaels and color analyst Cris Collinsworth calling the game from the booth and Michele Tafoya working as sideline reporter . Game coverage was preceded by a six - hour pre-game show featuring the Football Night in America crew , including Bob Costas , Dan Patrick , Josh Elliott , Tony Dungy , Rodney Harrison , Hines Ward , Mike Florio and Peter King . John Harbaugh served as a guest analyst . Michaels , Collinsworth and Tafoya also contributed to the pre-game coverage along with Liam McHugh , Carolyn Manno , Randy Moss and Doug Flutie . It became the most watched broadcast in the history of American television , only one year removed from Fox 's previous year 's record - setting telecast of Super Bowl XLVIII . The presentation of the Lombardi Trophy was handled by Dan Patrick of NBC . A Spanish language telecast of the game with Jessi Losada , René Giraldo and Edgar López as commentators was broadcast by NBC Universo -- formerly known as mun2 , the network 's re-branding was scheduled to coincide with the game . NBC also provided SAP Spanish audio over-the - air . As with other major events broadcast by the network , the telecast was cross-promoted with other NBCUniversal properties : various NBC News and NBC Sports programs were either broadcast from Phoenix or featured reports from the game , and Golf Channel cross-promoted the game with its coverage of the Phoenix Open golf tournament and live episodes of Feherty from the Orpheum Theatre . An episode of The Blacklist , `` Luther Braxton '' , served as NBC 's lead - out program . Following a break for local newscasts , a live episode of The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon from the Orpheum was also broadcast . Advertising ( edit ) NBC set the sales rate for a 30 - second advertisement at US $4.5 million , a price $500,000 above the record set by the two preceding Super Bowls . For the first time , the network also offered 15 - second ad spots . A large number of automotive advertisers reduced their advertising during the game , replaced by a wave of fifteen first - time Super Bowl advertisers , including Skittles , Carnival Cruise Lines , Loctite , Mophie , Wix.com , UCool , Jublia , a coalition of Mexican avocado growers , and Always among several others . NBC posted the commercials on a Tumblr blog as they aired throughout the game ; the blog was promoted through NBC 's own live stream , as it did not contain all of the same commercials as the television broadcast . The network had more difficulty than in recent years selling out the advertisements , with the last ads selling out four days before the game . Paramount Pictures , Universal Studios , Walt Disney Studios , 20th Century Fox , and Lionsgate paid for movie trailers to be aired during the Super Bowl . Paramount paid for The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water and Terminator Genisys . Universal paid for Fifty Shades of Grey , Pitch Perfect 2 , Jurassic World , Minions , Furious 7 , and the debut trailer for Ted 2 . Fox paid for Kingsman : The Secret Service . Lionsgate paid for The Divergent Series : Insurgent during the pre-game show . Disney paid for Tomorrowland . International ( edit ) Super Bowl XLIX aired on Seven Network , 7mate , and ESPN in Australia , CTV in Canada , Sky Television in New Zealand , and Channel 4 , Sky Sports , and BBC Radio 5 Live in the United Kingdom and Ireland . NFL Network produced an international television feed of the game carried in some markets , with alternate English - language commentary provided by Bob Papa ( play - by - play ) and Charles Davis ( color analyst ) . The Canadian broadcast was the most - watched broadcast on television that week , with 8.26 million viewers , while the pregame ceremonies in the half - hour preceding the game attracted 5.16 million viewers , making it the second most - watched program of the week . In the United Kingdom , the game was watched by 191,000 viewers , making it the eighth highest - rated program on Sky Sports 1 that week . It was the most viewed broadcast on pay television in Australia that day , with 94,000 viewers . The game aired live in France on channel W9 . The game was broadcast live in India on Sony SIX channel . Digital ( edit ) NBC also livestreamed the game for free on NBCSports.com on computers and the NBC Sports Live Extra app on tablets . Mobile device rights were exclusive to Verizon Wireless NFL Mobile for its subscribers who pay for NFL Mobile and they had to use NFL Mobile app instead of NBC Sports Live Extra . Radio ( edit ) National coverage ( edit ) The game was broadcast nationally on Westwood One radio , with Kevin Harlan as play - by - play announcer , Boomer Esiason as color analyst , and James Lofton and Mark Malone as sideline reporters . Jim Gray anchored the pre-game and halftime coverage , with Larry Fitzgerald , Tom Brady , Scott Graham , Rod Woodson and Kurt Warner contributing . Scott Graham also handled public address duties inside the stadium for pregame introductions and postgame awards . Local Market coverage ( edit ) The flagship stations of each station in the markets of each team carried their local play - by - play calls . In Seattle , KIRO - FM ( 97.3 ) and KIRO ( 710 AM ) carried the game , with Steve Raible on play - by - play and Warren Moon on color commentary . As a clear - channel station , KIRO 's commentary was audible over much of the West Coast of North America after sunset . In Greater Boston , WBZ - FM ( 98.5 ) carried the game , with Bob Socci on play - by - play and Scott Zolak on color commentary . Per contractual rules , the rest of the stations in the Seahawks and Patriots radio networks carried the Westwood One feed . International Radio coverage ( edit ) Westwood One 's coverage was simulcasted on TSN Radio in Canada . In the United Kingdom , BBC Radio 5 Live returned to coverage after the previous year 's NFL broadcaster , Absolute Radio 90s , dropped out of sports coverage . Rocky Boiman and Darren Fletcher return as commentators . Entertainment ( edit ) Pre-game ( edit ) Idina Menzel performed the national anthem and John Legend performed `` America the Beautiful '' . Halftime show ( edit ) Main article : Super Bowl XLIX halftime show Katy Perry headlined the halftime show Lenny Kravitz made an appearance at the halftime show On October 9 , 2014 , Billboard announced that Katy Perry would perform at halftime and the NFL confirmed the announcement on November 23 , 2014 . At the start of the halftime show , on - field participants held up light globes which created a bird 's - eye view of the Pepsi logo . Perry entered the stadium riding atop a large , golden mechanical lion , opening her set with a performance of `` Roar '' . She then proceeded to sing `` Dark Horse '' , with 3D rendering on the field creating a chessboard visual where the turf constantly turned into `` different shapes and sizes '' , as acrobats surrounded the singer . Following this , Perry joined Lenny Kravitz for a duet version of `` I Kissed a Girl '' , which included her `` rubbing up against '' Kravitz and flames exploding behind them . During these three songs , Perry was clothed in a `` flame - adorned '' dress , with her black hair in a ponytail . The costume has been described as the `` clothing equivalent of a flame '' , and `` dress of fire '' . The stage and field rendering transitioned into a `` breezy '' beach setting , with dancers dressed as sharks , palm trees and smiling beach balls dancing around Perry . She underwent a wardrobe change , and progressed into a `` campy '' medley of `` Teenage Dream '' and `` California Gurls '' . Rapper Missy Elliott subsequently appeared , performing her songs `` Get Ur Freak On '' and `` Work It '' , while Perry played `` hype - woman '' beside her , having now changed once again into a custom Super Bowl 49 jersey . After Perry briefly disappeared , Elliott performed `` Lose Control '' . Perry returned , now sporting a `` star - encrusted gown '' for her closing song , `` Firework '' . She rose out of midfield on a narrow platform that was attached to a shooting star prop , and flew above the crowds . During this performance , fireworks exploded around Perry and the stadium . The star Perry flew around the stadium attached to was heavily compared to The More You Know 's public service announcements logo . It was the most - watched halftime show of all time , with a total TV audience of 120.7 million . In August 2014 , it was reported that the NFL had a short list of three potential acts for the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show , including Coldplay , Katy Perry , and Rihanna . It was also reported by The Wall Street Journal that league representatives asked representatives of potential acts if they would be willing to provide financial compensation to the NFL in exchange for their appearance , in the form of either an up - front fee , or a cut of revenue from concert performances made following the Super Bowl . While these reports were denied by an NFL spokeswoman , the request had , according to the Journal , received a `` chilly '' response from those involved . Game Summary ( edit ) First half ( edit ) After the first two drives of the game ended in punts , New England got the first scoring opportunity with a drive to the Seattle 10 - yard line . However , on third - and - six , quarterback Tom Brady threw a pass that was intercepted by cornerback Jeremy Lane and returned to the 14 - yard line . Lane broke his wrist and tore his ACL on the play when he tried to break his fall with his arm extended after being tackled by Julian Edelman , and subsequently missed the rest of the game . The game remained scoreless until New England 's first drive of the second quarter , which began with Brady 's 17 - yard completed pass to Danny Amendola . Brady later completed a 23 - yard pass to Edelman on third - and - nine , and eventually finished the drive with a 11 - yard touchdown pass to receiver Brandon LaFell . Seattle began to make progress when Russell Wilson completed his first pass of the day , a six - yard completion to Jermaine Kearse on third - and - six and with 5 : 36 left in the second quarter . After a five - yard run by Marshawn Lynch , Wilson completed a 44 - yard pass to receiver Chris Matthews on the Patriots 11 - yard line , setting up Lynch 's three - yard touchdown run to tie the game . Only 2 : 16 remained in the half after Lynch 's touchdown , but the scoring was far from over . Brady completed 5 / 6 passes for 59 yards on New England 's ensuing possession , the last one a 22 - yard touchdown completion to tight end Rob Gronkowski with 31 seconds remaining . Taking the ball back on their own 20 , Seattle started off their drive with a 19 - yard burst from Robert Turbin and a 17 - yard scramble by Wilson . Then Wilson completed a 23 - yard pass to Ricardo Lockette , with a facemask penalty on defensive back Kyle Arrington adding additional yardage that gave the team a first down on the Patriots 11 - yard line . Only six seconds remained until halftime at this point , but coach Pete Carroll decided to take a shot at the end zone rather than kick a field goal , a gamble that paid off as Wilson threw an 11 - yard touchdown pass to Matthews on the next play , tying the game at 14 with just two seconds showing on the clock . Second half ( edit ) Seattle took the second half kickoff and drove 72 yards to the Patriots eight - yard line , featuring a 15 - yard run by Lynch and a 45 - yard reception by Matthews . After Lynch was stopped on third - and - one in the red zone , Steven Hauschka finished the drive with a 27 - yard field goal , giving Seattle their first lead of the game at 17 -- 14 . On New England 's next possession , linebacker Bobby Wagner 's interception of a Brady pass and six - yard return gave the Seahawks the ball at midfield . Just as with their last interception , Seattle lost a player for the game on the play due to injury , this time defensive end Cliff Avril , who departed with a concussion . The offense was able to take advantage of the turnover , driving 50 yards in six plays and scoring on Wilson 's three - yard touchdown pass to Doug Baldwin , who was penalized 15 yards for unsportsmanlike conduct for an improper end - zone celebration . This made the score 24 -- 14 , and it would remain this way going into the fourth quarter . Until this game , no team in Super Bowl history had come back to win after facing a fourth - quarter deficit of more than seven points . With 12 : 10 left in the game , New England mounted a 68 - yard drive to cut their deficit to 24 -- 21 on Brady 's four - yard touchdown toss to Amendola . The drive included two 21 - yard completions from Brady to Edelman , the first one converting a third - and - 14 from the Patriots 28 - yard line . Following a three - and - out for Seattle , New England got the ball back on their own 32 at the 6 : 52 mark . Brady started off the possession with two completions to running back Shane Vereen for 13 total yards , and followed it up with a nine - yard pass to Edelman . Following a penalty against New England , Gronkowski caught a pair of passes that moved the team up 33 yards to the Seattle 19 . Over the next three plays , Vereen rushed for seven yards , Brady passed to LaFell for seven more , and Blount ran the ball two yards to the three - yard line . Finally , with 2 : 02 left in the game , Brady gave his team a 28 -- 24 lead with a three - yard touchdown toss to Edelman . After a touchback gave Seattle the ball on their 20 , Wilson started off the Seahawks drive with a 31 - yard completion to Lynch . Then after two incompletions , he picked up another first down with an 11 - yard pass to Lockette . The following play gave Seattle an opportunity to win the game . Wilson threw a deep pass down the right sideline to Kearse , who was covered by reserve rookie cornerback Malcolm Butler . Both players dove through the air for the ball , and Butler managed to deflect it with one hand , but the pass fell right into the hands of Kearse , who tipped it to himself and caught the ball while he was lying on his back . Butler managed to recognize the catch and recover in time to shove Kearse out of bounds as he got up , preventing a Seattle touchdown , but the play netted 33 yards and gave the Seahawks a first down at the Patriots five - yard line with 1 : 05 left in regulation . Announcer Cris Collinsworth compared the play to two other acrobatic receptions by Patriots opponents that had defeated them in prior Super Bowls : David Tyree 's Helmet Catch in Super Bowl XLII and Mario Manningham 's sideline catch in Super Bowl XLVI . Al Michaels also compared it to Antonio Freeman 's famous Monday Night Football catch known as `` He did what ? '' ( a play that Michaels had himself called ) . On the next play , Lynch ran the ball four yards to the Patriots one - yard line where he was brought down by Dont'a Hightower . Since New England did not call a timeout , Seattle was able to run the clock down to 26 seconds before taking the snap for the next play . The Seahawks called a pass play in which Kearse would run a pick on the right side of the field to draw defensive backs away from Lockette as Lockette ran a slant to the middle , but Brandon Browner blocked Kearse at the line of scrimmage , preventing him from reaching Butler . Lockette appeared to be uncovered at the one - yard line when Wilson threw him the ball , but before the ball arrived , Butler correctly read the play and rushed into position to make the interception . The turnover -- after an unsportsmanlike conduct call for excessive celebration -- gave New England the ball on their own one - yard line with 20 seconds remaining in regulation . The game was not quite over at this point . Since the ball was placed on the one - yard line , Brady had to take the snap in the end zone . If he took a knee or the Patriots otherwise failed to advance the ball beyond the goal line , this would be a safety , awarding Seattle two points and forcing the Patriots to kick the ball back to the Seahawks . Seattle would then have one time out and about 18 seconds to advance the ball into field goal range with the chance to win . However , the Patriots took a time out then held the ball as the play clock ran in the attempt to draw a Seattle defense player across the line of scrimmage . Had it run out , the delay of game penalty would have merely moved the ball back half the distance to the goal . The strategy worked . Defensive lineman Michael Bennett moved across the line of scrimmage , earning a five - yard encroachment penalty and moving the ball to the New England six - yard line . Brady then took a knee , Seattle called its final time - out , and Seattle linebacker Bruce Irvin rushed some of the Patriots players , starting a brawl involving players from both teams that resulted in an unsportsmanlike conduct penalty for Seattle . Irvin received the first ejection in Super Bowl history for throwing a closed hand punch at Rob Gronkowski . Brady knelt one more time and the Patriots were victorious . Game statistics ( edit ) Brady completed 37 of 50 passes for 328 yards and four touchdowns , with two interceptions . His 37 completions set a new Super Bowl record , surpassing Peyton Manning 's 34 set the previous year against Seattle in Super Bowl XLVIII . He also surpassed Joe Montana 's record for career touchdown passes in Super Bowls , setting a new record with 13 . His top receiver was Edelman , who caught 9 passes for 109 yards and a touchdown , while also rushing for seven yards and returning three punts for 27 additional yards . Vereen caught 11 passes for 64 yards and rushed for 13 . For Seattle , Wilson completed 12 of 21 passes for 247 yards and two touchdowns , with one interception , while also rushing for 39 yards . Lynch was the top rusher of the game with 102 yards and a touchdown , and also caught a pass for 31 yards . Matthews , an undrafted rookie who had not caught any passes in the regular season or postseason before the Super Bowl , caught four passes for 109 yards and a touchdown . Wagner had 12 tackles ( 10 solo ) and an interception . Linebacker K.J. Wright had 11 tackles ( 10 solo ) . New England became only the fourth team to win a Super Bowl despite losing the turnover battle ( after the Baltimore Colts in Super Bowl V and the Pittsburgh Steelers in both Super Bowls XIV and XL ) . In winning , Brady became the third quarterback in NFL history with four Super Bowl victories . Brady was also named MVP for a third time , tying the record set by Joe Montana . The Seahawks became the first defending champion since the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII to lose in the Super Bowl the next year . This also marked the 10th consecutive Super Bowl without a repeat winner ( with the last one being the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXIX ) . In a poll conducted by NFL.com a couple of months after the game , Super Bowl XLIX was voted by its readers as the `` greatest Super Bowl game '' of all time . The article does report that the voting was structured to try to account for `` recency bias '' in relation to the game at the time when the poll was conducted , but voters still `` pushed it through the competition '' . Most lists of greatest Super Bowls continue to list it in the top few games . Reactions to Seattle 's final play ( edit ) After the game , Seattle faced heavy criticism for their decision to call a pass play on second and goal from the 1 - yard line with 26 seconds and one timeout left instead of a rushing play . Following the play , Collinsworth stated , `` I 'm sorry , but I ca n't believe the call. ... I can not believe the call . You 've got Marshawn Lynch in the backfield . You 've got a guy that has been borderline unstoppable in this part of the field . I ca n't believe the call . '' He further added , `` If I lose the Super Bowl because Marshawn Lynch ca n't get it in from the 1 yard line , so be it . So be it ! But there is no way ... I do n't believe the call . '' Sports Illustrated writer Peter King called the play one of the worst calls in Super Bowl history , as did retired Pro Football Hall of Famer Deion Sanders . Retired running back Emmitt Smith , the NFL 's all - time leading rusher , went even further , calling it the worst play call in the history of football . Others , including University of Michigan head coach Jim Harbaugh and Hall of Fame quarterback Joe Namath defended the call , crediting Butler for the play he made and pointing out that the Seahawks only had one time - out left . Writing for Grantland , Bill Simmons said the Seahawks `` took too much heat for the final play call '' and noted Carroll opted to run the ball on fourth down at the end of the 2006 Rose Bowl , costing his team the game . Butler 's interception , thanks to his quick `` read - and - react to Ricardo Lockette 's underneath route '' , has been considered one of the top clutch plays in Super Bowl history . In the game , Lynch had gained at least one yard on 22 of 24 carries . While the Patriots in 2014 were ranked fifth - worst ( 28th overall ) in the league in holding opposing backs for no gain or a loss , they had stopped him for no gain on both a third - and - 2 and a third - and - 1 , the latter in the red zone . On the season , Lynch had scored just once on his five attempts from his opponent 's 1 - yard line . From 2010 to 2014 , he scored 45 percent of the time , ranking 30th out of 39 running backs ; for his career to that point , he was successful on 42 percent of his attempts ( 15 of 36 ) . Seattle offensive coordinator Darrell Bevell acknowledged making the call , but also remarked that Lockette could have been more aggressive on the play . Wilson said the play was a `` good call '' , and lamented throwing the interception and `` not making that play . '' Carroll , though , said the last play was `` all my fault '' , and called Bevell `` crucially important to our future . '' The head coach added that Seattle would have run the ball on a subsequent play , as well that `` we do n't ever call a play thinking we might throw an interception . '' Butler 's interception was the only one against all 109 pass attempts during the 2014 NFL season from the 1 - yard line . Box score ( edit ) Super Bowl XLIX : New England Patriots 28 , Seattle Seahawks 24 Total Patriots ( AFC ) 0 14 0 14 28 Seahawks ( NFC ) 0 14 10 0 24 at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona Date : February 1 , 2015 Game time : 4 : 30 p.m. MST Game weather : Sunny , 66 ° F ( 19 ° C ) ( retractable roof open ) Game attendance : 70,288 Referee : Bill Vinovich TV announcers ( NBC ) : Al Michaels ( play - by - play ) , Cris Collinsworth ( color commentator ) , and Michele Tafoya ( sideline reporter ) Recap , Gamebook ( hide ) Game information ( hide ) Scoring summary Quarter Time Drive Team Scoring information Score Plays Yards TOP NE SEA 9 : 47 9 65 4 : 10 NE Brandon LaFell 11 - yard touchdown reception from Tom Brady , Stephen Gostkowski kick good 7 0 2 : 16 8 70 4 : 51 SEA Marshawn Lynch 3 - yard touchdown run , Steven Hauschka kick good 7 7 0 : 31 8 80 1 : 45 NE Rob Gronkowski 22 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 14 7 0 : 02 5 80 0 : 29 SEA Chris Matthews 11 - yard touchdown reception from Russell Wilson , Hauschka kick good 14 14 11 : 09 7 72 3 : 51 SEA 27 - yard field goal by Hauschka 14 17 4 : 54 6 50 3 : 13 SEA Doug Baldwin 3 - yard touchdown reception from Wilson , Hauschka kick good 14 24 7 : 55 9 68 4 : 15 NE Danny Amendola 4 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 21 24 2 : 02 10 64 4 : 50 NE Julian Edelman 3 - yard touchdown reception from Brady , Gostkowski kick good 28 24 `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . 28 24 Final statistics ( edit ) Sources : NFL.com , Pro Football Reference.com , The Football Database Super Bowl XLIX Statistical comparison ( edit ) Statistic New England Patriots Seattle Seahawks First downs 25 20 First downs rushing 8 First downs passing 21 10 First downs penalty Third down efficiency 8 / 14 3 / 10 Fourth down efficiency 0 / 0 0 / 0 Net yards rushing 57 162 Rushing attempts 21 29 Yards per rush 2.7 5.6 Passing -- Completions - attempts 37 / 50 12 / 21 Times sacked - total yards 1 -- 8 3 -- 13 Interceptions thrown Net yards passing 320 234 Total net yards 377 396 Punt returns - total yards 3 -- 27 2 -- 6 Kickoff returns - total yards 3 -- 49 0 -- 0 Interceptions - total return yards 1 -- 3 2 -- 14 Punts - average yardage 4 -- 49.0 6 -- 44.8 Fumbles - lost 0 -- 0 0 -- 0 Penalties - yards 5 -- 36 7 -- 70 Time of possession 33 : 46 26 : 14 Turnovers Records set Most games started 6 Tom Brady Most games started at quarterback 6 Most pass completions , game 37 Most passing touchdowns , career 13 Most pass attempts , career 247 * Most pass completions , career 164 * Most passing yards , career 1,605 * * extended his record Longest punt 64 yards Ryan Allen ( New England ) Most tackles , career 22 Bobby Wagner ( Seattle ) Largest fourth - quarter comeback 10 points New England Most first downs earned , passing 21 Fewest kickoff returns , one team 0 Seattle Fewest kickoff return yards , one team 0 Fewest kickoff returns , both teams New England ( 3 ) , Seattle ( 0 ) Fewest kickoff return yards , both teams 49 New England ( 49 ) , Seattle ( 0 ) Records tied Most Super Bowl MVP Awards Tom Brady Most games played 6 Most wins as starting QB Most games as player , assistant , or coach 9 Bill Belichick Most games , head coach 6 Most wins , head coach Most Super Bowl appearances 8 New England Largest comeback 10 points Fewest first downs rushing Fewest rushing touchdowns 0 Fewest fumbles , both teams 0 Fewest fumbles lost , both teams 0 Fewest field goals attempted , both teams New England ( 0 ) , Seattle ( 1 ) Individual leaders ( edit ) Patriots passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Tom Brady 37 / 50 328 101.1 Patriots rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car LeGarrette Blount 14 40 0 9 2.86 Shane Vereen 13 0 7 3.25 Julian Edelman 7 0 7 7.00 Tom Brady -- 3 0 -- 1 -- 1.50 Patriots receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Shane Vereen 11 64 0 16 12 Julian Edelman 9 109 23 12 Rob Gronkowski 6 68 22 10 Danny Amendola 5 48 17 7 Brandon LaFell 29 11 7 James Develin 6 0 6 Michael Hoomanawanui 0 Seahawks passing C / ATT Yds TD INT Rating Russell Wilson 12 / 21 247 110.6 Seahawks rushing Car Yds TD LG Yds / Car Marshawn Lynch 24 102 15 4.25 Russell Wilson 39 0 17 13.00 Robert Turbin 21 0 19 10.50 Seahawks receiving Rec Yds TD LG Target Chris Matthews 109 45 5 Ricardo Lockette 59 0 25 5 Jermaine Kearse 45 0 33 6 Marshawn Lynch 31 0 31 Doug Baldwin Bryan Walters 0 0 0 0 Completions / attempts Carries Long gain Receptions Times targeted Starting lineups ( edit ) New England Position Position Seattle Offense Brandon LaFell WR Doug Baldwin Nate Solder LT Russell Okung Dan Connolly LG James Carpenter Bryan Stork Max Unger Ryan Wendell RG J.R. Sweezy Sebastian Vollmer RT Justin Britt Rob Gronkowski TE Luke Willson Julian Edelman WR Jermaine Kearse Tom Brady QB Russell Wilson Michael Hoomanawanui TE WR Ricardo Lockette Shane Vereen RB Marshawn Lynch Defense Rob Ninkovich LE LDE Michael Bennett Vince Wilfork DT LDT Tony McDaniel Sealver Siliga DT RDT Kevin Williams Chandler Jones RE RDE Cliff Avril Jamie Collins LB OLB Bruce Irvin Dont'a Hightower LB MLB Bobby Wagner Kyle Arrington DB OLB K.J. Wright Darrelle Revis LCB Richard Sherman Brandon Browner RCB Byron Maxwell Patrick Chung SS Kam Chancellor Devin McCourty FS Earl Thomas Source : Officials ( edit ) Super Bowl XLIX had nine officials . The numbers in parentheses below indicates their uniform numbers . Referee : Bill Vinovich ( 52 ) Umpire : Bill Schuster ( 129 ) Head linesman : Dana McKenzie ( 8 ) Line judge : Mark Perlman ( 9 ) Field judge : Bob Waggoner ( 25 ) Side judge : Tom Hill ( 97 ) Back judge : Terrence Miles ( 111 ) Replay official : Mike Wimmer Replay assistant : Terry Poulos See also ( edit ) National Football League portal American football portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rank is among players with a least 10 attempts and includes performance in the playoffs . Jump up ^ He did not gain a yard on 12 of those attempts , and lost yardage in 9 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Purdum , David ( January 31 , 2015 ) . `` Vegas books move lines to pick ' em '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl XLIX officials named ; Vinovich to be head referee '' . National Football League . January 20 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Total attendance for Super Bowl XLIX at 70,288 '' . breakingnews.com . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Idina Menzel to sing National Anthem at Super Bowl '' . National Football League . January 16 , 2015 . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Katy Perry to headline Pepsi Super Bowl XLIX Halftime Show '' . National Football League . November 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lenny Kravitz joins Katy Perry for Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . National Football League . January 10 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` Missy Elliott and Katy Perry Will Team Up for Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ASU marching band practices for Super Bowl pre-game and halftime shows '' . East Valley Tribune . February 1 , 2015 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl 49 viewership sets US television record '' . Yahoo . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Boston Top Market For Super Bowl 49 ; Seattle Down '' . Sports Media Watch . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pallotta , Frank ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl XLIX posts the largest audience in TV history '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Castillo , Michelle ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` NBC Has Sold 95 % of Super Bowl Ads and Says $4.5 Million Per : 30 ' Is a Steal ' '' . Adweek . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Patra , Kevin ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl XLIX is most - watched show in U.S. history '' . National Football League . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kissell , Rick ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Update : Super Bowl on NBC Draws Record U.S. Television Audience '' . Variety . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` K.C. to host 2015 Super Bowl if renovations approved '' . ESPN . Associated Press . March 5 , 2006 . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` No rolling roof , no Super Bowl at Arrowhead '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 25 , 2006 . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tampa , Miami move focus to 2015 Super Bowl after losing 2014 bid '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arizona opts not to bid for 2014 Super Bowl '' . The Arizona Republic . February 26 , 2010 . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` NFL says Tampa , Arizona are 2015 Super Bowl host finalists '' . National Football League . April 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Owners vote Arizona as Super Bowl host for third time '' . National Football League . Associated Press . October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McClain , John ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` NFL owners in Houston for fall meetings '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What 's wrong with Tom Brady ? '' . ESPN . September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schechter , Lee ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` NBC Sports analyst Rodney Harrison says New England Patriots QB Tom Brady ' scared to death ' in pocket '' . ESPNBoston.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pats erase two 14 - point deficits vs. Ravens , into AFC title game again '' . ESPN . January 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady carries Pats to rout of Colts , claims sixth Super Bowl trip '' . ESPN . January 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Russell Wilson , Kam Chancellor star as Seahawks roll into title game '' . ESPN . January 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seahawks rally to stun Packers in OT , clinch return trip to Super Bowl '' . ESPN . January 18 , 2015 . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game Preview : Patriots at Cardinals '' . New England Patriots. 2016 - 10 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . The Patriots have played two Super Bowls in the stadium , Super Bowl XLII on Feb. 3 , 2008 and Super Bowl XLIX on Feb. 1 , 2015 Jump up ^ Brinson , Will ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` 2015 Super Bowl odds / line : Seahawks early 2.5 favorites against Patriots '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vegas Bookies : Patriots - Seahawks pick ' em for Super Bowl '' . The Gazette . January 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Seahawks - Patriots is pick ' em in Super Bowl XLIX spread '' . Sports Illustrated . January 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Purdum , David ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Vegas , fans favoring Patriots '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mortensen , Chris ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` 11 of 12 Pats footballs underinflated '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` After further review , a theory on how # DeflateGate initially unfolded '' . May 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Sally ( July 30 , 2015 ) . `` DeflateGate 's real issue : Due process '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Ellis , Ralph ; Botelho , Greg ; Hanna , Jason ( January 23 , 2015 ) . `` Tom Brady weighs in on ' Deflategate : ' ' I did n't alter the ball ' '' . CNN . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Farnsworth , Clare ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Thursday in Hawkville : Regardless of whether the Patriots run or pass , the Seahawks will be prepared '' . Seattle Seahawks . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hart , Andy ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Ask PFW : On to the Super Bowl '' . New England Patriots . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Covitz , Randy ( February 1 , 2014 ) . `` Super Bowl notes : University of Phoenix Stadium roof left open for game '' . Kansas City Star . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hartstein , Larry ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl 49 big question : Why is roof open for first time all season ? '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Root , Jess ( January 19 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl 49 : Patriots to use Cardinals facility , Seahawks are home team in big game '' . SB Nation . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breech , John ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Super expensive : Cheapest Super Bowl ticket costs over $8,000 '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Jeff ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Miller : Super Bowl prices out true fans '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl tickets 2015 : Still available if you want to spend $9,000 each '' . The Times - Picayune . Associated Press . January 31 , 2015 . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wray , Cheryl ( January 31 , 2015 ) . `` How much does a Super Bowl ticket cost ? More than you can probably imagine '' . The Birmingham News . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Biggest Super Bowl Ticket Scandals '' . fanhospitality.com. 2017 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Darren Rovell ( 2015 - 03 - 06 ) . `` Super Bowl ticket shortage suit filed '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` NBC Sports Presents Six Hours of Super Bowl XLIX Pre-Game Coverage '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Universo to Air the Exclusive Spanish - Language Telecast of Super Bowl XLIX '' . Zap2it . January 27 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NBCU 's ' Big Event ' Game Plan in Play for Super Bowl '' . Multichannel News . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What it takes for the Orpheum Theatre to prepare for Jimmy Fallon 's Super Bowl ' Tonight Show ' '' . Phoenix Business Journal . Advance Publications . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nathalie Tadena ( 2015 - 01 - 12 ) . `` Super Bowl Ad Prices Have Gone Up 75 % Over a Decade '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Smith , Chris ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Could a Super Bowl commercial really be worth $10 million ? Surprisingly , yes '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Steel , Emily ( January 30 , 2015 ) . Newcomers buy ad time at the Super Bowl . The New York Times . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Horovitz , Bruce ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl ads still not sold out '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl Ads : NBC Turns to Tumblr to Post Spots After They Air on TV '' . Variety . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Super Bowl Trailers : What Ads to Expect During the Big Game Read More : 2015 Super Bowl Trailers : What Ads to Expect During the Big Game '' . Screen Crush . January 28 , 2015 . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest ever season of American Football coming soon to Channel 4 '' . nfluk.com . National Football League . September 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Sports agree five - year agreement with the NFL '' . nfluk.com . NFL Enterprises . September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ BBC 5 Live to air Super Bowl XLIX from Arizona . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 30 Programs ( January 26 - February 2 , 2015 ) '' ( PDF ) . Numeris . February 10 , 2015 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly Top 10 '' . Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Note : The ratings must be searched for . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Monday 2 February 2015 '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chowdhry , Amit ( January 21 , 2015 ) . `` NBC To Live - Stream Super Bowl XLIX Free Online Without Requiring A Cable Subscription '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIX on Westwood One '' . Westwood One Sports . Retrieved January 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry Performing at Super Bowl XLIX Halftime Show '' . Billboard . October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Chase , Chris ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` Katy Perry blew away the Super Bowl halftime show '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , Nate ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` A recap of the crazy that was Katy Perry 's Super Bowl halftime show '' . CBS Sports . CBS Broadcasting . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lipshutz , Jason ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` Katy Perry Shines During Super Bowl XLIX Halftime Show '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ishler , Julianne ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Lenny Kravitz 's daughter mocks him for twerking on Katy Perry '' . AOL.com . AOL . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Goodman , Jessica ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` Katy Perry 's Outrageous Super Bowl Halftime Show Includes Missy Elliott Throwback , Lenny Kravitz '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sherman , Rodger ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl halftime show 2015 : Katy Perry kills it '' . SB Nation . Vox Media . Retrieved February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic . `` Eagles ' 1st Super Bowl Win Draws 103.4 M Viewers , Smallest Audience In Nine Years -- Update '' . Deadline . Retrieved 12 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Blistein , Jon ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` NFL Asks Musicians for Money to Play Super Bowl '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Karp , Hannah ( August 19 , 2014 ) . `` NFL to Coldplay : Pay to Play the Super Bowl '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIX : New England Patriots 28 - 24 Seattle Seahawks -- as it happened ! '' . The Guardian . February 1 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Barnwell , Bill ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Super Bowl Wrap - up : What Was Pete Carroll Thinking ? '' . Grantland . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Baldwin mystery penalty '' . AOL . February 1 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots beat the Seahawks in dramatic finale '' . BBC Sport . February 1 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Scott , Nate ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` Massive brawl breaks out in closing seconds of Super Bowl '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hoffmeyer , Evan ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` Game Day : Patriots win Super Bowl XLIX 28 -- 24 '' . WTHR . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Brady rallies Patriots past Seahawks in Super Bowl '' . National Football League . Associated Press . February 1 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Carline , Peter ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` New England 28 - 24 Seattle : Patriots win Super Bowl XLIX after Malcolm Butler 's last - gasp interception denies Seahawks and gives Tom Brady an elusive fourth NFL championship victory '' . Daily Mail . London . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Looking Back at Super Bowl XLIX Stats and Records '' . 101Sports.com . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl XLIX voted greatest game of all time '' . NFL.com. April 3 , 2015 . Retrieved September 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` From wide right and David Tyree to all those blowouts , ranking every Super Bowl game ever played from I to XLIX '' . Daily News . 5 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Ranked # 2 ; `` 2017 Super Bowl : Ranking all 50 Super Bowls , from worst to first '' . CBS Sports . 1 February 2017 . Retrieved 2 February 2017 . Ranked # 1 ; `` Ranking the Super Bowls '' . NFL.com. 27 January 2015 . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Ranked # 3 Jump up ^ Groller , Keith ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` NBC 's Collinsworth shined as much as Tom Brady on Super Bowl Sunday '' . The Morning Call . Allentown , Pennsylvania . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler picks off Wilson to seal Patriots Super Bowl XLIX victory ( YouTube ) . National Football League . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ King , Peter ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` The Worst Play Call in Super Bowl History '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deion Sanders : ' Seattle Seahawks made worst call in Super Bowl history ' '' . National Football League . February 1 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter reacts to Seahawks ' call to throw on goal line '' . National Football League . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eaton , Nick ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` Jim Harbaugh : Seahawks ' Super Bowl pass was good call '' . Seattle Post Intelligencer . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jenny , Vrentas ( February 13 , 2015 ) . `` Joe Namath : ' No One Has Ever Played the Game Better Than Tom Brady ' '' . TheMMQB.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Bill ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Retro Running Diary : Super Bowl XLIX '' . Grantland.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : Kilgore , Adam ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` Goal line play - calling dooms Seahawks , hands Super Bowl to Patriots '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Play by Play '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bonesteel , Matt ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Seahawks ' Marshawn Lynch is n't exactly money from the 1 - yard line '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Corbett , Jim ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Pete Carroll takes blame for Seahawks ' failure to run Marshawn Lynch '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cwik , Chris ( February 1 , 2015 ) . `` Seahawks ' Bevell questions Ricardo Lockette 's effort on final play '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Orr , Conor ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` What went wrong on the Seahawks ' final play ? '' . nfl.com . National Football League . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Blount , Terry ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` Carroll : Throwing was part of the plan '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Leitch , Will ( February 2 , 2015 ) . `` The Seattle Seahawks ' Circular Firing Squad '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SB XLIX Page '' . pro-football-reference.com . February 2 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Belichick coaching stats '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved February 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Leaders page '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Patriots had biggest second - half comeback in Super Bowl history '' . NBC Sports . 2 February 2015 . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIX -- National Football League Game Summary '' ( PDF ) . National Football League . February 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Super Bowl XLIX : NFL Full Game on YouTube Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 ) XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse New England Patriots Super Bowl XLIX champions 3 Stephen Gostkowski 6 Ryan Allen 8 Garrett Gilbert 10 Jimmy Garoppolo 11 Julian Edelman 12 Tom Brady ( MVP ) 16 Jonathan Krause 17 Aaron Dobson 18 Matthew Slater 19 Brandon LaFell 21 Malcolm Butler 22 Stevan Ridley 23 Patrick Chung 24 Darrelle Revis 25 Kyle Arrington 26 Logan Ryan 27 Tavon Wilson 28 James White 29 LeGarrette Blount 30 Duron Harmon 31 Justin Green 32 Devin McCourty 34 Shane Vereen 35 Jonas Gray 36 Tyler Gaffney 37 Alfonzo Dennard 38 Brandon Bolden 39 Brandon Browner 41 Daxton Swanson 43 Nate Ebner 44 Deontae Skinner 45 Cameron Gordon 46 James Develin 47 Michael Hoomanawanui 48 Danny Aiken 50 Rob Ninkovich 51 Jerod Mayo 52 Jonathan Casillas 53 Eric Martin 54 Dont'a Hightower 55 Akeem Ayers 58 Darius Fleming 59 Chris White 61 Marcus Cannon 62 Ryan Wendell 63 Dan Connolly 64 Chris Barker 65 Jordan Devey 66 Bryan Stork 67 Josh Kline 68 Caylin Hauptmann 71 Cameron Fleming 72 Joe Vellano 74 Dominique Easley 75 Vince Wilfork 76 Sebastian Vollmer 77 Nate Solder 80 Danny Amendola 81 Tim Wright 82 Josh Boyce 84 Brian Tyms 87 Rob Gronkowski 90 Zach Moore 91 Jamie Collins 92 Jake Bequette 94 Chris Jones 95 Chandler Jones 96 Sealver Siliga 97 Alan Branch 99 Michael Buchanan -- James Morris -- Greg Orton Head coach : Bill Belichick Coaches : Stephen Belichick Josh Boyer Brian Daboll Brendan Daly Dave DeGuglielmo Ivan Fears Brian Flores Patrick Graham Joe Judge Josh McDaniels Harold Nash Scott O'Brien Chad O'Shea Matt Patricia New England Patriots Founded in 1960 Formerly the Boston Patriots ( 1960 -- 70 ) Based and headquartered in Foxborough , Massachusetts Franchise Franchise History Hall of Fame Patriot Place Seasons Players Coaches First - round draft picks Starting quarterbacks Strategy Broadcasters Stadiums Nickerson Field Fenway Park Alumni Stadium Harvard Stadium Foxboro Stadium Gillette Stadium Culture Billy Sullivan Robert Kraft Jonathan Kraft Pat Patriot Cheerleaders `` I 'm Shipping Up to Boston '' `` Crazy Train '' `` Your Love '' Patriot Reign Family Guy `` Patriot Games '' `` 3 Acts of God '' `` Gronkowsbees '' `` Stunning and Brave '' ( South Park episode ) Lore Snowplow Game St. Louis Stallions Tuck Rule Game 16 - 0 Spygate 2007 game vs. New York Giants Helmet Catch Butt fumble Deflategate 28 -- 3 Philly Special Rivalries Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Denver Broncos Indianapolis Colts Brady -- Manning rivalry Division championships ( 20 ) 1963 1978 1986 1997 2001 2003 2005 2006 2007 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Conference championships ( 10 ) 1985 2001 2003 2007 2011 2014 2016 2017 League championships ( 5 ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2016 ( LI ) Retired numbers 20 40 56 57 73 78 79 89 Media Broadcasters WBZ - FM Radio network Gil Santos Gino Cappelletti Bob Socci Scott Zolak Current league affiliations League : National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) Conference : American Football Conference Division : East Division Former league affiliation League : American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Seasons ( 58 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Championship seasons in bold Seattle Seahawks Founded in 1976 Based in Seattle , Washington Headquartered in Renton , Washington Franchise Franchise History Seasons Players Coaches Quarterbacks Expansion draft First - round draft picks Records Draft Broadcasters Virginia Mason Athletic Center Stadiums Kingdome Husky Stadium CenturyLink Field Culture 12th Man `` Bitter Sweet Symphony '' Blitz Blue Thunder Jones Soda Legion of Boom Paul Allen Ring of Honor Sea Gals Steve Largent Award Tuba Man Lore Beast Quake Fail Mary Rivals San Francisco 49ers Carolina Panthers Division championships ( 10 ) 1988 1999 2005 2006 2007 2013 2014 2016 Conference championships ( 3 ) 2005 2013 2014 League championships ( 1 ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) Retired numbers 12 45 71 80 96 Current league affiliations League : National Football League Conference : National Football Conference Division : West Division Seasons ( 42 ) 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Championship seasons in bold 2014 NFL season AFC East North South West East North South West NFC Buffalo Baltimore Houston Denver Dallas Chicago Atlanta Arizona Miami Cincinnati Indianapolis Kansas City NY Giants Detroit Carolina St. Louis New England Cleveland Jacksonville Oakland Philadelphia Green Bay New Orleans San Francisco NY Jets Pittsburgh Tennessee San Diego Washington Minnesota Tampa Bay Seattle Draft NFL playoffs NFL Honors Pro Bowl Super Bowl XLIX National Football League Championship Games ( 1933 -- present ) NFL Championship Game ( 1933 -- 1969 ) 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL Championship Game ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 AFL - NFL World Championship Games ( 1966 -- 1969 ) 1966 ( I ) 1967 ( II ) 1968 ( III ) 1969 ( IV ) Super Bowl ( 1970 -- present ) 1970 ( V ) 1971 ( VI ) 1972 ( VII ) 1973 ( VIII ) 1974 ( IX ) 1975 ( X ) 1976 ( XI ) 1977 ( XII ) 1978 ( XIII ) 1979 ( XIV ) 1980 ( XV ) 1981 ( XVI ) 1982 ( XVII ) 1983 ( XVIII ) 1984 ( XIX ) 1985 ( XX ) 1986 ( XXI ) 1987 ( XXII ) 1988 ( XXIII ) 1989 ( XXIV ) 1990 ( XXV ) 1991 ( XXVI ) 1992 ( XXVII ) 1993 ( XXVIII ) 1994 ( XXIX ) 1995 ( XXX ) 1996 ( XXXI ) 1997 ( XXXII ) 1998 ( XXXIII ) 1999 ( XXXIV ) 2000 ( XXXV ) 2001 ( XXXVI ) 2002 ( XXXVII ) 2003 ( XXXVIII ) 2004 ( XXXIX ) 2005 ( XL ) 2006 ( XLI ) 2007 ( XLII ) 2008 ( XLIII ) 2009 ( XLIV ) 2010 ( XLV ) 2011 ( XLVI ) 2012 ( XLVII ) 2013 ( XLVIII ) 2014 ( XLIX ) 2015 ( 50 ) 2016 ( LI ) 2017 ( LII ) 1921 APFA de facto championship game 1925 NFL Championship controversy 1932 NFL Playoff Game NFL Championship broadcasters AFL Championship broadcasters Super Bowl champions Super Bowl Most Valuable Players Super Bowl records Super Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl officials Super Bowl halftime Super Bowl commercials Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions NFL playoffs ( Results ) AFL playoffs 1 -- From 1966 to 1969 , the first four Super Bowls were `` World Championship '' games played between two independent professional football leagues , AFL and NFL , and when the league merged in 1970 the Super Bowl became the NFL Championship Game . 2 -- Dates in the list denote the season , not the calendar year in which the championship game was played . For instance , Super Bowl XLI was played in 2007 , but was the championship for the 2006 season . NFL on NBC Related programs The NFL on NBC pregame show ( Football Night in America ) NBC Sunday Night Football NFL on NBC Radio Thursday Night Football ( 2016 -- 2017 ) College football programs College Football on NBC ( Notre Dame ) College Football on USA Other pro football programs Arena Football League on NBC Canadian Football League World League of American Football on USA XFL on NBC Related articles NFL on television ( history ) Primary television stations Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) American Football League 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Baltimore Colts 1960 1961 Pittsburgh Steelers 1960 1961 Prime - time results Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 Sunday Night Football results ( 2006 - present ) Commentators AFC Championship Game Commentator pairings Pro Bowl Pregame show panelists Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger AFL Championship Game AFL All - Star Game NFL Championship Game Preseason games American Bowl Lore 1982 CFL season Announcerless Game `` The Clock Play '' Cleveland Browns relocation controversy `` The Holy Roller '' `` Snowplow Game '' `` Leon Lett Blunder II '' Postseason lore `` The Epic in Miami '' `` Ghost to the Post '' `` Immaculate Reception '' `` Red Right 88 '' `` The Freezer Bowl '' `` The Drive '' `` The Fumble '' `` The Comeback '' `` Beast Quake '' `` The Interception '' `` Philly Special '' Pre-AFL -- NFL merger lore `` The Greatest Game Ever Played '' `` Heidi Game '' Sunday Night Football lore `` 4th and 2 '' 16 -- 0 `` Butt fumble '' Music John Colby Randy Edelman John Tesh Sunday Night Football John Williams `` I Hate Myself for Loving You '' `` Somethin ' Bad '' Faith Hill Pink Carrie Underwood NFL Championship 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 AFL Championship 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Super Bowl Pre-AFL -- NFL merger I ( 1966 ) III ( 1968 ) AFC package carrier ( 1970 -- 1997 ) V ( 1970 ) VII ( 1972 ) IX ( 1974 ) XI ( 1976 ) XIII ( 1978 ) XV ( 1980 ) XVII ( 1982 ) XX ( 1985 ) XXIII ( 1988 ) XXVII ( 1992 ) XXVIII ( 1993 ) XXX ( 1995 ) XXXII ( 1997 ) Sunday Night Football era ( 2006 -- present ) XLIII ( 2008 ) XLVI ( 2011 ) XLIX ( 2014 ) LII ( 2017 ) LV ( 2020 ) Pro Bowl 1952 1953 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1972 2009 2012 2013 2014 Website : NBC Sports - NFL News Sports Emmy Award for Outstanding Live Sports Special 1975 -- 1990 1975 World Series ( 1975 -- 76 ) 1976 Summer Olympics ( 1976 -- 77 ) Heavyweight championship boxing match between Muhammad Ali and Leon Spinks ( 1977 -- 78 ) Super Bowl XIII ( 1978 -- 79 ) 1980 Winter Olympics ( 1979 -- 80 ) 1981 Kentucky Derby ( 1980 -- 81 ) 1982 Men 's NCAA Basketball National Championship ( 1981 -- 82 ) 1982 World Series ( 1982 -- 83 ) Not awarded ( 1983 -- 84 ) 1984 Summer Olympics ( 1984 -- 85 ) Not awarded ( 1985 -- 86 ) 1987 Daytona 500 ( 1986 -- 87 ) 1987 Kentucky Derby ( 1987 -- 88 ) 1988 Summer Olympics ( 1988 ) 1989 Indianapolis 500 ( 1989 ) 1990 Indianapolis 500 ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2009 1991 NBA Finals ( 1991 ) 1992 Breeders Cup ( 1992 ) 1993 World Series ( 1993 ) 1994 Stanley Cup Finals ( 1994 ) Cal Ripken , Jr. 's 2,131 st consecutive game ( 1995 ) 1996 World Series ( 1996 ) 1997 NBA Finals ( 1997 ) Mark McGwire 's 62nd home run ( 1998 ) 1999 Major League Baseball All - Star Game ( 1999 ) 2000 World Series ( 2000 ) 2001 World Series ( 2001 ) 2002 Winter Olympics ( 2002 ) 2003 Major League Baseball postseason ( 2003 ) 2004 Masters Tournament ( 2004 ) 2005 Open Championship ( 2005 ) 2006 Major League Baseball postseason ( 2006 ) 2007 Fiesta Bowl ( 2007 ) 2008 U.S. Open Golf Championship ( 2008 ) Super Bowl XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010 -- present 2010 FIFA World Cup Final ( 2010 ) 2011 World Series ( 2011 ) Super Bowl XLVI ( 2012 ) 2013 World Series ( 2013 ) Super Bowl XLIX ( 2014 ) Super Bowl 50 ( 2015 ) 2016 World Series ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_XLIX&oldid=833429968 '' Categories : Super Bowl 2014 National Football League season 2015 in American football 2015 in sports in Arizona American football in Arizona Brawls in team sports New England Patriots postseason Seattle Seahawks postseason Sports in Glendale , Arizona February 2015 sports events in the United States 2015 in American sports Hidden categories : Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 31 March 2018 , at 14 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who did the seahawks play in the super bowl 2015 | [
"Super Bowl XLIX was an American football game played to determine the champion of the National Football League (NFL) for the 2014 season. The American Football Conference (AFC) champion New England Patriots defeated the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Seattle Seahawks, 28–24, to earn their fourth Super Bowl title. The game was played on February 1, 2015, at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale, Arizona. It was the second time the stadium has hosted a Super Bowl, and the third one held in the Phoenix metropolitan area."
] | [
"New England Patriots"
] |
-908009462282917981 | Land's End to John o' Groats | Land 's End to John o ' Groats - wikipedia Land 's End to John o ' Groats Jump to : navigation , search Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( October 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Signpost at Land 's End Signpost at John o ' Groats ( Full screen ) Land 's End to John o ' Groats is the traversal of the whole length of the island of Great Britain between two extremities ; in the southwest and northeast . The traditional distance by road is 874 miles ( 1,407 km ) and takes most cyclists ten to fourteen days ; the record for running the route is nine days . Off - road walkers typically walk about 1,200 miles ( 1,900 km ) and take two or three months for the expedition . Two much - photographed signposts indicate the traditional distance at each end . Land 's End is the extreme southwestward ( but not southern or western ) point of Great Britain , situated in western Cornwall at the end of the Penwith peninsula , O.S. Grid Reference SW342250 , Post Code TR19 7AA . The most southerly point is Lizard Point . John o ' Groats is the traditionally acknowledged extreme northern point of mainland Scotland , in northeastern Caithness , O.S. Grid Reference ND380735 , Post Code KW1 4YR . The actual northernmost point is at nearby Dunnet Head . The point that is actually farthest by road from Land 's End is Duncansby Head , about 2 miles ( 3 km ) from John o ' Groats . The straight - line distance from Land 's End to John o ' Groats is 603 miles ( 970 km ) as determined from O.S. Grid References , but such a route passes over a series of stretches of water in the Irish Sea . Google Earth reports a distance of 602.70 miles between the two iconic marker points . According to a 1964 road atlas , the shortest route using classified roads was 847 miles ( 1,363 km ) but in a 2008 road atlas , the shortest route using classified roads was 838 miles ( 1,349 km ) . An online route planner in 2011 also calculated the quickest route by road as 838 miles ( 1,349 km ) , estimating a time of 15 hours 48 minutes for the journey ( this uses the A30 , M5 , M6 , A74 ( M ) , M74 , M73 , M80 , M9 , A9 & A99 ) but the overall shortest route by road , using minor roads in numerous places and utilising modern bridges , is only about 814 miles ( 1,310 km ) . This route is roughly as follows : Land 's End , Bodmin , Okehampton , Tiverton , Taunton , Bridgwater , the M5 Avon Bridge , the M48 Severn Bridge , Monmouth , Hereford , Shrewsbury , Tarporley , St Helens , Preston , Carlisle , Beattock , Carstairs , Whitburn , Falkirk , Stirling , Crieff , Kenmore , Dalchalloch , A9 , Inverness , Kessock Bridge , Cromarty Bridge , Dornoch Firth Bridge , Latheron , Wick , John o ' Groats . Google Maps , on 2 August 2017 , calculated the fastest route by car , from the Land 's End Visitor Centre to John o ' Groats as being 837 miles and taking 14 hours 40 minutes . It also showed a walking route of 811 miles , which it suggested would take 268 hours , and involve an elevation gain of 30,148 ft and an elevation fall of 30,272 ft . Contents ( hide ) 1 Methods 1.1 Walking 1.1. 1 Routes 1.2 Cycling 1.3 Running 1.4 By horse 1.5 Swimming 1.6 Wheelchair 1.7 Skateboard 1.8 Motoring 1.9 Public transport 1.10 Hitchhiking 1.11 Paramotor ( motorised paraglider ) 1.12 Golf 1.13 Aeroplane 1.14 In a straight line 1.15 Shinty 2 Youngest and oldest 3 Organisations 4 Scottish equivalent 5 English equivalent 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Methods ( edit ) There are many ways to go from Land 's End to John o ' Groats . Traditionally considered to be a walk , the route is now traversed in a number of ways , with cycling and multi-modal expeditions being particularly popular in recent years . Most trips are done by individuals or small groups for personal fulfilment . Some expeditions are organised as charity fundraisers , sometimes involving celebrities : examples include cricketer Ian Botham 's 1985 walk and athlete Jane Tomlinson in 2003 . In recent history the route has been used as a rite of passage by cyclists taking on the most iconic cycling challenge in Britain . Walking ( edit ) The first recorded end - to - end walk ( actually from John o ' Groats to Land 's End ) was undertaken by the brothers John and Robert Naylor in 1871 . Since then the walk has been undertaken many times , more particularly since 1960 , after a well - publicised road walk by Dr Barbara Moore . In 1960 the entrepreneur Billy Butlin organised a road walking race , which gave further impetus to the idea . Since the 1960s , walkers have mostly chosen off - road routes , using the growing network of long - distance footpaths . A classic account is from 1966 by the travel writer John Hillaby . Off - road walkers usually complete the journey in two to three months . There is a considerable choice of off - road routes , but all are much longer than the shortest road distance , usually 1,200 miles ( 1,900 km ) or more . The walk is still undertaken by road walkers , often doing the walk , like Sir Ian Botham , for charity , or as a `` challenge walk '' . They typically take a month or even less . Some walkers aim to complete the route piecemeal , perhaps over several years , to achieve the walk within the time constraints of a working life and before the possible health problems of retirement . Routes ( edit ) There is no continuous long - distance path from Land 's End to John o ' Groats . There are long - distance paths for substantial sections of the route , and where they do not exist walkers connect them by rights of way and minor roads . Most walkers broadly follow these routes : from Land 's End to Exmoor by the South West Coast Path ; or by a shorter inland route through Cornwall and Devon by minor roads and paths , the Two Castles Trail and the towpath of the Grand Western Canal across Somerset by parts of the Macmillan Way West , the Samaritans Way South West or the Limestone Link to the Peak District either by an eastern route using the Cotswold Way , the Heart of England Way ( or the Severn Way ) , the Staffordshire Way and the Limestone Way ; or a western route across the Severn Bridge then by the Offa 's Dyke Path , the Maelor Way and the South Cheshire Way to the Scottish Borders by the Pennine Way by St. Cuthbert 's Way and a section of the Southern Upland Way to the Pentland Hills , then by a western route using the towpaths of the Union Canal and the Forth and Clyde Canal , then by the West Highland Way and the Great Glen Way to Inverness ; or an eastern route across the Forth Road Bridge to Perth and Pitlochry , then by Glen Tilt and the Lairig Ghru to Speyside and the old Wade road to Inverness . from Inverness to John o ' Groats , a long distance footpath along cliff tops and shorelines with access to accommodation , known as the John o ' Groats Trail , is currently under development . Previously the route was mostly on roads with a few stretches of coast walking ; to avoid road walking , some walkers head north west from the end of the West Highland Way at Fort William using parts of the Cape Wrath Trail , then head northeast through the Flow Country of Caithness . However , this route is through remote country and requires wild camping . Cycling ( edit ) There are several annual mass participation cycle rides that go from Land 's End to John o ' Groats , the biggest of which is the Deloitte Ride Across Britain , run by Threshold Sports . The Ride Across Britain takes over 800 riders the full length of Britain , taking 9 days and covering 969 miles ( 1,559 km ) , with each rider covering an average of 107 miles ( 172 km ) per day . Overnight accommodation is provided in large , tented base camps , and all aspects of the ride are fully supported . Previous celebrity participants include GB rower and Olympic gold medallist James Cracknell and former England Rugby captain Lewis Moody . The official Road Records Association record for rider on a conventional bicycle is 44 hours , 4 minutes and 20 seconds , set by Gethin Butler in 2001 . The record for cycling from Land 's End to John o ' Groats is held by Andy Wilkinson , who completed the journey in 41 hours , 4 minutes and 22 seconds on a Windcheetah recumbent tricycle . A typical cycling time when not attempting shortest time is ten to fourteen days . James MacDonald claims to have set a record in September 2017 for cycling from John o ' Groats to Land 's End and back again in 5 days , 18 hours and 3 minutes . From 1 to 4 March 2010 , David Walliams , Jimmy Carr , Fearne Cotton , Miranda Hart , Patrick Kielty , Davina McCall and Russell Howard cycled in a team relay from John o ' Groats to Land 's End to raise money for Sport Relief . Men 's Tandem Bicycle . 5 -- 7 May 2015 Riders : Dominic Irvine and Charlie Mitchell . Time : 1 day 21 hours 11 minutes . The previous record held for 49 years . The first tricyclist to complete the route was Mr. Alfred Nixon , champion of the London Tricycle Club , who in 1882 made `` the first , and at present only , tricycle journey from John o'Groat's to Land 's End , a distance of 1007 miles , in a fortnight '' . Men 's Quadricycle . In the summer of 2012 . Riders : Hugo Catchpole , George Unwin , Tom Bethell and Richard Nicholls . Time 10 days 15 hours . On a four - man recumbent bike weighing 114 kg . There have been several unicycle completions of the journey . The Guinness World Record for the fastest completion by unicycle is held by Roger Davies and Sam Wakeling , who rode 862 miles ( 1,387 km ) ( Land 's End to John o ' Groats ) from 12 September to 18 September 2009 in 6 days , 8 hours and 43 minutes . They rode large 36 - inch - wheeled ( 910 mm ) unicycles equipped with two - speed Schlumpf geared hubs . The oldest person to cycle from Land 's End to John o ' Groats is Tony Rathbone ( UK , b . 10 December 1932 ) who was aged 81 years and 162 days when he completed the journey on 21 May 2014 . Roger Anthony `` Tony '' Rathbone started his journey from Land 's End to John o ' Groats on 7 May 2014 with his friend , William `` Billy '' Skipper . They cycled a total of 1,526.46 km ( 948.5 miles ) and were riding for a total of 79 hours 34 minutes . Guinness World Record In 2017 Amelia Sampson aged 22 months completed John o ' Groats to Lands End in 14 days in her trailer towed by her parents riding a tandem . Running ( edit ) The record time for a runner to complete the route , as reported by the Land 's End John o ' Groats Club , is 9 days and 2 hours , by Andi Rivett . In July 2008 , Dan Driver became the first to run the route solo , meaning he carried all his equipment with him whilst he ran it . He completed the run in just over seventeen days . Fred Hicks was an early record holder , he ran the journey between the 20th and 30th of May , 1977 in 10 days 3 hours and 30 minutes . He ran this for charity not aiming to set any records , it was only later when he was approached by the Road Running association asking if they could pursue the record with Guinness that he became aware he had set a new record . On 12 July 2009 British ultramarathon runner Kevin Carr successfully completed the first ever attempt to run the route off - road , becoming the first athlete to run the length of the UK as a Fell / Trail run . Like Driver , Carr ran unsupported and solo -- a format commonly known amongst fell runners as a `` Mountain Marathon '' . Carr ran the challenge as part of an event organised by Benumber1 , an event that saw several top - level British athletes ( mainly Olympians ) completing the challenge . The event was designed to encourage school students to participate in sport and to realise the benefits of a healthy lifestyle , whilst raising funds for the British Heart Foundation . The run covered 1,254 miles ( 2,018 km ) over footpaths , bridleways , canal paths , river banks , national trails , fields , moorland and mountains . Over 80 % of the route was off - road , the route resorting to tarmac only when necessary to link two trails , or where a trail passed through a village / town . The run took 6 weeks 3 days and 17 hours ( including three rest days ) . Factoring in the rest days , this run called for an average effort of just under 30 miles ( 50 km ) a day , every day , for more than six weeks . In July 2011 , a team of runners from Calday Grange Grammar School , Wirral completed a relay from Lands ' End to John o ' Groats , becoming the first school to do so . They raised £ 200,000 for Alder Hey Children 's Hospital , Liverpool . In mid summer of 2011 Anthony Band from Surrey ran 1000 miles barefoot , all in aid for Help for heroes . Band took 29 days , running on average 36 miles per day . On 3 August 2014 , Marie - Claire Oziem became the first female runner to complete the distance unsupported and solo . She pushed all her provisions in a pram and camped along the way . Her route consisted of both on and off - road sections . Oziem ran for the charity ' Mind ' , based in Taunton for their project ' Go Wild , Stay Well ' , which aims to support those with mental illness through the use of various ' green therapy ' schemes . She started her run on 23 June and finished on 3 August 2014 , regularly running distances of over 32 miles daily . By horse ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Evelyn Burnaby was the younger brother of the famous English Long Rider Colonel Frederick Burnaby . Whereas the elder brother was famous for having ridden across Central Asia and the Ottoman Empire , Evelyn decided to keep his equestrian adventures closer to home . He set off in 1892 to ride from Land 's End , Cornwall to John o ' Groats , Scotland . Evelyn 's journey was soon serialised in a popular publication , `` The Country Gentleman '' and was published in book form the following year . Arthur Elliott , a veteran of the Great War , rode his horse , Goldflake , from Land 's End to John o ' Groats in 1955 . In 2006 the mother and daughter team of Vyv and Elsie Wood - Gee rode from John o ' Groats to Lands End . Elsie was 13 at the time . Former Army officer Grant Nicolle continued the tradition by travelling from John o ' Groats to Land 's End in 2007 with Marv ( solo and unsupported ) , taking eleven and a half weeks . Grant has published a book called ' Long Trot ' through Amazon , documenting the trip . It is generally completed north to south , starting in April to avoid the midges in the Highlands but also to benefit from warmer weather . Swimming ( edit ) Sean Conway swam the complete route from 30 June 2013 to 11 November 2013 . He is the first and only person to swim from Land 's End to John o ' Groats . Wheelchair ( edit ) The fastest time in a wheelchair was achieved in August 2009 by US Navy Pilot Rick Ryan : 8 days , 10 hours and 9 minutes . Skateboard ( edit ) The record time to complete the 980 - mile ( 1,580 km ) journey on a skateboard is 21 days , achieved by Matt Elver , Charlie Mason and Lee Renshaw , who travelled around 50 miles ( 80 km ) per day to raise money for charity . Motoring ( edit ) Tony Wilding at Land 's End off to John o ' Groats Motoring events between the two extremities have been held since the first decade of the 20th century , when the Auto - Cycle Union organised a series of runs for motorcycles . In 1911 , Ivan B. Hart - Davies became the holder of the final Land 's End to John o ' Groats record for solo motorcycles . Riding his 3.5 hp single - speed Triumph , he covered the 886 miles ( 1,426 km ) in 29 hours , 12 minutes . As his average speed exceeded the then - maximum of 20 mph , further official record attempts were banned by the A.C.U. The Motor Cycling Club ( which had been running the London to Land 's End Trial since 1908 , still held today , at least in name ) put on an annual Land 's End to John o ' Groats Run from 1923 to 1928 which included cars as well as motorcycles . These events were also known as the End to End . In 2006 , BBC Television ran a series of three programmes called The Lost World of Friese - Greene covering Claude Friese - Greene 's 1920s - era road trip from Land 's End to John o ' Groats . The trip had originally been filmed using the Biocolour process , developed by Claude 's father William Friese - Greene and the film had degraded . The original print of Claude 's film was subjected to computer enhancement by the British Film Institute to remove the flickering problem inherent in the Biocolour process . In 1984 , Neal Champion covered 884 miles ( 1,423 km ) from John o ' Groats to Land 's End in 11 hours , 14 minutes , on a Kawasaki GPZ750 Turbo. in 1984 , Christian Conzendorf - Mattner , covered the route from Landsend to John o ' Groats -- there and back / Nonstop - other than for fuel -- in 21 hours 22 mins in a 1941 BMW 327 . The record run was monitored by a team of journalists from auto car / motormagazin and is the current record for prewar classic cars end to end / nonstop / one driver . The end to end club awards this trophy to new record holders . On 17 September 1988 , Andrew Frankel and Mark Connaughton drove from Land 's End to John o ' Groats in a standard production Alfa Romeo 164 in 12 hours 30 minutes , including stops for refuelling . In 1993 , John Brown initiated the Land 's End to John o ' Groats Historic Reliability Trial , a race for vintage road vehicles . The race is held each December and is a tough , three - day rally for old and classic cars , built between the 1920s and 1970s . The route takes a long 1,400 - mile ( 2,300 km ) route , using remote upland roads of the west of England , Wales ( during the night ) , the Pennines and Scotland . Medals are awarded in gold , silver and bronze categories . On 15 -- 16 April 1997 , Hugh Edeleanu drove the route in a JCB excavator in a time of 22 hours , 10 minutes and 30 seconds . In June 2001 , Wayne Booth became the first person to do the journey by motorcycle without stopping ; the 37 - year - old completed the historic trip in 14 hours and 52 minutes , averaging 57 mph , on a modified 1,000 cc Honda Varedero , complete with additional 74 - litre petrol tank . The meticulously researched route of 854 miles ( 1,374 km ) passed through just two sets of traffic lights and was completed within all highway regulations , law and speed limits . Booth and the dozen strong support team raised over £ 1,000 for The National Childbirth Trust and MacMillan Cancer Relief . On 22 May 2011 , Kevin Sharpe and David Peilow completed the first end - to - end run from John o ' Groats to Land 's End in an electric car over two days , using only charging stations available to the general public , in a Tesla Roadster ( 2008 ) Sport . Jonathan porterfield & Chris Ramsey at lands End in a Nissan leaf On 7 August 2011 , Darren Whitehead & Tony Dwight travelled 1,071 miles ( 1,724 km ) from John o ' Groats to Lands ' End ( including crossing the Welsh border ) in 5 days using two ride - on Wheel Horse Lawn Mowers . They also raised money for charity during the trip which was named The Lawn Way Down . On 30 November 2013 , Lucy Grogan ( travelling on a BMW GS R1200 motorbike ) and her father Martin Grogan ( travelling in a Mini Cooper Works ) travelled from Land 's End to John o ' Groat 's in 19 hours , leaving Land 's End at 4 : 30am and arriving at John o ' Groat 's at 11 : 30pm same day . This was in aid of Safe Haven Children 's Trust and raised £ 3,000 for the non-governmental organisation . In September 2015 , Jonathan Porterfield and Chris Ramsey beat the record in a Nissan Leaf , using the existing public rapid charger infrastructure to travel there and back . The route south took 28 hours and 38 minutes , and the return trip 27 hours and 46 minutes . They have submitted an application to Guinness World Records to have the quicker time recognized as a record . Dr Jeff Allan and his son Ben Cottam - Allan having completed their journey from Lands End to John o ' Groats set off for the return journey . On 7 October 2015 , Jeff Allan and his son , Ben Cottam - Allan , beat the electric car record in a Tesla Model S completing the northbound route in 19 hours 45 minutes and the southbound route in 18 hours 53 minutes . Jeff prepared the route by cycling in May 2015 . They hold the Guinness World Record for shortest charging time from John o ' Groats to Lands End of 3 hours 44 minutes 33 seconds . On 21 August 2017 , John Chivers completed the first journey by electric motorcycle ( a Zero DSR ) from Land 's End to John o'Groats , then continued his journey to Orkney and finally to Skaw , on the island of Unst , Shetland . The journey from Land 's End to John o'Groats took him four days to complete , breaking the journey up into ten parts , each stop requiring a charge of at least three hours . Public transport ( edit ) The current fastest journey by bus was set by John and Kirsty Boyd from Runcorn , Cheshire , who travelled from Land 's End to John o ' Groats in August 2017 using 20 buses , in 3 days , 2 hours and 47 minutes . In June 2014 , to celebrate completing his GCSE exams , sixteen - year - old Adam Mugliston travelled from Lands End to John o ' Groats on 36 buses in 4 days , 10 hours and 44 minutes . In August 2011 , James Aukett travelled from Land 's End to John O'Groats on 31 buses in 5 days , 7 hours and 25 minutes . James undertook the trip to raise money for children 's charity , The Children 's Society . Richard Elloway , having completed the return trip using a senior bus - pass `` without paying a penny '' . In 2008 , Richard Elloway of Somerset claims to be the first person to complete the journey from Land 's End to John o ' Groats and back free of charge by local buses , using the English National Concessionary Pass ( a free bus pass for people over 60 , allowing free off - peak travel on local bus services throughout England ) introduced on 1 April 2008 , and the pre-existing equivalent concession for pensioners in Scotland . He completed the first leg of the trip in one week and six hours . The entire journey was completed in two weeks , eight hours and thirty minutes . In 1954 , Gertrude Leather travelled by seventeen local buses from Land 's End to London , at a cost of £ 1 19s 6d ( £ 1.97 1⁄2 ) , and the following year travelled from London to John o ' Groats by 25 local buses at a cost of £ 4 5s 91⁄2d ( £ 4.29 ) . The current fastest route on land public transport takes a timetabled 22 hours 45 minutes , departing Land 's End car park at 14 : 35 on day 1 and arriving at John o ' Groats ferry terminal car park at 13 : 20 on day 2 . This involves a bus to Penzance , trains to Crewe to meet the London -- Inverness sleeper train , then the following morning buses via Wick to John o ' Groats . As of January 2011 , an ordinary one - way railway fare for the rail section of the journey cost £ 216 . Hitchhiking ( edit ) M. Clark and G. Beynon are the last hitchhikers recorded in the Guinness Book of Records for the Land 's End to John o ' Groats trip ( 17 hours 8 minutes ) . Paramotor ( motorised paraglider ) ( edit ) The first recorded journey by paramotor was by Andy Phillips , supported by a team of British Royal Marines in September 2000 . The trip took a little over 6 days and was completed from South to North . The first recorded trip from North to South was by John Caston , Brian Pushman , Alex Heron and Henry Glasse in September 2009 and took 5 days . In July 2016 a group of 4 pilots completed the trip from North to South 6.5 days . This included double amputee Cayle Royce , who became the first person to fly the route in a ParaTrike . Golf ( edit ) In 2005 Surrey - based golfer and member of the Kent Golf Society David Sullivan walked from John o ' Groats to Lands End hitting golf balls all the way . He travelled the 1,100 miles ( 1,800 km ) in seven weeks to be eligible for the Guinness Book of Records as the longest golf hole . He raised money for the Variety Club , the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami Appeal , and the Orpheus Centre , a residential arts and learning facility for the young and disabled in Surrey . Aeroplane ( edit ) The fastest passage between the two points was made in 1988 by a McDonnell Douglas F - 4K Phantom in a time of 46 minutes 44 seconds In a straight line ( edit ) On 17 May 2014 a team of four set off to complete Beeline Britain - a journey from Lands End to John o ' Groats in a straight line . This never before attempted route was completed in 28 days and required the 2 biggest sea kayak crossings ever completed in UK waters . The first crossing went direct from Lands End to Pembrokeshire - a distance of over 200 km which took 34.5 hours to complete . The second crossing went direct from Pembrokeshire to Anglesey - around 170 km and taking 24.5 hours to complete . The team then kayaked , biked and hiked the remainder of the route which went via : Isle of Man - Dalmellington - Glasgow - Creiff - traversing Ben Macdui the second highest mountain in the UK - Lossiemouth - across the Moray Firth - Lybster - John o ' Groats . The project was devised and managed by Ian O'Grady . He recruited the Team GB Paralympian Nick Beighton , Adam Harmer , a professional kayak coach and University Lecturer , Tori James who was the first Welsh woman to stand on the summit of Mount Everest . Beeline Britain 's aim was to raise funds and awareness for BLESMA , the limbless veterans charity . The project gained full royal endorsement from the Royal Foundation of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and Prince Harry and has to date raised over £ 20,000 for BLESMA . The whole journey was captured by filmmaker Ian Burton for the feature documentary As The Crow Flies Shinty ( edit ) Whilst not a distance challenge , shinty clubs from Caithness and Cornwall established a fixture to be played between the counties in 2014 . The first running of the competition , held on neutral ground in St Andrews , was won by Cornwall Shinty Club , defeating Caithness Shinty Club 3 - 1 . Youngest and oldest ( edit ) The Land 's End -- John o ' Groats Association presents the Jack Adams / Richard Elloway Trophy annually to the youngest person to have completed the journey other than as a passenger in a motor vehicle . Henry Cole completed the journey in June 2006 , he was aged 4 . He cycled over 31 days . He started school in the following September , and was presented with the Jack Adams / Richard Elloway Trophy in January 2007 . Sophie George is currently the youngest recipient of the Jack Adams / Richard Elloway Trophy . She completed the journey by bus and train in August 2016 at the age of 2 years and 10 months and was awarded the trophy in January 2017 . Reg Savill is oldest person to complete the journey on foot ( although in the reverse direction from John o ' Groats to Land 's End ) , at the age of 74 . Organisations ( edit ) There are three organisations supporting people undertaking the journey . The Land 's End -- John o ' Groats Association is a non-commercial organisation established in 1983 for `` those who have completed the epic journey from Land 's End to John o ' Groats , or vice versa , by any means in a single trip '' . The Land 's End John o ' Groats Club , which is sponsored by the company that operates facilities at Land 's End and John o ' Groats , the end points . It holds an Annual Awards ceremony to select the most notable ' end - to - enders ' each year . Bike the UK for MS is a charity raising awareness for Multiple Sclerosis research and patients by running supported cycling trips including from Land 's End to John O'Groats . They combine an important cause with an incredible experience to help fund treatment and research for a cure whilst addressing the challenges for those affected by MS . Scottish equivalent ( edit ) Until Union with England in 1707 , Scotland 's equivalent of the phrase was often `` John o ' Groats to Maidenkirk '' , as Maidenkirk ( Kirkmaiden ) was traditionally considered Scotland 's southernmost point , a 388 - mile ( 624 km ) trip . This can be found in Robert Burns ' poem On Captain Grose 's Peregrinations thro ' Scotland and the song , The Lady of Kenmure : From John o ' Groats to Maidenkirk You 'll never find a truer For loyal faith and dauntless deeds , Than the Lady of Kenmure . The southernmost village in Scotland is actually nearby Drummore , which has grown to a latitude several metres south of Kirkmaiden . English equivalent ( edit ) The length of the English mainland is delineated by the distance between Land 's End and Marshall Meadows Bay in Northumberland . The distance is 556 miles ( 895 km ) by road or 426 miles ( 686 km ) as the crow flies . The traversal of the length of England is sometimes used to define charity events such as walks and cycle - rides . See also ( edit ) Malin to Mizen Du battant des lames au sommet des montagnes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Naylor , J. and R. ( 1916 ) ' ' From John o ' Groats to Land 's End ' ' on Project Gutenberg '' . Gutenberg.org. 2004 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hillaby , J. ( 1966 ) Journey Through Britain Republished by Constable in 1995 ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 474990 - 0 Jump up ^ Drake , John ( 2011 ) . End to end in bits : a story of a walk from Lands End to John O'Groats . Leeds : Alewords . ISBN 0951904760 . Jump up ^ `` Annotated list of walkers routes , with links to websites '' . Hockeylejog.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Land 's End to John O'Groats - Deloitte Ride Across Britain '' . Deloitte Ride Across Britain . Jump up ^ `` Land 's End to John o ' Groats '' . Road Records Association . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Windcheetah recumbent tricycle scrapbook '' . windcheetah.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Fastest return journey from John o ' Groats to Land 's End by bicycle '' . Project Kansas . Archived from the original on 12 September 2017 . As of 17 October 2017 the success of the attempt had not been confirmed by Guinness . `` search for return journey Land 's end to John o ' Groats bicycle '' . www.guinnessworldrecords.com . Retrieved 17 October 2017 . ( registration required ) Jump up ^ `` Sport Relief celebrities reach Land 's End '' . BBC News . 2010 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Records Place to Place '' . Road Records Association . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Lincolnshire Chronicle 25 September 1883 p4 . Jump up ^ `` Guinness World Records entry for Fastest journey o ' Groats by unicycle ( male ) '' . Jump up ^ Event blog with details of the trip and certificates from LEJOG Association , Redwelly.co.uk Jump up ^ `` Oldest person to cycle from Land 's End to John - O ' - Groats '' . Jump up ^ `` Cycling the country end - to - end : Postcards from an epic family journey '' . Touchnote. 23 June 2017 . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Land 's End and John o ' Groats Club . `` Methods of Transport '' . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Dan 's the first to run the length of Britain without back - up team '' . devonlive.com. 27 July 2008 . Retrieved 6 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wirral '' . liverpoolecho . Jump up ^ `` Calday Grange Grammar School '' . caldaygrangegrammarschool.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` About Me '' . triblogs.com . Jump up ^ `` Photos and Blogs '' . Ride for Remembrance. 2009 - 08 - 15 . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 21 . 15 Aug. 2009 ; We did it ! ... A new world record : Land 's End to John o ' Groats by hand - crank wheelchair in 8 days : 10 hours : 9 minutes : 10 seconds Jump up ^ `` BBC - Skateboarding the UK '' . BBC Online . 21 July 2010 . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` End to End Run '' . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Who at HERO : John Brown '' . HERO : Historic Endurance Rallying Organisation. 2006 - 12 - 27 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Historic Endurance Rallying Organisation Regulations & Eligibility '' . HERO : Historic Endurance Rallying Organisation . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` yesterday was a ... '' The Independent . 1997 - 05 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` End to Enders - The End To End Challenge '' . endtoenders.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` UK top to bottom non-stop '' . thefreelibrary.com . Jump up ^ `` TheGreenCarWebsite.co.uk '' . thegreencarwebsite.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` North West Lawn Mower Racing Association - The Lawn Way Round '' . nwlmra.org . Jump up ^ `` Facebook '' . facebook.com . Jump up ^ `` Electric car trip from Land 's End to John O'Groats ' a record ' '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Father and Son Set New Guinness World Record in Electric Car '' . AutoVolt Magazine . 2016 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking electric car and Europe 's first dragster to appear at Brighton Speed Trials '' . The Argus . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lands End to John O'Groats '' . www.tesla.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Fundraiser from Land 's End to Unst on electric motorbike '' . The Shetland News . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Completion certificates issued by the Lands End - John o'Groats Association '' . 27 January 2018 . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` It 's a record : four days by bus from Land 's End to John O'Groats '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lejog Bus Country - Home '' . lejogbuscountry.org.uk . Jump up ^ BBC News ( 2008 - 10 - 04 ) . `` ' Ultimate holiday ' on a bus pass '' . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Hehir ( Somerset County Gazette ) ( 2008 - 04 - 16 ) . `` A pensioner 's two - week bus journey '' . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Leather , G. and Parke , J ( 1986 ) Home with the Heather Ian Allan ISBN 0 - 7110 - 1550 - 3 Jump up ^ Transport Direct website Archived 23 January 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Sample journeys checked 2011 - 01 - 04 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 23 December 2012 . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Route Designer 's Tale - Books by John and Nancy Eckersley '' . Books by John and Nancy Eckersley . Jump up ^ `` As The Crow Flies '' . reelhouse.org . Jump up ^ `` St. Andrews Sixes `` Shinty '' . shinty.com . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Three - year - old lands prize as youngest to travel from Lands End to John O'Groats '' . Slough Observer. 2008 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` On the Buses '' . BBC . 2017 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` The Land 's End -- John o ' Groats Association '' . Retrieved 28 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Land 's End John o ' Groats Club '' . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Bike the UK for MS Welcome ! '' . www.biketheukforms.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ Robert Burns : Complete Works , Further reading ( edit ) Road walking Smailes , B. ( 2004 ) John o ' Groats to Land 's End : the Official Challenge Guide Challenge Publications ISBN 978 - 1 - 903568 - 18 - 7 Offroad walking Robinson , A. ( 2007 ) The End to End Trail : Land 's End to John o ' Groats on Foot Cicerone ISBN 978 - 1 - 85284 - 512 - 4 McCloy , A. ( 2001 ) The Land 's End to John o ' Groats Walk Cordee ISBN 1 - 871890 - 59 - 4 Salter , M. ( 2006 ) Land 's End to John o ' Groats - a Thousand Mile Walking Route Folly Publications ISBN 978 - 1 - 871731 - 71 - 2 Cycling Mitchell , N ( 2012 ) End to End Cycle Route : Lands End to John O'Groats ( Cicerone Press ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 85284 - 670 - 1 Smailes Brian ( 2009 ) Land 's End to John o ' Groats Cycle Guide - The Official Challenge Guide Challenge Publications ISBN 978 - 1 - 903568 - 59 - 0 Brown , Simon ( 1995 ) Land 's End to John o ' Groats Cycle Guide , Cicerone ISBN 978 - 1 - 85284 - 188 - 1 Salter , P. ( 2002 ) Bike Britain : Cycling from Land 's End to John o ' Groats Epic New Zealand ISBN 978 - 0 - 9582256 - 1 - 8 Lewis , D. ( 2005 ) `` Land 's End to John o ' Groats '' , On a beer mat Publish and Print External links ( edit ) Comprehensive Free Journal `` Walking the length of Britain '' Includes detailed preparation tools . A bibliography of LEJOG / JOGLE published reports and guidebooks , and links to relevant websites Land 's End to John o ' Groats on the Long Distance Walkers ' Association website Lands End to John O'Groats in a straight line - one of the last Great British adventures . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land%27s_End_to_John_o%27_Groats&oldid=835539411 '' Categories : Geography of the United Kingdom Long - distance footpaths in the United Kingdom Scenic routes in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Pages with login required references or sources Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from September 2015 EngvarB from October 2015 Articles lacking reliable references from October 2015 All articles lacking reliable references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles lacking reliable references from June 2017 Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2011 Pages with graphs Pages with maps Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 09 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | lands end to john o'groats distance in miles | [
"Land's End to John o' Groats is the traversal of the whole length of the island of Great Britain between two extremities; in the southwest and northeast. The traditional distance by road is 874 miles (1,407 km) and takes most cyclists ten to fourteen days; the record for running the route is nine days. Off-road walkers typically walk about 1,200 miles (1,900 km) and take two or three months for the expedition. Two much-photographed signposts indicate the traditional distance at each end."
] | [
"874 miles (1,407 km)"
] |
1423346306525642480 | The Mother (How I Met Your Mother) | The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) - wikipedia The Mother ( How I Met Your Mother ) Jump to : navigation , search Tracy McConnell How I Met Your Mother character The Mother appearing in `` The Locket '' First appearance `` Lucky Penny ( unseen ) '' `` Something New '' ( seen ) Last appearance `` Last Forever '' Created by Carter Bays Craig Thomas Portrayed by Cristin Milioti Information Aliases The Mother Gender Female Spouse ( s ) Ted Mosby Significant other ( s ) Max ( deceased former boyfriend ) Louis ( ex-boyfriend ) Children Penny Mosby ( daughter , born in 2015 , played by Lyndsy Fonseca ) Luke Mosby ( son , born in 2017 , played by David Henrie ) Nationality American Tracy McConnell ( colloquial : `` The Mother '' ) is the title character from the CBS television sitcom How I Met Your Mother . The show , narrated by Future Ted , tells the story of how Ted Mosby met The Mother . Tracy McConnell appears in 8 episodes from `` Lucky Penny '' to `` The Time Travelers '' as an unseen character ; she was first seen fully in `` Something New '' and was promoted to a main character in season 9 . The Mother is played by Cristin Milioti . The story of how Ted met The Mother is the framing device behind the series ; many facts about her are revealed throughout the series , including the fact that Ted once unwittingly owned her umbrella before accidentally leaving it behind in her apartment . Ted and The Mother meet at the Farhampton train station following Barney Stinson and Robin Scherbatsky 's wedding ; this scene is shown in `` Last Forever '' , the series finale . The Mother 's death from an unspecified terminal illness in 2024 , also revealed in the series finale , received a mixed reaction from fans . An alternate ending was released in the ninth season DVD . In the alternate ending , Tracy Mosby is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . In the video , future Ted is heard saying , `` ... When I think how lucky I am to wake up next to your mum every morning , I ca n't help but be amazed how easy it all really was ... '' , indirectly stating that The Mother is alive . The video ends right after the train passes at Farhampton station and credits start rolling , implying that Ted never went back to Robin as he lived a successful married life with Tracy Mosby . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Character history 2.1 Name 3 Death 4 Notes 5 References Casting ( edit ) During its first eight seasons , the successful sitcom How I Met Your Mother often hinted at the unseen character of The Mother . Well - known actresses often made guest appearances on the show . Many fans expected that another would play one of the most - wanted roles in Hollywood , but creators Carter Bays and Craig Thomas wanted an unknown . Using Anne Hathaway and Amy Adams as examples , Thomas said that `` We did n't want it to be a big famous star because we did n't want the wider audience to have associations with whatever actress this would be ... The whole idea is that Ted 's never seen this woman before , so it better feel that way to the audience '' , similar to how Cobie Smulders being cast as Robin Scherbatsky had `` kept the show alive '' when it began . Bays and Thomas also did not want a large casting call . They chose Cristin Milioti after seeing her on 30 Rock and Once ; her musical ability was also helpful , as The Mother had been described as a band member . After competing for the role against at least two others , Milioti filmed her first scene -- for the last episode of season 8 -- having never watched How I Met Your Mother ; she recalled , `` I had ignorance on my side . So I did n't know what it meant . '' Milioti learned of the character 's importance only after binge watching the show during the summer . Character history ( edit ) The Mother was born on September 19 , 1984 . The Mother , joined by her roommate Kelly awaits the arrival of her boyfriend Max only to receive a call informing her of his death . After the funeral service , she returns to the apartment to open Max 's last gift to her -- a ukulele . The Mother spends the next few years grieving the passing of the man she believes was her one true love . In `` Wait for It '' , it is revealed that the short story of how they met involved her yellow umbrella . In `` No Tomorrow '' , Ted finds the umbrella at a club and takes it home after attending a St. Patrick 's Day party which she also attended , as it had been two and a half years since the death of Max , her late boyfriend . She is still grieving , but her roommate Kelly encourages her to go out and date again , bringing her to the same bar where Ted and Barney are celebrating . The two women run into Mitch , her old orchestra instructor ; The Mother offers to give Mitch her cello for his work at a school and they head to her apartment . After they start talking , Mitch encourages her to pursue her dreams . The Mother expresses her desire to end poverty by taking up economics in college . On his first day of teaching as Professor Mosby , as seen in the season 4 finale `` The Leap '' , he is seen in front of the classroom of students , one of which Future Ted says is the titular mother . But in the first episode of season 5 , `` Definitions '' , it is revealed that he was actually in the wrong classroom -- Economics instead of Architecture . At the same time in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , the Mother sits her first session in Economics 305 and meets another graduate student named Cindy ( Rachel Bilson ) , whom she offers to move in with her as her roommate . They see Ted enter the room , but when he announces the subject , The Mother thinks she is in the wrong room and runs off . She heads back to the room after seeing Ted scramble to his actual classroom . Later , in `` Girls Versus Suits '' , Ted dates Cindy , not knowing that her roommate is his future wife . Throughout the episode , Ted notes that Cindy had spent most of their first date talking jealously about her roommate . When in Cindy and the mother 's apartment he picks up many of The Mother 's belongings , attempting to show how compatible he and Cindy are ( thinking the items are Cindy 's ) and glimpses the mother 's foot as she disappears into her room after taking a shower . Ted finds out at this time that she plays bass guitar in a band . Ted forgets to take the yellow umbrella with him when he goes out and Future Ted mentions , `` this is how your mother got her yellow umbrella back . '' In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is revealed that , after Ted left the apartment , the Mother had discovered the umbrella and , upon going to question Cindy , finds her in a state . As she tried to console her , Cindy said that she was a much better match for Ted , and began to lovingly list all of the reasons that Ted would find the mother attractive , before spontaneously kissing her , revealing that her jealousy towards her roommate was actually a crush . While this incident made Cindy realise that she is a lesbian , it also made the Mother decide to go back into dating , as the kiss was her first in a long time . Some time after this , a man named Darren approaches The Mother and is welcomed into her band named Superfreakonomics . Darren gradually takes over the band . In the season 6 opener `` Big Days '' it is revealed Ted meets his future wife `` the day of '' the wedding at which he is the best man . In the episode `` False Positive '' Robin asks Ted to be her future best man , should she ever get married . In the episode `` Challenge Accepted '' , it is revealed that Ted meets the mother of his children the day of Barney 's wedding . In the last episode of season 7 , `` The Magician 's Code '' it is shown that Barney will marry Robin , and Ted will meet the mother `` the day of '' their wedding . On the premiere of season 8 , Ted 's wife appears after Barney and Robin 's wedding , outside at the `` Farhampton '' station while holding a yellow umbrella and her bass guitar . In the season 8 episode `` Band or DJ ? , '' Ted runs into Cindy on the subway and tells her that the band Barney and Robin hired to play at their wedding cancelled at the last minute . The end result of the encounter is that Cindy 's ( now ex - ) roommate 's band plays at Barney and Robin 's wedding . The Mother is first shown meeting Louis in `` How Your Mother Met Me '' as she is left to carry the band equipment while the now - lead band member Darren talks to his fans . Later at MacLaren 's Pub , she tells him she 's not yet ready to date . Louis asks her to give him a call if she changes her mind and they begin dating not long after . The Mother meets all of Ted 's best friends ( Barney , Lily , Marshall and Robin ) before she meets him . The Mother is responsible for convincing Barney to pursue Robin , as revealed through a flashback in `` Platonish '' . In `` The Locket '' , Tracy meets Lily on a train journey . In `` Bass Player Wanted '' , the Mother picks up a hitchhiking Marshall , carrying his son Marvin , on her way to Farhampton Inn . On their way , it is revealed that the Mother is a bass player in the band , that is scheduled to play at the wedding reception . But the band 's leader , Darren , forced her to quit . The Mother ultimately decides to confront Darren and retake the band . She ends up alone at the bar , and while practicing a speech to give Darren , Darren walks up to her furious the groom 's best man punched him for `` no reason . '' Amused by this , the Mother laughs , and Darren quits the band in anger . In `` How Your Mother Met Me '' , it is shown that after this incident , the Mother returns to Louis ' summer cottage not far from the Farhampton Inn where she has been staying for the duration of the wedding weekend . As she walks in the door , Louis proposes to her , but she goes outside to think about it for a few minutes . She declines Louis ' proposal and leaves his cottage , going to check in at Farhampton Inn . On her room 's balcony , she plays the ukulele and sings `` La Vie en Rose '' . Ted hears her singing from his room next door . In `` Gary Blauman '' , Ted and the Mother are on their first date . Ted picks her up at her New York City apartment and they proceed to walk to a Scottish - Mexican fusion restaurant for dinner . On the way there , Ted is telling her a story when they nearly have a run - in with Louis . She says that she is in the `` weirdest place on earth '' right now and that it is too soon for her to be dating . Ted walks her back to her apartment . They say goodnight and Ted begins to walk away . The Mother then stops him and asks him to finish the story he was telling her . When the story is over , they say goodnight again . The Mother takes a step towards Ted and they kiss for the first time , before deciding to carry on their date . In a flashforward in `` The Lighthouse '' , Ted proposes to the Mother at the top of the lighthouse near Farhampton Inn . She immediately accepts . In another flashfoward in `` Unpause '' , the Mother is revealed to be pregnant with their second child , Luke , in the year 2017 . She goes into labor while she and Ted are staying at Farhampton . Name ( edit ) The Mother 's real name is not revealed until the series finale , `` Last Forever '' . When Ted meets her at the Farhampton train station , she reveals that her name is Tracy McConnell . In the season 1 episode `` Belly Full of Turkey '' , Ted meets a stripper named Tracy and says `` ... that , kids , is the true story of how I met your mother '' . The children react encouraged and appear to believe Ted before he admits he is joking , which led some fans to correctly guess that The Mother 's name is Tracy . Death ( edit ) See also : Last Forever In the series finale , it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children , Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness . In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead . Ted says that she `` became sick '' and his children saying that she has been `` gone '' for six years . Many fans expressed considerable disappointment to The Mother 's death . Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die , but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning . Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was `` an amazing character '' and that `` over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy . Kuchman said that `` asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request '' , that the finale `` advanced too quickly '' and that `` HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue '' . A petition was started , aiming to rewrite and reshoot the finale . The petition has over 20,000 signatures and considerable online news coverage . On April 5 , 2014 , Carter Bays announced on Twitter that an alternate ending would be included on the Season 9 DVD . No new material was shot for this scene . In the alternate ending , The Mother is still living when Ted is telling the story in 2030 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Mother celebrates her 21st birthday on the day that `` Pilot '' is set . The pilot is set on September 19 , 2005 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Debnath , Neela ( 7 September 2014 ) . `` How I Met Your Mother alternative finale leaks online ahead of DVD release '' . The Independent . Retrieved 15 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ MacGregor , Rachel ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` 8 reasons why How I Met Your Mother should 've used its alternative ending '' . Metro UK . Jump up ^ Stransky , Tanner ( 2013 - 05 - 13 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' : Burning questions about the mother '' . Entertainment Weekly . ^ Jump up to : Fallon , Kevin ( 2013 - 05 - 14 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' Mother Revealed : Meet Cristin Milioti '' . The Daily Beast . Jump up ^ Fallon , Kevin ( 2015 - 11 - 03 ) . `` How Cristin Milioti Met ' Fargo ' -- And Left ' How I Met Your Mother ' Behind '' . The Daily Beast . ^ Jump up to : `` How Your Mother Met Me '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 9 . Episode 16 . January 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pilot '' . How I Met Your Mother . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 19 , 2005 . CBS . ^ Jump up to : Kuchman , Bill ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' ' Last Forever ' Recap : A Divisive Finale and What It Means for ' HIMYM ' '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rullo , Samantha ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` What is The Mother 's Name on ' How I Met Your Mother ' ? Episode Title Might Hold the Secret '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` HIMYM Tomatometer Watch : Series Finale Currently Rotten - Majority of critics disappointed by ' Last Forever ' '' . Rotten Tomatoes. April 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/cristin-milioti-sobbed-found-characters-fate-met-mother/story?id=25947923 Jump up ^ Kuchman , Bill ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' HIMYM ' Finale Instant Reaction '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guerrero , Danger ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Now There 's A Petition To ' Rewrite And Reshoot ' The ' How I Met Your Mother ' Ending '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' series finale sparks online petition from fans who want ending changed '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Update for those who 've been asking : Alt # himym ending will be on s9 DVD and also in the series box set . https://twitter.com/CarterBays/status/452299544995184640 Jump up ^ James , Lauren ( April 5 , 2014 ) . `` ' How I Met Your Mother ' May Get Alternate Ending After Petition , Says Carter Bays '' . Contact Music . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( September 6 , 2014 ) . `` Watch the Happier ' How I Met Your Mother ' Alternate Ending '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . ( hide ) How I Met Your Mother Episodes Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Ted Mosby Marshall Eriksen Lily Aldrin Barney Stinson Robin Scherbatsky Tracy McConnell Soundtracks How I Met Your Music Related articles Awards and nominations The Bro Code Cheerleader effect `` Nothing Suits Me Like a Suit '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mother_(How_I_Met_Your_Mother)&oldid=827886222 '' Categories : How I Met Your Mother characters Fictional characters introduced in 2013 Fictional female musicians Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Magyar Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 09 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how i met your mother who married ted | [] | [] |
-6609439023513866151 | Covalent bond | Covalent bond - wikipedia Covalent bond `` Covalent '' redirects here . For other uses , see Covalent ( disambiguation ) . A covalent bond forming H ( right ) where two hydrogen atoms share the two electrons A covalent bond , also called a molecular bond , is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms . These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs , and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms , when they share electrons , is known as covalent bonding . For many molecules , the sharing of electrons allows each atom to attain the equivalent of a full outer shell , corresponding to a stable electronic configuration . Covalent bonding includes many kinds of interactions , including σ - bonding , π - bonding , metal - to - metal bonding , agostic interactions , bent bonds , and three - center two - electron bonds . The term covalent bond dates from 1939 . The prefix co - means jointly , associated in action , partnered to a lesser degree , etc. ; thus a `` co-valent bond '' , in essence , means that the atoms share `` valence '' , such as is discussed in valence bond theory . In the molecule H , the hydrogen atoms share the two electrons via covalent bonding . Covalency is greatest between atoms of similar electronegativities . Thus , covalent bonding does not necessarily require that the two atoms be of the same elements , only that they be of comparable electronegativity . Covalent bonding that entails sharing of electrons over more than two atoms is said to be delocalized . Contents 1 History 2 Types of covalent bonds 3 Covalent structures 4 One - and three - electron bonds 5 Resonance 5.1 Aromaticity 5.2 Hypervalence 5.3 Electron - deficiency 6 Quantum mechanical description 6.1 Covalency from atomic contribution to the electronic density of states 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links History Early concepts in covalent bonding arose from this kind of image of the molecule of methane . Covalent bonding is implied in the Lewis structure by indicating electrons shared between atoms . The term covalence in regard to bonding was first used in 1919 by Irving Langmuir in a Journal of the American Chemical Society article entitled `` The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules '' . Langmuir wrote that `` we shall denote by the term covalence the number of pairs of electrons that a given atom shares with its neighbors . '' The idea of covalent bonding can be traced several years before 1919 to Gilbert N. Lewis , who in 1916 described the sharing of electron pairs between atoms . He introduced the Lewis notation or electron dot notation or Lewis dot structure , in which valence electrons ( those in the outer shell ) are represented as dots around the atomic symbols . Pairs of electrons located between atoms represent covalent bonds . Multiple pairs represent multiple bonds , such as double bonds and triple bonds . An alternative form of representation , not shown here , has bond - forming electron pairs represented as solid lines . Lewis proposed that an atom forms enough covalent bonds to form a full ( or closed ) outer electron shell . In the diagram of methane shown here , the carbon atom has a valence of four and is , therefore , surrounded by eight electrons ( the octet rule ) , four from the carbon itself and four from the hydrogens bonded to it . Each hydrogen has a valence of one and is surrounded by two electrons ( a duet rule ) -- its own one electron plus one from the carbon . The numbers of electrons correspond to full shells in the quantum theory of the atom ; the outer shell of a carbon atom is the n = 2 shell , which can hold eight electrons , whereas the outer ( and only ) shell of a hydrogen atom is the n = 1 shell , which can hold only two . While the idea of shared electron pairs provides an effective qualitative picture of covalent bonding , quantum mechanics is needed to understand the nature of these bonds and predict the structures and properties of simple molecules . Walter Heitler and Fritz London are credited with the first successful quantum mechanical explanation of a chemical bond ( molecular hydrogen ) in 1927 . Their work was based on the valence bond model , which assumes that a chemical bond is formed when there is good overlap between the atomic orbitals of participating atoms . Types of covalent bonds Atomic orbitals ( except for s orbitals ) have specific directional properties leading to different types of covalent bonds . Sigma ( σ ) bonds are the strongest covalent bonds and are due to head - on overlapping of orbitals on two different atoms . A single bond is usually a σ bond . Pi ( π ) bonds are weaker and are due to lateral overlap between p ( or d ) orbitals . A double bond between two given atoms consists of one σ and one π bond , and a triple bond is one σ and two π bonds . Covalent bonds are also affected by the electronegativity of the connected atoms which determines the chemical polarity of the bond . Two atoms with equal electronegativity will make nonpolar covalent bonds such as H -- H. An unequal relationship creates a polar covalent bond such as with H − Cl . However polarity also requires geometric asymmetry , or else dipoles may cancel out resulting in a non-polar molecule . Covalent structures There are several types of structures for covalent substances , including individual molecules , molecular structures , macromolecular structures and giant covalent structures . Individual molecules have strong bonds that hold the atoms together , but there are negligible forces of attraction between molecules . Such covalent substances are usually gases , for example , HCl , SO , CO , and CH . In molecular structures , there are weak forces of attraction . Such covalent substances are low - boiling - temperature liquids ( such as ethanol ) , and low - melting - temperature solids ( such as iodine and solid CO ) . Macromolecular structures have large numbers of atoms linked by covalent bonds in chains , including synthetic polymers such as polyethylene and nylon , and biopolymers such as proteins and starch . Network covalent structures ( or giant covalent structures ) contain large numbers of atoms linked in sheets ( such as graphite ) , or 3 - dimensional structures ( such as diamond and quartz ) . These substances have high melting and boiling points , are frequently brittle , and tend to have high electrical resistivity . Elements that have high electronegativity , and the ability to form three or four electron pair bonds , often form such large macromolecular structures . One - and three - electron bonds Bonds with one or three electrons can be found in radical species , which have an odd number of electrons . The simplest example of a 1 - electron bond is found in the dihydrogen cation , H . One - electron bonds often have about half the bond energy of a 2 - electron bond , and are therefore called `` half bonds '' . However , there are exceptions : in the case of dilithium , the bond is actually stronger for the 1 - electron Li than for the 2 - electron Li . This exception can be explained in terms of hybridization and inner - shell effects . Comparison of the electronic structure of the three - electron bond to the conventional covalent bond . The simplest example of three - electron bonding can be found in the helium dimer cation , He . It is considered a `` half bond '' because it consists of only one shared electron ( rather than two ) ; in molecular orbital terms , the third electron is in an anti-bonding orbital which cancels out half of the bond formed by the other two electrons . Another example of a molecule containing a 3 - electron bond , in addition to two 2 - electron bonds , is nitric oxide , NO . The oxygen molecule , O can also be regarded as having two 3 - electron bonds and one 2 - electron bond , which accounts for its paramagnetism and its formal bond order of 2 . Chlorine dioxide and its heavier analogues bromine dioxide and iodine dioxide also contain three - electron bonds . Molecules with odd - electron bonds are usually highly reactive . These types of bond are only stable between atoms with similar electronegativities . Resonance Main article : Resonance ( chemistry ) There are situations whereby a single Lewis structure is insufficient to explain the electron configuration in a molecule , hence a superposition of structures are needed . The same two atoms in such molecules can be bonded differently in different structures ( a single bond in one , a double bond in another , or even none at all ) , resulting in a non-integer bond order . The nitrate ion is one such example with three equivalent structures . The bond between the nitrogen and each oxygen is a double bond in one structure and a single bond in the other two , so that the average bond order for each N -- O interaction is 2 + 1 + 1 / 3 = 4 / 3 . Aromaticity Main article : Aromaticity In organic chemistry , when a molecule with a planar ring obeys Hückel 's rule , where the number of π electrons fit the formula 4n + 2 ( where n is an integer ) , it attains extra stability and symmetry . In benzene , the prototypical aromatic compound , there are 6 π bonding electrons ( n = 1 , 4n + 2 = 6 ) . These occupy three delocalized π molecular orbitals ( molecular orbital theory ) or form conjugate π bonds in two resonance structures that linearly combine ( valence bond theory ) , creating a regular hexagon exhibiting a greater stabilization than the hypothetical 1 , 3 , 5 - cyclohexatriene . In the case of heterocyclic aromatics and substituted benzenes , the electronegativity differences between different parts of the ring may dominate the chemical behaviour of aromatic ring bonds , which otherwise are equivalent . Hypervalence Main article : Hypervalent molecule Certain molecules such as xenon difluoride and sulfur hexafluoride have higher co-ordination numbers than would be possible due to strictly covalent bonding according to the octet rule . This is explained by the three - center four - electron bond ( `` 3c -- 4e '' ) model which interprets the molecular wavefunction in terms of non-bonding highest occupied molecular orbitals in molecular orbital theory and ionic - covalent resonance in valence bond theory . Electron - deficiency Main article : Electron deficiency In three - center two - electron bonds ( `` 3c -- 2e '' ) three atoms share two electrons in bonding . This type of bonding occurs in electron deficient compounds like diborane . Each such bond ( 2 per molecule in diborane ) contains a pair of electrons which connect the boron atoms to each other in a banana shape , with a proton ( nucleus of a hydrogen atom ) in the middle of the bond , sharing electrons with both boron atoms . In certain cluster compounds , so - called four - center two - electron bonds also have been postulated . Quantum mechanical description Main article : Chemical bonding model After the development of quantum mechanics , two basic theories were proposed to provide a quantum description of chemical bonding : valence bond ( VB ) theory and molecular orbital ( MO ) theory . A more recent quantum description is given in terms of atomic contributions to the electronic density of states . Covalency from atomic contribution to the electronic density of states In COOP , COHP and BCOOP , evaluation of bond covalency is dependent on the basis set . To overcome this issue , an alternative formulation of the bond covalency can be provided in this way . The center mass cm ( n , l , m , m ) of an atomic orbital n , l , m , m ⟩ , with quantum numbers n , l , m , m , for atom A is defined as c m A ( n , l , m l , m s ) = ∫ E 0 E 1 E g n , l , m l , m s ⟩ A ( E ) d E ∫ E 0 E 1 g n , l , m l , m s ⟩ A ( E ) d E ( \ displaystyle cm ^ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) ( n , l , m_ ( l ) , m_ ( s ) ) = ( \ frac ( \ int \ limits _ ( E_ ( 0 ) ) \ limits ^ ( E_ ( 1 ) ) Eg_ ( n , l , m_ ( l ) , m_ ( s ) \ rangle ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) \ left ( E \ right ) dE ) ( \ int \ limits _ ( E_ ( 0 ) ) \ limits ^ ( E_ ( 1 ) ) g_ ( n , l , m_ ( l ) , m_ ( s ) \ rangle ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) \ left ( E \ right ) dE ) ) ) where g ( E ) is the contribution of the atomic orbital n , l , m , m ⟩ of the atom A to the total electronic density of states g ( E ) of the solid g ( E ) = ∑ A ∑ n , l ∑ m l , m s g n , l , m l , m s ⟩ A ( E ) ( \ displaystyle g \ left ( E \ right ) = \ sum _ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) \ sum _ ( n , l ) \ sum _ ( m_ ( l ) , m_ ( s ) ) ( g_ ( n , l , m_ ( l ) , m_ ( s ) \ rangle ) ^ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) \ left ( E \ right ) ) ) where the outer sum runs over all atoms A of the unit cell . The energy window ( E , E ) is chosen in such a way that it encompasses all relevant bands participating in the bond . If the range to select is unclear , it can be identified in practice by examining the molecular orbitals that describe the electron density along the considered bond . The relative position C of the center mass of n , l ⟩ levels of atom A with respect to the center mass of n , l ⟩ levels of atom B is given as C n A l A , n B l B = − c m A ( n A , l A ) − c m B ( n B , l B ) ( \ displaystyle C_ ( n_ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) l_ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) , n_ ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) l_ ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) ) = - \ left cm ^ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) ( n_ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) , l_ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) ) - cm ^ ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) ( n_ ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) , l_ ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) ) \ right ) where the contributions of the magnetic and spin quantum numbers are summed . According to this definition , the relative position of the A levels with respect to the B levels is C A , B = − c m A − c m B ( \ displaystyle C_ ( \ mathrm ( A , B ) ) = - \ left cm ^ ( \ mathrm ( A ) ) - cm ^ ( \ mathrm ( B ) ) \ right ) where , for simplicity , we may omit the dependence from the principal quantum number n in the notation referring to C . In this formalism , the greater the value of C , the higher the overlap of the selected atomic bands , and thus the electron density described by those orbitals gives a more covalent A -- B bond . The quantity C is denoted as the covalency of the A -- B bond , which is specified in the same units of the energy E . See also Bonding in solids Bond order Coordinate covalent bond , also known as a dipolar bond or a dative covalent bond Covalent bond classification ( or LXZ notation ) Covalent radius Disulfide bond Hybridization Hydrogen bond Ionic bond Linear combination of atomic orbitals Metallic bonding Noncovalent bonding Resonance ( chemistry ) References Jump up ^ Campbell , Neil A. ; Williamson , Brad ; Heyden , Robin J. ( 2006 ) . Biology : Exploring Life . Boston , MA : Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 250882 - 6 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ March , Jerry ( 1992 ) . Advanced Organic Chemistry : Reactions , Mechanisms , and Structure . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 0 - 471 - 60180 - 2 . Jump up ^ Gary L. Miessler ; Donald Arthur Tarr ( 2004 ) . Inorganic Chemistry . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 035471 - 6 . Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster -- Collegiate Dictionary ( 2000 ) . Jump up ^ `` Chemical Bonds '' . Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Langmuir , Irving ( 1919 - 06 - 01 ) . `` The Arrangement of Electrons in Atoms and Molecules '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 41 ( 6 ) : 868 -- 934 . doi : 10.1021 / ja02227a002 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Gilbert N. ( 1916 - 04 - 01 ) . `` The atom and the molecule '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 38 ( 4 ) : 762 -- 785 . doi : 10.1021 / ja02261a002 . Jump up ^ Heitler , W. ; London , F. ( 1927 ) . `` Wechselwirkung neutraler Atome und homöopolare Bindung nach der Quantenmechanik '' ( Interaction of neutral atoms and homeopolar bonds according to quantum mechanics ) . Zeitschrift für Physik. 44 ( 6 -- 7 ) : 455 -- 472 . Bibcode : 1927ZPhy ... 44 ... 455H . doi : 10.1007 / bf01397394 . English translation in Hettema , H. ( 2000 ) . Quantum Chemistry : Classic Scientific Papers . World Scientific . p. 140 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 02 - 2771 - 5 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Stranks , D.R. ; Heffernan , M.L. ; Lee Dow , K.C. ; McTigue , P.T. ; Withers , G.R.A. ( 1970 ) . Chemistry : A structural view . Carlton , Vic. : Melbourne University Press . p. 184 . ISBN 0 - 522 - 83988 - 6 . Jump up ^ Weinhold , F. ; Landis , C. ( 2005 ) . Valency and Bonding . Cambridge . pp. 96 -- 100 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 83128 - 8 . Jump up ^ Harcourt , Richard D. , ed. ( 2015 ) . `` Chapter 2 : Pauling `` 3 - Electron Bonds '' , 4 - Electron 3 - Centre Bonding , and the Need for an `` Increased - Valence '' Theory `` . Bonding in Electron - Rich Molecules : Qualitative Valence - Bond Approach via Increased - Valence Structures . Springer . ISBN 9783319166766 . ^ Jump up to : Pauling , L. ( 1960 ) . The Nature of the Chemical Bond . Cornell University Press . pp. 340 -- 354 . Jump up ^ Cammarata , Antonio ; Rondinelli , James M. ( 21 September 2014 ) . `` Covalent dependence of octahedral rotations in orthorhombic perovskite oxides '' . Journal of Chemical Physics. 141 ( 11 ) : 114704 . Bibcode : 2014JChPh. 141k4704C . doi : 10.1063 / 1.4895967 . PMID 25240365 . Jump up ^ Hughbanks , Timothy ; Hoffmann , Roald ( 2002 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Chains of trans - edge - sharing molybdenum octahedra : metal - metal bonding in extended systems '' . Journal of the American Chemical Society . 105 ( 11 ) : 3528 -- 3537 . doi : 10.1021 / ja00349a027 . Jump up ^ Dronskowski , Richard ; Bloechl , Peter E. ( 2002 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Crystal orbital Hamilton populations ( COHP ) : energy - resolved visualization of chemical bonding in solids based on density - functional calculations '' . The Journal of Physical Chemistry . 97 ( 33 ) : 8617 -- 8624 . doi : 10.1021 / j100135a014 . Jump up ^ Grechnev , Alexei ; Ahuja , Rajeev ; Eriksson , Olle ( 2003 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Balanced crystal orbital overlap population -- a tool for analysing chemical bonds in solids '' . Journal of Physics : Condensed Matter. 15 ( 45 ) : 7751 . Bibcode : 2003JPCM ... 15.7751 G . doi : 10.1088 / 0953 - 8984 / 15 / 45 / 014 . ISSN 0953 - 8984 . Sources `` Covalent bonding -- Single bonds '' . chemguide. 2000 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 05 . `` Electron Sharing and Covalent Bonds '' . Department of Chemistry University of Oxford . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 05 . `` Chemical Bonds '' . Department of Physics and Astronomy , Georgia State University . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 05 . External links Covalent Bonds and Molecular Structure Structure and Bonding in Chemistry -- Covalent Bonds Chemical bonds Intramolecular ( strong ) Covalent By symmetry Sigma ( σ ) Pi ( π ) Delta ( δ ) Phi ( φ ) By multiplicity 1 ( single ) 2 ( double ) 3 ( triple ) 4 ( quadruple ) 5 ( quintuple ) 6 ( sextuple ) Miscellaneous Agostic Bent Coordinate ( dipolar ) Pi backbond Charge - shift Hapticity Conjugation Hyperconjugation Antibonding Resonant Electron deficiency 3c -- 2e 4c -- 2e Hypercoordination 3c -- 4e Aromaticity Möbius super sigma homo bicyclo spiro σ - bishomo spherical Y - Metallic Metal aromaticity Ionic Intermolecular ( weak ) van der Waals forces London dispersion Hydrogen Low - barrier Resonance - assisted Symmetric Dihydrogen bonds C -- H O interaction Noncovalent other Mechanical Halogen Chalcogen Aurophilicity Intercalation Stacking Cation -- pi Anion -- pi Salt bridge Bond cleavage Heterolysis Homolysis Concepts in organic chemistry Aromaticity Covalent bonding Functional groups Nomenclature Organic compounds Organic reactions Organic synthesis Publications Spectroscopy Stereochemistry List of organic compounds GND : 4143323 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Covalent_bond&oldid=851600077 '' Categories : Chemical bonding Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from March 2015 CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaelg Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 66 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018 , at 11 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | a chemical bond in which electrons are shared between two atoms | [
"A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs, and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding.[1][better source needed] For many molecules, the sharing of electrons allows each atom to attain the equivalent of a full outer shell, corresponding to a stable electronic configuration.\n"
] | [
"A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond"
] |
-7552881412782383856 | Double entendre | Double entendre - wikipedia Double entendre Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lodgings to Let , an 1814 engraving featuring a double entendre . He : `` My sweet honey , I hope you are to be let with the Lodgins ! '' She : `` No , sir , I am to be let alone '' . A double entendre ( / ˌdʌbəl ɒnˈtɒndrə / ; French pronunciation : ( dubl ɑ̃. tɑ̃dʁ ( ə ) ) ) is a figure of speech or a particular way of wording that is devised to be understood in two ways , having a double meaning . Typically one of the meanings is obvious , given the context whereas the other may require more thought . The innuendo may convey a message that would be socially awkward , sexually suggestive , or offensive to state directly ( the Oxford English Dictionary describes a double entendre as being used to `` convey an indelicate meaning '' , whilst Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English defines it as `` a word or phrase that may be understood in two different ways , one of which is often sexual '' ) . A double entendre may exploit puns to convey the second meaning . Double entendres generally rely on multiple meanings of words , or different interpretations of the same primary meaning . They often exploit ambiguity and may be used to introduce it deliberately in a text . Sometimes a homophone ( i.e. , another word which sounds the same ) can be used as a pun . When three or more meanings have been constructed , this is known as a `` triple entendre '' , etc . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Etymology 3 Usage 3.1 Literature 3.2 Stage performances 3.3 Radio and television 3.4 Movies 3.5 Music 3.6 Social interaction 4 See also 5 References Structure ( edit ) A person who is unfamiliar with the hidden or alternative meaning of a sentence may fail to detect its innuendos , aside from observing that others find it humorous for no apparent reason . Perhaps because it is not offensive to those who do not recognise it , innuendo is often used in sitcoms and other comedy where the audience may enjoy the humour while being oblivious to its secondary meaning . A triple entendre is a phrase that can be understood in any of three ways , such as in the back cover of the 1981 Rush album Moving Pictures which shows a moving company carrying paintings out of a building while people are shown being emotionally moved and a film crew makes a `` moving picture '' of the whole scene . Etymology ( edit ) The expression comes from French double = `` double '' and entendre = `` to listen '' ( but also `` to understand '' ) . However , the English formulation is a corruption of the authentic French expression à double entente ( `` double meaning '' ) . Modern French uses double sens instead ; the phrase double entendre has no real meaning in the modern French language . Usage ( edit ) Literature ( edit ) In Homer 's The Odyssey , when Odysseus is captured by the Cyclops Polyphemus , he tells the Cyclops that his name is Oudeis ( ουδεις = No - one ) . When Odysseus attacks the Cyclops later that night and stabs him in the eye , the Cyclops runs out of his cave , yelling to the other cyclopes that `` No - one has hurt me ! '' , which leads the other cyclopes to take no action under the assumption that Polyphemus blinded himself by accident , allowing Odysseus and his men to escape . The first page of the poem `` The Wanderer '' found in the Exeter Book . Some of the earliest double entendres are found in the Exeter Book , or Codex exoniensis , at Exeter Cathedral in England . The book was copied around 975 AD . In addition to the various poems and stories found in the book , there are also numerous riddles . The Anglo - Saxons did not reveal the answers to the riddles , but they have been answered by scholars over the years . Some riddles were double - entendres , such as Riddle 25 ( `` I am a wondrous creature : to women a thing of joyful expectation , to close - lying companions serviceable . I harm no city - dweller excepting my slayer alone . My stem is erect and tall -- -- I stand up in bed -- -- and whiskery somewhere down below . Sometimes a countryman 's quite comely daughter will venture , bumptious girl , to get a grip on me . She assaults my red self and seizes my head and clenches me in a cramped place . She will soon feel the effect of her encounter with me , this curl - locked woman who squeezes me . Her eye will be wet . '' ) which suggests the answer `` a penis '' but has the correct answer `` an onion '' . Examples of sexual innuendo and double - entendre occur in Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales ( 14th century ) , in which the Wife of Bath 's Tale is laden with double entendres . The most famous of these may be her use of the word `` queynte '' to describe both domestic duties ( from the homonym `` quaint '' ) and genitalia ( `` queynte '' being the root of ' cunt ' , a vulgar English word for vagina ) . The title of Sir Thomas More 's 1516 fictional work Utopia is a double entendre because of the pun between two Greek - derived words that would have identical pronunciation : with his spelling , it means `` no place '' ( as echoed later in Samuel Butler 's later Erewhon ) ; spelled as the rare word Eutopia , it is pronounced the same by English - speaking readers , but has the meaning `` good place '' . Sometimes , it is unclear whether a double entendre was intended . For example , the character Charley Bates from Charles Dickens ' Oliver Twist is frequently referred to as Master Bates . The word `` masturbate '' was in use when the book was written , and Dickens often used colourful names related to the natures of the characters . The title of Damon Knight 's story To Serve Man is a double entendre which could mean `` to perform a service to humanity '' or `` to serve a human as food '' . An alien cookbook with the title To Serve Man is featured in the story which could imply that the aliens eat humans . The story was the basis for an episode of The Twilight Zone . At the end of the episode the line `` It 's a cookbook ! '' reveals the truth . Stage performances ( edit ) Flax on a distaff Shakespeare frequently used double entendres in his plays . Sir Toby Belch in Twelfth Night says of Sir Andrew 's hair , that `` it hangs like flax on a distaff ; and I hope to see a housewife take thee between her legs and spin it off '' ; the Nurse in Romeo and Juliet says that her husband had told Juliet when she was learning to walk that `` Yea , dost thou fall upon thy face ? Thou wilt fall backward when thou hast more wit '' ; or is told the time by Mercutio : `` for the bawdy hand of the dial is now upon the prick of noon '' ; and in Hamlet , Hamlet publicly torments Ophelia with a series of sexual puns , including `` country matters '' ( similar to `` cunt '' ) . The title of Shakespeare 's play Much Ado About Nothing is a pun on the Elizabethan use of `` no - thing '' as slang for vagina . In the UK , starting in the 19th century , Victorian morality disallowed sexual innuendo in the theatre as being unpleasant , particularly for the ladies in the audience . In music hall songs , on the other hand , this kind of innuendo remained very popular . Marie Lloyd 's song `` She Sits Among the Cabbages and Peas '' is an example of this . ( Music hall in this context is to be compared with Variety , the one common , low - class and vulgar ; the other demi - monde , worldly and sometimes chic . ) In the 20th century there began to a crackdown on lewdness , including some prosecutions . It was the job of the Lord Chamberlain to examine the scripts of all plays for indecency . Nevertheless , some comedians still continued to get away with it . Max Miller , famously , had two books of jokes , a white book and a blue book , and would ask his audience which book they wanted to hear stories from . If they chose the blue book , he could blame the audience for the lewdness to follow , the white book was rarely used ( in the UK , ' blue ' colloquially refers to sexual content , as in ' blue jokes ' , ' blue movies ' etc . ) . Radio and television ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the United States , innuendo and double entendre were only lightly used in radio media until the 1980s when the Howard Stern Show began to push the envelope of what was acceptable on the radio through use of double entendre and ironies . This garnered so much attention it spawned an entire genre of Radio called `` Shock Jock Radio '' where DJs will push the limits of what is an `` acceptable '' double entendre to use on over the air as the FCC has been known to hand out large fines for the use of double entendre on radio if they deem it to be in violation of their standards . In Britain , innuendo humour began to transfer to radio and cinema from the late 1950s on . Particularly significant in this respect were the Carry On series of films and the BBC radio series Round the Horne , although some of Round the Horne appeared to be nonsense language , the protagonists were sometimes having ' rude ' conversations in Polari ( gay slang ) . Round the Horne depended heavily on innuendo and double entendre , the show 's name itself being a triple entendre , a play on the name of its central actor Kenneth Horne and those around him , the sailor 's expression ' going round the horn ' ( i.e. Cape Horn ) , and the fact that ' horn ' is slang for an erection . Spike Milligan , writer of The Goon Show , remarked that a lot of ' blue ' ( i.e. sexual ) innuendo came from servicemen 's jokes , which most of the cast understood ( they all had been soldiers ) and many of the audience understood , but which passed over the heads of most of the Senior BBC producers and directors , most of whom were `` Officer class '' . In 1968 , the office of the Lord Chamberlain ceased to have responsibility for censoring live entertainment , after the Theatres Act 1968 . By the 1970s innuendo had become widely used across much of the British broadcast media , including sitcoms and radio comedy , such as I 'm Sorry I Have n't a Clue . For example , in the 1970s TV comedy series Are You Being Served ? , Mrs. Slocombe frequently referred to her pet cat as her `` pussy '' , apparently unaware of how easily her statement could be misinterpreted , such as `` It 's a wonder I 'm here at all , you know . My pussy got soakin ' wet . I had to dry it out in front of the fire before I left '' . Someone unfamiliar with sexual slang might find this statement funny simply because of the references to her sodden cat , whereas others would find further humour in the innuendo ( `` pussy '' being sexual slang for vulva ) . Modern comedies , such as the US version of The Office , do not hide the addition of sexual innuendos into the script , for example , main character Michael Scott often deploys the phrase `` that 's what she said '' after another character 's innocent statement , to turn it retroactively into a sexual pun . On The Scott Mills Show on BBC Radio 1 , listeners are asked to send in clips from radio and TV with double meanings in a humorous context , a feature known as `` Innuendo Bingo '' . Presenters and special guests fill their mouths with water and listen to the clips , and the last person to spit the water out with laughter wins the game . Movies ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Double entendres are popular in modern movies , as a way to conceal adult humour in a work aimed at general audiences . The James Bond films are rife with such humour . For example , in Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 ) , when Bond is disturbed by the telephone while in bed with a Danish girl , he explains to Moneypenny that he is busy `` brushing up on a little Danish '' . Moneypenny responds by pointing out that Bond was known as `` a cunning linguist '' , a play on the word `` cunnilingus '' . In the final scene of `` Moonraker '' , while Bond is taking Dr Holly Goodhead `` round the world one more time '' , Q says to Sir Frederick Gray , `` I think he 's attempting re-entry , sir . '' In `` The World Is Not Enough '' ( 1999 ) , while in bed with Dr Christmas Jones , Bond tells her `` I thought Christmas only comes once a year '' . Other obvious examples include Pussy Galore in Goldfinger and Holly Goodhead in Moonraker . The double entendres of the Bond films were parodied in the Austin Powers series . Bawdy double entendres , such as `` I 'm the kinda girl who works for Paramount by day , and Fox all night '' , and `` I feel like a million tonight -- but only one at a time '' , are typical of the comedy writing of Mae West , for her early - career vaudeville performances as well as for her later plays and movies . Music ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Double entendres are very common in the titles and lyrics of pop songs , such as `` If I Said You Had a Beautiful Body Would You Hold It Against Me '' by The Bellamy Brothers , which is based on an old Groucho Marx quote , where the person being talked to is asked , by one interpretation if they would be offended , and by the other , if they would press their body against the person doing the talking . Singer and songwriter Bob Dylan , in his somewhat controversial song `` Rainy Day Women # 12 & 35 '' , repeats the line `` Everybody must get stoned '' . In context , the phrase refers to the punishment of execution by stoning , but on another level it means to ' get stoned ' , a common slang term for being high on cannabis . In their song `` Big Balls '' on the album Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap , AC / DC the chorus `` we 've got big balls '' can be read as referring to either formal dances or testicles . During the 1940s , Benny Bell recorded several `` party records '' that contained double entendre including `` Everybody Wants My Fanny '' . Social interaction ( edit ) Double entendres can arise in the replies to inquiries . The clichéd phrase `` that 's what she said '' , as well as `` so to speak '' can be used to remark on a sentence said by another which was not intended as a double entendre but nevertheless could be interpreted with a double meaning , one of them sexual . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Double entendres . Look up double entendre in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Albur Coincidence Doublespeak Dangling modifier Euphemism Iham Paraprosdokian Pun Spoonerism Said the actress to the bishop ( also , That 's what she said ) Word play References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English online '' . Dictionary of Contemporary English . Longman . Archived from the original on 3 September 2014 . Retrieved 29 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Rush Frequently Asked Questions on the Internet File '' . nimitz.net . Archived from the original on 22 February 2017 . Jump up ^ definition of entendre Archived 29 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , sub II at www.cnrtl.fr , accessed on 23 March 2012 Jump up ^ definition of Entente Archived 22 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine . at dictionnaire.reverso.net accessed on 20 November 2011 Jump up ^ `` Exeter Book Riddles '' . penelope.uchicago.edu . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Utopia -- Definition of utopia by Merriam - Webster '' . webster.com . Archived from the original on 20 October 2007 . Jump up ^ A.D. Cousins , Macquarie University . `` Utopia . '' The Literary Encyclopedia . Archived 11 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine . 25 October 2004 . The Literary Dictionary Company . 3 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams , Gordon ( 1997 ) . A Glossary of Shakespeare 's Sexual Language . Althone Press . p. 219 . ISBN 0 - 485 - 12130 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dexter , Gary ( 13 February 2011 ) . `` Title Deed : How the Book Got its Name '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Innuendo Bingo '' . Archived from the original on 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fighter Pilot Speak '' . Archived from the original on 23 January 2015 . Retrieved 11 February 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Double_entendre&oldid=800407955 '' Categories : Comedy Sociolinguistics Puns Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from July 2008 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from March 2016 Articles needing additional references from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français 日本 語 Português Русский Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 September 2017 , at 10 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what is it called when a saying has two meanings | [
"A double entendre (/ˌdʌbəl ɒnˈtɒndrə/; French pronunciation: [dubl ɑ̃.tɑ̃dʁ(ə)]) is a figure of speech or a particular way of wording that is devised to be understood in two ways, having a double meaning. Typically one of the meanings is obvious, given the context whereas the other may require more thought. The innuendo may convey a message that would be socially awkward, sexually suggestive, or offensive to state directly (the Oxford English Dictionary describes a double entendre as being used to \"convey an indelicate meaning\", whilst Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English defines it as \"a word or phrase that may be understood in two different ways, one of which is often sexual\").[1]"
] | [
"double entendre"
] |
-771320601548167052 | The Beast (roller coaster) | The Beast ( Roller coaster ) - wikipedia The Beast ( Roller coaster ) Jump to : navigation , search The Beast The Beast 's lift hill and brake run Kings Island Park section Rivertown Coordinates 39 ° 20 ′ 25 '' N 84 ° 15 ′ 58 '' W / 39.3402 ° N 84.2660 ° W / 39.3402 ; - 84.2660 Coordinates : 39 ° 20 ′ 25 '' N 84 ° 15 ′ 58 '' W / 39.3402 ° N 84.2660 ° W / 39.3402 ; - 84.2660 Status Operating Opening date April 14 , 1979 ( 1979 - 04 - 14 ) Cost $ 4,000,000 General statistics Type Wood Manufacturer Kings Island Designer Al Collins , Jeff Gramke , John C. Allen Track layout Terrain Lift / launch system 2 Chain lift hills Height 110 ft ( 34 m ) Drop 141 ft ( 43 m ) Length 7,359 ft ( 2,243 m ) Speed 64.78 mph ( 104.25 km / h ) Inversions 0 Duration 4 : 10 Max vertical angle 45 ° Capacity 1,200 riders per hour G - force 3.6 Height restriction 48 in ( 122 cm ) Trains 3 trains with 6 cars . Riders are arranged 2 across in 3 rows for a total of 36 riders per train . Fast Lane Plus only available The Beast at RCDB Pictures of The Beast at RCDB The Beast is a wooden roller coaster located at Kings Island in Mason , Ohio . Built in - house , it opened in 1979 as the tallest , fastest , and longest wooden roller coaster in the world . The Beast remains the longest wooden coaster at 7,359 feet ( 2,243 m ) and spans more than 35 acres ( 14 ha ) , utilizing the surrounding terrain for many of its elements . Two lift hills contribute to the ride 's duration of more than four minutes , which also ranks as one of the longest among roller coasters . The Beast has been consistently rated one of the top roller coasters in the world since its debut , having earned a solid reputation among roller coaster enthusiasts . After more than 35 years , it remains one of the most popular attractions at Kings Island and has accommodated over 50 million riders -- third-most at the park . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Construction 3 Ride experience 4 Awards and rankings 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Kings Island originally had plans to build a replica of the iconic Shooting Star , a roller coaster which once stood at Coney Island in Cincinnati . Charles Dinn -- director of the Kings Island 's construction , maintenance and engineering division -- recorded measurements of the Shooting Star 's layout and dimensions prior to its demolition in 1971 . A site near The Racer at Kings Island was also chosen as the location where the replica would be built . Park officials later determined that it was in their best interest to shelve the idea , which would later be resurrected as Mighty Canadian Minebuster at Canada 's Wonderland . Instead , they wanted to design a better roller coaster that would transcend nostalgia and appeal to a wider audience . The site for the new project was a wooded area in the southeast corner of the park spanning more than 35 acres ( 14 ha ) . The area 's naturally - occurring , rugged terrain consisted of cliffs , hills and ravines . Utilizing the landscape as opposed to leveling it allowed for more investment in the layout itself . Beginning in 1976 , Dinn and his team , including manager Jeff Gramke and chief engineer Al Collins , spent two years researching and designing the new roller coaster . They would progress through the tens of thousands of formulas needed to produce record - breaking results without the assistance of scientific calculators and computers . `` Everything had to be calculated by hand '' , recalled Gramke in 2014 . John C. Allen , the world - renowned coaster designer behind The Racer , was originally approached to lead the design but declined . He did pass on some design formulas , however , to Gramke and Collins . He also helped solve an issue with the ride 's hourly capacity by designing a device that improved the speed of loading and launching trains , increasing the capacity to more than 1,000 riders per hour . The Beast opened on April 14 , 1979 , as the tallest , fastest , and longest wooden roller coaster in the world . It is often credited as the first modern - day wooden roller coaster to generate a marketing campaign . From elaborate animated commercials to countless television spots , the ride eventually became famous worldwide . The Beast originally featured three underground tunnels . By its second season , the second and third underground tunnels were joined . Also after its first season , two enclosed tunnel structures were added to the double helix finale , one of the most well - known features of the ride . Kings Island 's Director of Construction , Maintenance , and Engineering Charles Dinn oversaw the ride 's construction and later formed his own construction firm in 1982 . Originally called the Dinn Corporation and later known as Custom Coasters International , the construction firm went on to build more than a dozen roller coasters across the United States . In 2000 , the park opened a successor to The Beast , Son of Beast , which became the tallest and fastest wooden roller coaster in the world . It was also the first modern - day wooden coaster to feature an inversion , a vertical loop that was removed in 2006 . Son of Beast was designed to break several world records , but one it did not attempt to break was ride length . As a result , The Beast would retain its world record for longest ride time . The Son of Beast was later dismantled in 2012 . Construction ( edit ) It is commonly mistaken that the Philadelphia Toboggan Company ( PTC ) was heavily involved in the roller coaster 's construction and design , since The Beast uses the same PTC trains that The Racer uses . In reality , the trains were the only part of the ride that PTC had a hand in . Primary design and construction was handled internally by Kings Island . Part of the design and engineering work was subcontracted to Curtis D. Summers Engineering , a structural engineering and architecture firm located in Cincinnati . Summers ' team worked with in - house designers Al Collins and Jeffrey Gramke as well as John C. Allen who provided profiling and dynamics specifications . Ride experience ( edit ) The ride begins with the train making a 180 - degree turn out of the station , traveling near Vortex 's first drop and through a switch track , which provides the option of diverting trains to a covered storage area . Riders take a slight left turn into the first lift hill and slowly climb 110 feet ( 34 m ) . At the crest , the train travels down a 135 - foot drop ( 41 m ) into an underground tunnel , passing an on - ride camera . The Beast is located at the back of the park , near Vortex The train comes out of the first drop still underground . Out of the tunnel , the train makes a hard left - hand turn , maneuvers the climb and drop of a second hill giving riders momentary weightlessness . The train then climbs upward , makes a right turn , and speeds into a covered brake shed . Once through the trim brakes , the track turns to the right , continuing through a heavily wooded area . Veering left , the track enters the second tunnel . A quarter of this tunnel is underground , while the exit is above . This is due to the topography of the land . In the early years of the ride , this section of track was two tunnels that went underneath a service road ; shortly after opening , the section of track between the two tunnels was covered over . As it exits the tunnel , the train gains speed veering right , then taking another hard turn to the right . The track goes downhill , then rises uphill and hits a trim brake . The train then goes down a gradual descent and climbs the second lift hill . At the top of this lift , the train turns left and begins a gradual , 18 - degree drop . The drop itself measures 141 feet ( 43 m ) from the crest of the lift hill to the lowest point of the helix . As the train descends , the track starts to bank left in preparation for entrance into the final helix . The highly banked , high speed , counter clockwise helix is the signature trademark of the ride . Half of this massive double helix is enclosed , which adds to the intensity and excitement . Once through this element , the train crests another small hill , then rises into the final magnetic brake run back to the station . Awards and rankings ( edit ) In October 2004 , The Beast was given the Coaster Landmark Award by the American Coaster Enthusiasts club . There is a plaque commemorating this outside the ride . Golden Ticket Awards : Top wood Roller Coasters Year 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Ranking 7 6 12 7 8 7 8 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 8 8 6 6 6 NAPHA Survey : Favorite Wood Roller Coaster Year 2005 2006 2007 Ranking 2 ( tie ) 5 4 ( tie ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Halter , Jon ( June 1979 ) . `` Kings Island '' . Boys ' Life . pp. 14 -- 16 . ISSN 0006 - 8608 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Record Holders - Length '' . RCDB.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The 10 Longest Roller Coasters in the World TripSavvy . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ohio man is The Beast 's 50 millionth rider Cincinnati.com. 24 October 2014 . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Helbig , Don ( June 25 , 2017 ) . `` The Story Behind The Beast '' . Kings Island . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marden , Duane . `` Raptor ( Cedar Point ) '' . Roller Coaster DataBase . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kings Island 's The Beast Celebrates 35th Anniversary '' . UltimateRollerCoaster.com. 14 April 2014 . Retrieved 15 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Southwest Ohio Amusement Park Historical Society '' . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2012 . Retrieved 15 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Local 12 Breaking News '' . Local12.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Condie , Todd ( April 2004 ) . `` Cincinnati Magazine '' . 37 ( 7 ) . Emmis Communications : 168 . ISSN 0746 - 8210 . Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Beast '' . Kings Island . Archived from the original on 11 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Helbig , Don ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` A Look Back at the Construction of the Beast '' . Kings Island . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2012 . Retrieved April 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 wood Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 6B . August 1998 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 wood Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 6B . August 1999 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 wood Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . August 2000 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 wood Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 6B . August 2001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 25 wood Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 6B . September 2002 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 wood Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 10 -- 11B . September 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 wood Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 14 -- 15B . September 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 wood Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 22 -- 23B . September 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 wood Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today : 30 -- 31B . September 2006 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 wood Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 11 ( 6.2 ) : 42 -- 43 . September 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 wood Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 12 ( 6.2 ) : 42 -- 43 . September 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 wood Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 13 ( 6.2 ) : 38 -- 39 . September 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 wood Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 14 ( 6.2 ) : 38 -- 39 . September 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 wood Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 15 ( 6.2 ) : 46 -- 47 . September 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 wood Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 16 ( 6.2 ) : 46 -- 47 . September 2012 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Top 50 wood Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 17 ( 6.2 ) : 40 -- 41 . September 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Top 50 wood Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 18 ( 6.2 ) : 38 -- 39 . September 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Top 50 wood Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 19 ( 6.2 ) : 45 -- 46 . September 2015 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Top 50 wood Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 20 ( 6.2 ) : 46 . September 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Top 50 wood Roller Coasters '' ( PDF ) . Amusement Today . 21 ( 6.2 ) : 50 . September 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Surveys - National Amusement Park Historical Association External links ( edit ) Kings Island official site - The Beast The Beast - CoasterGallery.com P.O.V. Video of The Beast Kings Island Central information - Alternate source of details and stats . Preceded by Colossus World 's Fastest Roller Coaster April 1979 -- May 1981 Succeeded by American Eagle Preceded by Colossus World 's Longest Roller Coaster April 1979 -- July 1991 Succeeded by Ultimate Kings Island Current attractions Former attractions Timeline Roller coasters Adventure Express Backlot Stunt Coaster Banshee The Bat The Beast Diamondback Firehawk Flight of Fear Flying Ace Aerial Chase Invertigo Mystic Timbers The Racer Vortex Woodstock Express Other rides Family Boo Blasters on Boo Hill Dodgem Congo Falls Eiffel Tower Kings Island & Miami Valley Railroad Monster Scrambler Zephyr White Water Canyon Thrill Delirium Drop Tower : Scream Zone SlingShot WindSeeker Xtreme Skyflyer Other attractions Action Theater Dinosaurs Alive ! Halloween Haunt Soak City WinterFest Defunct The Bat ( original ) The Crypt Enchanted Voyage King Cobra Phantom Theater Scooby 's Ghoster Coaster Scooby - Doo and the Haunted Castle Screamin ' Demon Son of Beast Website : www.visitkingsisland.com Recipients of the ACE Coaster Landmark Award Batman : The Ride ( Great America ) ( 2005 ) The Beast ( 2004 ) Big Dipper ( NYP ) Blue Streak ( 2010 ) The Comet ( 2009 ) Coney Island Cyclone ( 2002 ) Corkscrew ( 2011 ) Cyclone ( 2003 ) Dragon Coaster ( 2009 ) Giant Dipper ( Santa Cruz ) ( 2007 ) Giant Dipper ( San Diego ) ( 2010 ) Jack Rabbit ( 2010 ) Leap - The - Dips ( 2002 ) Legend ( 2006 ) Loch Ness Monster ( 2003 ) Magnum XL - 200 ( 2004 ) Matterhorn Bobsleds ( NYP ) Mind Bender ( 2008 ) The New Revolution ( 2002 ) Phoenix ( 2005 ) The Racer ( 2007 ) Racer ( 2010 ) Racer 75 ( 2003 ) Roller Coaster ( 2005 ) Runaway Mine Train ( 2006 ) Thunderbolt ( 2008 ) Whizzer ( Six Flags ) ( 2012 ) Wildcat ( 2008 ) Wooden Roller Coaster ( 2009 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Beast_(roller_coaster)&oldid=841276929 '' Categories : Operating roller coasters Roller coasters by name Roller coasters introduced in 1979 Wooden roller coasters Roller coasters manufactured by Kings Island Kings Island Roller coasters operated by Cedar Fair Roller coasters in Ohio Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 22 : 10 . About Wikipedia | when did the beast open at kings island | [
"The Beast is a wooden roller coaster located at Kings Island in Mason, Ohio. Built in-house, it opened in 1979 as the tallest, fastest, and longest wooden roller coaster in the world.[1] The Beast remains the longest wooden coaster at 7,359 feet (2,243 m) and spans more than 35 acres (14 ha), utilizing the surrounding terrain for many of its elements.[2] Two lift hills contribute to the ride's duration of more than four minutes, which also ranks as one of the longest among roller coasters.[3]"
] | [
"1979"
] |
2195328664525401324 | Wonder Twins | Wonder Twins - wikipedia Wonder Twins Jump to : navigation , search Wonder Twins The Wonder Twins , from Super Friends . Publication information First comic appearance Extreme Justice # 9 ( 1995 ) Created by Hanna - Barbera Norman Maurer In - story information Alter ego Zan and Jayna Species Exxorian Place of origin Exxor Team affiliations Super Friends Justice League Ten Elements of the Universe Abilities Zan can transform into any form of water Jayna can transform into any animal . The Wonder Twins ( Zan and Jayna ) are a fictional extraterrestrial twin brother and sister superhero duo who first appeared in Hanna - Barbera 's American animated television series Super Friends . They subsequently appeared in comics based on the animated series , and were later introduced into the main DC Comics Universe . They have since appeared in other media , including animated series such as Justice League Unlimited and Teen Titans Go ! , and the live - action TV series Smallville . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Super Friends 2.2 In comics 3 Powers and abilities 4 In other media 4.1 Television 4.2 Film 4.3 Video Games 5 References 6 External links Publication history ( edit ) The duo made their debut in The All - New Super Friends Hour and went on to appear in The World 's Greatest Super Friends , Super Friends , and Super Friends : The Legendary Super Powers Show . Zan ( voiced by Michael Bell ) and Jayna ( voiced by Louise Williams ) are siblings from the planet Exxor ( also spelled Exor ) who were being informally trained by the superheroes . Unlike their predecessors , Wendy Harris and Marvin White , this pair was able to participate in combat with abilities of their own . Hanna Barbera animator Darrell McNeil recalls the twins were created by Norman Maurer , the Super Friends series developer / story editor . They were originally called Dick and Jane , and their sidekick was Mighty Monkey , before finally becoming Zan , Jayna , and Gleek . The names `` Zan '' and `` Jayna '' derived from the Edgar Rice Burroughs characters Tarzan and his romantic interest Jane . According to McNeil , `` Originally Zan ( Dick ) had ' Plastic Man ' powers and Jayna ( Jane ) could transform into anything , not just animals , but they were scaled back to their present powers as it made the other Super Friends ( even Superman ) seem almost superfluous . '' Jayna 's distinctive hairdo was based on that of an animation checker at Hanna - Barbera , while the pointed ears were inspired by the character Spock from the Star Trek franchise . The twins ' personalities were heavily based on Donny and Marie Osmond , who were extremely popular at the time and had their own show on ABC as well . The Wonder Twins were the most prominently featured characters in their first season on Super Friends . However , by the final seasons , the twins were largely marginalized in favor of well established DC Comics teenage superheroes like Firestorm , and were wholly eliminated in the final season in favor of Cyborg . The characters were introduced to comics in issue # 7 of the Super Friends tie - in series ( October 1977 ) , by E. Nelson Bridwell and Ramona Fradon . The Super Friends comic book provided considerably more details of the Wonder Twins ' background and how they came to join the team than was provided in the television series . In the 1990s , they were introduced into the main DC Universe in Extreme Justice # 9 ( October 1995 ) , by Ivan Velez , Jr. and Al Rio . The series rewrote and updated their origin story . Velez , an avowed die - hard fan of the Wonder Twins , intended to begin a revival of the characters , but was taken off the series after the first issue with the Wonder Twins . Though the twins remained with the series until its cancellation with # 18 , they were used only sparingly after Velez 's departure . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Super Friends ( edit ) Main article : Super Friends Little background is provided for the Wonder Twins in the Super Friends cartoon , save that they are superheroes - in - training that are friends of the Super Friends and were born on November 6th . According to the Super Friends comic book by E. Nelson Bridwell ( writer ) and Ramona Fradon ( artist ) , Zan and Jayna are Exorian metas , genetic throwbacks to an ancient race of Exorian shapeshifters . Their parents died when they were still babies during a plague , and , because of their origin , no Exorians want to adopt them . They are adopted by the owner of a Space Circus who only wants to use them as sideshow freaks . Fortunately , the circus ' clown ( or `` laugh - maker '' ) is a kind man and raises them . He also gives them Gleek as a pet . Eventually , as teens , the pair escape the circus and hide on a planet where a space villain called Grax ( an enemy of Superman ) has established his headquarters . Spying on him , they learn that Grax is planning to destroy the Earth using hidden superbombs . The twins decide to travel to Earth and warn the Justice League , which is how they come to replace Wendy and Marvin ( who were planning on retiring as heroes anyway ) as their sidekicks . The heroes arrange for the kids to live with an old scientist named Professor Carter Nichols and they even take secret identities as Johan and Joanna Fleming . `` Johan '' and `` Johanna '' were supposedly transfer students from Esko , Sweden , disguised with blonde hair ( Zan wore a wig , while Jayna uses her powers to transform into a human to change her hair color and ear shape ) , to allow them to attend Gotham City High School . In Comics ( edit ) The new , revamped Wonder Twins . Art by Todd Nauck . In 1996 , the twins were introduced into post-Crisis DC continuity in the series Extreme Justice as escaped slaves of an alien overlord . Unable to speak English , they inadvertently attack some civilians and the Justice League . During their fight with the JLA , Zan becomes an ice golem , a water monster , and a demonic - looking whirlpool , while Jayna becomes a griffin , a werewolf , and a sea serpent . The pair are later emancipated by the Justice League and join Captain Atom 's team in issue # 16 ( May 1996 ) . That same year , they appeared in the crossover storyline Final Night and in the series Total Justice . In a 2002 - 2003 storyline by Peter David and Todd Nauck in Young Justice , they help avenge the murder of Empress 's parents , wearing uniforms which resembled T - shirts and jeans . In late 2003 , they appeared in the fourth issue of the Marvel - DC intercompany crossover miniseries JLA / Avengers , which was written by Kurt Busiek and illustrated by George Pérez . In 2007 , they appeared in Teen Titans ' # 70 , and in 2011 , they appeared in DCU : Legacies # 9 , a story by Len Wein and Rob Leigh . In `` Smallville : Titans '' a 2013 story arc in the series Smallville season 11 , Zan and Jayna are members of the team with Conner Kent / Superboy , Speedy , Blue Beetle and Miss Martian at Jay Garrick 's school for the `` gifted . '' In the 2013 comic Justice League 3000 , the handlers of the new Justice League are named Teri and Terry , nicknamed The Wonder Twins and working for Cadmus . Powers and abilities ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Wonder Twins powers are activated when they touch each other and speak the phrase , `` Wonder Twin powers activate ! '' Physical contact is required . If the two are out of reach of each other , they are unable to activate their powers . As they are about to transform , they would each announce their intended form . `` Shape of ... '' , `` Form of ... '' Zan can transform into water at any state ( solid , liquid , gas ) and add to his mass by incorporating water in his immediate area . In the case of becoming solid ice , he can also become any form he chooses , from a 5,000 foot humanoid ice giant to a cage for a criminal to complex machinery ( such as a jet engine , as he did in the episode `` Eruption '' ) . In the episode `` Pressure Point , '' he changes into a gelatinous form . In the episode `` Terror from the Phantom Zone , '' he was able to transform into liquid nitrogen . In addition , he can transform himself into atmospheric disturbances ( usually very localized ) involving water , such as a blizzard , a monsoon , waterspout or a typhoon , as he did in the episodes `` The Water Beast , '' `` The Beasts are Coming '' and `` Stowaways . '' Jayna can transform into any animal , whether real , mythological , indigenous to Earth or to some other planet , like Beast Boy . Since she must vocalize her choice of form to assume , she must know the common name . As revealed in `` The Mummy of Nazca , '' naming the wrong animal will cause her to assume the wrong animal 's form . She has been known to take the form of anything from an ant to a whale . In the Super Friends comic book , their powers were shown to be more extensive . By transforming into an animal of Kryptonian origin , for instance , Jayna could gain both the creature 's natural abilities and the super-powers that all Kryptonians possess under Earth - like conditions ; she was even capable of overpowering Superman in the form of a Kryptonian animal . Similarly , Zan was able to transform into anything tangentially related to water or ice , including a frost giant . In addition to their powers of transformation , the two share a telepathic link , enabling one to alert the other over a distance when in dire circumstances , as revealed in the episode `` The Village of Lost Souls . '' The Wonder Twins have a pet Space Monkey called Gleek who had a useful prehensile tail and who could act as a conduit for the twins to activate their powers should they be out of reach . Gleek also served as a courier when the twins needed to travel : Jayna would typically transform into a large eagle , and Zan would transform into water , `` jumping '' into a bucket which Gleek would be holding while riding atop Jayna in her eagle form . A rarely seen aspect of their powers is the ability to break mind control . On at least two occasions ( `` Pied Piper From Space '' and `` Circus of Horrors '' ) , while the twins were under the influence of mind control , Gleek caused them to make contact and the activation of their powers freed them instantly from the mind control . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) In the Justice League episode `` Injustice For All '' , statues of the Twins are briefly seen in a museum devoted to super-powered heroes . Later in the same scene , the two statues are destroyed during the battle between the heroes and villains . In Justice League Unlimited , two characters called Downpour and Shifter appear in the episode `` Ultimatum '' where they were both voiced by Grey DeLisle . They are members of the Ultimen , a group of superheroes created by the government and Project Cadmus with Maxwell Lord as their sponsor . The group is a pastiche of the heroes that were created for Super Friends , with Downpour and Shifter specifically a pastiche of the Wonder Twins . Downpour and his twin sister Shifter have albino white skin , pink eyes and pointy ears . Downpour would say the name of a liquid in order to turn into that liquid ( like water and tidal wave ) while Shifter would say the name of a creature ( like a sea serpent , a lion , a rhinoceros , a cape buffalo , and a Tyrannosaurus ) in order to become that creature . Later on in the episode , Downpour and Shifter were with the Ultimen when they learned on their own that the Ultimen were clones created by Project Cadmus . After Wind Dragon had used his wind attacks to bring Maxwell Lord to the roof that they were on , Downpour became water that entrapped Maxwell Lord while Shifter became a lion asking which is worse : drowning in water or being eaten by a lion . Maxwell Lord convinced them to let him explain over the fact that Project Cadmus had created them in order to be better heroes with the clones having implanted images and interact with actors that portrayed their parents . When it came to attacking the building they lived in while hunting for Maxwell Lord 's boss Amanda Waller , Downpour and Shifter fought Aquaman and were defeated . Clones of the characters later appear in the episode `` Panic in the Sky '' where they join the other Ultimatum clones into attacking the Watchtower . Some clones of Downpour formed a water trap around Fire until she managed to heat herself to the point of breaking free . In Adult Swim , Zan appeared in season 1 , episode 2 of the Adult Swim series Harvey Birdman : Attorney at Law . In the episode , Zan ( voiced by Michael Bell ) is on the stand being questioned by Harvey Birdman . In 2007 , the Adult Swim website ran a series of five webisodes entitled `` The New Adventures of the Wonder Twins . '' These shorts were not canon , but rather a dark - humor parody . Zan and Jayna were portrayed as well - meaning but inept , with their attempts at heroism always ending in tragic failure . David Gallagher as Zan and Allison Scagliotti as Jayna in the episode `` Idol '' . Zan and Jayna appeared in the Smallville season nine episode , `` Idol '' , which aired on November 13 , 2009 . Zan was played by David Gallagher and Jayna by Allison Scagliotti . They both carry cell phones that have an image of Gleek on the back and that make the sound of Gleek laughing as a ringtone . Though not explicitly labeled as aliens , the two are implied to be from another world and claim to be of Swedish descent in order to explain their odd - sounding names . The Twins are portrayed as being obsessed with `` The Blur '' ( the name given to Clark Kent before he officially adopts the Superman identity ) , and attempt to impersonate him in order to build up his positive reputation . They send a crate to young reporter Lois Lane containing several bound and gagged drug dealers who turn out to be undercover cops that Zan and Jayna abducted by mistake , thus ruining a calculated police drug sting . When an attempt at stopping a robbery accidentally causes a citywide blackout in Metropolis , the Twins are ambushed and abducted by Clark and his partner Chloe Sullivan . After being threatened into giving up their vigilante activities , Zan and Jayna prove their worth when Lois is thrown from the rooftop of the Daily Planet building by a crooked politician who wants to expose `` The Blur 's '' true identity . Jayna transforms into an attack dog and captures the politician as he attempts to flee the scene , while Zan transforms his body into a massive cloud of mist , providing the cover Clark needs to lower Lois safely to the ground unobserved . After this , the Twins are encouraged by Clark to continue their super heroics outside of Metropolis , albeit on their own reputations rather than attempting to emulate him . In the Arrow episode `` Home Invasion '' , Detective Quentin Lance calls Thea Queen and Roy Harper the Wonder Twins . In the Flash episode `` Crazy for You '' , Barry Allen rescues a man and woman by the names of Jayna and Zay from a burning car . Unlike in the comics , it appears these versions are a couple rather than twins . The Wonder Twins appear in the Teen Titans Go ! episode `` You 're Fired '' with Zan voiced by Khary Payton and Jayna voiced by Tara Strong . They appear amongst the heroes at the audition for the replacement of Beast Boy . Although Robin was impressed with Jayna , Zan was hired as a receptionist with Jayna stating that she needs Zan to activate her powers . Beast Boy works with Zan to sabotage Jayna 's attempts . After Zan comes clean , he turns into water and escapes into the toilet . In the form of a pelican , Beast Boy catches Zan before he can land in the ocean . Zan and Jayna later leave with Zan in the form of an ice unicycle and Jayna in the form of an octopus . In the episode `` A Fish Out of Water '' from Family Guy Peter Griffin and his dog Brian put their rings together and simultaneously say `` Wonder Twin Powers , Activate '' , after which Peter states what he wants to be changed into . Brian says to Peter , `` Peter , we got these rings out of a box of `` Frankenberry '' . In another episode , `` Fast Times at Buddy Cianci Jr . High '' , Peter reveals that he was once one of the Wonder Twins . In his flashback , it is revealed that after activating their powers , Peter turned himself into Jayna 's tampon . In the 1st Season of Stitchers , espisode 5 , `` I see you . '' The character Camille Engleson ( played by Allison Scagliotti who played Jayna in Smallville ) , calls two other characters , Wonder Twins . Film ( edit ) The Wonder Twins appear in The Lego Batman Movie ( 2017 ) . Video games ( edit ) The Teen Titans Go ! incarnations of the Wonder Twins appear in Lego Dimensions . They appear in a sidequest where Janya requests the player to find a bucket to catch Zan with in case he tries to escape again like he did in the episode . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marc Tyler Nobleman ( 2011 - 07 - 29 ) . `` Noblemania : Super ' 70s and ' 80s : `` Super Friends '' -- Darrell McNeil , animator `` . Noblemania.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Schwirian , John ( February 2010 ) . `` Purple Prose : The Perplexing Popularity of the Wonder Twins '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 38 ) : 59 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Super Friends # 7 ( October 1977 ) Jump up ^ Extreme Justice # 9 ( October 1995 ) Jump up ^ Beatty , Scott ( 2008 ) , `` Extreme Justice '' , in Dougall , Alastair , The DC Comics Encyclopedia , New York : Dorling Kindersley , p. 117 , ISBN 0 - 7566 - 4119 - 5 , OCLC 213309017 Jump up ^ Kesel , Karl ( w ) , Immonen , Stuart ( p ) , Marzan , Jose , Jr. ( i ) . `` Dusk '' . Final Night # 1 ( November 1996 ) . DC Comics . Jump up ^ Priest , Christopher ( w ) , Bernado , Ramón José ; Morgan , Tom ( p ) , Giordano , Dick ( i ) . Total Justice # 1 - 2 ( October - November 1996 ) . DC Comics . Jump up ^ David , Peter ( w ) , Nauck , Todd ( p ) , Various ( i ) . Young Justice # 49 -- 51 ( November 2002 - January 2003 ) DC Comics . Jump up ^ Rogers , Vaneta ( October 3 , 2013 ) . `` BRYAN Q. MILLER Brings the TEEN TITANS To SMALLVILLE '' . Newsarama . Jump up ^ Super Friends # 42 ( March 1981 ) -- Jayna defeats Superman in a training exercise by becoming a Kryptonian Tanthou Flez ( `` Winged One '' ) Jump up ^ `` I Was the Bathwater - Harvey Birdman , Attorney at Law - Adult Swim Video '' . Video.adultswim.com. 2007 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ http://familyguy.wikia.com/wiki/Wonder_Twins External links ( edit ) Zan at the Comic Book DB Jayna at the Comic Book DB Cosmic Teams : Zan and Jayna DCU Guide : Wonder Twins Seanbaby 's Wonder Twins page Kryptonsite : Smallville Spoilers The New Adventures of the Wonder Twins at TV.com Super Friends Television series Super Friends ( 1973 ) The All - New Super Friends Hour ( 1977 ) Challenge of the Super Friends ( 1978 ) The World 's Greatest Super Friends ( 1979 ) Super Friends ( 1980 ) Super Friends : The Legendary Super Powers Show ( 1984 ) The Super Powers Team : Galactic Guardians ( 1985 ) Heroes Apache Chief Aquaman The Atom Batman Black Vulcan Cyborg El Dorado Firestorm The Flash Gleek Green Lantern Hawkgirl Hawkman Rima The Jungle Girl Robin Samurai Superman Wendy and Marvin Wonder Dog Wonder Twins Wonder Woman Villains Legion of Doom Bizarro Black Manta Brainiac Captain Cold Cheetah Giganta Gorilla Grodd Lex Luthor The Riddler The Scarecrow Sinestro Solomon Grundy Toyman General Darkseid DeSaad Kalibak Mirror Master Mister Mxyzptlk Paradrones Time Trapper Merchandise Super Powers Collection Super Powers Minicomics Miscellania The Superman / Batman Adventures The Hall of Justice List of Super Friends episodes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonder_Twins&oldid=801002450 '' Categories : DC Comics superheroes American superheroes Comics characters introduced in 1977 DC Comics aliens Extraterrestrial superheroes Fictional characters with water abilities Fictional extraterrestrial characters Fictional duos Fictional shapeshifters Fictional twins Super Friends characters Hanna - Barbera characters Smallville characters Animated duos Television duos Fictional clones Fictional characters with ice or cold abilities Superheroes who are adopted Hidden categories : Character pop Converted comics character infoboxes Converted category character infoboxes Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 02 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who were the twins at the end of wonder woman | [] | [] |
127180337260824901 | Beauty and the Beast (musical) | Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the stage adaptation . For the Disney animated film of the same name , see Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 film ) . For the Disney live - action film of the same name , see Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) . Beauty and the Beast Vocal Selections cover art Music Alan Menken Lyrics Howard Ashman Tim Rice Book Linda Woolverton Productions 1993 Houston ( tryout ) 1994 Broadway 1995 Los Angeles 1995 Melbourne 1995 Toronto 1995 Vienna 1995 US Tour 1995 Tokyo 1997 Mexico City 1997 London 1997 Stuttgart 1998 Buenos Aires 1999 Beijing 1999 US Tour 1999 Madrid 2001 UK Tour 2001 US Tour 2002 São Paulo 2004 Seoul 2005 Sweden Tour 2005 Budapest 2005 Manila 2005 Netherlands Tour 2005 Oberhausen 2006 Israel Tour 2007 Helsinki 2007 Antwerp 2007 Mexico City 2007 Madrid 2008 Johannesburg 2008 Moscow 2009 São Paulo 2009 Milan 2010 US Tour 2010 Buenos Aires 2010 Germany Tour 2012 Spain Tour 2013 Paris 2014 Oslo 2014 International Tour 2014 Moscow 2015 India Tour 2015 The Hague 2016 Ghent Beauty and the Beast is a musical with music by Alan Menken , lyrics by Howard Ashman and Tim Rice , and book by Linda Woolverton . Adapted from Walt Disney Pictures ' Academy Award - winning 1991 animated musical film of the same name -- which in turn had been based on the classic French fairy tale by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont -- Beauty and the Beast tells the story of a cold - blooded prince who has been magically transformed into an unsightly creature as punishment for his selfish ways . To revert into his true human form , the Beast must first earn the love of a bright , beautiful young woman whom he has imprisoned in his enchanted castle before it is too late . Critics , who hailed it as one of the year 's finest musicals , immediately noted the film 's Broadway musical potential when it was first released in 1991 , encouraging Disney CEO Michael Eisner to venture into Broadway . All eight songs from the animated film were reused in the musical , including a resurrected musical number which had been cut from the motion picture . Original songwriter Menken composed six new songs for the production alongside lyricist Rice , replacing Ashman who had died during production of the film . Woolverton , who had written the film 's screenplay , adapted her own work into the musical 's libretto , and specifically expanded upon the characterization of the Beast . Woolverton also expanded the storylines of the castle staff from servants who had already been transformed into household objects into humans who were gradually turning into inanimate objects . Costumes were designed by Ann Hould - Ward , who based her creations on both the animators ' original designs as well as the Rococo art movement after researching how clothing and household objects looked during the 18th century . After completing tryouts in Houston , Beauty and the Beast premiered on Broadway on April 18 , 1994 , starring Susan Egan and Terrence Mann as the eponymous Belle and Beast , respectively . The musical opened to mixed reviews from theatre critics , but was a massive commercial success and well received by audiences . Beauty ran on Broadway for 5,461 performances between 1994 and 2007 , becoming Broadway 's tenth longest - running production in history . The musical has grossed more than $1.4 billion worldwide and played in thirteen countries and 115 cities . It has also become a popular choice for high school productions . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and inception 2 Development 2.1 Writing and screen - to - stage modifications 2.2 Casting 2.3 Musical numbers and choreography 2.4 Set and costumes 2.5 Lighting and special effects 3 Plot 3.1 Act I 3.2 Act II 4 Productions 4.1 Original Broadway production 4.2 Original London production 4.3 National tours 4.4 Other productions 4.5 International productions 4.6 Amateur productions 5 Characters 6 Musical numbers 7 Instrumentation 8 Cast information 9 Recordings 10 Junior version 11 Critical reception 12 Awards and nominations 12.1 Original Broadway production 12.2 Original London production 13 Impact and legacy 14 References 15 External links Background and inception ( edit ) Still recovering from Walt Disney 's demise , Disney 's animated films continued to experience a noticeable decline in quality while struggling to attain critical and commercial success during the 1970s and 1980s . The Walt Disney Company CEO Michael Eisner was hired to ensure the performance of the studio 's next animated projects , despite having virtually no animation experience . Eisner himself had been a theatre major in college . Eisner 's first hire as Disney 's CEO was theatrical producer Peter Schneider , who subsequently became responsible for hiring more artists who shared similar theatrical backgrounds to contribute to the studio 's next animated releases , among them lyricist Howard Ashman and his long - time collaborator , composer Alan Menken . Ashman and Menken had previously amassed great live musical success with their Off - Broadway production Little Shop of Horrors , but the performance of Ashman 's first Broadway venture Smile had been disappointing . Eager to redeem himself , Ashman agreed to work on Disney 's animated film The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , which he and Menken would famously decide to approach as though they were scoring a Broadway musical . Upon release , The Little Mermaid was a massive critical and commercial success , garnering two Academy Awards , both of them for Ashman and Menken 's original music . Disney established a successful renaissance period , during which Ashman and Menken became responsible for teaching the art of transforming traditional animated films into animated musicals . Disney CEO Michael Eisner eventually green - lit a Broadway adaption of Beauty and the Beast . Inspired by Mermaid 's success , production on an animated musical adaptation of the `` Beauty and the Beast '' fairy tale began shortly afterward , during which Ashman finally confessed to Menken that he was dying of AIDS , a secret he had been keeping from the studio in fear of being discriminated against or fired . Before the film had even been completed , executive vice president Ron Logan suggested to Eisner that he consider adapting Beauty and the Beast for Broadway , an idea Eisner quickly deflected . While the film , written by screenwriter Linda Woolverton , was premiering at the New York Film Festival , an ailing Ashman was being cared for at St. Vincent 's Hospital ; the lyricist succumbed to his disease four days later on March 14 , 1991 , dying eight months before the film 's November release . Beauty and the Beast became the last project on which Menken worked with Ashman . The film was released to immediate critical acclaim and commercial success , outperforming The Little Mermaid by becoming the highest - grossing animated film in history , as well as the first animated film to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture . Once again , Academy Awards were won for Ashman and Menken 's music . Several critics noticed the film 's live musical potential , among them prolific New York Times theatre critic Frank Rich . Lamenting the Broadway selection at the time , Rich famously praised the songwriting duo for having written `` ( t ) he best Broadway musical score of 1991 '' , while hailing the film as a `` better ( musical ) ... than anything he had seen on Broadway '' in 1991 . Rich 's review would ultimately provide Eisner and Katzenberg with the confidence needed to seriously consider the film as a potential Broadway project . Disney was also inspired by the successes of Broadway musicals such as Cats , Les Misérables and The Phantom of the Opera , strongly believing their production could be just as profitable . Virtually unknown at the time , Robert Jess Roth was appointed the production 's director based on his various successes directing live shows at the Disney theme parks . Eisner and Katzenberg had opted against hiring a more established director in order to retain creative control over the project , believing that an A-list director would likely feel more inclined to challenge their vision . Roth himself had previously pursued Eisner about investing in a Broadway show -- originally suggesting a stage adaptation of Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) -- only to have his idea declined , citing cost of investment and time concerns . However , Eisner invited Roth to ask him about pursuing Broadway again in the future once he had finished directing three additional Disney theme park shows . Ultimately impressed with Roth 's adaptation of The Nutcracker , Eisner finally suggested an adaptation of Beauty and the Beast , inspired by the success of a condensed stage version of the film at Disneyland , although briefly discouraged by the idea of having humans instantly transformed into inanimate objects live . Since the film had not yet been released on home video , Roth spent an entire day re-watching Beauty and the Beast in theaters while brainstorming how to present its fantastical elements onstage , and eventually worked with choreographer Matt West and set designer Stan Meyer on their own proposal , with contributions from Menken and Woolverton . In a hotel in Aspen , Roth convinced Eisner and Katzenberg to green - light a Broadway adaptation of Beauty and the Beast using a combination of 140 storyboards , costume sketches , fabric swatches and demonstrating one illusion . Eisner retained final approval over all creative elements of the production , `` from the lowest chorus swing performer to the director , stars and design team . '' Menken was initially skeptical of Roth 's qualifications , as he had never directed a Broadway show before . Meanwhile , the producers were concerned that audiences might not be interested in seeing the same story that they had enjoyed on film on Broadway . Among the skeptics was theatrical producer Steven Suskin , author of Opening Night and Broadway , who argued that the production was more likely to be successful in reverse : `` ( The movie is ) basically written as a theater piece . I 'm sure it would 've worked in the theater first , and it then would 've worked in the movies , '' believing audiences would have difficulties accepting a new version of such an immensely popular work . Beauty and the Beast became Disney 's first Broadway venture , although a stage adaptation of Disney 's animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) had premiered in New York in 1979 , produced by Radio City Music Hall Productions , Inc . Theatre Under the Stars ' executive director Frank Young campaigned heavily to have the show open in Houston , even getting Governor Ann Richards involved in order to secure the stage rights . Development ( edit ) Writing and Screen - to - stage modifications ( edit ) Roth summarized Beauty and the Beast as a story about `` seeing past the exterior of a person and into his or her heart '' . Woolverton learned that Disney had commissioned her to adapt the animated film she had written into a Broadway musical while she was vacationing with her family in Maui , and her initial response to the idea was `` Yikes . '' In the process of adapting her own animated screenplay into a full - length , two - act libretto for the stage , Woolverton contributed several distinct changes to the material , specifically instilling more emotional `` depth '' into each main character . The writer expanded the story by both `` fleshing out '' each character and allowing room for new musical numbers . Namely , Woolverton made the Beast a more threatening yet sympathetic figure ; the writer expanded upon his characterization by developing the Beast into `` a fuller character '' , aided by the addition of his own song , `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' . Meanwhile , the book - loving Belle was adapted into a more headstrong and determined heroine . Belle and the Beast 's relationship benefits from a new scene Woolverton wrote specifically for the stage , during which the couple read in the castle 's library ; Belle introduces the Beast to the tale of King Arthur and reads the book to him , to which the Beast responds by showing genuine vulnerability for the first time . In 1993 , Woolverton explained to the Los Angeles Times that `` the mythology in the story would be changed to explain , for example , a 6 - foot - tall candelabra . '' Perhaps Woolverton 's most significant modification involves the enchanted objects , and the decision to have the enchantress ' spell gradually transform the castle 's staff of loyal servants into household objects throughout the entire duration of the musical , as opposed to having already done so immediately at the beginning . Essentially , becoming completely inanimate if the spell is not broken in time would equate to each character dying , which ultimately augments the story 's drama . Consequently , this plot decision enhanced the story into a tale about people being forced to make difficult decisions , as opposed to solely a story of a man struggling to retain his humanity , in turn providing the audience with an opportunity to care about the supporting characters dramatically . Generally , Woolverton 's book remained quite faithful to the original text ; the plot is essentially the same , but particular detail has been added in order to `` flesh out '' the story . The feather duster and wardrobe characters -- only minor characters in the animated film -- were broadened into fully realized supporting characters and named for the first time ; Woolverton named them Babette and Madame de la Grande Bouche , respectively . Taking her job seriously , Woolverton worked relentlessly on revising the script , and often took the cast 's suggestions into consideration ( though not always yielding to their opinions ) . Despite the musical having been based on a pre-existing story by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont , Woolverton retains a sole writing credit for her work . Casting ( edit ) Actress Susan Egan was cast as Broadway 's original Belle based on her refreshing ability to play the role both comically and as an ingenue . The role served as her Broadway debut , garnering her a Tony Award nomination . Broadway producers are usually eager to cast big - named performers in their musicals , but Katzenberg , famous at the time for avoiding working with actors of such caliber , decided against this practice for Beauty and the Beast . Eisner concluded that most of the film 's original voice actors would be too busy to reprise their roles onstage . In her Broadway debut , then - 22 - year - old actress Susan Egan was cast as the musical 's original Belle . Egan , who had not yet seen the film , had been auditioning for several other Broadway projects at the time -- namely My Fair Lady , Carousel and Grease -- in which she was much more interested . Despite longing to originate a Broadway role , the actress was initially reluctant to audition for Beauty and the Beast because she thought that `` it was a terrible idea for Disney to put a cartoon on Broadway . '' Additionally , Egan felt she was not attractive enough to play a character touted `` the most beautiful girl in the village '' , but her agent managed to convince her otherwise . Without any film to reference , Egan determined that Belle is supposed to be a `` quirky '' character and approached her funnier than how she is depicted in the film , in turn garnering laughs from the producers -- who were amused by her unique interpretation -- and eventually earning several callbacks . Meanwhile , her competition of 500 actresses , many of whom were simply offering imitations of voice actress Paige O'Hara 's original performance , continued to be eliminated . Egan 's final week of auditions , during which she sang for Menken for the first time , was particularly challenging . On her last day of auditioning , Egan auditioned opposite several different actors trying out for the roles of the Beast and Gaston . As the day concluded , Roth directed Egan to approach the role as `` a straight ingénue '' , and she was ultimately cast upon proving capable of playing Belle both straight and comically . Only afterward did Egan celebrate by finally renting and watching the entire film for the first time . Although Egan did not feel particularly pressured about the role , she was grateful to be surrounded by a supporting cast of veteran Broadway performers . Actor Terrence Mann was cast as the Beast . Mann had previously performed as Javert in Les Misérables , for which he was nominated for a Tony Award . For his final audition for Disney management , Mann performed for a large audience comprising Disney executives and secretaries in a theatre located on 42nd Street , which he felt was in stark contrast to the usual method of auditioning for six to eight people in a dark theatre . Actor Gary Beach was cast as Lumiere . Beach had seen Beauty and the Beast premiere at the El Capitan Theatre , prior to which he had watched a stage rendition of the film , and thoroughly enjoyed both . Beach was particularly drawn to Jerry Orbach 's rendition of `` Be Our Guest '' in his role as Lumiere , thinking , `` Now why ca n't I get a part like that '' . Two years later , Beach received a call from casting director Jay Binder inviting him to play Lumiere during their workshop of Beauty and the Beast , but kept turning down the offer due to having prior commitments to an upcoming show starring comedian Carol Burnett . It was only at Burnett 's insistence that Beach finally accepted . Amidst a cast of relatively obscure actors , Tom Bosley , famous for his roles on the television series Happy Days and Murder , She Wrote , became the show 's most recognizable performer when he was cast as Belle 's father Maurice . Musical numbers and choreography ( edit ) An entirely new song entitled `` A Change in Me '' was written specially for Toni Braxton when the R&B singer joined the production in the role of Belle in 1998 , and has been included in the musical ever since . All eight of the film 's original songs were retained for the Broadway adaptation . The song `` Human Again '' had originally been written for the film , but it was ultimately abandoned due to time and story constraints ; the musical number was finally resurrected for and included in the production . Composer Alan Menken , who had both scored and written the film 's songs alongside lyricist Howard Ashman , returned to the project to write six new songs for the musical . Lyricist Tim Rice joined Menken to co-write the new numbers , replacing Ashman who had died in 1991 , before the film was released . Both Menken and Rice initially approached the project with some resistance ; Menken 's emotional attachment to the music he had written with Ashman made him fear Disney 's vision of a Broadway musical would transform Beauty and the Beast into an attraction too similar to what one would find at Walt Disney World . Meanwhile , Rice , who had previously worked as composer Andrew Lloyd Webber 's lyricist on the Broadway musicals Jesus Christ Superstar and Evita , was hesitant to replace Ashman in fear of worsening Beauty and the Beast . Notably , Rice had similarly replaced Ashman to write the remaining songs for Disney 's Aladdin ( 1992 ) after the lyricist died . Ultimately , the collaboration resulted in approximately half of the Broadway score having co-writing credits by Menken and Ashman , while the remaining half are Menken and Rice compositions . The Menken - Rice songs are sometimes billed as `` additional songs composed by ( Alan ) Menken and lyrics by Tim Rice . '' On working on the musical without Ashman , Menken explained that `` The main challenge ... was blending the lyrics of Tim Rice with those of Howard . In the end , the finished score has a quality all its own ; a hybrid between '' Ashman and Rice 's styles . Elaborating on the main difference between writing songs for the stage as opposed to film , Menken stated that the lack of close - ups and montages in a live musical production creates a requirement for more singing material in order `` to provide the same kind of illumination that intimate facial expression provides . '' Most of the new material focused on character development , such as Gaston 's `` Me '' , Belle 's `` Home '' and the Beast 's `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' . Some new songs , Maurice 's fatherly ballad `` No Matter What '' and Gaston , Lefou , and Monseuir 's D'Arque villainous number `` Maison des Lunes '' , for example , were written to serve as `` time - servers '' . In 1998 , a seventh song entitled `` A Change in Me '' was written four years into production 's run specifically for R&B singer Toni Braxton when she joined the cast to play Belle , and appears during the show 's second act . The idea for the song originated while Braxton was still in negotiations with Disney to appear in the show for a total of three months , but various circumstances led to the singer constantly delaying signing the contract . It was not until Braxton had dinner with Menken , Rice and West that she finally agreed to sign the contract under the condition that a brand new song be written specifically for her , which an intoxicated Rice had drunkenly offered and promised . When confronted by Roth about his promise upon learning of it from Braxton a few days later , within 24 hours Rice successfully discovered a location within the musical in which to include a new song , specifically `` Where Belle tells Maurice about how the time that she spent with the Beast in his castle has changed her . '' That song ultimately became the ballad `` A Change in Me '' , which lyrically addresses the ways in which Belle 's initial motivations have ultimately changed during her imprisonment , explaining to Maurice that she has matured and no longer longs for what she originally cited in `` Belle ( Reprise ) '' . Braxton premiered the song in the form of a live performance on The Rosie O'Donnell Show . Both the song and Braxton 's performance were well received , and `` A Change in Me '' has been included in the musical ever since . Eisner especially enjoyed the song , demanding that it be included in international productions as well , to which he personally traveled in order to teach it to the cast . Music supervision was handled by Michael Kosarin , with sound design by John Petrafesa Jr . Unlike in the film , Belle actually performs and dances alongside the enchanted objects during `` Be Our Guest '' , which resembles `` a high - energy Vegas number '' similar to the musical Ziegfeld Follies . The original Broadway cast recording of Beauty and the Beast was released by Walt Disney Records in 1994 . Similar cast albums followed suit , including Australian and Japanese recordings in 1994 and 1996 , respectively . `` A Change in Me '' has yet to be included on any official English - language cast recordings . Set and costumes ( edit ) Stanley Meyer designed the production 's set . Following Disney 's instructions to `` to make the animated film come to life '' , Meyer 's set was very much a literal interpretation of the film . Meyer found it `` tricky '' to translate two - dimensional environments into a three - dimensional world . The West Wing 's appearance mirrors that of its resident the Beast , being hideous on the outside but beautiful when the audience is finally taken inside of it . In stark contrast to popular musicals The Phantom of the Opera and Into the Woods , Beauty and the Beast 's set resembles a hybrid of Gothic Victorian and Louis Quinze . Disney hired costume designer Ann Hould - Ward to design the musical 's costumes because the studio enjoyed a `` certain aesthetic '' she had used in her previous work , and thus allowed her much creative freedom . Roth was particularly impressed with the designer 's contributions to the musicals Sunday in the Park With George and Into the Woods . Hould - Ward accepted Disney 's offer because she was interested in seeing exactly how a corporate company producing a Broadway musical for the first time would `` change the Broadway world . '' Conceptualization began in summer 1992 . For research purposes , Disney encouraged Hould - Ward to reference the animated film ; she also researched clothing worn throughout the late 18th century , during which the original fairy tale was written , and spent one year discovering how household items looked during the mid-1700s . Additionally , Hould - Ward visited with Beauty and the Beast 's original animators , spending one week learning how they created their characters to ensure that they would be recognizable to those who had seen the film . However , the designer also decided that her own creations would not exactly replicate the film 's . Basing the costumes on the Rococo art movement , Hould - Ward presented her initial ideas to Eisner and then - Disney president Frank Wells . Once approved , Hould - Ward and her team spent the following year creating prototypes of each major costume . With an unusually long work schedule of two years , Hould - Ward recalled that `` this kind of timeline ... was n't the norm in a Broadway musical '' at the time . The process of designing Beauty and the Beast 's costumes was more collaborative between designer and actor than most other Broadway productions Hould - Ward had previously worked on , and she frequently sought input from the cast to make sure they were able to move . Designing Belle 's costumes was an `` easy '' task for Hould - Ward ; the character is initially dressed in standard Disney heroine attire until replaced by more elaborate costumes once Belle meets the Beast . Hould - Ward based the character 's famous yellow ballgown on several historic portraits . The gown became the first costume built for the production in order to accommodate Disney 's mandate to market the dress in photoshoots and commercials starring Egan and Mann , six months prior to rehearsals . Weighing 45 pounds , the dress is a combination of various patterns and materials , including a hoop skirt , silk , brocade , beading , flowers and bows . Too large to fit inside Egan 's dressing room after the ballroom sequence , undressing required assistance from three backstage crew members who used wires to hoist the dress up into the rafters , where it would be stored until the next performance . A lot of time was spent designing the Beast 's costume , the creation of which was especially challenging due to requirements to `` allow enough of the performer to show through . '' Hould - Ward 's initial designs for the Beast were constantly rejected by Katzenberg , who reiterated that she `` put the movie onstage '' until the producer realized that the excessive prosthetics were limiting Mann 's vocal performance . A wire frame was also used to maintain the costume 's shape , which evokes heavy metal fashion until ultimately substituted for a black Oscar de la Renta - inspired velvet suit when the Beast finally transforms back into a prince . Hould - Ward designed the leads ' costumes from the perspective of her daughter Leah , explaining , `` when Leah comes to see it , she remembers from the movie that the Beast was in that blue jacket . Leah expects that blue jacket , and if you do n't give it to her , she and a lot of other ten - year - olds are going to be sad '' . At the same time , the designer wanted her creations to be equally as interesting on an intellectual level for parents to enjoy also . The challenge of designing Belle and the Beast 's costumes paled in comparison to the difficulty of creating the enchanted objects , a combination of intricate wiring , prosthetics and pyrotechnics . Scale was the most prominent `` obstacle '' for Hould - Ward 's to overcome : `` The problem was the presentation of an actor as a life - sized teapot when the characters in the film were so little in comparison '' . Because the castle 's enchanted staff is slowly transforming into objects , shown at various stages of transformation without ever completely becoming the objects themselves , Hould - Ward was required to create several different costumes for each character in order to depict the transformation as the show progresses . Meanwhile , the costume of Lumiere alone was built by a team of forty people , including a creator of the prosthetic candle , hair and Vacuform specialist ; the pyrotechnician , man responsible for equipping the costume 's pyro unit with butane and man operating the butane tank were each separate people . While transforming animation into real life , Hould - Ward also worked on incorporating the human body each costume , explaining , `` I wanted the reality of the real person rather than the fantasy of the object ... The essence of my job is to allow my real actors to take you to this fantastical place . '' A system of wired frames was used to help the actors support their characters ' heavy garments . Such elaborate costumes had never been designed for a Broadway production before . Cogsworth 's costume features a fully functioning clock on his face . Meanwhile , Madame de la Grande Bouche was the production 's most expensive costume . The musical originally relied on heavy prosthetics and elaborate costumes in an attempt to make the musical resemble the film as closely as possible . In an attempt to replicate the film 's famous movie poster , Egan was dressed in flats while Mann was positioned on stilts to establish a more dramatic height difference . According to Egan , the studio `` did n't trust the audience 's ability to suspend disbelief , something theater - goers are routinely asked to do . '' However , the company finally began to relent as the production neared Houston tryouts after a final run - through during which the actors did not wear costumes ; thus , the prosthetics were gradually lessened and replaced by make up for the Beast and enchanted objects during 1993 previews . The elaborate costumes resulted in their fair share of technical difficulties , malfunctions and performance restrictions , many of which manifested during the seven - week tryouts in Houston . The costumes left little room for the performers to change between scenes , and air conditioners were fastened to them to regulate their temperatures . In general , the weight of the enchanted objects ' costumes limited their dancing . Chiropractors and therapists remained on standby to assist Fowler , whose Mrs. Potts costume required her to always keep one arm in the air . Beach compared holding up the two propane tanks used to represent Lumiere 's candles to carrying two hams around a grocery store two and a half hours . To build his stamina , Beach would carry the tanks during rehearsal . Beach 's hand caught fire during one performance , which he did not notice until Mann subtly pointed it out using `` furtive head nods '' . While dancing , the inertia of Egan 's heavy ballgown caused its skirt to constantly pull her in the opposite direction of whichever way she turned . Mann likened performing in the Beast 's costume to wearing several heavy winter coats , comparing the wig to `` four Angora cats and gaffer taping them to your head and then running around the block 10 or 12 times . '' Disney was outraged when , after their first performance at the Palace Theatre , The New York Times published caricaturist Al Hirschfeld 's line drawing interpretation of Belle and the Beast 's pose , in which Belle 's yellow gown was colored pink , and the Beast 's tuxedo appeared greenish as opposed to royal blue . When Disney confronted Hirschfeld , the artist defended his work , explaining , `` The costumes may have been blue and yellow , but they made me feel green and pink . '' Hould - Ward adjusted the costumes to accommodate the locations as the production traveled to various theaters . Lighting and special effects ( edit ) Lighting designer Natasha Katz was hired to work on Beauty and the Beast . When Disney first approached Katz to offer her the job , several of Katz 's cohorts -- specifically other lighting designers -- attempted to discourage her from accepting in fear of changing the appearance of musical theatre forever . In hindsight , Katz defended Disney 's work , explaining , `` Beauty and the Beast did n't bring theatre back to New York , but it did change the dynamic , no question about it , of the business . '' Known for assisting David Copperfield with his illusions , Roth hired Jim Steinmeyer to work on Beauty and the Beast . Steinmeyer had previously contributed to the musical Merlin . The Beast 's transformation sequence during the second act was much - discussed . It took about 11 weeks to set the design . Plot ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) On a cold winter 's night , an old beggar woman comes to a young spoiled prince 's castle , offering him a single rose in return for shelter . But the prince turns her away solely for her appearance . The old woman warns him not to be fooled by appearances , as true beauty lies within , only to be rejected again . She then transforms into a beautiful enchantress and turns the prince into a hideous Beast and his servants into various household objects . She gives him the rose to use as an hour - glass . The only way he can break the spell is to learn to love another and earn her love in return by the time the last petal falls ( `` Prologue '' ) . Ten years later , a beautiful young girl named Belle makes her way into town one morning in order to get a book from the local bookseller . On the way she expresses her wish to live in a world like her books , full of adventure , while the townspeople note her unparalleled beauty but find her love of books odd ( `` Belle '' ) . Belle has also attracted the attention of Gaston ( the local hunter and town hero ) , who admires her only for her beauty . Belle , however , is not oblivious to her peers ' views of her . She voices her concerns about it to her eccentric father and inventor , Maurice who assures her that she is anything but strange ( `` No Matter What '' ) . The two then put the finishing touches on his invention and Maurice heads off to an invention fair donning a scarf knitted for him by Belle ( `` No Matter What ( Reprise ) '' ) , but becomes lost in the woods and attacked by a pack of wolves . After surviving a wolf attack , he enters the Beast 's castle where the servants , including Lumière , a maître d ' turned into a candelabra , Cogsworth , the head of household turned into a clock , Babette , a maid turned into a feather duster that still seems to retain her flirtatious tendencies , Mrs. Potts , the head of the kitchen turned into a teapot , and Chip , her son turned into a teacup . They welcome him , but the horrid Beast arrives and locks Maurice away in the dungeon for trespassing . Back in town , Gaston proposes to Belle , which she politely rejects ( `` Me '' ) . Appalled by Gaston 's forwardness , Belle once again voices her need for a life outside this provincial life ( `` Belle ( Reprise ) '' ) . Gaston 's sidekick , LeFou , returns from the woods wearing the scarf Belle knitted for Maurice . Belle realizes her father is in danger and heads into the woods to look for him . She ends up at the castle where she finds her father locked away in a dungeon . She makes a deal with the Beast , Maurice goes free but she remains instead . They agree and Maurice is sent back to town without being allowed to say goodbye . Belle is given a guest room and ordered by the Beast to join him for dinner . She mourns her situation ( `` Home '' ) , but Mrs. Potts and Madame de la Grande Bouche , an operatic wardrobe , attempt to cheer her up ( `` Home ( Reprise ) '' ) . Back in town , at the local tavern , Gaston sulks at his loss of a bride . LeFou and the patrons attempt to cheer him up ( `` Gaston '' ) , when Maurice rushes in claiming a Beast has Belle locked away , they laugh at him but Gaston formulates a plan ( `` Gaston ( Reprise ) '' ) . Back at the castle , the Beast grows impatient as Belle has yet to join him for dinner . Cogsworth informs him she refuses to come , after a shouting match between Belle and the Beast ( which ends in a victory for Belle ) he tells her if she can not eat with him then she will not eat at all . In his quarters , he sulks and notes his fate should the spell not break ( `` How Long Must This Go On ? '' ) . Eventually , Belle does become hungry and ventures into the kitchen where the servants offer her dinner despite their master 's orders . They treat her to an amazing cabaret show ( `` Be Our Guest '' ) . After dinner , Belle gets a tour of the castle courtesy of Cogsworth and Lumière , her curiosity leads her to enter the West Wing , a place the Beast told her was forbidden . Mesmerized by a mysterious rose floating in a bell jar , she reaches out to touch it but before she can , the Beast stops her and orders her to get out accidentally shoving her in the process . Fearing for her life , Belle flees from the castle . Realizing his deadly mistake , the Beast knows he will be a monster forever if he can not learn to love her ( `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' ) . Act ii ( edit ) In the woods , Belle is attacked by wolves and is only rescued when the Beast comes to her aid , but he is injured during the fight and collapses ( `` Entr'acte / Wolf Chase '' ) . Instead of taking the chance to run home Belle helps him back to the castle . She cleans his injuries and after a brief argument about whose fault this is , the Beast thanks her for her kindness and thus their friendship is born . Wanting to give her a thank - you gift , the Beast gives Belle his huge library , which excites her . She notes a change in the Beast 's personality as the servants note a change in Belle and the Beast 's relationship ( `` Something There '' ) . They express their hope of being human once more ( `` Human Again '' ) while Belle asks the Beast to accompany her to dinner that night . Back in the village , Gaston meets with the asylum owner Monsieur D'Arque . They plan to lock Maurice away to blackmail Belle into marrying Gaston ( `` Maison des Lunes '' ) . In the castle , the Beast and Belle attend a lovely dinner and personal ball , where they dance together in the ballroom ( `` Beauty and the Beast '' ) . The Beast , who plans to tell Belle he loves her , asks Belle if she is happy here , to which she responds positively but notes that she misses her father . He offers her his Magic Mirror to view him . She sees that Maurice is sick and lost in the woods and fears for his life . But even though the Beast knows there 's only a few hours left till the last petal falls from the rose , he allows Belle to leave in order to save her father ; she departs after a tearful goodbye ( `` If I Ca n't Love Her ( Reprise ) '' ) . Belle finds her father and brings him back to their house in the village . After she is able to nurse him back to health , she explains the transformation she seems to have gone through while she was with the Beast ( `` A Change in Me '' ) . A mob arrives , led by Gaston to take Maurice to the asylum . Belle proves her father 's sanity by showing the townspeople the Beast is real using the Magic Mirror , but does n't realize the error in her gesture . The townspeople immediately fear the Beast , but Belle insists he 's gentle and kind . Gaston catches her tone and recognizes the Beast as his rival for Belle 's affections and organizes the mob to kill the Beast ( `` Mob Song '' ) . In order to warn the Beast , Belle and Maurice decide to beat the mob to the castle . However , Gaston and the mob had already reached the castle before Belle and Maurice did . At the castle , the servants are able to keep the lynch mob at bay , but Gaston breaks through and finds the Beast in his tower . He engages in a fight with him , mercilessly beating and taunting him ( `` Battle '' ) . The Beast has lost the will to live at Belle 's departure . As Gaston moves in for the killing blow , Belle arrives . The Beast immediately turns on Gaston and is prepared to kill him , but spares his life after seeing the fear in his eyes . The Beast and Belle are reunited , but this reunion is cut short as Gaston fatally stabs the Beast . This act of violence causes Gaston to lose his footing and he falls to his death . On the balcony , Belle assures the Beast he 'll live but they both know she is helpless to save him . She begs him not to leave her because she has found home in his company ( `` End Duet '' ) , but despite this , he dies ; Belle sobs on his body and says she loves him just before the last rose petal falls . A transformation takes place ( `` Transformation '' ) and the Beast is alive and human once more . Though Belle does n't recognize him for the first time , she looks into his eyes and sees the Beast within and they kiss . The two of them sing of how their lives have changed because of love and they dance once more as the company , now changed back to their human form , gathers in the ballroom ( `` Beauty and the Beast ( Reprise ) '' ) . Productions ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast premiered in a joint production of Theatre Under The Stars and Disney Theatrical at the Music Hall , Houston , Texas , from November 28 , 1993 , through December 26 , 1993 . Original Broadway production ( edit ) The musical opened on Broadway at the Palace Theatre on April 18 , 1994 , and ran there until September 5 , 1999 . The show then transferred to the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre on November 11 , 1999 , with an official opening date of November 16 , 1999 . The musical closed on July 29 , 2007 , after 46 previews and 5,461 performances , and is Broadway 's tenth - longest running production in history ( as of January 2017 ) . The production holds the record of being the longest running production at both the Palace Theatre , where it opened , and the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre , where it closed its Broadway run . The production cost an estimated $12 million , arguably higher , becoming the most costly Broadway musical at the time . However , some analysists estimate the cost to be closer to $20 million . Directed by Robert Jess Roth with choreography by Matt West and assisted by Dan Mojica , the original Broadway cast included Susan Egan as Belle , Terrence Mann as the Beast , Burke Moses as Gaston , Gary Beach as Lumière and Beth Fowler as Mrs. Potts . Orchestrations were by Danny Troob ( after his own orchestrations and arrangements of the film ) , scenic designer was Stan Meyer , costume designer Ann Hould - Ward , lighting designer Natasha Katz , sound was by T. Richard Fitzgerald , hair designer David H. Lawrence , and prosthetics were by John Dods . Illusions were by Jim Steinmeyer and John Gaughan , and pyrotechnic design was by Tyler Wymer . The Broadway production closed to make way for Disney 's next musical venture , The Little Mermaid . With Disney set to open its Broadway version of The Little Mermaid on November 3 , 2007 , at the time , it was believed that having two Disney princess films on Broadway at the same time would divide audiences and cause competition between the two shows . At this point , Disney also had three other shows running at the same time : The Lion King , Tarzan , and Mary Poppins . It was reported that Disney Theatrical planned to revive the show on Broadway for the 2008 holiday season , but Disney did not pursue this . Original London production ( edit ) The West End production opened at London 's Dominion Theatre on April 29 , 1997 , starring Julie - Alanah Brighten as Belle and Alasdair Harvey as the Beast . It also featured Burke Moses as Gaston , Derek Griffiths as Lumiere , Mary Millar as Mrs. Potts , Norman Rossington as Maurice , Barry James as Cogsworth , Di Botcher as Madame de la Grande Bouche , Richard Gauntlett as LeFou , and Rebecca Thornhill as Babette . Over the course of the production , notable replacements included Michelle Gayle and Annalene Beechey as Belle , John Barrowman and Earl Carpenter as the Beast , Alex Bourne as Gaston , and Billy Boyle and Terry Doyle as Maurice . The production ended on December 11 , 1999 . The production won the 1998 American Express Award for Best New Musical Olivier Award , against other nominees Enter the Guardsman , The Fix and Lady in the Dark . National tours ( edit ) The show had four US national tours . The first opened on November 15 , 1995 , and closed in 1999 . It featured Kim Huber as Belle , Fred Inkley as the Beast , Patrick Page as Lumiere and Paige Davis as Babette . Patrick Page and Paige Davis met and fell in love during the tour . A second national tour opened in 1999 with Susan Owen as Belle and Grant Norman as The Beast . This production closed in 2003 . The third national tour opened in 2001 and closed in 2003 . This production starred Jennifer Shraeder as Belle and Roger Befeler as the Beast with Marc G. Dalio as Gaston . Notable replacements on the tours have included Sarah Litzsinger , Erin Dilly and Danyelle Bossardet as Belle . The three touring companies visited 137 venues in 90 North American cities . About 5.5 million people in the United States and Canada saw these tours . The fourth national tour of Beauty and the Beast began February 2010 , opening in Providence , Rhode Island , starring Liz Shivener as Belle and Justin Glaser as the Beast . Under the direction of the original Broadway creative team , the show featured all new sets and costumes . The tour was the longest in the show 's history , running until July 2016 . The UK National tour ( prior to the closure of the West End Production in 1999 ) began on November 2 , 2001 , at the Empire Theatre in Liverpool with stops in Bristol , Birmingham , Dublin , Southampton , Manchester and ended on April 12 , 2003 , at the Playhouse Theatre in Edinburgh . The tour starred Annalene Beechey ( reprising her role from the London production ) as Belle , Alistair Robins as the Beast , Ben Harlow as Gaston , Julia Goss as Mrs. Potts , Stephen Matthews as Lumiere Barry James ( reprising his role from the London production ) as Cogsworth , Billy Boyle ( reprising his role from the London production ) as Maurice , Karen Davies as Madame de la Grande Bouche , Kate Graham ( reprising her role from the London production ) as Babette , Anthony Clegg as LeFou , and Oliver Taylor ( reprising his role from the London production ) and Sion Eifion sharing the role of Chip . Notable replacements included Dianne Pilkington as Belle , Alex Bourne as the Beast , Earl Carpenter as Gaston , Marilyn Cutts as Mrs. Potts , Richard Tate as Maurice , and Drew Varley as LeFou . Madison Sqaure Garden Starrs Alan Bosley as Gaston Other productions ( edit ) Los Angeles A Los Angeles production opened at the Shubert Theatre on April 12 , 1995 , and closed on September 29 , 1996 . Most of the original Broadway cast , including Susan Egan , Terrence Mann , Gary Beach , Beth Fowler , Burke Moses and Tom Bosley reprised their roles . Notable replacements included James Stacy Barbour as the Beast . The sets in this production were widely considered to be the largest out of all the musical 's productions in the world . After the show closed in Los Angeles , all of the sets were transferred for the production in Mexico City in 1997 . Canada The Toronto production opened at the Princess of Wales Theatre on August 8 , 1995 , and closed in 1998 . The production starred Kerry Butler as Belle and Chuck Wagner as the Beast , and Terry Doyle as Maurice . Notable replacements included Melissa Thomson as Belle and Steve Blanchard as the Beast . The lesser known Halifax production at the Neptune Theatre was the longest running production in the theatre 's history . Disney Cruise Line As of November 2017 , Beauty and the Beast will be featured on stage of the cruise ship Disney Dream . International productions ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast has been performed in more than 30 countries , including Argentina , Australia , Austria , Belgium , Brazil , Canada , China , Egypt , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Hungary , India , Indonesia , Ireland , Israel , Italy , Japan , Lebanon , Mexico , Netherlands , Norway , Philippines , Qatar , Romania , Russia , Singapore , South Africa , South Korea , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , Taiwan , Thailand , Turkey , United Arab Emirates , United Kingdom , and United States . Over 35 million people have seen the show worldwide and it has grossed more than $1.7 billion . On July 15 , 1995 , the musical began its original Australian run in Melbourne at The Princess Theatre , before moving on to Sydney . The original Australian cast included Michael Cormick as The Beast , Rachael Beck as Belle , Hugh Jackman as Gaston , and Ernie Bourne as Maurice . In 1995 , the musical opened in Japan and is performed by the Shiki Theatre Company . The musical continues to tour Japan . In December 1997 , the musical opened in Stuttgart at the Palladium Theatre , Stuttgart and played there until December 22 , 2000 . Leah Delos Santos played Belle and Uwe Kröger played the Beast and Marc G. Dalio played Gaston . In 1999 , the musical opened in China . On March 4 , 2005 , Beauty and the Beast had its Scandinavian premiere at The Göteborg Opera with Fred Johanson as the Beast and Annica Edstam as Belle . On June 16 , 2005 , the musical began its Philippine run at the Meralco Theater . Produced by Atlantis Productions , it featured KC Concepcion alternating with Karel Marquez as Belle , Jett Pangan as the Beast , and Calvin Millado as Gaston . In South America , Argentina was the first country to produce it , with Marisol Otero as Belle , Juan Rodó as Beast , Diego Jaraz as Gaston , Gustavo Monje as LeFou , Pablo Lizaso as Lumière , Mónica Nuñez as Mrs. Potts , Omar Pini as Cogsworth , Alejandra Radano as Babette and Rodolfo Valss as Maurice . It ran from November 26 , 1998 , at the Teatro Ópera in Buenos Aires until August 15 , 1999 , before opening again in 2010 . Brazil was the second country to host the musical . Disney had plans to bring it to the country in 1999 , after the success in Argentina , but nobody really knew if it would work . Three years later , in 2002 , Beauty and the Beast finally opened in Brazil at Teatro Abril , one of the biggest theaters in the country . It was a huge hit , for more than one and a half years , it was presented with Kiara Sasso playing Belle and Saulo Vasconcelos playing the Beast . In 2009 , a new Belle and a new Beast were cast , Lissah Martins and Ricardo Vieira , as the musical came back to Brazil , Kiara Sasso was playing Maria in The Sound of Music . Beauty and the Beast remained for six months at Teatro Abril . Even though the play was brought back as a way to try to recoup some of the money lost in Brazil 's version of Miss Saigon , this second incarnation of Beauty and the Beast failed to create any critical buzz , or to be a box office success . In Spain there have been three productions of the show . The first one , based on the original Broadway production , had its Madrid debut on December 2 , 1999 , at Teatro Lope de Vega . The original cast included Xenia Reguant ( later replaced by Julia Möller ) as Belle , Carlos Marín ( later replaced by Joe Luciano ) as Beast , Lisardo Guarinos ( later replaced by Manuel Bandera ) as Gaston , Víctor Ullate Roche as LeFou , Germán Torres as Lumière , Kirby Navarro as Mrs. Potts , David Venancio Muro as Cogsworth , Dulcinea Juárez as Babette , Laura Inclán as Madame de la Grande Bouche and Miguel de Grandy as Maurice . After a successful run of 27 months and about 900 performances , the production finally closed on March 3 , 2002 , becoming the longest - running musical ever in Madrid at that time . In 2007 , a second version produced by Stage Entertainment premiered on October 3 , at Teatro Coliseum , Madrid , for a limited run of six months , but the closing was postponed due to a successful season . The original cast included Julia Möller reprising her role as Belle ( later replaced by María Adamuz ) , David Ordinas as Beast , Pablo Puyol as Gaston , Raúl Peña as LeFou , Armando Pita as Lumière , Angels Jiménez as Mrs. Potts ( later replaced by Rita Barber ) , Esteban Oliver as Cogsworth , Silvia Luchetti as Babette , María José Oquendo as Madame de la Grande Bouche and Lorenzo Valverde as Maurice . The production closed on January 11 , 2009 , and was transferred to Barcelona , where it ran from February 26 , 2009 , to January 10 , 2010 , at BTM , with some changes in the cast , including Mercè Martínez as Mrs. Potts , Marta Capel as Babette , Patricia Paisal as Madame de la Grande Bouche and Albert Muntanyola as Maurice . In 2012 , the Stage Entertainment version was relaunched as a touring production , beginning performances on September 6 , at Teatro Calderón , Valladolid . The original cast of this third Spanish production included Talía del Val as Belle , Ignasi Vidal as Beast , Daniel Diges as Gaston , Raúl Peña as LeFou , Diego Rodríguez as Lumière , Mone as Mrs. Potts , Frank Capdet as Cogsworth , Marta Capel as Babette , Eva Diago as Madame de la Grande Bouche and Enrique R. del Portal as Maurice . In 2005 , Disney and Stage Entertainment produced a new version of the show using brand new sets and costumes . After touring the Netherlands and playing in Antwerp , Belgium , Disney and Stage Entertainment brought the show to Berlin , Germany , in 2006 after a ( approx . ) one - year run at the Metronom Theater in Oberhausen . This production opened in 2007 in Madrid , Spain , and in 2009 in Milan , Italy , with Arianna as Belle and Michel Altieri as the Beast . The Broadway production played a second time in Mexico City beginning in September 2007 and in Hiroshima , Japan , beginning in February 2008 . The Broadway production opened in South Africa in September 2008 and ran until March 2009 . In 2004 , Disney began to license the show to other companies for touring , and the show has been performed by professional and amateur companies in many countries . On October 24 , 2013 , Beauty and the Beast opened at Théâtre Mogador in Paris , France . Beginning October 2014 , Disney Theatrical Productions , NETworks and Broadway Entertainment Group launched an international tour in celebration of Beauty and the Beast 's 20th anniversary on stage . The tour opened at the Zorlu Center in Istanbul , Turkey , and closed in January 2016 at Dubai World Trade Centre , having visited Turkey , United Arab Emirates , Greece , Italy , Philippines , Thailand , Singapore , Indonesia , China , Taiwan , Egypt , Lebanon , Romania , and Qatar . In December 2015 , Beauty and the Beast came back to the Netherlands for a run at Circustheater in The Hague . In 2016 , Disney and Marmelade produced an updated version for the Flemish Region of Belgium . The original cast included Josje Huisman as Belle , Jan Schepens as Beast , Dieter Troubleyn as Gaston , Peter Van de Velde as Lumière , Frank Hoelen as Maurice , Ivan Pecnik as Cogsworth ( called Tickens ) , Eline De Munck as Babette , Peter Thyssen as LeFou , Barbara Dex as Mrs. Potts and Saskia Schäfer as Madame de la Grande Bouche ( called La Commodia ) . The show premiered on December 10 , 2016 , at Flanders Expo in Ghent . Amateur productions ( edit ) The show 's rights became available ( in association with Josef Weinberger Ltd . ) to amateur performing groups and regional musical societies . The show has been performed in numerous countries , by theatre companies of both an amateur and professional level . In 2010 Tipperary Musical Society staged the Irish amateur premiere of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast , for which it was nominated for 4 AIMS Awards ( Association of Irish Musical Societies ) including Best Overall Show in Ireland and winning one , Best Actor in a Supporting Role ( John Murphy for the part of Gaston ) . Belle was played by Bridget Nolan and Beast was played by Derek Ryan . Characters ( edit ) Character Description Beast / Prince A Prince transformed into a terrifying beast for his lack of compassion ; short - tempered and commanding , but with a warm , loving heart buried far beneath his gruff exterior . Belle A vibrant , intelligent young beauty who wants much more in life than living in a small town . She is perceived to be quite odd . Maurice Belle 's loving , eccentric inventor father . Gaston The story 's antagonist . The vain , egotistical , narcissistic , ultra-masculine villain determined to marry Belle . Le Fou Gaston 's bumbling sidekick . Lumière A suave , French , debonair enchanted candelabra . The maître d ' of the castle . Cogsworth A tightly wound , enchanted stuffy mantle clock and head of the Beast 's castle . Mrs. Potts A kind - hearted , maternal enchanted teapot . The head of the castle 's kitchen . Babette A saucy , flirtatious featherduster who seeks Lumière 's affections . The maid of the castle . Madame de la Grande Bouche A former opera diva turned into a wardrobe Monsieur D'Arque The freaky , scheming proprietor of the local insane asylum , the Maison des Lunes . Chip A young teacup ; Mrs. Potts ' son . Ensemble Silly Girls , Enchanted Objects , Townspeople , Tavern Patrons , Mob . Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I Overture * # -- Orchestra Prologue -- Narrator Belle -- Belle , Gaston , LeFou , Silly Girls , Ensemble No Matter What * # - Maurice , Belle No Matter What ( Reprise ) / Wolf Chase * # -- Maurice Me * # -- Gaston , Belle Belle ( Reprise ) -- Belle Home * -- Belle Home ( Reprise ) * -- Mrs. Potts Gaston † -- LeFou , Gaston , Ensemble Gaston ( Reprise ) † -- Gaston , LeFou How Long Must This Go On ? * # -- Beast Be Our Guest † -- Lumiere , Mrs. Potts , Chip , Madame de la Grand Bouche , Company If I Ca n't Love Her * # -- Beast Act II Entr'acte / Wolf Chase * -- Orchestra Something There -- Belle , Beast , Lumiere , Mrs. Potts , Cogsworth Human Again * ‡ -- Lumiere , Mrs. Potts , Chip , Madame de la Grande Bouche , Babette , Cogsworth , Enchanted Objects Maison Des Lunes * # - Gaston , LeFou , Monsieur D ' Arque Beauty and the Beast -- Mrs. Potts If I Ca n't Love Her ( Reprise ) * # -- Beast A Change in Me * § # -- Belle The Mob Song -- Gaston , Ensemble The Battle * - The Company Home ( Reprise II ) * -- Belle End Duet / Transformation * -- Beast , Belle Beauty and the Beast ( Reprise ) -- The Company * New song or instrumental cue † Expanded vocal or instrumental content , using either cut lyrics by Ashman or dance arrangements by Glen Kelly , or both . ‡ `` Human Again '' was written by Menken and Ashman for the movie , but was cut , due to the complications it made on the film 's timeline . It was repurposed for the Broadway play , and on account of the musical 's great success , an entirely new animated sequence based on the Broadway version was set to this song and inserted into 2002 's Special Edition DVD release . § `` A Change in Me '' was written into the show in 1998 for the debut of Toni Braxton and was retained thereafter . # not in the Junior Broadway show Instrumentation ( edit ) Music Theatre International offers two orchestrations for Beauty and the Beast . The principal , larger orchestration is based on the original Broadway orchestration . It is scored for three synthesizers , a drum kit , a percussion section , double bass , three woodwind players , three French horns in F , two trumpets in B - flat , trombone , divided violins , cellos , and harp . The first woodwind player doubles on flute and piccolo , the second on English horn and oboe , and the third on clarinet , bass clarinet , and flute . The trombonist doubles on bass trombone and tuba . The original Broadway orchestration featured two additional woodwind players . The first played flute and piccolo , the second oboe and English horn , the third piccolo , flute and clarinet in B - flat , the fourth piccolo , flute , clarinet in B - flat and bass clarinet in B - flat , and the fifth on bassoon and contrabassoon . The excised reed parts were used for the synthesizer parts upon their removal for the licensed orchestration . The optional reduced orchestration is scored for two synthesizers , a percussion section , double bass , three woodwind players , a trumpet , a French horn , and solo violin and cello . Cast information ( edit ) Original Broadway Cast Belle -- Susan Egan Beast -- Terrence Mann Lumière -- Gary Beach Cogsworth -- Heath Lamberts Mrs. Potts -- Beth Fowler Gaston -- Burke Moses LeFou -- Kenny Raskin Chip -- Brian Press Babette -- Stacey Logan Madame de la Grande Bouche -- Eleanor Glockner Maurice -- Tom Bosley Monsieur D'Arque -- Gordon Stanley Silly Girls -- Paige Price , Sarah Solie Shannon , Linda Talcott Notable Broadway cast replacements ( approximate dates given where available ) Belle : Sarah Uriarte Berry ( 1995 -- 1996 & 2006 ) , Kerry Butler ( 1996 -- 1997 ) , Deborah Gibson ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , Toni Braxton ( 1998 -- 1999 ; first African American to play Belle on Broadway ) , Andrea McArdle ( 1999 -- 2000 ) , Sarah Litzsinger ( 2000 -- 2002 , 2003 & 2006 ) , Jamie - Lynn Sigler ( 2002 -- 2003 , Broadway debut ) , Megan McGinnis ( 2003 -- 2004 ) , Christy Carlson Romano ( 2004 ) , Ashley Brown ( 2005 -- 2006 , Broadway debut ) , Anneliese van der Pol ( 2007 , Broadway debut , closing cast ) . A total of seventeen actresses have played the part of Belle in the Broadway production , with Litzsinger playing it the longest . Beast : Jeff McCarthy ( 1995 -- 1997 & 2004 ) , Chuck Wagner ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , James Barbour ( 1998 -- 1999 ) , Steve Blanchard ( who played the Beast for the last eight years of the Broadway run ) . Lumière : Lee Roy Reams ( 1995 ) , Meshach Taylor ( 1998 -- 1999 , Broadway debut ) , Paul Schoeffler ( 2001 ) , Bryan Batt ( 2001 -- 2002 ) , Patrick Page ( 1999 -- 2001 & 2003 ) , Jacob Young ( 2006 , Broadway debut ) , John Tartaglia ( 2006 -- 2007 ) , David DeVries ( closing cast ) Cogsworth : Peter Bartlett , Jonathan Freeman ( 2006 -- 2007 ) Gaston : Marc Kudisch ( 1995 ) , Steve Blanchard ( 1997 -- he later played Beast ) , Christopher Sieber ( 2001 ) , Donny Osmond ( 2006 & final Broadway performance ) Chip : Jonathan Bleicher ( 1997 - 1999 ) , Nick Jonas ( 2002 ) , Jeremy Bergman ( 2002 -- 2003 ) , Trevor Braun ( Longest - running Chip ) , Harrison Chad , Henry Hodges , Andrew Keenan - Bolger Babette : Ann Mandrella ( 2007 closing cast ) Recordings ( edit ) The Original Broadway Cast Recording was released on April 26 , 1994 . The CD included Susan Egan as Belle , Terrence Mann as Beast , Burke Moses as Gaston , Gary Beach as Lumière and Beth Fowler as Mrs. Potts . The Original Australian Cast Recording was released in 1995 . The principal cast included Rachael Beck as Belle , Michael Cormick as Beast , Hugh Jackman as Gaston , Ernie Bourne as Maurice , Toni Lamond as Madame de la Grande Bouche , Grant Smith as Lumière , Robyn Arthur as Mrs. Potts and Bert Newton as Cogsworth . The Original Vienna Cast Recording was released in 1996 . The principal cast included Ethan Freeman as Beast , Caroline Vasicek as Belle , Kevin Tarte as Gaston , Viktor Gernot as Lumière , Ann Mandrella as Babette , and Rosita Mewis as Mrs. Potts . The Original London Cast Recording was released in 1997 . The principal cast included Julie - Alanah Brighten as Belle , Alasdair Harvey as Beast , Burke Moses as Gaston , Derek Griffiths as Lumière and Mary Millar as Mrs. Potts . The Original Stuttgart Cast Recording was released in 1998 . The principal cast included Uwe Kroger as Beast and Leah Delos Santos as Belle and Ann Mandrella as Babette . The Original Madrid Cast Recording was released in 1999 . The principal cast included Xenia Reguant as Belle , Carlos Marín as Beast , Lisardo Guarinos as Gaston , Víctor Ullate Roche as LeFou , Germán Torres as Lumière , David Venancio Muro as Cogsworth and Kirby Navarro as Mrs. Potts . A second cast recording for the new production was released in May 2008 , starring Julia Möller as Belle , David Ordinas as Beast , Pablo Puyol as Gaston , Raúl Peña as LeFou , Armando Pita as Lumière , Esteban Oliver as Cogsworth and Angels Jiménez as Mrs. Potts . Junior version ( edit ) A `` junior '' version of the musical for middle and high school students was published by MTI . This version only included a selected number of the songs , including `` Belle '' , `` Belle ( Reprise ) '' , `` Home '' , `` Home ( Tag ) '' , `` Gaston '' , `` Gaston ( Reprise ) '' , `` Be Our Guest '' , `` Something There '' , `` Human Again '' , `` Beauty and the Beast '' , `` The Mob Song '' , `` Home ( Reprise ) '' , and `` Beauty and the Beast ( Reprise ) '' . Also in `` Belle ( Reprise ) '' , The Silly Girls take Belle 's part in the beginning of the song instead of Belle having to sing the whole song . Also in `` Something There '' , Madame de la Grande Bouche and Babette sing as well . Critical reception ( edit ) Reception towards the tryouts in Houston were so enthusiastic that the production was extended for two weeks . Jerome Weeks of Variety responded to the show with a positive review , praising the performances of Egan , Mann and Moses , as well as the Beast 's new song `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' . At the same time , Weeks felt that the production `` gets close to slipping into a big - budget kiddie show or magic act with its overdone showbiz glitz and sparkly stage - illusion effects '' at times , but in the end predicted that `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could well be the big new musical hit this Broadway season has been waiting for . '' However , in 1994 , Beauty and the Beast finally premiered on Broadway to reviews that ranged from mixed to negative , leaving critics mostly unimpressed . Reactions from the New York theatre community and Broadway producers were particularly harsh , ridiculing Disney for deciding to produce the musical themselves as opposed to enlisting traditional theatre companies . Egan recalled that `` the same five families ( had ) produced Broadway shows for a hundred years and Disney shook that up . '' Nearly universally panned by theatre critics , they concurred that Beauty and the Beast was a `` great spectacle , but not great theater '' . Likening the musical to the Empire State Building , David Richards of The New York Times called the show `` hardly a triumph of art , but it 'll probably be a whale of a tourist attraction . '' While awarding specific praise towards its musical numbers , choreography , costumes and cast -- particularly Mann 's ability to `` convey the delicacy of awakening love '' despite the physical demands of his costume , at the same time Richards criticized the production 's set and special effects for lacking subtlety , ultimately accusing them of leaving little `` to the imagination '' . Richards concluded , `` The result is a sightseer 's delight , which is n't the same thing as a theatergoer 's dream . '' Also writing for The New York Times , Vincent Canby disparaged the musical entirely as `` relentlessly bland , busy , upbeat and robotlike '' , criticizing the production for resembling `` a dinner theater . '' Canby felt that the new Menken - Rice songs were `` inferior '' to the originals , likened the special effects to Fourth of July sparklers , criticized the sound engineering for ranging from too loud to barely audible , and panning Woolverton 's book for failing to supplement her screenplay . Minor praise was awarded to the performances of Lamberts , Beach and Fowler , as well as Mann 's climactic beast - to - prince transformation . In addition to predicting that Beauty and the Beast would be derided by traditional Broadway theatre - goers and critics alike , Variety writer Jeremy Gerard was largely negative in his own review . While admitting that the production `` boasts several real pluses '' , Gerard criticized the show for appearing `` bloated , padded , gimmick - ridden , tacky and ... utterly devoid of imagination . '' The critic voiced his strong disapproval of the costumes while dismissing the set as `` something designed to be seen by people in moving seats , maybe at Disneyland '' , panning West 's choreography and ultimately deriding Roth 's directing and blocking of actors who `` look generally like they 're following dotted lines on the stage . '' Critics agreed that Roth 's direction and West 's were equally uninspired . In a mixed review with a headline reading `` Beauty and the Beast is n't magical in the least , even if it does bristle with magic tricks '' , New York 's John Simon wrote that the production resembles `` a belated infomercial '' for the film by which he was bored , yet impressed by its special effects and illusions . Simon also felt that the actors struggled to resemble their animated counterparts despite Hould - Ward 's , criticizing Egan 's acting , Woolverton 's dialogue and the new Menken - Rice numbers while praising Moses ' , Beach 's and Fowler 's performances . Audiences did not share critics ' negative opinions , and the musical famously resonated with the public and families . Children were especially delighted by the idea of their favorite movie performed on stage by live actors . Subsequent productions have gradually attracted kinder remarks ; the national tours in particular have been well received . Reviewing a performance of the musical at the Shubert Theatre in Los Angeles in 1995 , Tom Jacobs of Variety wrote , `` Born in Hollywood as an animated film , Disney 's version of ' Beauty and the Beast ' has returned home as an opulent stage musical , a year after its Broadway bow . Both good and bad choices have been made in adapting the 1991 film , but with its outstanding performances , fantastic production values and memorable score , this show should warm the hearts of all but the most curmudgeonly theatergoers . '' However , Jacobs felt that the production suffered from the lack of danger felt watching the film . After having been left unimpressed upon viewing the original Broadway production , Variety 's Matt Wolf was pleasantly surprised by the musical 's West End debut one year later . Awards and nominations ( edit ) `` Be Our Guest '' was used as the commercial for the 1994 Tony Awards . Michael Goldstein of New York correctly predicted that Mann would earn a Tony Award nomination for his performance . Despite having been nominated for a total of nine individual awards , Beauty and the Beast was ultimately shunned at the ceremony , winning only one award -- Best Costume Design -- for Hould - Ward . Nominated for the Tony Award for Best Musical , the production famously lost to Stephen Sondheim 's Passion , which is considered to be his own version of the `` Beauty and the Beast '' fairy tale . In 1995 , some of Hould - Ward 's costumes , namely Lumiere , were put on display in Nordstrom stores . Meanwhile , Belle and the Beast 's ballroom costumes were exhibited at Westside Pavilion , and Mrs. Potts and LeFou appeared at South Coast Plaza . Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1994 Tony Awards Best Musical Nominated Best Book of a Musical Linda Woolverton Nominated Best Original Score Alan Menken , Howard Ashman , and Tim Rice Nominated Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Terrence Mann Nominated Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical Susan Egan Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Gary Beach Nominated Best Direction of a Musical Robert Jess Roth Nominated Best Costume Design Ann Hould - Ward Won Best Lighting Design Natasha Katz Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Musical Nominated Outstanding Actor in a Musical Terrence Mann Nominated Outstanding Actress in a Musical Susan Egan Nominated Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Burke Moses Nominated Outstanding Choreography Matt West Nominated Outstanding Orchestrations Danny Troob Nominated Outstanding Lyrics Howard Ashman and Tim Rice Nominated Outstanding Music Alan Menken Nominated Outstanding Sound Design T. Richard Fitzgerald Nominated Outstanding Special Effects Jim Steinmeyer and John Gaughan Nominated Original London production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1998 Laurence Olivier Award Best New Musical Won Best Theatre Choreographer Matt West Nominated Best Costume Design Ann Hould - Ward Nominated Impact and Legacy ( edit ) Largely due to audience reception , Beauty and the Beast remains one of Broadway 's biggest successes of the current era . Beauty and the Beast established itself as a musical that could survive on Broadway despite its unenthusiastic reviews . Several detractors had thought that musicals like Beauty and the Beast would be a one - time event , but the results ultimately turned out to be quite the opposite . According to theatrical producer Stuart Oken , Disney 's success with Beauty and the Beast is responsible for today 's biggest Broadway hits and making the medium `` better than it has ever been '' . The groundbreaking performance of Beauty and the Beast inspired other major Hollywood studios to produce Broadway renditions of some of their own films . Disney soon began to commission Broadway adaptations of several of the studio 's most popular musical films , namely The Lion King ( 1997 ) , Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) , Tarzan ( 2006 ) , The Little Mermaid ( 2008 ) , Newsies ( 2012 ) and Aladdin ( 2014 ) , in addition to producing the musical Aida . After completing her run in Beauty and the Beast , Egan would famously go on to voice Meg in Disney 's animated musical Hercules ( 1997 ) , establishing herself as a popular voice and film actress . Following the success of `` Human Again '' , the song was later incorporated into reissues of the animated film in the form of an animated musical sequence . Beauty and the Beast is considered to be Broadway 's first legitimate family show , responsible for birthing an entirely new generation of young theatregoers . The family demographic of the musical established inspired international productions of Aladdin and Matilda . According to The Complete Book of 1990s Broadway Musicals author Dan Dietz , `` the show 's resounding success opened the floodgates for a spate of ... productions based on Disney and other family - oriented films '' , transforming Broadway into `` a theme park with a parade of musicals aimed at kids and teenagers . '' Dietz believes that the plethora of Broadway musicals that came after Beauty and the Beast have unfortunately resembled `` feel - good family show ( s ) whose goal was to emulate its film source . '' Additionally , the success of the musical inspired a legion of Broadway productions geared towards young women , including Hairspray ( 2002 ) , Wicked ( 2003 ) , Legally Blonde ( 2007 ) , Matilda ( 2013 ) and Rodgers and Hammerstein 's Cinderella ( 2013 ) . While these musicals flourished on Broadway , it seems as though more serious , adult - oriented fare struggled to perform as well . New York theatre critic Howard Kissel famously despised `` the Kiddy Komponent of New York theatergoing '' spearheaded by the successful 13 - year Broadway run of Beauty and the Beast . The success of Beauty and the Beast inspired Eisner invest in his own theatre to house future stage adaptations of the studio 's animated classics . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dietz , Dan ( 2016 ) . The Complete Book of 1990s Broadway Musicals . United States : Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 154 -- 156 . ISBN 9781442272149 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Zoglin , Richard. Bye Bye , Birdie . Hello , Rent `` TIME magazine , May 15 , 2008 . Reported in its May 15 , 2008 issue that this musical ranked as the fourth most frequently produced musical by U.S. high schools in 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Eagan , Daniel ( 2010 ) . America 's Film Legacy : The Authoritative Guide to the Landmark Movies in the National Film Registry . United Kingdom : A&C Black . p. 808 . ISBN 9780826429773 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty & The Beast from Screen to Stage '' . Thread By Thread : Costumes on Screen . September 27 , 2011 . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Riedel , Michael ( 2015 ) . Razzle Dazzle : The Battle for Broadway . United States : Simon and Schuster . pp. 384 -- 388 . ISBN 9781451672183 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` History of The Walt Disney Stuios '' ( PDF ) . The Walt Disney Studios . Disney . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Davenport , Ken ( 2016 ) . Candid Conversations With Broadway Pros : , Volume 3 . United States : Lulu Press , Inc . ISBN 9781329876491 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Veness , Susan ( 2015 ) . The Hidden Magic of Walt Disney World : Over 600 Secrets of the Magic Kingdom , Epcot , Disney 's Hollywood Studios , and Disney 's Animal Kingdom . United States : F + W Media , Inc. p. 155 . ISBN 9781440587801 -- via Google Docs . ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , Michael ( March 14 , 1994 ) . `` Broadway 's New Beast '' . New York . pp. 42 -- 45 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Lemon , Brendan ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` Looking into the heart of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . The Smith Center . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Weeks , Jeremy ( December 12 , 1993 ) . `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Culwell , Logan ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Where Are the Stars of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Now ? '' . Playbill . Playbill Inc . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Filichia , Peter ( 2011 ) . Broadway Musical MVPs : 1960 - 2010 : The Most Valuable Players of the Past 50 Seasons . United States : Applause Theatre & Cinema . ISBN 9781557839305 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Rauzi , Robin ( May 8 , 1993 ) . `` ' Beast ' on Stage : Will It Work ? : Theater : Some are wondering if Disney 's saturation with the hit movie will prevent its resale as a live musical '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles Times . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Mark A. ( 2014 ) . The World of Musicals : An Encyclopedia of Stage , Screen , and Song ( 2 volumes ) . United States : ABC - CLIO . p. 65 . ISBN 9781440800979 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Matthew ( April 18 , 2004 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast '' . Talkin ' Broadway . TALKIN ' BROADWAY . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hischak , Thomas S. ( 2008 ) . The Oxford Companion to the American Musical : Theatre , Film , and Television . United States : Oxford University Press . p. 56 . ISBN 9780195335330 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Gerard , Jeremy ( April 19 , 1994 ) . `` Review : ' Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Tom ( April 17 , 1995 ) . `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tomada , Nathalie ( January 5 , 2015 ) . `` 20 reasons to watch Beauty and the Beast '' . Philstar.com . Philstar . Retrieved October 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Gaile ( March 16 , 1995 ) . `` BY DESIGN : A Beastly Assignment : How to make a human - sized teapot and a candelabra ? Ann Hould - Ward used fancy wiring , prosthetics and pryotechnics to make the stage production of ' Beauty and the Beast ' come alive '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & the Beast '' . StageAgent . StageAgent.com . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2012 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stadler , Nancy ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Gary Beach and Terrence Mann remember `` Beauty and the Beast '' ' s trip from the screen to the stage `` . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Simon , John ( May 2 , 1994 ) . `` Hairy Fairy Tale '' . New York . New York Media , LLC . pp. 72 -- 75 . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : `` Susan Egan : Belle , Meg , Glamour and Goop - Part 1 '' . The Mouse Castle . Mouse Castle Media . July 29 , 2012 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : North , Jesse ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` Susan Egan on her dirt - catching days as a Disney Princess and humble motherhood '' . Stage Rush . Stage Rush . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Everett , William A ; Laird , Paul R ( 2015 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Broadway Musical . United States : Rowman & Littlefiel . p. 32 . ISBN 9781442256699 . ^ Jump up to : Tan , Corrie ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Menken : Q&A with the music maestro behind Disney 's Beauty And The Beast '' . The Straights Times . Singapore Press Holdings Ltd . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast -- Show History '' . Music Theatre International . MTI Enterprises , Inc . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Be Our Guest ' for the ultimate love story -- ' Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ' returns to Eisenhower Auditorium Feb. 23 '' . PennState . The Pennsylvania State University . February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ehren , Christine ( October 7 , 1998 ) . `` Toni Braxton Premieres Beauty ' s New Song , Oct. 7 On ' Rosie ' '' . Playbill . Playbill , Inc . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jim ( April 8 , 2010 ) . `` Tune Thursday : How `` A Change in Me '' wound up being added to Broadway 's `` Beauty & the Beast '' `` . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Page to Screen : Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) '' . The Literary Omnivore . July 8 , 2011 . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Baker , C. Daniel ( January 29 , 2013 ) . `` Toni Braxton Decoded : `` Family Values '' Help Put Struggling Singer Back in Spotlight -- Are you a fan of the Grammy winning diva ? `` . Black Enterprise . Black Enterprise . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hodgins , Paul ( November 12 , 2010 ) . `` ' Beauty ' was no beast for costume designer '' . The Orange County Register . The Orange County Register . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Adler , Andrew ( December 22 , 2015 ) . `` Ann Hould - Ward 's costumes give ' Disney 's Beauty and the Beast , ' at the Saenger Theater Dec. 29 - Jan. 3 '' . The Times - Picayune . NOLA Media Group . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Conter , Jenna ( May 23 , 2013 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast comes to Halifax - will you be their guest ? '' . Metro News . Free Daily News Group Inc . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Egan , Susan . `` How Beauty and the Beast Prepared Me For # TheDress '' . Susan Egan . Susan Egan . Retrieved September 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Myers , Victoria ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` An Interview with Natasha Katz '' . The Interval . The Interval . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Long Runs on Broadway '' . Playbill . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Richards , David ( April 19 , 1994 ) . `` Review / Theater : Beauty and the Beast ; Disney Does Broadway , Dancing Spoons and All '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Haun , Harry ( July 6 , 2007 ) . `` Bye Bye Beauty '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( June 3 , 2008 ) . `` '' High School Musical 5 & 6 '' ? ! `` Beauty & the Beast '' headed back to Broadway ? ! `` . www.jimhillmedia.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Lights Up London 's West End Tonight '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire. April 29 , 1997 . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Paul . `` REVIEW : MUSICAL ' Beauty and the Beast ' Dominion Theatre , London '' The Independent , 14 May 1997 , retrieved January 23 , 2017 Jump up ^ Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Theatrecrafts.com , Retrieved February 14 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Olivier Winners 1998 '' . Olivier Awards . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Theater Review : Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( San Francisco ) Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew. `` New Beauty and Beast Tour Now Playing Providence ; Peoria Is Next '' Playbill , February 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` MTI Will License Disney 's Aida and Beauty and the Beast for Regional and Amateur Markets '' Archived 2009 - 10 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Playbill.com , September 22 , 2003 Jump up ^ http://sv.opera.se/forestallningar/skonheten-och-odjuret-2004-2005/ Jump up ^ South Africa production Archived 2008 - 08 - 30 at the Wayback Machine . beautyandthebeast.co.za , accessed September 5 , 2011 Jump up ^ Desk , BWW News . `` Disney 's BEAUTY AND THE BEAST to Make French - Language Debut in Paris , October 2013 '' . Jump up ^ `` Broadway Creative Team of Beauty and the Beast Will Reunite for International Tour '' . Playbill. April 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast musical comes to Dubai '' . Gulf News . November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Disney 's Beauty and the Beast returns to Belgium beautyandthebeast.be , accessed December 12 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' josef-weinberger.com , accessed September 5 , 2011 Jump up ^ Beauty and the Beast Broadway Playbill Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast at IBDB.com '' . www.ibdb.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( January 28 , 2003 ) . `` One `` Soprano '' Exits , Another Returns `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved September 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ David Lefkowitz ; Robert Simonson . `` Schoeffler to Light Up Bway 's Beauty and the Beast , March 21 - May 13 '' . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Bartlett '' . Jump up ^ `` Jonathan Andrew Bleicher - Playbill '' . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty ' Moving From Palace To the Fontanne '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . July 14 , 1999 . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rogers , Rick ( July 29 , 2012 ) . `` Sigmund Romberg / Beauty and the Beast '' . NewsOK . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( April 24 , 1994 ) . `` SUNDAY VIEW ; Is Broadway Ready for a Disney World Show ? '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gates , Anita ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` Howard Kissel , Daily News Theater Critic , Dies at 69 '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Makagon , Daniel ( 2004 ) . Where the Ball Drops : Days and Nights in Times Square . United States : University of Minnesota Press . p. 52 . ISBN 9780816642755 -- via Google Books . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) . Information about Regional US and International productions Indianapolis Civic Theatre ( Production Photos ) Theatre Cedar Rapids Beauty and the Beast ( Production Photos ) Cedar Rapids , IA Chattanooga Theatre Centre ( Production Photos ) Chattanooga , TN Music Theatre Louisville ( Archive Page ) Louisville , KY Actor 's Playhouse ( Review ) Coral Gables , FL Finnish version , 2007 , Helsinki City Theatre Helsinki , Finland Mexican Production Mexico Others Beauty and the Beast on Tour Beauty and the Beast Belgium Beauty and the Beast at the Internet Broadway Database Beauty and the Beast info page on StageAgent.com - Beauty and the Beast plot summary and character descriptions Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney Theatrical Productions Animated Disney film adaptations Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Tarzan ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2008 ) Aladdin ( 2011 ) Frozen ( 2017 ) Pinocchio ( 2017 ) Disney live - action film adaptations Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) High School Musical on Stage ! ( 2007 ) High School Musical 2 : On Stage ! ( 2008 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Other adaptations King David ( 1997 ) Aida ( 2000 ) On the Record ( 2004 ) Peter and the Starcatcher ( 2009 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 2014 ) Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Musical ( 1976 -- 2000 ) A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) The Comedy of Errors ( 1977 ) Evita ( 1978 ) Songbook ( 1979 ) Sweeney Todd ( 1980 ) Cats ( 1981 ) Poppy ( 1982 ) Blood Brothers ( 1983 ) 42nd Street ( 1984 ) Me and My Girl ( 1985 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) Follies ( 1987 ) Candide ( 1988 ) Return to the Forbidden Planet ( 1989 / 1990 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1991 ) Carmen Jones ( 1992 ) Crazy for You ( 1993 ) City of Angels ( 1994 ) Once on This Island ( 1995 ) Jolson ( 1996 ) Martin Guerre ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1998 ) Kat and the Kings ( 1999 ) Honk ! ( 2000 ) Complete list ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(musical)&oldid=808774016 '' Categories : Disney 's Beauty and the Beast 1994 musicals Broadway musicals West End musicals Musicals based on films Laurence Olivier Award - winning musicals Walt Disney Theatrical Fantasy theatre Works based on Beauty and the Beast Musicals by Tim Rice Plays based on fairy tales Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Articles with IBDb links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Ripoarisch Русский Simple English Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 02 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | beauty and the beast the musical cast list | [] | [] |
6883278356328119049 | Mowgli | Mowgli - wikipedia Mowgli Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Mowgli ( disambiguation ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( October 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mowgli The Jungle Book character Mowgli by John Lockwood Kipling ( father of Rudyard Kipling ) . An illustration from The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) First appearance `` In the Rukh '' ( 1893 ) Last appearance `` The Spring Running '' ( 1895 ) Created by Rudyard Kipling Information Nickname ( s ) Man - cub , Frog Species Human Gender Male Family Raksha and Father Wolf ( foster parents ) ; Messua ( foster mother ) ; Wife ( the daughter of Abdul Gafur ) ; and unnamed son . Mowgli / ˈmaʊɡli / is a fictional character and the protagonist of Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book stories . He is a naked feral child from the Pench area in Seoni , India , who originally appeared in Kipling 's short story `` In the Rukh '' ( collected in Many Inventions , 1893 ) and then went on to become the most prominent and memorable character in his collections The Jungle Book and The Second Jungle Book ( 1894 -- 1895 ) , which also featured stories about other characters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Kipling 's Mowgli stories 3 Play adaptations 4 Influences upon other works 5 Mowgli stories by other writers 6 Movies , television and radio 7 Actors who played the character 8 References 9 External links Name ( edit ) In the stories , the name Mowgli is said to mean `` frog '' , describing his lack of fur . Kipling made up the name , and it `` does not mean ' frog ' in any language other than the language of the forest . '' Kipling stated that the first syllable of `` Mowgli '' should rhyme with `` cow '' and it is pronounced this way in Britain and some European countries , while in the United States it is almost always pronounced to rhyme with `` go '' . Kipling 's Mowgli stories ( edit ) The Mowgli stories , including `` In the Rukh '' , were first collected in chronological order in one volume as The Works of Rudyard Kipling Volume VII : The Jungle Book ( 1907 ) ( Volume VIII of this series contained the non-Mowgli stories from the Jungle Books ) , and subsequently in All the Mowgli Stories ( 1933 ) . `` In the Rukh '' describes how Gisborne , an English forest ranger in the Pench area in Seoni at the time of the British Raj , discovers a young man named Mowgli , who has extraordinary skills in hunting , tracking , and driving wild animals ( with the help of his wolf brothers ) . He asks him to join the forestry service . Mueller , the head of the Department of Woods and Forests of India as well as Gisborn 's boss , meets Mowgli , checks his elbows and knees , noting the callouses and scars , and figures Mowgli is not using magic or demons , having seen a similar case in 30 years of service . Muller also offers Mowgli to join the service , to which Mowgli agrees . Later , Gisborne learns the reason for Mowgli 's almost superhuman talents : he was raised by a pack of wolves in the jungle ( explaining the scars on his elbows and knees from going on all fours ) . Mowgli marries the daughter of Gisborne 's butler , Abdul Gafur . By the end of the story , Mowgli has a son and is back to living with his wolf brothers . Kipling then proceeded to write the stories of Mowgli 's childhood in detail . Lost by his parents as a baby in the Indian jungle during a tiger attack , he is adopted by the Wolf Mother ( Raksha ) and Father Wolf , who call him Mowgli ( the frog ) because of his lack of fur and his refusal to sit still . Shere Khan the tiger demands that they give him the baby but the wolves refuse . Mowgli grows up with the pack , hunting with his brother wolves . In the pack , Mowgli learns he is able to stare down any wolf , and his unique ability to remove the painful thorns from the paws of his brothers is deeply appreciated as well . Bagheera , the black panther , befriends Mowgli because both he and Mowgli have parallel childhood experiences ; as Bagheera often mentions , he was `` raised in the King 's cages at Oodeypore '' from a cub , and thus knows the ways of man . Baloo the bear , teacher of wolves , has the thankless task of educating Mowgli in `` The Law of the Jungle '' . Shere Khan continues to regard Mowgli as fair game , but eventually Mowgli finds a weapon he can use against the tiger -- fire . After driving off Shere Khan , Mowgli goes to a human village where he is adopted by Messua and her husband , whose own son Nathoo was also taken by a tiger . It is uncertain if Mowgli is actually the returned Nathoo , although it is stated in `` Tiger ! Tiger ! '' that the tiger who carried off Messua 's son was lame , just as Shere Khan is lame . Messua would like to believe that her son has returned , however she herself realises that this is unlikely . While herding buffalo for the village , Mowgli learns that the tiger is still planning to kill him , so with the aid of two wolves , he traps Shere Khan in a ravine where the buffalo trample him . The tiger dies , and Mowgli sets to skin him . Seeing this , Buldeo , a jealous hunter , goads the villagers into persecuting Mowgli and his adopted parents as sorcerers . Mowgli runs back to the jungle with Shere Khan 's hide but soon learns that Buldeo and the villagers are planning to kill Messua and her husband . He rescues them and sends elephants , water buffaloes , and other animals to trample the village and its fields to the ground . In later stories in The Second Jungle Book , Mowgli finds and then discards an ancient treasure ( `` The King 's Ankus '' ) , not realising it is so valuable that men would kill to own it . With the aid of Kaa the python , he leads the wolves in a war against the Dhole ( `` Red Dog '' ) . Finally , Mowgli stumbles across the village where his adopted human mother ( Messua ) , is now living , which forces him to come to terms with his humanity and decide whether to rejoin his fellow humans in `` The Spring Running '' . Play adaptations ( edit ) Rudyard Kipling adapted the Mowgli stories for The Jungle Play in 1899 , but the play was never produced on stage . The manuscript was lost for almost a century . It was finally published in book form in 2000 . Influences upon other Works ( edit ) Only six years after the first publication of The Jungle Book , E. Nesbit 's The Wouldbegoods ( 1899 ) included a passage in which some children act out a scene from the book . Mowgli has been cited as a major influence on Edgar Rice Burroughs who created and developed the character Tarzan . Mowgli was also an influence for a number of other `` wild boy '' characters . Poul Anderson and Gordon R. Dickson used the Mowgli stories as the basis for their humorous 1957 science fiction short story `` Full Pack ( Hokas Wild ) '' . This is one of a series featuring a teddy bear - like race called Hokas who enjoy human literature but can not quite grasp the distinction between fact and fiction . In this story , a group of Hokas get hold of a copy of The Jungle Book and begin to act it out , enlisting the help of a human boy to play Mowgli . The boy 's mother , who is a little bemused to see teddy bears trying to act like wolves , tags along to try to keep him ( and the Hokas ) out of trouble . The situation is complicated by the arrival of three alien diplomats who just happen to resemble a monkey , a tiger and a snake . This story appears in the collection Hokas Pokas ! ( 1998 ) ( ISBN 0 - 671 - 57858 - 8 ) , and is also available online . Mowgli stories by other writers ( edit ) The Third Jungle Book ( 1992 ) by Pamela Jekel ( ISBN 1 - 879373 - 22 - X ) is a collection of new Mowgli stories in a fairly accurate pastiche of Kipling 's style . Hunting Mowgli ( 2001 ) by Maxim Antinori ( ISBN 1 - 931319 - 49 - 9 ) is a very short novel which describes a fateful meeting between Mowgli and a human hunter . Movies , television and Radio ( edit ) Jungle Book ( 1942 ) starred Sabu as Mowgli . The best known of all portrayals of Mowgli is the musical version in Disney 's The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) , where he is voiced by Bruce Reitherman , son of the film 's director Wolfgang Reitherman , and its sequel , The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) , in which Mowgli is voiced by Haley Joel Osment . Heroes of the Soviet animation film on a postal stamp of Russia Around the same time -- from 1967 to 1971 -- five Russian short animated films were made by Soyuzmultfilm , collectively known as Adventures of Mowgli . Of all the various adaptations , Chuck Jones 's 1977 animated TV short Mowgli 's Brothers , adapting the first story in The Jungle Book , may be the one that adheres most closely to the original plot and dialogue . There has also been a Japanese animated TV series Jungle Book Shonen Mowgli based on the Mowgli series and a US live - action series , Mowgli : The New Adventures of the Jungle Book . There was also a BBC radio adaptation in 1994 , starring actress Nisha K. Nayar as Mowgli , Freddie Jones as Baloo and Eartha Kitt as Kaa . It originally aired on BBC Radio 5 ( before it became BBC Radio 5 Live and dropped its children 's programming ) . Subsequently , it has been released on audio cassette and has been re-run a number of times on digital radio channel BBC 7 ( now BBC Radio 4 Extra ) . Classics Illustrated # 83 ( 1951 ) contains an adaptation of three Mowgli stories . Between 1953 and 1955 Dell Comics featured adaptations of six Mowgli stories in three issues ( # 487 , # 582 and # 620 ) . Some issues of Marvel Fanfare feature adaptations of the Mowgli stories by Gil Kane . These were later collected as an omnibus volume . P. Craig Russell 's Jungle Book Stories ( 1997 ) collects three stories , actually adapted from The Second Jungle Book , which originally appeared between 1985 and 1996 . A 2016 live action remake of Disney 's animated version of The Jungle Book starred newcomer Neel Sethi as Mowgli . Actors who played the character ( edit ) Mowgli has been played by many male actors . In the 1942 film adaptation , Mowgli was played by Sabu Dastagir . In the 1994 film adaptation , he was played by Sean Naegeli as a child , and later throughout the film he was played by Jason Scott Lee . In The Second Jungle Book : Mowgli and Baloo , he was played by Jamie Williams . In The Jungle Book : Mowgli 's Story , he was played by Brandon Baker . Mowgli was played by Neel Sethi in the Disney live - action reimagination , which was released in 3D in April 2016 . Mowgli will be played by Rohan Chand in the Warner Bros. film Jungle Book , which will be released in 2018 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sale , Roger ( 1978 ) . `` Kipling 's Boy 's '' . Fairy Tales and After : from Snow White to E.B. White . Harvard Univ . Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 29157 - 3 . Jump up ^ The Jungle Play : UK paperback edition : ISBN 0 - 14 - 118292 - X Jump up ^ `` Image : jbcomic1 - big. jpg , ( 722 × 1014 px ) '' . p-synd.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Image : jbcomic2 - big. jpg , ( 785 × 1110 px ) '' . p-synd.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Image : jbcomic3 - big. jpg , ( 783 × 1100 px ) '' . p-synd.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 04 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mowgli . In the Rukh : Mowgli 's first appearance from Kipling 's Many Inventions The Jungle Book Collection and Wiki : a website demonstrating the variety of merchandise related to the book and film versions of The Jungle Books , now accompanied by a Wiki on the Jungle Books and related subjects ( hide ) Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book Books The Jungle Book ( 1894 ) The Second Jungle Book ( 1895 ) All the Mowgli Stories ( 1933 ) Mowgli stories `` Mowgli 's Brothers '' `` Kaa 's Hunting '' `` Tiger ! Tiger ! '' `` Letting in the Jungle '' `` Red Dog '' Other stories `` Rikki - Tikki - Tavi '' `` Toomai of the Elephants '' `` The White Seal '' Characters Mowgli Baloo Bagheera Akela Raksha Kaa Hathi Shere Khan Bandar - log King Louie Disney franchise Film The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Jungle Book ( 1994 ) The Jungle Book : Mowgli 's Story ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) Television TaleSpin ( 1990 -- 91 ) Jungle Cubs ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Soundtrack `` Colonel Hathi 's March '' `` The Bare Necessities '' `` I Wan'na Be like You '' `` Trust in Me '' `` That 's What Friends Are For '' `` My Own Home '' `` Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai '' Video games The Jungle Book ( 1993 ) The Jungle Book Groove Party ( 2000 ) Other The Jungle Book : Alive with Magic Colonel Hathi 's Pizza Outpost Other adaptations Film Elephant Boy ( 1937 ) Jungle Book ( 1942 ) Elephant Boy ( 1973 ) Adventures of Mowgli ( 1973 ) The Second Jungle Book : Mowgli & Baloo ( 1997 ) Jungle Book ( 2018 ) Television Mowgli 's Brothers ( 1976 ) Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli ( 1989 -- 90 ) episodes Mowgli : The New Adventures of the Jungle Book ( 1998 ) The Jungle Book ( 2010 -- ) Other The Third Jungle Book ( 1992 ) A dzsungel könyve Djungelboken Related Law of the jungle Mowgli syndrome The Graveyard Book ( 2008 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mowgli&oldid=803920639 '' Categories : The Jungle Book characters Fictional orphans Fictional adoptees Fictional feral children Fictional Indian people Child characters in literature Child characters in animated films Fictional characters introduced in 1893 Characters in British novels of the 19th century Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from October 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from October 2008 All articles that may contain original research Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Ido Italiano עברית Қазақша മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska Українська اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 14 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who created the character of mowgli a boy raised by wolves | [
"Mowgli /ˈmaʊɡli/ is a fictional character and the protagonist of Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book stories. He is a naked feral child from the Pench area in Seoni, India, who originally appeared in Kipling's short story \"In the Rukh\" (collected in Many Inventions, 1893) and then went on to become the most prominent and memorable character in his collections The Jungle Book and The Second Jungle Book (1894–1895), which also featured stories about other characters.[1]"
] | [
"Rudyard Kipling"
] |
296960259987084492 | London Underground | London Underground - wikipedia London Underground Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Greater London public transit system . For the suburban London rail network , see London Overground . For the album by Herbie Mann , see London Underground ( album ) . London Underground A deep - level Central line train at Lancaster Gate bound for Ealing Broadway A larger sub-surface Metropolitan line train at Farringdon bound for Aldgate Overview Locale Greater London , Buckinghamshire , Essex , Hertfordshire Transit type Rapid transit Number of lines 11 Number of stations 270 served ( 260 owned ) Daily ridership 4.8 million Annual ridership 1.379 billion ( 2016 / 17 ) Website London Underground Operation Began operation 10 January 1863 ; 154 years ago ( 1863 - 01 - 10 ) Operator ( s ) London Underground Limited Reporting marks LT ( National Rail ) Technical System length 402 km ( 250 mi ) Track gauge 1,435 mm ( 4 ft 8 ⁄ in ) standard gauge Electrification 630 V DC fourth rail Average speed 33 km / h ( 21 mph ) Part of a series of articles on the London Underground Overview History Timeline Infrastructure Stations Trains Popular Culture Map London Transport portal The London Underground ( also known simply as the Underground , or by its nickname the Tube ) is a public rapid transit system serving London and some parts of the adjacent counties of Buckinghamshire , Essex and Hertfordshire in the United Kingdom . The world 's first underground railway , the Metropolitan Railway , which opened in 1863 , is now part of the Circle , Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines ; the first line to operate underground electric traction trains , the City & South London Railway in 1890 , is now part of the Northern line . The network has expanded to 11 lines , and in 2016 -- 17 carried 1.379 billion passengers , making it the world 's 11th busiest metro system . The 11 lines collectively handle approximately 4.8 million passengers a day . The system 's first tunnels were built just below the surface , using the cut - and - cover method ; later , smaller , roughly circular tunnels -- which gave rise to its nickname , the Tube -- were dug through at a deeper level . The system has 270 stations and 250 miles ( 400 km ) of track . Despite its name , only 45 % of the system is actually underground in tunnels , with much of the network in the outer environs of London being on the surface . In addition , the Underground does not cover most southern parts of Greater London , with less than 10 % of the stations located south of the River Thames . The early tube lines , originally owned by several private companies , were brought together under the `` UndergrounD '' brand in the early 20th century and eventually merged along with the sub-surface lines and bus services in 1933 to form London Transport under the control of the London Passenger Transport Board ( LPTB ) . The current operator , London Underground Limited ( LUL ) , is a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London ( TfL ) , the statutory corporation responsible for the transport network in Greater London . As of 2015 , 92 % of operational expenditure is covered by passenger fares . The Travelcard ticket was introduced in 1983 and Oyster , a contactless ticketing system , in 2003 . Contactless card payments were introduced in 2014 . The LPTB was a prominent patron of art and design , commissioning many new station buildings , posters and public artworks in a modernist style . The schematic Tube map , designed by Harry Beck in 1931 , was voted a national design icon in 2006 and now includes other TfL transport systems such as the Docklands Light Railway , London Overground and TfL Rail . Other famous London Underground branding includes the roundel and Johnston typeface , created by Edward Johnston in 1916 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years 1.2 The Underground Electric Railways Company years 1.3 The London Passenger Transport Board years 1.4 The London Transport Executive / Board years 1.5 The Greater London Council years 1.6 The London Regional Transport years 1.7 The Transport for London years 2 Infrastructure 2.1 Railway 2.2 Lines 2.3 Services using former and current main lines 2.4 Main line services that use LU tracks 2.5 Trains 2.6 Depots 2.7 Ventilation and cooling 2.8 Lifts and escalators 2.9 Wi - Fi and mobile phone reception 3 Proposed improvements and expansions 3.1 New lines 3.2 Line extensions 3.2. 1 Croxley Rail Link 3.2. 2 Northern line extension to Battersea and Clapham Junction 3.2. 3 Bakerloo line extension to the south 3.2. 4 Bakerloo line extension to Watford Junction 3.2. 5 Central line extension to Uxbridge 3.3 Infrastructure 3.4 New trains for deep - level lines 4 Travelling 4.1 Ticketing 4.2 Hours of operation 4.2. 1 Night Tube 4.3 Accessibility 4.4 Delays and overcrowding 4.5 Safety 5 Design and the arts 5.1 Map 5.2 Roundel 5.3 Architecture 5.4 Johnston typeface 5.5 Posters and patron of the arts 5.6 In popular culture 6 Notable people 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the London Underground Early years ( edit ) The Metropolitan Railway opened using GWR broad gauge locomotives The idea of an underground railway linking the City of London with some of the railway termini in its urban centre was proposed in the 1830s , and the Metropolitan Railway was granted permission to build such a line in 1854 . To prepare construction , a short test tunnel was built in 1855 in Kibblesworth , a small town with geological properties similar to London . This test tunnel was used for two years in the development of the first underground train , and was later , in 1861 , filled up . The world 's first underground railway , it opened in January 1863 between Paddington and Farringdon using gas - lit wooden carriages hauled by steam locomotives . It was hailed as a success , carrying 38,000 passengers on the opening day , and borrowing trains from other railways to supplement the service . The Metropolitan District Railway ( commonly known as the District Railway ) opened in December 1868 from South Kensington to Westminster as part of a plan for an underground `` inner circle '' connecting London 's main - line termini . The Metropolitan and District railways completed the Circle line in 1884 , built using the cut and cover method . Both railways expanded , the District building five branches to the west reaching Ealing , Hounslow , Uxbridge , Richmond and Wimbledon and the Metropolitan eventually extended as far as Verney Junction in Buckinghamshire , more than 50 miles ( 80 km ) from Baker Street and the centre of London . For the first deep - level tube line , the City and South London Railway , two 10 feet 2 inches ( 3.10 m ) diameter circular tunnels were dug between King William Street ( close to today 's Monument station ) and Stockwell , under the roads to avoid the need for agreement with owners of property on the surface . This opened in 1890 with electric locomotives that hauled carriages with small opaque windows , nicknamed padded cells . The Waterloo and City Railway opened in 1898 , followed by the Central London Railway in 1900 , known as the `` twopenny tube '' . These two ran electric trains in circular tunnels having diameters between 11 feet 8 inches ( 3.56 m ) and 12 feet 2.5 inches ( 3.721 m ) , whereas the Great Northern and City Railway , which opened in 1904 , was built to take main line trains from Finsbury Park to a Moorgate terminus in the City and had 16 - foot ( 4.9 m ) diameter tunnels . In the early 20th century , the District and Metropolitan railways needed to electrify and a joint committee recommended an AC system , the two companies co-operating because of the shared ownership of the inner circle . The District , needing to raise the finance necessary , found an investor in the American Charles Yerkes who favoured a DC system similar to that in use on the City & South London and Central London railways . The Metropolitan Railway protested about the change of plan , but after arbitration by the Board of Trade , the DC system was adopted . The Underground electric railways Company years ( edit ) Passengers wait to board a tube train in the early 1900s Yerkes soon had control of the District Railway and established the Underground Electric Railways Company of London ( UERL ) in 1902 to finance and operate three tube lines , the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway ( Bakerloo ) , the Charing Cross , Euston and Hampstead Railway ( Hampstead ) and the Great Northern , Piccadilly and Brompton Railway , ( Piccadilly ) , which all opened between 1906 and 1907 . When the `` Bakerloo '' was so named in July 1906 , The Railway Magazine called it an undignified `` gutter title '' . By 1907 the District and Metropolitan Railways had electrified the underground sections of their lines . In January 1913 , the UERL acquired the Central London Railway and the City & South London Railway , as well as many of London 's bus and tram operators . Only the Metropolitan Railway , along with its subsidiaries the Great Northern & City Railway and the East London Railway , and the Waterloo & City Railway , by then owned by the main line London and South Western Railway , remained outside of the Underground Group 's control . A joint marketing agreement between most of the companies in the early years of the 20th century included maps , joint publicity , through ticketing and UNDERGROUND signs outside stations in Central London . The Bakerloo line was extended north to Queen 's Park to join a new electric line from Euston to Watford , but World War I delayed construction and trains reached Watford Junction in 1917 . During air raids in 1915 people used the tube stations as shelters . An extension of the Central line west to Ealing was also delayed by the war and completed in 1920 . After the war government - backed financial guarantees were used to expand the network and the tunnels of the City and South London and Hampstead railways were linked at Euston and Kennington , although the combined service was not named the Northern line until later . The Metropolitan promoted housing estates near the railway with the `` Metro - land '' brand and nine housing estates were built near stations on the line . Electrification was extended north from Harrow to Rickmansworth , and branches opened from Rickmansworth to Watford in 1925 and from Wembley Park to Stanmore in 1932 . The Piccadilly line was extended north to Cockfosters and took over District line branches to Harrow ( later Uxbridge ) and Hounslow . The London passenger Transport Board years ( edit ) Aldwych tube station being used as a bomb shelter in 1940 In 1933 , most of London 's underground railways , tramway and bus services were merged to form the London Passenger Transport Board , which used the London Transport brand . The Waterloo & City Railway , which was by then in the ownership of the main line Southern Railway , remained with its existing owners . In the same year that the London Passenger Transport Board was formed , Harry Beck 's diagrammatic tube map appeared for the first time . In the following years , the outlying lines of the former Metropolitan Railway closed , the Brill Tramway in 1935 , and the line from Quainton Road to Verney Junction in 1936 . The 1935 -- 40 New Works Programme included the extension of the Central and Northern lines and the Bakerloo line to take over the Metropolitan 's Stanmore branch . World War II suspended these plans after the Bakerloo line had reached Stanmore and the Northern line High Barnet and Mill Hill East in 1941 . Following bombing in 1940 passenger services over the West London Line were suspended , leaving Olympia exhibition centre without a railway service until a District line shuttle from Earl 's Court began after the war . After work restarted on the Central line extensions in east and west London , these were complete in 1949 . During the war many tube stations were used as air - raid shelters . On 3 March 1943 , a test of the air - raid warning sirens , together with the firing of a new type of anti-aircraft rocket , resulted in a crush of people attempting to take shelter in Bethnal Green tube station . A total of 173 people , including 62 children , died , making this both the worst civilian disaster of World War II , and the largest loss of life in a single incident on the London Underground network . The London Transport Executive / Board years ( edit ) A 1959 Stock train at Barons Court On 1 January 1948 , under the provisions of the Transport Act 1947 , the London Passenger Transport Board was nationalised and renamed the London Transport Executive , becoming a subsidiary organisation of the British Transport Commission , which was formed on the same day . Under the same act , the country 's main line railways were also nationalised , and their reconstruction was given priority over the maintenance of the Underground and most of the unfinished plans of the pre-war New Works Programme were shelved or postponed . However , the District line needed new trains and an unpainted aluminium train entered service in 1953 , this becoming the standard for new trains . In the early 1960s the Metropolitan line was electrified as far as Amersham , British Railways providing services for the former Metropolitan line stations between Amersham and Aylesbury . In 1962 , the British Transport Commission was abolished , and the London Transport Executive was renamed the London Transport Board , reporting directly to the Minister of Transport . Also during the 1960s , the Victoria line was dug under central London and , unlike the earlier tubes , the tunnels did not follow the roads above . The line opened in 1968 -- 71 with the trains being driven automatically and magnetically encoded tickets collected by automatic gates gave access to the platforms . The Greater London Council years ( edit ) On 1 January 1970 responsibility for public transport within Greater London passed from central government to local government , in the form of the Greater London Council ( GLC ) , and the London Transport Board was abolished . The London Transport brand continued to be used by the GLC . On Friday 28 February 1975 , a southbound train on the Northern City Line failed to stop at its Moorgate terminus and ploughed into the wall at the end of the tunnel . In the resulting tube crash , 43 people died and a further 74 were injured , this being the greatest loss of life during peacetime on the London Underground . In 1976 the Northern City Line was taken over by British Rail and linked up with the main line railway at Finsbury Park , a transfer that had already been planned prior to the accident . In 1979 another new tube , the Jubilee line , named in honour of Queen Elizabeth 's Silver Jubilee , took over the Stanmore branch from the Bakerloo line , linking it to a newly constructed tube between Baker Street and Charing Cross stations . Under the control of the Greater London Council , London Transport introduced a system of fare zones for buses and underground trains that cut the average fare in 1981 . Fares increased following a legal challenge but the fare zones were retained , and in the mid-1980s the Travelcard and the Capitalcard were introduced . The London Regional Transport years ( edit ) Platform edge doors at Westminster In 1984 control of London Buses and the London Underground passed back to central government with the creation of London Regional Transport ( LRT ) , which reported directly to the Secretary of State for Transport , whilst still retaining the London Transport brand . One person operation had been planned in 1968 , but conflict with the trade unions delayed introduction until the 1980s . On 18 November 1987 , fire broke out in an escalator at King 's Cross St. Pancras tube station . The resulting fire cost the lives of 31 people and injured a further 100 . London Underground were strongly criticised in the aftermath for their attitude to fires underground , and publication of the report into the fire led to the resignation of senior management of both London Underground and London Regional Transport . To comply with new safety regulations issued as a result of the fire , and to combat graffiti , a train refurbishment project was launched in July 1991 . In April 1994 , the Waterloo & City Railway , by then owned by British Rail and known as the Waterloo & City line , was transferred to the London Underground . In 1999 , the Jubilee line was extended from Green Park station through Docklands to Stratford station , resulting in the closure of the short section of tunnel between Green Park and Charing Cross stations , and including the first stations on the London Underground to have platform edge doors . The Transport for London years ( edit ) Transport for London ( TfL ) was created in 2000 as the integrated body responsible for London 's transport system . TfL is part of the Greater London Authority and is constituted as a statutory corporation regulated under local government finance rules . The TfL Board is appointed by the Mayor of London , who also sets the structure and level of public transport fares in London . However the day - to - day running of the corporation is left to the Commissioner of Transport for London . TfL eventually replaced London Regional Transport , and discontinued the use of the London Transport brand in favour of its own brand . The transfer of responsibility was staged , with transfer of control of the London Underground delayed until July 2003 , when London Underground Limited became an indirect subsidiary of TfL . Between 2000 and 2003 , London Underground was reorganised in a Public - Private Partnership where private infrastructure companies ( infracos ) upgraded and maintained the railway . This was undertaken before control passed to TfL , who were opposed to the arrangement . One infraco went into administration in 2007 and TfL took over the responsibilities , TfL taking over the other in 2010 . Electronic ticketing in the form of the contactless Oyster card was introduced in 2003 . London Underground services on the East London line ceased in 2007 so that it could be extended and converted to London Overground operation , and in December 2009 the Circle line changed from serving a closed loop around the centre of London to a spiral also serving Hammersmith . From September 2014 , passengers have been able to use contactless cards on the Tube , the use of which has grown very quickly and now over a million contactless transactions are made on the Underground every day . Infrastructure ( edit ) Main article : London Underground infrastructure Railway ( edit ) The Underground serves 270 stations . Fourteen Underground stations are outside Greater London , of which five ( Amersham , Chalfont & Latimer , Chesham , and Chorleywood on the Metropolitan line , and Epping on the Central line ) , are beyond the M25 London Orbital motorway . Of the 32 London boroughs , six ( Bexley , Bromley , Croydon , Kingston , Lewisham and Sutton ) are not served by the Underground network , while Hackney has Old Street and Manor House only just inside its boundaries . Lewisham used to be served by the East London Line ( stations at New Cross and New Cross Gate ) . The line and the stations were transferred to the London Overground network in 2010 . A geographic London Underground map showing the extent of the network ( Amersham and Chesham stations , top left , are omitted ) London Underground 's eleven lines total 402 kilometres ( 250 mi ) in length , making it the third longest metro system in the world . These are made up of the sub-surface network and the deep - tube lines . The Circle , District , Hammersmith & City , and Metropolitan lines form the sub-surface network , with railway tunnels just below the surface and of a similar size to those on British main lines . The Hammersmith & City and Circle lines share stations and most of their track with each other , as well as with the Metropolitan and District lines . The Bakerloo , Central , Jubilee , Northern , Piccadilly , Victoria and Waterloo & City lines are deep - level tubes , with smaller trains that run in two circular tunnels ( tubes ) with a diameter about 11 feet 8 inches ( 3.56 m ) . These lines have the exclusive use of a pair of tracks , except for the Piccadilly line , which shares track with the District line between Acton Town and Hanger Lane Junction and with the Metropolitan line between Rayners Lane and Uxbridge ; and the Bakerloo line , which shares track with London Overground services north of Queen 's Park . Fifty - five per cent of the system runs on the surface . There are 20 miles ( 32 km ) of cut - and - cover tunnel and 93 miles ( 150 km ) of tube tunnel . Many of the central London underground stations on deep - level tube lines are higher than the running lines to assist deceleration when arriving and acceleration when departing . Trains generally run on the left - hand track . However , in some places , the tunnels are above each other ( for example , the Central line east of St Paul 's station ) , or the running tunnels are on the right ( for example on the Victoria line between Warren Street and King 's Cross St. Pancras , to allow cross-platform interchange with the Northern line at Euston ) . The lines are electrified with a four - rail DC system : a conductor rail between the rails is energised at − 210 V and a rail outside the running rails at + 420 V , giving a potential difference of 630 V. On the sections of line shared with mainline trains , such as the District line from East Putney to Wimbledon and Gunnersbury to Richmond , and the Bakerloo line north of Queen 's Park , the centre rail is bonded to the running rails . Lines ( edit ) The London Underground was used by 1.34 billion passengers in 2015 / 2016 . Name Map colour Opening Date Type Length Terminus No . Stations Depot Current Stock Trips per annum Avg . trips per mile ( × 1000 ) 2011 / 12 figures Bakerloo line Brown 1906 Deep Tube 23.2 km 14.5 mi Harrow & Wealdstone Elephant & Castle 25 Stonebridge Park London Road Queen 's Park 1972 Stock 111,136 7,665 Central line Red 1900 Deep Tube 74. 0 km 46. 0 mi West Ruislip Ealing Broadway Hainault Woodford Epping 49 West Ruislip Hainault White City 1992 Stock 260,916 5,672 Circle line Yellow 1871 Sub surface 27.2 km 17. 0 mi Hammersmith Edgware Road 36 Hammersmith S7 Stock 114,609 4,716 District line Green 1868 Sub surface 64. 0 km 40. 0 mi Ealing Broadway Kensington ( Olympia ) Richmond Wimbledon High Street Kensington Edgware Road Upminster 60 Upminster Ealing Common Hammersmith S7 Stock 208,317 5,208 Hammersmith & City line Salmon Pink 1864 Sub surface 25.5 km 15.8 mi Hammersmith Barking 29 Hammersmith S7 Stock 114,609 4,716 Jubilee line Grey 1979 Deep Tube 36.2 km 22.5 mi Stanmore Stratford 27 Neasden Stratford Market 1996 Stock 213,554 9,491 Metropolitan line Magenta 1863 Sub surface 66.7 km 42 mi Baker Street Aldgate Amersham Chesham Uxbridge Watford 34 Neasden S8 Stock 66,779 1,609 Northern line Black 1890 Deep Tube 58. 0 km 36. 0 mi Kennington Morden Edgware High Barnet Mill Hill East 50 Golders Green Morden 1995 Stock 252,310 7,009 Piccadilly line Dark Blue 1906 Deep Tube 71. 0 km 44.3 mi Cockfosters Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 Heathrow Terminal 4 Heathrow Terminal 5 Northfields Rayners Lane Uxbridge 53 Cockfosters Northfields 1973 Stock 210,169 4,744 Victoria line Light Blue 1968 Deep Tube 21. 0 km 13 mi Brixton Walthamstow Central 16 Northumberland Park 2009 Stock 199,988 15,093 Waterloo & City line Turquoise 1898 Deep Tube 2.5 km 1.5 mi Bank Waterloo Waterloo 1992 Stock 15,892 10,595 Jump up ^ Known as the Central London before 1937 . Jump up ^ The Metropolitan and District railways joint inner circle service started in the shape of a horseshoe , a complete loop was formed in 1884 and the current spiral in 2009 . The line has been referred to as the Circle line at least since 1936 and first appeared separately on the tube map in 1948 . ^ Jump up to : Passenger figures for both Circle and Hammersmith & City lines combined . The Avg . trips per mile figure has been calculated using a combined route length of 24.3 miles . Jump up ^ Originally a joint Great Western and Metropolitan railways service , the line first appeared separately on the tube map in 1990 . Jump up ^ The name dates from 1937 . Jump up ^ Until 1994 the Waterloo & City line was operated by British Rail and its predecessors . Services using former and current main lines ( edit ) A map of the entire system with accurate positions of stations but simplified presentation of lines The Underground uses a number of railways and alignments that were built by main - line railway companies . Bakerloo line : Between Queen 's Park and Harrow & Wealdstone this runs over the Watford DC Line alongside the London & North Western Railway ( LNWR ) main line that opened in 1837 . The route was laid out by the LNWR in 1912 -- 15 and is part of the Network Rail system . Central line : The railway from just south of Leyton to just south of Loughton was built by Eastern Counties Railway in 1856 on the same alignment in use today . The Underground also uses the line built in 1865 by the Great Eastern Railway ( GER ) between Loughton to Ongar via Epping . The connection to the main line south of Leyton was closed in 1970 and removed in 1972 . The line from Epping to Ongar was closed in 1994 ; most of the line is in use today by the heritage Epping Ongar Railway . The line between Newbury Park and Woodford junction ( west of Roding Valley ) via Hainault was built by the GER in 1903 , the connections to the main line south of Newbury Park closing in 1947 ( in the Ilford direction ) and 1956 ( in the Seven Kings direction ) . Central line : The line from just north of White City to Ealing Broadway was built in 1917 by the Great Western Railway ( GWR ) and passenger service introduced by the Underground in 1920 . North Acton to West Ruislip was built by GWR on behalf of the Underground in 1947 -- 8 alongside the pre-existing tracks from Old Oak Common junction towards High Wycombe and beyond , which date from 1904 . As of May 2013 , the original Old Oak Common junction to South Ruislip route has one main - line train a day to / from Paddington . District line : South of Kensington Olympia short sections of the 1862 West London Railway ( WLR ) and its 1863 West London Extension Railway ( WLER ) were used when District extended from Earl 's Court in 1872 . The District had its own bay platform at Olympia built in 1958 along with track on the bed of the 1862 / 3 WLR / WLER northbound . The southbound WLR / WLER became the new northbound main line at that time , and a new southbound main - line track was built through the site of former goods yard . The 1872 junction closed in 1958 , and a further connection to the WLR just south of Olympia closed in 1992 . The branch is now segregated . District line : The line between Campbell Road junction ( now closed ) , near Bromley - by - Bow , and Barking was built by the London , Tilbury & Southend Railway ( LTSR ) in 1858 . The slow tracks were built 1903 -- 05 , when District services were extended from Bow Road ( though there were no District services east of East Ham from 1905 to 1932 ) . The slow tracks were shared with LTSR stopping and goods trains until segregated by 1962 , when main - line trains stopped serving intermediate stations . District line : The railway from Barking to Upminster was built by LTSR in 1885 and the District extended over the route in 1902 . District withdrew between 1905 and 1932 , when the route was quadrupled . Main - line trains ceased serving intermediate stations in 1962 , and the District line today only uses the 1932 slow tracks . District line : The westbound track between east of Ravenscourt Park and Turnham Green and Turnham Green to Gunnersbury follows the alignment of a railway built by the London & South Western Railway ( LSWR ) in 1869 . The eastbound track between Turnham Green and east of Ravenscourt Park follows the alignment built in 1911 ; this was closed 1916 but was re-used when the Piccadilly line was extended in 1932 . District line : The line between East Putney and Wimbledon was built by the LSWR in 1889 . The last scheduled main - line service ran in 1941 but it still sees a few through Waterloo passenger services at the start and end of the daily timetable . The route is also used for scheduled ECS movements to / from Wimbledon Park depot and for Waterloo services diverted during disruptions and track closures elsewhere . Hammersmith & City : Between Paddington and Westbourne Park tube station , the line runs alongside the main line . The Great Western main line opened in 1838 , serving a temporary terminus the other side of Bishop 's Road . When the current Paddington station opened in 1854 , the line passed to the south of the old station . On opening in 1864 , the Hammersmith & City Railway ( then part of the Metropolitan Railway ) ran via the main line to a junction at Westbourne Park , until 1867 when two tracks opened to the south of the main line , with a crossing near Westbourne Bridge , Paddington . The current two tracks to the north of the main line and the subway east of Westbourne Park opened in 1878 . The Hammersmith & City route is now completely segregated from the main line . Jubilee line : The rail route between Canning Town and Stratford was built by the GER in 1846 , with passenger services starting in 1847 . The original alignment was quadrupled `` in stages between 1860 and 1892 '' for freight services before the extra ( western ) tracks were lifted as traffic declined during the 20th century , and were re-laid for Jubilee line services that started in 1999 . The current Docklands Light Railway ( ex-North London Line ) uses the original eastern alignment and the Jubilee uses the western alignment . Northern line : The line from East Finchley to Mill Hill East was opened in 1867 , and from Finchley Central to High Barnet in 1872 , both by the Great Northern Railway . Piccadilly line : The westbound track between east of Ravenscourt Park and Turnham Green was built by LSWR in 1869 , and originally used for eastbound main - line and District services . The eastbound track was built in 1911 ; it closed in 1916 but was re-used when the Piccadilly line was extended in 1932 . Main line services that use LU tracks ( edit ) Some tracks now in LU ownership remain in use by main line services . District line -- East Putney to Wimbledon , used by South Western Railway on through , ECS and diverted services Metropolitan line -- Harrow - on - the - Hill to Mantles Wood ( west of Amersham ) , used by Chiltern Railways Marylebone to Aylesbury / Aylesbury Vale services Trains ( edit ) Main article : London Underground rolling stock A sub-surface Metropolitan line A Stock train ( left ) passes a deep - tube Piccadilly line 1973 Stock train ( right ) in the siding at Rayners Lane . London Underground trains come in two sizes , larger sub-surface trains and smaller deep - tube trains . Since the early 1960s all passenger trains have been electric multiple units with sliding doors and a train last ran with a guard in 2000 . All lines use fixed length trains with between six and eight cars , except for the Waterloo & City line that uses four cars . New trains are designed for maximum number of standing passengers and for speed of access to the cars and have regenerative braking and public address systems . Since 1999 all new stock has had to comply with accessibility regulations that require such things as access and room for wheelchairs , and the size and location of door controls . All underground trains are required to comply with The Rail Vehicle Accessibility ( Non Interoperable Rail System ) Regulations 2010 ( RVAR 2010 ) by 2020 . Stock on sub-surface lines is identified by a letter ( such as S Stock , used on the Metropolitan line ) , while tube stock is identified by the year of intended introduction ( for example , 1996 Stock , used on the Jubilee line ) . Depots ( edit ) The Underground is served by the following depots : Bakerloo : London Road , Stonebridge Park Central : Hainault , Ruislip , White City Circle : Hammersmith District : Ealing Common , Hammersmith , Upminster Hammersmith & City : Hammersmith Jubilee : Neasden , Stratford Market Metropolitan : Neasden Northern : Edgware , Golders Green , High Barnet , Highgate , Morden Piccadilly : Cockfosters , Northfields Victoria : Northumberland Park Waterloo & City : Waterloo London Transport Museum : Acton Town Ventilation and cooling ( edit ) See also : London Underground infrastructure : Ventilation and cooling and London Underground cooling A Northern line deep - tube train leaves a tunnel mouth just north of Hendon Central station . When the Bakerloo line opened in 1906 it was advertised with a maximum temperature of 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) , but over time the tube tunnels have warmed up . In 1938 approval was given for a ventilation improvement programme , and a refrigeration unit was installed in a lift shaft at Tottenham Court Road . Temperatures of 47 ° C ( 117 ° F ) were reported in the 2006 European heat wave . It was claimed in 2002 that , if animals were being transported , temperatures on the Tube would break European Commission animal welfare laws . A 2000 study reported that air quality was seventy - three times worse than at street level , with a passenger breathing the same mass of particulates during a twenty - minute journey on the Northern line as when smoking a cigarette . The main purpose of the London Underground 's ventilation fans is to extract hot air from the tunnels , and fans across the network are being refurbished , although complaints of noise from local residents preclude their use at full power at night . In June 2006 a groundwater cooling system was installed at Victoria station . In 2012 , air - cooling units were installed on platforms at Green Park station using cool deep groundwater and at Oxford Circus using chiller units at the top of an adjacent building . New air - conditioned trains are being introduced on the sub-surface lines , but space is limited on tube trains for air - conditioning units and these would heat the tunnels even more . The Deep Tube Programme , investigating replacing the trains for the Bakerloo and Piccadilly lines , is looking for trains with better energy conservation and regenerative braking , on which it might be possible to install a form of air conditioning . In the original Tube design , trains passing through close fitting tunnels act as pistons to create air pressure gradients between stations . This pressure difference drives ventilation between platforms and the surface exits through the passenger foot network . This system depends on adequate cross sectional area of the airspace above the passengers ' heads in the foot tunnels and escalators , where laminar airflow is proportional to the fourth power of the radius , the Hagen -- Poiseuille equation . It also depends on an absence of turbulence in the tunnel headspace . In many stations the ventilation system is now ineffective because of alterations that reduce tunnel diameters and increase turbulence . An example is Green Park tube station , where false ceiling panels attached to metal frames have been installed that reduce the above - head airspace diameter by more than half in many parts . This has the effect of reducing laminar airflow by some 94 % . Originally air turbulence was kept to a minimum by keeping all signage flat to the tunnel walls . Now the ventilation space above head height is crowded with ducting , conduits , cameras , speakers and equipment acting as a baffle plates with predictable reductions in flow . Often electronic signs have their flat surface at right angles to the main air flow , causing choked flow . Temporary sign boards that stand at the top of escalators also maximise turbulence . The alterations to the ventilation system are important , not only to heat exchange , but also the quality of the air at platform level , particularly given its asbestos content . Lifts and escalators ( edit ) See also : London Underground infrastructure : Lifts and escalators Escalators at Canary Wharf station Originally access to the deep - tube platforms was by a lift . Each lift was staffed , and at some quiet stations in the 1920s the ticket office was moved into the lift , or it was arranged that the lift could be controlled from the ticket office . The first escalator on the London Underground was installed in 1911 between the District and Piccadilly platforms at Earl 's Court and from the following year new deep - level stations were provided with escalators instead of lifts . The escalators had a diagonal shunt at the top landing . In 1921 a recorded voice instructed passengers to stand on the right and signs followed in World War II . Travellers were asked to stand on the right so that anyone wishing to overtake them would have a clear passage on the left side of the escalator . The first ' comb ' type escalator was installed in 1924 at Clapham Common . In the 1920s and 1930s many lifts were replaced by escalators . After the fatal 1987 King 's Cross fire , all wooden escalators were replaced with metal ones and the mechanisms are regularly degreased to lower the potential for fires . The only wooden escalator not to be replaced was at Greenford station , which remained until October 2015 when TfL replaced it with the first incline lift on the UK transport network . There are 426 escalators on the London Underground system and the longest , at 60 metres ( 200 ft ) , is at Angel . The shortest , at Stratford , gives a vertical rise of 4.1 metres ( 13 ft ) . There are 164 lifts , and numbers have increased in recent years because of a programme to increase accessibility . Wi - fi and mobile phone reception ( edit ) In summer 2012 London Underground , in partnership with Virgin Media , tried out Wi - Fi hot spots in many stations , but not in the tunnels , that allowed passengers free internet access . The free trial proved successful and was extended to the end of 2012 whereupon it switched to a service freely available to subscribers to Virgin Media and others , or as a paid - for service . It is not currently possible to use mobile phones underground using native 2G , 3G or 4G networks , and a project to extend coverage before the 2012 Olympics was abandoned because of commercial and technical difficulties . UK subscribers to the O2 or Three mobile networks can use the Tu Go or InTouch apps respectively to route their voice calls and texts messages via the Virgin Media Wifi network at 138 London Transport stations . The EE network also has recently released a WiFi calling feature available on the iPhone . Proposed Improvements and expansions ( edit ) New lines ( edit ) The Elizabeth line , under the project name Crossrail , is under construction and expected to open in stages until 2018 , providing a new underground route across central London integrated with , but not part of the London Underground system . A part of National Rail which will become part of Crossrail , and which has already been completed , is currently running under the name `` TfL Rail '' . The new line will use Class 345 trains , currently built and tested by Bombardier in Derby , UK , and serve 40 stations . Two options are being considered for the route of Crossrail 2 on a north - south alignment across London , with hopes that it could be open by 2033 . Line extensions ( edit ) Croxley Rail Link ( edit ) Main article : Croxley Rail Link The Croxley Rail Link involves re-routing the Metropolitan line 's Watford branch from the current terminus at Watford over part of the disused Croxley Green branch line to Watford Junction with stations at Cassiobridge , Watford Vicarage Road and Watford High Street ( which is currently only a part of London Overground ) . Funding was agreed in December 2011 , and the final approval for the extension was given on 24 July 2013 . Work started in 2016 , with the aim of completion by 2020 . Northern line extension to Battersea and Clapham Junction ( edit ) Main article : Northern line extension to Battersea It is planned that the Northern line be extended to Battersea with an intermediate station at Nine Elms . In December 2012 , the Treasury confirmed that it will provide a guarantee that allows the Greater London Authority to borrow up to £ 1 billion from the Public Works Loan Board , at a preferential rate , to finance the construction of the line . In April 2013 , Transport for London applied for the legal powers of a Transport and Works Act Order to proceed with the extension . Preparation works started in Spring 2015 . The main tunnelling started in 2017 . The stations could open in 2020 . Provision will be made for a possible future extension to Clapham Junction by notifying the London Borough of Wandsworth of a reserved course under Battersea Park and subsequent streets . Bakerloo line extension to the South ( edit ) Main article : Bakerloo line extension In 1931 the extension of the Bakerloo line from Elephant & Castle to Camberwell was approved , with stations at Albany Road and an interchange at Denmark Hill . However , with post-war austerity , the plan was abandoned . In 2006 Ken Livingstone , the then Mayor of London , announced that within twenty years Camberwell would have a tube station . Transport for London has indicated that extensions , possibly to Camberwell , could play a part in the future transport strategy for South London over the coming years . However , no such planning of an extension has been revealed . There have also been many other proposals to extend the line to Streatham , Lewisham , and even beyond Lewisham , taking over the suburban Hayes line via Catford Bridge to relieve some capacity on the suburban rail network . Bakerloo line extension to Watford Junction ( edit ) In 2006 , as part of the planning for the transfer of the North London Line to what became London Overground , TfL proposed re-extending the Bakerloo line to Watford Junction . Central line extension to Uxbridge ( edit ) The London Borough of Hillingdon has proposed that the Central line be extended from West Ruislip to Uxbridge via Ickenham , claiming this would cut traffic on the A40 in the area . Infrastructure ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Bakerloo line -- The 36 1972 - stock trains on the Bakerloo line have already exceeded their original design life of 40 years . London Underground is therefore extending their operational life by making major repairs to many of the trains to maintain reliability . The Bakerloo line will be part of the New Tube for London Project . This will replace the existing fleet with new air - cooled articulated trains and a new signalling system to allow Automatic Train Operation . The line is predicted to run a maximum of 27 trains per hour , a 25 % increase from the current 21 - trains - per - hour peak service . Central line -- The Central line was the first line to be modernized in the 1990s , with 85 new 1992 - stock trains and a new automatic signalling system installed to allow Automatic Train Operation . The line runs 34 trains per hour for half an hour in the morning peak but is unable to operate more frequently because of a lack of additional trains . The 85 existing 1992 - stock trains are the most unreliable on the London Underground as they are equipped with the first generation of solid state direct current thyristor control traction equipment . The trains often break down , have to be withdrawn from service at short notice and at times are not available when required , leading to gaps in service at peak times . Although relatively modern and well within their design life , the trains need work in the medium term to ensure the continued reliability of the traction control equipment and maintain fleet serviceability until renewal , which is expected between 2028 and 2032 . Major work is to be undertaken on the fleet to ensure their continued reliability with brakes , traction control systems , doors , automatic control systems being repaired or replaced among other components . The Central line will be part of the New Tube for London Project . This will replace the existing fleet with new air - cooled walkthrough trains and a new more up - to - date automatic signalling system . The line is predicted to run 36 trains per hour , a 25 % increase compared to the present service of 34 trains for busiest 30 minutes in the morning and evening peaks and the 27 -- 30 train per hour service for the rest of the peak . Jubilee line -- The signalling system on the Jubilee line has been replaced to increase capacity on the line by 20 % -- the line now runs 30 trains per hour at peak times , compared to the previous 24 trains per hour . Similarly to the Victoria line the service frequency is planned to increase to 36 trains per hour . To enable this ventilation , power supply and control and signalling systems will be adapted and modified to allow the increase in frequency . London Underground also plans to add up to an additional 18 trains to the current fleet of 63 trains of 1996 stock . Northern line -- The signalling system on the Northern line has also been replaced to increase capacity on the line by 20 % , as the line now runs 24 trains per hour at peak times , compared to 20 previously . Capacity can be increased further if the operation of the Charing Cross and Bank branches are separated . To enable this up to 50 additional trains will be built in addition to the current 106 1995 stock . The five trains will be required for the proposed Northern line extension and 45 to increase frequencies on the rest of the line . This combined with the segregation of trains at Camden Town junction will allow 30 -- 36 trains per hour compared to 24 trains per hour currently . Piccadilly line -- The eighty - six 1973 stock trains that operate on the Piccadilly line are some of the most reliable trains on the London Underground . The trains have already exceeded their design life of around 40 years and are in need of replacement . The Piccadilly line will be part of the New Tube for London Project . This will replace the existing fleet with new air - cooled walkthrough trains and a new signalling system to allow Automatic Train Operation . The line is predicted to run 30 -- 36 trains per hour up to a 60 % increase compared to the 24 / 25 train per hour service provided today . The Piccadilly will be the first line to be upgraded as part of the New Tube for London Project as passenger usage has increased over recent years and is expected to increase further . This line is important in this project because it does not provide service that is as frequent a service as other lines . Subsurface lines ( District , Metropolitan , Hammersmith & City and Circle ) -- New S Stock trains are being introduced on the sub-surface ( District , Metropolitan , Hammersmith & City and Circle ) lines being scheduled for completion in 2016 . 191 trains have been introduced or are being built : 58 for the Metropolitan line and 133 for the Circle , District and Hammersmith & City lines . The track , electrical supply and signalling systems are also being upgraded in a programme to increase peak - hour capacity . The replacement of the signalling system and the introduction of Automatic Train Operation / Control is scheduled for 2019 -- 22 . A control room for the sub-surface network has been built in Hammersmith and an automatic train control ( ATC ) system is to replace signalling equipment installed from the 1920s such as the signal box at Edgware Road , still manually operated . Bombardier won the contract in June 2011 but was released by agreement in December 2013 , and London Underground has now issued another signalling contract , with Thales . Victoria line -- The signalling system on the Victoria line has been replaced to increase capacity on the line by around 25 % ; the line now runs up to 34 trains per hour compared to 27 -- 28 previously . The trains have been replaced with 47 new higher - capacity 2009 - stock trains . The peak frequency was increased to 36 trains per hour in 2016 after track works were completed to the layout of the points at Walthamstow Central crossover , which transfers northbound trains to the southbound line for their return journey . This resulted in a 40 % increase in capacity between Seven Sisters and Walthamstow Central . Waterloo & City line -- The line was upgraded with five new 1992 - stock trains in the early 1990s , at the same time as the Central line was upgraded . The line operates under traditional signalling and does not use Automatic Train Operation . The line will be part of the New Tube for London Project . This will replace the existing fleet with new air - cooled walkthrough trains and a new signaling system to allow Automatic Train Operation . The line is predicted to run 30 trains per hour , up to a 50 % increase compared to the current 21 - trains - per - hour service . The line may also be one of the first to be upgraded , alongside the Piccadilly line , with new trains , systems and platform - edge doors to test the systems before the Central and Bakerloo lines are upgraded . New trains for deep - level lines ( edit ) Main article : New Tube for London In Summer 2014 Transport for London issued a tender for up to 18 trains for the Jubilee line and up to 50 trains for the Northern line . These would be used to increase frequencies and cover the Battersea extension on the Northern line . In early 2014 the Bakerloo , Piccadilly , Central and Waterloo & City line rolling - stock replacement project was renamed New Tube for London ( NTfL ) and moved from the feasibility stage to the design and specification stage . The study had showed that , with new generation trains and re-signalling : Piccadilly line capacity could be increased by 60 % with 33 trains per hour ( tph ) at peak times by 2025 . Central line capacity increased by 25 % with 33 tph at peak times by 2030 . Waterloo & City line capacity increased by 50 % by 2032 , after the track at Waterloo station is remodelled . Bakerloo line capacity could be increased by 25 % with 27 tph at peak times by 2033 . The project is estimated to cost £ 16.42 billon ( £ 9.86 bn at 2013 prices ) . A notice was published on 28 February 2014 in the Official Journal of the European Union asking for expressions of interest in building the trains . On 9 October 2014 TFL published a shortlist of those ( Alstom , Siemens , Hitachi , CAF and Bombardier ) who had expressed an interest in supplying 250 trains for between £ 1.0 billion and £ 2.5 billion , and on the same day opened an exhibition with a design by PriestmanGoode . The fully automated trains may be able to run without drivers , but the ASLEF and RMT trade unions that represent the drivers strongly oppose this , saying it would affect safety . The Invitation to Tender for the trains was issued in January 2016 ; the specifications for the Piccadilly line infrastructure are expected in 2016 , and the first train is due to run on the Piccadilly line in 2022 . Travelling ( edit ) Ticketing ( edit ) The Oyster card , a contactless smart card used across the London transport system Main article : London Underground ticketing The Underground received £ 2.669 billion in fares in 2016 / 17 and uses Transport for London 's zonal fare system to calculate fares . There are nine zones , zone 1 being the central zone , which includes the loop of the Circle line with a few stations to the south of River Thames . The only London Underground stations in Zones 7 to 9 are on the Metropolitan line beyond Moor Park , outside Greater London . Some stations are in two zones , and the cheapest fare applies . Paper tickets , the contactless Oyster cards , contactless debit or credit cards and Apple Pay smartphones and watches can be used for travel . Single and return tickets are available in either format , but Travelcards ( season tickets ) for longer than a day are available only on Oyster cards . TfL introduced the Oyster card in 2003 ; this is a pre-payment smartcard with an embedded contactless RFID chip . It can be loaded with Travelcards and used on the Underground , the Overground , buses , trams , the Docklands Light Railway , and National Rail services within London . Fares for single journeys are cheaper than paper tickets , and a daily cap limits the total cost in a day to the price of a Day Travelcard . The Oyster card must be ' touched in ' at the start and end of a journey , otherwise it is regarded as ' incomplete ' and the maximum fare charged . In March 2012 the cost of this in the previous year to travellers was £ 66.5 million . Contactless payment cards can be used instead of an Oyster card on buses , and this was extended to London Underground , London Overground , DLR and most National Rail services in London from 16 September 2014 . The use of these has grown very quickly and now over a million contactless transactions are made on the Underground every day . A concessionary fare scheme is operated by London Councils for residents who are disabled or meet certain age criteria . Residents born before 1951 were eligible after their 60th birthday , whereas those born in 1955 will need to wait until they are 66 . Called a `` Freedom Pass '' it allows free travel on TfL - operated routes at all times and is valid on some National Rail services within London at weekends and after 09 : 30 on Monday to Fridays . Since 2010 , the Freedom Pass has included an embedded holder 's photograph ; it lasts five years between renewals . In addition to automatic and staffed faregates at stations , the Underground also operates on a proof - of - payment system . The system is patrolled by both uniformed and plain - clothes fare inspectors with hand - held Oyster - card readers . Passengers travelling without a valid ticket must pay a penalty fare of £ 80 ( or £ 40 if paid within 21 days ) and can be prosecuted for fare evasion under the Regulation of Railways Act 1889 and Transport for London Byelaws . Hours of Operation ( edit ) The tube closes overnight . The first trains run from about 05 : 00 and the last trains until just after 01 : 00 , with later starting times at weekends . The nightly closures are used for maintenance , but some lines stay open on New Year 's Eve and run for longer hours during major public events such as the 2012 London Olympics . Some lines are occasionally closed for scheduled engineering work at weekends . The Underground runs a limited service on Christmas Eve with some lines closing early , and does not operate on Christmas Day . Since 2010 a dispute between London Underground and trade unions over holiday pay has resulted in a limited service on Boxing Day . Night Tube ( edit ) Main article : Night Tube Route map of Night Tube On 19 August 2016 , London Underground launched a 24 - hour service on the Victoria and Central lines with plans in place to extend this to the Piccadilly , Northern and Jubilee lines in the autumn starting on Friday morning and continuing right through until Sunday evening . The Night Tube proposal was originally scheduled to start on 12 September 2015 , following completion of upgrades , but in August 2015 it was announced that the start date for the Night Tube had been pushed back because of ongoing talks about contract terms between trade unions and London Underground . On 23 May 2016 it was announced that the night service would launch on 19 August 2016 for the Central and Victoria lines . The service operates on the : Central line : between Ealing Broadway and Hainault via Newbury Park or Loughton . No service on the West Ruislip Branch , between Woodford and Hainault via Grange Hill or between Loughton and Epping . Northern line : between Morden and Edgware / High Barnet via Charing Cross . No service on Mill Hill East or Bank Branches . Piccadilly line : between Cockfosters and Heathrow Terminals 2 , 3 and 5 . No service to Terminal 4 or between Acton Town and Uxbridge . Jubilee line : Full line -- Stratford to Stanmore . Victoria line : Full line -- Wathamstow Central to Brixton . The Jubilee , Piccadilly and Victoria lines operate at 10 - minute intervals , and the Central line between White City and Leytonstone , but operates at 20 - minute intervals from Leytonstone to Hainault / Loughton , and 20 minutes between White City and Ealing Broadway . The Northern line operates at roughly 8 - minute intervals between Morden and Camden Town via Charing Cross , and 15 - minute intervals from Camden Town to Edgware / High Barnet . No services will operate on the other lines for the time being . When the upgrade of the Circle , Hammersmith & City , District and Metropolitan lines is complete and the new signalling system has been fully introduced , along with new trains already in operation , the Night Tube service will be extended to these lines . Accessibility ( edit ) The gap between a train and the platform edge at Victoria . `` Mind the gap '' signs and announcements have been made at stations with curved platforms since 1926 and recorded messages have been used since the late 1960s . Accessibility for people with limited mobility was not considered when most of the system was built , and before 1993 fire regulations prohibited wheelchairs on the Underground . The stations on the Jubilee Line Extension , opened in 1999 , were designed for accessibility , but retrofitting accessibility features to the older stations is a major investment that is planned to take over twenty years . A 2010 London Assembly Report concluded that over 10 % of people in London had reduced mobility and , with an ageing population , numbers will increase in the future . Disabled person on the Tube train The standard issue tube map indicates stations that are step - free from street to platforms . There can also be a step from platform to train as large as 12 inches ( 300 mm ) and a gap between the train and curved platforms , and these distances are marked on the map . Access from platform to train at some stations can be assisted using a boarding ramp operated by staff , and a section has been raised on some platforms to reduce the step . As of December 2012 there are 66 stations with step - free access from platform to train , and there are plans to provide step - free access at another 28 in ten years . By 2016 a third of stations are to have platform humps that reduce the step from platform to train . New trains , such as those being introduced on the sub-surface network , have access and room for wheelchairs , improved audio and visual information systems and accessible door controls . Delays and overcrowding ( edit ) An overcrowded Northern line train . Overcrowding is a regular problem for Tube passengers , especially during peak hours . During peak hours , stations can get so crowded that they need to be closed . Passengers may not get on the first train and the majority of passengers do not find a seat on their trains , some trains having more than four passengers every square metre . When asked , passengers report overcrowding as the aspect of the network that they are least satisfied with , and overcrowding has been linked to poor productivity and potential poor heart health . Capacity increases have been overtaken by increased demand , and peak overcrowding has increased by 16 per cent since 2004 / 5 . Compared with 2003 / 4 , the reliability of the network had increased in 2010 / 11 , with Lost Customer Hours reduced from 54 million to 40 million . Passengers are entitled to a refund if their journey is delayed by 15 minutes or more due to circumstances within the control of TfL , and in 2010 , 330,000 passengers of a potential 11 million Tube passengers claimed compensation for delays . A number of mobile phone apps and services have been developed to help passengers claim their refund more efficiently . Safety ( edit ) See also : Safety on the London Underground , Suicide on the London Underground , and List of London Underground accidents London Underground is authorised to operate trains by the Office of Rail Regulation , and the latest Safety Certification and Safety Authorisation is valid until 2017 . As at 19 March 2013 there had been 310 days since the last major incident , when a passenger had died after falling on the track . As of 2015 there have been nine consecutive years in which no employee fatalities have occurred . In November 2011 it was reported that 80 people had committed suicide in the previous year on the London Underground , up from 46 in 2000 . Most platforms at deep tube stations have pits , often referred to as ' suicide pits ' , beneath the track . These were constructed in 1926 to aid drainage of water from the platforms , but halve the likelihood of a fatality when a passenger falls or jumps in front of a train . Design and the arts ( edit ) Map ( edit ) The left side shows the 1933 Beck map and the right side the map as it appeared in 2012 Main article : Tube map Early maps of the Metropolitan and District railways were city maps with the lines superimposed , and the District published a pocket map in 1897 . A Central London Railway route diagram appears on a 1904 postcard and 1905 poster , similar maps appearing in District Railway cars in 1908 . In the same year , following a marketing agreement between the operators , a joint central area map that included all the lines was published . A new map was published in 1921 without any background details , but the central area was squashed , requiring smaller letters and arrows . Harry Beck had the idea of expanding this central area , distorting geography , and simplifying the map so that the railways appeared as straight lines with equally spaced stations . He presented his original draft in 1931 , and after initial rejection it was first printed in 1933 . Today 's tube map is an evolution of that original design , and the ideas are used by many metro systems around the world . The current standard tube map shows the Docklands Light Railway , London Overground , Emirates Air Line , London Tramlink and the London Underground ; a more detailed map covering a larger area , published by National Rail and Transport for London , includes suburban railway services . The tube map came second in a BBC and London Transport Museum poll asking for a favourite UK design icon of the 20th century and the underground 's 150th anniversary was celebrated by a Google Doodle on the search engine . Roundel ( edit ) An early form of the roundel as used on the platform at Ealing Broadway and the form used today outside Westminster tube station While the first use of a roundel in a London transport context was the trademark of the London General Omnibus Company registered in 1905 , it was first used on the Underground in 1908 when the UERL placed a solid red circle behind station nameboards on platforms to highlight the name . The word `` UNDERGROUND '' was placed in a roundel instead of a station name on posters in 1912 by Charles Sharland and Alfred France , as well as on undated and possibly earlier posters from the same period . Frank Pick thought the solid red disc cumbersome and took a version where the disc became a ring from a 1915 Sharland poster and gave it to Edward Johnston to develop , and registered the symbol as a trademark in 1917 . The roundel was first printed on a map cover using the Johnston typeface in June 1919 , and printed in colour the following October . Roundel and `` way out '' arrow on a platform at Bethnal Green station After the UERL was absorbed into the London Passenger Transport Board in 1933 , it used forms of the roundel for buses , trams and coaches , as well as the Underground . The words `` London Transport '' were added inside the ring , above and below the bar . The Carr - Edwards report , published in 1938 as possibly the first attempt at a graphics standards manual , introduced stricter guidelines . Between 1948 and 1957 the word `` Underground '' in the bar was replaced by `` London Transport '' . As of 2013 , forms of the roundel , with differing colours for the ring and bar , is used for other TfL services , such as London Buses , Tramlink , London Overground , London River Services and Docklands Light Railway . Crossrail , due to open in 2018 , is to be identified with a roundel . The 100th anniversary of the roundel was celebrated in 2008 by TfL commissioning 100 artists to produce works that celebrate the design . Architecture ( edit ) See also : List of listed London Underground stations Seventy of the 270 London Underground stations use buildings that are on the Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural or Historic Interest , and five have entrances in listed buildings . The Metropolitan Railway 's original seven stations were inspired by Italianate designs , with the platforms lit by daylight from above and by gas lights in large glass globes . Early District Railway stations were similar and on both railways the further from central London the station the simpler the construction . The City & South London Railway opened with red - brick buildings , designed by Thomas Phillips Figgis , topped with a lead - covered dome that contained the lift mechanism . The Central London Railway appointed Harry Bell Measures as architect , who designed its pinkish - brown steel - framed buildings with larger entrances . Russell Square , one of the UERL stations designed by Leslie Green clad in ox - blood tiles 55 Broadway , above St. James 's Park station , was designed by Charles Holden in 1927 and is one of only two Grade I listed buildings on the Underground . In the first decade of the 20th century Leslie Green established a house style for the tube stations built by the UERL , which were clad in ox - blood faience blocks . Green pioneered using building design to guide passengers with direction signs on tiled walls , with the stations given a unique identity with patterns on the platform walls . Many of these tile patterns survive , though a significant number of these are now replicas . Harry W. Ford was responsible for the design of at least 17 UERL and District Railway stations , including Barons Court and Embankment , and claimed to have first thought of enlarging the U and D in the UNDERGROUND wordmark . The Met 's architect Charles Walter Clark had used a neo-classical design for rebuilding Baker Street and Paddington Praed Street stations before World War I and , although the fashion had changed , continued with Farringdon in 1923 . The buildings had metal lettering attached to pale walls . Clark would later design `` Chiltern Court '' , the large , luxurious block of apartments at Baker Street , that opened in 1929 . In the 1920s and 1930s , Charles Holden designed a series of modernist and art - deco stations some of which he described as his ' brick boxes with concrete lids ' . Holden 's design for the Underground 's headquarters building at 55 Broadway included avant - garde sculptures by Jacob Epstein , Eric Gill and Henry Moore . When the Central line was extended east , the stations were simplified Holden proto - Brutalist designs , and a cavernous concourse built at Gants Hill in honour of early Moscow Metro stations . Few new stations were built in the 50 years after 1948 , but Misha Black was appointed design consultant for the 1960s Victoria line , contributing to the line 's uniform look , with each station having an individual tile motif . Notable stations from this period include Moor Park , the stations of the Piccadilly line extension to Heathrow and Hillingdon . The stations of the 1990s extension of the Jubilee line were much larger than before and designed in a high - tech style by architects such as Norman Foster and Michael Hopkins , making extensive use of exposed metal plating . West Ham station was built as a homage to the red brick tube stations of the 1930s , using brick , concrete and glass . Many platforms have unique interior designs to help passenger identification . The tiling at Baker Street incorporates repetitions of Sherlock Holmes 's silhouette and at Tottenham Court Road semi-abstract mosaics by Eduardo Paolozzi feature musical instruments , tape machines and butterflies . Robyn Denny designed the murals on the Northern line platforms at Embankment . Johnston typeface ( edit ) Main article : Johnston ( typeface ) The first posters used a number of type fonts , as was contemporary practice , and station signs used sans serif block capitals . The Johnston typeface was developed in upper and lower case in 1916 , and a complete set of blocks , marked Johnston Sans , was made by the printers the following year . A bold version of the capitals was developed by Johnston in 1929 . The Met changed to a serif letterform for its signs in the 1920s , used on the stations rebuilt by Clark . However , Johnston was adopted systemwide after the formation of the LPTB in 1933 and the LT wordmark was applied to locomotives and carriages . Johnston was redesigned , becoming New Johnston , for photo - typesetting in the early 1980s when Elichi Kono designed a range that included Light , Medium and Bold , each with its italic version . The typesetters P22 developed today 's electronic version , sometimes called TfL Johnston , in 1997 . Posters and patron of the arts ( edit ) 1913 Underground poster by Tony Sarg Early advertising posters proclaimed the advantages of travelling using various letter forms . Graphic posters first appeared in the 1890s , and it became possible to print colour images economically in the early 20th century . The Central London Railway used colour illustrations in their 1905 poster , and from 1908 the underground group , under Pick 's direction , used images of country scenes , shopping and major events on posters to encourage use of the tube . Pick found he was limited by the commercial artists the printers used , and so commissioned work from artists and designers such as Dora Batty , Edward McKnight Kauffer , the cartoonist George Morrow , Herry ( Heather ) Perry , Graham Sutherland , Charles Sharland and the sisters Anna and Doris Zinkeisen . According to Ruth Artmonsky , over 150 women artists were commissioned by Pick and latterly Christian Barman to design posters for London Underground , London Transport and London County Council Tramways . The Johnston Sans letter form began appearing on posters from 1917 . The Met , strongly independent , used images on timetables and on the cover of its Metro - land guide that promoted the country it served for the walker , visitor and later the house - hunter . By the time London Transport was formed in 1933 the UERL was considered a patron of the arts and over 1000 works were commissioned in the 1930s , such as the cartoon images of Charles Burton and Kauffer 's later abstract cubist and surrealist images . Harold Hutchison became London Transport publicity officer in 1947 , after World War II and nationalisation , and introduced the `` pair poster '' , where an image on a poster was paired with text on another . Numbers of commissions dropped , to eight a year in the 1950s and just four a year in the 1970s , with images from artists such Harry Stevens and Tom Eckersley . Art on the Underground was introduced in 1986 by Henry Fitzhugh to revive London Transport as a patron of the arts with the Underground commissioning six works a year , judged first on artistic merit . In that year Peter Lee , Celia Lyttleton and a poster by David Booth , Malcolm Fowler and Nancy Fowler were commissioned . Today commissions range from the pocket tube map cover to installations in a station . Similarly , Poems on the Underground has commissioned poetry since 1986 that are displayed in carriages . In popular culture ( edit ) Main article : London Underground in popular culture The Underground ( including several fictitious stations ) has been featured in many movies and television shows , including Skyfall , Die Another Day , Sliding Doors , An American Werewolf in London , Creep , Tube Tales , Sherlock and Neverwhere . The London Underground Film Office received over 200 requests to film in 2000 . The Underground has also featured in music such as The Jam 's `` Down in the Tube Station at Midnight '' and in literature such as the graphic novel V for Vendetta . Popular legends about the Underground being haunted persist to this day . Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 has a level named Mind The Gap where most of the level takes place between the dockyards and Westminster while the player and a team of SAS attempt to take down terrorists attempting to escape using the London Underground via a hijacked train . The game also features the map `` Underground '' , in which players are put in a fictitious Underground station . The London Underground map serves as a playing field for the conceptual game of Mornington Crescent ( which is named after a station on the Northern line ) and the board game The London Game . Notable people ( edit ) Charles Pearson ( 1793 -- 1862 ) suggested an underground railway in London in 1845 and from 1854 promoted a scheme that eventually became the Metropolitan Railway . John Fowler ( 1817 -- 1898 ) was the railway engineer that designed the Metropolitan Railway . Edward Watkin ( 1819 -- 1901 ) was chairman of the Metropolitan Railway from 1872 to 1894 . James Henry Greathead ( 1844 -- 1896 ) was the engineer that dug the Tower Subway using a method using a wrought iron shield patented by Peter W. Barlow , and later used the same tunnelling shield to build the deep - tube City & South London and Central London railways . Charles Yerkes ( 1837 -- 1905 ) was an American who founded the Underground Electric Railways Company of London ( UERL ) in 1902 , which opened three tube lines and electrified the District Railway . Edgar Speyer ( 1862 -- 1932 ) Financial backer of Yerkes who served as UERL chairman from 1906 to 1915 during its formative years . Albert Stanley ( 1874 -- 1948 ) was manager of the UERL from 1907 , and became the first chairman of the London Passenger Transport Board ( LPTB ) in 1933 . Frank Pick ( 1878 -- 1941 ) was UERL publicity officer from 1908 , commercial manager from 1912 and joint managing director from 1928 . He was chief executive and vice chairman of the LPTB from 1933 to 1940 . It was Pick that commissioned Edward Johnston to create the typeface and redesign the roundel , and established the Underground 's reputation as patrons of the arts as users of the best in contemporary poster art and architecture . Robert Selbie ( 1868 -- 1930 ) was manager of the Metropolitan Railway from 1908 until his death , marketing it using the Metro - land brand . Edward Johnston ( 1872 -- 1944 ) developed the Johnston Sans typeface , still in use today on the London Underground . Harry Beck ( 1902 -- 1974 ) designed the tube map , named in 2006 as a British design icon . MacDonald Gill ( 1884 -- 1947 ) , cartographer credited with drawing , in 1914 , `` the map that saved the London Underground '' . See also ( edit ) London Transport portal Book : London Automation of the London Underground List of busiest London Underground stations List of London Underground stations London Underground strikes Timeline of the London Underground Tube Challenge References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` About TfL -- What we do -- London Underground -- Facts & figures '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daily Ridership '' . London : Transport for London . ^ Jump up to : `` TfL annual report 201617 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` National Rail Enquiries - London Underground '' . Jump up ^ Transport for London , Windsor House , 42 -- 50 Victoria Street , London SW1H 0TL , [email protected] . `` Facts & figures '' . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` An overview of the rail industry in Great Britain '' ( PDF ) . UK Government - Office of Rail and Road . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Wolmar ( 2004 ) , p. 135 . ^ Jump up to : Croome & Jackson ( 1993 ) , Preface . ^ Jump up to : Attwooll , Jolyon ( 5 August 2015 ) . `` London Underground : 150 fascinating Tube facts '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Annual Report and Statement of Accounts 2011 / 12 '' ( PDF ) . TfL . pp. 98 , 100 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Fares revenue on LU was £ 2,410 m ... Operating expenditure on the Underground increased to £ 2,630 m Jump up ^ `` Annual Report and Statement of Accounts 2011 / 12 '' ( PDF ) . TfL . p. 11 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Peacock ( 1970 ) , pp. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Jackson ( 1986 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Bextor , Robin ( 2013 ) . A History of the London Underground . Demand Media Limited . p. 34 . ISBN 1909217379 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , pp. 8 , 14 . Jump up ^ Simpson ( 2003 ) , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , pp. 18 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , pp. 27 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , pp. 40 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , pp. 50 -- 51 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , pp. 52 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , pp. 50 , 53 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , pp. 60 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , pp. 62 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , pp. 69 -- 72 , 78 . ^ Jump up to : Green ( 1987 ) , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Green ( 1987 ) , pp. 24 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Wolmar 2004 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Wolmar 2004 , p. 205 . Jump up ^ Horne ( 2003 ) , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Green ( 1987 ) , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Green ( 1987 ) , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , p. 94 . ^ Jump up to : Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , pp. 84 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Jackson ( 1986 ) , pp. 134 , 137 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , p. 98 -- 103 , 111 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , p. 110 . ^ Jump up to : `` Waterloo & City Line '' . Clive 's Underground Line Guides . Clive Feather. 14 December 2007 . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Green ( 1987 ) , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , p. 118 . ^ Jump up to : Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , p. 116 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , pp. 131 , 133 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Horne ( 2006 ) , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , pp. 144 -- 145 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , pp. 135 -- 136 . Jump up ^ `` Bethnal Green Tube disaster marked 70 years on '' . BBC News . 3 March 2013 . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed 2008 , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Cooke 1964 , p. 739 . Jump up ^ Bonavia 1981 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Green ( 1987 ) , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Green ( 1987 ) , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Green ( 1987 ) , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed 2008 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , pp. 160 -- 162 , 166 -- 168 , 171 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed 2008 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ `` In Living Memory , Series 11 : The 1975 Moorgate tube disaster '' . BBC Radio 4 . 2 December 2009 . Retrieved 26 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Green ( 1987 ) , pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , pp. 178 -- 181 . Jump up ^ Green ( 1987 ) , pp. 65 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , pp. 186 -- 187 . Jump up ^ Croome & Jackson ( 1993 ) , p. 468 . Jump up ^ Fennell 1988 , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , pp. 193 -- 194 . Jump up ^ Croome & Jackson ( 1993 ) , pp. 474 -- 476 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , pp. 206 -- 211 . ^ Jump up to : `` About TfL -- How we work -- How we are governed -- Subsidiary companies '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 17 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chief Officers '' . Transport for London . Archived from the original on 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A brief history of the Underground -- London Underground milestones '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 6 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , pp. 212 -- 214 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , pp. 215 , 221 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , p. 216 . ^ Jump up to : Rose ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` East London line officially opens '' . BBC News . 27 April 2010 . Retrieved 2 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Circle Line extended to the west '' . BBC News . 5 March 2009 . Retrieved 24 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Topham , Gwyn . `` London tube introduces contactless payments '' . The Guardian . London . ^ Jump up to : `` Contactless payment continues to grow in London '' . BBC News . 17 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` About TfL -- What we do -- London Underground '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` East London Line opens to public '' . BBC . 27 April 2010 . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Detailed London Transport Map '' . carto.metro.free.fr . Retrieved 1 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Croome & Jackson ( 1993 ) , pp. 26 , 33 , 38 , 81 . Jump up ^ Croome & Jackson ( 1993 ) , pp. 327 -- 328 . Jump up ^ Martin , Andrew ( 26 April 2012 ) . Underground , Overground : A Passenger 's History of the Tube . London : Profile Books . pp. 137 -- 138 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84765 - 807 - 4 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference TFL_Facts_. 26_Figures was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ London Underground . `` Corporate identity -- colour standards '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 22 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Performance data almanac '' . Transport for London . 2014 . Jump up ^ Horne ( 2006 ) , pp. 13 , 24 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 220 . ^ Jump up to : `` Commissioner 's Report '' ( PDF ) . Transport for London . 26 March 2014 . pp. 3 -- 4 . Retrieved 2 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Railway Track Diagrams Vol. 5 ( 2nd ed . ) . Quail Map Company . 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Brown ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Table 115 National Rail timetable , May 13 Jump up ^ Maund , Richard ( 2013 ) . Passenger Train Services over Unusual Lines . Jump up ^ Peacock ( 1970 ) , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Realtime Trains - East Putney Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stock '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , p. 159 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , p. 205 . Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stock Data Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Transport for London . March 2007 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Connor , Piers ( January 2013 ) . `` Deep tube transformation '' . Modern Railways . pp. 44 -- 47 . ^ Jump up to : `` Making transport more accessible to all '' . Department for Transport . 3 October 2012 . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Hardy ( 2002 ) , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Croome & Jackson ( 1993 ) , pp. 253 -- 254 . Jump up ^ Griffiths , Emma ( 18 July 2006 ) . `` Baking hot at Baker Street '' . BBC News . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` London 's Tube ' unfit for animals ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 28 August 2002 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Croxford , Ben ( 4 December 2003 ) . `` Environmental Quality in Underground Railways '' . University College London . Archived from the original on 16 October 2013 . Retrieved 5 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Murray , Dick ( 23 August 2002 ) . `` Passengers choke on the Tube '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Westgate , Stuart ; Gilby , Mark ( 8 May 2007 ) . `` Meeting Report : Cooling the tube '' ( PDF ) . LURS . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Water pump plan to cool the Tube '' . BBC News . 8 June 2006 . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Work begins to cool the platforms at two major central London stations '' ( Press release ) . Transport for London . 17 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 30 March 2014 . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Abbott , James ( January 2013 ) . `` Sub-surface renewal '' . Modern Railways . pp. 38 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Demartini , LC ; Vielmo , HA ; Möller , SV . `` Numeric and experimental analysis of the turbulent flow through a channel with baffle plates '' . J. Braz . Soc . Mech. Sci. & Eng. 2004 , 26 ,. 2 . Jump up ^ Croucher , S. `` Deadly Asbestos ' All Over the Place ' on London Underground '' . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Croome & Jackson ( 1993 ) , pp. 26 , 35 , 39 , 87 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Croome & Jackson ( 1993 ) , p. 540 . ^ Jump up to : Croome & Jackson ( 1993 ) , pp. 114 , 542 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Croome & Jackson ( 1993 ) , pp. 154 , 546 . Jump up ^ Malvern , Jack ( 21 October 2009 ) . `` Mystery over Tube escalator etiquette cleared up by restored film '' . The Times . London . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , p. 93 . Jump up ^ `` Pioneers of Survival : Fire '' . PBS . Jump up ^ `` Incline lift at Greenford Tube station is UK first '' . Transport for London . 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Step - free access '' . Transport for London . n.d. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Media extends free wi - fi on London Underground until 2013 '' . Metro . London . 17 October 2012 . Retrieved 10 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Station Wifi '' . Transport for London . Archived from the original on 25 February 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Mulholland , Hélène ( 1 April 2011 ) . `` Plans for mobile network on London underground shelved '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tu Go '' . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Three inTouch '' . Archived from the original on 22 October 2014 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` London Underground Virgin Media WiFi Network '' . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` EE WiFi Calling '' . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A World - Class new railway for London and the South - East '' . Crossrail . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Crossrail business case -- Summary Report '' . Crossrail . July 2010 . p. 6 . Retrieved 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` London 's Crossrail to be called the Elizabeth Line '' . BBC News . 23 February 2016 . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Over 200 metres long , providing space for up to 1,500 passengers '' . Retrieved 4 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crossrail 2 : Supporting London 's growth '' ( PDF ) . London First . February 2013 . Retrieved 10 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Transport schemes given £ 854m in government funding '' . BBC News . 14 December 2011 . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Watford Metropolitan line Tube extension gets go - ahead '' . BBC News . 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Metropolitan line extension '' . Transport for London . Jump up ^ Murphy , Joe ( 5 December 2012 ) . `` Boost for Battersea as Osborne puts power station on the Tube '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 19 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Northern line extension '' . Transport for London . 2013 . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Northern line extension '' . Transport for London . Jump up ^ Henderson , Jamie ( 23 June 2013 ) . `` Clapham Junction next for Northern Line says London Assembly member '' . Wandsworth Guardian . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Rhys , Paul ( 10 February 2006 ) . `` Tube line ' may extend south within 20 years ' '' . ICSouthLondon . Archived from the original on 11 April 2006 . Retrieved 1 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CamberwellOnline Blog '' Camberwell Tube Station in 2026 ? `` . Camberwellonline.co.uk. 11 February 2006 . Retrieved 1 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Scenario Testing for the Further Alterations to the London Plan '' ( PDF ) . Greater London Authority . March 2006 . p. 16 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 19 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` London 's Forgotten Railway -- The Transport Committee 's review of the North London Railway '' . Greater London Authority . March 2006 . Archived from the original on 14 June 2015 . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Coombs , Dan ( 17 June 2011 ) . `` Extending Central line to Uxbridge will cut traffic '' . Uxbridge Gazette . Archived from the original on 9 August 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Tube for London Feasibility Report '' ( PDF ) . TfL . October 2014 . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bakerloo Line Fleet Life Extension '' ( PDF ) . TfL. 11 March 2015 . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Central line train overhaul project '' ( PDF ) . TfL . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Central line timetable '' ( PDF ) . TfL . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 April 2014 . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jubilee line 36tph upgrade '' ( PDF ) . TfL . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NEW TRAINS '' . TfL . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New Trains '' . TfL . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Information on the Northern Line upgrade '' ( PDF ) . railway - technical . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tube Improvements '' . TfL . n.d . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Third Time Lucky : A Look At The New Sub-Surface Signalling Plan '' . London Reconnections. 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SSR Signalling contract '' ( PDF ) . TfL . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Major works to improve Victoria line services this summer '' ( Press release ) . TfL. 17 February 2015 . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.guardian-series.co.uk/news/14492247.All_Victoria_Line_trains_to_run__end_to_end__for_first_time/ ^ Jump up to : `` New Tube for London Programme '' ( PDF ) . Board Minutes . Transport for London . 5 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Tube for London Programme '' . Railway Gazette. 28 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Design for the ' New Tube for London ' revealed '' ( Press release ) . TfL. 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Tube for London Programme '' . BBC News . 9 October 2014 . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TfL prepares for driverless tube '' . Railnews. 28 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Driverless Tube trains : Unions vow ' war ' over plan '' . BBC News . 28 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Tube for London invitations to tender issued '' . Railway Gazette. 18 January 2016 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TfL Statement of Accounts '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` London Rail & Tube Services Map '' ( PDF ) . Transport for London . May 2014 . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fares & payments - Contactless '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fares & payments - Contactless - Apple Pay '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Where can I buy my ticket ? '' ( PDF ) . Transport for London . January 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 April 2014 . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fares & payments -- Fares -- Tube , DLR and London Overground '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fares & payments -- Ticket types '' . Transport for London . Archived from the original on 27 March 2014 . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Travelcards make way for ' oyster ' '' . BBC News . 30 June 2003 . Retrieved 7 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Getting around with Oyster '' ( PDF ) . Transport for London . January 2010 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 26 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fares & payments -- Oyster -- Using your Oyster card -- Capping '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fares & payments -- Oyster -- Using your Oyster card -- Incomplete journeys '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Murray , Dick ( 7 March 2012 ) . `` The £ 66.5 million cost of not touching out your Oyster card '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom Pass '' . London Councils . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom Pass age change '' ( PDF ) . London Councils . November 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 September 2012 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom Pass Map '' ( PDF ) . London Councils . December 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom passes -- Hammersmith & Fulham '' . London Borough of Hammersmith & Fulham. 17 November 2010 . Archived from the original on 13 May 2006 . Retrieved 4 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Revenue Enforcement and Prosecutions Policy '' ( PDF ) . Transport for London . 18 August 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Penalties & enforcement '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Later London Underground service being considered '' . BBC News . 30 January 2013 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Beard , Matthew ( 30 January 2013 ) . `` Party on , London ... Tube will run an hour later on Fridays and Saturdays '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Transport in London over Christmas and New Year 's Eve '' . Time Out London . Archived from the original on 10 February 2013 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` London 2012 Olympics : Tube to shut hour later , TfL says '' . BBC News . 30 March 2011 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Planned Works Calendar '' . Transport for London . 2013 . Archived from the original on 31 March 2013 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` London Tube strike on Boxing Day '' . BBC News . 17 December 2012 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Night Tube services to start in August '' . BBC News . 23 May 2016 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Night Tube start date postponed as talks continue '' . Sky News . 27 August 2015 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Topham , Gwyn ( 21 November 2013 ) . `` London tube to run all night at weekends but 750 jobs to go '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TFL : Night Tube '' . Jump up ^ `` Night Tube Information '' . TfL . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The London Underground -- An accessible future ? '' . disability horizons . 24 July 2011 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ LA Transport Committee ( 2010 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ LA Transport Committee ( 2010 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Step - free Tube guide '' ( PDF ) . Transport for London . May 2014 . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Transport accessibility -- Wheelchair access & avoiding stairs '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ TfL ( 2012 ) , p. 9 . Jump up ^ TfL ( 2012 ) , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : TfL ( 2012 ) , p. 18 . Jump up ^ LA Transport Committee ( 2009 ) , p. 55 . Jump up ^ `` Overcrowding on Public Transport '' ( PDF ) . House of Commons Transport Committee . 17 September 2003 . p. 17 . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ LA Transport Committee ( 2009 ) , p. 12 . Jump up ^ LA Transport Committee ( 2009 ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ LA Transport Committee ( 2011 ) , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ LA Transport Committee ( 2011 ) , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ `` Fares & payments -- Replacements & refunds -- Charter refunds '' . Transport for London . Archived from the original on 27 March 2014 . Retrieved 18 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` London Underground : Millions not claiming Tube refund '' . BBC News . 9 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Booth , Nick ( 11 August 2011 ) . `` Apps that help you get money back on Delays '' . City AM . London . Retrieved 2 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Safety Authorisaton '' ( PDF ) . Office of Rail Regulation. 9 February 2012 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterly Health , Safety and Environment Performance Reports -- Quarter 3 , 2012 / 13 '' ( PDF ) . Transport for London : Safety and Sustainability Panel. 19 March 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 May 2013 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterly Health , Safety and Environment Performance Reports -- Quarter 4 , 2011 / 12 '' ( PDF ) . Transport for London : Safety and Sustainability Panel. 10 July 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 August 2012 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TfL HSE Report 14 / 15 '' ( PDF ) . Transport for London . Jump up ^ `` Tube suicides rise 74 % over last 10 years '' . Metro . London . 10 November 2011 . Retrieved 19 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Coats , T.J. ; Walter , D.P. ( 9 October 1999 ) . `` Effect of station design on death in the London Underground : observational study '' . British Medical Journal . British Medical Association . 319 ( 7215 ) : 957 . PMC 28249 . PMID 10514158 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 319.7215. 957 . Retrieved 11 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Croome & Jackson ( 1993 ) , p. 158 . Jump up ^ `` Pit falls halve tube deaths '' . BBC News . 8 October 1999 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , pp. 21 , 28 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , pp. 52 -- 53 , 56 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 93 . Jump up ^ See a copy on commons Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 142 . Jump up ^ `` Design Classics : Harry Beck '' . Transport for London . Archived from the original on 30 March 2014 . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , pp. 152 -- 153 , 168 -- 169 . Jump up ^ `` Standard Tube Map '' ( PDF ) . Transport for London . December 2013 . Retrieved 26 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tube map voted a UK design icon '' ( Press release ) . Transport for London . 3 March 2006 . Archived from the original on 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Brown , Matt ( 9 January 2013 ) . `` London underground 's 150th birthday celebrated in Google doodle '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Google Doodle Marks 150 Years Of The London Underground '' . Londonist. 9 January 2013 . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History of the roundel '' . London Transport Museum . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , pp. 86 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , pp. 112 -- 113 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , pp. 126 -- 127 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , pp. 155 , 186 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , pp. 206 , 218 , 226 . Jump up ^ `` Interchange signs standard '' ( PDF ) . Sections 3 -- 7 : Transport for London . January 2009 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 21 August 2012 . Jump up ^ John Bull ( January 2009 ) . `` Crossrail Gets Its Roundel '' . London Reconnections . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 100 artists celebrate 100 years of Tube logo '' ( Press release ) . Transport for London . 4 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heritage Library : Underground : Line '' . Urban Design . Transport for London . n.d. Archived from the original on 23 May 2013 . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , pp. 11 , 18 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , pp. 26 , 28 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 35 . ^ Jump up to : Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , pp. 60 -- 61 , 70 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Fulcher , Kate ( 2012 ) . `` Conserving Heritage Tiles on the London Underground : Challenges and Approaches '' . Papers from the Institute of Archaeology . Ubiquity Press . 22 : 48 -- 60 . doi : 10.5334 / pia. 402 . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` London Underground 's Edwardian Tile Patterns '' . Doug Rose . Retrieved 12 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , pp. 41 , 63 . Jump up ^ Green ( 1987 ) , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , pp. 150 -- 152 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 146 . Jump up ^ `` Underground Journeys : Charles Holden 's designs for London Transport '' ( PDF ) . V&A RIBA architecture partnership . n.d. Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 March 2012 . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 243 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , pp. 268 -- 269 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , pp. 209 -- 211 . ^ Jump up to : `` Station architecture '' . Transport for London . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed 2010 , pp. 188 -- 189 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 112 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 250 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : `` London Transport Posters : Frank Pick 's vision '' . Exploring 20th century London . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Jackson ( 1986 ) , pp. 238 -- 239 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 53 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , pp. 88 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Artmonsky ( 2012 ) , p. 117 . ^ Jump up to : Ovenden ( 2013 ) , pp. 124 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Artmonsky ( 2012 ) , pp. 106 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Jackson ( 1986 ) , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 109 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , pp. 160 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , pp. 246 -- 247 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 258 . Jump up ^ `` Art on the Underground : History '' . Transport for London . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Coles , Alex ( 2007 ) . Platform for Art : Art on the Underground . Black Dog Publishing . ISBN 1906155062 . Jump up ^ `` Poems on the Underground '' . Transport for London . Archived from the original on 28 March 2014 . Retrieved 19 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicholas , Dean ( 7 September 2011 ) . `` Mapped : Fictional Stations On The London Underground '' . Londonist . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tube 's movie stardom '' . BBC News . 28 December 2000 . Retrieved 4 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` London Underground Ghosts '' . BBC h2g2 . Retrieved 14 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Knowles , ed. ( 2006 ) . `` Mornington Crescent '' . A Dictionary of Phrase and Fable . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Jackson ( 1986 ) , p. 334 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Day & Reed ( 2010 ) , pp. 40 , 52 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Croome & Jackson ( 1993 ) , pp. 49 -- 51 , 79 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Lentin ( 2013 ) , pp. 5 , 6 and 63 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Croome & Jackson ( 1993 ) , pp. 512 -- 513 . ^ Jump up to : Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Jackson ( 1986 ) , pp. 194 , 346 . Jump up ^ Ovenden ( 2013 ) , p. 153 . Bibliography ( edit ) Artmonsky , Ruth ( 2012 ) . Designing Women : Women Working in Advertising and Publicity from the 1920s to the 1960s ( 1st ed . ) . Artmonsky Arts . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9551994 - 9 - 3 . Bonavia , Michael R. ( 1981 ) . British Rail : The First 25 Years . Newton Abbot : David & Charles . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 8002 - 8 . Brown , Joe ( 1 October 2012 ) . London Railway Atlas ( 3rd ed . ) . Ian Allan Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7110 - 3728 - 1 . Cooke , B.W.C. , ed. ( September 1964 ) . `` The Why and the Wherefore : London Transport Board '' . Railway Magazine . Vol. 110 no . 761 . Westminster : Tothill Press . Croome , D. ; Jackson , A ( 1993 ) . Rails Through The Clay -- A History Of London 's Tube Railways ( 2nd ed . ) . Capital Transport . ISBN 1 - 85414 - 151 - 1 . Day , John R ; Reed , John ( 2010 ) ( 1963 ) . The Story of London 's Underground ( 11th ed . ) . Capital Transport . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85414 - 341 - 9 . Day , John R. ; Reed , John ( 2008 ) ( 1963 ) . The Story of London 's Underground ( 10th ed . ) . Harrow : Capital Transport . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85414 - 316 - 7 . Fennell , Desmond ( 1988 ) . Investigation into the King 's Cross Underground Fire . Department of Transport . ISBN 0 - 10 - 104992 - 7 . Scan available online at railwaysarchive.co.uk . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Green , Oliver ( 1987 ) . The London Underground -- An illustrated history . Ian Allan . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 1720 - 4 . Hardy , Brian ( 2002 ) ( 1976 ) . London Underground Rolling Stock ( 15th ed . ) . Harrow Weald : Capital Transport . ISBN 1 - 85414 - 263 - 1 . Horne , Mike ( 2003 ) . The Metropolitan Line . Capital Transport . ISBN 1 - 85414 - 275 - 5 . Horne , Mike ( 2006 ) . The District Line . Capital Transport . ISBN 1 - 85414 - 292 - 5 . Jackson , Alan ( 1986 ) . London 's Metropolitan Railway . David & Charles . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 8839 - 8 . Snippet view at google.com , retrieved 20 August 2012 Lentin , Antony ( 2013 ) . Banker , Traitor , Scapegoat , Spy ? The Troublesome Case of Sir Edgar Speyer . Haus . ISBN 978 - 1 - 908323 - 11 - 8 . Ovenden , Mark ( 2013 ) . London Underground by Design . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84614 - 417 - 2 . Peacock , Thomas B. ( 1970 ) . Great Western London Suburban Services . Oakwood Press . ASIN B0006C7PD2 . Rose , Douglas ( December 2007 ) ( 1980 ) . The London Underground : A Diagrammatic History ( 8th ed . ) . Capital Transport . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85414 - 315 - 0 . Simpson , Bill ( 2003 ) . A History of the Metropolitan Railway . Vol 1 . Lamplight Publications . ISBN 1 - 899246 - 07 - X . Wolmar , Christian ( 2004 ) . The Subterranean Railway : how the London Underground was built and how it changed the city forever . Atlantic . ISBN 1 - 84354 - 023 - 1 . Transport Committee ( December 2009 ) . `` Too Close For Comfort : Passengers ' experiences of the London Underground '' ( PDF ) . London Assembly . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 15 August 2012 . Retrieved 1 April 2013 . Transport Committee ( November 2010 ) . `` Accessibility of the transport network '' ( PDF ) . London Assembly . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Transport Committee ( September 2011 ) . `` The State of the Underground '' ( PDF ) . London Assembly . Retrieved 1 April 2012 . `` Your accessible transport network '' ( PDF ) . Transport for London . December 2012 . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : London Underground ( category ) Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / London Underground KML is from Wikidata Look up Underground , aboveground , underground , or overground in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . London Underground ( Transport for London ) Home page London Underground Morphing Map London Underground at DMOZ Last Tube Times for London Underground London Underground track maps : TfL Track Map ( shows only London Underground - operated trackage ) Carto. metro Track Map ( more detailed ; shows Underground , Overground , Crossrail , DLR , and mainline railway tracks as well ) London Underground API London Underground map and history London Underground history in a dynamic timeline map Transport in London Companies and organisations Transport for London Air Line Buses East London Transit Night Buses Coach Station Cycle Hire Dial - a-Ride London Rail Docklands Light Railway London Overground TfL Rail Tramlink Crossrail ( under construction ) Crossrail 2 ( proposed ) London River Services London Streets London Underground Night Tube Source London Taxi and Private Hire office Bus operators Abellio Arriva East Herts & Essex Arriva London Arriva Southern Counties CT Plus Go - Ahead London London Sovereign London United Metrobus Metroline Quality Line Stagecoach London Tower Transit Uno River operators Bateaux London City Cruises Crown River Cruises Livett 's Launches Lower Thames and Medway Passenger Boat Company Thames Clippers Thames Executive Charters Thames River Services Westminster Passenger Services Association Train operators Arriva Rail London c2c Caledonian Sleeper Chiltern Railways East Midlands Trains Eurostar Govia Thameslink Railway Gatwick Express Great Northern Southern Thameslink Grand Central Great Western Railway Greater Anglia Stansted Express Heathrow Connect Heathrow Express Hull Trains London Midland ( to December 2017 ) South Western Railway Southeastern TfL Rail Virgin Trains ( West Coast ) Virgin Trains East Coast West Midlands Trains ( from December 2017 ) Other Global Infrastructure Partners Heathrow Airport Holdings Port of London Authority Airports Within London City Heathrow Private : Biggin Hill Damyns Hall London Heliport Military : Northolt Outside London Gatwick Luton Southend Stansted Proposed : Thames Estuary Major stations Central area Bank / Monument Baker Street Blackfriars Bond Street Cannon Street Charing Cross City Thameslink Euston Farringdon Fenchurch Street King 's Cross Liverpool Street London Bridge Marylebone Moorgate Oxford Circus Paddington St Pancras International Tottenham Court Road Vauxhall Victoria Waterloo Waterloo East Westminster Other Barking Bromley South Canary Wharf Clapham Junction Ealing Broadway East Croydon Finsbury Park Heathrow Stations Highbury & Islington Ilford Lewisham London City Airport Orpington Putney Richmond Romford Stratford Surbiton Sutton Wimbledon Roads Motorways M1 M4 M11 M25 London Orbital Former : M41 ( West Cross Route ) A40 ( M ) ( Westway ) A102 ( M ) ( East Cross Route ) Ring roads London Inner Ring Road London Ringways North Circular Road South Circular Road Charging Congestion charge Low emission zone Ticketing Freedom Pass Oyster card Travelcard Other History of public transport authorities London Transport Museum Port of London Regent 's Canal Cycle routes Thameslink Trams Trolleybuses Windsor House Former BR sectors British Rail InterCity Network SouthEast Commons WikiProject Local rail transport in the United Kingdom Metros Docklands Light Railway ( East London ) Glasgow Subway London Underground Night Tube Tyne and Wear Metro Tramways Blackpool Edinburgh Greater Manchester Nottingham Sheffield South London West Midlands Urban rail Belfast Bristol Birmingham Cardiff Edinburgh Glasgow Leeds / Bradford Liverpool London Lines of the London Underground Bakerloo line Stations Harrow & Wealdstone Kenton South Kenton North Wembley Wembley Central Stonebridge Park Harlesden Willesden Junction Kensal Green Queen 's Park Kilburn Park Maida Vale Warwick Avenue Paddington Edgware Road Marylebone Baker Street Regents Park Oxford Circus Piccadilly Circus Charing Cross Embankment Waterloo Lambeth North Elephant and Castle ( 100m ) Rolling stock 1972 Stock History Former companies Baker Street & Waterloo Railway Underground Electric Railways Company of London Former stations now served by London Overground Bushey Carpenders Park Hatch End Headstone Lane Watford High Street Watford Junction Former stations now served by Jubilee line Canons Park Dollis Hill Finchley Road Kilburn Kingsbury tube station Neasden Queensbury Stanmore St. John 's Wood Swiss Cottage Wembley Park West Hampstead Willesden Green Former rolling stock 1906 Stock 1914 Stock Watford Joint Stock Standard Stock 1938 Stock 1949 Stock 1959 Stock Abandoned plans Extension to Camberwell Extension to Cricklewood Extension to Old Kent Rd London Underground Transport for London London Transport portal Central line Stations Epping branch Epping Theydon Bois Debden Loughton Buckhurst Hill Woodford South Woodford Snaresbrook Hainault loop Roding Valley Chigwell Grange Hill Hainault Fairlop Barkingside Newbury Park Gants Hill Redbridge Wanstead Leytonstone Leyton Stratford Mile End Bethnal Green Liverpool Street Bank St Paul 's Chancery Lane Holborn Tottenham Court Road Oxford Circus Bond Street Marble Arch Lancaster Gate Queensway Notting Hill Gate Holland Park Shepherd 's Bush White City East Acton North Acton Ealing branch West Acton Ealing Broadway Ruislip branch Hanger Lane Perivale Greenford Northolt South Ruislip Ruislip Gardens West Ruislip Rolling stock 1992 Stock History Former stations Blake Hall British Museum North Weald Ongar Wood Lane Former companies Central London Railway Great Eastern Railway Great Western Railway Abandoned plans Richmond extension ( 1913 ) The Grove Paddenswick Road Rylett Road Emlyn Road Turnham Green Heathfield Terrace Gunnersbury Kew Gardens Richmond Richmond extension ( 1920 ) Hammersmith Ravenscourt Park Stamford Brook Turnham Green Gunnersbury Kew Gardens Richmond Denham extension Denham Harefield Road Former rolling stock 1900 Stock 1903 Stock 1915 Stock 1920 Stock Standard Stock 1935 Stock 1960 Stock 1962 Stock Proposed stations First Central Uxbridge Shoreditch High Street Depots Hainault Ruislip London Underground Transport for London London Transport portal Circle line Stations Hammersmith Goldhawk Road Shepherd 's Bush Market Wood Lane Latimer Road Ladbroke Grove Westbourne Park Royal Oak Paddington Edgware Road Baker Street Great Portland Street Euston Square King 's Cross St. Pancras Farringdon Barbican Moorgate Liverpool Street Aldgate Tower Hill ( Tower Gateway ) Monument ( Bank ) Cannon Street Mansion House Blackfriars Temple Embankment Westminster St. James 's Park Victoria Sloane Square South Kensington Gloucester Road High Street Kensington Notting Hill Gate Bayswater Paddington ( → to Edgware Road ) Rolling stock S7 Stock History Former railways Metropolitan Railway District Railway Metropolitan line ( 1933 -- 88 ) History of the District line Former rolling stock Metropolitan Railway steam locomotives District Railway steam locomotives Metropolitan Railway electric multiple units District Railway electric multiple units Circle Stock O and P Stock C Stock Associated circle lines Middle Circle Outer Circle Super Outer Circle See also District line Hammersmith & City line Metropolitan line London Underground Transport for London London Transport portal District line Stations Upminster Upminster Bridge Hornchurch Elm Park Dagenham East Dagenham Heathway Becontree Upney Barking East Ham Upton Park Plaistow West Ham Bromley - by - Bow Bow Road Mile End Stepney Green Whitechapel Aldgate East Tower Hill ( Tower Gateway ) Monument ( Bank ) Cannon Street Mansion House Blackfriars Temple Embankment Westminster St. James 's Park Victoria Sloane Square South Kensington Gloucester Road Earl 's Court West Kensington Barons Court Hammersmith Ravenscourt Park Stamford Brook Turnham Green Richmond branch Gunnersbury Kew Gardens Richmond Ealing branch Chiswick Park Acton Town Ealing Common Ealing Broadway Wimbledon branch West Brompton Fulham Broadway Parsons Green Putney Bridge East Putney Southfields Wimbledon Park Wimbledon Edgware Road branch High Street Kensington Notting Hill Gate Bayswater Paddington Edgware Road Olympia branch Kensington ( Olympia ) Rolling stock D78 ( decommissioned ) S7 Stock History District Railway History of the District line Former stations Alperton Benfleet Boston Manor Castle Hill and Ealing Dene Chalkwell Deptford Road East Horndon Eastcote Hanwell Hayes Hillingdon Hounslow Central Hounslow East Hounslow Town Hounslow West Ickenham Laindon Langley Leigh - on - Sea Mark Lane New Cross Gate North Ealing Northfields Northfields & Little Ealing Osterley Osterley & Spring Grove Park Royal Park Royal & Twyford Abbey Pitsea Rayners Lane Rotherhithe Ruislip Ruislip Manor Shadwell Shoeburyness Slough South Acton South Ealing South Harrow Southall Southend Central Southend East St Mary 's ( Whitechapel Road ) Sudbury Town Sudbury Hill Thorpe Bay Uxbridge Wapping Westcliff West Drayton Windsor Wimbledon & Sutton Railway Cannon Hill Cheam Collingwood Road Elm Farm Elm Grove Merton Park Morden Sutton Sutton Common Former stock C69 & C77 A Stock B Stock C Stock D Stock E Stock F Stock G Stock H Stock K Stock L Stock O / P / CO / CP Stock Q Stock R Stock See also Other Sub-surface lines Circle line Hammersmith & City line Metropolitan line London Underground Transport for London London Transport portal Hammersmith & City line Stations Hammersmith Goldhawk Road Shepherd 's Bush Market Wood Lane Latimer Road Ladbroke Grove Westbourne Park Royal Oak Paddington Edgware Road Baker Street Great Portland Street Euston Square King 's Cross St. Pancras Farringdon Barbican Moorgate Liverpool Street Aldgate East Whitechapel Stepney Green Mile End Bow Road Bromley - by - Bow West Ham Plaistow Upton Park East Ham Barking Rolling stock S7 Stock History Former railways Metropolitan Railway District Railway Metropolitan line ( 1933 -- 88 ) Former rolling stock A and B Class steam locomotives Electric multiple units O and P Stock C Stock See also District line Circle line Metropolitan line London Underground Transport for London London Transport portal Jubilee line Stations Stanmore Canons Park Queensbury Kingsbury Wembley Park Neasden Dollis Hill Willesden Green Kilburn West Hampstead Finchley Road Swiss Cottage St. John 's Wood Baker Street Bond Street Green Park Westminster Waterloo Southwark ( Waterloo East ) London Bridge Bermondsey Canada Water Canary Wharf North Greenwich Canning Town West Ham Stratford Rolling stock 1996 Stock History Former lines Metropolitan line Bakerloo line Former stations Charing Cross Former rolling stock London Underground 1972 Stock 1983 Stock London Underground Transport for London London Transport portal Metropolitan line Stations Central London section Aldgate Liverpool Street Moorgate Barbican Farringdon King 's Cross St. Pancras Euston Square Great Portland Street Core section Baker Street Finchley Road Wembley Park Preston Road Northwick Park Harrow - on - the - Hill Uxbridge branch West Harrow Rayners Lane Eastcote Ruislip Manor Ruislip Ickenham Hillingdon Uxbridge Outer section & branches North Harrow Pinner Northwood Hills Northwood Moor Park Watford branch Croxley Watford Rickmansworth Chorleywood Chalfont & Latimer Chesham branch Chesham Amersham branch Amersham Rolling stock Present rolling stock S8 Stock History Former lines Brill Tramway 1863 -- 1933 1933 -- 1988 Aylesbury and Buckingham Railway Closed stations Brill Granborough Road Hammersmith ( Grove Road ) Lord 's Marlborough Road Quainton Road St Mary 's ( Whitechapel Road ) Shoreditch Swiss Cottage Tower of London Uxbridge Road Verney Junction Waddesdon Waddesdon Road Westcott Winslow Road Wood Lane Wood Siding Wotton Former stations Aldgate East Aylesbury Barking Bow Road Bromley - by - Bow Dollis Hill Drayton Park East Ham Edgware Road Essex Road Finsbury Park Goldhawk Road Great Missenden Gunnersbury Hammersmith Highbury & Islington Kensington ( Olympia ) Kew Gardens Kilburn Kingsbury Ladbroke Grove Latimer Road New Cross New Cross Gate Mile End Moorgate Neasden Old Street Paddington Plaistow Queensbury Ravenscourt Park Richmond Rotherhithe Royal Oak Shadwell Shepherd 's Bush Stanmore Stepney Green Stoke Mandeville Surrey Quays Turnham Green Upton Park Wapping Wendover West Ham West Hampstead Whitechapel Willesden Green Abandoned plans Lothbury Watford Central Transferred lines Aylesbury line Bakerloo line East London line Hammersmith & City line Jubilee line Great Northern & City Railway Former rolling stock Metropolitan Railway electric multiple units GN&C Stock S Stock T Stock Circle Stock O / P / CP / CO / P1 Stock F Stock Main Line Stock A60 and A62 Stock Former locomotives A Class B Class C Class D Class E Class F Class G Class H Class K Class Metropolitan Railway electric locomotives Metropolitan departmental ex GWR Wotton Tramway Metro - Land Metro - land Metro - Land ( 1973 film ) Future proposals Croxley Rail link Croxley Rail Link Cassiobridge Watford Vicarage Road Watford High Street Watford Junction Other West Hampstead interchange London Underground Transport for London London Transport portal Northern line Stations High Barnet branch High Barnet Totteridge & Whetstone Woodside Park West Finchley Mill Hill East Finchley Central East Finchley Highgate Archway Tufnell Park Kentish Town Camden Town Edgware branch Edgware Burnt Oak Colindale Hendon Central Brent Cross Golders Green Hampstead Belsize Park Chalk Farm Camden Town Central section via Charing Cross Camden Town Mornington Crescent Euston Warren Street Goodge Street Tottenham Court Road Leicester Square Charing Cross Embankment Waterloo Kennington Central section via Bank Camden Town Euston King 's Cross St. Pancras Angel Old Street Moorgate Bank London Bridge Borough Elephant & Castle ( 100m ) Morden line Kennington Oval Stockwell Clapham North Clapham Common Clapham South Balham Tooting Bec Tooting Broadway Colliers Wood South Wimbledon Morden Future extension to Battersea Kennington Nine Elms Battersea Power Station Rolling stock Present stock 1995 Stock Former stock 1906 Stock 1938 Stock 1949 Stock 1956 Stock 1959 Stock 1962 Stock 1972 Stock Standard Stock History Former companies City and South London Railway Charing Cross , Euston and Hampstead Railway Edgware , Highgate and London Railway Underground Electric Railways Company of London Former lines Northern City Line Former stations City Road Essex Road Finsbury Park Highbury & Islington Drayton Park King William Street South Kentish Town Abandoned plans Northern Heights plan Aldenham depot Alexandra Palace Brockley Hill Bushey Heath Cranley Gardens Crouch End Elstree South Mill Hill Muswell Hill North End Stroud Green London Underground Transport for London London Transport portal Piccadilly line Stations Main route Cockfosters Oakwood Southgate Arnos Grove Bounds Green Wood Green Turnpike Lane Manor House Finsbury Park Arsenal Holloway Road Caledonian Road King 's Cross St. Pancras Russell Square Holborn Covent Garden Leicester Square Piccadilly Circus Green Park Hyde Park Corner Knightsbridge South Kensington Gloucester Road Earl 's Court Barons Court Hammersmith Turnham Green Acton Town Heathrow branch South Ealing Northfields Boston Manor Osterley Hounslow East Hounslow Central Hounslow West Hatton Cross Heathrow Terminal 4 Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 Heathrow Terminal 5 Uxbridge branch Ealing Common North Ealing Park Royal Alperton Sudbury Town Sudbury Hill South Harrow Rayners Lane Eastcote Ruislip Manor Ruislip Ickenham Hillingdon Uxbridge Rolling stock Present stock 1973 Stock History Former companies Brompton & Piccadilly Circus Railway Railway Great Northern , Piccadilly & Brompton Railway Great Northern & Strand Railway District Railway Underground Electric Railways Company of London Former stations Aldwych Brompton Road Down Street Osterley & Spring Grove York Road Former rolling stock 1906 Stock 1938 Stock 1956 Stock 1959 Stock Standard Stock Rejected plans Angel Aldgate Alexandra Palace , Hornsey and Harringay Goldhawk Road and Acton Parsons Green Shepherd 's Bush Waterloo London Underground Transport for London London Transport portal Victoria line Stations Walthamstow Central Blackhorse Road Tottenham Hale Seven Sisters ( South Tottenham ) Finsbury Park Highbury & Islington King 's Cross St. Pancras Euston Warren Street Oxford Circus Green Park Victoria Pimlico Vauxhall Stockwell Brixton ( 100m ) Rolling stock 2009 Stock 1967 Stock ( decommissioned ) London Underground Transport for London London Transport portal Waterloo & City line Stations Bank Waterloo Rolling stock 1992 Stock History London and South Western Railway Southern Railway British Rail Network SouthEast W&CR electric stock Class 482 stock Class 487 stock London Underground Transport for London London Transport portal Rapid transit in the member states of the European Union Amsterdam Athens Barcelona Berlin Bilbao Brescia Brussels Bucharest Budapest Catania Copenhagen Genoa Granada Glasgow Hamburg Helsinki Lille Lisbon London Lyon Madrid Málaga Marseille Milan Munich Naples Nuremberg Palma Paris Porto Prague Rennes Rome Rotterdam San Sebastián Seville Sofia Stockholm Thessaloniki ( under construction ) Tyne and Wear Toulouse Turin Valencia Vienna Warsaw Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Underground&oldid=799865946 '' Categories : London Underground Busking venues Electric railways in the United Kingdom Modes of transport in London Rail infrastructure in London Subterranean London Underground rapid transit in England 1863 establishments in England Transport organisations based in London Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages with broken reference names Pages containing links to subscription - only content All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016 Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Articles using KML from Wikidata Articles with DMOZ links Use dmy dates from July 2017 Use British English from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Lumbaart Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Олык марий پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 08 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how many tube stations are there in london | [
"The system's first tunnels were built just below the surface, using the cut-and-cover method; later, smaller, roughly circular tunnels – which gave rise to its nickname, the Tube – were dug through at a deeper level.[8] The system has 270 stations and 250 miles (400 km) of track.[9] Despite its name, only 45% of the system is actually underground in tunnels, with much of the network in the outer environs of London being on the surface.[9] In addition, the Underground does not cover most southern parts of Greater London, with less than 10% of the stations located south of the River Thames.[9]"
] | [
"270"
] |
4643885397489329795 | 1954 Geneva Conference | 1954 Geneva Conference - wikipedia 1954 Geneva Conference Not to be confused with Geneva Conventions . For other similar events , see Geneva Conference . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The partition of French Indochina that resulted from the Conference . Three successor states were created : the Kingdom of Cambodia , the Kingdom of Laos , and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam , the new state won by Ho Chi Minh 's Viet Minh . The State of Vietnam was shrunk to only cover the southern part of Vietnam . The division of Vietnam was intended to be temporary , with elections planned for in 1956 to reunify the country . The Geneva Conference was a conference among several nations that took place in Geneva , Switzerland from April 26 -- July 20 , 1954 . It was intended to settle outstanding issues resulting from the Korean War and the First Indochina War . The part of the conference on the Korean question ended without adopting any declarations or proposals , so is generally considered less relevant . The Geneva Accords that dealt with the dismantling of French Indochina proved to have long - lasting repercussions , however . The crumbling of the French Empire in Southeast Asia would create the eventual states of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( North Vietnam ) , the State of Vietnam ( the future Republic of Vietnam / South Vietnam ) , the Kingdom of Cambodia , and the Kingdom of Laos . Diplomats from South Korea , North Korea , the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) , the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( USSR ) , and the United States of America ( US ) dealt with the Korean side of the Conference . For the Indochina side , the Accords were between France , the Viet Minh , the USSR , the PRC , the US , the United Kingdom , and the future states being made from French Indochina . The agreement temporarily separated Vietnam into two zones , a northern zone to be governed by the Viet Minh rebels , and a southern zone to be governed by the State of Vietnam , then headed by former emperor Bảo Đại . A Conference Final Declaration , issued by the British chairman of the conference , provided that a general election be held by July 1956 to create a unified Vietnamese state . Despite helping create the agreements , they were not directly signed onto nor accepted by delegates of both the State of Vietnam and the United States . In addition , three separate ceasefire accords , covering Cambodia , Laos , and Vietnam , were signed at the conference . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Korea 1.2 Indochina 2 Korea 3 Indochina 4 Provisions 5 Reactions 6 Aftermath 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 External links Background ( edit ) On February 18 , 1954 , at the Berlin Conference , participants agreed that `` the problem of restoring peace in Indochina will also be discussed at the Conference ( on the Korean question ) to which representatives of the United States , France , the United Kingdom , the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Chinese People 's Republic and other interested states will be invited . '' The conference was held at the Palace of Nations in Geneva , commencing on April 26 , 1954 . The first agenda item was the Korean question to be followed by Indochina . Korea ( edit ) Main articles : Korean War and Korean Armistice Agreement The armistice signed at end of the Korean War required a political conference within three months -- a timeline which was not met -- `` to settle through negotiation the questions of the withdrawal of all foreign forces from Korea , the peaceful settlement of the Korean question , etc . '' Indochina ( edit ) Main article : First Indochina War The Geneva Conference As decolonization took place in Asia , France had to relinquish its power over Indochina ( Laos , Cambodia and Vietnam ) . While Laos and Cambodia got their independence , France chose to stay in Vietnam . This ended with a war between French troops and the Vietnamese nationalists led by Ho Chi Minh . The latter 's army , the Viet Minh , fought a guerrilla war , while the French employed traditional Western technology . The deciding factor was the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954 , where the French were heavily defeated . This resulted in French withdrawals , and the Geneva conference . It was decided that Vietnam would be divided at the 17th parallel until 1956 , when democratic elections would be held under international supervision . All parties involved agreed to this ( Ho Chi Minh had strong support in the north , which was more populous than the south , and was thus comfortable that he would win an election ) , except for the US , who did not want to see Communism spreading in a domino effect throughout Asia . Korea ( edit ) The South Korean representative proposed that the South Korean government was the only legal government in Korea , that UN-supervised elections should be held in the North , that Chinese forces should withdraw , and that UN forces , a belligerent party in the war , should remain as a police force . The North Korean representative suggested that elections be held throughout all of Korea , that all foreign forces leave beforehand , that the elections be run by an all - Korean Commission to be made up of equal parts from North and South Korea , and to increase general relations economically and culturally between the North and the South . The Chinese delegation proposed an amendment to have a group of neutral nations supervise the elections , which the North accepted . The U.S. supported the South Korean position , saying that the USSR wanted to turn North Korea into a puppet state . Most allies remained silent and at least one , Britain , thought that the U.S. - South Korean proposal would be deemed unreasonable . The South Korean representative proposed all - Korea elections , to be held according to South Korean constitutional procedures and still under UN-supervision . On June 15 , the last day of the conference on the Korean question , the USSR and China both submitted declarations in support of a unified , democratic , independent Korea , saying that negotiations to that end should resume at an appropriate time . The Belgian and British delegations said that while they were not going to accept `` the Soviet and Chinese proposals , that did not mean a rejection of the ideas they contained '' . In the end , however , the conference participants did not agree on any declaration . Indochina ( edit ) `` Charles de Gaulle and Ho Chi Minh are hanged '' in effigy by students demonstrating in Saigon , July 1964 , on the 10th anniversary of the Geneva Accords . While the delegates began to assemble in Geneva from late April , the discussions on Indochina did not begin until May 8 , 1954 . The Viet Minh had achieved their decisive victory over the French Union forces at Dien Bien Phu the previous day . The Western allies did not have a unified position on what the Conference was to achieve in relation to Indochina . Anthony Eden , leading the British delegation , favored a negotiated settlement to the conflict . Georges Bidault , leading the French delegation , vacillated and was keen to preserve something of France 's position in Indochina to justify past sacrifices , even as the nation 's military situation deteriorated . The US had been supporting the French in Indochina for many years and the Republican Eisenhower administration wanted to ensure that it could not be accused of another `` Yalta '' or having `` lost '' Indochina to the Communists . Its leaders had previously accused the Democratic Truman administration of having `` lost China '' when the communists were successful in dominating the country . The Eisenhower administration had considered air strikes in support of the French at Dien Bien Phu but was unable to obtain a commitment to united action from key allies , such as the United Kingdom . Eisenhower was wary of becoming drawn into `` another Korea '' that would be deeply unpopular with the American public . US domestic policy considerations strongly influenced the country 's position at Geneva . Columnist Walter Lippmann wrote on April 29 that `` the American position at Geneva is an impossible one , so long as leading Republican senators have no terms for peace except unconditional surrender of the enemy and no terms for entering the war except as a collective action in which nobody is now willing to engage . '' At the time of the conference , the US did not recognize the People 's Republic of China . Secretary of State John Foster Dulles , an anticommunist , forbade any contact with the Chinese delegation , refusing to shake hands with Zhou Enlai , the lead Chinese negotiator . Dulles fell out with the UK delegate Anthony Eden over the perceived failure of the UK to support united action and US positions on Indochina ; he left Geneva on May 3 and was replaced by his deputy Walter Bedell Smith . The State of Vietnam refused to attend the negotiations until Bidault wrote to Bảo Đại , assuring him that any agreement would not partition Vietnam . Bidault opened the conference on May 8 by proposing a cessation of hostilities , a ceasefire in place , a release of prisoners , and a disarming of irregulars , despite the French surrender at Điện Biên Phủ the previous day in northwestern Vietnam . On May 10 , Phạm Văn Đồng , the leader of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam ( DRV ) delegation set out their position , proposing a ceasefire ; separation of the opposing forces ; a ban on the introduction of new forces into Indochina ; the exchange of prisoners ; independence and sovereignty for Vietnam , Cambodia , and Laos ; elections for unified governments in each country , the withdrawal of all foreign forces ; and the inclusion of the Pathet Lao and Khmer Issarak representatives at the Conference . Pham Van Dong first proposed a temporary partition of Vietnam on May 25 . Following their victory at Dien Bien Phu and given the worsening French security position around the Red River Delta , a ceasefire and partition would not appear to have been in the interests of the DRV . It appears that the DRV leadership thought the balance of forces was uncomfortably close and was worried about morale problems in the troops and supporters , after eight years of war . Turner has argued that the Viet Minh might have prolonged the negotiations and continued fighting to achieve a more favorable position militarily , if not for Chinese and Soviet pressure on them to end the fighting . In addition , there was a widespread perception that the Diem government would collapse , leaving the Viet Minh free to take control of the area . On May 12 , the State of Vietnam rejected any partition of the country , and the US expressed a similar position the next day . The French sought to implement a physical separation of the opposing forces into enclaves throughout the country , known as the `` leopard - skin '' approach . The DRV / Viet Minh would be given the Cà Mau Peninsula , three enclaves near Saigon , large areas of Annam and Tonkin ; the French Union forces would retain most urban areas and the Red River Delta , including Hanoi and Haiphong , allowing it to resume combat operation in the north , if necessary . Behind the scenes , the US and the French governments continued to discuss the terms for possible US military intervention in Indochina . By May 29 , the US and the French had reached agreement that if the Conference failed to deliver an acceptable peace deal , Eisenhower would seek Congressional approval for military intervention in Indochina . However , after discussions with the Australian and New Zealand governments in which it became evident that neither would support US military intervention , reports of the plummeting morale among the French Union forces and opposition from Army Chief of Staff Matthew Ridgway , the US began to shift away from intervention and continued to oppose a negotiated settlement . By early to mid-June , the US began to consider the possibility that rather than supporting the French in Indochina , it might be preferable for the French to leave and for the US to support the new Indochinese states . That would remove the taint of French colonialism . Unwilling to support the proposed partition or intervention , by mid-June , the US decided to withdraw from major participation in the Conference . On June 15 , Vyacheslav Molotov had proposed that the ceasefire should be monitored by a supervisory commission , chaired by neutral India . On June 16 , Zhou Enlai stated that the situations in Vietnam , Cambodia and Laos were not the same and should be treated separately . He proposed that Laos and Cambodia could be treated as neutral nations if they had no foreign bases . On June 18 , Pham Van Dong said the Viet Minh would be prepared to withdraw their forces from Laos and Cambodia if no foreign bases were established in Indochina . The apparent softening of the Communist position appeared to arise from a meeting among the DRV , Chinese and Soviet delegations on June 15 in which Zhou warned the Viet Minh that its military presence in Laos and Cambodia threatened to undermine negotiations in relation to Vietnam . That represented a major blow to the DRV , which had tried to ensure that the Pathet Lao and Khmer Issarak would join the governments in Laos and Cambodia , respectively , under the leadership of the DRV . The Chinese likely also sought to ensure that Laos and Cambodia were not under Vietnam 's influence in the future but under China 's . On June 18 , following a vote of no - confidence , the French Laniel government fell and was replaced by a coalition with Radical Pierre Mendès France as Prime Minister , by a vote of 419 to 47 , with 143 abstentions . Prior to the collapse of the Laniel government , France recognized Vietnam as `` a fully independent and sovereign state '' on June 4 . A long - time opponent of the war , Mendès France had pledged to the National Assembly that he would resign if he failed to achieve a ceasefire within 30 days . Mendès France retained the Foreign Ministry for himself , and Bidault left the Conference . The new French government abandoned earlier assurances to the State of Vietnam that France would not pursue or accept partition , and it engaged in secret negotiations with the Viet Minh delegation , bypassing the State of Vietnam to meet Mendès France 's self - imposed deadline . On June 23 , Mendès France secretly met with Zhou Enlai at the French embassy in Bern . Zhou outlined the Chinese position that an immediate ceasefire was required , the three nations should be treated separately , and that two governments existed in Vietnam would be recognized . Mendès France returned to Paris . The following day he met with his main advisers on Indochina . General Paul Ély outlined the deteriorating military position in Vietnam , and Jean Chauvel suggested that the situation on the ground called for partition at the 16th or 17th parallel . The three agreed that the Bao Dai government would need time to consolidate its position and that US assistance would be vital . The possibility of retaining Hanoi and Haiphong or just Haiphong was dismissed , as the French believed it was preferable to seek partition with no Viet Minh enclaves in the south . On June 16 , twelve days after France granted full independence to the State of Vietnam , Bao Dai appointed Ngo Dinh Diem as Prime Minister to replace Bửu Lộc . Diem was a staunch nationalist , both anti-French and anticommunist , with strong political connections in the US . Diem agreed to take the position if he receive all civilian and military powers . Diem and his foreign minister , Tran Van Do , were strongly opposed to partition . At Geneva , the State of Vietnam 's proposal included `` a ceasefire without a demarcation line '' and `` control by the United Nations ... of the administration of the entire country ( and ) of the general elections , when the United Nations believes that order and security will have been everywhere truly restored . '' On June 28 following an Anglo - US summit in Washington , the UK and the US issued a joint communique , which included a statement that if the Conference failed , `` the international situation will be seriously aggravated . '' The parties also agreed to a secret list of seven minimum outcomes that both parties would `` respect '' : the preservation of a noncommunist South Vietnam ( plus an enclave in the Red River Delta if possible ) , future reunification of divided Vietnam , and the integrity of Cambodia and Laos , including the removal of all Viet Minh forces . Also on June 28 , Tạ Quang Bửu , a senior DRV negotiator , called for the line of partition to be at the 13th parallel , the withdrawal of all French Union forces from the north within three months of the ceasefire , and the Pathet Lao to have virtual sovereignty over eastern Laos . From July 3 to 5 , Zhou Enlai met with Ho Chi Minh and other senior DRV leaders in Liuzhou . Most of the first day was spent to discuss the military situation and balance of forces in Vietnam , Giáp explained that while Dien Bien Phu had represented a colossal defeat for France ... she was far from defeated . She retained a superiority in numbers - some 470,000 troops , roughly half of them Vietnamese , versus 310,000 on the Viet Minh side as well as control of Vietnam 's major cities ( Hanoi , Saigon , Huế , Tourane ( Da Nang ) ) . A fundamental alteration of the balance of forces had thus yet to occur , Giap continued , despite Dien Bien Phu . Wei Guoqing , the chief Chinese military adviser to the Viet Minh , said he agreed . `` If the U.S. does not interfere , ' Zhou asked , `` and assuming France will dispatch more troops , how long will it take for us to seize the whole of Indochina ? '' In the best scenario , Giap replied , `` full victory could be achieved in two to three years . Worst case ? Three to five years . '' That afternoon Zhou `` offered a lengthy exposition on the massive international reach of the Indochina conflict ... and on the imperative of preventing an American intervention in the war . Given Washington 's intense hostility to the Chinese Revolution ... one must assume that the current administration would not stand idly by if the Viet Minh sought to win complete victory . '' Consequently , `` if we ask too much at Geneva and peace is not achieved , it is certain that the U.S. will intervene , providing Cambodia , Laos and Bao Dai with weapons and ammunition , helping them train military personnel , and establishing military bases there ... The central issue '' , Zhou told Ho , is `` to prevent America 's intervention '' and `` to achieve a peaceful settlement . '' Laos and Cambodia would have to be treated differently and be allowed to pursue their own paths if they did not join a military alliance or permit foreign bases on their territory . The Mendes France government , having vowed to achieve a negotiated solution , must be supported , for fear that it would fall and be replaced by one committed to continuing the war . '' Ho pressed hard for the partition line to be at the 16th parallel while Zhou noted that Route 9 , the only land route from Laos to the South China Sea ran closer to the 17th parallel . Several days later the Communist Party of Vietnam 's Sixth Central Committee plenum took place . Ho Chi Minh and General Secretary Trường Chinh took turns emphasising the need for an early political settlement to prevent a military intervention by the United States , now the `` main and direct enemy '' of Vietnam . `` In the new situation we can not follow the old program , '' Ho declared . `` ( B ) efore , our motto was , ' war of resistance until victory . ' Now , in view of the new situation , we should uphold a new motto : peace , unification , independence , and democracy . '' A spirit of compromise would be required by both sides to make the negotiations succeed , and there could be no more talk of wiping out and annihilating all the French troops . A demarcation line allowing the temporary regroupment of both sides would be necessary ... '' The plenum endorsed Ho 's analysis , passing a resolution supporting a compromise settlement to end the fighting . However , Ho and Truong Chinh plainly worried that following such an agreement at Geneva , there would be internal discontent and `` leftist deviation , '' and in particular , analysts would fail to see the complexity of the situation and underestimate the power of the American and French adversaries . They accordingly reminded their colleagues that France would retain control of a large part of the country and that people living in the area might be confused , alienated , and vulnerable to enemy manipulations . `` We have to make it clear to our people , '' Ho said that `` in the interest of the whole country , for the sake of long - term interest , they must accept this , because it is a glorious thing and the whole country is grateful for that . We must not let people have pessimistic and negative thinking ; instead , we must encourage the people to continue the struggle for the withdrawal of French troops and ensure our independence . '' The Conference reconvened on July 10 , and Mendès France arrived to lead the French delegation . The State of Vietnam continued to protest against partition which had become inevitable , with the only issue being where the line should be drawn . Walter Bedell Smith from the US arrived in Geneva on July 16 , but the US delegation was under instructions to avoid direct association with the negotiations . All parties at the Conference called for reunification elections but could not agree on the details . Pham Van Dong proposed elections under the supervision of `` local commissions . '' The US , with the support of Britain and the Associated States of Vietnam , Laos and Cambodia , suggested UN supervision . That was rejected by Molotov , who argued for a commission with an equal number of communist and noncommunist members , which could determine `` important '' issues only by unanimous agreement . The negotiators were unable to agree on a date for the elections for reunification . The DRV argued that the elections should be held within six months of the ceasefire , and the Western allies sought to have no deadline . Molotov proposed June 1955 then later softened later in 1955 and finally July 1956 . The Diem government supported reunification elections but only with effective international supervision ; it argued that genuinely free elections were impossible in the totalitarian North . Geneva Conference , 21 July 1954 . Last plenary session on Indochina in the Palais des Nations . Second left Vyacheslav Molotov , 2 unidentified Russians , Anthony Eden , Sir Harold Caccie and W.D. Allen . In the foreground , the North Vietnamese delegation . By the afternoon of July 20 , the remaining outstanding issues were resolved as the parties agreed that the partition line should be at the 17th parallel and that the elections for reunification should be in July 1956 , two years after the ceasefire . The `` Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities in Vietnam '' was signed only by French and Viet Minh military commands , completely bypassing the State of Vietnam . Based on a proposal by Zhou Enlai , an International Control Commission ( ICC ) chaired by India , with Canada and Poland as members , was placed in charge of supervising the ceasefire . Because issues were to be decided unanimously , Poland 's presence in the ICC provided the communists effective veto power over supervision of the treaty . The unsigned `` Final Declaration of the Geneva Conference '' called for reunification elections , which the majority of delegates expected to be supervised by the ICC . The Viet Minh never accepted ICC authority over such elections , stating that the ICC 's `` competence was to be limited to the supervision and control of the implementation of the Agreement on the Cessation of Hostilities by both parties . '' Of the nine delegates present , only the United States and the State of Vietnam refused to accept the declaration . Bedell Smith delivered a `` unilateral declaration '' of the US position , reiterating : `` We shall seek to achieve unity through free elections supervised by the United Nations to insure that they are conducted fairly . '' While the three agreements ( later known as the Geneva Accords ) were dated July 20 ( to meet Mendès France 's 30 - day deadline ) they were in fact signed on the morning of July 21 . Provisions ( edit ) The accords , which were issued on July 21 , 1954 , set out the following terms in relation to Vietnam : a `` provisional military demarcation line '' running approximately along the 17th Parallel `` on either side of which the forces of the two parties shall be regrouped after their withdrawal '' . a 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) wide demilitarized zone on each side of the demarcation line French Union forces to regroup to the south of the line and Viet Minh to the north free movement of the population between the zone for three hundred days neither zone to join any military alliance or seek military reinforcement establishment of the International Control Commission , comprising Canada , Poland and India as chair , to monitor the ceasefire The agreement was signed by the Democratic Republic of Vietnam , France , the People 's Republic of China , the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom . The State of Vietnam rejected the agreement , while the United States stated that it `` took note '' of the ceasefire agreements and declared that it would `` refrain from the threat or use of force to disturb them . To put aside any notion specifically that the partition was permanent , an unsigned Final Declaration , stated in Article 6 : `` The Conference recognizes that the essential purpose of the agreement relating to Vietnam is to settle military questions with a view to ending hostilities and that the military demarcation line is provisional and should not in any way be interpreted as constituting a political or territorial boundary . '' Separate accords were signed by the signatories with the Kingdom of Cambodia and the Kingdom of Laos in relation to Cambodia and Laos respectively . The British and Communist Chinese delegations reached agreement on the sidelines of the Conference to upgrade their diplomatic relations . Reactions ( edit ) The DRV at Geneva accepted a much worse settlement than the military situation on the ground indicated . `` For Ho Chi Minh , there was no getting around the fact that his victory , however unprecedented and stunning was incomplete and perhaps temporary . The vision that had always driven him on , that of a ' great union ' of all Vietnamese , had flickered into view for a fleeting moment in 1945 -- 46 , then had been lost in the subsequent war . Now , despite vanquishing the French military , the dream remained unrealized ... '' That was partly as a result of the great pressure exerted by China ( Pham Van Dong is alleged to have said in one of the final negotiating sessions that Zhou Enlai double - crossed the DRV ) and the Soviet Union for their own purposes , but the Viet Minh had their own reasons for agreeing to a negotiated settlement , principally their own concerns regarding the balance of forces and fear of US intervention . France had achieved a much better outcome than could have been expected . Bidault had stated at the beginning of the Conference that he was playing with `` a two of clubs and a three of diamonds '' whereas the DRV had several aces , kings and queens , but Jean Chauvel was more circumspect : `` There is no good end to a bad business . '' In a press conference on July 21 , President Eisenhower expressed satisfaction that a ceasefire had been concluded but stated that the US was not a party to the Accords or bound by them , as they contained provisions that his administration could not support . Aftermath ( edit ) Main articles : Operation Passage to Freedom and 1955 State of Vietnam referendum On October 9 , 1954 , the tricolore was lowered for the last time at the Hanoi Citadel and the last French Union forces left the city , crossing the Paul Doumer Bridge on their way to Haiphong for embarkation . Anticommunist Vietnamese refugees moving from a French LSM landing ship to the USS Montague during Operation Passage to Freedom in August 1954 . For the communist forces , which were instrumental in the defeat of the French , the ideology of communism and nationalism were linked . Many communist sympathisers viewed the South Vietnamese as a French colonial remnant and later an American puppet regime . On the other hand , many others viewed the North Vietnamese as a puppet of Communist International . After the cessation of hostilities , a large migration took place . North Vietnamese , especially Catholics , intellectuals , business people , land owners , anti-communist democrats , and members of the middle - class moved south of the Accords - mandated ceasefire line during Operation Passage to Freedom . The ICC reported that at least 892,876 North Vietnamese were processed through official refugee stations , while journalists recounted that as many as 2 million more might have fled without the presence of Viet Minh soldiers , who frequently beat and occasionally killed those who refused to turn back . The CIA attempted to further influence Catholic Vietnamese with slogans such as `` the Virgin Mary is moving South '' . At the same time , 52,000 people from the South went North , mostly Viet Minh members and their families . The US replaced the French as a political backup for Ngo Dinh Diem , the Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam , who asserted his power in the South . The Geneva conference had not provided any specific mechanisms for the national elections planned for 1956 , and Diem refused to hold them by citing that the South had not signed and were not bound to the Geneva Accords and that it was impossible to hold free elections in the communist North . Instead , he went about attempting to crush communist opposition . On May 20 , 1955 , French Union forces withdrew from Saigon to a coastal bases and on April 28 , 1956 , the last French forces left Vietnam . North Vietnam violated the Geneva Accords by failing to withdraw all Viet Minh troops from South Vietnam , stifling the movement of North Vietnamese refugees , and conducting a military buildup that more than doubled the number of armed divisions in the North Vietnamese army while the South Vietnamese army was reduced by 20,000 men . US military advisers continued to support the Army of the Republic of Vietnam , which was created as a replacement for the Vietnamese National Army . The failure of reunification led to the creation of the National Liberation Front ( better known as the Viet Cong ) by Ho Chi Minh 's government . They were closely aided by the Vietnam People 's Army ( VPA ) of the North , also known as the North Vietnamese Army . The result was the Vietnam War . Historian John Lewis Gaddis said that the 1954 accords `` were so hastily drafted and ambiguously worded that , from the standpoint of international law , it makes little sense to speak of violations from either side . '' See also ( edit ) Korean conflict References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Young , Marilyn ( 1991 ) . The Vietnam Wars : 1945 -- 1990 . New York : HarperPerennial . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 092107 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Indochina - Midway in the Geneva Conference : Address by the Secretary of State '' . Avalon Project . Yale Law School . May 7 , 1954 . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/collection/7/geneva-conference-of-1954 ^ Jump up to : Logevall , Fredrik ( 2012 ) . Embers of War : The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America 's Vietnam . random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 64519 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Text of the Korean War Armistice Agreement '' . Findlaw . Columbia University . July 27 , 1953 . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Bailey , Sydney D. ( 1992 ) . The Korean Armistice . St. Martin 's Press . p. 163 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Sydney D. ( 1992 ) . The Korean Armistice . St. Martin 's Press . pp. 167 -- 168 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 1975 , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 1975 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , pp. 94 -- 95 . ^ Jump up to : Turner 1975 , p. 97 . Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , pp. 99 - 100 . Jump up ^ 1975 & Turner , p. 96 . Jump up ^ `` The Final Declarations of the Geneva Conference July 21 , 1954 '' . The Wars for Viet Nam . Vassar College . Archived from the original on 7 August 2011 . Retrieved 20 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : The United States in Vietnam : An analysis in depth of the history of America 's involvement in Vietnam by George McTurnan Kahin and John W. Lewis Delta Books , 1967 . Jump up ^ ( Article 3 ) ( N. Tarling , The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia , Volume Two Part Two : From World War II to the present , Cambridge University Press , p45 ) Jump up ^ Ang Cheng Guan ( 1997 ) . Vietnamese Communists ' Relations with China and the Second Indochina War ( 1956 -- 62 ) . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . p. 11 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 0404 - 3 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Peter ( January 1997 ) . Containing the Cold War in East Asia : British Policies Towards Japan , China and Korea , 1948 - 53 . Manchester University Press . p. 261 . ISBN 9780719025082 . Retrieved July 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , p. 102 - 103 . Jump up ^ Patrick J. Hearden ( 2017 ) . The Tragedy of Vietnam . Routledge . p. 74 . ISBN 9781351674003 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Keylor , William . `` The 20th Century World and Beyond : An International History Since 1900 , '' p. 371 , Oxford University Press : 2011 . Jump up ^ David L. Anderson ( 2010 ) . The Columbia History of the Vietnam War . Columbia University Press . p. 30 -- 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 13480 - 4 . Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , p. 100 - 104 . Jump up ^ Fadiman , Anne . The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down . Farrar , Straus and Giroux. 1997 . 126 . Sources ( edit ) Asselin , Pierre . `` The Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the 1954 Geneva Conference : a revisionist critique '' . Cold War History ( 2011 ) 11 # 2 pp : 155 -- 195 . Hannon Jr , John S. `` Political Settlement for Vietnam : The 1954 Geneva Conference and Its Current Implications , A '' . Virginia Journal of International Law 8 ( 1967 ) : 4 . Turner , Robert F. ( 1975 ) . Vietnamese Communism : Its Origins and Development . Hoover Institution Publications . ISBN 9780817914318 . Waite , James . The End of the First Indochina War : A Global History ( 2013 ) Young , Kenneth T . The 1954 Geneva Conference : Indo - China and Korea ( Greenwood Press , 1968 ) External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Geneva Conference Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Final Declaration of The Geneva Conference : On Restoring Peace in Indochina , July 21 , 1954 `` The Geneva Conference of 1954 -- New Evidence from the Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People 's Republic of China '' ( PDF ) . Cold War International History Project Bulletin . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars ( 16 ) . 2008 - 04 - 22 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 03 - 27 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 14 . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars - Cold War International History Project - The 1954 Geneva Conference July 13 , 2011 Bibliography : Dien Bien Phu and the Geneva Conference Foreign Relations of the United States , 1952 - 1954 , volume XVI , The Geneva Conference . Available through the Foreign Relations of the United States online collection at the University of Wisconsin . French Indochina Background France -- Asia relations French colonial empire France -- Vietnam relations France -- Thailand relations France -- China relations Constituent territories Cochinchina Tonkin Annam Cambodia Laos Guangzhouwan Provisional Central Government of Vietnam State of Vietnam Events French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh ( 1777 -- 1820 ) Lê Văn Khôi revolt ( 1833 -- 35 ) Bombardment of Tourane ( 1847 ) Siege of Tourane ( 1858 ) Cochinchina campaign ( 1858 -- 62 ) Tonkin Campaign ( 1883 -- 1886 ) Sino - French War ( 1884 -- 1885 ) Pacification of Tonkin Franco - Siamese War ( 1893 ) Holy Man 's Rebellion ( 1901 - 1936 ) World War I 1916 Cochinchina uprising Thái Nguyên uprising War of the Insane Bazin assassination Yên Bái mutiny World War II French -- Thai War ( 1940 -- 1941 ) Japanese invasion of French Indochina Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina August Revolution Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam First Indochina War Battle of Dien Bien Phu Partition of Vietnam Treaties Treaty of Versailles ( 1787 ) Treaty of Saigon ( 1862 ) Treaty of Huế ( 1863 ) Second Treaty of Saigon ( 1874 ) Treaty of Huế ( 1883 ) Geneva Conference ( 1954 ) French personalities Alexandre de Rhodes Pierre Pigneau de Behaine Jean - Baptiste Chaigneau Jean - Baptiste Cécille Charles de Montigny Charles Rigault de Genouilly Amédée Courbet Henri Rivière Francis Garnier Ernest Doudart de Lagrée Auguste Pavie Albert Sarraut Organisations Paris Foreign Missions Society Tirailleurs indochinois Tonkin Expeditionary Corps Tonkinese Rifles Governor - General of French Indochina Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1954_Geneva_Conference&oldid=855706550 '' Categories : Diplomatic conferences in Switzerland Korean War First Indochina War Vietnamese independence movement 1954 conferences 1954 in international relations 1954 in French Indochina 1954 in Korea 1954 in Vietnam 1954 in Switzerland French Fourth Republic French Indochina History of North Korea History of South Korea North Vietnam South Vietnam 1954 in France 1954 in the French colonial empire 1954 in North Korea 1954 in South Korea 1954 in North Vietnam 1954 in South Vietnam China -- Korea relations China -- Vietnam relations France -- Vietnam relations Korea -- Soviet Union relations Korea -- United Kingdom relations Korea -- United States relations Soviet Union -- Vietnam relations United Kingdom -- Vietnam relations United States -- Vietnam relations Treaties signed in Switzerland Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Brezhoneg Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский سنڌي Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 08 : 09 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which international agreement split north vietnam and south vietnam in 1954 | [
"The Geneva Conference was a conference among several nations that took place in Geneva, Switzerland from April 26 – July 20, 1954.[1] It was intended to settle outstanding issues resulting from the Korean War and the First Indochina War.[2] The part of the conference on the Korean question ended without adopting any declarations or proposals, so is generally considered less relevant. The Geneva Accords that dealt with the dismantling of French Indochina proved to have long-lasting repercussions, however. The crumbling of the French Empire in Southeast Asia would create the eventual states of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), the State of Vietnam (the future Republic of Vietnam / South Vietnam), the Kingdom of Cambodia, and the Kingdom of Laos.\n"
] | [
"Geneva Conference"
] |
-6694302248850600270 | Statue of Liberty | Statue of Liberty - wikipedia Statue of Liberty Colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor For other uses , see Statue of Liberty ( disambiguation ) . Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Location Liberty Island Manhattan , New York City , New York , U.S. Coordinates 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Coordinates : 40 ° 41 ′ 21 '' N 74 ° 2 ′ 40 '' W / 40.68917 ° N 74.04444 ° W / 40.68917 ; - 74.04444 Height Height of copper statue ( to torch ) : 151 feet 1 inch ( 46 meters ) From ground level to torch : 305 feet 1 inch ( 93 meters ) Dedicated October 28 , 1886 Restored 1938 , 1984 -- 1986 , 2011 -- 2012 Sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Visitors 3.2 million ( in 2009 ) Governing body U.S. National Park Service Website Statue of Liberty National Monument UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria i , vi Designated 1984 ( 8th session ) Reference no . 307 State Party United States Region Europe and North America U.S. National Monument Designated October 15 , 1924 Designated by President Calvin Coolidge U.S. National Register of Historic Places Official name : Statue of Liberty National Monument , Ellis Island and Liberty Island Designated October 15 , 1966 Reference no . 66000058 New Jersey Register of Historic Places Designated May 27 , 1971 Reference no . 1535 New York City Landmark Type Individual Designated September 14 , 1976 Location of Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor in New York City Statue of Liberty ( New York ) Statue of Liberty ( the US ) Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all The Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ; French : La Liberté éclairant le monde ) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City , in the United States . The copper statue , a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States , was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel . The statue was dedicated on October 28 , 1886 . The Statue of Liberty is a figure of a robed woman representing Libertas , a Roman liberty goddess . She holds a torch above her head with her right hand , and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' ( July 4 , 1776 ) , the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence . A broken chain lies at her feet as she walks forward . The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States , and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad . Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician , Édouard René de Laboulaye , who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and U.S. peoples . Because of the post-war instability in France , work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s . In 1875 , Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the U.S. provide the site and build the pedestal . Bartholdi completed the head and the torch - bearing arm before the statue was fully designed , and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions . The torch - bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876 , and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882 . Fundraising proved difficult , especially for the Americans , and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds . Publisher Joseph Pulitzer , of the New York World , started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors , most of whom gave less than a dollar . The statue was built in France , shipped overseas in crates , and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe 's Island . The statue 's completion was marked by New York 's first ticker - tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland . The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War ; since 1933 it has been maintained by the National Park Service . Public access to the balcony around the torch has been barred for safety since 1916 . Contents 1 Design and construction process 1.1 Origin 1.2 Design , style , and symbolism 1.3 Announcement and early work 1.4 Construction in France 1.4. 1 Design 1.4. 2 Fundraising 1.4. 3 Construction 1.5 Dedication 2 After dedication 2.1 Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) 2.2 Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) 2.3 Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) 2.4 Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) 3 Access and attributes 3.1 Location and tourism 3.2 Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications 4 UNESCO World Heritage Site 4.1 Physical characteristics 5 Depictions 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Design and construction process Origin As well as the Roman Libertas , Sol Invictus ( `` Unconquered Sun '' ) also influenced the Statue of Liberty ( 3rd century disc found at Pessinus - British Museum ) . According to the National Park Service , the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye , president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time . The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between de Laboulaye , a staunch abolitionist , and Frédéric Bartholdi , a sculptor . In after - dinner conversation at his home near Versailles , Laboulaye , an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War , is supposed to have said : `` If a monument should rise in the United States , as a memorial to their independence , I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort -- a common work of both our nations . '' The National Park Service , in a 2000 report , however , deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet , and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870 . In another essay on their website , the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences , `` With the abolition of slavery and the Union 's victory in the Civil War in 1865 , Laboulaye 's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States . In order to honor these achievements , Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France . Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States , the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy . '' Bartholdi 's design patent According to sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , who later recounted the story , Laboulaye 's comment was not intended as a proposal , but it inspired Bartholdi . Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III , Bartholdi took no immediate action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye . Bartholdi was in any event busy with other possible projects ; in the late 1860s , he approached Isma'il Pasha , Khedive of Egypt , with a plan to build Progress or Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia , a huge lighthouse in the form of an ancient Egyptian female fellah or peasant , robed and holding a torch aloft , at the northern entrance to the Suez Canal in Port Said . Sketches and models were made of the proposed work , though it was never erected . There was a classical precedent for the Suez proposal , the Colossus of Rhodes : an ancient bronze statue of the Greek god of the sun , Helios . This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet ( 30 m ) high , and it similarly stood at a harbor entrance and carried a light to guide ships . The Statue of Liberty from behind , showing that she is walking forward Any large project was further delayed by the Franco - Prussian War , in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia . In the war , Napoleon III was captured and deposed . Bartholdi 's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians ( Alsace - Lorraine ) , and a more liberal republic was installed in France . As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States , he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans . In June 1871 , Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic , with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye . Arriving at New York Harbor , Bartholdi focused on Bedloe 's Island ( now named Liberty Island ) as a site for the statue , struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it . He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government -- it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense . It was thus , as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye : `` land common to all the states . '' As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers , Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant , who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue . Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail , and met many Americans who he thought would be sympathetic to the project . But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal , and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign . Bartholdi 's Lion of Belfort Bartholdi had made a first model of his concept in 1870 . The son of a friend of Bartholdi 's , U.S. artist John LaFarge , later maintained that Bartholdi made the first sketches for the statue during his U.S. visit at La Farge 's Rhode Island studio . Bartholdi continued to develop the concept following his return to France . He also worked on a number of sculptures designed to bolster French patriotism after the defeat by the Prussians . One of these was the Lion of Belfort , a monumental sculpture carved in sandstone below the fortress of Belfort , which during the war had resisted a Prussian siege for over three months . The defiant lion , 73 feet ( 22 m ) long and half that in height , displays an emotional quality characteristic of Romanticism , which Bartholdi would later bring to the Statue of Liberty . Design , style , and symbolism Detail from a fresco by Constantino Brumidi in the U.S. Capitol in Washington , D.C. , showing two early symbols of America : Columbia ( left ) and the Indian princess Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty . In early American history , two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation . One of these symbols , the personified Columbia , was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom and Marianne came to represent France . Columbia had supplanted the earlier figure of an Indian princess , which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans . The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty , derived from Libertas , the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome , especially among emancipated slaves . A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time , and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art , including Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom ( 1863 ) atop the dome of the United States Capitol Building . Artists of the 18th and 19th centuries striving to evoke republican ideals commonly used representations of Libertas as an allegorical symbol . A figure of Liberty was also depicted on the Great Seal of France . However , Bartholdi and Laboulaye avoided an image of revolutionary liberty such as that depicted in Eugène Delacroix 's famed Liberty Leading the People ( 1830 ) . In this painting , which commemorates France 's Revolution of 1830 , a half - clothed Liberty leads an armed mob over the bodies of the fallen . Laboulaye had no sympathy for revolution , and so Bartholdi 's figure would be fully dressed in flowing robes . Instead of the impression of violence in the Delacroix work , Bartholdi wished to give the statue a peaceful appearance and chose a torch , representing progress , for the figure to hold . Crawford 's statue was designed in the early 1850s . It was originally to be crowned with a pileus , the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome . Secretary of War Jefferson Davis , a Southerner who would later serve as President of the Confederate States of America , was concerned that the pileus would be taken as an abolitionist symbol . He ordered that it be changed to a helmet . Delacroix 's figure wears a pileus , and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well . Instead , he used a diadem , or crown , to top its head . In so doing , he avoided a reference to Marianne , who invariably wears a pileus . The seven rays form a halo or aureole . They evoke the sun , the seven seas , and the seven continents , and represent another means , besides the torch , whereby Liberty enlightens the world . Bartholdi 's early models were all similar in concept : a female figure in neoclassical style representing liberty , wearing a stola and pella ( gown and cloak , common in depictions of Roman goddesses ) and holding a torch aloft . According to popular accounts , the face was modeled after that of Charlotte Beysser Bartholdi , the sculptor 's mother , but Regis Huber , the curator of the Bartholdi Museum is on record as saying that this , as well as other similar speculations , have no basis in fact . He designed the figure with a strong , uncomplicated silhouette , which would be set off well by its dramatic harbor placement and allow passengers on vessels entering New York Bay to experience a changing perspective on the statue as they proceeded toward Manhattan . He gave it bold classical contours and applied simplified modeling , reflecting the huge scale of the project and its solemn purpose . Bartholdi wrote of his technique : Thomas Crawford 's Statue of Freedom The surfaces should be broad and simple , defined by a bold and clear design , accentuated in the important places . The enlargement of the details or their multiplicity is to be feared . By exaggerating the forms , in order to render them more clearly visible , or by enriching them with details , we would destroy the proportion of the work . Finally , the model , like the design , should have a summarized character , such as one would give to a rapid sketch . Only it is necessary that this character should be the product of volition and study , and that the artist , concentrating his knowledge , should find the form and the line in its greatest simplicity . Bartholdi made alterations in the design as the project evolved . Bartholdi considered having Liberty hold a broken chain , but decided this would be too divisive in the days after the Civil War . The erected statue does rise over a broken chain , half - hidden by her robes and difficult to see from the ground . Bartholdi was initially uncertain of what to place in Liberty 's left hand ; he settled on a tabula ansata , used to evoke the concept of law . Though Bartholdi greatly admired the United States Constitution , he chose to inscribe `` JULY IV MDCCLXXVI '' on the tablet , thus associating the date of the country 's Declaration of Independence with the concept of liberty . Bartholdi interested his friend and mentor , architect Eugène Viollet - le - Duc , in the project . As chief engineer , Viollet - le - Duc designed a brick pier within the statue , to which the skin would be anchored . After consultations with the metalwork foundry Gaget , Gauthier & Co. , Viollet - le - Duc chose the metal which would be used for the skin , copper sheets , and the method used to shape it , repoussé , in which the sheets were heated and then struck with wooden hammers . An advantage of this choice was that the entire statue would be light for its volume , as the copper need be only 0.094 inches ( 2.4 mm ) thick . Bartholdi had decided on a height of just over 151 feet ( 46 m ) for the statue , double that of Italy 's Sancarlone and the German statue of Arminius , both made with the same method . Announcement and early work By 1875 , France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy . Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support . In September 1875 , he announced the project and the formation of the Franco - American Union as its fundraising arm . With the announcement , the statue was given a name , Liberty Enlightening the World . The French would finance the statue ; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal . The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France , though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia . French monarchists opposed the statue , if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye , who had recently been elected a senator for life . Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful , including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25 , 1876 , that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod . The piece was titled La Liberté éclairant le monde , the French version of the statue 's announced name . Stereoscopic image of right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty , 1876 Centennial Exposition Despite its initial focus on the elites , the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society . Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave , as did 181 French municipalities . Laboulaye 's political allies supported the call , as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War . Less idealistically , contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal . The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes , Norway , though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples . According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York , 90,800 kilos ( 200,000 pounds ) was needed to build the statue , and the French copper industrialist Eugène Secrétan donated 58,100 kilos ( 128,000 pounds ) of copper . Although plans for the statue had not been finalized , Bartholdi moved forward with fabrication of the right arm , bearing the torch , and the head . Work began at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop . In May 1876 , Bartholdi traveled to the United States as a member of a French delegation to the Centennial Exhibition , and arranged for a huge painting of the statue to be shown in New York as part of the Centennial festivities . The arm did not arrive in Philadelphia until August ; because of its late arrival , it was not listed in the exhibition catalogue , and while some reports correctly identified the work , others called it the `` Colossal Arm '' or `` Bartholdi Electric Light '' . The exhibition grounds contained a number of monumental artworks to compete for fairgoers ' interest , including an outsized fountain designed by Bartholdi . Nevertheless , the arm proved popular in the exhibition 's waning days , and visitors would climb up to the balcony of the torch to view the fairgrounds . After the exhibition closed , the arm was transported to New York , where it remained on display in Madison Square Park for several years before it was returned to France to join the rest of the statue . During his second trip to the United States , Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project , and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco - American Union . Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York , Boston , and Philadelphia . The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the `` American Committee '' . One of its members was 19 - year - old Theodore Roosevelt , the future governor of New York and president of the United States . On March 3 , 1877 , on his final full day in office , President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it . President Rutherford B. Hayes , who took office the following day , selected the Bedloe 's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed . Construction in France The statue 's head on exhibit at the Paris World 's Fair , 1878 On his return to Paris in 1877 , Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head , which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World 's Fair . Fundraising continued , with models of the statue put on sale . Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget , Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered . The French government authorized a lottery ; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue . By the end of 1879 , about 250,000 francs had been raised . The head and arm had been built with assistance from Viollet - le - Duc , who fell ill in 1879 . He soon died , leaving no indication of how he intended to transition from the copper skin to his proposed masonry pier . The following year , Bartholdi was able to obtain the services of the innovative designer and builder Gustave Eiffel . Eiffel and his structural engineer , Maurice Koechlin , decided to abandon the pier and instead build an iron truss tower . Eiffel opted not to use a completely rigid structure , which would force stresses to accumulate in the skin and lead eventually to cracking . A secondary skeleton was attached to the center pylon , then , to enable the statue to move slightly in the winds of New York Harbor and as the metal expanded on hot summer days , he loosely connected the support structure to the skin using flat iron bars which culminated in a mesh of metal straps , known as `` saddles '' , that were riveted to the skin , providing firm support . In a labor - intensive process , each saddle had to be crafted individually . To prevent galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and the iron support structure , Eiffel insulated the skin with asbestos impregnated with shellac . Eiffel 's design made the statue one of the earliest examples of curtain wall construction , in which the exterior of the structure is not load bearing , but is instead supported by an interior framework . He included two interior spiral staircases , to make it easier for visitors to reach the observation point in the crown . Access to an observation platform surrounding the torch was also provided , but the narrowness of the arm allowed for only a single ladder , 40 feet ( 12 m ) long . As the pylon tower arose , Eiffel and Bartholdi coordinated their work carefully so that completed segments of skin would fit exactly on the support structure . The components of the pylon tower were built in the Eiffel factory in the nearby Parisian suburb of Levallois - Perret . The change in structural material from masonry to iron allowed Bartholdi to change his plans for the statue 's assembly . He had originally expected to assemble the skin on - site as the masonry pier was built ; instead he decided to build the statue in France and have it disassembled and transported to the United States for reassembly in place on Bedloe 's Island . In a symbolic act , the first rivet placed into the skin , fixing a copper plate onto the statue 's big toe , was driven by United States Ambassador to France Levi P. Morton . The skin was not , however , crafted in exact sequence from low to high ; work proceeded on a number of segments simultaneously in a manner often confusing to visitors . Some work was performed by contractors -- one of the fingers was made to Bartholdi 's exacting specifications by a coppersmith in the southern French town of Montauban . By 1882 , the statue was complete up to the waist , an event Barthodi celebrated by inviting reporters to lunch on a platform built within the statue . Laboulaye died in 1883 . He was succeeded as chairman of the French committee by Ferdinand de Lesseps , builder of the Suez Canal . The completed statue was formally presented to Ambassador Morton at a ceremony in Paris on July 4 , 1884 , and de Lesseps announced that the French government had agreed to pay for its transport to New York . The statue remained intact in Paris pending sufficient progress on the pedestal ; by January 1885 , this had occurred and the statue was disassembled and crated for its ocean voyage . Richard Morris Hunt 's pedestal under construction in June 1885 The committees in the United States faced great difficulties in obtaining funds for the construction of the pedestal . The Panic of 1873 had led to an economic depression that persisted through much of the decade . The Liberty statue project was not the only such undertaking that had difficulty raising money : construction of the obelisk later known as the Washington Monument sometimes stalled for years ; it would ultimately take over three - and - a-half decades to complete . There was criticism both of Bartholdi 's statue and of the fact that the gift required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal . In the years following the Civil War , most Americans preferred realistic artworks depicting heroes and events from the nation 's history , rather than allegorical works like the Liberty statue . There was also a feeling that Americans should design American public works -- the selection of Italian - born Constantino Brumidi to decorate the Capitol had provoked intense criticism , even though he was a naturalized U.S. citizen . Harper 's Weekly declared its wish that `` M. Bartholdi and our French cousins had ' gone the whole figure ' while they were about it , and given us statue and pedestal at once . '' The New York Times stated that `` no true patriot can countenance any such expenditures for bronze females in the present state of our finances . '' Faced with these criticisms , the American committees took little action for several years . Design Frank Leslie 's Illustrated Newspaper , June 1885 , showing ( clockwise from left ) woodcuts of the completed statue in Paris , Bartholdi , and the statue 's interior structure The foundation of Bartholdi 's statue was to be laid inside Fort Wood , a disused army base on Bedloe 's Island constructed between 1807 and 1811 . Since 1823 , it had rarely been used , though during the Civil War , it had served as a recruiting station . The fortifications of the structure were in the shape of an eleven - point star . The statue 's foundation and pedestal were aligned so that it would face southeast , greeting ships entering the harbor from the Atlantic Ocean . In 1881 , the New York committee commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the pedestal . Within months , Hunt submitted a detailed plan , indicating that he expected construction to take about nine months . He proposed a pedestal 114 feet ( 35 m ) in height ; faced with money problems , the committee reduced that to 89 feet ( 27 m ) . Hunt 's pedestal design contains elements of classical architecture , including Doric portals , as well as some elements influenced by Aztec architecture . The large mass is fragmented with architectural detail , in order to focus attention on the statue . In form , it is a truncated pyramid , 62 feet ( 19 m ) square at the base and 39.4 feet ( 12.0 m ) at the top . The four sides are identical in appearance . Above the door on each side , there are ten disks upon which Bartholdi proposed to place the coats of arms of the states ( between 1876 and 1889 , there were 38 U.S. states ) , although this was not done . Above that , a balcony was placed on each side , framed by pillars . Bartholdi placed an observation platform near the top of the pedestal , above which the statue itself rises . According to author Louis Auchincloss , the pedestal `` craggily evokes the power of an ancient Europe over which rises the dominating figure of the Statue of Liberty '' . The committee hired former army General Charles Pomeroy Stone to oversee the construction work . Construction on the 15 - foot - deep ( 4.6 m ) foundation began in 1883 , and the pedestal 's cornerstone was laid in 1884 . In Hunt 's original conception , the pedestal was to have been made of solid granite . Financial concerns again forced him to revise his plans ; the final design called for poured concrete walls , up to 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) thick , faced with granite blocks . This Stony Creek granite came from the Beattie Quarry in Branford , Connecticut . The concrete mass was the largest poured to that time . Norwegian immigrant civil engineer Joachim Goschen Giæver designed the structural framework for the Statue of Liberty . His work involved design computations , detailed fabrication and construction drawings , and oversight of construction . In completing his engineering for the statue 's frame , Giæver worked from drawings and sketches produced by Gustave Eiffel . Fundraising Unpacking of the face of the Statue of Liberty , which was delivered on June 17 , 1885 Fundraising for the statue had begun in 1882 . The committee organized a large number of money - raising events . As part of one such effort , an auction of art and manuscripts , poet Emma Lazarus was asked to donate an original work . She initially declined , stating she could not write a poem about a statue . At the time , she was also involved in aiding refugees to New York who had fled anti-Semitic pogroms in eastern Europe . These refugees were forced to live in conditions that the wealthy Lazarus had never experienced . She saw a way to express her empathy for these refugees in terms of the statue . The resulting sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' , including the iconic lines `` Give me your tired , your poor / Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free '' , is uniquely identified with the Statue of Liberty and is inscribed on a plaque in the museum in its base . Even with these efforts , fundraising lagged . Grover Cleveland , the governor of New York , vetoed a bill to provide $50,000 for the statue project in 1884 . An attempt the next year to have Congress provide $100,000 , sufficient to complete the project , also failed . The New York committee , with only $3,000 in the bank , suspended work on the pedestal . With the project in jeopardy , groups from other American cities , including Boston and Philadelphia , offered to pay the full cost of erecting the statue in return for relocating it . Joseph Pulitzer , publisher of the New York World , a New York newspaper , announced a drive to raise $100,000 -- the equivalent of $2.3 million today . Pulitzer pledged to print the name of every contributor , no matter how small the amount given . The drive captured the imagination of New Yorkers , especially when Pulitzer began publishing the notes he received from contributors . `` A young girl alone in the world '' donated `` 60 cents , the result of self denial . '' One donor gave `` five cents as a poor office boy 's mite toward the Pedestal Fund . '' A group of children sent a dollar as `` the money we saved to go to the circus with . '' Another dollar was given by a `` lonely and very aged woman . '' Residents of a home for alcoholics in New York 's rival city of Brooklyn -- the cities would not merge until 1898 -- donated $15 ; other drinkers helped out through donation boxes in bars and saloons . A kindergarten class in Davenport , Iowa , mailed the World a gift of $1.35 . As the donations flooded in , the committee resumed work on the pedestal . Construction On June 17 , 1885 , the French steamer Isère , laden with the Statue of Liberty , reached the New York port safely . New Yorkers displayed their new - found enthusiasm for the statue , as the French vessel arrived with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board . Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the Isère . After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund , on August 11 , 1885 , the World announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors , and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar . Even with the success of the fund drive , the pedestal was not completed until April 1886 . Immediately thereafter , reassembly of the statue began . Eiffel 's iron framework was anchored to steel I - beams within the concrete pedestal and assembled . Once this was done , the sections of skin were carefully attached . Due to the width of the pedestal , it was not possible to erect scaffolding , and workers dangled from ropes while installing the skin sections . Nevertheless , no one died during the construction . Bartholdi had planned to put floodlights on the torch 's balcony to illuminate it ; a week before the dedication , the Army Corps of Engineers vetoed the proposal , fearing that ships ' pilots passing the statue would be blinded . Instead , Bartholdi cut portholes in the torch -- which was covered with gold leaf -- and placed the lights inside them . A power plant was installed on the island to light the torch and for other electrical needs . After the skin was completed , renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted , co-designer of New York 's Central Park and Brooklyn 's Prospect Park , supervised a cleanup of Bedloe 's Island in anticipation of the dedication . Dedication Unveiling of the Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World ( 1886 ) by Edward Moran . Oil on canvas . The J. Clarence Davies Collection , Museum of the City of New York . A ceremony of dedication was held on the afternoon of October 28 , 1886 . President Grover Cleveland , the former New York governor , presided over the event . On the morning of the dedication , a parade was held in New York City ; estimates of the number of people who watched it ranged from several hundred thousand to a million . President Cleveland headed the procession , then stood in the reviewing stand to see bands and marchers from across America . General Stone was the grand marshal of the parade . The route began at Madison Square , once the venue for the arm , and proceeded to the Battery at the southern tip of Manhattan by way of Fifth Avenue and Broadway , with a slight detour so the parade could pass in front of the World building on Park Row . As the parade passed the New York Stock Exchange , traders threw ticker tape from the windows , beginning the New York tradition of the ticker - tape parade . A nautical parade began at 12 : 45 p.m. , and President Cleveland embarked on a yacht that took him across the harbor to Bedloe 's Island for the dedication . De Lesseps made the first speech , on behalf of the French committee , followed by the chairman of the New York committee , Senator William M. Evarts . A French flag draped across the statue 's face was to be lowered to unveil the statue at the close of Evarts 's speech , but Bartholdi mistook a pause as the conclusion and let the flag fall prematurely . The ensuing cheers put an end to Evarts 's address . President Cleveland spoke next , stating that the statue 's `` stream of light shall pierce the darkness of ignorance and man 's oppression until Liberty enlightens the world '' . Bartholdi , observed near the dais , was called upon to speak , but he declined . Orator Chauncey M. Depew concluded the speechmaking with a lengthy address . No members of the general public were permitted on the island during the ceremonies , which were reserved entirely for dignitaries . The only females granted access were Bartholdi 's wife and de Lesseps 's granddaughter ; officials stated that they feared women might be injured in the crush of people . The restriction offended area suffragists , who chartered a boat and got as close as they could to the island . The group 's leaders made speeches applauding the embodiment of Liberty as a woman and advocating women 's right to vote . A scheduled fireworks display was postponed until November 1 because of poor weather . Shortly after the dedication , The Cleveland Gazette , an African American newspaper , suggested that the statue 's torch not be lit until the United States became a free nation `` in reality '' : `` Liberty enlightening the world , '' indeed ! The expression makes us sick . This government is a howling farce . It can not or rather does not protect its citizens within its own borders . Shove the Bartholdi statue , torch and all , into the ocean until the `` liberty '' of this country is such as to make it possible for an inoffensive and industrious colored man to earn a respectable living for himself and family , without being ku - kluxed , perhaps murdered , his daughter and wife outraged , and his property destroyed . The idea of the `` liberty '' of this country `` enlightening the world , '' or even Patagonia , is ridiculous in the extreme . After dedication Lighthouse Board and War Department ( 1886 -- 1933 ) Statue of Liberty ca . 1900 Government poster using the Statue of Liberty to promote the sale of Liberty Bonds When the torch was illuminated on the evening of the statue 's dedication , it produced only a faint gleam , barely visible from Manhattan . The World characterized it as `` more like a glowworm than a beacon . '' Bartholdi suggested gilding the statue to increase its ability to reflect light , but this proved too expensive . The United States Lighthouse Board took over the Statue of Liberty in 1887 and pledged to install equipment to enhance the torch 's effect ; in spite of its efforts , the statue remained virtually invisible at night . When Bartholdi returned to the United States in 1893 , he made additional suggestions , all of which proved ineffective . He did successfully lobby for improved lighting within the statue , allowing visitors to better appreciate Eiffel 's design . In 1901 , President Theodore Roosevelt , once a member of the New York committee , ordered the statue 's transfer to the War Department , as it had proved useless as a lighthouse . A unit of the Army Signal Corps was stationed on Bedloe 's Island until 1923 , after which military police remained there while the island was under military jurisdiction . The statue rapidly became a landmark . Many immigrants who entered through New York saw it as a welcoming sight . Oral histories of immigrants record their feelings of exhilaration on first viewing the Statue of Liberty . One immigrant who arrived from Greece recalled , I saw the Statue of Liberty . And I said to myself , `` Lady , you 're such a beautiful ! ( sic ) You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here . Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it , to do something , to be someone in America . '' And always that statue was on my mind . Originally , the statue was a dull copper color , but shortly after 1900 a green patina , also called verdigris , caused by the oxidation of the copper skin , began to spread . As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press ; by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue . Believing that the patina was evidence of corrosion , Congress authorized US $62,800 ( equivalent to $1,710,486 in 2017 ) for various repairs , and to paint the statue both inside and out . There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting . The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin , `` softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful . '' The statue was painted only on the inside . The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal . On July 30 , 1916 , during World War I , German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City , New Jersey , in what is now part of Liberty State Park , close to Bedloe 's Island . Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated , and seven people were killed . The statue sustained minor damage , mostly to the torch - bearing right arm , and was closed for ten days . The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about US $100,000 ( equivalent to $2,248,930 in 2017 ) . The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public - safety reasons , and it has remained closed ever since . That same year , Ralph Pulitzer , who had succeeded his father Joseph as publisher of the World , began a drive to raise US $30,000 ( equivalent to $674,679 in 2017 ) for an exterior lighting system to illuminate the statue at night . He claimed over 80,000 contributors , but failed to reach the goal . The difference was quietly made up by a gift from a wealthy donor -- a fact that was not revealed until 1936 . An underwater power cable brought electricity from the mainland and floodlights were placed along the walls of Fort Wood . Gutzon Borglum , who later sculpted Mount Rushmore , redesigned the torch , replacing much of the original copper with stained glass . On December 2 , 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson pressed the telegraph key that turned on the lights , successfully illuminating the statue . After the United States entered World War I in 1917 , images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty Bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially . This impressed upon the public the war 's stated purpose -- to secure liberty -- and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue . In 1924 , President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a National Monument . The only successful suicide in the statue 's history occurred five years later , when a man climbed out of one of the windows in the crown and jumped to his death , glancing off the statue 's breast and landing on the base . Early National Park Service years ( 1933 -- 1982 ) Bedloe 's Island in 1927 , showing the statue and army buildings . The eleven - pointed walls of Fort Wood , which still form the statue 's base , are visible . In 1933 , President Franklin Roosevelt ordered the statue to be transferred to the National Park Service ( NPS ) . In 1937 , the NPS gained jurisdiction over the rest of Bedloe 's Island . With the Army 's departure , the NPS began to transform the island into a park . The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) demolished most of the old buildings , regraded and reseeded the eastern end of the island , and built granite steps for a new public entrance to the statue from its rear . The WPA also carried out restoration work within the statue , temporarily removing the rays from the statue 's halo so their rusted supports could be replaced . Rusted cast - iron steps in the pedestal were replaced with new ones made of reinforced concrete ; the upper parts of the stairways within the statue were replaced , as well . Copper sheathing was installed to prevent further damage from rainwater that had been seeping into the pedestal . The statue was closed to the public from May until December 1938 . During World War II , the statue remained open to visitors , although it was not illuminated at night due to wartime blackouts . It was lit briefly on December 31 , 1943 , and on D - Day , June 6 , 1944 , when its lights flashed `` dot - dot - dot - dash '' , the Morse code for V , for victory . New , powerful lighting was installed in 1944 -- 1945 , and beginning on V-E Day , the statue was once again illuminated after sunset . The lighting was for only a few hours each evening , and it was not until 1957 that the statue was illuminated every night , all night . In 1946 , the interior of the statue within reach of visitors was coated with a special plastic so that graffiti could be washed away . In 1956 , an Act of Congress officially renamed Bedloe 's Island as Liberty Island , a change advocated by Bartholdi generations earlier . The act also mentioned the efforts to found an American Museum of Immigration on the island , which backers took as federal approval of the project , though the government was slow to grant funds for it . Nearby Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965 . In 1972 , the immigration museum , in the statue 's base , was finally opened in a ceremony led by President Richard Nixon . The museum 's backers never provided it with an endowment to secure its future and it closed in 1991 after the opening of an immigration museum on Ellis Island . September 26 , 1972 : President Richard Nixon visits the statue to open the American Museum of Immigration . The statue 's raised right foot is visible , showing that it is depicted moving forward . In 1970 , Ivy Bottini led a demonstration at the statue where she and others from the National Organization for Women 's New York chapter draped an enormous banner over a railing which read `` WOMEN OF THE WORLD UNITE ! '' Beginning December 26 , 1971 , 15 anti-Vietnam War veterans occupied the statue , flying a US flag upside down from her crown . They left December 28 following a Federal Court order . The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators publicizing causes such as Puerto Rican independence , opposition to abortion , and opposition to US intervention in Grenada . Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a Gay Pride Parade rally and the annual Captive Baltic Nations rally . A powerful new lighting system was installed in advance of the American Bicentennial in 1976 . The statue was the focal point for Operation Sail , a regatta of tall ships from all over the world that entered New York Harbor on July 4 , 1976 , and sailed around Liberty Island . The day concluded with a spectacular display of fireworks near the statue . Renovation and rededication ( 1982 -- 2000 ) July 4 , 1986 : First Lady Nancy Reagan ( in red ) reopens the statue to the public . Main article : Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty See also : Liberty Weekend The statue was examined in great detail by French and American engineers as part of the planning for its centennial in 1986 . In 1982 , it was announced that the statue was in need of considerable restoration . Careful study had revealed that the right arm had been improperly attached to the main structure . It was swaying more and more when strong winds blew and there was a significant risk of structural failure . In addition , the head had been installed 2 feet ( 0.61 m ) off center , and one of the rays was wearing a hole in the right arm when the statue moved in the wind . The armature structure was badly corroded , and about two percent of the exterior plates needed to be replaced . Although problems with the armature had been recognized as early as 1936 , when cast iron replacements for some of the bars had been installed , much of the corrosion had been hidden by layers of paint applied over the years . In May 1982 , President Ronald Reagan announced the formation of the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Centennial Commission , led by Chrysler Corporation chair Lee Iacocca , to raise the funds needed to complete the work . Through its fundraising arm , the Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc. , the group raised more than $350 million in donations . The Statue of Liberty was one of the earliest beneficiaries of a cause marketing campaign . A 1983 promotion advertised that for each purchase made with an American Express card , the company would contribute one cent to the renovation of the statue . The campaign generated contributions of $1.7 million to the restoration project . In 1984 , the statue was closed to the public for the duration of the renovation . Workers erected the world 's largest free - standing scaffold , which obscured the statue from view . Liquid nitrogen was used to remove layers of paint that had been applied to the interior of the copper skin over decades , leaving two layers of coal tar , originally applied to plug leaks and prevent corrosion . Blasting with baking soda powder removed the tar without further damaging the copper . The restorers ' work was hampered by the asbestos - based substance that Bartholdi had used -- ineffectively , as inspections showed -- to prevent galvanic corrosion . Workers within the statue had to wear protective gear , dubbed `` moon suits '' , with self - contained breathing circuits . Larger holes in the copper skin were repaired , and new copper was added where necessary . The replacement skin was taken from a copper rooftop at Bell Labs , which had a patina that closely resembled the statue 's ; in exchange , the laboratory was provided some of the old copper skin for testing . The torch , found to have been leaking water since the 1916 alterations , was replaced with an exact replica of Bartholdi 's unaltered torch . Consideration was given to replacing the arm and shoulder ; the National Park Service insisted that they be repaired instead . The original torch was removed and replaced in 1986 with the current one , whose flame is covered in 24 - carat gold . The torch reflects the sun 's rays in daytime and is lighted by floodlights at night . Liberty Enlightening the World The entire puddled iron armature designed by Gustave Eiffel was replaced . Low - carbon corrosion - resistant stainless steel bars that now hold the staples next to the skin are made of Ferralium , an alloy that bends slightly and returns to its original shape as the statue moves . To prevent the ray and arm making contact , the ray was realigned by several degrees . The lighting was again replaced -- night - time illumination subsequently came from metal - halide lamps that send beams of light to particular parts of the pedestal or statue , showing off various details . Access to the pedestal , which had been through a nondescript entrance built in the 1960s , was renovated to create a wide opening framed by a set of monumental bronze doors with designs symbolic of the renovation . A modern elevator was installed , allowing handicapped access to the observation area of the pedestal . An emergency elevator was installed within the statue , reaching up to the level of the shoulder . July 3 -- 6 , 1986 , was designated `` Liberty Weekend '' , marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening . President Reagan presided over the rededication , with French President François Mitterrand in attendance . July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail , and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5 . In Reagan 's dedication speech , he stated , `` We are the keepers of the flame of liberty ; we hold it high for the world to see . '' Closures and reopenings ( 2001 -- present ) The Statue of Liberty on September 11 , 2001 as the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center burn in the background Following the September 11 attacks , the statue and Liberty Island were immediately closed to the public . The island reopened at the end of 2001 , while the pedestal and statue remained off - limits . The pedestal reopened in August 2004 , but the National Park Service announced that visitors could not safely be given access to the statue due to the difficulty of evacuation in an emergency . The Park Service adhered to that position through the remainder of the Bush administration . New York Congressman Anthony Weiner made the statue 's reopening a personal crusade . On May 17 , 2009 , President Barack Obama 's Secretary of the Interior , Ken Salazar , announced that as a `` special gift '' to America , the statue would be reopened to the public as of July 4 , but that only a limited number of people would be permitted to ascend to the crown each day . The statue , including the pedestal and base , closed on October 29 , 2011 , for installation of new elevators and staircases and to bring other facilities , such as restrooms , up to code . The statue was reopened on October 28 , 2012 , only to close again a day later due to Hurricane Sandy . Although the storm did not harm the statue , it destroyed some of the infrastructure on both Liberty Island and Ellis Island , severely damaging the dock used by the ferries bearing visitors to the statue . On November 8 , 2012 , a Park Service spokesperson announced that both islands would remain closed for an indefinite period for repairs to be done . Due to lack of electricity on Liberty Island , a generator was installed to power temporary floodlights to illuminate the statue at night . The superintendent of Statue of Liberty National Monument , David Luchsinger , whose home on the island was severely damaged , stated that it would be `` optimistically ... months '' before the island was reopened to the public . The statue and Liberty Island reopened to the public on July 4 , 2013 . Ellis Island remained closed for repairs for several more months but reopened in late October 2013 . For part of October 2013 , Liberty Island was closed to the public due to the United States federal government shutdown of 2013 , along with other federally funded museums , parks , monuments , construction projects and buildings . The statue and Liberty Island were briefly closed on July 4 , 2018 , due to a protester against American immigration policy climbing on to the statue . The new staircase to the crown On October 7 , 2016 , construction started on a new Statue of Liberty museum on Liberty Island . The new $70 million , 26,000 - square - foot ( 2,400 m ) museum will be able to accommodate all of the island 's visitors when it opens in 2019 , as opposed to the current museum , which only 20 % of the island 's visitors can visit. The museum , designed by FXFOWLE Architects , will integrate with the parkland around it . Von Fürstenberg heads the fundraising for the museum , and the project had garnered more than $40 million in fundraising as of groundbreaking . Access and attributes Location and tourism Tourists aboard a Circle Line ferry arriving at Liberty Island , June 1973 The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island , which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument . Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800 . As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay 's midpoint , the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line . Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York . Land created by reclamation added to the 2.3 acres ( 0.93 ha ) original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory . No charge is made for entrance to the national monument , but there is a cost for the ferry service that all visitors must use , as private boats may not dock at the island . A concession was granted in 2007 to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities , replacing Circle Line , which had operated the service since 1953 . The ferries , which depart from Liberty State Park in Jersey City and Battery Park in Lower Manhattan , also stop at Ellis Island when it is open to the public , making a combined trip possible . All ferry riders are subject to security screening , similar to airport procedures , prior to boarding . Visitors intending to enter the statue 's base and pedestal must obtain a complimentary museum / pedestal ticket along with their ferry ticket . Those wishing to climb the staircase within the statue to the crown purchase a special ticket , which may be reserved up to a year in advance . A total of 240 people per day are permitted to ascend : ten per group , three groups per hour . Climbers may bring only medication and cameras -- lockers are provided for other items -- and must undergo a second security screening . Inscriptions , plaques , and dedications The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island . There are several plaques and dedicatory tablets on or near the Statue of Liberty . A plaque on the copper just under the figure in front declares that it is a colossal statue representing Liberty , designed by Bartholdi and built by the Paris firm of Gaget , Gauthier et Cie ( Cie is the French abbreviation analogous to Co . ) . A presentation tablet , also bearing Bartholdi 's name , declares the statue is a gift from the people of the Republic of France that honors `` the Alliance of the two Nations in achieving the Independence of the United States of America and attests their abiding friendship . '' A tablet placed by the New York committee commemorates the fundraising done to build the pedestal . The cornerstone bears a plaque placed by the Freemasons . In 1903 , a bronze tablet that bears the text of Emma Lazarus 's sonnet , `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 ) , was presented by friends of the poet . Until the 1986 renovation , it was mounted inside the pedestal ; today it resides in the Statue of Liberty Museum , in the base . `` The New Colossus '' tablet is accompanied by a tablet given by the Emma Lazarus Commemorative Committee in 1977 , celebrating the poet 's life . A group of statues stands at the western end of the island , honoring those closely associated with the Statue of Liberty . Two Americans -- Pulitzer and Lazarus -- and three Frenchmen -- Bartholdi , Eiffel , and Laboulaye -- are depicted . They are the work of Maryland sculptor Phillip Ratner . UNESCO World Heritage site In 1984 , the Statue of Liberty was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site . The UNESCO `` Statement of Significance '' describes the statue as a `` masterpiece of the human spirit '' that `` endures as a highly potent symbol -- inspiring contemplation , debate and protest -- of ideals such as liberty , peace , human rights , abolition of slavery , democracy and opportunity . '' Physical characteristics As viewed from the ground on Liberty Island Feature U.S. Metric Height of copper statue 151 ft 1 in 46 m Foundation of pedestal ( ground level ) to tip of torch 305 ft 1 in 93 m Heel to top of head 111 ft 1 in 34 m Height of hand 16 ft 5 in 5 m Index finger 8 ft 1 in 2.44 m Circumference at second joint 3 ft 6 in 1.07 m Head from chin to cranium 17 ft 3 in 5.26 m Head thickness from ear to ear 10 ft 0 in 3.05 m Distance across the eye 2 ft 6 in 0.76 m Length of nose 4 ft 6 in 1.48 m Right arm length 42 ft 0 in 12.8 m Right arm greatest thickness 12 ft 0 in 3.66 m Thickness of waist 35 ft 0 in 10.67 m Width of mouth 3 ft 0 in 0.91 m Tablet , length 23 ft 7 in 7.19 m Tablet , width 13 ft 7 in 4.14 m Tablet , thickness 2 ft 0 in 0.61 m Height of pedestal 89 ft 0 in 27.13 m Height of foundation 65 ft 0 in 19.81 m Weight of copper used in statue 60,000 pounds 27.22 tonnes Weight of steel used in statue 250,000 pounds 113.4 tonnes Total weight of statue 450,000 pounds 204.1 tonnes Thickness of copper sheeting 3 / 32 of an inch 2.4 mm Depictions See also : Replicas of the Statue of Liberty and Statue of Liberty in popular culture A replica of the Statue of Liberty forms part of the exterior decor at the New York - New York Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip Hundreds of replicas of the Statue of Liberty are displayed worldwide . A smaller version of the statue , one - fourth the height of the original , was given by the American community in Paris to that city . It now stands on the Île aux Cygnes , facing west toward her larger sister . A replica 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) tall stood atop the Liberty Warehouse on West 64th Street in Manhattan for many years ; it now resides at the Brooklyn Museum . In a patriotic tribute , the Boy Scouts of America , as part of their Strengthen the Arm of Liberty campaign in 1949 -- 1952 , donated about two hundred replicas of the statue , made of stamped copper and 100 inches ( 2,500 mm ) in height , to states and municipalities across the United States . Though not a true replica , the statue known as the Goddess of Democracy temporarily erected during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 was similarly inspired by French democratic traditions -- the sculptors took care to avoid a direct imitation of the Statue of Liberty . Among other recreations of New York City structures , a replica of the statue is part of the exterior of the New York - New York Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas . Head of Liberty , U.S. airmail stamp , 1971 issue Reverse side of a Presidential Dollar coin As an American icon , the Statue of Liberty has been depicted on the country 's coinage and stamps . It appeared on commemorative coins issued to mark its 1986 centennial , and on New York 's 2001 entry in the state quarters series . An image of the statue was chosen for the American Eagle platinum bullion coins in 1997 , and it was placed on the reverse , or tails , side of the Presidential Dollar series of circulating coins . Two images of the statue 's torch appear on the current ten - dollar bill . The statue 's intended photographic depiction on a 2010 forever stamp proved instead to be of the replica at the Las Vegas casino . Depictions of the statue have been used by many regional institutions . Between 1986 and 2000 , New York State issued license plates with an outline of the statue to either the front or the side of the serial number . The Women 's National Basketball Association 's New York Liberty use both the statue 's name and its image in their logo , in which the torch 's flame doubles as a basketball . The New York Rangers of the National Hockey League depicted the statue 's head on their third jersey , beginning in 1997 . The National Collegiate Athletic Association 's 1996 Men 's Basketball Final Four , played at New Jersey 's Meadowlands Sports Complex , featured the statue in its logo . The Libertarian Party of the United States uses the statue in its emblem . The statue is a frequent subject in popular culture . In music , it has been evoked to indicate support for American policies , as in Toby Keith 's song `` Courtesy of the Red , White and Blue ( The Angry American ) '' , and in opposition , appearing on the cover of the Dead Kennedys ' album Bedtime for Democracy , which protested the Reagan administration . In film , the torch is the setting for the climax of director Alfred Hitchcock 's 1942 movie Saboteur . The statue makes one of its most famous cinematic appearances in the 1968 picture Planet of the Apes , in which it is seen half - buried in sand . It is knocked over in the science - fiction film Independence Day and in Cloverfield the head is ripped off . In Jack Finney 's time - travel novel Time and Again , the right arm of the statue , on display in the early 1880s in Madison Square Park , plays a crucial role . Robert Holdstock , consulting editor of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction , wondered in 1979 , Where would science fiction be without the Statue of Liberty ? For decades it has towered or crumbled above the wastelands of deserted ( E ) arth -- giants have uprooted it , aliens have found it curious ... the symbol of Liberty , of optimism , has become a symbol of science fiction 's pessimistic view of the future . See also Approximate heights of various notable statues : 1 . Spring Temple Buddha 153 m ( incl. 25 m pedestal and 20 m throne ) 2 . Statue of Liberty 93 m ( incl. 47 m pedestal ) 3 . The Motherland Calls 91 m ( excl . pedestal ) 4 . Christ the Redeemer 38 m ( incl. 8 m pedestal ) 5 . Statue of David 5.17 m ( excl . 2.5 m pedestal ) New Jersey portal New York portal New York City portal NRHP portal United States portal Visual arts portal List of the tallest statues in the United States Place des États - Unis , in Paris , France The Statue of Liberty , 1985 Ken Burns documentary film Statues and sculptures in New York City List of statues by height References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' . National Park Service . December 31 , 2007 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schneiderman , R.M. ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` For tourists , Statue of Liberty is nice , but no Forever 21 '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Monument Proclamations under the Antiquities Act '' . National Park Service . January 16 , 2003 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 1994 ) . National Register of Historic Places , 1966 -- 1994 : Cumulative List Through January 1 , 1994 . Washington , D.C. : National Park Service . p. 502 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89133 - 254 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places -- Hudson County '' . New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection -- Historic Preservation Office . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty National Monument '' ( PDF ) . New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission . September 14 , 1976 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Joseph , Rebecca M. ; Brooke Rosenblatt ; Carolyn Kinebrew ( September 2000 ) . `` The Black Statue of Liberty Rumor '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Abolition '' . National Park Service . Retrieved July 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Statue of Liberty and its Ties to the Middle East '' ( PDF ) . University of Chicago . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 60 -- 61 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 102 -- 103 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 10 -- 11 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , pp. 17 -- 19 . ^ Jump up to : Bodnar , John ( 2006 ) . `` Monuments and Morals : The Nationalization of Civic Instruction '' . In Warren , Donald R. ; Patrick , John J. Civic and Moral Learning in America . Macmillan . pp. 212 -- 214 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 7396 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , Jane ( 2000 ) . The Grove Dictionary of Art : From Monet to Cézanne : Late 19th - century French Artists . Oxford University Press US . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 22971 - 9 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 96 -- 97 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 105 -- 108 . Jump up ^ Blume , Mary ( July 16 , 2004 ) . `` The French icon Marianne à la mode '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Get the Facts ( Frequently Asked Questions about the Statue of Liberty ) '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady Liberty Reverse Statue of Liberty ( 1886 ) '' . Presidential $1 coin . United States Mint . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 52 -- 53 , 55 , 87 . ^ Jump up to : Interviewed for Watson , Corin . Statue of Liberty : Building a Colossus ( TV documentary , 2001 ) Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 108 -- 111 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently asked questions '' . Statue of Liberty National Monument . National Park Service . Retrieved August 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 118 , 125 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 121 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 123 -- 125 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ `` News of Norway '' . 1999 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty , Part 2 '' . The New York Times . July 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 126 -- 128 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 134 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 135 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 136 -- 137 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 139 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` La tour a vu le jour à Levallois '' . Le Parisien ( in French ) . April 30 , 2004 . Retrieved December 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . pbs.org . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 36 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 38 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 159 -- 160 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 161 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : `` Statistics '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . August 16 , 2006 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , p. 169 . ^ Jump up to : Auchincloss , Louis ( May 12 , 1986 ) . `` Liberty : Building on the Past '' . New York : 87 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bartholdi , Frédéric ( 1885 ) . The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World . North American Review . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 71 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , pp. 49 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 184 -- 186 . Jump up ^ `` Branford 's History Is Set in Stone '' . Connecticut Humanities . Jump up ^ `` STRUCTUREmag -- Structural Engineering Magazine , Tradeshow : Joachim Gotsche Giaver '' . archive.org . November 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 163 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , pp. 165 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 172 -- 175 . Jump up ^ Levine , Benjamin ; Story , Isabelle F. ( 1961 ) . `` Statue of Liberty '' . National Park Service . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount , 1774 to Present / '' . MeasuringWorth . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ( Consumer price index ) Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , pp. 40 -- 41 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 112 . Jump up ^ `` The Isere - Bartholdi Gift Reaches the Horsehoe Safely '' ( PDF ) . The Evening Post . June 17 , 1885 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 114 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , pp. 133 -- 134 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Khan 2010 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Khan 2010 , pp. 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Bell & Abrams 1984 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 127 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ `` Postponing Bartholdi 's statue until there is liberty for colored as well '' . The Cleveland Gazette . Cleveland , Ohio . November 27 , 1886 . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Sutherland 2003 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ `` Answers about the Statue of Liberty '' . The New York Times . July 1 , 2009 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` To paint Miss Liberty '' . The New York Times . July 19 , 1906 . p. 1 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How shall `` Miss Liberty '' 's toilet be made ? `` . The New York Times . July 29 , 1906 . pp. SM2 . Retrieved October 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 168 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 136 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 148 -- 151 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 136 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Harris 1985 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 141 -- 143 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 147 -- 148 . Jump up ^ `` Honorees '' . Lapride.org . January 4 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2012 . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Feminist Chronicles , 1953 -- 1993 -- 1970 -- Feminist Majority Foundation '' . Feminist.org . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 1973 World Almanac and Book of Facts , p. 996 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 72 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 143 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 165 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , pp. 169 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 204 -- 205 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 216 -- 218 . Jump up ^ Daw , Jocelyne ( March 2006 ) . Cause Marketing for Nonprofits : Partner for Purpose , Passion , and Profits . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 71750 - 8 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , pp. 74 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Hayden & Despont 1986 , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Sutherland 2003 , p. 106 . ^ Jump up to : `` History and Culture '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Sewell ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Statue of Liberty 's Crown Will Reopen July 4 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Neuman , William ( July 5 , 2007 ) . `` Congress to Ask Why Miss Liberty 's Crown is Still Closed to Visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Raja , Nina ( August 10 , 2010 ) . `` Liberty Island to remain open during statue 's renovation '' . CNN . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty interior to re-open next month '' . AP via Fox News . September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Powlowski , A. ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty closed for ' foreseeable future ' '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved November 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mcgeehan , Patrick ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Storm leaves Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island cut off from visitors '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barron , James ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Statue of Liberty was unscathed by hurricane , but its home took a beating '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Long , Colleen ( July 4 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty reopens as US marks July Fourth '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved July 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Foderaro , Lisa ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Ellis Island Welcoming Visitors Once Again , but Repairs Continue '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Armaghan , Sarah ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Closed in Shutdown '' . Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Shannon , James . `` Woman Climbs Base of the Statue of Liberty After ICE Protest '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved July 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Durkin , Erin ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty getting new $70 M museum set to open in 2019 '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Plagianos , Irene ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` See Designs for the New Statue of Liberty Museum '' . DNAinfo New York . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Ivan ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Statue of Liberty Museum to open in 2019 '' . am New York . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Early History of Bedloe 's Island '' . Statue of Liberty Historical Handbook . National Park Service . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2011 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NEW JERSEY v. NEW YORK 523 U.S. 767 '' . Supreme Court of the United States . 1998 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Anthony ( June 29 , 2007 ) . `` Circle Line Loses Pact for Ferries to Liberty Island '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NPS : Liberty and Ellis Island ferry map '' . Ferry Map . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` For Your Safety and Security '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions : Reserving tickets to visit the crown '' . Statue of Liberty . National Park Service . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 222 -- 223 . Jump up ^ Harris 1985 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . World Heritage . UNESCO . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno 2000 , pp. 200 -- 201 . Jump up ^ `` Collections : American Art : Replica of the Statue of Liberty , from Liberty Storage & Warehouse , 43 -- 47 West 64th Street , NYC '' . Brooklyn Museum . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Attoun , Marti ( October 2007 ) . `` Little Sisters of Liberty '' . Scouting . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Moreno 2000 , pp. 103 -- 104 . Jump up ^ Goldberger , Paul ( January 15 , 1997 ) . `` New York - New York , it 's a Las Vegas town '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty postage stamps '' . Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation , Inc . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The redesigned $10 note '' . newmoney.gov . Bureau of Engraving and Printing . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2014 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Severson , Kim ; Healey , Matthew ( April 14 , 2011 ) . `` This Lady Liberty is a Las Vegas teenager '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State to start issuing new license plates July 1 '' . The New York Times . January 24 , 1986 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` State license plates to get new look '' . The New York Times . January 11 , 2000 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Liberty ' for New York club '' . The New York Times . February 14 , 1997 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lapointe , Joe ( January 12 , 1997 ) . `` Lady Liberty laces up at the Garden '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( March 29 , 1996 ) . `` Final Four : States put aside their rivalry and try a little cooperation '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Axinn , Mark ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` The Statue of Liberty after 125 years -- by LPNY Chair Mark Axinn '' . Libertarian Party of the United States . Retrieved November 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Tracy S . `` The Statue of Liberty in Popular Culture '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Spoto , Donald ( 1983 ) . The Dark Side of Genius : The Life of Alfred Hitchcock . Ballantine . pp. 262 -- 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 31462 - 8 . Jump up ^ Greene , Eric ; Slotkin , Richard ( 1998 ) . Planet of the Apes as American myth : race , politics , and popular culture . Middletown , Connecticut : Wesleyan University Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6329 - 3 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Movies That Hated The Statue Of Liberty > > Page 6 of 10 '' . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ' Cloverfield ' Release Will Be Test of Online Hype : NPR '' . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2008 . Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Darrach , Brad ( June 26 , 1970 ) . `` The spy who came in from 1882 '' . Life . p. 16 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Peter ( 1979 ) . The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction . St Albans , Herts , UK : Granada Publishing Ltd. p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 586 - 05380 - 5 . Bibliography Bell , James B. ; Abrams , Richard L. ( 1984 ) . In Search of Liberty : The Story of the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island . Garden City , New York : Doubleday & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 19624 - 6 . Harris , Jonathan ( 1985 ) . A Statue for America : The First 100 Years of the Statue of Liberty . New York City : Four Winds Press ( a division of Macmillan Publishing Company ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 742730 - 1 . Hayden , Richard Seth ; Despont , Thierry W. ( 1986 ) . Restoring the Statue of Liberty . New York City : McGraw - Hill Book Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 027326 - 9 . Khan , Yasmin Sabina ( 2010 ) . Enlightening the World : The Creation of the Statue of Liberty . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 4851 - 5 . Moreno , Barry ( 2000 ) . The Statue of Liberty Encyclopedia . New York City : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 3689 - 7 . Sutherland , Cara A. ( 2003 ) . The Statue of Liberty . New York City : Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 3890 - 0 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Statue of Liberty Wikimedia Commons has media related to Statue of Liberty . Wikivoyage has a listing for Statue of Liberty . Statue of Liberty National Monument Statue of Liberty -- Ellis Island Foundation `` A Giant 's Task -- Cleaning Statue of Liberty '' , Popular Mechanics ( February 1932 ) Views from the webcams affixed to the Statue of Liberty Made in Paris The Statue of Liberty 1877 -- 1885 -- many historical photographs Statue of Liberty at Structurae Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NY - 138 , `` Statue of Liberty , Liberty Island , Manhattan , New York , New York County , NY '' , 404 photos , 59 color transparencies , 41 measured drawings , 10 data pages , 33 photo caption pages HAER No . NY - 138 - A , `` Statue of Liberty , Administration Building '' , 6 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page HAER No . NY - 138 - B , `` Statue of Liberty , Concessions Building '' , 12 photos , 6 measured drawings , 1 photo caption page Statue of Liberty Liberty Enlightening the World Creators Édouard René de Laboulaye , originator Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi , sculptor Gustave Eiffel , builder Eiffel company Eugène Secrétan , donated copper Location Statue of Liberty National Monument Liberty Island Musée des Arts et Métiers , original statue Former locations Right arm and torch Centennial Exposition , 1876 Madison Square Park , 1876 - 1882 Head Paris World 's Fair , 1878 Replicas Île aux Cygnes Flame of Liberty Boy Scout replicas Strengthen the Arm of Liberty Fayetteville , Arkansas Pine Bluff , Arkansas Overview Park , Kansas Legacy In popular culture `` The New Colossus '' ( 1883 sonnet ) Working on the Statue of Liberty ( 1946 painting ) Miss Liberty ( 1949 musical ) The Statue of Liberty ( 1985 documentary ) Statue of Liberty play ( American football ) Liberty Weekend , 1986 Liberty Fanfare Medal of Liberty Statue of Liberty Forever stamp American Platinum Eagle coin Presidential $1 Coin Program Related Conservation - restoration of the Statue of Liberty Egypt Carrying the Light to Asia Libertas National symbols of the United States Symbols Flag of the United States Seal of the United States Bald eagle Uncle Sam Columbia General Grant ( tree ) American 's Creed Pledge of Allegiance Rose Oak American bison Phrygian cap Songs `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' `` Dixie '' `` America the Beautiful '' `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' `` Hail to the Chief '' `` Hail , Columbia '' `` My Country , ' Tis of Thee '' `` God Bless America '' `` Lift Every Voice and Sing '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' `` Anchors Aweigh '' `` Marines ' Hymn '' `` Semper Fidelis '' `` The Air Force Song '' `` Semper Paratus '' `` National Emblem '' `` The Washington Post March '' `` Battle Hymn of the Republic '' `` Yankee Doodle '' `` You 're a Grand Old Flag '' `` When Johnny Comes Marching Home '' `` This Land Is Your Land '' Mottos In God We Trust E Pluribus Unum Novus ordo seclorum Annuit cœptis Landmarks Statue of Liberty ( Liberty Enlightening the World ) Liberty Bell Mount Rushmore National Mall West Potomac Park Other articles related to the Statue of Liberty Lighthouses of New York Main : List of lighthouses in the United States Ambrose Tower Aunt Phebe Rock Barber 's Point Barcelona Blackwell Island Bluff Point Braddock Point Buffalo Light Buffalo Harbor North and South entrance Lights Buffalo Harbor South Entrance Light Buffalo North breakwater East end Light Buffalo North Breakwater South End Light Cape Vincent Carleton Island Cedar Island Charlotte -- Genesee Cold Spring Harbor Coney Island Coxsackie Crossover Island Crown Point Cumberland Head Dunkirk East Charity Shoal Eatons Neck Elm Tree Beacon Esopus Meadows Execution Rocks Fair Haven Fire Island Fort Niagara Fort Lafayette Fort Tompkins Fort Wadsworth Frenchman Island Galloo Island Gardiners Point Horse Island Horton Point Hudson - Athens Huntington Harbor Kings Point Latimer Reef Little Gull Island Little Red Montauk Point Moriches New Dorp North Brother Island North Dumpling Oak Orchard Old Field Point Old Orchard Shoal Ogdensburg Harbor Orient Long Beach Bar Orient Point Oswego Harbor West Pierhead Plattsburgh Beacon Plum Island Point Aux Roches Prince 's Bay Race Rock Rock Island Romer Shoal Rondout Sands Point Saugerties Selkirk Shinnecock Sodus Outer Sodus Point South Brother Island Channel Range South Buffalo North Side Split Rock Point Staten Island Statue of Liberty Stepping Stones Stony Point ( Henderson ) Stony Point ( Hudson ) Strawberry Island Upper Cut Range Stuyvesant Sunken Meadows Sunken Rock Tarrytown Thirty Mile Point Three Sisters Island Throgs Neck Tibbetts Point Turkey Point Watervliet West Point West Bank Whitehall Narrows Whitestone Point Protected areas of New York Federal National Historic Sites , Parks and Districts Christman Eleanor Roosevelt Harriet Tubman Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt Martin Van Buren Sagamore Hill Saint Paul 's Church Saratoga Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural Women 's Rights Erie Canalway Kate Mullany affiliated Thomas Cole affiliated National Memorials Federal Hall General Grant Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty National Monuments African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Fort Stanwix Governors Island Stonewall National Trails Appalachian Trail North Country Trail National Seashores and Recreation Areas Fire Island Gateway Upper Delaware National Wildlife Refuges Iroquois Long Island Complex Amagansett Conscience Point Elizabeth A. Morton Lido Beach Oyster Bay Sayville Seatuck Target Rock Wertheim Montezuma Shawangunk Grasslands Wallkill River National Forests Finger Lakes Wilderness Areas Otis Pike Fire Island High Dune State parks Allen H. Treman Allegany Amherst Amsterdam Beach Battle Island Bayard Cutting Arboretum Bayswater Point Bear Mountain Beaver Island Beechwood Belmont Lake Bethpage Betty & Wilbur Davis Big Six Mile Creek Blauvelt Bonavista Bowman Lake Braddock Bay Brentwood Bristol Beach Brookhaven Buckhorn Island Buffalo Harbor Burnham Point Buttermilk Falls Caleb Smith Camp Hero Canandaigua Lake Canoe - Picnic Point Captree Catharine Valley Trail Caumsett Cayuga Lake Cedar Island Cedar Point Chenango Valley Cherry Plain Chimney Bluffs Chittenango Falls Clarence Fahnestock Clark Reservation Clay Pit Ponds Cold Spring Harbor Coles Creek Conesus Lake Connetquot River Crab Island Croil Island Cumberland Bay Darien Lakes De Veaux Woods Deans Cove Delta Lake Devil 's Hole Dewolf Point Donald J. Trump Earl W. Brydges Artpark Eel Weir Empire -- Fulton Ferry Evangola Fair Haven Beach Fillmore Glen Fort Niagara Four Mile Creek Franklin D. Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Franny Reese Frenchman Island Galop Island Gantry Plaza Genesee Valley Greenway Gilbert Lake Gilgo Glimmerglass Golden Hill Goosepond Mountain Grafton Lakes Grass Point Green Lakes Hallock Hamlin Beach Harriet Hollister Spencer Harriman Hart 's Brook Haverstraw Beach Heckscher Helen L. McNitt Hempstead Lake High Tor Highland Lakes Higley Flow Hither Hills Honeoye Hook Mountain Hudson Highlands Hudson River Islands Hudson River Hunts Pond Iona Island Irondequoit Bay Jacques Cartier James Baird John Boyd Thacher Jones Beach Joseph Davis Keewaydin Keuka Lake Knox Farm Kring Point Lake Erie Lake Lauderdale Lake Superior Lake Taghkanic Lakeside Beach Letchworth Lock 32 Lodi Point Long Point - Finger Lakes Long Point - Thousand Islands Long Point on Lake Chautauqua Macomb Reservation Margaret Lewis Norrie Mark Twain Mary Island Max V. Shaul Mexico Point Midway Mine Kill Minnewaska Mohawk River Montauk Downs Montauk Point Moreau Lake Napeague Newtown Battlefield Niagara Falls Nissequogue River Nyack Beach Oak Orchard Ogden Mills & Ruth Livingston Mills Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Oquaga Creek Orient Beach Peebles Island Pinnacle Pixley Falls Point Au Roche Reservoir Riverbank Robert G. Wehle Robert H. Treman Robert Moses - Long Island Robert Moses - Thousand Islands Robert V. Riddell Roberto Clemente Rockefeller Rock Island Lighthouse Rockland Lake Sampson Sandy Island Beach Saratoga Lake Saratoga Spa Schodack Island Schunemunk Mountain Selkirk Shores Seneca Lake Shadmoor Silver Lake Sonnenberg Gardens Southwick Beach St. Lawrence State Park at the Fair Sterling Forest Steuben Memorial Stony Brook Storm King Strawberry Island Sunken Meadow Taconic Tallman Mountain Taughannock Falls Thompson 's Lake Two Rivers Trail View Valley Stream Verona Beach Waterson Point Watkins Glen Wellesley Island Westcott Beach Whetstone Gulf Whirlpool Wildwood Wilson - Tuscarora Wonder Lake Woodlawn Beach State historic sites Bennington Battlefield Caumsett Clermont Clinton House Crailo Crown Point Darwin Martin House Fort Montgomery Fort Ontario Ganondagan Grant Cottage Herkimer Home Hyde Hall John Brown Farm John Burroughs Memorial ( Woodchuck Lodge ) John Hay Homestead Johnson Hall Knox 's Headquarters Lorenzo New Windsor Cantonment Olana Old Croton Aqueduct Old Erie Canal Old Fort Niagara Oriskany Battlefield Philipse Manor Hall Plantings Fields Arboretum Sackets Harbor Battlefield Schoharie Crossing Schuyler Mansion Senate House Sonnenberg Gardens & Mansion Staatsburgh Steuben Memorial Stony Point Battlefield Walt Whitman Birthplace Washington 's Headquarters Preserves and sanctuaries Public preserves Albany Pine Bush Forest Preserve Adirondack Park Saint Regis Canoe Area Santanoni Preserve wilderness areas Catskill Park Hudson River Estuary Long Island Pine Barrens Reinstein Woods Rome Sand Plains Tahawus Vischer Ferry Welwyn The Nature Conservacy Accabonac Harbor Andy Warhol Visual Arts Arthur W. Butler Memorial Atlantic Double Dunes Bear Swamp Calverton Ponds Chaumont Barrens Clintonville Pine Barrens Coon Mountain Deer Lick Denton El Dorado Beach Eugene and Agnes Meyer Everton Falls Freund Gadway Sandstone Pavement Barrens Hannacroix Ravine Henry Morgenthau Indian Brook Assemblage Ironsides Island Kenrose Limestone Rise Lisha Kill Long Island Center for Conservation Long Pond Lordsland Lower Poultney River and Saddles Marrion Yarrow Mashomack Mianus River Gorge Mildred E. Grierson Memorial Moccasin Kill Montauk Mountain Moss Lake Mount Holly Nellie Hill Neversink O.D. von Engeln Otter Creek Pawling Peconic Estuary Big Woods Pine Neck Roger Perry Memorial Ruth Wales Schunemunk Mountain Shadmoor Silver Lake Bog Spring Pond Bog Stewart Lewis A. Swyer Thompson Pond and Stissing Mountain Uplands Farm West Branch Whitbeck Memorial Grove Other preserves Angle Fly Baxter Bergen - Byron Swamp Black Rock Forest Brandreth Park Calder Center Louis C. Clark Cornell Botanic Gardens Ferncliff Forest Heiberg Memorial Forest James Lime Hollow Mohonk Peabody Plotter Kill Sagamore Camp Sam 's Point Teatown Lake Turkey Mountain Turner Brook Theodore Roosevelt Wallkill Valley Woodlawn Zurich Bog Other ( lists ) National Historic Landmarks National Natural Landmarks Botanical gardens Nature centers New York City parks POPS WWI New York state forests wild historic sites parks wildlife management areas Trails rail trails Category NYS DEC NYS OPRHP Protected areas of New York City Federal National Historic Sites Lower East Side Tenement Museum Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Monuments and Memorials African Burial Ground Castle Clinton Federal Hall General Grant Governors Island Hamilton Grange Statue of Liberty Stonewall Other Protected Areas Gateway National Recreation Area Floyd Bennett Field Fort Tilden Fort Wadsworth Great Kills Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge Jacob Riis Miller Field State State Parks Bayswater Point Clay Pit Ponds East River Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Gantry Plaza Riverbank Roberto Clemente City parks and preserves Manhattan 79th Street Boat Basin Abingdon Square Albert Capsouto Asphalt Green Battery Bennett British Garden at Hanover Square Bowling Green Bryant Captain Patrick J. Brown Walk Carl Schurz Central Park Chelsea City Hall Collect Columbus Corlears Hook Dag Hammarskjold Plaza Damrosch Dante DeSalvio Playground DeWitt Clinton Drumgoole Plaza Duane East River Greenway East River Esplanade East River Park Stuyvesant Cove Finn Square Foley Square Fort Tryon Fort Washington Gorman Gramercy Greenacre Park Hamilton Fish Hanover Square Harlem River Hell 's Kitchen Herald Square High Line Highbridge Holcombe Rucker Hudson Hudson River Imagination Playground at Burling Slip Inwood Hill Isham J. Hood Wright Jackie Robinson Jackson Square John Jay Liberty Louis Cuvillier Madison Square Manhattan Waterfront Greenway Marcus Garvey Mill Rock Mitchell Square Morningside Murphy 's Brother 's Playground Muscota Marsh Paley Peretz Square Peter Cooper Plaza Lafayette Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden Ralph Bunche Randalls Island Richard Tucker Square Riverside Robert Moses Playground Roosevelt Triangle Rucker Sakura Samuel N. Bennerson 2nd Playground Sara Delano Roosevelt Septuagesimo Uno Seward Sheridan Square Sherman Square St. John 's St. Nicholas St. Vartan Straus Stuyvesant Square Swindler Cove Teardrop Theodore Roosevelt Thomas Jefferson Thomas Paine Tompkins Square Tribeca Union Square Verdi Square Vesuvio Playground Wards Island Washington Market Washington Square West Side Community Garden Winston Churchill Zuccotti Brooklyn American Veterans Memorial Pier Amersfort Asser Levy Bath Beach Betsy Head Bensonhurst Breukelen Ballfields Brooklyn Botanic Garden Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn Heights Promenade Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brower Bushwick Byrne Cadman Plaza Canarsie Carroll Calvert Vaux City Line Coffey Columbus Commodore Barry Coney Island Beach & Boardwalk Coney Island Creek Continental Army Plaza Cooper Domino Dyker Beach Floyd Bennett Field Fort Greene Four Sparrow Marsh Frank M. Charles Fresh Creek Nature Preserve Friends Field Fulton Gravesend Green Central Knoll Herbert Von King Highland Irving Square JJ Byrne Jamaica Bay Park John J. Carty John Paul Jones Kaiser Kelly Leif Ericson Leon S. Kaiser Playground Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino Lincoln Terrace Linden Lindower Linton Manhattan Beach Maria Hernandez Marine McCarren McGolrick McKinley Mt . Prospect Owl 's Head Paerdegat Basin Paerdegat Prospect Red Hook Robert E. Venable Saratoga Scarangella Seaside Seth Low Shore Spring Creek Steeplechase Sternberg St. Johns Sunset Tompkins Trinity Van Voorhees Walt Whitman Wingate WNYC Transmitter Zion Triangle The Bronx Baretto Point Bicentennial Veterans Bronx Park New York Botanical Garden Castle Hill City Island Wetlands Claremont Concrete Plant Crotona Devoe Ewen Ferry Point Givans Creek Woods Grant Haffen Harding Harris Henry Hudson Hunts Point Jerome Joseph Rodman Drake Joyce Kilmer Julius Richman Macombs Dam Mill Pond Mullaly North and South Brother Islands Pelham Bay Orchard Beach Rodman 's Neck Playground 52 Poe Printer 's Park Pugsley Creek Rainey Raoul Wallenberg Forest Richman Riverdale St. Mary 's Seton Falls Seton Soundview Spuyten Duyvil Shorefront St. James St. Mary 's Starlight Tremont University Woods Van Cortlandt Vidalia Vinmont Veteran Washington 's Walk Williamsbridge Oval Queens Admiral Alley Alley Pond Andrews Grove Astoria Baisley Pond Bayside Fields Bayswater Beach Channel Big Bush Bowne Brant Point Wildlife Sanctuary Breininger Broad Channel American Park Broad Channel Park Broad Channel Wetlands Brooklyn -- Queens Greenway Brookville Bulova Captain Tilly Crocheron Cunningham Det . Keith L. Williams Det . William T. Gunn Dr. Charles R. Drew Dubos Point Wildlife Sanctuary Doughboy Douglaston Elmhurst Evergreen Flushing Fields Flushing Meadows - Corona Forest Fort Tilden Fort Totten Francis Lewis Frank Golden Frank Principe Haggerty Harvey Highland Hinton Hoffman Hook Creek Hunter 's Point Idlewild Jamaica Bay John Golden Juniper Valley Kissena Kohlreiter Square Libra Triangle Linnaeus Little Bay Louis Pasteur Mafera Macneil Marconi Marie Curie Montbellier O'Donohue Overlook Park of the Americas Phil `` Scooter '' Rizzuto Ofc . Edward Byrne Powell 's Cove Queens County Farm Museum Queensbridge Rachel Carson Railroad Ralph Demarco Rochdale Rockaway Community Rufus King Seagirt Avenue Wetlands Socrates Sculpture Spring Creek Springfield St. Albans Travers Tudor Udall 's Park Preserve Wayanda Staten Island Aesop Allison Pond Amundsen Circle Annadale Arbutus Woods Arden Woods Austen House Barrett Bayview Terrace Blood Root Valley Bloomingdale Blue Heron Park Preserve Blueberry Bradys Bunker Ponds Buono Beach Carlton Clove Lakes Clove 's Tail Conference House Corporal Thompson Crescent Beach Deere Eibs Pond Faber Fairview Father Macris Forest Grove Fort Hill Fort Wadsworth FDR Boardwalk and Beach Freshkills Gaeta Great Kills Graniteville Quarry Graniteville Swamp Hero High Rock Hoffman Island Huguenot Ponds Hybrid Oak Woods Ingram Woods Isle of Meadows Jones Woods Joseph Manna King Fisher Kingdom Pond Last Chance LaTourette Lemon Creek Long Pond Gen. MacArthur Maple Woods Mariners Marsh Meredith Woods Midland Beach Midland Field Miller Field Mount Loretto Unique Area New Dorp Beach New York Chinese Scholar 's Garden Northerleigh Park Ocean Breeze Old Place Creek Olmstead - Beil House Prall 's Island Reed 's Basket WIllow Swamp Richmond Terrace Wetlands Saw Mill Creek Marsh Schmul Seaside Wildlife Nature Shooters Island Siedenburg Silver Lake Snug Harbor Cultural Center & Botanical Garden Sobel Court South Beach Wetlands St. George Staten Island Greenbelt Staten Island Industrial Swinburne Island Tappen Tompkinsville Tottenville Shore Von Briesen Walker Wegener Westerleigh Westwood William T. Davis Wildlife Refuge Willowbrook Wolfe 's Pond Other Nature centers Alley Pond Belvedere Castle Blue Heron Crotona Dana Discovery Center Forest Fort Greene Fort Totten Greenbelt High Rock Inwood Hill Orchard Beach Prospect Salt Marsh Van Cortlandt Zoos Bronx Central Park Prospect Queens Staten Island Botanical gardens Brooklyn Botanic Conservatory New York Botanical Queens Botanical Staten Island Botanical New York Chinese Scholar 's Wave Hill Roosevelt Island Lighthouse Southpoint Other lists World War I - related parks Vietnam War - related parks Category Department of Parks and Recreation New York State Commons World Heritage Sites in the United States Northeast Independence Hall Statue of Liberty Midwest Cahokia South Everglades Great Smoky Mountains Mammoth Cave Monticello and the University of Virginia Poverty Point San Antonio Missions West Carlsbad Caverns Chaco Culture National Historical Park Grand Canyon National Park Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park Kluane - Wrangell -- St. Elias - Glacier Bay - Tatshenshini - Alsek Mesa Verde Olympic National Park Pueblo de Taos Papahānaumokuākea Redwood Waterton - Glacier International Peace Park Yellowstone National Park Yosemite National Park Territories La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site Shared with Canada Popular visitor attractions in New York City More than 10 million annual visitors Times Square ( 50 M ) Central Park ( 40 M ) Grand Central Terminal ( 21.6 M ) Broadway ( 13.2 M ) South Street Seaport ( 12 M ) Rockefeller Center 1 to 10 million annual visitors High Line ( 7.6 M ) Metropolitan Museum of Art ( 6.3 M ) American Museum of Natural History ( 5.0 M ) National September 11 Memorial & Museum ( 5.0 M ) Empire State Building ( 3.5 M ) Museum of Modern Art ( 2.8 M ) Statue of Liberty ( 2.4 M ) One World Trade Center ( 2.3 M ) Bronx Zoo ( 1.8 M ) Ellis Island ( 1.7 M ) Note : Visitor numbers are estimates only . See also : Tourism in New York City U.S. National Register of Historic Places in New York Topics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Lists by county Albany Allegany Bronx Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauqua Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings ( Brooklyn ) Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery Nassau New York ( Manhattan ) Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond ( Staten Island ) Rockland Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca St. Lawrence Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Northern Southern Wyoming Yates Lists by city Albany Buffalo New Rochelle New York City Bronx Brooklyn Queens Staten Island Manhattan Below 14th St . 14th -- 59th St . 59th -- 110th St . Above 110th St . Minor islands Niagara Falls Peekskill Poughkeepsie Rhinebeck Rochester Syracuse Yonkers Other lists Bridges and tunnels National Historic Landmarks Category : National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Portal : National Register of Historic Places Museums in Manhattan Financial District and Battery Park ( Below Chambers St ) Castle Clinton China Institute Federal Hall Fraunces Tavern George Gustav Heye Center Mmuseumm Museum of American Finance Museum of Jewish Heritage New York City Police Museum Skyscraper Museum South Street Seaport Lower Manhattan ( Chambers - 14th Sts ) Asian American Arts Centre Drawing Center Eldridge Street Synagogue FusionArts Museum International Center of Photography Lower East Side Tenement Museum Merchant 's House Museum Museum of Chinese in America New Museum New York City Fire Museum The Theatre Museum Ukrainian Museum Whitney Museum of American Art Chelsea , Flatiron , Gramercy ( 14th - 34th Sts ) Center for Jewish History International Print Center New York John J. Harvey The Museum at FIT Museum of Mathematics Museum of Sex Rubin Museum of Art Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace Tibet House Midtown ( 34th - 59th Sts ) Girl Scout Museum and Archives Intrepid Sea , Air & Space Museum Japan Society John M. Mossman Lock Museum Madame Tussauds Morgan Library & Museum Museum of Arts and Design Museum of Modern Art New York Public Library Main Branch New York Transit Museum Paley Center for Media Scandinavia House United Nations Art Collection Upper West Side ( 59th - 125th Sts west of 5th Av ) American Folk Art Museum American Museum of Natural History Rose Center for Earth and Space Children 's Museum of Manhattan Museum of Biblical Art New York Public Library for the Performing Arts New - York Historical Society Nicholas Roerich Museum Rose Museum Upper East Side and East Harlem ( 59th - 125th Sts along or east of 5th Av ) Asia Society El Museo del Barrio Frick Collection Gracie Mansion Grolier Club Guggenheim Museum Jewish Museum Met Breuer Metropolitan Museum of Art Mount Vernon Hotel Museum Museum of Motherhood Museum of the City of New York National Academy Museum and School Upper Manhattan ( Above 125th St ) American Academy of Arts and Letters The Cloisters Dyckman House Hamilton Grange National Memorial Hispanic Society of America Malcolm X and Dr. Betty Shabazz Memorial and Educational Center Morris -- Jumel Mansion National Jazz Museum in Harlem National Track and Field Hall of Fame Neue Galerie New York Yeshiva University Museum Studio Museum in Harlem Islands Ellis Island Statue of Liberty Defunct Chelsea Art Museum Dahesh Museum of Art Forbes Galleries Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art Museum of Primitive Art See also : Museum Mile Hudson River watershed Tributaries Batten Kill Black Meadow Creek Bowery Creek Breakneck Brook Canajoharie Creek Caroga Creek Casperkill Catskill Creek Cayadutta Creek Cedar River Claverack Creek Clove Brook Cobleskill Creek Coeymans Creek Coxsackie Creek Cross River Croton River East Branch Croton River East Branch Sacandaga River East Canada Creek Eightmile Creek Esopus Creek Fall Kill Fishkill Creek Fonteyn Kill Fulmer Creek Hannacrois Creek Honnedaga Brook Hoosic River Jackson Creek Jan De Bakkers Kill Kaaterskill Creek Kayaderosseras Kinderhook Creek Kisco River Lake Creek Little Shawangunk Kill Maritje Kill Miami River Mill Creek Mohawk River Moodna Creek Moordener Kill Moyer Creek Muddy Kill Neepaulakating Creek Normans Kill Nowadaga Creek Onesquethaw Creek Oriskany Creek Otsquago Creek Otter Kill Papakating Creek Peekskill Hollow Creek Pocantico River Pochuck Creek Poesten Kill Potic Creek Quassaick Creek Roeliff Jansen Kill Rondout Creek Sacandaga River Sauquoit Creek Saw Kill Saw Mill River Sawyer Kill Schoharie Creek Schroon River Shawangunk Kill Sparkill Creek Sprout Creek Steele Creek Stockport Creek Stony Clove Creek Taghkanic Creek Tenmile Creek Tin Brook Titicus River Verkeerder Kill Vloman Kill Wallkill River Walloomsac River Wappinger Creek Wawayanda Creek West Branch Papakating Creek West Branch Sacandaga River West Canada Creek West Kill Wynants Kill Lakes Alcove Reservoir Ashokan Reservoir Basic Creek Reservoir Beacon Reservoir Bog Brook Reservoir Cedar Lake Chadwick Lake Chub Lake Cross River Reservoir Croton Falls Reservoir Dyken Pond East Branch Reservoir East Caroga Lake Fall Lake Franklinton Vlaie Garnet Lake Glenmere Lake Great Sacandaga Lake Great Vlaie Henderson Lake Honnedaga Lake Indian Lake Lizard Pond Lake Maratanza Muscoot Reservoir Lake Neepaulin New Croton Reservoir Notch Lake Piseco Lake Lake Pleasant Queechy Lake Rondout Reservoir Sacandaga Lake Saratoga Lake Sturgeon Pool Surprise Lake Sylvan Lake Lake Tear of the Clouds Thompson Pond Titicus Reservoir Trout Lake West Caroga Lake Whaley Lake Winnisook Lake Towns Albany Alpine Amsterdam Bayonne Beacon Bedford Beekman Bennington Bethlehem Blooming Grove Carmel Catskill Cliffside Park Clifton Park Cohoes Colonie Cortlandt East Fishkill East Greenbush Edgewater Englewood Cliffs Fishkill Fort Lee Glenville Gloversville Greenburgh Guilderland Halfmoon Herkimer Hoboken Hyde Park Jersey City Kingston Kirkland LaGrange Lloyd Malta Middletown Milton Monroe Montgomery Moreau Mount Pleasant New Castle New Hartford New Paltz New Windsor New York City Newburgh Niskayuna North Adams North Bergen Ossining Peekskill Plattekill Poughkeepsie Queensbury Rome Rotterdam Saugerties Schenectady Shawangunk Somers Southeast Sparta Tenafly Troy Utica Vernon Wallkill Wappinger Warwick Weehawken West New York Whitestown Wilton Yonkers Yorktown Landmarks Adirondack Mountains Adirondack Park Ashokan Bridge Blenheim Bridge Buskirk Bridge Catskill Mountains Champlain Canal Cohoes Falls Copeland Bridge Delaware and Hudson Canal Eagleville Bridge East River Erie Canal George Washington Bridge Harlem River Helderberg Escarpment Hudson Highlands State Park Kaaterskill Clove Kaaterskill Falls Kill Van Kull Kingston -- Rhinecliff Bridge Mid-Hudson Bridge Newburgh -- Beacon Bridge New Tappan Zee Bridge The Palisades Perrine 's Bridge Plotter Kill Preserve Pollepel Island Popolopen Rexleigh Bridge Rip Van Winkle Bridge Salisbury Center Bridge Schoharie Bridge Shushan Bridge Sleepy Hollow Statue of Liberty Taconic Mountains Tappan Zee Bridge Verkeerder Kill Falls Verrazano - Narrows Bridge Walkway over the Hudson Wallkill River National Wildlife Refuge West Canada Lake Wilderness Area West Point GND : 4122611 - 2 LCCN : sh85127593 NARA : 10643327 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statue_of_Liberty&oldid=853845687 '' Categories : Statue of Liberty 1886 sculptures 1886 in international relations 1886 in the United States Allegorical sculptures in the United States Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service Buildings and structures completed in 1886 Colossal statues in the United States Copper sculptures in the United States France -- United States relations French architecture Historic American Engineering Record in New York City Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks History museums in New York City Symbols of New York City French Third Republic History of immigration to the United States Landmarks in Manhattan Liberty symbols Lighthouses on the National Register of Historic Places in New York ( state ) Museums in Manhattan National Park Service National Monuments in New York City National personifications National symbols of the United States Outdoor sculptures in Manhattan Port of New York and New Jersey Richard Morris Hunt buildings Sculptures by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi Tourist attractions in Manhattan World Heritage Sites in the United States National Park Service areas in New York City New Jersey Register of Historic Places Diplomatic gifts National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan Allegorical sculptures in New York City Monuments and memorials in Manhattan Tourism in New York ( state ) Buildings and structures in Manhattan Lighthouses in New York City Transportation in Manhattan Gustave Eiffel 's designs Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with short description Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from February 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French - language text Structurae ID different from Wikidata Featured articles Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ 102 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 09 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why did the french gift statue of liberty | [] | [] |
-4486222975779343254 | Secretariat (horse) | Secretariat ( Horse ) - wikipedia Secretariat ( Horse ) Secretariat Secretariat as an older stallion Sire Bold Ruler Grandsire Nasrullah Dam Somethingroyal Damsire Princequillo Sex Stallion Foaled March 30 , 1970 The Meadow , Caroline County , Virginia October 4 , 1989 ( 1989 - 10 - 04 ) ( aged 19 ) Claiborne Farm Paris , Kentucky Country United States Color Chestnut Breeder Meadow Stud ( Christopher Chenery ) Owner Meadow Stable ( Christopher Chenery , Penny Chenery ) Racing colors Blue , white blocks , white stripes on sleeves , blue cap Trainer Lucien Laurin Record 21 : 16 -- 3 -- 1 Earnings $1,316,808 Major wins Sanford Stakes ( 1972 ) Hopeful Stakes ( 1972 ) Futurity Stakes ( 1972 ) Laurel Futurity ( 1972 ) Garden State Futurity ( 1972 ) Bay Shore Stakes ( 1973 ) Gotham Stakes ( 1973 ) Arlington Invitational ( 1973 ) Marlboro Cup ( 1973 ) Man o ' War Stakes ( 1973 ) Canadian International ( 1973 ) Triple Crown race wins : Kentucky Derby ( 1973 ) Preakness Stakes ( 1973 ) Belmont Stakes ( 1973 ) Awards 9th U.S. Triple Crown Champion ( 1973 ) American Champion Two - Year - Old Colt ( 1972 ) American Champion Three - Year - Old Male Horse ( 1973 ) American Champion Male Turf Horse ( 1973 ) American Horse of the Year ( 1972 , 1973 ) Leading broodmare sire in North America ( 1992 ) Honors U.S. Racing Hall of Fame ( 1974 ) Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame ( 2007 ) Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame ( 2013 ) U.S. Postage Stamp ( 1999 ) # 2 -- Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century Secretariat ( March 30 , 1970 -- October 4 , 1989 ) , nicknamed Big Red , was an American Thoroughbred racehorse who , in 1973 , became the first Triple Crown winner in 25 years . His record - breaking victory in the Belmont Stakes , which he won by 31 lengths , is widely regarded as one of the greatest races of all time . During his racing career , he won five Eclipse Awards , including Horse of the Year honors at ages two and three . He was elected to the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1974 . In the List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century , Secretariat is second only to Man o ' War ( racing career 1919 -- 1920 ) , who also was a large chestnut colt given the nickname `` Big Red '' . At age two , Secretariat finished fourth in his 1972 debut in a maiden race , but then won seven of his remaining eight starts , including five stakes victories . His only loss during this period was in the Champagne Stakes , where he finished first but was disqualified to second for interference . He received the Eclipse Award for champion two - year - old colt , and also was the 1972 Horse of the Year , a rare honor for a horse so young . At age three , Secretariat not only won the Triple Crown , he set speed records in all three races . His time in the Kentucky Derby still stands as the Churchill Downs track record for 1 ⁄ miles , and his time in the Belmont Stakes stands as the American record for 1 ⁄ miles on the dirt . His controversial time in the Preakness Stakes was eventually recognized as a stakes record in 2012 . Secretariat 's win in the Gotham Stakes tied the track record for 1 mile , he set a world record in the Marlboro Cup at 1 ⁄ miles , and further proved his versatility by winning two major stakes races on turf . He lost three times that year : in the Wood Memorial , Whitney , and Woodward Stakes , but the brilliance of his nine wins made him an American icon . He won his second Horse of the Year title , plus Eclipse Awards for champion three - year - old colt and champion turf horse . At the beginning of his three - year - old year , Secretariat was syndicated for a record - breaking $6.08 million on condition that he be retired from racing by the end of the year . Although he sired several successful racehorses , he ultimately was most influential through his daughters ' offspring , becoming the leading broodmare sire in North America in 1992 . His daughters produced several notable sires , including Storm Cat , A.P. Indy , Gone West , Dehere and Chief 's Crown , and through them Secretariat appears in the pedigree of many modern champions . Secretariat died in 1989 due to laminitis . He is recognized as one of the greatest horses in American racing history . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Early years 2 Appearance and conformation 3 Racing career 3.1 1972 : Two - year - old season 3.2 1973 : Three - year - old season 3.2. 1 Kentucky Derby 3.2. 2 Preakness Stakes 3.2. 3 Belmont Stakes 3.2. 4 Arlington Invitational 3.2. 5 Whitney Stakes 3.2. 6 Marlboro Cup 3.2. 7 Woodward Stakes 3.2. 8 Man o ' War Stakes 3.2. 9 Canadian International Stakes 4 Retirement 4.1 Stud career 4.2 Death 5 Honors and recognition 6 Racing statistics 7 Pedigree 8 Notes 9 References 10 Sources 11 External links Background ( edit ) Secretariat was officially bred by Christopher Chenery 's Meadow Stud , but the breeding was actually arranged by Penny Chenery ( then known as Penny Tweedy ) , who had taken over the running of the stable in 1968 when her father became ill . Secretariat was sired by Bold Ruler and his dam was Somethingroyal , a daughter of Princequillo . Bold Ruler was the leading sire in North America from 1963 to 1969 and again in 1973 . Owned by the Phipps family , Bold Ruler possessed both speed and stamina , having won the Preakness Stakes and Horse of the Year honors in 1957 , and American Champion Sprint Horse honors in 1958 . Bold Ruler was retired to stud at Claiborne Farm , but the Phippses owned most of the mares to which Bold Ruler was bred , and few of his offspring were sold at public auction . To bring new blood into their breeding program , the Phippses sometimes negotiated a foal - sharing agreement with other mare owners : Instead of charging a stud fee for Bold Ruler , they would arrange for multiple matings with Bold Ruler , either with two mares in one year or one mare over a two - year period . Assuming two foals were produced , the Phipps family would keep one and the mare 's owner would keep the other , with a coin toss determining who received first pick . Under such an arrangement , Chenery sent two mares to be bred to Bold Ruler in 1968 , Hasty Matelda and Somethingroyal . She then sent Cicada and Somethingroyal in 1969 . The foal - sharing agreement stated that the winner of the coin toss would get first pick of the foals produced in 1969 , while the loser of the toss would get first pick of the foals due in 1970 . In the spring of 1969 , a colt and filly were produced . In the 1969 breeding season , Cicada did not conceive , leaving only one foal due in the spring of 1970 . Thus , the winner of the coin toss would get only one foal ( the first pick from 1969 ) , and the loser would get two ( the second pick from 1969 and the only foal from 1970 ) . Chenery later said that both owners hoped they would lose the coin toss , which was held in the fall of 1969 in the office of New York Racing Association Chairman Alfred G. Vanderbilt II , with Arthur `` Bull '' Hancock of Claiborne Farm as witness . Ogden Phipps won the toss and took the 1969 weanling filly out of Somethingroyal . The filly was named The Bride and never won a race , though she did later become a stakes producer . Chenery received the Hasty Matelda colt in 1969 and the as - yet - unborn 1970 foal of Somethingroyal , which turned out to be Secretariat . Early years ( edit ) ' A foal is born at midnight And in the frosty morn The horseman eyes him fondly , And a secret hope is born . But breathe it not , nor whisper For fear of a neighbor 's scorn . He 's a chestnut colt , and he 's got a star . He may be another Man o ' War . Nay , say it aloud -- be shameless . Dream and hope and yearn , For there 's never a man among you But waits for his return . -- from `` Big Red '' , by J.A. Estes On March 30 , 1970 , at 12 : 10 a.m. at the Meadow Stud in Caroline County , Virginia , Somethingroyal foaled a bright - red chestnut colt with three white socks and a star with a narrow stripe . The foal stood when he was 45 minutes old and nursed 30 minutes later . Howard Gentry , the manager of Meadow Stud , was at the foaling and later said , `` He was a very well - made foal . He was as perfect a foal that I ever delivered . '' The colt soon distinguished himself from the others . `` He was always the leader in the crowd '' , said Gentry 's nephew , Robert , who also worked at the farm . `` To us , he was Big Red , and he had a personality . He was a clown and was always cutting up , always into some devilment . '' Some time later , Chenery got her first look at the foal and made a one word entry in her notebook : `` Wow ! '' That fall , Chenery and Elizabeth Ham , the Meadow 's longtime secretary , worked together to name the newly weaned colt . The first set of names submitted to the Jockey Club ( Sceptre , Royal Line and Something Special ) played on the names of his sire and dam , but were rejected . The second set , submitted in January 1971 , were Games of Chance , Deo Volonti ( God Willing ) and Secretariat , the last suggested by Ham based on her previous job associated with the secretariat of the League of Nations ( the predecessor of the United Nations ) . Appearance and conformation ( edit ) Equine anatomy Secretariat grew into a massive , powerful horse said to resemble his sire 's maternal grandsire , Discovery . He stood 16.2 hands ( 66 inches , 168 cm ) when fully grown . He was noted for being exceptionally well - balanced , a big , powerful horse described as having `` nearly perfect '' conformation and stride biomechanics . His chest was so large that he required a custom - made girth , and he was noted for his large , powerful , well - muscled hindquarters . An Australian trainer said of him , `` He is incredible , an absolutely perfect horse . I never saw anything like him . '' Secretariat 's absence of major conformation flaws was important , as horses with well made limbs and feet are less likely to become injured . Secretariat 's hindquarters were the main source of his power , with a sloped croup that extended the length of his femur . When in full stride , his hind legs were able to reach far under himself , increasing his drive . His ample girth , long back and well - made neck all contributed to his heart - lung efficiency . The manner in which Secretariat 's body parts fit together determined the efficiency of his stride , which affected his acceleration and endurance . Even very small differences in the length and angles of bones can have a major effect on performance . Secretariat was well put together even as a two - year - old , and by the time he was three , he had further matured in body and smoothed out his gait . The New York Racing Association 's Dr. M.A. Gilman , a veterinarian who routinely measured leading Thoroughbreds with a goal of applying science to create better ways to breed and evaluate racehorses , measured Secretariat 's development from two to three as follows : Measurement October aged 2 October aged 3 Height ( at withers ) 16 ⁄ hands ( 64.75 inches , 164 cm ) 16.1 ⁄ hands ( 65.5 inches , 166 cm ) Point of shoulder to point of shoulder ( chest width ) 16 inches ( 41 cm ) 16.5 inches ( 42 cm ) Girth ( around center of gravity ) 74 inches ( 188 cm ) 76 inches ( 193 cm ) Withers to point of shoulder 28 inches ( 71 cm ) 28.5 inches ( 72 cm ) Elbow to ground ( length of leg ) 37.5 inches ( 95 cm ) 38.5 inches ( 98 cm ) Point of shoulder to point of hip 46 inches ( 117 cm ) 49 inches ( 124 cm ) Point of hip to point of hip 25 inches ( 64 cm ) 26 inches ( 66 cm ) Point of hip to hock 40 inches ( 100 cm ) 40 inches ( 100 cm ) Point of hip to buttock 24 inches ( 61 cm ) 24 inches ( 61 cm ) Poll to withers ( neck length ) 40 inches ( 100 cm ) 40 inches ( 100 cm ) Buttock ( croup ) to ground ( height in rear ) 53.5 inches ( 136 cm ) 55.5 inches ( 141 cm ) Point of shoulder to point of buttock ( body length ) 68 inches ( 173 cm ) 69.5 inches ( 177 cm ) Circumference of cannon under knee 8.25 inches ( 21.0 cm ) 8.5 inches ( 22 cm ) Secretariat 's length of stride was considered large even after taking into account his large frame and strong build . While training for the Preakness Stakes , his stride was measured as 24 feet , 11 inches . His powerful hindquarters allowed him to unleash `` devastating '' speed and because he was so well - muscled and had significant cardiac capacity , he could simply out - gallop competitors at nearly any point in a race . His weight before the Gotham Stakes in April 1973 was 1,155 pounds ( 524 kg ) . After completing the grueling Triple Crown , his weight on June 15 had dropped only 24 pounds , to 1,131 pounds ( 513 kg ) . Secretariat was known for his appetite -- during his three - year - old campaign , he ate 15 quarts of oats a day -- and to keep the muscle from turning to fat , he needed fast workouts that could have won many a stakes race . Seth Hancock of Claiborne Farm once said , You want to know who Secretariat is in human terms ? Just imagine the greatest athlete in the world . The greatest . Now make him six - foot - three , the perfect height . Make him real intelligent and kind . And on top of that , make him the best - lookin ' guy ever to come down the pike . He was all those things as a horse . Racing career ( edit ) Racing colors of Meadow Stable Secretariat raced in Meadow Stables ' blue - and - white - checkered colors . He never raced in track bandages , but typically wore a blinker hood , mostly to help him focus , but also because he had a tendency to run in towards the rail during races . In January 1972 , he joined trainer Lucien Laurin 's winter stable at Hialeah . Secretariat gained a reputation as a kind horse , likeable and unruffled in crowds or by the bumping that occurs between young horses . He had the physique of a runner , but at first was awkward and clumsy . He was frequently outpaced by more precocious stable mates , running a quarter - mile in 26 seconds compared to 23 seconds by his peers . His regular exercise riders were Jim Gaffney and Charlie Davis . Davis was not initially impressed . `` He was a big fat sucker '' , Davis said . `` I mean , he was big . He was n't in a hurry to do nothin ' . He took his time . The quality was there , but he did n't show it until he wanted to . '' Gaffney though recalled his first ride on Secretariat in early 1972 as `` having this big red machine under me , and from that very first day I knew he had a power of strength that I have never felt before ... '' Groom Eddie Sweat was another important member of the Secretariat team , providing most of the daily hands - on care . Sweat once told a reporter , `` I guess a groom gets closer to a horse than anyone . The owner , the trainer , they maybe see him once a day . But I lived with him , worked with him . '' Laurin sent Chenery regular updates on Secretariat 's progress , saying that the colt was still learning to run , or that he still needed to lose his baby fat . Chenery recalled that when Secretariat was in training , Lucien once said : `` Your big Bold Ruler colt do n't show me nothin ' . He ca n't outrun a fat man . '' But Secretariat made steady progress over the spring . On June 6 , he wore blinkers for the first time to keep his attention focused and responded with a half - mile workout in a solid 47 ⁄ seconds . On June 24 , he ran a `` bullet '' , the fastest workout of the day , at 6 furlongs in 1 : 12 ⁄ on a sloppy track . Laurin called Chenery at her Colorado home and advised her that Secretariat was ready to race . 1972 : two - year - old season ( edit ) For his first start on July 4 , 1972 at Aqueduct Racetrack , Secretariat was made the lukewarm favorite at 3 -- 1 . At the start , a horse named Quebec cut in front of the field , causing a chain reaction that resulted in Secretariat being bumped hard . According to jockey Paul Feliciano , he would have fallen if he had n't been so strong . Secretariat recovered , only to run into traffic on the backstretch . In tenth position at the top of the stretch , he closed ground rapidly and finished fourth , beaten by only 1 ⁄ lengths . In many of his subsequent races , Secretariat hung back at the start , which Laurin later attributed to the bumping he received in his debut . With Feliciano again up , Secretariat returned to the track on July 15 as the 6 -- 5 favorite . He broke poorly , but then rushed past the field on the turn to win by six lengths . On July 31 in an allowance race at Saratoga , Feliciano was replaced by Ron Turcotte , the regular jockey for Meadow Stables . Turcotte had ridden the colt in several morning workouts , but had missed his first two starts while recovering from a fall . Secretariat 's commanding win as the 2 -- 5 favorite caught the attention of veteran sportswriter , Charles Hatton . He later reported , `` You carry an ideal around in your head , and boy , I thought , ' This is it . ' I never saw perfection before . I absolutely could not fault him in any way . And neither could the rest of them and that was the amazing thing about it . The body and the head and the eye and the general attitude . It was just incredible . I could n't believe my eyes , frankly . '' In August , Secretariat entered the Sanford Stakes , facing off with highly regarded Linda 's Chief . Entering the stretch , Secretariat was blocked by the horses in front of him but then made his way through `` like a hawk scattering a barnyard of chickens '' on his way to a three - length win . Sportswriter Andrew Beyer covered the race for the Washington Star and later wrote , `` Never have I watched a lightly raced 2 - year - old stamp himself so definitively as a potential great . '' Ten days later in the Hopeful Stakes , Secretariat made a `` dazzling '' move , passing eight horses within ⁄ mile to take the lead then drawing off to win by five lengths . His time of 1 : 16 ⁄ for 6 ⁄ furlongs was only ⁄ of a second off the track record . Returning to Belmont Park on September 16 , he won the Belmont Futurity by a length and a half after starting his move on the turn . He then ran in the Champagne Stakes at Belmont on October 14 as the 7 -- 10 favorite . As had become his custom , he started slowly and then made a big move around the turn , blowing past his rivals to win by two lengths . However , following an inquiry by the racecourse stewards , Secretariat was disqualified and placed second for bearing in and interfering with Stop the Music , who was declared the winner . Secretariat then took the Laurel Futurity on October 28 , winning by eight lengths over Stop the Music . His time on a sloppy track was just ⁄ of a second off the track record . He completed his season in the Garden State Futurity on November 18 , dropping back early and making a powerful move around the turn to win by 3 ⁄ lengths at 1 -- 10 odds . Laurin said , `` In all his races , he has taken the worst of it by coming from behind , usually circling his field . A colt has to be a real runner to do this consistently and get away with it . '' Secretariat won the Eclipse Award for American Champion Two - Year - Old Male Horse and , in a rare occurrence , two two - year - olds topped the balloting for 1972 American Horse of the Year honors , with Secretariat edging out the undefeated filly , La Prevoyante . Secretariat received the votes of the Thoroughbred Racing Associations of North America and the Daily Racing Form , while La Prevoyante was chosen by the National Turf Writers Association . Only one horse since then , Favorite Trick in 1997 , has won that award as a two - year - old . 1973 : three - year - old season ( edit ) In January 1973 , Christopher Chenery , the founder of Meadow Stables , died and the taxes on his estate forced his daughter Penny to consider selling Secretariat . Together with Seth Hancock of Claiborne Farm , she instead managed to syndicate the horse , selling 32 shares worth $190,000 each for a total of $6.08 million , a world syndication record at the time , surpassing the previous record for Nijinsky who was syndicated for $5.44 million in 1970 . Hancock said the sale was easy , citing Secretariat 's two - year - old performance , breeding , and appearance . `` He 's , well , he 's a hell of a horse . '' Chenery retained four shares in the horse and would have complete control over his three - year - old racing campaign , but agreed that he would be retired at the end of the year . Secretariat wintered in Florida but did not race until March 17 , 1973 in the Bay Shore Stakes at Aqueduct , where he went off as the heavy favorite . As the trainer of one of his opponents put it , `` The only chance we have is if he falls down . '' Racing boxed in by horses on each side , Turcotte decided to go through a narrow gap between horses rather than try to circle the field . Secretariat broke free and won easily , but one of the other jockeys claimed that Secretariat had committed a foul going through the hole . The stewards reviewed photos from the race and determined that Secretariat was actually on the receiving end of a bump , so let the result stand . The Bay Shore established that Secretariat had improved over the winter and that he could also handle adversity . In the Gotham Stakes on April 7 , Laurin decided to experiment with Secretariat 's running style . With no speed horses entered in the race , Secretariat would be allowed to set his own pace . Accordingly , Turcotte hustled Secretariat from the starting gate and they led easily . Down the stretch though , Champagne Charlie came running and at the eighth pole was almost even . Turcotte tapped Secretariat once on each side with the whip and Secretariat drew away to win by three lengths . He ran the first 3 / 4 mile in 1 : 08 ⁄ and finished the one - mile race in 1 : 33 ⁄ , matching the track record . His final preparatory race for the Kentucky Derby was the Wood Memorial , where he finished a surprising third to Angle Light and Santa Anita Derby winner Sham . Laurin was crushed , even though he had trained the winner , Angle Light , who set a slow pace and `` stole '' the race . Secretariat 's loss was later attributed to a large abscess in his mouth , which made him sensitive to the bit . Before and after the race , there was some ill feeling between Laurin and the trainer of Sham , Pancho Martin , fanned by comments in the press . The dispute centered around the use of coupled entries as Martin had entered two horses in addition to Sham , all with the same owner . There was fear that an entry could be used tactically to gang up on another horse . Stung by such insinuations , Martin wound up scratching the two horses that he had originally entered with Sham , and asked Lauren to do the same , but Laurin could not follow suit as Secretariat and Angle Light had different owners . Because of the Wood Memorial results , Secretariat 's chances in the Kentucky Derby became the subject of much speculation in the media . Some questioned his stamina : in part because of his `` blocky '' build , more typical of a sprinter , and in part because of Bold Ruler 's reputation as a sire of precocious sprinters . Rumors circulated that Secretariat was unsound . Kentucky Derby ( edit ) The 1973 Kentucky Derby on May 5 attracted a crowd of 134,476 to Churchill Downs , then the largest crowd in North American racing history . The bettors made the entry of Secretariat and Angle Light the 3 -- 2 favorite , with Sham the second choice at 5 -- 2 . The start was marred when Twice a Prince reared in his stall , hitting Our Native , positioned next to him , and causing Sham to bang his head against the gate , loosening two teeth . Sham then broke poorly and cut himself , also bumping into Navajo . Secretariat avoided problems by breaking last from post position 10 , then cut over to the rail . Early leader Shecky Greene set a reasonable pace , then gave way to Sham around the far turn . Secretariat came charging as they entered the stretch and battled with Sham down the stretch , finally pulling away to win by 2 ⁄ lengths . Our Native finished eight lengths further back in third . Secretariat at the Derby On his way to a still - standing track record of 1 : 59 ⁄ , Secretariat ran each quarter - mile segment faster than the one before it . The successive quarter - mile times were : 25 ⁄ , : 24 , : 23 ⁄ , : 23 ⁄ , and : 23 . This means he was still accelerating as of the final quarter - mile of the race . No other horse had won the Derby in less than 2 minutes before , and it would not be accomplished again until Monarchos ran the race in 1 : 59.97 in 2001 . Sportswriter Mike Sullivan later said : I was at Secretariat 's Derby , in ' 73 ... That was ... just beauty , you know ? He started in last place , which he tended to do . I was covering the second - place horse , which wound up being Sham . It looked like Sham 's race going into the last turn , I think . The thing you have to understand is that Sham was fast , a beautiful horse . He would have had the Triple Crown in another year . And it just did n't seem like there could be anything faster than that . Everybody was watching him . It was over , more or less . And all of a sudden there was this , like , just a disruption in the corner of your eye , in your peripheral vision . And then before you could make out what it was , here Secretariat came . And then Secretariat had passed him . No one had ever seen anything run like that -- a lot of the old guys said the same thing . It was like he was some other animal out there . Preakness Stakes ( edit ) Secretariat in the winner 's circle after the Preakness , with Ron Turcotte , Lucien Lauren , Eddie Sweat and Penny Chenery ( then Tweedy ) In the 1973 Preakness Stakes on May 19 , Secretariat broke last , but then made a huge , last - to - first move on the first turn . Raymond Woolfe , a photographer for the Daily Racing Form , captured Secretariat launching the move with a leaping stride in the air . This was later used as the basis for the statue by John Skeaping that stands in the Belmont Park paddock . Turcotte later said that he was proudest of this win because of the split - second decision he made going into the turn : `` I let my horse drop back , when I went to drop in , they started backing up into me . I said , ' I do n't want to get trapped here . ' So I just breezed by them . '' Secretariat completed the second quarter mile of the race in under 22 seconds . After reaching the lead with 5 ⁄ furlongs to go , Secretariat was never challenged , and won by 2 ⁄ lengths , with Sham again finishing second and Our Native in third , a further eight lengths back . It was the first time in history that the top three finishers in the Derby and Preakness were the same ; the distance between each of the horses was also the same . The time of the race was disputed . The infield teletimer displayed a time of 1 : 55 but it had malfunctioned because of damage caused by people crossing the track to reach the infield . The Pimlico Race Course clocker E.T. McLean Jr. announced a hand time of 1 : 54 ⁄ , but two Daily Racing Form clockers claimed the time was 1 : 53 ⁄ , which would have broken the track record of 1 : 54 set by Cañonero II . Tapes of Secretariat and Cañonero II were played side by side by CBS , and Secretariat got to the finish line first on tape , though this was not a reliable method of timing a horse race at the time . The Maryland Jockey Club , which managed the Pimlico racetrack and is responsible for maintaining Preakness records , discarded both the electronic and Daily Racing Form times and recognized the clocker 's 1 : 54 ⁄ as the official time ; however , the Daily Racing Form , for the first time in history , printed its own clocking of 1 : 53 ⁄ underneath the official time in the chart of the race . On June 19 , 2012 , a special meeting of the Maryland Racing Commission was convened at Laurel Park at the request of Penny Chenery , who hired companies to conduct a forensic review of the videotapes of the race . After over two hours of testimony , the commission unanimously voted to change the time of Secretariat 's win from 1 : 54 ⁄ to 1 : 53 , establishing a new stakes record . The Daily Racing Form announced that it would honor the commission 's ruling with regard to the running time . With the revised time , Sham also would have broken the old stakes record . As Secretariat prepared for the Belmont Stakes , he appeared on the covers of three national magazines : Time , Newsweek , and Sports Illustrated . He had become a national celebrity . William Nack wrote : `` Secretariat suddenly transcended horse racing and became a cultural phenomenon , a sort of undeclared national holiday from the tortures of Watergate and the Vietnam War . '' Chenery needed a secretary to handle all the fan mail and hired the William Morris Agency to manage public engagements . Secretariat responded to his fame by learning to pose for the camera . Belmont Stakes ( edit ) Only four horses ran against Secretariat for the June 9 Belmont Stakes , including Sham and three other horses thought to have little chance by the bettors : Twice A Prince , My Gallant , and Private Smiles . With so few horses in the race , and Secretariat expected to win , no `` show '' bets were taken . Secretariat was sent off as a 1 -- 10 favorite before a crowd of 69,138 , then the second largest attendance in Belmont history . The race was televised by CBS and was watched by over 15 million households , an audience share of 52 % . His only point of reference is himself . -- Charles Hatton On race day , the track was fast , and the weather was warm and sunny . Secretariat broke well on the rail and Sham rushed up beside him . The two ran the first quarter in a quick : 23 ⁄ and the next quarter in a swift : 22 ⁄ , completing the fastest opening half mile in the history of the race and opening ten lengths on the rest of the field . After the six - furlong mark , Sham began to tire , ultimately finishing last . Secretariat continued the fast pace and opened up a larger and larger margin on the field . His time for the mile was 1 : 34 ⁄ , over a second faster than the next fastest Belmont mile fraction in history , set by his sire Bold Ruler , who had eventually tired and finished third . Secretariat , however , did not falter . Turcotte said , `` This horse really paced himself . He is smart : I think he knew he was going 1 ⁄ miles , I never pushed him . '' In the stretch , Secretariat opened a lead of almost ⁄ of a mile on the rest of the field . At the finish , he won by 31 lengths , breaking the margin - of - victory record set by Triple Crown winner Count Fleet in 1943 of 25 lengths . CBS Television announcer Chic Anderson described the horse 's pace in a famous commentary : Secretariat is widening now ! He is moving like a tremendous machine ! The time for the race was not only a record , it was the fastest 1 ⁄ miles on dirt in history , 2 : 24 flat , breaking the stakes record by more than two seconds . Secretariat 's record still stands as an American record on the dirt . If the Beyer Speed Figure calculation had been developed during that time , Andrew Beyer calculated that Secretariat would have earned a figure of 139 , the highest he has ever assigned . A large crowd had started gathering around the paddock hours before the Belmont , many missing the races run earlier in the day for a chance to see the horses up close . Secretariat and Chenery were greeted with an enthusiasm that Chenery responded to with a wave or smile ; Secretariat was imperturbable . A large cheer went up at the break , but as the race went on , the two most commonly reported reactions were disbelief and fear that Secretariat had gone too fast . When it was clear that Secretariat would win , the sound reached a crescendo that reportedly made the grandstand shake . Blood - Horse magazine editor Kent Hollingsworth described the impact : `` Two twenty - four flat ! I do n't believe it . Impossible . But I saw it . I ca n't breathe . He won by a sixteenth of a mile ! I saw it . I have to believe it . '' The race is widely considered the greatest performance of the twentieth century by a North American racehorse . Secretariat became the ninth Triple Crown winner in history , and the first since Citation in 1948 , a gap of 25 years . Bettors holding 5,427 winning parimutuel tickets on Secretariat never redeemed them , presumably keeping them as souvenirs ( and because the tickets would have paid only $2.20 on a $2 bet ) . Arlington Invitational ( edit ) Three weeks after his win at Belmont , Secretariat was shipped to Arlington Park for the Arlington Invitational . Laurin explained : `` Even before the Belmont , you remember , I said I really did n't know how I could give this horse a rest . He 's so strong and full of energy . Well , this is only a week and a half after the Belmont , and believe me when I tell you , if I do n't run this horse he 's going to hurt himself in his stall . So we decided it would be nice to race him in Chicago to let the people in the Midwest have a chance to see him run . '' The race was run at 1 ⁄ miles with a purse of $125,000 . The challengers were grouped as a single betting entry at 6 -- 1 : Secretariat was 1 -- 20 ( the legal minimum ) and created a minus pool of $17,941 . Mayor Richard Daley of Chicago declared that the Saturday of the race was Secretariat Day . A crowd of 41,223 ( the largest at Arlington in three decades ) greeted his arrival on the track with sustained applause . Secretariat broke poorly but soon went to the lead , setting slow early fractions . He gathered momentum on the final turn and eventually won by nine lengths in 1 : 47 flat , just ⁄ off the track record set by Damascus . George Plimpton commented , `` With a better start , a horse to press him and less bow to his turns , Secretariat might have posted a time that would have stood a century . '' Whitney Stakes ( edit ) Secretariat next went to Saratoga , popularly nicknamed `` the graveyard of champions '' , in preparation for the Whitney Stakes on August 4 , where he would face older horses the first time . On July 27 , he put in a stunning workout of 1 : 34 for a mile on a sloppy track , a time that would have broken Saratoga 's track record . On race day though , he was beaten by the Allen Jerkens - trained Onion , a four - year - old gelding who had set a track record at 6 ⁄ furlongs in his previous start . The track condition for the Whitney was labelled fast but was running slow , especially along the inside rail . Secretariat broke poorly and Onion led from the start , setting a slow pace running well off the rail . Down the backstretch , Turcotte chose to make his move along the rail rather than sweeping wide . Secretariat responded more sluggishly than usual and Turcotte went to the whip . Secretariat closed to within a head on the final turn before Onion pulled ahead in the straight to win by a length . A record crowd of more than 30,000 witnessed what was described as an `` astonishing '' upset . Despite Jerkens 's reputation as the `` Giant Killer , '' Secretariat 's stunning loss can possibly be attributed to a viral infection , which caused a low - grade fever and diarrhea . `` I was learning then that anything could happen in horse racing '' , said Chenery . `` We knew he had a low - grade infection . But we decided he was strong enough to win anyway , and we were wrong . '' Secretariat lost his appetite and acted sluggishly for several days . Charles Hatton wrote : `` He seemed distressingly ill walking off , and he missed the Travers . Returned to Belmont to point for the $250,000 Marlboro , the sport 's pin - up horse looked bloody awful , rather like one of those sick paintings which betoken an inner theatre of the macabre . It required supernatural recuperative powers to recover as he did . He was subjected to four severe preps in two weeks . Astonishingly , he gained weight and blossomed with every trial . '' Marlboro Cup ( edit ) On September 15 , Secretariat returned to Belmont Park in the inaugural Marlboro Cup , which was originally intended to be a match race with stablemate Riva Ridge , the 1972 Derby and Belmont Stakes winner . After Secretariat 's loss in the Whitney , the field was expanded to invite top horses from across the country . Entries included 1972 turf champion and top California stakes winner Cougar II , Canadian champion Kennedy Road , 1972 American champion three - year - old colt Key to the Mint , Travers winner Annihilate ' Em ( the only other three - year - old in the race ) , and Onion . Riva Ridge was assigned top weight of 127 pounds ( one pound over the weight - for - age scale ) , Key to the Mint and Cougar II were at 126 pounds , scale weight , while Secretariat was at 124 , three pounds over scale for his age . The field included five champions , and the seven starters had won 63 stakes races between them . It rained the night before , but the track dried out by race time . Secretariat stalked a fast pace in fifth , while Riva Ridge rated just behind Onion and Kennedy Road . Around the turn , Secretariat raced wide and started to make up ground . Coming into the stretch , Secretariat overtook Riva Ridge , while the other early leaders dropped back . Secretariat drew away to win , completing 1 ⁄ miles in 1 : 45 ⁄ , then a world record on the dirt for the distance . Riva Ridge ran second with Cougar II in third and Onion in fourth . Turcotte said , `` Today he was the old Secretariat and he did it on his own . '' The purse for the Marlboro Cup was $250,000 , then the highest prize money offered : the win made Secretariat the 13th Thoroughbred millionaire in history . Woodward Stakes ( edit ) After the Marlboro Cup , the original plan was to enter Riva Ridge in the 1 ⁄ mile Woodward Stakes , just two weeks later , while Secretariat put in some slow workouts on the turf in preparation for the Man o ' War Stakes in October . It rained before the Woodward and the track was sloppy , which Riva Ridge could not handle , so Secretariat was entered in his place . Secretariat led into the straight but was overtaken by the Allen Jerkens - trained four - year - old Prove Out , who pulled clear to win by 4 ⁄ lengths despite carrying five more pounds than Secretariat under the weight - for - age conditions of the race . Prove Out ran the race of his life that day : his time was the second - fastest mile - and - a-half on the dirt in Belmont Park 's history despite the sloppy conditions . Prove Out went on to beat Riva Ridge in that year 's Jockey Club Gold Cup . Man o ' War Stakes ( edit ) On October 8 , just nine days after the Woodward , Secretariat was moved to turf for the Man O ' War Stakes at a distance of 1 ⁄ miles . He faced Tentam , who had set a world record for 1 ⁄ miles on the turf earlier that summer , and five others . Secretariat went to the lead early , followed by Tentam , who gradually closed the gap down the backstretch . Tentam got to within a half - length before Secretariat responded , pulling away by three lengths . Tentam made another run around the far turn , but Secretariat again drew away eventually winning by five lengths over Tentam , with Big Spruce seven and a half lengths further back in third . Secretariat set a course record time of 2 : 24 ⁄ . After the race , Ron Turcotte explained that `` when Tentam came up to him in the backstretch I just chirped to him and he pulled away '' . Canadian International Stakes ( edit ) The syndication deal for Secretariat precluded the horse racing past age three . Accordingly , Secretariat 's last race was against older horses in the Canadian International Stakes over one and five - eighths miles on the turf at Woodbine Racetrack in Toronto , Ontario , Canada on October 28 , 1973 . The race was chosen in part because of long - time ties between E.P. Taylor and the Chenery family , and partly to honor Secretariat 's Canadian connections , Laurin and Turcotte . Unfortunately , Turcotte missed the race with a five - day suspension : Eddie Maple got the mount . The day of the race was cold , windy and wet , but the Marshall turf course was firm . Despite the weather , some 35,000 people turned out to greet Secretariat in a `` virtual hysteria '' that Secretariat seemed not to notice . His biggest opponents were Kennedy Road , who he had already beaten in the Marlboro Cup , and Big Spruce , who had finished third in the Man o ' War . Kennedy Road went to the early lead , while Secretariat moved to second after breaking from an outside post . On the backstretch , Secretariat made his move and forged to the lead . `` Snorting steam in the raw twilight '' , he rounded the far turn with a 12 - length lead before gearing down in the final furlong , ultimately winning by 6 ⁄ lengths . Big Spruce , finishing second , carried 126 . Once again , many winning tickets went uncashed by souvenir hunters . After the race , Secretariat was brought to Aqueduct Racetrack where he was paraded with Turcotte dressed in the Meadow silks before a crowd of 32,990 in his final public appearance . `` It 's a sad day , and yet it 's a great day '' , said Laurin . `` I certainly wish he could run as a 4 - year - old . He 's a great horse and he loves to run . '' Altogether , Secretariat won 16 of his 21 career races , with three seconds and one third , and total earnings of $1,316,808 . For 1973 , Secretariat was again named Horse of the Year , and won Eclipse Awards as the American Champion Three - Year - Old Male Horse and the American Champion Male Turf Horse . Retirement ( edit ) Stud career ( edit ) When Secretariat first retired to Claiborne Farm , his sperm showed some signs of immaturity , so he was bred to three non-Thoroughbred mares in December 1973 to test his fertility . One of these , an Appaloosa named Leola , produced Secretariat 's first foal in November 1974 . Named First Secretary , the foal was a chestnut like his sire , but spotted like his dam . Secretariat 's first official foal crop , arriving in 1975 , consisted of 28 foals , the best of which was Dactylographer , who won the William Hill Futurity in October 1977 . The first crop also included Canadian Bound , who at the 1976 Keeneland July sale was the first yearling to break the $1 million barrier , selling for $1.5 million . Canadian Bound , however , was a complete failure in racing , and for several years , the value of Secretariat 's offspring declined considerably , especially given the rising popularity of Northern Dancer 's offspring in the sales ring . Secretariat eventually sired a number of major stakes winners , including : General Assembly , winner of the 1979 Travers Stakes , setting a track record of 2 : 00 flat that stood for 37 years . Lady 's Secret , 1986 Horse of the Year . Risen Star , 1988 Preakness and Belmont Stakes winner . Kingston Rule , 1990 Melbourne Cup winner , breaking the course record . Tinners Way , born in 1990 to Secretariat 's last crop , winner of the 1994 and 1995 Pacific Classic . Ultimately , Secretariat officially sired 663 named foals , including 341 winners ( 51.4 % ) and 54 stakes winners ( 8.1 % ) . There has been some criticism of Secretariat as a stallion , mainly because he did not produce male offspring of his own ability and did not leave a leading sire son behind , but his legacy is assured though the quality of his daughters , several of whom were excellent racers and even more of whom were excellent producers . In 1992 , Secretariat was the leading broodmare sire in North America . Overall , Secretariat 's daughters produced 24 Grade / Group 1 winners . As a broodmare sire , Secretariat 's most notable progeny were : Weekend Surprise , a stakes winner and the 1992 Kentucky Broodmare of the Year . Her sons include 1990 Preakness winner Summer Squall and 1992 Horse of the Year A.P. Indy . Terlingua , a stakes winner and dam of leading sire Storm Cat . Secrettame , a stakes winner and dam of important sire Gone West , whose descendants include Kentucky Derby winner Smarty Jones . Six Crowns , dam of champion two - year - old and sire Chief 's Crown . Sister Dot , dam of champion two - year - old and sire Dehere . Celtic Assembly , dam of Volksraad , leading sire in New Zealand . Betty 's Secret , dam of Secreto , winner of The Derby , and Istabraq , three - time winner of the Champion Hurdle . Through Weekend Surprise and Terlingua alone , Secretariat appears in the pedigree of numerous champions . Weekend Surprises 's son A.P. Indy was the leading sire in North America in 2003 and 2006 , and is the sire of 2003 Horse of the Year Mineshaft and 2007 Belmont Stakes winner Rags to Riches . He has also established a successful sire - line that leads to Kentucky Derby winners Orb and California Chrome . A.P. Indy 's leading sire - line descendant is Tapit , who led the sire list in 2014 -- 2015 and is the sire of Belmont Stakes winners Tonalist and Creator . Terlingua 's son Storm Cat is also a two time leading sire , whose offspring include Giant 's Causeway , three - time leading sire in North America . Storm Cat also sired Yankee Gentleman , who is the broodmare sire of 2015 Triple Crown winner American Pharoah . Inbreeding to Secretariat has also proven successful , as exemplified by numerous graded stakes winners , including two - time Horse of the Year Wise Dan , as well as sprint champion Speightstown . Secretariat 's paddock at Claiborne Farm bordered three other stallions : Drone , Sir Ivor , and Hall of Fame inductee Spectacular Bid . Secretariat did not pay much attention to Drone or Sir Ivor , but he and Spectacular Bid became friendly and occasionally raced each other along the fence line between their paddocks . Death ( edit ) In the fall of 1989 , Secretariat became afflicted with laminitis -- a painful and debilitating hoof condition . When his condition failed to improve after a month of treatment , he was euthanized on October 4 at the age of 19 . Secretariat was buried at Claiborne Farm , given the rare honor of being buried whole ( traditionally only the head , heart , and hooves of a winning race horse are buried ) . At the time of Secretariat 's death , the veterinarian who performed the necropsy , Dr. Thomas Swerczek , head pathologist at the University of Kentucky , did not weigh Secretariat 's heart , but stated , `` We just stood there in stunned silence . We could n't believe it . The heart was perfect . There were no problems with it . It was just this huge engine . '' Later , Swerczek also performed a necropsy on Sham , who died in 1993 . Swerczek did weigh Sham 's heart , and it was 18 pounds ( 8.2 kg ) . Based on Sham 's measurement , and having necropsied both horses , he estimated Secretariat 's heart probably weighed 22 pounds ( 10.0 kg ) , or about 2.5 times that of the average horse ( 8.5 pounds ( 3.9 kg ) ) . An extremely large heart is a trait that occasionally occurs in Thoroughbreds , hypothesized to be linked to a genetic condition , called the `` x-factor '' , passed down in specific inheritance patterns . The x-factor can be traced to the historic racehorse Eclipse , who was necropsied after his death in 1789 . Because Eclipse 's heart appeared to be much larger than the hearts of other horses , it was weighed , and found to be 14 pounds ( 6.4 kg ) , almost twice the normal weight . Eclipse is believed to have passed the trait on via his daughters , and pedigree research verified that Secretariat traces his dam line to a daughter of Eclipse . Secretariat 's success as a broodmare sire has been linked by some to this large heart theory . However , it has not been proven whether the x-factor exists , let alone its contributions to athletic ability . Honors and recognition ( edit ) The Secretariat statue at Belmont Park is modeled after Secretariat 's leaping stride during the Preakness . Secretariat was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1974 , the year following his Triple Crown victory . Also in 1974 , Paul Mellon commissioned a bronze statue , sometimes known as Secretariat in Full Stride , from John Skeaping . The life - size statue remained in the center of the walking ring at Belmont Park until 1988 when it was replaced by a replica . The original is now located at the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame . The Kentucky Horse Park has two other life - sized statues of Secretariat . The first , created by Jim Reno in 1992 , shows Secretariat as an older sire , while the second , completed by Edwin Bogucki in 2004 , shows him being led into the winner 's circle after the Kentucky Derby . In 2015 , a new statue of Secretariat and Ron Turcotte crossing the finish line at the Belmont Stakes was unveiled in Grand Falls , New Brunswick , Turcotte 's hometown . In 1994 , Sports Illustrated ranked Secretariat # 17 in their list of the 40 greatest sports figures of the past 40 years . In 1999 , ESPN listed him 35th of the 100 greatest North American athletes of the 20th century , the highest of three non-humans on the list ( the other two were also racehorses : Man o ' War at 84th and Citation at 97th ) . Secretariat ranked second behind Man o ' War in The Blood - Horse 's List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century . He was also ranked second behind Man o ' War by both a six - member panel of experts assembled by the Associated Press , and a Sports Illustrated panel of seven experts . On October 16 , 1999 in a ceremony conducted in the winner 's circle at Keeneland Race Course in Lexington , the U.S. Postal Service honored Secretariat with a 33 - cent postage stamp bearing his image . In 2005 , Secretariat was featured in ESPN Classic 's show `` Who 's No. 1 ? '' in the episode `` Greatest Sports Performances '' . He was the only nonhuman on the list , with his run at Belmont ranking second behind Wilt Chamberlain 's 100 - point game . On May 2 , 2007 , Secretariat was inducted into the Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame , marking the first time an animal received this honor . In 2013 , Secretariat was inducted into the Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame in honor of his victory in the Canadian International 40 years earlier . Secretariat was also the focus of a 2013 segment of 60 Minutes Sports . In March 2016 , Secretariat 's Triple Crown victory was rated # 13 in the Sports Illustrated listing of the 100 Greatest Moments in Sports History . Due to Secretariat 's enduring popularity , Chenery remained a prominent figure in racing and a powerful advocate for Thoroughbred aftercare and veterinary research until her death in 2017 . In 2004 , the Maker 's Mark Secretariat Center , dedicated to reschooling former racehorses and matching them to new homes , opened at the Kentucky Horse Park . In 2010 , Chenery developed the Secretariat Vox Populi ( `` voice of the people '' ) Award , which is voted for by racing fans . It is intended to acknowledge `` the horse whose popularity and racing excellence best resounded with the American public and gained recognition for Thoroughbred racing . '' The consideration of the racing fan 's engagement is what distinguishes the Vox Populi award from others . The first honoree in 2010 was Zenyatta , that year 's Horse of the Year , while the second award went to Rapid Redux , a former claimer who went on to win 22 consecutive races at smaller racetracks . Paynter received the 2012 award for his battle with laminitis , the same condition that led to Secretariat 's death . `` Paynter 's popularity stems from his ability to battle and exceed expectations , making him the perfect choice as the recipient of this year 's Vox Populi Award '' , said Chenery . `` After seeing firsthand the devastating effects of this disease , I am even more convinced that the industry must continue to diligently fight laminitis . The progress we have made to date clearly benefited Paynter -- a beautiful colt with a tremendous spirit . '' The Secretariat Stakes was created in 1974 to honor his appearance at Arlington Park in 1973 . The Meadow , the farm at which he was born , was listed on the National Register of Historic Places . It is now known as The Meadow Historic District . Secretariat , a Disney live - action film about the racing career of Secretariat , written by Mike Rich and directed by Randall Wallace , was released on October 8 , 2010 . Racing statistics ( edit ) Date Age Distance * Race Track Odds Field Finish Time Margin Jockey Ref Jul 4 , 1972 5 ⁄ furlongs Maiden Special Weight Aqueduct 3.10 12 1 : 05 2999850000000000000 ♠ ( 1 ⁄ ) lengths Paul Feliciano Jul 15 , 1972 6 furlongs Maiden Special Weight Aqueduct 1.30 11 1 : 10 ⁄ 6 lengths Paul Feliciano Jul 31 , 1972 6 furlongs Allowance Saratoga 0.40 7 1 : 10 ⁄ 1 ⁄ lengths Ron Turcotte Aug 16 , 1972 6 furlongs Sanford Stakes Saratoga 1.50 5 1 : 10 3 lengths Ron Turcotte Aug 26 , 1972 6 ⁄ furlongs Hopeful Stakes Saratoga 0.30 9 1 : 16 ⁄ 5 lengths Ron Turcotte Sep 16 , 1972 6 ⁄ furlongs Futurity Stakes Belmont 0.20 7 1 : 16 ⁄ 1 ⁄ lengths Ron Turcotte Oct 14 , 1972 1 mile Champagne Stakes Belmont 0.70 12 1 : 35 2 lengths Ron Turcotte Oct 28 , 1972 1 ⁄ mile Laurel Futurity Laurel 0.10 6 1 : 42 ⁄ 8 lengths Ron Turcotte Nov 18 , 1972 1 ⁄ mile Garden State Garden State 0.10 6 1 : 44 ⁄ 3 ⁄ lengths Ron Turcotte Mar 17 , 1973 7 furlongs Bay Shore Stakes Aqueduct 0.20 6 1 : 23 ⁄ 4 ⁄ lengths Ron Turcotte Apr 7 , 1973 1 mile Gotham Stakes Aqueduct 0.10 6 1 : 33 ⁄ 3 lengths Ron Turcotte Apr 21 , 1973 1 ⁄ miles Wood Memorial Aqueduct 0.30 8 1 : 49 ⁄ 2999600000000000000 ♠ ( 4 ) lengths Ron Turcotte May 5 , 1973 1 ⁄ miles Kentucky Derby Churchill Downs 1.50 13 1 : 59 ⁄ 2 ⁄ lengths Ron Turcotte May 19 , 1973 1 ⁄ miles Preakness Stakes Pimlico 0.30 6 1 : 54 ⁄ 2 ⁄ lengths Ron Turcotte June 9 , 1973 1 ⁄ miles Belmont Stakes Belmont 0.10 5 2 : 24 31 lengths Ron Turcotte June 30 , 1973 1 ⁄ miles Arlington Invitational Arlington 0.05 1 : 47 9 lengths Ron Turcotte Aug 4 , 1973 1 ⁄ miles Whitney Stakes Saratoga 0.10 5 1 : 49 ⁄ 2999900000000000000 ♠ ( 1 ) lengths Ron Turcotte Sep 15 , 1973 1 ⁄ miles Marlboro Cup Belmont 0.40 7 1 : 45 ⁄ 3 ⁄ lengths Ron Turcotte Sep 29 , 1973 1 ⁄ miles Woodward Stakes Belmont 0.30 5 2 : 25 ⁄ 2999550000000000000 ♠ ( 4 ⁄ ) lengths Ron Turcotte Oct 8 , 1973 1 ⁄ miles ( turf ) Man o ' War Stakes Belmont 0.50 7 2 : 24 ⁄ 5 lengths Ron Turcotte Oct 28 , 1973 1 ⁄ miles ( turf ) Canadian International Woodbine 0.20 12 2 : 41 ⁄ 6 ⁄ lengths Eddie Maple * Conversion of race distances Furlongs Miles Meters 5 ⁄ ⁄ 1,106 6 ⁄ 1,207 6 ⁄ ⁄ 1,308 7 ⁄ 1,408 8 1,609 8 ⁄ 1 ⁄ 1,710 9 1 ⁄ 1,811 9 ⁄ 1 ⁄ 1,911 10 1 ⁄ 2,012 12 1 ⁄ 2,414 13 1 ⁄ 2,615 Year Age Starts Win ( 1st ) Place ( 2nd ) Show ( 3rd ) Earnings ( $ ) 1972 9 7 -- 456,404 1973 12 9 860,404 Total 21 16 1,316,808 Secretariat 's earnings in 1973 were , at the time , a single - season record . Pedigree ( edit ) Secretariat was sired by Bold Ruler , who led the North America sire list eight times , more than any other stallion in the 20th century . He also led the juvenile ( two - year - old ) sire list a record six times . Before Secretariat 's Triple Crown run , Bold Ruler was often categorized as a sire of precocious juveniles that lacked stamina or did not train on past age two . However , even before Secretariat , Bold Ruler actually had sired 11 stakes winners of races at 10 furlongs or more . Ultimately , seven of the ten Kentucky Derby winners in the 1970s can be traced directly to Bold Ruler in their tail male lines , including Secretariat and fellow Triple Crown winner Seattle Slew . Secretariat 's dam was Somethingroyal , the 1973 Kentucky Broodmare of the Year . Although Somethingroyal was unplaced in her only start , she had an excellent pedigree . Her sire Princequillo was the leading broodmare sire from 1966 to 1970 and was noted as a source of stamina and soundness . Her dam Imperatrice was a stakes winner who was purchased by Christopher Chenery at a dispersal sale in 1947 for $30,000 . Imperatrice produced several stakes winners and stakes producers for the Meadow . Prior to foaling Secretariat at age 18 , Somethingroyal had already produced Sir Gaylord , a stakes winner who became an important sire , whose offspring included Epsom Derby winner Sir Ivor . Somethingroyal 's other stakes winners were First Family , Sir Gaylord and Syrian Sea . Breeders speak of a ' nick '' occurring when a sire or grandsire produces significantly better offspring from the daughters of one particular sire than with mares from other bloodlines . The breeding of Bold Ruler with Somethingroyal is an example of a famous nick between Bold Ruler 's sire Nasrullah and daughters of Princequillo . The goal was to balance the speed , precocity , and fiery temperament provided by the Nasrullah side of the pedigree with Princequillo 's stamina , soundness , and sensible temperament . Pedigree of Secretariat , chestnut colt , 1970 Sire Bold Ruler dkb / br. 1954 Nasrullah b . 1940 Nearco b . 1932 Pharos Nogara Mumtaz Begum Blenheim Mumtaz Mahal Miss Disco b . 1944 Discovery Display Ariadne Outdone Pompey Sweep Out Dam Somethingroyal b . 1952 Princequillo b . 1940 Prince Rose Rose Prince Indolence Cosquilla Papyrus Quick Thought Imperatrice dkb / br. 1938 Caruso Polymelian Sweet Music Cinquepace Brown Bud Assignation ( Family 2 - s ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Man o ' War , like Secretariat , was known as `` Big Red . '' The poem was quoted by Edward L. Bowen in `` Joining the Giants '' , an article in The Blood - Horse magazine about Secretariat 's Belmont win . The article 's author added a footer to the poem , `` Perhaps the wait has ended , '' in reference to Secretariat . The author of the poem , Joe Estes , joined The Blood - Horse in 1930 and became its editor - in - chief . Jump up ^ An `` entry '' or `` coupled entry '' is when multiple horses with the same owner or trainer are grouped together for betting purposes . A bet on the entry cashes in if either horse wins . Jump up ^ The Sanford was the only race in his career in which Secretariat was not the betting favorite Jump up ^ Finished first , disqualified to second Jump up ^ Equaled track record Jump up ^ New track record Jump up ^ This was the official time until revisited in 2012 when it was adjusted to 1 : 53 , a stakes record ( see section above for details ) Jump up ^ New track record . American record on the dirt , though this was not noted on the chart Jump up ^ Then a world record on dirt . Still stands as the track record Jump up ^ Then a course record References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Profile -- Secretariat '' . Equibase . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Duke , p. 14 ^ Jump up to : Christine , Bill ( September 30 , 2010 ) . `` Penny Chenery 's life , unscripted '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peters , Anne ; Erigero , Patricia . `` Leading Sires of the U.S.A '' . Thoroughbred Heritage . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peters , Anne ( March 28 , 2014 ) . `` The Influence of Bold Ruler '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tower , Whitney ( February 22 , 1965 ) . `` Bold is the Badge of Champions '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Tom ( February 1 , 1998 ) . `` Foal Sharing '' . The Horse . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nack , p. 41 Jump up ^ Woolfe , p. 10 Jump up ^ Woolfe , pp. 9 -- 12 ^ Jump up to : `` Chenery , Christopher T. ( 1886 -- 1973 ) '' . Encyclopedia Virginia . Retrieved July 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Bride '' . Pedigree Online Thoroughbred Database . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 39 Jump up ^ Schwartz , Larry . `` Man o ' War came close to perfection '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bowen , Edward ( February 20 , 2016 ) . `` BH 100 : Instant Classic '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Glauber , Bill ( May 2 , 1993 ) . `` ' It Was Like He Was Flying ' : In Five Weeks in 1973 , Secretariat Went From a Potentially Great Horse to a Racing Legend '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gentry Shares Life on Farm with Secretariat '' . bluefield.edu . February 18 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woolfe , p. 25 Jump up ^ Nack , p. 49 Jump up ^ Lusky , Leonard . `` Ask Penny '' . secretariat.com . Retrieved June 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hunter , Avalyn . `` Secretariat ( horse ) '' . American Classic Pedigrees . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , p. 93 -- 94 ^ Jump up to : Illman , Dan ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` Secretariat , Charles Hatton , HandiGambling pp 's '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tate , James ( July 10 , 2008 ) . `` Is Conformation Relevant ? '' . Trainer Magazine . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secretariat : Horsegears conformation analysis '' . Horsegears . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hatton , Charles ( March 8 , 2012 ) . `` Secretariat : Hatton on the 1972 season ( from the 1972 American Racing Manual ) '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Horsegears Racehorse Conformation Gears Theory '' . Horsegears . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , pp. 83 -- 84 Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 28 ^ Jump up to : `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 5 ^ Jump up to : Nack , William ( September 19 , 1994 ) . `` 17 Secretariat '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nack , William ( June 4 , 1990 ) . `` Pure Heart '' . Sports Illustrated Longform . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nack , pp. 66 - 7 Jump up ^ Hiers , Fred ( June 4 , 2010 ) . `` Secretariat 's exercise rider reflects on champion horse '' . Ocala StarBanner . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeansonne , John ( June 3 , 2010 ) . `` Jim Gaffney , exercise rider for Secretariat , dead at 75 '' . Newsday . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Scanlan , Lawrence ( 2008 ) . `` Prologue '' . The horse God built : the untold story of Secretariat , the world 's greatest racehorse ( 1st U.S. ed . ) . New York , NY : St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 38225 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Wirth , Jennifer ( September 22 , 2010 ) . `` Secretariat : the beauty of being everything '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Moss , Josh ( April 2007 ) . `` Stride for Stride with Big Red '' . Louisville Magazine . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nack , pp. 77 -- 78 Jump up ^ Woolfe , pp. 41 -- 45 ^ Jump up to : Putnam , Pat ( March 26 , 1973 ) . `` Oh Lord , He 's Perfect '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Woolfe , front end papers Jump up ^ Woolfe , pp. 47 -- 48 ^ Jump up to : Beyer , Andrew ( October 7 , 2010 ) . `` ' Secretariat ' introduces extraordinary horse to a new generation '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Keane , Patrick J. ( September 6 , 2015 ) . `` Secretariat : A Personal Memoir '' . Numéro Cinq . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woolfe , p. 51 Jump up ^ Canadian Press ( October 16 , 1972 ) . `` Stop the Music wins disqualification '' . Calgary Herald . p. 27 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woolfe , p. 59 Jump up ^ Tower , Whitney ( November 27 , 1972 ) . `` Thorns among the roses '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La Prevoyante or Secretariat , Horse of the Year 1972 '' . Colin 's Ghost : Thoroughbred Horse Racing History . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cady , Steve ( December 27 , 1972 ) . `` Secretariat Is Horse of Year , Topping La Prevoyante in Poll '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Alan . `` Trick 's Pic Reinforces Nick '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Secretariat Is Syndicated For Record $6.08 ‐ Million '' . New York Times . February 27 , 1973 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 3 ^ Jump up to : Haskin , Steve ( January 21 , 2013 ) . `` Big Red and the Winter of ' 73 '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Industry Glossary '' . Equibase . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 6 Jump up ^ Capps , Timothy T. ( 2003 ) . Secretariat ( 1st ed . ) . Lexington , KY : Eclipse Press . p. 121 . ISBN 1 - 58150 - 091 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 14 Jump up ^ Tower , Whitney ( May 14 , 1973 ) . `` It was murder '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , pp. 12 , 14 Jump up ^ `` Secretariat charges past Sham in Kentucky Derby win '' . Herald - Journal . Associated Press . May 6 , 1973 . p . B1 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Track Records -- Churchill Downs '' . Churchill Downs . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Drape , Joe ( May 6 , 2001 ) . `` Monarchos Makes His Point and Roars to Victory in the Derby '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , John Jeremiah ( 2004 ) . Blood horses : notes of a sportswriter 's son . New York , NY : Picador . pp. 19 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 42376 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Haskin , Steve ( June 20 , 2012 ) . `` Viva Big Red ! '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jerardi , Dick ( June 5 , 2008 ) . `` Jockey looks back at Secretariat 's 1973 Triple Crown '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 32 ^ Jump up to : Hegarty , Matt ( June 19 , 2012 ) . `` Secretariat awarded Preakness record at 1 : 53 after review '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Woolfe , p. 192 ^ Jump up to : Haskin , Steve ( June 4 , 2012 ) . `` Remembering Big Red '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christine , Bill ( October 5 , 1989 ) . `` Secretariat Was Champion of the People , Both Young and Old '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secretariat : A Triple Terror '' . Ocala Star - Banner . Associated Press . June 10 , 1973 . p . D1 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Joe ( June 9 , 1973 ) . `` This Day In Sports -- A Horse for the Ages '' . New York Times . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Roundtable Discussion of the Jockey Club ( 1973 ) '' ( PDF ) . Jockey Club . p. 16 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Flatter , Ron . `` Secretariat remains No. 1 name in racing '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 40 Jump up ^ `` This day in history : June 9 , 1973 '' . Vancouver Sun . June 11 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` North American Records '' . Equibase . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Racing Form : Beyer Numbers '' . Daily Racing Form . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hollingsworth , Kent ( June 18 , 1973 ) . `` Triple Crown Heroes : Secretariat '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tower , Whitney ( June 18 , 1973 ) . `` History in the Making '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Woolfe , pp. 121 -- 122 ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Andrew ( June 7 , 2013 ) . `` Secretariat 's Jockey on Winning the Triple Crown at Belmont , 40 Years Ago '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cherwa , John ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Ranking the Triple Crown winners '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Crown Winners '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Souvenir hunters failing to cash in on triple crown winner '' . Observer - Reporter . July 11 , 1973 . p . B3 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 47 Jump up ^ Plimpton , George ( July 9 , 1973 ) . `` Crunch went the Big Red Apple '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , pp. 49 -- 50 Jump up ^ `` Secretariat beaten ! '' . Daytona Beach Morning Journal . August 5 , 1973 . p . B1 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hovdey , Jay ( August 2 , 2013 ) . `` The day Onion slayed Secretariat '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Haskin , Steve ( August 4 , 2008 ) . `` The Unbeatable Horse '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 51 Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , pp. 52 -- 53 Jump up ^ Tower , Whitney ( September 24 , 1973 ) . `` They made pigeons of the field '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 55 Jump up ^ Sekulic , Mike ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Marlboro Cup of Champions '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Prove Out beats Secretariat '' . Pittsburgh Press . September 30 , 1973 . p . D14 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 62 Jump up ^ `` Another purse to Secretariat '' . Calgary Herald . October 9 , 1973 . p. 17 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secretariat -- Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame '' . Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Perkins , Dave ( October 15 , 2010 ) . `` Secretariat one of a kind '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 63 Jump up ^ Deford , Frank . `` Adieu , Adieu , Kind Friends '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 64 Jump up ^ Nichols , Joe ( November 7 , 1973 ) . `` A Ceremonial Windup for Secretariat '' . New York Times . p. 35 . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Triple Crown winner Secretariat sweeps Horse of the Year ballotting '' . Montreal Gazette . Associated Press . December 19 , 1973 . p. 29 . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Illman , Dan ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Top Beyers , Secretariat 's First Foal , Arlington Pars '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Secretariat -- great sire or a dud at stud ? '' . Sporting Post . April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Memorable Date : First Seven - Figure Yearling Sold '' . Blood - Horse . July 20 , 2006 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , David ( July 15 , 2001 ) . `` Era Ends With Mr. Prospector 's Last Foal Crop '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beyer , Andrew ( August 19 , 1979 ) . `` General Assembly Shows His Heels '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baffert Reflects on Arrogate 's Travers Romp '' . Blood - Horse . August 28 , 2016 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Oakford , Glenye Cain ( September 17 , 2011 ) . `` Lady 's Secret dead at age 21 '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Crist , Steven ( June 12 , 1988 ) . `` Risen Star Runs Away with the Belmont '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Melbourne Cup Winner Kingston Rule Dies '' . Blood - Horse . December 8 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , David ( September 14 , 2010 ) . `` Tinners Way Retired to Old Friends '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Avalyn . `` Secretariat ( horse ) '' . American Classic Pedigrees . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Broodmare of the Year Weekend Surprise Dead '' . Blood - Horse . March 4 , 2011 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Terlingua , Storm Cat 's Dam , Dead '' . Blood - Horse . April 29 , 2008 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Peters , Anne ( January 30 , 2015 ) . `` The Legacy of Gone West '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Six Crowns , Dam of Champion Chief 's Crown , Dies at Age 26 '' . Blood - Horse . February 15 , 2002 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hammonds , Evan ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Champion Dehere Dead at 23 in Turkey '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Volksraad Wins Third New Zealand Sire Title '' . Blood - Horse . August 26 , 2004 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Oppenheim , Bill ( February 27 , 2003 ) . `` The Royal Ascot of Jumping '' ( PDF ) . Thoroughbred Daily News . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reed , Patrick ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Hot Sire : A.P. Indy '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Russo , Nicole ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Tapit in familiar spot atop sires list '' . Daily Racing Form . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Avalyn . `` Giant 's Causeway ( horse ) '' . American Classic Pedigrees . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Avalyn ( June 26 , 2015 ) . `` Triple Crown Connections '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Avalyn ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Inbreeding to Secretariat : Not a Passing Fad '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Crist , Steven ( April 17 , 1984 ) . `` Secretariat , at 14 , is still a star '' . New York Times . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Toepfer , Susan ; Shaw , Bill ( June 13 , 1988 ) . `` After 15 Years of Foaling Around , Superhorse Secretariat Fathers a Big Winner '' . People . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Embry , Mike ( October 5 , 1989 ) . `` Secretariat , Suffering From Incurable Condition , Destroyed '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Haun , Marianna ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` The X Factor : The Heart of the Matter '' . HorsesOnly.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Haun , Marianna ( 1996 ) . The x factor : what it is & how to find it : the relationship between inherited heart size and racing performance . Neenah , WI : Russell Meerdink Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 929346 - 46 - 5 . Jump up ^ Lowitt , Bruce ( December 19 , 1999 ) . `` Secretariat proves he 's a unique breed '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Porter , Alan ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` Q & A -- Can the ' X-Factor ' be Incorporated in TrueNicks Pedigrees ? '' . True Nicks . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The X-Factor Theory '' . Sophia Stallions . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Secretariat -- National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame '' . National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Paul ; Taylor , Isabelle ; Weatherly , Laurence ( January 4 , 2015 ) . `` The stamp of greatness : Thoroughbred legends in sculpture '' . Thoroughbred Racing Commentary . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Secretariat '' by John Skeaping -- National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame `` . National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Equestrian Sculpture -- Horse Sculptures -- Kentucky Horse Park '' . Kentucky Horse Park . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Secretariat 's jockey touched by hometown tribute '' . CBC . July 20 , 2015 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top North American athletes of the century '' . ESPN . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ross , Scott ( April 18 , 2013 ) . `` Horse of the Century : Man o ' War vs. Secretariat '' . NBC Bay Area . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Man o'War voted best of 20th Century '' . ESPN . The Associated Press . December 22 , 1999 . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reed , William ( October 27 , 1992 ) . `` Then & Now 30 Years Ago ' the Best I Ever Rode ' '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ United States Postal Service ( October 16 , 1999 ) . `` Regal Thoroughbred Rides Into History When U.S Postal Service Commemorates Secretariat '' . PR Newswire . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Stamp Program '' . USPS.com . October 7 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hengler , Greg ( October 5 , 2010 ) . `` Secretariat : Why He 's One Of ESPN 's Greatest Athletes Of All Time '' . townhall.com . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McAninch , Kelly ( March 29 , 2007 ) . `` Secretariat first equine to enter Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame '' . Thoroughbred Times . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Moments in Sports History -- Triple Triumph '' . Sports Illustrated 's 100 Greatest Moments . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bowen , Edward L. ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` BH 100 : A Mighty Pair '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved August 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Richard . `` Penny Chenery , Owner of the Triple Crown Winner Secretariat , Dies at 95 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eblen , Tom ( April 28 , 2014 ) . `` Retired racehorses given new life at Maker 's Mark Secretariat Center '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Novak , Claire ( December 26 , 2012 ) . `` Paynter to Rejoin Baffert , Wins Vox Populi '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Haskin , Steve ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Vox Populi Gets It Right '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stakes Histories -- Secretariat Stakes '' ( PDF ) . arlingtonpark.com . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Shulleeta , Brandon ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Secretariat birthplace makes National Register of Historic Places '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anderson , John ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` In ' Secretariat , ' Horse 's Owner Is the Underdog '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Past Performances at Secretariat.com '' . secretariat.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Woolfe , back end papers Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 16 Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 34 Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 44 Jump up ^ `` Belmont Track Records '' . NYRA . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Harris , Russ ( October 5 , 1989 ) . `` Few Dispute That Secretariat Was The Best Ever '' . The Inquirer . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Avalyn . `` Bold Ruler '' . American Classic Pedigrees . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back '' , Blood - Horse , p. 21 Jump up ^ `` The Great Bold Ruler '' . KZN Breeders . September 13 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Princequillo '' . American Classic Pedigrees . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Progeny of Somethingroyal '' . Pedigree Online Thoroughbred Database . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Somethingroyal '' . American Classic Pedigrees . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nicking ( American Classic Pedigrees ) '' . American Classic Pedigrees . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pedigree -- Secretariat '' . Equineline . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Secretariat '' . Pedigree Online Thoroughbred Database . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Sources ( edit ) Blood - Horse , Inc ( 1999 ) . Duke , Jacqueline , ed . Thoroughbred champions : top 100 racehorses of the 20th century ( 1st ed . ) . Lexington , KY : The Blood - Horse , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58150 - 024 - 0 . Mitchell , Frank J. ; Roman , Steven A. ( 2004 ) . Mitchell , Frank J. , ed . Racehorse breeding theories ( New 1st ed . ) . Neenah , WI : Russell Meerdink Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 929346 - 75 - 5 . Nack , William ( 1975 ) . Big Red of Meadow Stables : Secretariat , the Making of a Champion ( 1st ed . ) . New York , NY : A. Fields Books . ISBN 0 - 525 - 63012 - 0 . Various ( 1973 ) . `` From the pages of The Blood - Horse : A Look Back at Secretariat 's Triple Crown Season '' . Blood - Horse . Retrieved July 1 , 2016 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Woolfe , Jr , Raymond G. ( 1974 ) . Secretariat ( 1st ed . ) . Radnor , PA : Chilton Book Co . ISBN 0 - 8019 - 6156 - 4 . External links ( edit ) The official Secretariat website Sports Illustrated Top 100 Moments in Sports -- short video on Secretariat 's Triple Crown ( # 13 on list ) Classic Photos of Secretariat from Sports Illustrated ESPN Sports Century -- # 35 -- Secretariat Kentucky Derby.com -- Secretariat -- 1973 ' ' Pure Heart : The Thrilling Life and Emotional Death of Secretariat ' ' ESPN Classic -- ESPN Classic story on 1973 Belmont -- November 19 , 2003 Secretariat at Find a Grave Kentucky Derby winners 1875 Aristides 1876 Vagrant 1877 Baden - Baden 1878 Day Star 1879 Lord Murphy 1880 Fonso 1881 Hindoo 1882 Apollo 1883 Leonatus 1884 Buchanan 1885 Joe Cotton 1886 Ben Ali 1887 Montrose 1888 Macbeth II 1889 Spokane 1890 Riley 1891 Kingman 1892 Azra 1893 Lookout 1894 Chant 1895 Halma 1896 Ben Brush 1897 Typhoon II 1898 Plaudit 1899 Manuel 1900 Lieut . Gibson 1901 His Eminence 1902 Alan - a-Dale 1903 Judge Himes 1904 Elwood 1905 Agile 1906 Sir Huon 1907 Pink Star 1908 Stone Street 1909 Wintergreen 1910 Donau 1911 Meridian 1912 Worth 1913 Donerail 1914 Old Rosebud 1915 Regret ♥ 1916 George Smith 1917 Omar Khayyam 1918 Exterminator 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Paul Jones 1921 Behave Yourself 1922 Morvich 1923 Zev 1924 Black Gold 1925 Flying Ebony 1926 Bubbling Over 1927 Whiskery 1928 Reigh Count 1929 Clyde Van Dusen 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Twenty Grand 1932 Burgoo King 1933 Brokers Tip 1934 Cavalcade 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Bold Venture 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Lawrin 1939 Johnstown 1940 Gallahadion 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Shut Out 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Pensive 1945 Hoop Jr . 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Jet Pilot 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Ponder 1950 Middleground 1951 Count Turf 1952 Hill Gail 1953 Dark Star 1954 Determine 1955 Swaps 1956 Needles 1957 Iron Liege 1958 Tim Tam 1959 Tomy Lee 1960 Venetian Way 1961 Carry Back 1962 Decidedly 1963 Chateaugay 1964 Northern Dancer 1965 Lucky Debonair 1966 Kauai King 1967 Proud Clarion 1968 Forward Pass ( Dancer 's Image disqualified ) 1969 Majestic Prince 1970 Dust Commander 1971 Canonero II 1972 Riva Ridge 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Cannonade 1975 Foolish Pleasure 1976 Bold Forbes 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Spectacular Bid 1980 Genuine Risk ♥ 1981 Pleasant Colony 1982 Gato Del Sol 1983 Sunny 's Halo 1984 Swale 1985 Spend A Buck 1986 Ferdinand 1987 Alysheba 1988 Winning Colors ♥ 1989 Sunday Silence 1990 Unbridled 1991 Strike the Gold 1992 Lil E. Tee 1993 Sea Hero 1994 Go for Gin 1995 Thunder Gulch 1996 Grindstone 1997 Silver Charm 1998 Real Quiet 1999 Charismatic 2000 Fusaichi Pegasus 2001 Monarchos 2002 War Emblem 2003 Funny Cide 2004 Smarty Jones 2005 Giacomo 2006 Barbaro 2007 Street Sense 2008 Big Brown 2009 Mine That Bird 2010 Super Saver 2011 Animal Kingdom 2012 I 'll Have Another 2013 Orb 2014 California Chrome 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Nyquist 2017 Always Dreaming 2018 Justify ₩ Legend -- ₩ = Triple Crown winners , ♥ = Filly Preakness Stakes winners 1873 Survivor 1874 Culpepper 1875 Tom Ochiltree 1876 Shirley 1877 Cloverbrook 1878 Duke of Magenta 1879 Harold 1880 Grenada 1881 Saunterer 1882 Vanguard 1883 Jacobus 1884 Knight of Ellerslie 1885 Tecumseh 1886 The Bard 1887 Dunboyne 1888 Refund 1889 Buddhist 1890 Montague 1894 Assignee 1895 Belmar 1896 Margrave 1897 Paul Kauvar 1898 Sly Fox 1899 Half Time 1900 Hindus 1901 The Parader 1902 Old England 1903 Flocarline ♥ 1904 Bryn Mawr 1905 Cairngorm 1906 Whimsical ♥ 1907 Don Enrique 1908 Royal Tourist 1909 Effendi 1910 Layminster 1911 Watervale 1912 Colonel Holloway 1913 Buskin 1914 Holiday 1915 Rhine Maiden ♥ 1916 Damrosch 1917 Kalitan 1918 War Cloud 1918 Jack Hare , Jr . 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Man o ' War 1921 Broomspun 1922 Pillory 1923 Vigil 1924 Nellie Morse ♥ 1925 Coventry 1926 Display 1927 Bostonian 1928 Victorian 1929 Dr. Freeland 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Mate 1932 Burgoo King 1933 Head Play 1934 High Quest 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Bold Venture 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Dauber 1939 Challedon 1940 Bimelech 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Alsab 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Pensive 1945 Polynesian 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Faultless 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Capot 1950 Hill Prince 1951 Bold 1952 Blue Man 1953 Native Dancer 1954 Hasty Road 1955 Nashua 1956 Fabius 1957 Bold Ruler 1958 Tim Tam 1959 Royal Orbit 1960 Bally Ache 1961 Carry Back 1962 Greek Money 1963 Candy Spots 1964 Northern Dancer 1965 Tom Rolfe 1966 Kauai King 1967 Damascus 1968 Forward Pass 1969 Majestic Prince 1970 Personality 1971 Canonero II 1972 Bee Bee Bee 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Little Current 1975 Master Derby 1976 Elocutionist 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Spectacular Bid 1980 Codex 1981 Pleasant Colony 1982 Aloma 's Ruler 1983 Deputed Testamony 1984 Gate Dancer 1985 Tank 's Prospect 1986 Snow Chief 1987 Alysheba 1988 Risen Star 1989 Sunday Silence 1990 Summer Squall 1991 Hansel 1992 Pine Bluff 1993 Prairie Bayou 1994 Tabasco Cat 1995 Timber Country 1996 Louis Quatorze 1997 Silver Charm 1998 Real Quiet 1999 Charismatic 2000 Red Bullet 2001 Point Given 2002 War Emblem 2003 Funny Cide 2004 Smarty Jones 2005 Afleet Alex 2006 Bernardini 2007 Curlin 2008 Big Brown 2009 Rachel Alexandra ♥ 2010 Lookin At Lucky 2011 Shackleford 2012 I 'll Have Another 2013 Oxbow 2014 California Chrome 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Exaggerator 2017 Cloud Computing 2018 Justify ₩ Legend -- ₩ = Triple Crown Winners , ♥ = Filly Belmont Stakes winners 1867 Ruthless ♥ 1868 General Duke 1869 Fenian 1870 Kingfisher 1871 Harry Bassett 1872 Joe Daniels 1873 Springbok 1874 Saxon 1875 Calvin 1876 Algerine 1877 Cloverbrook 1878 Duke Of Magenta 1879 Spendthrift 1880 Grenada 1881 Saunterer 1882 Forester 1883 George Kinney 1884 Panique 1885 Tyrant 1886 Inspector B 1887 Hanover 1888 Sir Dixon 1889 Eric 1890 Burlington 1891 Foxford 1892 Patron 1893 Commanche 1894 Henry of Navarre 1895 Belmar 1896 Hastings 1897 Scottish Chieftain 1898 Bowling Brook 1899 Jean Bereaud 1900 Ildrim 1901 Commando 1902 Masterman 1903 Africander 1904 Delhi 1905 Tanya ♥ 1906 Burgomaster 1907 Peter Pan 1908 Colin 1909 Joe Madden 1910 Sweep 1913 Prince Eugene 1914 Luke McLuke 1915 The Finn 1916 Friar Rock 1917 Hourless 1918 Johren 1919 Sir Barton ₩ 1920 Man o ' War 1921 Grey Lag 1922 Pillory 1923 Zev 1924 Mad Play 1925 American Flag 1926 Crusader 1927 Chance Shot 1928 Vito 1929 Blue Larkspur 1930 Gallant Fox ₩ 1931 Twenty Grand 1932 Faireno 1933 Hurryoff 1934 Peace Chance 1935 Omaha ₩ 1936 Granville 1937 War Admiral ₩ 1938 Pasteurized 1939 Johnstown 1940 Bimelech 1941 Whirlaway ₩ 1942 Shut Out 1943 Count Fleet ₩ 1944 Bounding Home 1945 Pavot 1946 Assault ₩ 1947 Phalanx 1948 Citation ₩ 1949 Capot 1950 Middleground 1951 Counterpoint 1952 One Count 1953 Native Dancer 1954 High Gun 1955 Nashua 1956 Needles 1957 Gallant Man 1958 Cavan 1959 Sword Dancer 1960 Celtic Ash 1961 Sherluck 1962 Jaipur 1963 Chateaugay 1964 Quadrangle 1965 Hail To All 1966 Amberoid 1967 Damascus 1968 Stage Door Johnny 1969 Arts and Letters 1970 High Echelon 1971 Pass Catcher 1972 Riva Ridge 1973 Secretariat ₩ 1974 Little Current 1975 Avatar 1976 Bold Forbes 1977 Seattle Slew ₩ 1978 Affirmed ₩ 1979 Coastal 1980 Temperence Hill 1981 Summing 1982 Conquistador Cielo 1983 Caveat 1984 Swale 1985 Creme Fraiche 1986 Danzig Connection 1987 Bet Twice 1988 Risen Star 1989 Easy Goer 1990 Go and Go 1991 Hansel 1992 A.P. Indy 1993 Colonial Affair 1994 Tabasco Cat 1995 Thunder Gulch 1996 Editor 's Note 1997 Touch Gold 1998 Victory Gallop 1999 Lemon Drop Kid 2000 Commendable 2001 Point Given 2002 Sarava 2003 Empire Maker 2004 Birdstone 2005 Afleet Alex 2006 Jazil 2007 Rags to Riches ♥ 2008 Da ' Tara 2009 Summer Bird 2010 Drosselmeyer 2011 Ruler on Ice 2012 Union Rags 2013 Palace Malice 2014 Tonalist 2015 American Pharoah ₩ 2016 Creator 2017 Tapwrit 2018 Justify ₩ Legend - ₩ = Triple Crown Winners , ♥ = Filly Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Secretariat_(horse)&oldid=851489753 '' Categories : 1970 racehorse births 1989 racehorse deaths American Champion Thoroughbred broodmare sires American Grade 1 Stakes winners American Thoroughbred Horse of the Year Horse monuments Belmont Stakes winners Chefs - de-Race Eclipse Award winners Kentucky Derby winners Preakness Stakes winners Racehorses bred in Virginia Racehorses trained in the United States Thoroughbred family 2 - s Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing winners United States Champion Thoroughbred Sires United States Thoroughbred Racing Hall of Fame inductees Hidden categories : Featured articles Use mdy dates from June 2016 Pages with login required references or sources Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 July 2018 , at 17 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | how old was secretariat when he was put down | [
"Secretariat\nSecretariat as an older stallionSire\nBold RulerGrandsire\nNasrullahDam\nSomethingroyalDamsire\nPrincequilloSex\nStallionFoaled\nMarch 30, 1970The Meadow,Caroline County, VirginiaDied\nOctober 4, 1989(1989-10-04) (aged 19)Claiborne FarmParis, KentuckyCountry\nUnited StatesColor\nChestnutBreeder\nMeadow Stud (Christopher Chenery)Owner\nMeadow Stable (Christopher Chenery, Penny Chenery)Racing colors\nBlue, white blocks, white stripes on sleeves, blue capTrainer\nLucien LaurinRecord\n21:16–3–1Earnings\n$1,316,808[1]Major wins\nSanford Stakes (1972)Hopeful Stakes (1972)Futurity Stakes (1972)Laurel Futurity (1972)Garden State Futurity (1972)Bay Shore Stakes (1973)Gotham Stakes (1973)Arlington Invitational (1973)Marlboro Cup (1973)Man o' War Stakes (1973)Canadian International (1973)\n\nTriple Crown race wins:Kentucky Derby (1973)Preakness Stakes (1973)Belmont Stakes (1973)Awards\n9th U.S. Triple Crown Champion (1973)American Champion Two-Year-Old Colt (1972)American Champion Three-Year-Old Male Horse (1973)American Champion Male Turf Horse (1973)American Horse of the Year (1972, 1973)Leading broodmare sire in North America (1992)Honors\nU.S. Racing Hall of Fame (1974)Kentucky Athletic Hall of Fame (2007)Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame (2013)U.S. Postage Stamp (1999)#2 – Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century[2]"
] | [
"19"
] |
8041178382066888295 | Inclusion (education) | Inclusion ( education ) - wikipedia Inclusion ( education ) Not to be confused with Inclusion ( disability rights ) . The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Critical pedagogy Major works Pedagogy of the Oppressed Critical Pedagogy Primer Learning to Labour Theorists Paulo Freire Henry Giroux Peter McLaren Antonia Darder Joe Kincheloe Shirley Steinberg Paul Willis Ira Shor Pedagogy Anti-oppressive education Anti-bias curriculum Multicultural education Educational inequality Curriculum studies Teaching for social justice Humanitarian education Inclusion Student - centered learning Public sphere pedagogy Popular education Feminist composition Ecopedagogy Queer pedagogy Critical literacy Critical reading Critical consciousness Critical theory of maker education Concepts Praxis Hidden curriculum Consciousness raising Related Reconstructivism Critical theory Frankfurt School Political consciousness Disability Theory and models ( show ) Disability theory Ableism / Disablism Medical model Social model Education ( show ) Mainstreaming Individualized Education Program ( IEP ) Special needs Special school Special education Learning disability Therapy ( show ) Physical Occupational Speech Societal implications ( show ) Disability rights movement Inclusion Normalization People - first language Pejorative terms Personal assistance ( show ) Unlicensed assistive personnel ( ADLs ) Orthotics and braces Prosthetics Assistive technology Assisted living Mobility aid Physical accessibility Universal design Web accessibility Socioeconomic assistance ( show ) Social Security Disability Insurance Supplemental Security Income Ticket to Work Disability Living Allowance Disabled students allowance Disabled Persons Railcard Freedom Pass Assured Income for the Severely Handicapped Groups Organizations ( show ) National Telecommuting Institute Society for Disability Studies Disabled Peoples ' International ( DPI ) Visitability Disabled sports ( show ) Special Olympics Paralympic Games Deaflympics Invictus Games Culture ( show ) Disability in the arts Disability art Disability in the media Disability portal Disability Lists Inclusion , in education refers to the a model wherein special needs students spend most or all of their time with non-special ( general education ) needs students . It arises in the context of special education with an individualized education program or 504 plan , and is built on the notion that it is more effective for students with special needs to have said mixed experience for them to be more successful in social interactions leading to further success in life . Inclusion rejects but still provides the use of special schools or classrooms to separate students with disabilities from students without disabilities . Schools with inclusive classrooms do not believe in separate classrooms . They do not have their own separate world so they have to learn how to operate with students while being less focused on by teachers due to a higher student to teacher ratio . Implementation of these practices varies . Schools most frequently use the inclusion model for selected students with mild to moderate special needs . Fully inclusive schools , which are rare , do not separate `` general education '' and `` special education '' programs ; instead , the school is restructured so that all students learn together . Inclusive education differs from the ' integration ' or ' mainstreaming ' model of education , which tended to be concerned principally with disability and special educational needs , and learners changing or becoming ' ready for ' or deserving of accommodation by the mainstream . By contrast , inclusion is about the child 's right to participate and the school 's duty to accept the child . A premium is placed upon full participation by students with disabilities and upon respect for their social , civil , and educational rights . Feeling included is not limited to physical and cognitive disabilities , but also includes the full range of human diversity with respect to ability , language , culture , gender , age and of other forms of human differences . Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett wrote , `` student performance and behaviour in educational tasks can be profoundly affected by the way we feel , we are seen and judged by others . When we expect to be viewed as inferior , our abilities seem to diminish '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Integration and mainstreaming 2 Fully inclusive schools and general or special education policies 3 Classification of students and educational practices 3.1 Alternatives to inclusion programs : school procedures and community development 4 Legal issues : education law and disability laws 4.1 From the least restrictive to the most integrated setting 5 Inclusion rates in the world : `` frequency of use '' 6 Principles and necessary resources 6.1 Differing views of inclusion and integration 7 Common practices in inclusive classrooms 7.1 Children with extensive support needs 8 Collaboration among the professions 9 Selection of students for inclusion programs in schools 10 Relationship to progressive education 11 Arguments for full inclusion in regular neighborhood schools 12 Positive effects in regular classrooms 13 Criticisms of inclusion programs of school districts 14 Broader approach : social and cultural inclusion 14.1 Benefiting in an inclusive environment 15 See also 16 References 16.1 Works cited 17 Sources 18 Further reading 19 External links Integration and mainstreaming ( edit ) Inclusion has different historical roots which may be integration of students with severe disabilities in the US ( who may previously been excluded from schools or even lived in institutions ) or an inclusion model from Canada and the US ( e.g. , Syracuse University , New York ) which is very popular with inclusion teachers who believe in participatory learning , cooperative learning , and inclusive classrooms . Inclusive education differs from the early university professor 's work ( e.g. , 1970s , Education Professor Carol Berrigan of Syracuse University , 1985 ; Douglas Biklen , Dean of School of Education through 2011 ) in integration and mainstreaming which were taught throughout the world including in international seminars in Italy . Mainstreaming ( e.g. , the Human Policy Press poster ; If you thought the wheel was a good idea , you 'll like the ramp ) tended to be concerned about `` readiness '' of all parties for the new coming together of students with significant needs . Thus , integration and mainstreaming principally was concerned about disability and ' special educational needs ' ( since the children were not in the regular schools ) and involved teachers , students , principals , administrators , School Boards , and parents changing and becoming ' ready for ' students who needed accommodation or new methods of curriculum and instruction ( e.g. , required federal IEPs -- individualized education program ) by the mainstream . By contrast , inclusion is about the child 's right to participate and the school 's duty to accept the child returning to the US Supreme Court 's Brown vs. the Board of Education decision and the new Individuals with Disabilities Education ( Improvement ) Act ( IDEIA ) . Inclusion rejects the use of special schools or classrooms , which remain popular among large multi-service providers , to separate students with disabilities from students without disabilities . A premium is placed upon full participation by students with disabilities , in contrast to earlier concept of partial participation in the mainstream , and upon respect for their social , civil , and educational rights . Inclusion gives students with disabilities skills they can use in and out of the classroom . Fully inclusive schools and general or special education policies ( edit ) Fully inclusive schools , which are rare , no longer distinguish between `` general education '' and `` special education '' programs which refers to the debates and federal initiatives of the 1980s , such as the Community Integration Project and the debates on home schools and special education - regular education classrooms ; instead , the school is restructured so that all students learn together . All approaches to inclusive schooling require administrative and managerial changes to move from the traditional approaches to elementary and high school education . Inclusion remains in 2015 as part of school ( e.g. , Powell & Lyle , 1997 , now to the most integrated setting from LRE ) and educational reform initiatives in the US and other parts of the world . Inclusion is an effort to improve quality in education in the fields of disability , is a common theme in educational reform for decades , and is supported by the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ( UN , 2006 ) . Inclusion has been researched and studied for decades , though reported lighly in the public with early studies on heterogeneous and homogeneous ability groupings ( Stainback & Stainback , 1989 ) , studies of critical friends and inclusion facilitators ( e.g. , Jorgensen & Tashie , 2000 ) , self - contained to general education reversal of 90 % ( Fried & Jorgensen , 1998 ) , among many others obtaining doctoral degrees throughout the US . Classification of students and educational practices ( edit ) Classification of students by disability is standard in educational systems which use diagnostic , educational and psychological testing , among others . However , inclusion has been associated with its own planning , including MAPS which Jack Pearpoint leads with still leads in 2015 and person - centred planning with John O'Brien and Connie Lyle O'Brien who view inclusion as a force for school renewal . Inclusion has two sub-types : the first is sometimes called regular inclusion or partial inclusion , and the other is full inclusion . Inclusive practice is not always inclusive but is a form of integration . For example , students with special needs are educated in regular classes for nearly all of the day , or at least for more than half of the day . Whenever possible , the students receive any additional help or special instruction in the general classroom , and the student is treated like a full member of the class . However , most specialized services are provided outside a regular classroom , particularly if these services require special equipment or might be disruptive to the rest of the class ( such as speech therapy ) , and students are pulled out of the regular classroom for these services . In this case , the student occasionally leaves the regular classroom to attend smaller , more intensive instructional sessions in a resource room , or to receive other related services , such as speech and language therapy , occupational and / or physical therapy , psychological services , and social work . This approach can be very similar to many mainstreaming practices , and may differ in little more than the educational ideals behind it . In the `` full inclusion '' setting , the students with special needs are always educated alongside students without special needs , as the first and desired option while maintaining appropriate supports and services . Some educators say this might be more effective for the students with special needs . At the extreme , full inclusion is the integration of all students , even those that require the most substantial educational and behavioral supports and services to be successful in regular classes and the elimination of special , segregated special education classes . Special education is considered a service , not a place and those services are integrated into the daily routines ( See , ecological inventories ) and classroom structure , environment , curriculum and strategies and brought to the student , instead of removing the student to meet his or her individual needs . However , this approach to full inclusion is somewhat controversial , and it is not widely understood or applied to date . Much more commonly , local educational agencies have the responsibility to organize services for children with disabilities . They may provide a variety of settings , from special classrooms to mainstreaming to inclusion , and assign , as teachers and administrators often do , students to the system that seems most likely to help the student achieve his or her individual educational goals . Students with mild or moderate disabilities , as well as disabilities that do not affect academic achievement , such as using power wheelchair , scooter or other mobility device , are most likely to be fully included ; indeed , children with polio or with leg injuries have grown to be leaders and teachers in government and universities ; self advocates travel across the country and to different parts of the world . However , students with all types of disabilities from all the different disability categories ( See , also 2012 book by Michael Wehmeyer from the University of Kansas ) have been successfully included in general education classes , working and achieving their individual educational goals in regular school environments and activities ( reference needed ) . Alternatives to inclusion programs : school procedures and community development ( edit ) Students with disabilities who are not included are typically either mainstreamed or segregated . A mainstreamed student attends some general education classes , typically for less than half the day , and often for less academically rigorous , or if you will , more interesting and career - oriented classes . For example , a young student with significant intellectual disabilities might be mainstreamed for physical education classes , art classes and storybook time , but spend reading and mathematics classes with other students that have similar disabilities ( `` needs for the same level of academic instruction '' ) . They may have access to a resource room for remediation or enhancement of course content , or for a variety of group and individual meetings and consultations . A segregated student attends no classes with non-disabled students with disability a tested category determined before or at school entrance . He or she might attend a special school termed residential schools that only enrolls other students with disabilities , or might be placed in a dedicated , self - contained classroom in a school that also enrolls general education students . The latter model of integration , like the 1970s Jowonio School in Syracuse , is often highly valued when combined with teaching such as Montessori education techniques . Home schooling was also a popular alternative among highly educated parents with children with significant disabilities . Residential schools have been criticized for decades , and the government has been asked repeatedly to keep funds and services in the local districts , including for family support services for parents who may be currently single and raising a child with significant challenges on their own . Children with special needs may already be involved with early childhood education which can have a family support component emphasizing the strengths of the child and family . Some students may be confined to a hospital due to a medical condition ( e.g. , cancer treatments ) and are thus eligible for tutoring services provided by a school district . Less common alternatives include homeschooling and , particularly in developing countries , exclusion from education . Legal issues : education law and disability laws ( edit ) The new anti-discriminatory climate has provided the basis for much change in policy and statute , nationally and internationally . Inclusion has been enshrined at the same time that segregation and discrimination have been rejected . Articulations of the new developments in ways of thinking , in policy and in law include : The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child ( 1989 ) which sets out children 's rights in respect of freedom from discrimination and in respect of the representation of their wishes and views . The Convention against Discrimination in Education of UNESCO prohibits any discrimination , exclusion or segregation in education . The UNESCO Salamanca Statement ( 1994 ) which calls on all governments to give the highest priority to inclusive education . The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities ( 2006 ) which calls on all States Parties to ensure an inclusive education system at all levels . From the least restrictive to the most integrated setting ( edit ) For schools in the United States , the federal requirement that students be educated in the historic least restrictive environment that is reasonable encourages the implementation of inclusion of students previously excluded by the school system . However , a critical critique of the LRE principle , commonly used to guide US schools , indicates that it often places restrictions and segregation on the individuals with the most severe disabilities . By the late 1980s , individuals with significant disabilities and their families and caregivers were already living quality lives in homes and local communities . Luckily , the US Supreme Court has now ruled in the Olmstead Decision ( 1999 ) that the new principle is that of the `` most integrated setting '' , as described by the national Consortium of Citizens with Disabilities , which should result in better achievement of national integration and inclusion goals in the 21st Century . Inclusion rates in the world : `` frequency of use '' ( edit ) The proportion of students with disabilities who are included varies by place and by type of disability , but it is relatively common for students with milder disabilities and less common with certain kinds of severe disabilities . In Denmark , 99 % of students with learning disabilities like ' dyslexia ' are placed in general education classrooms . In the United States , three out of five students with learning disabilities spend the majority of their time in the general education classroom . Postsecondary statistics ( after high school ) are kept by universities and government on the success rates of students entering college , and most are eligible for either disability services ( e.g. , accommodations and aides ) or programs on college campuses , such as supported education in psychiatric disabilities or College for Living . The former are fully integrated college degree programs with college and vocational rehabilitation services ( e.g. , payments for textbooks , readers or translators ) , and the latter courses developed similar to retirement institutes ( e.g. , banking for retirees ) . Principles and necessary resources ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Although once hailed , usually by its opponents , as a way to increase achievement while decreasing costs , full inclusion does not save money , but is more cost - beneficial and cost - effective . It is not designed to reduce students ' needs , and its first priority may not even be to improve academic outcomes ; in most cases , it merely moves the special education professionals ( now dual certified for all students in some states ) out of `` their own special education '' classrooms and into a corner of the general classroom or as otherwise designed by the `` teacher - in - charge '' and `` administrator - in - charge '' . To avoid harm to the academic education of students with disabilities , a full panoply of services and resources is required ( of education for itself ) , including : Adequate supports and services for the student Well - designed individualized education programs Professional development for all teachers involved , general and special educators alike Time for teachers to plan , meet , create , and evaluate the students together Reduced class size based on the severity of the student needs Professional skill development in the areas of cooperative learning , peer tutoring , adaptive curriculum Collaboration between parents or guardians , teachers or para educators , specialists , administration , and outside agencies . Sufficient funding so that schools will be able to develop programs for students based on student need instead of the availability of funding . Indeed , the students with special needs do receive funds from the federal government , by law originally the Educational for All Handicapped Children Act of 1974 to the present day , Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act , which requires its use in the most integrated setting . In principle , several factors can determine the success of inclusive classrooms : Family - school partnerships Collaboration between general and special educators Well - constructed plans that identify specific accommodations , modifications , and goals for each student Coordinated planning and communication between `` general '' and `` special needs '' staff Integrated service delivery Ongoing training and staff development Leadership of teachers and administrators By the mid-1980s , school integration leaders in the university sector already had detailed schemas ( e.g. , curriculum , student days , students with severe disabilities in classrooms ) with later developments primarily in assistive technology and communication , school reform and transformation , personal assistance of user - directed aides , and increasing emphasis on social relationships and cooperative learning . In 2015 , most important are evaluations of the populations still in special schools , including those who may be deaf - blind , and the leadership by inclusion educators , who often do not yet go by that name , in the education and community systems . Differing views of inclusion and integration ( edit ) However , early integrationists community integration would still recommend greater emphasis on programs related to sciences , the arts ( e.g. , exposure ) , curriculum integrated field trips , and literature as opposed to the sole emphasis on community referenced curriculum . For example , a global citizen studying the environment might be involved with planting a tree ( `` independent mobility '' ) , or going to an arboretum ( `` social and relational skills '' ) , developing a science project with a group ( `` contributing ideas and planning '' ) , and having two core modules in the curriculum . However , students will need to either continue to secondary school ( meet academic testing standards ) , make arrangements for employment , supported education , or home / day services ( transition services ) , and thus , develop the skills for future life ( e.g. , academic math skills and calculators ; planning and using recipes or leisure skills ) in the educational classrooms . Inclusion often involved individuals who otherwise might be at an institution or residential facility . Today , longitudinal studies follow the outcomes of students with disabilities in classrooms , which include college graduations and quality of life outcomes . To be avoided are negative outcomes that include forms of institutionalization . Common practices in inclusive classrooms ( edit ) Students in an inclusive classroom are generally placed with their chronological age - mates , regardless of whether the students are working above or below the typical academic level for their age . Also , to encourage a sense of belonging , emphasis is placed on the value of friendships . Teachers often nurture a relationship between a student with special needs and a same - age student without a special educational need . Another common practice is the assignment of a buddy to accompany a student with special needs at all times ( for example in the cafeteria , on the playground , on the bus and so on ) . This is used to show students that a diverse group of people make up a community , that no one type of student is better than another , and to remove any barriers to a friendship that may occur if a student is viewed as `` helpless . '' Such practices reduce the chance for elitism among students in later grades and encourage cooperation among groups . Teachers use a number of techniques to help build classroom communities : Using games designed to build community Involving students in solving problems Sharing songs and books that teach community Openly dealing with individual differences by discussion Assigning classroom jobs that build community Teaching students to look for ways to help each other Utilizing physical therapy equipment such as standing frames , so students who typically use wheelchairs can stand when the other students are standing and more actively participate in activities Encouraging students to take the role of teacher and deliver instruction ( e.g. read a portion of a book to a student with severe disabilities ) Focusing on the strength of a student with special needs Create classroom checklists Take breaks when necessary Create an area for children to calm down Organize student desk in groups Create a self and welcoming environment Set ground rules and stick with them Help establish short - term goals Design a multi-faced curriculum Communicate regular with parents and / or caregivers Seek support from other special education teachers Inclusionary practices are commonly utilized by using the following team - teaching models : One teach , one support : In this model , the content teacher will deliver the lesson and the special education teacher will assist students individual needs and enforce classroom management as needed . One teach , one observe : In this model , the teacher with the most experience in the content will deliver the lesson and the other teacher will float or observe . This model is commonly used for data retrieval during IEP observations or Functional Behavior Analysis . Station teaching ( rotational teaching ) : In this model , the room is divided into stations in which the students will visit with their small groups . Generally , the content teacher will deliver the lesson in his / her group , and the special education teacher will complete a review or adapted version of the lesson with the students . Parallel teaching : In this model , one half of the class is taught by the content teacher and one half is taught by the special education teacher . Both groups are being taught the same lesson , just in a smaller group . Alternative teaching : In this method , the content teacher will teach the lesson to the class , while the special education teacher will teach a small group of students an alternative lesson . Team teaching ( content / support shared 50 / 50 ) : Both teachers share the planning , teaching , and supporting equally . This is the traditional method , and often the most successful co-teaching model . Children with extensive support needs ( edit ) For children with significant or severe disabilities , the programs may require what are termed health supports ( e.g. , positioning and lifting ; visit to the nurse clinic ) , direct one - to - one aide in the classroom , assistive technology , and an individualized program which may involve the student `` partially '' ( e.g. , videos and cards for `` visual stimulation '' ; listening to responses ) in the full lesson plan for the `` general education student '' . It may also require introduction of teaching techniques commonly used ( e.g. , introductions and interest in science ) that teachers may not use within a common core class . Another way to think of health supports are as a range of services that may be needed from specialists , or sometimes generalists , ranging from speech and language , to visual and hearing ( sensory impairments ) , behavioral , learning , orthopedics , autism , deaf - blindness , and traumatic brain injury , according to Virginia Commonwealth University 's Dr. Paul Wehman . As Dr. Wehman has indicated , expectations can include post secondary education , supported employment in competitive sites , and living with family or other residential places in the community . In 2005 , comprehensive health supports were described in National Goals for Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities as universally available , affordable and promoting inclusion , as supporting well - informed , freely chose health care decisions , culturally competent , promoting health promotion , and insuring well trained and respectful health care providers . In addition , mental health , behavioral , communication and crisis needs may need to be planned for and addressed . `` Full inclusion '' -- the idea that all children , including those with severe disabilities , can and should learn in a regular classroom has also taken root in many school systems , and most notably in the province of New Brunswick . Collaboration among the professions ( edit ) Inclusion settings allow children with and without disabilities to play and interact every day , even when they are receiving therapeutic services . When a child displays fine motor difficulty , his ability to fully participate in common classroom activities , such as cutting , coloring , and zipping a jacket may be hindered . While occupational therapists are often called to assess and implement strategies outside of school , it is frequently left up to classroom teachers to implement strategies in school . Collaborating with occupational therapists will help classroom teachers use intervention strategies and increase teachers ' awareness about students ' needs within school settings and enhance teachers ' independence in implementation of occupational therapy strategies . As a result of the 1997 re-authorization of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA ) , greater emphasis has been placed on delivery of related services within inclusive , general education environments . ( Nolan , 2004 ) The importance of inclusive , integrated models of service delivery for children with disabilities has been widely researched indicating positive benefits . ( Case - Smith& Holland , 2009 ) In traditional `` pull out '' service delivery models , children typically work in isolated settings one on one with a therapist , Case - Smith and Holland ( 2009 ) argue that children working on skills once or twice a week are `` less likely to produce learning that leads to new behaviors and increased competence . '' ( Case Smith &Holland , 2009 , pg. 419 ) . In recent years , occupational therapy has shifted from the conventional model of `` pull out '' therapy to an integrated model where the therapy takes place within a school or classroom . Inclusion administrators have been requested to review their personnel to assure mental health personnel for children with mental health needs , vocational rehabilitation linkages for work placements , community linkages for special populations ( e.g. , `` deaf - blind '' , `` autism '' ) , and collaboration among major community agencies for after school programs and transition to adulthood . Highly recommended are collaborations with parents , including parent - professional partnerships in areas of cultural and linguistic diversity ( e.g. , Syracuse University 's special education Ph. D. 's Maya Kaylanpur and Beth Harry ) . Selection of students for inclusion programs in schools ( edit ) Educators generally say that some students with special needs are not good candidates for inclusion . Many schools expect a fully included student to be working at or near grade level , but more fundamental requirements exist : First , being included requires that the student is able to attend school . Students that are entirely excluded from school ( for example , due to long - term hospitalization ) , or who are educated outside of schools ( for example , due to enrollment in a distance education program ) can not attempt inclusion . Additionally , some students with special needs are poor candidates for inclusion because of their effect on other students . For example , students with severe behavioral problems , such that they represent a serious physical danger to others , are poor candidates for inclusion , because the school has a duty to provide a safe environment to all students and staff . Finally , some students are not good candidates for inclusion because the normal activities in a general education classroom will prevent them from learning . For example , a student with severe attention difficulties or extreme sensory processing disorders might be highly distracted or distressed by the presence of other students working at their desks . Inclusion needs to be appropriate to the child 's unique needs . Most students with special needs do not fall into these extreme categories , as most students do attend school , are not violent , do not have severe sensory processing disorders , etc . The students that are most commonly included are those with physical disabilities that have no or little effect on their academic work ( diabetes mellitus , epilepsy , food allergies , paralysis ) , students with all types of mild disabilities , and students whose disabilities require relatively few specialized services . Bowe says that regular inclusion , but not full inclusion , is a reasonable approach for a significant majority of students with special needs . He also says that for some students , notably those with severe autism spectrum disorders or mental retardation , as well as many who are deaf or have multiple disabilities , even regular inclusion may not offer an appropriate education . Teachers of students with autism spectrum disorders sometimes use antecedent procedures , delayed contingencies , self - management strategies , peer - mediated interventions , pivotal response training and naturalistic teaching strategies . Relationship to progressive education ( edit ) Some advocates of inclusion promote the adoption of progressive education practices . In the progressive education or inclusive classroom , everyone is exposed to a `` rich set of activities '' , and each student does what he or she can do , or what he or she wishes to do and learns whatever comes from that experience . Maria Montessori 's schools are sometimes named as an example of inclusive education . Inclusion requires some changes in how teachers teach , as well as changes in how students with and without special needs interact with and relate to one another . Inclusive education practices frequently rely on active learning , authentic assessment practices , applied curriculum , multi-level instructional approaches , and increased attention to diverse student needs and individualization . sometimes it is not necessary that there will always be a positive environment and therefore a lot of attention of the teachers is also required along with the support of other children which will ensure a peaceful and happy place for both kinds of children . Arguments for full inclusion in regular neighborhood schools ( edit ) Advocates say that even partial non-inclusion is morally unacceptable . Proponents believe that non-inclusion reduces the disabled students ' social importance and that maintaining their social visibility is more important than their academic achievement . Proponents say that society accords disabled people less human dignity when they are less visible in general education classrooms . Advocates say that even if typical students are harmed academically by the full inclusion of certain special needs students , that the non-inclusion of these students would still be morally unacceptable , as advocates believe that the harm to typical students ' education is always less important than the social harm caused by making people with disabilities less visible in society . A second key argument is that everybody benefits from inclusion . Advocates say that there are many children and young people who do n't fit in ( or feel as though they do n't ) , and that a school that fully includes all disabled students feels welcoming to all . Moreover , at least one author has studied the impact a diversified student body has on the general education population and has concluded that students with mental retardation who spend time among their peers show an increase in social skills and academic proficiency . Advocates for inclusion say that the long - term effects of typical students who are included with special needs students at a very young age have a heightened sensitivity to the challenges that others face , increased empathy and compassion , and improved leadership skills , which benefits all of society . A combination of inclusion and pull - out ( partial inclusion ) services has been shown to be beneficial to students with learning disabilities in the area of reading comprehension , and preferential for the special education teachers delivering the services . Inclusive education can be beneficial to all students in a class , not just students with special needs . Some research show that inclusion helps students understand the importance of working together , and fosters a sense of tolerance and empathy among the student body . Positive effects in regular classrooms ( edit ) There are many positive effects of inclusions where both the students with special needs along with the other students in the classroom both benefit . Research has shown positive effects for children with disabilities in areas such as reaching individualized education program ( IEP ) goal , improving communication and social skills , increasing positive peer interactions , many educational outcomes , and post school adjustments . Positive effects on children without disabilities include the development of positive attitudes and perceptions of persons with disabilities and the enhancement of social status with non-disabled peers . Several studies have been done on the effects of inclusion of children with disabilities in general education classrooms . A study on inclusion compared integrated and segregated ( special education only ) preschool students . The study determined that children in the integrated sites progressed in social skills development while the segregated children actually regressed . Another study shows the effect on inclusion in grades 2 to 5 . The study determined that students with specific learning disabilities made some academic and affective gains at a pace comparable to that of normal achieving students . Specific learning disabilities students also showed an improvement in self - esteem and in some cases improved motivation . A third study shows how the support of peers in an inclusive classroom can lead to positive effects for children with autism . The study observed typical inclusion classrooms , ages ranging from 7 years old to 11 years old . The peers were trained on an intervention technique to help their fellow autistic classmates stay on task and focused . The study showed that using peers to intervene instead of classroom teachers helped students with autism reduce off - task behaviors significantly . It also showed that the typical students accepted the student with autism both before and after the intervention techniques were introduced . Criticisms of inclusion programs of school districts ( edit ) Critics of full and partial inclusion include educators , administrators and parents . Full and partial inclusion approaches neglect to acknowledge the fact that most students with significant special needs require individualized instruction or highly controlled environments . Thus , general education classroom teachers often are teaching a curriculum while the special education teacher is remediating instruction at the same time . Similarly , a child with serious inattention problems may be unable to focus in a classroom that contains twenty or more active children . Although with the increase of incidence of disabilities in the student population , this is a circumstance all teachers must contend with , and is not a direct result of inclusion as a concept . Full inclusion may be a way for schools to placate parents and the general public , using the word as a phrase to garner attention for what are in fact illusive efforts to educate students with special needs in the general education environment . At least one study examined the lack of individualized services provided for students with IEPs when placed in an inclusive rather than mainstreamed environment . Some researchers have maintained school districts neglect to prepare general education staff for students with special needs , thus preventing any achievement . Moreover , school districts often expound an inclusive philosophy for political reasons , and do away with any valuable pull - out services , all on behalf of the students who have no so say in the matter . Inclusion is viewed by some as a practice philosophically attractive yet impractical . Studies have not corroborated the proposed advantages of full or partial inclusion . Moreover , `` push in '' servicing does not allow students with moderate to severe disabilities individualized instruction in a resource room , from which many show considerable benefit in both learning and emotional development . Parents of disabled students may be cautious about placing their children in an inclusion program because of fears that the children will be ridiculed by other students , or be unable to develop regular life skills in an academic classroom . Some argue that inclusive schools are not a cost - effective response when compared to cheaper or more effective interventions , such as special education . They argue that special education helps `` fix '' the special needs students by providing individualized and personalized instruction to meet their unique needs . This is to help students with special needs adjust as quickly as possible to the mainstream of the school and community . Proponents counter that students with special needs are not fully into the mainstream of student life because they are secluded to special education . Some argue that isolating students with special needs may lower their self - esteem and may reduce their ability to deal with other people . In keeping these students in separate classrooms they are n't going to see the struggles and achievements that they can make together . However , at least one study indicated mainstreaming in education has long - term benefits for students as indicated by increased test scores , where the benefit of inclusion has not yet been proved . Broader approach : social and cultural inclusion ( edit ) As used by UNESCO , inclusion refers to far more than students with special educational needs . It is centered on the inclusion of marginalized groups , such as religious , racial , ethnic , and linguistic minorities , immigrants , girls , the poor , students with disabilities , HIV / AIDS patients , remote populations , and more . In some places , these people are not actively included in education and learning processes . In the U.S. this broader definition is also known as `` culturally responsive '' education , which differs from the 1980s - 1990s cultural diversity and cultural competency approaches , and is promoted among the ten equity assistance centers of the U.S. Department of Education , for example in Region IX ( AZ , CA , NV ) , by the Equity Alliance at ASU . Gloria Ladson - Billings points out that teachers who are culturally responsive know how to base learning experiences on the cultural realities of the child ( e.g. home life , community experiences , language background , belief systems ) . Proponents argue that culturally responsive pedagogy is good for all students because it builds a caring community where everyone 's experiences and abilities are valued . Proponents want to maximize the participation of all learners in the community schools of their choice and to rethink and restructure policies , curricula , cultures and practices in schools and learning environments so that diverse learning needs can be met , whatever the origin or nature of those needs . They say that all students can learn and benefit from education , and that schools should adapt to the physical , social , and cultural needs of students , rather than students adapting to the needs of the school . Proponents believe that individual differences between students are a source of richness and diversity , which should be supported through a wide and flexible range of responses . The challenge of rethinking and restructuring schools to become more culturally responsive calls for a complex systems view of the educational system ( e.g. see Michael Patton ) , where one can extend the idea of strength through diversity to all participants in the educational system ( e.g. parents , teachers , community members , staff ) . Although inclusion is generally associated with elementary and secondary education , it is also applicable in postsecondary education . According to UNESCO , inclusion `` is increasingly understood more broadly as a reform that supports and welcomes diversity amongst all learners . '' Under this broader definition of inclusion , steps should also be taken to eliminate discrimination and provide accommodations for all students who are at a disadvantage because of some reason other than disability . Benefiting in an inclusive environment ( edit ) `` The inclusion of age - appropriate students in a general education classroom , alongside those with and without disability is beneficial to both parties involved . ( Waitoller and Thorius ) With inclusive education , all students are exposed to the same curriculum , they develop their own individual potential , and participate in the same activities at the same time . Therefore , there is a variety of ways in which learning takes place because students learn differently , at their own pace and by their own style . ( Carter , Moss , Asmus , Fesperman , Cooney , Brock , Lyons , Huber , and Vincent ) Effectively , inclusive education provides a nurturing venue where teaching and learning should occur despite pros and cons . It is evident that students with disabilities benefit more in an inclusive atmosphere because they can receive help from their peers with diverse abilities and they compete at the same level due to equal opportunities given . '' See also ( edit ) Education portal Psychology portal Disability portal Centre for Studies on Inclusive Education Post Secondary Transition For High School Students with Disabilities Mara Sapon - Shevin , student of Douglas Biklen Douglas Biklen Teaching for social justice Mainstreaming in education Special Assistance Program ( Australian education ) Circle of friends ( disability ) Accord Coalition for inclusivity on the grounds of religion ( England and Wales ) Education for All Handicapped Children Act The Compass Institute Inc Further education and vocational pathways for young people with disabilities Right to education Universal access to education Community integration Inclusive education in Latin America References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Allen , K.E. , Schwartz , I ^ Jump up to : Scheyer et al. ( 1996 ) . The Inclusive Classroom Teacher Created Materials , Inc . The Inclusive Classroom Jump up ^ `` What is Inclusive Design '' . Inclusive Design Research Centre . OCAD University . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Richard ; Pickett , Kate ( 2010 ) . The Spirit Level - Why Equity is Better for Everyone ( 2010 ed . ) . England : Penguin Books . p. 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 241 - 95429 - 4 . Jump up ^ Taylor , S.J. & Ferguson , D. ( 1985 ) . A summary of strategies utilized in model programs and resource materials . In : S. Stainback & W. Stainback , Integration of Students with Severe Handicaps in Regular Schools . Washington , DC : The Council for Exceptional Children . Jump up ^ Schnorr , R. ( 1990 ) . Peter ? He comes and goes ... First graders ' perspectives on a part - time mainstream student . Journal of the Association of Persons with Severe Handicaps , 15 ( 4 ) : 231 - 240 . Jump up ^ Forest , M. ( 1986 , winter ) . Education Integration / Integracion Scolaire . Entourage , 1 ( 1 ) : 19 - 23 . Jump up ^ Sapon - Shevin , M. , Ayres , B. , & Duncan , J. ( 1994 ) . Cooperative learning and inclusion . In : J.S. Thousand , R.A. Villa , & A.I. Nevins , Creativity and Collaborative Learning : A Practical Guide to Empowering Students and Teachers . ( pp. 45 - 58 ) . Baltimore , MD : Paul H. Brookes . Jump up ^ Biklen , D. ( 1985 ) . Achieving the Complete School : Strategies for Effective Mainsreaming . NY , NY : Teachers College Press . Jump up ^ Salisbury , C. , Palombaro , M. , & Hollowood , T. ( 1993 ) . On the nature and change of an inclusive elementary school . JASH , 18 ( 2 ) : 75 - 84 . Jump up ^ Hunt , P. , Goetz , L. , & Anderson , J. ( 1986 , Summer ) . The quality of IEP objectives associated with placement on integrated versus segregated school sites . The Journal of The Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps , 11 ( 2 ) : 125 - 130 . Jump up ^ Snell , M. & Browder , D.M. ( 1986 , Spring ) . Community - referenced instruction : Research and issues . JASH , 11 ( 1 ) : 1 - 11 . Jump up ^ Wolfe , P.S. ( 1994 , Spring ) . Judgment of the social validity of instructional strategies used in community - based instructional sites . JASH , 19 ( 1 ) : 43 - 51 . Jump up ^ Racino , J. ( 1999 ) . Table 6.3 : Curriculum for students with severe handicaps . Personnel Preparation in Disability and Community Life : Toward Universal Approaches to Support . ( p. 134 ) . Springfield , IL : Charles C. Thomas Publishers . Jump up ^ Ford , A. & Davern , L. ( 1989 ) . Moving forward on school integration : Strategies for involving studennt with severe disabilities in the life of the school . In : R. Gaylord - Ross , Integration Strategies for Persons with Handicaps . ( pp. 11 - 31 ) . Baltimore , MD : Paul H. Brookes . Jump up ^ Brown , L. , Schwarz , P. , Udvari - Solner , A. , Kampchroer , E. , Johnson , F. , Jorgensen , J. , & Gruenewald , L. ( 1991 , Spring ) . How much time should students with severe intellectual disabilities spend in regular education classrooms and elsewhere ? JASH , 16 ( 1 ) : 39 - 47 . Jump up ^ `` Students learn the importance of individual and group contributions and develop valuable life skills that are often unexplored in less inclusive settings '' ( Tapasak 216 ) . Tapasak , Renee and Christine Walther - Thomas . `` Evaluation of a First - Year Inclusion Program : Student Perceptions and Classroom Performance . '' Remedial and Special Education 20 ( 1999 ) : 216 - 225 . Print . Jump up ^ Davis , W. ( 1989 ) . The regular education initiative debate : Its promises and pitfalls . Exceptional Children , 55 ( 5 ) : 440 - 446 . Jump up ^ Kauffman , J. ( 1989 ) . The regular education initiative as Reagan - Bush education policy : A trickle down theory of the education of the hard - to - teach . The Journal of Special Education , 23 ( 3 ) : 256 - 278 . Jump up ^ Stainback , S. & Stainback , W. ( 1984 ) . A rationale for the merger of special and regular education . Exceptional Children , 51 : 102 - 11 . Jump up ^ Knoll , J. & Meyer , L. ( 1986 ) . Principles and practices for school integration of students with severe disabilities : An overview of the literature . In : M. Berres & P. Knoblock , Managerial Models of Mainstreaming . Rockville , MD : Aspen . Jump up ^ Brown , L. , Long , E. , Udvari - Solner , A. , Schwarz , P. , VenDeventer , P. , et al. ( 1989 , Spring ) . Should students with severe intellectual disabilities be based in regular or in special education classrooms in home schools ? Journal of the Association of Persons with Severe Handicaps , 14 ( 1 ) : 8 - 12 . Jump up ^ Sailor , W. ( 1991 , November / December ) . Special education in the restructured school . Remedial and Special Education , 12 ( 6 ) : 8 - 22 . Jump up ^ Sage , D.D. ( 1996 ) . Administrative strategies for achieving inclusive schooling . ( pp. 105 - 116 ) . In : S. Stainback & W. Stainback , Inclusion : A Guide for Educators . Baltimore , MD : Paul H. Brookes . Jump up ^ Powell , D. & Hyle , A. ( 12997 , May ) . Principals and school reform : Barriers to inclusion in three secondary schools . Journal of School Leadership , Volume 7 : 301 - 326 Jump up ^ Bellamy , T.G. ( 1989 ) . Book Review of D.K. Liptsky and A. Gartner , School Reform for All Students : An Essay Review of Beyond Separate Education : Quality Education for All . Baltimore , MD : Paul H. Brookes . Jump up ^ Racino , J. , ( 1999 ) . Personnel Preparation in Disability and Community Life : Toward Universal Approaches to Support . ( p. 219 ) . Springfield , IL : Charles C. Thomas Publishers . Jump up ^ Stainback , W. & Stainback , W.C. ( 1989 ) . Classroom organization for diversity among students . In : D. Biklen , D. Ferguson & Al Ford , Schooling and Disability . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press . Jump up ^ Jorgensen , C. & Tashie , C. ( 2000 ) . Turning points : The story of high school inclusion in New Hampshire . ( pp. 131 - 176 ) . In : J. Nisbet & D. Hagner , Part of the Community . Baltimore , MD : Paul H. Brookes . Jump up ^ Fried , R.L. & Jorgensen , C.M ( 1998 ) . Equity and excellence : Finding common ground between inclusive education and school reform . In : C.M. Jorgensen , Restructuring High School For All Students . ( pp. 15 -- 28 ) . Baltimore , MD : Paul H. Brookes . Jump up ^ Forest , M. & Pearpoint , J ... ( 1992 ) . MAPS : Action planning . ( pp. 52 -- 56 ) . In : J. Pearpoint , M. Forest , & J. Snow , The Inclusion Papers : Strategies to Make Inclusion Work . Toronto , Canada : The Inclusion Press . Jump up ^ O'Brien , J. & Lyle O'Brien , C. ( 1996 ) . Inclusion as a force for school renewal . In : S. Stainback & W. Stainback , Inclusion : A Guide for Educators . Baltimore , MD : Paul H. Brookes . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2009 . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Definition of inclusion , accessed October 11 , 2007 . 2009 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Bowe , Frank . ( 2005 ) . Making Inclusion Work . Merrill Education / Prentice Hall . ^ Jump up to : `` Understanding Psychology Eighth Edition '' , Feldman , Robert S. ( 2008 ) , page 309 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Student teachers ' attitudes toward the inclusion of children with special needs . Educational Psychology , Hastings . R.P. , & Oakford , S. ( 2003 ) , page 23 , 87 - 95 Jump up ^ Mainstreaming to full inclusion : From orthogenesis to pathogenesis of an idea . International Journal of Disability , Development , and Education , Kavale , K.A. ( 2002 ) , page 49 , 201 - 214 . Jump up ^ Attitudes of elementary school principals toward the inclusion of students with disabilities . Exceptional Children , Praisner , C.L. ( 2003 ) , page 69 , 135 - 145 . Jump up ^ Racino , J. ( 1999 ) . Policy , Program Evaluation and Research in Disability : Community Support for All . Binghamton , NY : The Haworth Press . Jump up ^ Dunst , C.J. & Trivette , C.M. ( 2012 ) . Capacity - building family - system intervention practices . ( pp. 33 -- 57 ) . In : G.H.S. Singer , Biegel , D.E. & Conway , P. , Family Support and Family Caregiving across Disabilities . London & NY , NY : Routledge . Jump up ^ Jorgensen , C. , Schuh , M. , & Nisbet , J. ( 2005 ) . The inclusion facilitator 's guide . Baltimore : Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co . Jump up ^ `` Homeschooling in the United States : 2003 - Table 4 : Number and percentage of homeschooled students whose parents reported particular reasons for homeschooling as being applicable to their situation and as being their most important reason for homeschooling : 2003 '' . Jump up ^ Trentin G. & Benigno V. ( Eds ) ( 2013 ) . Network Technology and Homebound Inclusive Education . Nova Science Publishers Inc. , Hauppauge , NY , ISBN 978 - 1 - 62808 - 537 - 2 . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256483536_Network_Technology_and_Homebound_Inclusive_Education/ Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2009 . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs . ( PDF - File , 198 KB ) Jump up ^ Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities , Article 24 -- Education . Jump up ^ Karp , N. & Taylor , S.J. ( 1988 ) . The Least Restrictive Environment and Community Integration : A Leadership Institute . Washington , DC and Syracuse , NY : National Institute on Disability Research and Rehabilitation and Syracuse University , Center on Human Policy . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , M. , Blacher , J. , Duffy , S. , Hardman , M. , McDonnell , J. , Nisbet , J. , Safer , N. , & Snell , M. ( 2005 ) . Effective education in the least restrictive environment . In : K.C. Lakin & A. Turnbull , National Goals and Research for People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities . Washington , DC : The Arc of the US and the American Association on Mental Retardation . Jump up ^ Taylor , S.J. ( 1988 , Spring ) . Caught in the continuum : A critical analysis of the principles of the least restrictive environment . JASH , 13 ( 1 ) : 41 - 53 . Jump up ^ Taylor , S.J. , Racino , J. , Knoll , J. , & Lutfiyya , Z.M. ( 1987 ) . The Least Restrictive Environment : On Community Integration of Persons with the Most Severe Disabilities . Syracuse , NY : Human Policy Press . Jump up ^ Scheerenberger , R. ( 1988 , June ) . Review of the nonrestrictive environment : On community integration of persons with the most severe disabilities . Mental Retardation , 167 - 169 . Jump up ^ Taylor , S.J. , Biklen , D. & Knoll , J. ( 1987 ) . Community Integration for Persons with Severe Disabilities . NY , NY : Teachers College Press . Jump up ^ Consortium of Citizens with Disabilities . ( 2012 ) . Olmstead Implementation and the Concept of the Most Integrated Setting . Washington , DC : Author . Jump up ^ Robert Holland ( 06 / 01 / 2002 ) . `` Vouchers Help the Learning Disabled : Lesson from 22 countries : Special - education students thrive in private schools '' . School Reform News . The Heartland Institute . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Cortiella , C. ( 2009 ) . The State of Learning Disabilities . Archived 2009 - 07 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . New York , NY : National Center for Learning Disabilities . Jump up ^ This list from the Utah Education Association . Jump up ^ Strully , J. , & Strully , C. ( 1996 ) . Friendships as an educational goal : What we have learned and where we are headed . In W. Stainback & S. Stainback ( Eds . ) , Inclusion : A guide for educators . Baltimore : Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co . Jump up ^ `` How to Support Special Needs Students '' . PhDinSpecialEducation.com . PhDinSpecialEducation.com . Retrieved 4 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Zelkowitz , Alyssa . `` Strategies for Special Education and Inclusion Classrooms '' . Scholastic . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Wehman , P. ( 1997 ) . Exceptional Individuals in School , Community and Work . Austin , TX : PRO-ED . Jump up ^ Coulter , D. , Bacon , A. , Birenbaum , A. , Campbell , V. , Cerreto , M. , Corbin , S. , Crocker , A. , Krahn , G. , McClain , C. , McDermott , Nehring , W. , Pietrangelo , R. , Rader , R. , Spitalnik , D. & White - Scott , S. ( 2005 ) . Comprehensive health support and health promotion . ( pp. 109 - 124 ) . In : K.C. Lakin & A. Turnbull , National Goals and Research for People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities . Washington , DC : The Arc of the US and American Association on Mental Retardation . Jump up ^ Rusch , F.R. , Destefano , L. , Chadsey - Rusch , J. , Phelps , L.A. , & Szymanski , E. ( 1992 ) . Transition from School to Adult Life : Models , Linkages and Policy . Sycamore , IL : Sycamore Press . Jump up ^ Schall , C. & McFarland - Whisman , J. ( 2009 ) . Meeting transition goals through inclusion . ( pp. 95 - 110 ) . In : P. Wehman , Datlow - Smith , M. & Schall , C. , Autism and the Transition to Adulthood : Success Beyond the Classroom . Sydney , Australia : Paul H. Brookes . Jump up ^ Carroll , Doug . `` Transformation Ahead for Special Education '' The Arizona Republic . 21 September 2006 Jump up ^ Sonja R. de Boer ( 2009 ) . Successful inclusion for students with autism : creating a complete , effective ASD inclusion program . San Francisco : Jossey - Bass . pp. 38 -- 42 . ISBN 0 - 470 - 23080 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Stainback , W. , & Stainback , S. ( 1995 ) . Controversial Issues Confronting Special Education . Allyn & Bacon . Jump up ^ Trainer , M. ( 1991 ) . Differences in common : Straight talk on mental retardation , Down Syndrome , and life . Rockville , MD '' Woodbine house . Jump up ^ Giangreco , M.F. , Cloninger , C.J. , & Iverson , V.S. ( 1998 ) . Choosing outcomes and accommodations for Children ( COACH ) : A guide to educational planning for students with disabilities ( 2nd ed . ) . Baltimore : Paul H Brookes Publishing Co Jump up ^ Marston , Douglas . The Journal of Special Education , Vol. 30 , No. 2 , 121 -- 132 ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Gillies , R.M. ( 2004 ) . The effects of cooperative learning on junior high school students during small group learning . Learning and Instruction there are inclusion units and other rooms in some schools which focus on these aspects , 14 ( 2 ) , 197 -- 213 . Jump up ^ Bennett , T. , Deluca , D. , & Bruns , D. ( 1997 ) . Putting inclusion into practice : perspectives of teachers and parents . Exceptional Children , 64 . Jump up ^ Sale , P. , & Carey , D. ( 1995 ) . The Sociometric status of students with disabilities in a full - inclusion school . Exceptional Children , 62 . Jump up ^ Banerji , M. , & Dailey , R. ( 1995 ) . A Study of the effects of an inclusion model on students with specific learning disabilities . Journal of Learning Disabilities , 28 ( 8 ) , 511 - 522 . Jump up ^ McCurdy , E.E. ; Cole , C.L. ( 2014 ) . `` Use of a peer support intervention for promoting academic engagement of students with autism in general education settings '' . Journal of autism and developmental disorders . 44 ( 4 ) : 883 -- 893 . doi : 10.1007 / s10803 - 013 - 1941 - 5 . PMID 24146130 . Jump up ^ Barkley , R.A. ( 1998 ) . Attention deficit hyperactivity disorders : A handbook for diagnosis and treatment ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Guilford . Jump up ^ JM Kauffman , DP Hallahan. The Illusion of Full Inclusion : A Comprehensive Critique of a Current Special Education Bandwagon . PRO-ED , Inc. , 8700 Shoal Creek Blvd. , Austin , TX 78757 - 6897 Jump up ^ Espin , C.A. Individualized Education Programs in Resource and Inclusive Settings. The Journal of Special Education , Vol. 32 , No. 3 , 164 -- 174 ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ Lieberman , Laurence M. Preserving Special Education . Weston : Nobb Hill Press Inc , 1988 . Jump up ^ An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Resource Rooms for Children with Specific Learning Disabilities Lawrence H. Weiner Journal of Learning Disabilities , Apr 1969 ; vol. 2 : pp. 223 - 229 . Jump up ^ This information provided by SEDL . Jump up ^ van den Bos , K.P. , Nakken , H. , Nicolay , P.G. , & van Houten , E.J. ( 2007 ) . Adults with mild intellectual disabilities : Can their reading comprehension ability be improved ? Journal of Intellectual Disability Research , 51 ( 11 ) , 830 -- 845 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO Education Inclusion Policy Guidelines - Inclusion ( Education ) '' . ^ Jump up to : UNESCO ( 2009 ) Policy Guidelines on Inclusion in Education . UNESCO : Paris . http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0017/001778/177849e.pdf Jump up ^ Harry , B. ( 1992 ) . Cultural Diversity , Families and the Special Education System . NY , NY : Teachers College Press . Jump up ^ Cross , T.B. , Bazron , B. & Dennis , K.W. ( 1989 ) . Towards Culturally Competent System of Care . Washington , DC : Georgetown University Child Development Center . Jump up ^ `` Training and Advisory Services - Equity Assistance Centers '' . 1 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Home - The Equity Alliance '' . Jump up ^ Ladson - Billings , B. ( 1992 ) . Reading between the lines and beyond the pages : A culturally relevant approach to literacy teaching . Theory Into Practice , 31 ( 4 ) , 312 - 320 . Jump up ^ http://www.bps.org.uk/downloadfile.cfm?file_uuid=CE1DCB9D-1143-DFD0-7EA9-5C1B82EA4596&ext=doc British Psychological Society position statement on inclusive education Jump up ^ Patton , M. ( 2011 ) . Developmental evaluation : Applying complexity concepts to enhance innovation and use . New York , NY , The Guilford Press . Works cited ( edit ) Carter , Eric W. , Moss , Colleen K. , AMUS , Jennifer. , Fesperman , Ethan. , Cooney Molly , Brock Matthew E. , Lyons B Greygory , Huber Heartley. , and Lori , B. Vincent `` Promoting Inclusion , Social Connections , And Learning Through Peer Support Arrangements . `` Teaching Exceptional Children 48.1 ( 2015 ) : 9 - 18 . Academic Search Premier . Web . 13 April 2016 . Accessed at : http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/109063280/promoting-inclusion-social-connections-learning-through-peer-support-arrangements Waitoller , Federico R. , and Thorius Kathleen King. , `` Playing Hopscotch In Inclusive Education Reform : Examining Promises And Limitations Of Policy And Practice In The US . '' Support For Learning 30.1 ( 2015 ) : 23 - 41 . Academic Search Premier . Web . 13 April 2016 Accessed at : http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=b615a799-98dc-428d-bb53-c114ca60ff8b%40sessionmgr4002&hid=4107 Sources ( edit ) Ainscow M. , Booth T. ( 2003 ) The Index for Inclusion : Developing Learning & Participation in Schools . Bristol : Center for Studies in Inclusive Education Thomas , G. , & Loxley , A. ( 2007 ) Deconstructing Special Education and Constructing Inclusion ( 2nd Edition ) . Maidenhead : Open University Press . Elementary programming for inclusive classrooms Social development : Promoting Social Development in the Inclusive Classroom M. Mastropieri , Thomas E. Scruggs . The Inclusive Classroom : Strategies for Effective Instruction Mary Beth Doyle . The Paraprofessional 's Guide to the Inclusive Classroom Conrad M. , & Whitaker T. ( 1997 ) . Inclusion and the law : A principal 's proactive approach . The Clearing House Jorgensen , C. , Schuh , M. , & Nisbet , J. ( 2005 ) . The inclusion facilitator 's guide . Baltimore : Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co . Further reading ( edit ) Baglieri , S. , & Shapiro , A. ( 2012 ) . Disability Studies and the Inclusive Classroom . New York , NY : Routledge . Biklen , D. 2000 . Constructing inclusion : Lessons from critical , disability narratives. International Journal on Inclusive Education , 4 ( 4 ) : 337 -- 353 . Biklen , D. , & Burke , J. ( 2006 ) . Presuming competence . Equity & Excellence in Education , 39 , 166 - 175 . Connor , D. ( 2006 ) . Michael 's Story : `` I get into so much trouble just by walking '' : Narrative knowing and life at the intersections of learning disability , race , and class . Equity & Excellence in Education , 39 , 154 - 165 . Davis , L.J. ( 2010 ) . Constructing normalcy . In L.J. Davis ( Ed . ) , The Disability Studies Reader . ( 3rd ed . ) ( pp. 9 -- 28 ) . New York : Routledge . Erevelles , N. ( 2011 ) . `` Coming out Crip '' in inclusive education . Teachers College Record , 113 ( 10 ) . Retrieved from http://www.tcrecord.org Id Number : 16429 Graham , L. , & Slee , R. ( 2007 ) . An illusory interiority : Interrogating the discourse / s of inclusion . Educational Philosophy and Theory , 40 , 277 - 293 . Kasa - Hendrickson , C. ( 2005 ) ' There 's no way this kid 's retarded ' : Teachers ' optimistic constructions of students ' ability . International Journal of Inclusive Education , 9 ( 1 ) , 55 - 69 . Kluth , P. 2003 . `` You 're going to love this kid . '' Teaching students with autism in the inclusive classroom , Baltimore : Brookes . Knobloch , P. & Harootunian , B. ( 1989 ) . A classroom is where difference is valued . ( pp. 199 -- 209 ) . In : S. Stainback , W. Stainback , & Forest , M. , Educating All Students in the Mainstream of Regular Education . Baltimore , MD : Paul H. Brookes . O'Brien , L. ( 2006 ) . Being bent over backward : A mother and teacher educator challenges the positioning of her daughter with disabilities . Disability Studies Quarterly , 26 ( 2 ) . Porter , L. , & Smith , D. ( Eds . ) ( 2011 ) . Exploring inclusive educational practices through professional inquiry . Boston , MA : Sense Publishers . Stainback , S. & Stainback , W. ( 1996 ) . Inclusion : Guide for Educators . Baltimore , MD : Paul H. Brookes . Putnam , J.W. ( 1993 ) . Cooperative Learning and Strategies for Inclusion : Celebrating Diversity in the Classroom . Baltimore , MD : Paul H. Brookes . Thomas , G. ( 2012 ) . A review of thinking and research about inclusive education policy , with suggestions for a new kind of inclusive thinking . British Educational Research Journal , 38 ( 3 ) , 473 - 490 . Thompson , B. , Wickham , D. , Shanks , P. , Wegner , J. , Ault , M. , Reinertson , B. & Guess , D. ( nd , @ 1985 ) . Expanding the circle of inclusion : Integrating young children with severe multiple disabilities into Montessori classrooms . Montessori Life . Strully , J. & Strully , C. ( 1984 , September ) . Shawntell & Tanya : A story of friendship . Exceptional Parent , 35 - 40 . Wa Munyi , C. ( 2012 ) . Past and present perceptions towards disability : A historical perspective . Disability Studies Quarterly , 32 . Werts , M.G. , Wolery , M. , Snyder , E. & Caldwell , N. ( 1996 ) . Teacher perceptions of the supports critical to the success of inclusion programs . TASH , 21 ( 1 ) : 9 - 21 . Toste , Jessica R ... `` The Illusion of Inclusion : How We Are Failing Students with Learning Disabilities '' , Oath Inc. ( 2015 ) . Website. 11 ( 12 ) 2017 External links ( edit ) Library resources about Inclusion ( education ) Resources in your library Resources in other libraries This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) IDEAdata.org -- current statistics about IDEA , including the number of American children and youth who are educated all or most of the time in general classrooms . Kids Together , Inc . Information and resources for inclusion . Inclusion and Social Justice Articles - A directory of articles on the internet with a specific section on inclusion in education . Inclusive Teaching Resource Network by The Center for Applied Inclusive Teaching and Learning in Arts and Humanities at Michigan State University An autistic person objects to inclusive education Working in partnership with schools , children 's services and agencies to raise the academic , social and personal achievement of all learners , support strategic leadership and management and improve educational and social inclusion . noexclusion.com : Inclusion means NO Exclusion Education for All : The Report of the Expert Panel on Literacy and Numeracy Instruction for Students With Special Education Needs , Kindergarten to Grade 6 ( 2005 ) Realizing The Promise Of Diversity : Ontario 's Equity and Inclusive Education Strategy ( 2009 ) Learning for All : A Resource Guide ( Draft ) ( 2009 ) . A resource guide on universal design , differentiated instruction and assessment UNESCO : Inclusive Education Inclusive Education Library 5 Videos that will change your mind about Inclusive Education The inclusive Class Does placement matter ? Comparing the academic performance of students with special needs in inclusive and separate settings A parent 's guide to inclusive education `` Inclutivities '' - A Collection of Games , Exercises and Activities for Use in Art Therapy in Training Programmes for Groups of Marginalised and Excluded Persons ( 2014 ) hide Standards - based education reform Individuals Benjamin Bloom Jerome Bruner Rheta DeVries Caleb Gattegno Constance Kamii Maria Montessori Jean Piaget William Spady Marc Tucker Lev Vygotsky Theories Active learning Block scheduling Cognitive load Constructivism Developmentally appropriate practice Discovery learning Holistic education Holistic grading Inclusion Inquiry - based learning Inventive spelling Open - space school Outcome - based education Problem - based learning Small schools movement Values Achievement gap Excellence and equity Learning standards Adequate Yearly Progress Certificate of Initial Mastery Goals 2000 National Reading Panel National Science Education Standards National Skill Standards Board No Child Left Behind Act Principles and Standards for School Mathematics Standards - based assessment Authentic assessment Criterion - referenced test Norm - referenced test High school graduation examination Standardized tests List of standardized tests in the United States Standardized testing and public policy Standardized curriculum Decodable text Direct instruction Grades Guided reading Lecture Phonics Rote learning Standard algorithms Tracking ( education ) Traditional education Traditional mathematics Whole language Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inclusion_(education)&oldid=842758368 '' Categories : Education policy Special education Critical pedagogy Educational environment Philosophy of education Educational psychology Education reform Accessibility Segregation Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2016 CS1 errors : dates Webarchive template wayback links Articles with limited geographic scope from February 2018 Articles that may contain original research from August 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2016 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Wikipedia external links cleanup from August 2016 Wikipedia spam cleanup from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Latina Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi తెలుగు Українська 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 13 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | which of the following is a current perception of inclusion | [] | [] |
-7792036979452563458 | Mona Lisa | Mona Lisa - wikipedia Mona Lisa Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the painting . For other uses , see Mona Lisa ( disambiguation ) . Mona Lisa Italian : La Gioconda , French : La Joconde Artist Leonardo da Vinci Year c. 1503 -- 06 , perhaps continuing until c. 1517 Medium Oil on poplar panel Subject Lisa Gherardini 77 cm × 53 cm ( 30 in × 21 in ) Location Musée du Louvre , Paris The Mona Lisa ( / ˌmoʊnə ˈliːsə / ; Italian : Monna Lisa ( ˈmɔnna ˈliːza ) or La Gioconda ( la dʒoˈkonda ) , French : La Joconde ( la ʒɔkɔ̃d ) ) is a half - length portrait painting by the Italian Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci that has been described as `` the best known , the most visited , the most written about , the most sung about , the most parodied work of art in the world '' . The Mona Lisa is also one of the most valuable paintings in the world . It holds the Guinness World Record for the highest known insurance valuation in history at $100 million in 1962 , which is worth nearly $800 million in 2017 . The painting is thought to be a portrait of Lisa Gherardini , the wife of Francesco del Giocondo , and is in oil on a white Lombardy poplar panel . It had been believed to have been painted between 1503 and 1506 ; however , Leonardo may have continued working on it as late as 1517 . Recent academic work suggests that it would not have been started before 1513 . It was acquired by King Francis I of France and is now the property of the French Republic , on permanent display at the Louvre Museum in Paris since 1797 . The subject 's expression , which is frequently described as enigmatic , the monumentality of the composition , the subtle modelling of forms , and the atmospheric illusionism were novel qualities that have contributed to the continuing fascination and study of the work . Contents ( hide ) 1 Title and subject 2 History 2.1 Theft and vandalism 3 Aesthetics 4 Conservation 4.1 Poplar panel 4.2 Frame 4.3 Cleaning and touch - up 4.4 Display 5 Fame 5.1 Financial worth 6 Legacy 7 Early versions and copies 7.1 Prado Museum La Gioconda 7.2 Isleworth Mona Lisa 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Title and subject Main article : Lisa del Giocondo The title of the painting , which is known in English as Mona Lisa , comes from a description by Renaissance art historian Giorgio Vasari , who wrote `` Leonardo undertook to paint , for Francesco del Giocondo , the portrait of Mona Lisa , his wife . '' Mona in Italian is a polite form of address originating as `` ma donna '' -- similar to `` Ma'am '' , `` Madam '' , or `` my lady '' in English . This became `` madonna '' , and its contraction `` mona '' . The title of the painting , though traditionally spelled `` Mona '' ( as used by Vasari ) , is also commonly spelled in modern Italian as Monna Lisa ( `` mona '' being a vulgarity in some Italian dialects ) but this is rare in English . Vasari 's account of the Mona Lisa comes from his biography of Leonardo published in 1550 , 31 years after the artist 's death . It has long been the best - known source of information on the provenance of the work and identity of the sitter . Leonardo 's assistant Salaì , at his death in 1524 , owned a portrait which in his personal papers was named la Gioconda , a painting bequeathed to him by Leonardo . That Leonardo painted such a work , and its date , were confirmed in 2005 when a scholar at Heidelberg University discovered a marginal note in a 1477 printing of a volume written by the ancient Roman philosopher Cicero . Dated October 1503 , the note was written by Leonardo 's contemporary Agostino Vespucci . This note likens Leonardo to renowned Greek painter Apelles , who is mentioned in the text , and states that Leonardo was at that time working on a painting of Lisa del Giocondo . In response to the announcement of the discovery of this document , Vincent Delieuvin , the Louvre representative , stated `` Leonardo da Vinci was painting , in 1503 , the portrait of a Florentine lady by the name of Lisa del Giocondo . About this we are now certain . Unfortunately , we can not be absolutely certain that this portrait of Lisa del Giocondo is the painting of the Louvre . '' A margin note by Agostino Vespucci ( visible at right ) discovered in a book at Heidelberg University . Dated 1503 , it states that Leonardo was working on a portrait of Lisa del Giocondo . The model , Lisa del Giocondo , was a member of the Gherardini family of Florence and Tuscany , and the wife of wealthy Florentine silk merchant Francesco del Giocondo . The painting is thought to have been commissioned for their new home , and to celebrate the birth of their second son , Andrea . The Italian name for the painting , La Gioconda , means `` jocund '' ( `` happy '' or `` jovial '' ) or , literally , `` the jocund one '' , a pun on the feminine form of Lisa 's married name , `` Giocondo '' . In French , the title La Joconde has the same meaning . Before that discovery , scholars had developed several alternative views as to the subject of the painting . Some argued that Lisa del Giocondo was the subject of a different portrait , identifying at least four other paintings as the Mona Lisa referred to by Vasari . Several other women have been proposed as the subject of the painting . Isabella of Aragon , Cecilia Gallerani , Costanza d'Avalos , Duchess of Francavilla , Isabella d'Este , Pacifica Brandano or Brandino , Isabela Gualanda , Caterina Sforza -- even Salaì and Leonardo himself -- are all among the list of posited models portrayed in the painting . The consensus of art historians in the 21st century maintains the long - held traditional opinion , that the painting depicts Lisa del Giocondo . History Main article : Leonardo da Vinci Presumed self - portrait by Leonardo da Vinci , executed in red chalk sometime between 1512 and 1515 Leonardo da Vinci is thought by some to have begun painting the Mona Lisa in 1503 or 1504 in Florence , Italy . Although the Louvre states that it was `` doubtless painted between 1503 and 1506 '' , the art historian Martin Kemp says there are some difficulties in confirming the actual dates with certainty . In addition , many Leonardo experts , such as Carlo Pedretti and Alessandro Vezzosi are of the opinion that the painting is characteristic of Leonardo 's style in the final years of his life , post-1513 . Other academics argue that , given the historical documentation , Leonardo would have painted the work from 1513 . According to Leonardo 's contemporary , Giorgio Vasari , `` after he had lingered over it four years , ( he ) left it unfinished '' . Leonardo , later in his life , is said to have regretted `` never having completed a single work '' . Raphael 's drawing , based on the portrait of Mona Lisa Circa 1504 , Raphael executed a pen and ink sketch , today in the Louvre museum , in which the subject is flanked by large columns , . Experts universally agree it is based on Leonardo 's portrait of Mona Lisa . Other later copies of the Mona Lisa , such as that in the National Museum of Art , Architecture and Design in Oslo , and The Walters Art Museum in Baltimore also display large flanking columns . As a result , it was originally thought that the Mona Lisa in the Louvre had side columns and had been cut . However , as early as 1993 , Zöllner observed that the painting surface had never been trimmed . This was confirmed through a series of tests conducted in 2004 . In view of this , Vincent Delieuvin , curator of 16th century Italian painting at the Louvre museum states that the sketch and these other copies must have been inspired by another version , while Frank Zöllner states that the sketch brings up the possibility that Leonardo executed another work on the subject of Mona Lisa . It is unclear as to who commissioned the painting . Giorgio Vasari states that the work was painted for Francesco del Giocondo , the husband of Lisa del Giocondo . However , Antonio de Beatis , following a visit with Leonardo in 1517 , records that the painting was executed at the instance of Giuliano di Lorenzo de ' Medici . In 1516 , Leonardo was invited by King François I to work at the Clos Lucé near the king 's castle in Amboise . It is believed that he took the Mona Lisa with him and continued to work after he moved to France . Art historian Carmen C. Bambach has concluded that Leonardo probably continued refining the work until 1516 or 1517 . The fate of the painting around Leonardo 's death and just after it has divided academic opinion . Some , such as Kemp , believe that upon Leonardo 's death , the painting was inherited with other works by his pupil and assistant Salaì and was still in the latter 's possession in 1525 . Others believe that the painting was sold to Francis I by Salaì , together with The Virgin and Child with St. Anne and the St. John the Baptist in 1518 . The Louvre Museum lists the painting as having entered the Royal collection in 1518 . Given the issue surrounding the dating of the painting , the presence of the flanking columns in the Raphael sketch , the uncertainty concerning the person who commissioned it and its fate around the time of Leonardo 's death , a number of experts have argued that Leonardo painted two versions of the Mona Lisa . The first would have been commissioned by Francesco del Giocondo circa 1503 , had flanking columns , have been left unfinished and have been in Salai 's possession in 1525 . The second , commissioned by Giuliano de Medici circa 1513 , without the flanking columns , would have been sold by Salai to Francis I in 1518 and be the one in the Louvre today . The painting was kept at the Palace of Fontainebleau , where it remained until Louis XIV moved the painting to the Palace of Versailles . After the French Revolution , it was moved to the Louvre , but spent a brief period in the bedroom of Napoleon in the Tuileries Palace . During the Franco - Prussian War ( 1870 -- 71 ) it was moved from the Louvre to the Brest Arsenal . During World War II , Mona Lisa was again removed from the Louvre and taken safely , first to Château d'Amboise , then to the Loc - Dieu Abbey and Château de Chambord , then finally to the Ingres Museum in Montauban . In December 2015 , it was reported that French scientist Pascal Cotte had found a hidden portrait underneath the surface of the painting using reflective light technology . The portrait is an underlying image of a model looking off to the side . Having been given access to the painting by Louvre in 2004 , Cotte spent ten years using layer amplification methods to study the painting . According to Cotte , the underlying image is Leonardo 's original Mona Lisa . However , this portrait does not fit with the description of the painting in the historical records : Both Giorgio Vasari and Gian Paolo Lomazzo describe the subject as smiling ; the subject in Cotte 's portrait displays no smile . In addition , the portrait lacks the flanking columns drawn by Raphael in his c. 1504 sketch of Mona Lisa . Moreover , Cotte admits that his reconstitution had been carried out only in support of his hypotheses and should not be considered a real painting ; he stresses that the images never existed . Kemp is also adamant that Cotte 's images in no way establish the existence of a separate underlying portrait . Theft and vandalism `` La Joconde est Retrouvée '' ( `` Mona Lisa is Found '' ) , Le Petit Parisien , 13 December 1913 Vacant wall in the Salon Carré , Louvre after the painting was stolen in 1911 On 21 August 1911 , the painting was stolen from the Louvre . The theft was not discovered until the next day , when painter Louis Béroud walked into the museum and went to the Salon Carré where the Mona Lisa had been on display for five years , only to find four iron pegs on the wall . Béroud contacted the head of the guards , who thought the painting was being photographed for promotional purposes . A few hours later , Béroud checked back with the Section Chief of the Louvre who confirmed that the Mona Lisa was not with the photographers . The Louvre was closed for an entire week during the investigation . The Mona Lisa on display in the Uffizi Gallery , in Florence , 1913 . Museum director Giovanni Poggi ( right ) inspects the painting . French poet Guillaume Apollinaire , who had once called for the Louvre to be `` burnt down '' , came under suspicion and was arrested and imprisoned . Apollinaire implicated his friend Pablo Picasso , who was brought in for questioning . Both were later exonerated . Two years later the thief revealed himself . Louvre employee Vincenzo Peruggia had stolen the Mona Lisa by entering the building during regular hours , hiding in a broom closet , and walking out with it hidden under his coat after the museum had closed . Peruggia was an Italian patriot who believed Leonardo 's painting should have been returned for display in an Italian museum . Peruggia may have been motivated by an associate whose copies of the original would significantly rise in value after the painting 's theft . A later account suggested Eduardo de Valfierno had been the mastermind of the theft and had commissioned forger Yves Chaudron to create six copies of the painting to sell in the U.S. while the location of the original was unclear . However , the original painting remained in Europe . After having kept the Mona Lisa in his apartment for two years , Peruggia grew impatient and was caught when he attempted to sell it to directors of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence . It was exhibited in the Uffizi Gallery for over two weeks and returned to the Louvre on 4 January 1914 . Peruggia served six months in prison for the crime and was hailed for his patriotism in Italy . Before its theft , the Mona Lisa was not widely known outside the art world . It was not until the 1860s that some critics , a thin slice of the French intelligentsia , began to hail it as a masterwork of Renaissance painting . In 1956 , part of the painting was damaged when a vandal threw acid at it . On 30 December of that year , a rock was thrown at the painting , dislodging a speck of pigment near the left elbow , later restored . The use of bulletproof glass has shielded the Mona Lisa from subsequent attacks . In April 1974 , while the painting was on display at the Tokyo National Museum , a woman sprayed it with red paint as a protest against that museum 's failure to provide access for disabled people . On 2 August 2009 , a Russian woman , distraught over being denied French citizenship , threw a ceramic teacup purchased at the Louvre ; the vessel shattered against the glass enclosure . In both cases , the painting was undamaged . Aesthetics Detail of the background ( right side ) The Mona Lisa bears a strong resemblance to many Renaissance depictions of the Virgin Mary , who was at that time seen as an ideal for womanhood . The depiction of the sitter in three - quarter profile is similar to late 15th - century works by Lorenzo di Credi and Agnolo di Domenico del Mazziere . Zöllner notes that the sitter 's general position can be traced back to Flemish models and that `` in particular the vertical slices of columns at both sides of the panel had precedents in Flemish portraiture . '' Woods - Marsden cites Hans Memling 's portrait of Benededetto Portinari ( 1487 ) or Italian imitations such as Sebastiano Mainardi 's pendant portraits for the use of a loggia , which has the effect of mediating between the sitter and the distant landscape , a feature missing from Leonardo 's earlier portrait of Ginevra de ' Benci . The woman sits markedly upright in a `` pozzetto '' armchair with her arms folded , a sign of her reserved posture . Her gaze is fixed on the observer . The woman appears alive to an unusual extent , which Leonardo achieved by his method of not drawing outlines ( sfumato ) . The soft blending creates an ambiguous mood `` mainly in two features : the corners of the mouth , and the corners of the eyes '' . Detail of Lisa 's hands , her right hand resting on her left . Leonardo chose this gesture rather than a wedding ring to depict Lisa as a virtuous woman and faithful wife . The painting was one of the first portraits to depict the sitter in front of an imaginary landscape , and Leonardo was one of the first painters to use aerial perspective . The enigmatic woman is portrayed seated in what appears to be an open loggia with dark pillar bases on either side . Behind her , a vast landscape recedes to icy mountains . Winding paths and a distant bridge give only the slightest indications of human presence . Leonardo has chosen to place the horizon line not at the neck , as he did with Ginevra de ' Benci , but on a level with the eyes , thus linking the figure with the landscape and emphasizing the mysterious nature of the painting . Mona Lisa has no clearly visible eyebrows or eyelashes . Some researchers claim that it was common at this time for genteel women to pluck these hairs , as they were considered unsightly . In 2007 , French engineer Pascal Cotte announced that his ultra-high resolution scans of the painting provide evidence that Mona Lisa was originally painted with eyelashes and with visible eyebrows , but that these had gradually disappeared over time , perhaps as a result of overcleaning . Cotte discovered the painting had been reworked several times , with changes made to the size of the Mona Lisa 's face and the direction of her gaze . He also found that in one layer the subject was depicted wearing numerous hairpins and a headdress adorned with pearls which was later scrubbed out and overpainted . There has been much speculation regarding the painting 's model and landscape . For example , Leonardo probably painted his model faithfully since her beauty is not seen as being among the best , `` even when measured by late quattrocento ( 15th century ) or even twenty - first century standards . '' Some art historians in Eastern art , such as Yukio Yashiro , argue that the landscape in the background of the picture was influenced by Chinese paintings , but this thesis has been contested for lack of clear evidence . Research in 2003 by Professor Margaret Livingstone of Harvard University said that Mona Lisa 's smile disappears when observed with direct vision , known as foveal . Because of the way the human eye processes visual information , it is less suited to pick up shadows directly ; however , peripheral vision can pick up shadows well . Research in 2008 by a geomorphology professor at Urbino University and an artist - photographer revealed likenesses of Mona Lisa 's landscapes to some views in the Montefeltro region in the Italian provinces of Pesaro , Urbino and Rimini . Conservation The Mona Lisa has survived for more than 500 years , and an international commission convened in 1952 noted that `` the picture is in a remarkable state of preservation . '' This is partly due to a variety of conservation treatments the painting has undergone . A detailed analysis in 1933 by Madame de Gironde revealed that earlier restorers had `` acted with a great deal of restraint . '' Nevertheless , applications of varnish made to the painting had darkened even by the end of the 16th century , and an aggressive 1809 cleaning and revarnishing removed some of the uppermost portion of the paint layer , resulting in a washed - out appearance to the face of the figure . Despite the treatments , the Mona Lisa has been well cared for throughout its history , and although the panel 's warping caused the curators `` some worry '' , the 2004 -- 05 conservation team was optimistic about the future of the work . Poplar panel At some point , the Mona Lisa was removed from its original frame . The unconstrained poplar panel warped freely with changes in humidity , and as a result , a crack developed near the top of the panel , extending down to the hairline of the figure . In the mid-18th century to early 19th century , two butterfly - shaped walnut braces were inserted into the back of the panel to a depth of about one third the thickness of the panel . This intervention was skilfully executed , and successfully stabilized the crack . Sometime between 1888 and 1905 , or perhaps during the picture 's theft , the upper brace fell out . A later restorer glued and lined the resulting socket and crack with cloth . The picture is kept under strict , climate - controlled conditions in its bulletproof glass case . The humidity is maintained at 50 % ± 10 % , and the temperature is maintained between 18 and 21 ° C. To compensate for fluctuations in relative humidity , the case is supplemented with a bed of silica gel treated to provide 55 % relative humidity . Frame Because the Mona Lisa 's poplar support expands and contracts with changes in humidity , the picture has experienced some warping . In response to warping and swelling experienced during its storage during World War II , and to prepare the picture for an exhibit to honour the anniversary of Leonardo 's 500th birthday , the Mona Lisa was fitted in 1951 with a flexible oak frame with beech crosspieces . This flexible frame , which is used in addition to the decorative frame described below , exerts pressure on the panel to keep it from warping further . In 1970 , the beech crosspieces were switched to maple after it was found that the beechwood had been infested with insects . In 2004 -- 05 , a conservation and study team replaced the maple crosspieces with sycamore ones , and an additional metal crosspiece was added for scientific measurement of the panel 's warp . The Mona Lisa has had many different decorative frames in its history , owing to changes in taste over the centuries . In 1909 , the Comtesse de Béhague gave the portrait its current frame , a Renaissance - era work consistent with the historical period of the Mona Lisa . The edges of the painting have been trimmed at least once in its history to fit the picture into various frames , but no part of the original paint layer has been trimmed . Cleaning and touch - up The first and most extensive recorded cleaning , revarnishing , and touch - up of the Mona Lisa was an 1809 wash and revarnishing undertaken by Jean - Marie Hooghstoel , who was responsible for restoration of paintings for the galleries of the Musée Napoléon . The work involved cleaning with spirits , touch - up of colour , and revarnishing the painting . In 1906 , Louvre restorer Eugène Denizard performed watercolour retouches on areas of the paint layer disturbed by the crack in the panel . Denizard also retouched the edges of the picture with varnish , to mask areas that had been covered initially by an older frame . In 1913 , when the painting was recovered after its theft , Denizard was again called upon to work on the Mona Lisa . Denizard was directed to clean the picture without solvent , and to lightly touch up several scratches to the painting with watercolour . In 1952 , the varnish layer over the background in the painting was evened out . After the second 1956 attack , restorer Jean - Gabriel Goulinat was directed to touch up the damage to Mona Lisa 's left elbow with watercolour . In 1977 , a new insect infestation was discovered in the back of the panel as a result of crosspieces installed to keep the painting from warping . This was treated on the spot with carbon tetrachloride , and later with an ethylene oxide treatment . In 1985 , the spot was again treated with carbon tetrachloride as a preventive measure . Display Mona Lisa behind bulletproof glass at the Louvre Museum On 6 April 2005 -- following a period of curatorial maintenance , recording , and analysis -- the painting was moved to a new location within the museum 's Salle des États . It is displayed in a purpose - built , climate - controlled enclosure behind bulletproof glass . Since 2005 the painting has been illuminated by an LED lamp , and in 2013 a new 20 watt LED lamp was installed , specially designed for this painting . The lamp has a colour rendering index up to 98 , and minimizes infrared and ultraviolet radiation which could otherwise degrade the painting . The renovation of the gallery where the painting now resides was financed by the Japanese broadcaster Nippon Television . About 6 million people view the painting at the Louvre each year . Fame 2014 : Mona Lisa is among the greatest attractions in the Louvre . Today the Mona Lisa is considered the most famous painting in the world , but until the 20th century it was simply one among many highly regarded artworks . Once part of King Francis I of France 's collection , the Mona Lisa was among the very first artworks to be exhibited in Louvre , which became a national museum after the French Revolution . From the 19th century Leonardo began to be revered as a genius and the painting 's popularity grew from the mid-19th century when French intelligentsia developed a theme that it was somehow mysterious and a representation of the femme fatal . The Baedeker guide in 1878 called it `` the most celebrated work of Leonardo in the Louvre '' , but the painting was known more by the intelligentsia than the general public . US President John F. Kennedy , Madeleine Malraux , André Malraux , Jacqueline Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson at the unveiling of the Mona Lisa at the National Gallery of Art during its visit to Washington D.C. , 8 January 1963 The 1911 theft of the Mona Lisa and its subsequent return , however , was reported worldwide , leading to a massive increase in public recognition of the painting . During the 20th century it was an object for mass reproduction , merchandising , lampooning and speculation , and was claimed to have been reproduced in `` 300 paintings and 2,000 advertisements '' . It has been said that the Mona Lisa was regarded as `` just another Leonardo until early last century , when the scandal of the painting 's theft from the Louvre and subsequent return kept a spotlight on it over several years . '' From December 1962 to March 1963 , the French government lent it to the United States to be displayed in New York City and Washington , D.C. It was shipped on the new liner SS France . In New York an estimated 1.7 million people queued `` in order to cast a glance at the Mona Lisa for 20 seconds or so . '' While exhibited in the Metropolitan Museum of Art , the painting was almost drenched in water because of a faulty sprinkler , but the bullet - proof glass case which encased the painting protected it . In 1974 , the painting was exhibited in Tokyo and Moscow . In 2014 , 9.3 million people visited the Louvre . Former director Henri Loyrette reckoned that `` 80 percent of the people only want to see the Mona Lisa . '' Financial worth Before the 1962 -- 63 tour , the painting was assessed for insurance at $100 million . The insurance was not bought . Instead , more was spent on security . Adjusted for inflation using the US Consumer Price Index , $100 million in 1962 is around $782 million in 2015 making it , in practice , by far the most valued painting in the world . In 2014 a France 24 article suggested that the painting could be sold to help ease the national debt , although it was noted that the Mona Lisa and other such art works were prohibited from being sold due to French heritage law , which states that `` Collections held in museums that belong to public bodies are considered public property and can not be otherwise . '' Raphael 's Young Woman with Unicorn , ( c. 1506 ) Raphael 's Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione ( c. 1514 -- 15 ) Le rire ( The Laugh ) by Eugène Bataille , or Sapeck ( 1883 ) L.H.O.O.Q. by Marcel Duchamp ( 1919 ) Legacy See also : Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations Before its completion the Mona Lisa had already begun to influence contemporary Florentine painting . Raphael , who had been to Leonardo 's workshop several times , promptly used elements of the portrait 's composition and format in several of his works , such as Young Woman with Unicorn ( c. 1506 ) , and Portrait of Maddalena Doni ( c. 1506 ) . Celebrated later paintings by Raphael , La velata ( 1515 -- 16 ) and Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione ( c. 1514 -- 15 ) , continued to borrow from Leonardo 's painting . Zollner states that `` None of Leonardo 's works would exert more influence upon the evolution of the genre than the Mona Lisa . It became the definitive example of the Renaissance portrait and perhaps for this reason is seen not just as the likeness of a real person , but also as the embodiment of an ideal . '' Early commentators such as Vasari and André Félibien praised the picture for its realism , but by the Victorian era writers began to regard the Mona Lisa as imbued with a sense of mystery and romance . In 1859 Théophile Gautier wrote that the Mona Lisa was a `` sphinx of beauty who smiles so mysteriously '' and that `` Beneath the form expressed one feels a thought that is vague , infinite , inexpressible . One is moved , troubled ... repressed desires , hopes that drive one to despair , stir painfully . '' Walter Pater 's famous essay of 1869 described the sitter as `` older than the rocks among which she sits ; like the vampire , she has been dead many times , and learned the secrets of the grave ; and has been a diver in the deep seas , and keeps their fallen day about her . '' By the early 20th century some critics started to feel the painting had become a repository for subjective exegeses and theories , and upon the painting 's theft in 1911 , Renaissance historian Bernard Berenson admitted that it had `` simply become an incubus , and I was glad to be rid of her . '' The avant - garde art world has made note of the undeniable fact of the Mona Lisa 's popularity . Because of the painting 's overwhelming stature , Dadaists and Surrealists often produce modifications and caricatures . Already in 1883 , Le rire , an image of a Mona Lisa smoking a pipe , by Sapeck ( Eugène Bataille ) , was shown at the `` Incoherents '' show in Paris . In 1919 , Marcel Duchamp , one of the most influential modern artists , created L.H.O.O.Q. , a Mona Lisa parody made by adorning a cheap reproduction with a moustache and goatee . Duchamp added an inscription , which when read out loud in French sounds like `` Elle a chaud au cul '' meaning : `` she has a hot ass '' , implying the woman in the painting is in a state of sexual excitement and intended as a Freudian joke . According to Rhonda R. Shearer , the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp 's own face . Salvador Dalí , famous for his surrealist work , painted Self portrait as Mona Lisa in 1954 . In 1963 following the painting 's visit to the United States , Andy Warhol created serigraph prints of multiple Mona Lisas called Thirty are Better than One , like his works of Marilyn Monroe ( Twenty - five Coloured Marilyns , 1962 ) , Elvis Presley ( 1964 ) and Campbell 's soup ( 1961 -- 62 ) . The Mona Lisa continues to inspire artists around the world . A French urban artist known pseudonymously as Invader has created versions on city walls in Paris and Tokyo using his trademark mosaic style . A collection of Mona Lisa parodies may be found on YouTube . A 2014 New Yorker magazine cartoon parodies the supposed enigma of the Mona Lisa smile in an animation showing progressively maniacal smiles . Early versions and copies Perspective Mona Lisa to the Prado museum Perspective Mona Lisa to the Louvre museum Prado Museum La Gioconda Main article : Mona Lisa ( Prado 's version ) A version of Mona Lisa known as Mujer de mano de Leonardo Abince ( `` Leonardo da Vinci 's handy - woman '' ) held in Madrid 's Museo del Prado was for centuries considered to be a work by Leonardo . However , since its restoration in 2012 it is considered to have been executed by one of Leonardo 's pupils in his studio at the same time as Mona Lisa was being painted . Their conclusion , based on analysis obtained after the picture underwent extensive restoration , that the painting is probably by Salaì ( 1480 -- 1524 ) or by Melzi ( 1493 -- 1572 ) . This has been called into question by others . The restored painting is from a slightly different perspective than the original Mona Lisa , leading to the speculation that it is part of the world 's first stereoscopic pair . However , a more recent report has demonstrated that this stereoscopic pair in fact gives no reliable stereoscopic depth . Isleworth Mona Lisa Main article : Isleworth Mona Lisa A version of the Mona Lisa known as the Isleworth Mona Lisa and also known as the Earlier Mona Lisa was first bought by an English nobleman in 1778 and was rediscovered in 1913 by Hugh Blaker , an art connoisseur . The painting was presented to the media in 2012 by the Mona Lisa Foundation . It is a painting of the same subject as Leonardo da Vinci 's Mona Lisa . The painting is claimed by a majority of experts to be mostly an original work of Leonardo dating from the early 16th century . Other experts , including Zöllner and Kemp , deny the attribution . Copy of Mona Lisa commonly attributed to Salaì The Prado Museum La Gioconda The Isleworth Mona Lisa 16th - century copy at the Hermitage by unknown artist See also Visual arts portal List of most expensive paintings List of stolen paintings References Notes Jump up ^ Lichfield , John ( 1 April 2005 ) . `` The Moving of the Mona Lisa '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 9 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Highest insurance valuation for a painting '' . Guinness World Records . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Inflation Calculator '' . www.dollartimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Pedretti , Carlo ( 1982 ) . Leonardo , a study in chronology and style . Johnson Reprint Corporation . ISBN 0384452809 . ^ Jump up to : Vezzosi , Alessandro ( 2007 ) . `` The Gioconda mystery -- Leonardo and the `` common vice of painters '' `` . In Vezzosi ; Schwarz ; Manetti . Mona Lisa : Leonardo 's hidden face . Polistampa . ISBN 9788859602583 . ^ Jump up to : Lorusso , Salvatore ; Natali , Andrea ( 2015 ) . `` Mona Lisa : A comparative evaluation of the different versions and copies '' . Conservation Science . 15 : 57 -- 84 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Asmus , John F. ; Parfenov , Vadim ; Elford , Jessie ( 28 November 2016 ) . `` Seeing double : Leonardo 's Mona Lisa twin '' . Optical and Quantum Electronics . 48 : 555 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carrier , David ( 2006 ) . Museum Skepticism : A History of the Display of Art in Public Galleries . Duke University Press . p. 35 . ISBN 0822387573 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Philip ( 23 June 2004 ) . `` Noisy secret of Mona Lisa 's '' . New Scientist . Archived from the original on 23 April 2008 . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mona Lisa -- Portrait of Lisa Gherardini , wife of Francesco del Giocondo '' . Musée du Louvre . Archived from the original on 30 July 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Italian : Prese Lionardo a fare per Francesco del Giocondo il ritratto di mona Lisa sua moglie Vasari 1879 , p. 39 ^ Jump up to : Clark , Kenneth ( March 1973 ) . `` Mona Lisa '' . The Burlington Magazine ( vol 115 ed . ) . 115 ( 840 ) : 144 -- 151 . ISSN 0007 - 6287 . JSTOR 877242 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mona Lisa -- Heidelberg discovery confirms identity '' . University of Heidelberg . Archived from the original on 5 November 2013 . Retrieved 4 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Delieuvin , Vincent ( 15 January 2008 ) . `` Télématin '' . Journal Télévisé . France 2 Télévision . Jump up ^ `` German experts crack the ID of ' Mona Lisa ' '' . MSN . 14 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2008 . Retrieved 15 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Researchers Identify Model for Mona Lisa '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Kemp 2006 , pp. 261 -- 262 Jump up ^ Farago 1999 , p. 123 ^ Jump up to : Bartz 2001 , p. 626 Jump up ^ Stites , Raymond S. ( January 1936 ) . `` Mona Lisa -- Monna Bella '' . Parnassus ( vol 8 ed . ) . College Art Association . 8 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 10 , 22 -- 23 . doi : 10.2307 / 771197 . JSTOR 771197 . Jump up ^ Littlefield 1914 , p. 525 ^ Jump up to : Wilson 2000 , pp. 364 -- 366 Jump up ^ Debelle , Penelope ( 25 June 2004 ) . `` Behind that secret smile '' . The Age . Melbourne . Archived from the original on 25 November 2013 . Retrieved 6 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Bruce ( 8 January 2004 ) . `` Riddle of Mona Lisa is finally solved : she was the mother of five '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 6 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Chaundy , Bob ( 29 September 2006 ) . `` Faces of the Week '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 3 August 2014 . Retrieved 5 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Nicholl , Charles ( 28 March 2002 ) . `` The myth of the Mona Lisa '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on 5 September 2008 . Retrieved 6 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Wiesner - Hanks , Merry E. ( 2005 ) . An Age of Voyages , 1350 -- 1600 . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 26 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517672 - 3 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Henry ; Lee Thomas , Dana ( 1940 ) . Living biographies of great painters . Garden City Publishing Co. , Inc. p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Konody , Paul G. ( February 15 , 1914 ) . `` Jump up '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Clark , Kenneth ( March 1973 ) . `` Mona Lisa '' . Burlington Magazine . Vol. 115 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Isbouts , Jean - Pierre ; Heath - Brown , Christopher ( 2013 ) . The Mona Lisa Myth . Santa Monica , California : Pantheon Press . ISBN 978 - 1492289494 . Jump up ^ Friedenthal , Richard ( 1959 ) . Leonardo da Vinci : a pictorial biography . New York : Viking Press . Jump up ^ Kemp , Martin ( 1981 ) . Leonardo : The marvelous works of nature and man . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0674524608 . Jump up ^ Bramly , Serge ( 1995 ) . Leonardo : The artist and the man . London : Penguin books . ISBN 0140231757 . Jump up ^ Marani , Pietro ( 2003 ) . Leonardo : The complete paintings . New York : Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 0810991594 . ^ Jump up to : Zollner , Frank ( 1993 ) . `` Leonardo da Vinci 's portrait of Mona Lisa de Giocondo '' ( PDF ) . Gazette des Beaux Arts . 121 : 115 -- 138 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mohen , Jean - Pierre ( 2006 ) . Mona Lisa : inside the Painting . Harry N. Abrams , Inc. p. 128 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4315 - 8 . Jump up ^ Delieuvin , Vincent ; Tallec , Olivier ( 2017 ) . What 's so special about Mona Lisa . Paris : Editions du musée du Louvre . ISBN 978 - 2 - 35031 - 564 - 5 . Jump up ^ Vasari , Giorgio ( 1550 ) . Le Vite de ' più eccellenti pittori , scultori , ed architettori . Florence , Italy : Lorenzo Torrentino . Jump up ^ De Beatis , Antonio ( 1979 ) ( 1st pub. : 1517 ) . Hale , J.R. ; Lindon , J.M.A. , eds . The travel journal of Antonio de Beatis : Germany , Switzerland , the Low Countries , France and Italy 1517 -- 1518 . London , England : Haklyut Society . Jump up ^ Leonardo , Carmen Bambach , Rachel Stern , and Alison Manges ( 2003 ) . Leonardo da Vinci , master draftsman . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . p. 234 . ISBN 1588390330 ^ Jump up to : Kemp , Martin ; Pallanti , Giuseppe ( 2017 ) . Mona Lisa : The people and the painting . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198749905 . Jump up ^ Jestaz , Bertrand ( 1999 ) . `` Francois 1er , Salai , et les tableaux de Léonard '' . Revue de l'Art. 76 : 68 -- 72 . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Louvre Museum . `` Mona Lisa '' . www.louvre.fr . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Boudin de l'Arche , Gerard ( 2017 ) . A la recherche de Monna Lisa . Cannes , France : Edition de l'Omnibus . ISBN 9791095833017 . Jump up ^ Bohm - Duchen , Monica ( 2001 ) . The private life of a masterpiece . University of California Press . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23378 - 2 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2012 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Hidden portrait ' found under Mona Lisa ' , says French scientist '' . BBC . 8 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Secret Portrait Hidden Under Mona Lisa , Claims French Scientist '' . Newsweek. 8 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ McAloon , Jonathan . `` The Missing Mona Lisa '' . Apollo . Archived from the original on 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Lomazzo , Gian Paolo ( 1584 ) . Treatise on the art of painting . Milan . Jump up ^ Cotte , Pascal ( 2015 ) . Lumiere on the Mona Lisa : Hidden portraits . Paris : Vinci Editions . ISBN 9782954825847 . Jump up ^ `` Theft of the Mona Lisa '' . Stoner Productions via Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) . Archived from the original on 29 October 2009 . Retrieved 24 October 2009 . Jump up ^ R.A. Scotti ( April 2010 ) . Vanished Smile : The Mysterious Theft of the Mona Lisa . Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27838 - 8 . Archived from the original on 2 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 25 Crimes of the Century : Stealing the Mona Lisa , 1911 '' . TIME. 2 December 2007 . Archived from the original on 14 July 2007 . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ The Lost Mona Lisa Archived 2 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine . by R.A. Scotti ( Random House , 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Noah Charney , Chronology of the Mona Lisa : History and Thefts , The Secret History of Art , Blouin Artinfo Blogs '' . Archived from the original on 27 October 2015 . Retrieved 25 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Theft That Made The ' Mona Lisa ' A Masterpiece '' . NPR. 30 July 2011 . Archived from the original on 27 August 2014 . Retrieved 26 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Faces of the week '' . BBC . 29 September 2006 . Archived from the original on 3 August 2014 . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mona FAQ '' . Mona Lisa Mania . Archived from the original on 1 June 2009 . Retrieved 7 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mona Lisa ' Still Smiling , Undamaged After Woman 's Spray Attack in Tokyo '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . 21 April 1974 . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mona Lisa attacked by Russian woman '' . Xinhua News Agency . 12 August 2009 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2012 . Retrieved 12 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Russian tourist hurls mug at Mona Lisa in Louvre '' . Associated Press . 11 August 2009 . Retrieved 11 August 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Zöllner , Frank ( 2000 ) . Leonardo Da Vinci , 1452 -- 1519 . ISBN 9783822859797 . Jump up ^ Zöllner , Frank . `` Leonardo 's Portrait of Mona Lisa del Giocondo '' ( PDF ) . p. 16 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 1 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Woods - Marsden p. 77 n . 100 Jump up ^ `` E.H. Gombrich , The Story of Art '' . Artchive.com . Archived from the original on 3 June 2013 . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Farago 1999 , p. 372 Jump up ^ `` The Mona Lisa ( La Gioconda ) '' . BBC . 25 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2010 . Retrieved 24 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Turudich 2003 , p. 198 Jump up ^ McMullen , Roy ( 1976 ) . Mona Lisa : The Picture and the Myth . Macmillan Publishers . ISBN 0 - 333 - 19169 - 2 . Jump up ^ Holt , Richard ( 22 October 2007 ) . `` Solved : Why Mona Lisa does n't have eyebrows '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Archived from the original on 4 April 2010 . Retrieved 11 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Ghose , Tia ( 9 December 2015 ) . `` Lurking Beneath the ' Mona Lisa ' May Be the Real One '' . Livescience.com . Archived from the original on 11 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Irene Earls , Artists of the Renaissance , Greenwood Press , 2004 , p. 113 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31937 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Salgueiro , Heliana Angotti ( 2000 ) . Paisaje y art . University of São Paulo . p. 74 . ISBN 85 - 901430 - 1 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS -- Entertainment -- Mona Lisa smile secrets revealed '' . Archived from the original on 31 August 2007 . Jump up ^ Rosetta Borchia and Olivia Nesci , Codice P. Atlante illustrato del reale paesaggio della Gioconda , Mondadori Electa , 2012 , ISBN 978 - 88 - 370 - 9277 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Researchers identify landscape behind the Mona Lisa '' . The Times . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ageing Mona Lisa worries Louvre '' . BBC News . 26 April 2004 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2009 . Retrieved 24 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Biographical index of collectors of pastels '' . Pastellists.com . Archived from the original on 15 June 2013 . Retrieved 3 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mona Lisa gains new Louvre home '' . BBC . 6 April 2005 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2008 . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Fontoynont , Marc et al. `` Lighting Mona Lisa with LEDs Archived 8 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine . '' Note Archived 29 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine ... SBI / Aalborg University , June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nippon Television Network Corporation '' . Ntv.co.jp. 6 April 2005 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2010 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Riding , Alan ( 6 April 2005 ) . `` In Louvre , New Room With View of ' Mona Lisa ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 25 June 2011 . Retrieved 7 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Sassoon , Donald . `` Why is the Mona Lisa Famous ? '' . La Trobe University Podcast . Archived from the original on 4 July 2015 . Retrieved 20 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sassoon , Donald ( 2001 ) . `` Mona Lisa : the Best - Known Girl in the Whole Wide World '' . History Workshop Journal ( vol 2001 ed . ) . Oxford University Press . 2001 ( 51 ) : 1 . doi : 10.1093 / hwj / 2001.51. 1 . ISSN 1477 - 4569 . Jump up ^ Gopnik , Blake ( 7 May 2004 ) . `` A Record Picasso and the Hype Price of Status Objects '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on 29 November 2016 . Retrieved 28 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Mona Lisa '' ( PDF ) . Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Stolow , Nathan ( 1987 ) . Conservation and exhibitions : packing , transport , storage , and environmental consideration . Butterworths . p. 188 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 408 - 01434 - 2 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2012 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Today in Met History : February 4 '' . Metropolitan Museum of Art . 2013 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Another art anniversary : Mona Lisa comes to New York ! And she 's almost drowned in a sprinkler malfunction '' . boweryboyshistory.com. 2013 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bohm - Duchen , Monica ( 2001 ) . The private life of a masterpiece . University of California Press . p. 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23378 - 2 . Archived from the original on 5 October 2012 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ The French Ministry of Foreign affairs . `` The Louvre , the most visited museum in the world ( 01.15 ) '' . France Diplomatie : : Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Development . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On a Mission to Loosen Up the Louvre '' . The New York Times . 11 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 24 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Young , Mark , ed. ( 1999 ) . The Guinness Book of World Records 1999 . Bantam Books . p. 381 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 58075 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Six Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount , 1790 to Present '' . Measuring Worth . Archived from the original on 8 August 2008 . Retrieved 9 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Culture -- Could France sell the Mona Lisa to pay off its debts ? '' . France 24 . Archived from the original on 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Zollner gives a date of c. 1504 , most others say c. 1506 Jump up ^ Zöllner , Frank . Leonardo Da Vinci , 1452 -- 1519 . p. 161 . Jump up ^ Clark , Kenneth ( 1999 ) . `` Mona Lisa '' . In Farago , Claire J. Leonardo Da Vinci , Selected Scholarship : Leonardo 's projects , c. 1500 -- 1519 . p. 214 . ISBN 9780815329350 . ^ Jump up to : `` The myth of the Mona Lisa '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Samuels , Ernest ; Samuels , Jayne ( 1987 ) . Bernard Berenson , the Making of a Legend . p. 215 . ISBN 9780674067790 . Jump up ^ Jones , Jonathan ( 26 May 2001 ) . `` L.H.O.O.Q. , Marcel Duchamp ( 1919 ) '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on 9 May 2014 . Retrieved 12 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Marting , Marco De ( 2003 ) . `` Mona Lisa : Who is Hidden Behind the Woman with the Mustache ? '' . Art Science Research Laboratory . Archived from the original on 20 March 2008 . Retrieved 27 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Dalí , Salvador . `` Self Portrait as Mona Lisa '' . Mona Lisa Images for a Modern World by Robert A. Baron ( from the catalog of an exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art and the Philadelphia Museum of Art , 1973 , p. 195 ) . Archived from the original on 28 October 2009 . Retrieved 24 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Sassoon , Donald ( 2003 ) . Becoming Mona Lisa . Harvest Books via Amazon Search Inside . p. 251 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 602711 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The £ 20,000 Rubik 's Cube Mona Lisa '' . metro.co.uk. 29 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 26 July 2014 . Retrieved 18 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Best Funny Mona Lisa Parodies La Gioconda Painting NO Panic ! at the Disco . YouTube . 18 September 2014 . Archived from the original on 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` La Gioconda , Leonardo 's atelier '' . Museo Nacional del Prado . Archived from the original on 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The ' Prado Mona Lisa ' -- The Mona Lisa Foundation '' . The Mona Lisa Foundation . Archived from the original on 17 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Carbon , C.C. ; Hesslinger , V.M. ( August 2013 ) . `` Da Vinci 's Mona Lisa Entering the Next Dimension '' . Perception. 42 ( 8 ) : 887 -- 893 . doi : 10.1068 / p7524 . PMID 24303752 . Archived from the original on 2 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Carbon , Claus - Christian ; Hesslinger , Vera M. `` Restoring Depth to Leonardo 's Mona Lisa '' . American Scientist. 103 ( 6 ) : 404 -- 409 . doi : 10.1511 / 2015.117. 1 . Archived from the original on 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Tweened animated gif of Mona Lisa and Prado version Archived 7 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine . by Carbon and Hesslinger Jump up ^ Brooks , K.R. ( 1 January 2017 ) . `` Depth Perception and the History of Three - Dimensional Art : Who Produced the First Stereoscopic Images ? '' . i - Perception. 8 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1177 / 2041669516680114 . Retrieved 25 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Dutta , Kunal ( 15 December 2014 ) . `` ' Early Mona Lisa ' : Unveiling the one - in - a-million identical twin to Leonardo da Vinci painting '' . Archived from the original on 16 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Eyre , John ( 1926 ) . The two Mona Lisas : Which was Giocondo 's picture ? Ten direct , distinct , and decisive data in favour of the Isleworth version and some recent Italian experts ' opinions on it . London : J.M. Ouseley & Son . Jump up ^ Chappelow , AC ( July 1 , 1956 ) . `` The Isleworth Mona Lisa '' . Apollo Magazine . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Pulitzer , Henry E. ( 1960 ) . Where is the Mona Lisa ? . London : The Pulitzer Press . ASIN B0027MR0A2 . Jump up ^ Asmus , John F. ( 1 July 1989 ) . `` Computer Studies of the Isleworth and Louvre Mona Lisas '' . Optical Engineering . 28 ( 7 ) : 800 -- 804 . doi : 10.1117 / 12.7977036 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New proof said found for `` original '' Mona Lisa -- `` . Reuters.com. 13 February 2013 . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Soares , Atila ( 2013 ) . A Jovem Mona Lisa . Rio de Janeiro , Brasil : Multifoco . ISBN 9788582733882 . Jump up ^ Sauteur , Albert ( April 22 , 2014 ) . `` Albert Sauteur réinvente la perspective '' . Migros Magazine . Vol. 17 . pp. 14 -- 17 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Alastair Sooke . `` The Isleworth Mona Lisa : A second Leonardo masterpiece ? '' . BBC . Archived from the original on 2 January 2016 . Bibliography External video Leonardo 's `` Mona Lisa '' , Smarthistory Bartz , Gabriele ( 2001 ) . Art and architecture , Louvre . Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 2577 - 1 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Bohm - Duchen , Monica ( 2001 ) . The private life of a masterpiece . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23378 - 2 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Farago , Claire J. ( 1999 ) . Leonardo 's projects , c. 1500 -- 1519 . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 2935 - 0 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Kemp , Martin ( 2006 ) . Leonardo da Vinci : the marvellous works of nature and man . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280725 - 0 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Littlefield , Walter ( 1914 ) . `` The Two `` Mona Lisas '' `` . The Century : a popular quarterly . Scribner & Co. 87 . Turudich , Daniela ( 2003 ) . Plucked , Shaved & Braided : Medieval and Renaissance Beauty and Grooming Practices 1000 -- 1600 . Streamline Press . ISBN 1 - 930064 - 08 - X . Vasari , Giorgio ( 1879 ) ( 1550 ) . `` Le vite de ' più eccellenti pittori , scultori ed architettori '' ( vol 4 ed . ) . Florence : G.C. Sansoni . Wilson , Colin ( 2000 ) . The Mammoth Encyclopedia of the Unsolved . Carroll & Graf Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 0793 - 3 . Woods - Marsden , Joanna ( 2001 ) , `` Portrait of the Lady , 1430 -- 1520 '' , in Brown , David Alan , Virtue & Beauty , London : Priceton University Press , pp. 64 -- 87 , ISBN 0691090572 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mona Lisa . Sassoon , Donald , Prof. ( 21 January 2014 ) . # 26 : Why is the Mona Lisa Famous ? . La Trobe University podcast blog . Archived from the original on 4 July 2015 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) of the podcast audio . Kobbé , Gustav `` The Smile of the Mona Lisa '' The Lotus Magazine Vol. 8 , No. 2 ( Nov. 1916 ) , pp. 67 -- 74 `` Mona Lisa , Leonardo 's Earlier Version '' . Zürich , Switzerland : The Mona Lisa Foundation . Archived from the original on 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . `` True Colors of the Mona Lisa Revealed '' ( Press release ) . Paris : Lumiere Technology . 19 October 2006 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . Scientific analyses conducted by the Center for Research and Restoration of the Museums of France ( C2RMF ) Compare layers of the painting as revealed by x-radiography , infrared reflectographya and ultraviolet fluorescence `` Stealing Mona Lisa '' . Dorothy & Thomas Hoobler . May 2009 . excerpt of book . Vanity Fair Discussion by Janina Ramirez and Martin Kemp : Art Detective Podcast , 18 Jan 2017 Leonardo da Vinci List of works Science and inventions Personal life Paintings Medusa The Annunciation The Baptism of Christ The Madonna of the Carnation Ginevra de ' Benci Benois Madonna The Adoration of the Magi St. Jerome in the Wilderness Madonna Litta Virgin of the Rocks Portrait of a Musician Lady with an Ermine La Belle Ferronnière Salvator Mundi Madonna of the Yarnwinder The Virgin and Child with St. Anne Mona Lisa Head of a Woman ( La Scapigliata ) Leda and the Swan St. John the Baptist Works on walls The Last Supper Sala delle Asse The Battle of Anghiari Sculptures Sforza monument ( unexecuted ) Horse and Rider Rearing Horse and Mounted Warrior Works on paper Vitruvian Man Portrait of a Young Fiancée The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist Self - portrait Studies of the Fetus in the Womb Manuscripts Codex Arundel Codex Atlanticus Codex on the Flight of Birds Codex Leicester Codex Madrid Codex Trivulzianus A Treatise on Painting Other projects De divina proportione Architonnerre Leonardo 's crossbow Leonardo 's fighting vehicle Leonardo 's robot Leonardo 's self - propelled cart Viola organista Leonardeschi Giovanni Antonio Boltraffio Cesare da Sesto Giampietrino Giovanni Agostino da Lodi Bernardino Luini Cesare Magni Marco d'Oggiono Francesco Melzi Giovanni Ambrogio de Predis Salaì Andrea Solari Posthumous fame Cultural references Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations Things named after da Vinci Leonardo da Vinci 's Mona Lisa Subject Lisa del Giocondo Replicas Isleworth Mona Lisa ( 16th century ) Mona Lisa ( Prado , c. 1503 -- 16 ) L.H.O.O.Q. ( 1919 ) Mini Lisa ( 2013 ) Related Mona Lisa replicas and reinterpretations Speculations about Mona Lisa Timeline of fictional stories about the Mona Lisa 1911 theft Eduardo de Valfierno Yves Chaudron Vincenzo Peruggia On screen The Theft of the Mona Lisa ( 1931 ) The Mona Lisa Has Been Stolen ( 1966 ) City of Death ( 1979 ) Mona Lisa 's Revenge ( 2009 ) Music Mona Lisa ( 1915 opera ) `` Mona Lisa '' ( 1950 song ) `` Mona Lisa Lost Her Smile '' ( 1984 song ) `` Lisa Mona Lisa '' ( 1988 song ) `` The Mona Lisa '' ( 2013 song ) Literature The Second Mrs. Giaconda ( 1975 ) I , Mona Lisa ( 2006 ) The Smile ( 2008 ) Other `` The Ballad of Mona Lisa '' VIAF : 180757281 LCCN : n98092274 GND : 4074156 - 4 SUDOC : 027396797 BNF : cb11944800v ( data ) NLA : 35300571 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mona_Lisa&oldid=824650429 '' Categories : Paintings by Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa 16th - century portraits Italian paintings 1500s paintings Paintings of the Louvre Portraits of women Hidden categories : Articles containing Italian - language text All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2017 Use British English Oxford spelling from August 2016 Pages using infobox artwork with the material parameter Articles containing French - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with dead external links from March 2010 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Bikol Central Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 February 2018 , at 17 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did leonardo da vinci made the mona lisa | [
"\n\nMona Lisa\n\n\nItalian: La Gioconda, French: La Joconde\n\n\n\n\n\nArtist\nLeonardo da Vinci\n\n\nYear\nc. 1503–06, perhaps continuing until c. 1517\n\n\nMedium\nOil on poplar panel\n\n\nSubject\nLisa Gherardini\n\n\nDimensions\n77 cm × 53 cm (30 in × 21 in)\n\n\nLocation\nMusée du Louvre, Paris\n\n"
] | [
"c. 1503–06, perhaps continuing until c. 1517"
] |
4332442133463755653 | Colony-forming unit | Colony - forming unit - wikipedia Colony - forming unit Jump to : navigation , search For the human hematopoietic cell , see Hematopoietic stem cell . In microbiology , a colony - forming unit ( CFU , cfu , Cfu ) is a unit used to estimate the number of viable bacteria or fungal cells in a sample . Viable is defined as the ability to multiply via binary fission under the controlled conditions . Counting with colony - forming units requires culturing the microbes and counts only viable cells , in contrast with microscopic examination which counts all cells , living or dead . The visual appearance of a colony in a cell culture requires significant growth , and when counting colonies it is uncertain if the colony arose from one cell or a group of cells . Expressing results as colony - forming units reflects this uncertainty . Contents ( hide ) 1 Theory 1.1 Log notation 2 Uses 3 Tools for counting colonies 3.1 Software for counting CFUs 3.2 Automated systems 3.3 Alternative units 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading Theory ( edit ) A dilution made with bacteria and peptoned water is placed in an Agar plate ( Agar plate count for food samples or Trypticase soy agar for clinic samples ) and spread over the plate by tipping in the pattern shown . The purpose of plate counting is to estimate the number of cells present based on their ability to give rise to colonies under specific conditions of nutrient medium , temperature and time . Theoretically , one viable cell can give rise to a colony through replication . However , solitary cells are the exception in nature , and most likely the progenitor of the colony was a mass of cells deposited together . In addition , many bacteria grow in chains ( e.g. Streptococcus ) or clumps ( e.g. Staphylococcus ) . Estimation of microbial numbers by CFU will , in most cases , undercount the number of living cells present in a sample for these reasons . This is because the counting of CFU assumes that every colony is separate and founded by a single viable microbial cell . The plate count is linear for E. coli over the range of 30 - 300 CFU on a standard sized Petri dish . Therefore , to ensure that a sample will yield CFU in this range requires dilution of the sample and plating of several dilutions . Typically ten-fold dilutions are used , and the dilution series is plated in replicates of 2 or 3 over the chosen range of dilutions . The CFU / plate is read from a plate in the linear range , and then the CFU / g ( or CFU / mL ) of the original is deduced mathematically , factoring in the amount plated and its dilution factor . A solution of bacteria at an unknown concentration is often serially diluted in order to obtain at least one plate with a countable number of bacteria . In this figure , the `` x10 '' plate is suitable for counting . An advantage to this method is that different microbial species may give rise to colonies that are clearly different from each other , both microscopically and macroscopically . The colony morphology can be of great use in the identification of the microorganism present . A prior understanding of the microscopic anatomy of the organism can give a better understanding of how the observed CFU / mL relates to the number of viable cells per milliliter . Alternatively it is possible to decrease the average number of cells per CFU in some cases by vortexing the sample before conducting the dilution . However many microorganisms are delicate and would suffer a decrease in the proportion of cells that are viable when placed in a vortex . Log notation ( edit ) Concentrations of colony - forming units can be expressed using logarithmic notation , where the value shown is the base 10 logarithm of the concentration . Uses ( edit ) Colony - forming units are used to quantify results in many microbiological plating and counting methods , including : The Pour Plate method wherein the sample is suspended in a petri dish using molten agar cooled to approximately 40 - 45 ° C ( just above the point of solidification to minimize heat - induced cell death ) . After the nutrient agar solidifies the plate is incubated . The Spread Plate method wherein the sample ( in a small volume ) is spread across the surface of a nutrient agar plate and allowed to dry before incubation for counting . The Membrane Filter method wherein the sample is filtered through a membrane filter , then the filter placed on the surface of a nutrient agar plate ( bacteria side up ) . During incubation nutrients leach up through the filter to support the growing cells . As the surface area of most filters is less than that of a standard petri dish , the linear range of the plate count will be less . The Miles and Misra Methods or drop - plate method wherein a very small aliquot ( usually about 10 microliters ) of sample from each dilution in series is dropped onto a petri dish . The drop dish must be read while the colonies are very small to prevent the loss of CFU as they grow together . However , with the techniques that require the use of an agar plate , no fluid solution can be used because the purity of the specimen can not be unidentified and it is not possible to count the cells one by one in the liquid . Tools for counting colonies ( edit ) The traditional way of enumerating CFUs with a `` click - counter '' and a pen . When the colonies are too numerous , it is common practice to count CFUs only on a fraction of the dish . Counting colonies is traditionally performed manually using a pen and a click - counter . This is generally a straightforward task , but can become very laborious and time - consuming when many plates have to be enumerated . Alternatively semi-automatic ( software ) and automatic ( hardware + software ) solutions can be used . Software for counting CFUs ( edit ) Colonies can be enumerated from pictures of plates using software tools . The experimenters would generally take a picture of each plate they need to count and then analyse all the pictures ( this can be done with a simple digital camera or even a webcam ) . Since it takes less than 10 seconds to take a single picture , as opposed to several minutes to count CFU manually , this approach generally saves a lot of time . In addition , it is more objective and allows extraction of other variables such as the size and colour of the colonies . OpenCFU ( 1 ) is a free and open - source program designed to optimise user friendliness , speed and robustness . It offers a wide range of filters and control as well as a modern user interface . OpenCFU is written in C++ and uses OpenCV for image analysis . NICE is a program written in MATLAB providing an easy way to count colonies from images . ImageJ and CellProfiler : Some ImageJ macros and plugins and some CellProfiler pipelines can be used to count colonies . This often requires the user to change the code in order to achieve an efficient work - flow , but can prove useful and flexible . One main issue is the absence of specific GUI which can make the interaction with the processing algorithms tedious . Automated systems ( edit ) Many of the automated systems are used to counteract human error as many of the research techniques done by humans counting individual cells have a high chance of error involved . Due to the fact that researchers regularly manually count the cells with the assistance of a transmitted light , this error prone technique can have a significant effect on the calculated concentration in the main liquid medium when the cells are in low numbers . An automated colony counter using image processing . Completely automated systems are also available from some biotechnology manufacturers . They are generally expensive and not as flexible as standalone software since the hardware and software are designed to work together for a specific set - up . Alternatively , some automatic systems use the spiral plating paradigm . Some of the automated systems such as the systems from MATLAB allow the cells to be counted without having to stain them . This lets the colonies to be reused for other experiments without the risk of killing the microorganisms with stains . However , a disadvantage to these automated systems is that it is extremely difficult to differentiate between the microorganisms with dust or scratches on blood agar plates because both the dust and scratches can create a highly diverse combination of shapes and appearances . Alternative units ( edit ) Instead of colony - forming units , the parameters Most Probable Number ( MPN ) and Modified Fishman Units ( MFU ) can be used . The Most Probable Number method counts viable cells and is useful when enumerating low concentrations of cells or enumerating microbes in products where particulates make plate counting impractical . Modified Fishman Units take into account bacteria which are viable , but non-culturable . See also ( edit ) Cell counting Growth medium Miles and Misra method Most probable number Replica plating Viral plaque References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldman , Emanuel ; Green , Lorrence H ( 24 August 2008 ) . Practical Handbook of Microbiology , Second Edition ( Google eBook ) ( Second ed . ) . USA : CRC Press , Taylor and Francis Group . p. 864 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 9365 - 5 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ Breed RS , Dotterrer WD ( May 1916 ) . `` The Number of Colonies Allowable on Satisfactory Agar Plates '' . Journal of Bacteriology. 1 ( 3 ) : 321 -- 31 . PMC 378655 . PMID 16558698 . Jump up ^ `` Log10 Colony Forming Units per Gram '' . Titi Tudorancea Encyclopedia . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniel Y.C. Fung ( 2009 ) . `` Viable Cell Counts '' . Bioscience International . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin Cole ( November 1 , 2005 ) . `` Principles of microbiological testing : Statistical basis of sampling '' ( PDF ) . International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods ( ICMSF ) . Retrieved September 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` USP 61 : Microbial Enumeration Tests '' ( PDF ) . United States Pharmacopeia . Retrieved 24 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Jackie . `` Serial Dilution Protocols '' . www.microbelibrary.org . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ Geissmann Q ( 2013 ) . `` OpenCFU , a new free and open - source software to count cell colonies and other circular objects '' . PLoS ONE . 8 ( 2 ) : e54072 . PMC 3574151 . PMID 23457446 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0054072 . Jump up ^ https://www.nist.gov/pml/div686/sources_detectors/nice.cfm Jump up ^ Clarke ML , Burton RL , Hill AN , Litorja M , Nahm MH , Hwang J ( August 2010 ) . `` Low - cost , high - throughput , automated counting of bacterial colonies '' . Cytometry Part A. 77 ( 8 ) : 790 -- 7 . PMC 2909336 . PMID 20140968 . doi : 10.1002 / cyto. a. 20864 . Jump up ^ Cai Z , Chattopadhyay N , Liu WJ , Chan C , Pignol JP , Reilly RM ( November 2011 ) . `` Optimized digital counting colonies of clonogenic assays using ImageJ software and customized macros : comparison with manual counting '' . International Journal of Radiation Biology . 87 ( 11 ) : 1135 -- 46 . PMID 21913819 . doi : 10.3109 / 09553002.2011. 622033 . Jump up ^ Vokes MS , Carpenter AE ( April 2008 ) . `` Using CellProfiler for automatic identification and measurement of biological objects in images '' . Current Protocols in Molecular Biology . Chapter 14 : Unit 14.17 . PMID 18425761 . doi : 10.1002 / 0471142727. mb1417s82 . Jump up ^ Brugger , Silvio D. ; Baumberger , Christian ; Jost , Marcel ; Jenni , Werner ; Brugger , Urs ; Mühlemann , Kathrin ( 2012 - 03 - 20 ) . `` Automated Counting of Bacterial Colony Forming Units on Agar Plates '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 3 ) . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . PMC 3308999 . PMID 22448267 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0033695 . Jump up ^ `` Bacterial Analytical Manual : Most Probable Number from Serial Dilutions '' . United States Food and Drug Administration . October 2010 . Further reading ( edit ) Fishman , William H. ; Bernfeld , Peter ( 1955 ) . `` ( 31 ) Glucuronidases '' . Methods in Enzymology. 1 : 262 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 181801 - 2 . doi : 10.1016 / 0076 - 6879 ( 55 ) 01035 - 5 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colony-forming_unit&oldid=790368680 '' Categories : Microbiology terms Biostatistics Hidden categories : Articles needing more detailed references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی 한국어 Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2017 , at 08 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | why is cfu more applicable to a culture of streptococcus than to a culture of e.coli | [] | [] |
-4191131054075474653 | Solar power | Solar power - wikipedia Solar power Jump to : navigation , search This article is about generation of electricity using solar energy . For other uses of solar energy , see Solar energy . Not to be confused with Solar luminosity . A solar photovoltaic system array on a rooftop in Hong Kong The first three concentrated solar power ( CSP ) units of Spain 's Solnova Solar Power Station in the foreground , with the PS10 and PS20 solar power towers in the background Average insolation . Note that this is for a horizontal surface , whereas solar panels are normally propped up at an angle and receive more energy per unit area , especially at high latitudes . Potential of solar energy . The small black dots show land area required to replace the world primary energy supply with solar power . Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity , either directly using photovoltaics ( PV ) , indirectly using concentrated solar power , or a combination . Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam . Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic effect . Photovoltaics were initially solely used as a source of electricity for small and medium - sized applications , from the calculator powered by a single solar cell to remote homes powered by an off - grid rooftop PV system . Commercial concentrated solar power plants were first developed in the 1980s . The 392 MW Ivanpah installation is the largest concentrating solar power plant in the world , located in the Mojave Desert of California . As the cost of solar electricity has fallen , the number of grid - connected solar PV systems has grown into the millions and utility - scale solar power stations with hundreds of megawatts are being built . Solar PV is rapidly becoming an inexpensive , low - carbon technology to harness renewable energy from the Sun . The current largest photovoltaic power station in the world is the 850 MW Longyangxia Dam Solar Park , in Qinghai , China . The International Energy Agency projected in 2014 that under its `` high renewables '' scenario , by 2050 , solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power would contribute about 16 and 11 percent , respectively , of the worldwide electricity consumption , and solar would be the world 's largest source of electricity . Most solar installations would be in China and India . As of 2016 , solar power provided just 1 % of total worldwide electricity production but was growing at 33 % per annum . Contents ( hide ) 1 Mainstream technologies 1.1 Photovoltaics 1.1. 1 Conventional PV systems 1.2 Concentrated solar power 1.2. 1 Hybrid systems 2 Development and deployment 2.1 Early days 2.2 Mid-1990s to early 2010s 2.3 Current status 2.4 Forecasts 2.5 Photovoltaic power stations 2.6 Concentrating solar power stations 3 Economics 3.1 Cost 3.1. 1 Levelized cost of electricity 3.1. 2 Current installation prices 3.2 Grid parity 3.3 Productivity by location 3.4 Self consumption 3.5 Energy pricing and incentives 3.5. 1 Rebates 3.5. 2 Net metering 3.5. 3 Feed - in tariffs ( FIT ) 3.5. 4 Solar Renewable Energy Credits ( SRECs ) 4 Grid integration 5 Environmental impacts 5.1 Greenhouse gases 5.2 Energy payback 5.3 Water use 5.4 Other issues 6 Emerging technologies 6.1 Concentrator photovoltaics 6.2 Floatovoltaics 7 See also 8 References 9 Sources 10 Further reading Mainstream technologies Many industrialized nations have installed significant solar power capacity into their grids to supplement or provide an alternative to conventional energy sources while an increasing number of less developed nations have turned to solar to reduce dependence on expensive imported fuels ( see solar power by country ) . Long distance transmission allows remote renewable energy resources to displace fossil fuel consumption . Solar power plants use one of two technologies : Photovoltaic ( PV ) systems use solar panels , either on rooftops or in ground - mounted solar farms , converting sunlight directly into electric power . Concentrated solar power ( CSP , also known as `` concentrated solar thermal '' ) plants use solar thermal energy to make steam , that is thereafter converted into electricity by a turbine . Photovoltaics Main article : Photovoltaics Schematics of a grid - connected residential PV power system A solar cell , or photovoltaic cell ( PV ) , is a device that converts light into electric current using the photovoltaic effect . The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s . The German industrialist Ernst Werner von Siemens was among those who recognized the importance of this discovery . In 1931 , the German engineer Bruno Lange developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide , although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1 % of incident light into electricity . Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s , researchers Gerald Pearson , Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the silicon solar cell in 1954 . These early solar cells cost 286 USD / watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5 -- 6 % . Conventional PV systems The array of a photovoltaic power system , or PV system , produces direct current ( DC ) power which fluctuates with the sunlight 's intensity . For practical use this usually requires conversion to certain desired voltages or alternating current ( AC ) , through the use of inverters . Multiple solar cells are connected inside modules . Modules are wired together to form arrays , then tied to an inverter , which produces power at the desired voltage , and for AC , the desired frequency / phase . Many residential PV systems are connected to the grid wherever available , especially in developed countries with large markets . In these grid - connected PV systems , use of energy storage is optional . In certain applications such as satellites , lighthouses , or in developing countries , batteries or additional power generators are often added as back - ups . Such stand - alone power systems permit operations at night and at other times of limited sunlight . Concentrated solar power Main article : Concentrated solar power A parabolic collector concentrates sunlight onto a tube in its focal point . Concentrated solar power ( CSP ) , also called `` concentrated solar thermal '' , uses lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to concentrate sunlight , then use the resulting heat to generate electricity from conventional steam - driven turbines . A wide range of concentrating technologies exists : among the best known are the parabolic trough , the compact linear Fresnel reflector , the Stirling dish and the solar power tower . Various techniques are used to track the sun and focus light . In all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight , and is then used for power generation or energy storage . Thermal storage efficiently allows up to 24 - hour electricity generation . A parabolic trough consists of a linear parabolic reflector that concentrates light onto a receiver positioned along the reflector 's focal line . The receiver is a tube positioned along the focal points of the linear parabolic mirror and is filled with a working fluid . The reflector is made to follow the sun during daylight hours by tracking along a single axis . Parabolic trough systems provide the best land - use factor of any solar technology . The SEGS plants in California and Acciona 's Nevada Solar One near Boulder City , Nevada are representatives of this technology . Compact Linear Fresnel Reflectors are CSP - plants which use many thin mirror strips instead of parabolic mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto two tubes with working fluid . This has the advantage that flat mirrors can be used which are much cheaper than parabolic mirrors , and that more reflectors can be placed in the same amount of space , allowing more of the available sunlight to be used . Concentrating linear fresnel reflectors can be used in either large or more compact plants . The Stirling solar dish combines a parabolic concentrating dish with a Stirling engine which normally drives an electric generator . The advantages of Stirling solar over photovoltaic cells are higher efficiency of converting sunlight into electricity and longer lifetime . Parabolic dish systems give the highest efficiency among CSP technologies . The 50 kW Big Dish in Canberra , Australia is an example of this technology . A solar power tower uses an array of tracking reflectors ( heliostats ) to concentrate light on a central receiver atop a tower . Power towers can achieve higher ( thermal - to - electricity conversion ) efficiency than linear tracking CSP schemes and better energy storage capability than dish stirling technologies . The PS10 Solar Power Plant and PS20 solar power plant are examples of this technology . Hybrid systems A hybrid system combines ( C ) PV and CSP with one another or with other forms of generation such as diesel , wind and biogas . The combined form of generation may enable the system to modulate power output as a function of demand or at least reduce the fluctuating nature of solar power and the consumption of non renewable fuel . Hybrid systems are most often found on islands . CPV / CSP system A novel solar CPV / CSP hybrid system has been proposed , combining concentrator photovoltaics with the non-PV technology of concentrated solar power , or also known as concentrated solar thermal . ISCC system The Hassi R'Mel power station in Algeria , is an example of combining CSP with a gas turbine , where a 25 - megawatt CSP - parabolic trough array supplements a much larger 130 MW combined cycle gas turbine plant . Another example is the Yazd power station in Iran . PVT system Hybrid PV / T ) , also known as photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collectors convert solar radiation into thermal and electrical energy . Such a system combines a solar ( PV ) module with a solar thermal collector in a complementary way . CPVT system A concentrated photovoltaic thermal hybrid ( CPVT ) system is similar to a PVT system . It uses concentrated photovoltaics ( CPV ) instead of conventional PV technology , and combines it with a solar thermal collector . PV diesel system It combines a photovoltaic system with a diesel generator . Combinations with other renewables are possible and include wind turbines . PV - thermoelectric system Thermoelectric , or `` thermovoltaic '' devices convert a temperature difference between dissimilar materials into an electric current . Solar cells use only the high frequency part of the radiation , while the low frequency heat energy is wasted . Several patents about the use of thermoelectric devices in tandem with solar cells have been filed . The idea is to increase the efficiency of the combined solar / thermoelectric system to convert the solar radiation into useful electricity . Development and deployment See also : Growth of photovoltaics , Timeline of solar cells , Solar power by country , and Concentrated solar power § Deployment around the world Deployment of Solar Power Capacity in MW by Technology 25,000 50,000 75,000 100,000 125,000 150,000 2007 2013 Worldwide deployment of solar power by technology since 2006 Solar PV CSP - Solar thermal Solar Electricity Generation Year Energy ( TWh ) % of Total 2.6 0.01 % 2005 3.7 0.02 % 2006 5.0 0.03 % 2007 6.8 0.03 % 2008 11.4 0.06 % 2009 19.3 0.10 % 31.4 0.15 % 2011 60.6 0.27 % 2012 96.7 0.43 % 2013 134.5 0.58 % 2014 185.9 0.79 % 2015 253.0 1.05 % Source : BP - Statistical Review of World Energy , 2016 Early days The early development of solar technologies starting in the 1860s was driven by an expectation that coal would soon become scarce . Charles Fritts installed the world 's first rooftop photovoltaic solar array , using 1 % - efficient selenium cells , on a New York City roof in 1884 . However , development of solar technologies stagnated in the early 20th century in the face of the increasing availability , economy , and utility of coal and petroleum . In 1974 it was estimated that only six private homes in all of North America were entirely heated or cooled by functional solar power systems . The 1973 oil embargo and 1979 energy crisis caused a reorganization of energy policies around the world and brought renewed attention to developing solar technologies . Deployment strategies focused on incentive programs such as the Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan . Other efforts included the formation of research facilities in the United States ( SERI , now NREL ) , Japan ( NEDO ) , and Germany ( Fraunhofer -- ISE ) . Between 1970 and 1983 installations of photovoltaic systems grew rapidly , but falling oil prices in the early 1980s moderated the growth of photovoltaics from 1984 to 1996 . Mid-1990s to early 2010s In the mid-1990s , development of both , residential and commercial rooftop solar as well as utility - scale photovoltaic power stations , began to accelerate again due to supply issues with oil and natural gas , global warming concerns , and the improving economic position of PV relative to other energy technologies . In the early 2000s , the adoption of feed - in tariffs -- a policy mechanism , that gives renewables priority on the grid and defines a fixed price for the generated electricity -- lead to a high level of investment security and to a soaring number of PV deployments in Europe . Current Status For several years , worldwide growth of solar PV was driven by European deployment , but has since shifted to Asia , especially China and Japan , and to a growing number of countries and regions all over the world , including , but not limited to , Australia , Canada , Chile , India , Israel , Mexico , South Africa , South Korea , Thailand , and the United States . Worldwide growth of photovoltaics has averaged 40 % per year from 2000 to 2013 and total installed capacity reached 303 GW at the end of 2016 with China having the most cumulative installations ( 78 GW ) and Honduras having the highest theoretical percentage of annual electricity usage which could be generated by solar PV ( 12.5 % ) . The largest manufacturers are located in China . Concentrated solar power ( CSP ) also started to grow rapidly , increasing its capacity nearly tenfold from 2004 to 2013 , albeit from a lower level and involving fewer countries than solar PV . As of the end of 2013 , worldwide cumulative CSP - capacity reached 3,425 MW . Forecasts In 2010 , the International Energy Agency predicted that global solar PV capacity could reach 3,000 GW or 11 % of projected global electricity generation by 2050 -- enough to generate 4,500 TWh of electricity . Four years later , in 2014 , the agency projected that , under its `` high renewables '' scenario , solar power could supply 27 % of global electricity generation by 2050 ( 16 % from PV and 11 % from CSP ) . In 2015 , analysts predicted that one million homes in the U.S. will have solar power by the end of 2016 . Photovoltaic power stations Main article : List of photovoltaic power stations The Desert Sunlight Solar Farm is a 550 MW power plant in Riverside County , California , that uses thin - film CdTe - modules made by First Solar . As of November 2014 , the 550 megawatt Topaz Solar Farm was the largest photovoltaic power plant in the world . This was surpassed by the 579 MW Solar Star complex . The current largest photovoltaic power station in the world is Longyangxia Dam Solar Park , in Gonghe County , Qinghai , China . World 's largest photovoltaic power stations as of 2015 Name Capacity ( MW ) Location Year Completed Info Longyangxia Dam Solar Park 850 Qinghai , China 2013 , 2015 Kamuthi Solar Power Project 648 Kamuthi , India 2015 Solar Star I and II 579 California , USA 2015 Topaz Solar Farm 550 California , USA 2014 Desert Sunlight Solar Farm 550 California , USA 2015 California Valley Solar Ranch 292 California , USA 2013 Agua Caliente Solar Project 290 Arizona , USA 2014 Mount Signal Solar 266 California , USA 2014 Antelope Valley Solar Ranch 266 California , USA pending Charanka Solar Park 224 Gujarat , India 2012 Mesquite Solar project 207 Arizona , USA pending ( planned 700 MW ) Huanghe Hydropower Golmud Solar Park 200 Qinghai , China 2011 Gonghe Industrial Park Phase I 200 Gonghe County , China 2013 Imperial Valley Solar Project 200 California , USA 2013 Note : figures rounded . List may change frequently . For more detailed and up to date information see : List of world 's largest photovoltaic power stations or corresponding article . Concentrating solar power stations Main article : List of solar thermal power stations Commercial concentrating solar power ( CSP ) plants , also called `` solar thermal power stations '' , were first developed in the 1980s . The 377 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility , located in California 's Mojave Desert , is the world 's largest solar thermal power plant project . Other large CSP plants include the Solnova Solar Power Station ( 150 MW ) , the Andasol solar power station ( 150 MW ) , and Extresol Solar Power Station ( 150 MW ) , all in Spain . The principal advantage of CSP is the ability to efficiently add thermal storage , allowing the dispatching of electricity over up to a 24 - hour period . Since peak electricity demand typically occurs at about 5 pm , many CSP power plants use 3 to 5 hours of thermal storage . Largest operational solar thermal power stations Name Capacity ( MW ) Location Notes Ivanpah Solar Power Facility 392 Mojave Desert , California , USA Operational since February 2014 . Located southwest of Las Vegas . Solar Energy Generating Systems 354 Mojave Desert , California , USA Commissioned between 1984 and 1991 . Collection of 9 units . Mojave Solar Project 280 Barstow , California , USA Completed December 2014 Solana Generating Station 280 Gila Bend , Arizona , USA Completed October 2013 Includes a 6h thermal energy storage Genesis Solar Energy Project 250 Blythe , California , USA Completed April 2014 Solaben Solar Power Station 200 Logrosán , Spain Completed 2012 -- 2013 Noor I 160 Morocco Completed 2016 Solnova Solar Power Station 150 Seville , Spain Completed in 2010 Andasol solar power station 150 Granada , Spain Completed 2011 . Includes a 7.5 h thermal energy storage . Extresol Solar Power Station 150 Torre de Miguel Sesmero , Spain Completed 2010 -- 2012 Extresol 3 includes a 7.5 h thermal energy storage For a more detailed , sourced and complete list , see : List of solar thermal power stations # Operational or corresponding article . Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System with all three towers under load during February 2014 , with the Clark Mountain Range seen in the distance Part of the 354 MW Solar Energy Generating Systems ( SEGS ) parabolic trough solar complex in northern San Bernardino County , California Economics Cost Swanson 's law -- the PV learning curve Solar PV -- LCOE for Europe until 2020 ( in euro - cts . per kWh ) Economic photovoltaic capacity vs installation cost , in the United States The typical cost factors for solar power include the costs of the modules , the frame to hold them , wiring , inverters , labour cost , any land that might be required , the grid connection , maintenance and the solar insolation that location will receive . Adjusting for inflation , it cost $96 per watt for a solar module in the mid-1970s . Process improvements and a very large boost in production have brought that figure down to 68 cents per watt in February 2016 , according to data from Bloomberg New Energy Finance . Palo Alto California signed a wholesale purchase agreement in 2016 that secured solar power for 3.7 cents per kilowatt - hour . And in sunny Dubai large - scale solar generated electricity sold in 2016 for just 2.99 cents per kilowatt - hour -- `` competitive with any form of fossil - based electricity -- and cheaper than most . '' Photovoltaic systems use no fuel , and modules typically last 25 to 40 years . Thus , capital costs make up most of the cost of solar power . Operations and maintenance costs for new utility - scale solar plants in the US are estimated to be 9 percent of the cost of photovoltaic electricity , and 17 percent of the cost of solar thermal electricity . Governments have created various financial incentives to encourage the use of solar power , such as feed - in tariff programs . Also , Renewable portfolio standards impose a government mandate that utilities generate or acquire a certain percentage of renewable power regardless of increased energy procurement costs . In most states , RPS goals can be achieved by any combination of solar , wind , biomass , landfill gas , ocean , geothermal , municipal solid waste , hydroelectric , hydrogen , or fuel cell technologies . Levelized cost of electricity The PV industry is beginning to adopt levelized cost of electricity ( LCOE ) as the unit of cost . The electrical energy generated is sold in units of kilowatt - hours ( kWh ) . As a rule of thumb , and depending on the local insolation , 1 watt - peak of installed solar PV capacity generates about 1 to 2 kWh of electricity per year . This corresponds to a capacity factor of around 10 -- 20 % . The product of the local cost of electricity and the insolation determines the break even point for solar power . The International Conference on Solar Photovoltaic Investments , organized by EPIA , has estimated that PV systems will pay back their investors in 8 to 12 years . As a result , since 2006 it has been economical for investors to install photovoltaics for free in return for a long term power purchase agreement . Fifty percent of commercial systems in the United States were installed in this manner in 2007 and over 90 % by 2009 . Shi Zhengrong has said that , as of 2012 , unsubsidised solar power is already competitive with fossil fuels in India , Hawaii , Italy and Spain . He said `` We are at a tipping point . No longer are renewable power sources like solar and wind a luxury of the rich . They are now starting to compete in the real world without subsidies '' . `` Solar power will be able to compete without subsidies against conventional power sources in half the world by 2015 '' . Current installation prices In its 2014 edition of the Technology Roadmap : Solar Photovoltaic Energy report , the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) published prices for residential , commercial and utility - scale PV systems for eight major markets as of 2013 ( see table below ) . However , DOE 's SunShot Initiative has reported much lower U.S. installation prices . In 2014 , prices continued to decline . The SunShot Initiative modeled U.S. system prices to be in the range of $1.80 to $3.29 per watt . Other sources identify similar price ranges of $1.70 to $3.50 for the different market segments in the U.S. , and in the highly penetrated German market , prices for residential and small commercial rooftop systems of up to 100 kW declined to $1.36 per watt ( € 1.24 / W ) by the end of 2014 . In 2015 , Deutsche Bank estimated costs for small residential rooftop systems in the U.S. around $2.90 per watt . Costs for utility - scale systems in China and India were estimated as low as $1.00 per watt . Typical PV system prices in 2013 in selected countries ( USD ) USD / W Australia China France Germany Italy Japan United Kingdom United States Residential 1.8 1.5 4.1 2.4 2.8 4.2 2.8 4.9 Commercial 1.7 1.4 2.7 1.8 1.9 3.6 2.4 4.5 Utility - scale 2.0 1.4 2.2 1.4 1.5 2.9 1.9 3.3 Source : IEA -- Technology Roadmap : Solar Photovoltaic Energy report , September 2014 ' U.S figures are lower in DOE 's Photovoltaic System Pricing Trends Grid parity Main article : Grid parity Grid parity , the point at which the cost of photovoltaic electricity is equal to or cheaper than the price of grid power , is more easily achieved in areas with abundant sun and high costs for electricity such as in California and Japan . In 2008 , The levelized cost of electricity for solar PV was $0.25 / kWh or less in most of the OECD countries . By late 2011 , the fully loaded cost was predicted to fall below $0.15 / kWh for most of the OECD and to reach $0.10 / kWh in sunnier regions . These cost levels are driving three emerging trends : vertical integration of the supply chain , origination of power purchase agreements ( PPAs ) by solar power companies , and unexpected risk for traditional power generation companies , grid operators and wind turbine manufacturers . Grid parity was first reached in Spain in 2013 , Hawaii and other islands that otherwise use fossil fuel ( diesel fuel ) to produce electricity , and most of the US is expected to reach grid parity by 2015 . In 2007 , General Electric 's Chief Engineer predicted grid parity without subsidies in sunny parts of the United States by around 2015 ; other companies predicted an earlier date : the cost of solar power will be below grid parity for more than half of residential customers and 10 % of commercial customers in the OECD , as long as grid electricity prices do not decrease through 2010 . Productivity by location See also : Solar irradiance The productivity of solar power in a region depends on solar irradiance , which varies through the day and is influenced by latitude and climate . The locations with highest annual solar irradiance lie in the arid tropics and subtropics . Deserts lying in low latitudes usually have few clouds , and can receive sunshine for more than ten hours a day . These hot deserts form the Global Sun Belt circling the world . This belt consists of extensive swathes of land in Northern Africa , Southern Africa , Southwest Asia , Middle East , and Australia , as well as the much smaller deserts of North and South America . Africa 's eastern Sahara Desert , also known as the Libyan Desert , has been observed to be the sunniest place on Earth according to NASA . Different measurements of solar irradiance ( direct normal irradiance , global horizontal irradiance ) are mapped below : North America South America Europe Africa and Middle East South and South - East Asia Australia World Self consumption In cases of self consumption of the solar energy , the payback time is calculated based on how much electricity is not purchased from the grid . For example , in Germany , with electricity prices of 0.25 € / kWh and insolation of 900 kWh / kW , one kWp will save € 225 per year , and with an installation cost of 1700 € / KWp the system cost will be returned in less than seven years . However , in many cases , the patterns of generation and consumption do not coincide , and some or all of the energy is fed back into the grid . The electricity is sold , and at other times when energy is taken from the grid , electricity is bought . The relative costs and prices obtained affect the economics . In many markets , the price paid for sold PV electricity is significantly lower than the price of bought electricity , which incentivizes self consumption . Moreover , separate self consumption incentives have been used in e.g. Germany and Italy . Grid interaction regulation has also included limitations of grid feed - in in some regions in Germany with high amounts of installed PV capacity . By increasing self consumption , the grid feed - in can be limited without curtailment , which wastes electricity . A good match between generation and consumption is key for high self consumption , and should be considered when deciding where to install solar power and how to dimension the installation . The match can be improved with batteries or controllable electricity consumption . However , batteries are expensive and profitability may require provision of other services from them besides self consumption increase . Hot water storage tanks with electric heating with heat pumps or resistance heaters can provide low - cost storage for self consumption of solar power . Shiftable loads , such as dishwashers , tumble dryers and washing machines , can provide controllable consumption with only a limited effect on the users , but their effect on self consumption of solar power may be limited . Energy Pricing and incentives Main article : PV financial incentives The political purpose of incentive policies for PV is to facilitate an initial small - scale deployment to begin to grow the industry , even where the cost of PV is significantly above grid parity , to allow the industry to achieve the economies of scale necessary to reach grid parity . The policies are implemented to promote national energy independence , high tech job creation and reduction of CO emissions . Three incentive mechanisms are often used in combination as investment subsidies : the authorities refund part of the cost of installation of the system , the electricity utility buys PV electricity from the producer under a multiyear contract at a guaranteed rate , and Solar Renewable Energy Certificates ( SRECs ) Rebates With investment subsidies , the financial burden falls upon the taxpayer , while with feed - in tariffs the extra cost is distributed across the utilities ' customer bases . While the investment subsidy may be simpler to administer , the main argument in favour of feed - in tariffs is the encouragement of quality . Investment subsidies are paid out as a function of the nameplate capacity of the installed system and are independent of its actual power yield over time , thus rewarding the overstatement of power and tolerating poor durability and maintenance . Some electric companies offer rebates to their customers , such as Austin Energy in Texas , which offers $2.50 / watt installed up to $15,000 . Net metering Net metering , unlike a feed - in tariff , requires only one meter , but it must be bi-directional . In net metering the price of the electricity produced is the same as the price supplied to the consumer , and the consumer is billed on the difference between production and consumption . Net metering can usually be done with no changes to standard electricity meters , which accurately measure power in both directions and automatically report the difference , and because it allows homeowners and businesses to generate electricity at a different time from consumption , effectively using the grid as a giant storage battery . With net metering , deficits are billed each month while surpluses are rolled over to the following month . Best practices call for perpetual roll over of kWh credits . Excess credits upon termination of service are either lost , or paid for at a rate ranging from wholesale to retail rate or above , as can be excess annual credits . In New Jersey , annual excess credits are paid at the wholesale rate , as are left over credits when a customer terminates service . Feed - in tariffs ( FIT ) With feed - in tariffs , the financial burden falls upon the consumer . They reward the number of kilowatt - hours produced over a long period of time , but because the rate is set by the authorities , it may result in perceived overpayment . The price paid per kilowatt - hour under a feed - in tariff exceeds the price of grid electricity . Net metering refers to the case where the price paid by the utility is the same as the price charged . The complexity of approvals in California , Spain and Italy has prevented comparable growth to Germany even though the return on investment is better . In some countries , additional incentives are offered for BIPV compared to stand alone PV . France + EUR 0.16 / kWh ( compared to semi-integrated ) or + EUR 0.27 / kWh ( compared to stand alone ) Italy + EUR 0.04 -- 0.09 kWh Germany + EUR 0.05 / kWh ( facades only ) Solar renewable energy credits ( SRECs ) Alternatively , SRECs allow for a market mechanism to set the price of the solar generated electricity subsity . In this mechanism , a renewable energy production or consumption target is set , and the utility ( more technically the Load Serving Entity ) is obliged to purchase renewable energy or face a fine ( Alternative Compliance Payment or ACP ) . The producer is credited for an SREC for every 1,000 kWh of electricity produced . If the utility buys this SREC and retires it , they avoid paying the ACP . In principle this system delivers the cheapest renewable energy , since the all solar facilities are eligible and can be installed in the most economic locations . Uncertainties about the future value of SRECs have led to long - term SREC contract markets to give clarity to their prices and allow solar developers to pre-sell and hedge their credits . Financial incentives for photovoltaics differ across countries , including Australia , China , Germany , Israel , Japan , and the United States and even across states within the US . The Japanese government through its Ministry of International Trade and Industry ran a successful programme of subsidies from 1994 to 2003 . By the end of 2004 , Japan led the world in installed PV capacity with over 1.1 GW . In 2004 , the German government introduced the first large - scale feed - in tariff system , under the German Renewable Energy Act , which resulted in explosive growth of PV installations in Germany . At the outset the FIT was over 3x the retail price or 8x the industrial price . The principle behind the German system is a 20 - year flat rate contract . The value of new contracts is programmed to decrease each year , in order to encourage the industry to pass on lower costs to the end users . The programme has been more successful than expected with over 1GW installed in 2006 , and political pressure is mounting to decrease the tariff to lessen the future burden on consumers . Subsequently , Spain , Italy , Greece -- that enjoyed an early success with domestic solar - thermal installations for hot water needs -- and France introduced feed - in tariffs . None have replicated the programmed decrease of FIT in new contracts though , making the German incentive relatively less and less attractive compared to other countries . The French and Greek FIT offer a high premium ( EUR 0.55 / kWh ) for building integrated systems . California , Greece , France and Italy have 30 -- 50 % more insolation than Germany making them financially more attractive . The Greek domestic `` solar roof '' programme ( adopted in June 2009 for installations up to 10 kW ) has internal rates of return of 10 -- 15 % at current commercial installation costs , which , furthermore , is tax free . In 2006 California approved the ' California Solar Initiative ' , offering a choice of investment subsidies or FIT for small and medium systems and a FIT for large systems . The small - system FIT of $0.39 per kWh ( far less than EU countries ) expires in just 5 years , and the alternate `` EPBB '' residential investment incentive is modest , averaging perhaps 20 % of cost . All California incentives are scheduled to decrease in the future depending as a function of the amount of PV capacity installed . At the end of 2006 , the Ontario Power Authority ( OPA , Canada ) began its Standard Offer Program , a precursor to the Green Energy Act , and the first in North America for distributed renewable projects of less than 10 MW . The feed - in tariff guaranteed a fixed price of $0.42 CDN per kWh over a period of twenty years . Unlike net metering , all the electricity produced was sold to the OPA at the given rate . Grid integration Main articles : Energy storage and Grid energy storage Construction of the Salt Tanks which provide efficient thermal energy storage so that output can be provided after the sun goes down , and output can be scheduled to meet demand requirements . The 280 MW Solana Generating Station is designed to provide six hours of energy storage . This allows the plant to generate about 38 percent of its rated capacity over the course of a year . Thermal energy storage . The Andasol CSP plant uses tanks of molten salt to store solar energy . Pumped - storage hydroelectricity ( PSH ) . This facility in Geesthacht , Germany , also includes a solar array . The overwhelming majority of electricity produced worldwide is used immediately , since storage is usually more expensive and because traditional generators can adapt to demand . However both solar power and wind power are variable renewable energy , meaning that all available output must be taken whenever it is available by moving through transmission lines to where it can be used now . Since solar energy is not available at night , storing its energy is potentially an important issue particularly in off - grid and for future 100 % renewable energy scenarios to have continuous electricity availability . Solar electricity is inherently variable and predictable by time of day , location , and seasons . In addition solar is intermittent due to day / night cycles and unpredictable weather . How much of a special challenge solar power is in any given electric utility varies significantly . In a summer peak utility , solar is well matched to daytime cooling demands . In winter peak utilities , solar displaces other forms of generation , reducing their capacity factors . In an electricity system without grid energy storage , generation from stored fuels ( coal , biomass , natural gas , nuclear ) must be go up and down in reaction to the rise and fall of solar electricity ( see load following power plant ) . While hydroelectric and natural gas plants can quickly follow solar being intermittent due to the weather , coal , biomass and nuclear plants usually take considerable time to respond to load and can only be scheduled to follow the predictable variation . Depending on local circumstances , beyond about 20 -- 40 % of total generation , grid - connected intermittent sources like solar tend to require investment in some combination of grid interconnections , energy storage or demand side management . Integrating large amounts of solar power with existing generation equipment has caused issues in some cases . For example , in Germany , California and Hawaii , electricity prices have been known to go negative when solar is generating a lot of power , displacing existing baseload generation contracts . Conventional hydroelectricity works very well in conjunction with solar power , water can be held back or released from a reservoir behind a dam as required . Where a suitable river is not available , pumped - storage hydroelectricity uses solar power to pump water to a high reservoir on sunny days then the energy is recovered at night and in bad weather by releasing water via a hydroelectric plant to a low reservoir where the cycle can begin again . However , this cycle can lose 20 % of the energy to round trip inefficiencies , this plus the construction costs add to the expense of implementing high levels of solar power . Concentrated solar power plants may use thermal storage to store solar energy , such as in high - temperature molten salts . These salts are an effective storage medium because they are low - cost , have a high specific heat capacity , and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems . This method of energy storage is used , for example , by the Solar Two power station , allowing it to store 1.44 TJ in its 68 m3 storage tank , enough to provide full output for close to 39 hours , with an efficiency of about 99 % . In stand alone PV systems batteries are traditionally used to store excess electricity . With grid - connected photovoltaic power system , excess electricity can be sent to the electrical grid . Net metering and feed - in tariff programs give these systems a credit for the electricity they produce . This credit offsets electricity provided from the grid when the system can not meet demand , effectively trading with the grid instead of storing excess electricity . Credits are normally rolled over from month to month and any remaining surplus settled annually . When wind and solar are a small fraction of the grid power , other generation techniques can adjust their output appropriately , but as these forms of variable power grow , additional balance on the grid is needed . As prices are rapidly declining , PV systems increasingly use rechargeable batteries to store a surplus to be later used at night . Batteries used for grid - storage stabilize the electrical grid by leveling out peak loads usually for several minutes , and in rare cases for hours . In the future , less expensive batteries could play an important role on the electrical grid , as they can charge during periods when generation exceeds demand and feed their stored energy into the grid when demand is higher than generation . Although not permitted under the US National Electric Code , it is technically possible to have a `` plug and play '' PV microinverter . A recent review article found that careful system design would enable such systems to meet all technical , though not all safety requirements . There are several companies selling plug and play solar systems available on the web , but there is a concern that if people install their own it will reduce the enormous employment advantage solar has over fossil fuels . Common battery technologies used in today 's home PV systems include , the valve regulated lead - acid battery -- a modified version of the conventional lead -- acid battery , nickel -- cadmium and lithium - ion batteries . Lead - acid batteries are currently the predominant technology used in small - scale , residential PV systems , due to their high reliability , low self discharge and investment and maintenance costs , despite shorter lifetime and lower energy density . However , lithium - ion batteries have the potential to replace lead - acid batteries in the near future , as they are being intensively developed and lower prices are expected due to economies of scale provided by large production facilities such as the Gigafactory 1 . In addition , the Li - ion batteries of plug - in electric cars may serve as a future storage devices in a vehicle - to - grid system . Since most vehicles are parked an average of 95 percent of the time , their batteries could be used to let electricity flow from the car to the power lines and back . Other rechargeable batteries used for distributed PV systems include , sodium -- sulfur and vanadium redox batteries , two prominent types of a molten salt and a flow battery , respectively . The combination of wind and solar PV has the advantage that the two sources complement each other because the peak operating times for each system occur at different times of the day and year . The power generation of such solar hybrid power systems is therefore more constant and fluctuates less than each of the two component subsystems . Solar power is seasonal , particularly in northern / southern climates , away from the equator , suggesting a need for long term seasonal storage in a medium such as hydrogen or pumped hydroelectric . The Institute for Solar Energy Supply Technology of the University of Kassel pilot - tested a combined power plant linking solar , wind , biogas and hydrostorage to provide load - following power from renewable sources . Research is also undertaken in this field of artificial photosynthesis . It involves the use of nanotechnology to store solar electromagnetic energy in chemical bonds , by splitting water to produce hydrogen fuel or then combining with carbon dioxide to make biopolymers such as methanol . Many large national and regional research projects on artificial photosynthesis are now trying to develop techniques integrating improved light capture , quantum coherence methods of electron transfer and cheap catalytic materials that operate under a variety of atmospheric conditions . Senior researchers in the field have made the public policy case for a Global Project on Artificial Photosynthesis to address critical energy security and environmental sustainability issues . Environmental impacts Part of the Senftenberg Solarpark , a solar photovoltaic power plant located on former open - pit mining areas close to the city of Senftenberg , in Eastern Germany . The 78 MW Phase 1 of the plant was completed within three months . Unlike fossil fuel based technologies , solar power does not lead to any harmful emissions during operation , but the production of the panels leads to some amount of pollution . Greenhouse gases The life - cycle greenhouse - gas emissions of solar power are in the range of 22 to 46 gram ( g ) per kilowatt - hour ( kWh ) depending on if solar thermal or solar PV is being analyzed , respectively . With this potentially being decreased to 15 g / kWh in the future . For comparison ( of weighted averages ) , a combined cycle gas - fired power plant emits some 400 -- 599 g / kWh , an oil - fired power plant 893 g / kWh , a coal - fired power plant 915 -- 994 g / kWh or with carbon capture and storage some 200 g / kWh , and a geothermal high - temp . power plant 91 -- 122 g / kWh . The life cycle emission intensity of hydro , wind and nuclear power are lower than solar 's as of 2011 as published by the IPCC , and discussed in the article Life - cycle greenhouse - gas emissions of energy sources . Similar to all energy sources were their total life cycle emissions primarily lay in the construction and transportation phase , the switch to low carbon power in the manufacturing and transportation of solar devices would further reduce carbon emissions . BP Solar owns two factories built by Solarex ( one in Maryland , the other in Virginia ) in which all of the energy used to manufacture solar panels is produced by solar panels . A 1 - kilowatt system eliminates the burning of approximately 170 pounds of coal , 300 pounds of carbon dioxide from being released into the atmosphere , and saves up to 105 gallons of water consumption monthly . The US National Renewable Energy Laboratory ( NREL ) , in harmonizing the disparate estimates of life - cycle GHG emissions for solar PV , found that the most critical parameter was the solar insolation of the site : GHG emissions factors for PV solar are inversely proportional to insolation . For a site with insolation of 1700 kWh / m2 / year , typical of southern Europe , NREL researchers estimated GHG emissions of 45 gCO e / kWh . Using the same assumptions , at Phoenix , USA , with insolation of 2400 kWh / m2 / year , the GHG emissions factor would be reduced to 32 g of CO e / kWh . The New Zealand Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment found that the solar PV would have little impact on the country 's greenhouse gas emissions . The country already generates 80 percent of its electricity from renewable resources ( primarily hydroelectricity and geothermal ) and national electricity usage peaks on winter evenings whereas solar generation peaks on summer afternoons , meaning a large uptake of solar PV would end up displacing other renewable generators before fossil - fueled power plants . Energy payback The energy payback time ( EPBT ) of a power generating system is the time required to generate as much energy as is consumed during production and lifetime operation of the system . Due to improving production technologies the payback time has been decreasing constantly since the introduction of PV systems in the energy market . In 2000 the energy payback time of PV systems was estimated as 8 to 11 years and in 2006 this was estimated to be 1.5 to 3.5 years for crystalline silicon PV systems and 1 -- 1.5 years for thin film technologies ( S. Europe ) . These figures fell to 0.75 -- 3.5 years in 2013 , with an average of about 2 years for crystalline silicon PV and CIS systems . Another economic measure , closely related to the energy payback time , is the energy returned on energy invested ( EROEI ) or energy return on investment ( EROI ) , which is the ratio of electricity generated divided by the energy required to build and maintain the equipment . ( This is not the same as the economic return on investment ( ROI ) , which varies according to local energy prices , subsidies available and metering techniques . ) With expected lifetimes of 30 years , the EROEI of PV systems are in the range of 10 to 30 , thus generating enough energy over their lifetimes to reproduce themselves many times ( 6 -- 31 reproductions ) depending on what type of material , balance of system ( BOS ) , and the geographic location of the system . Water use Solar power includes plants with among the lowest water consumption per unit of electricity ( photovoltaic ) , and also power plants with among the highest water consumption ( concentrating solar power with wet - cooling systems ) . Photovoltaic power plants use very little water for operations . Life - cycle water consumption for utility - scale operations is estimated to be 12 gallons per megawatt - hour for flat - panel PV solar . Only wind power , which consumes essentially no water during operations , has a lower water consumption intensity . Concentrating solar power plants with wet - cooling systems , on the other hand , have the highest water - consumption intensities of any conventional type of electric power plant ; only fossil - fuel plants with carbon - capture and storage may have higher water intensities . A 2013 study comparing various sources of electricity found that the median water consumption during operations of concentrating solar power plants with wet cooling was 810 ga / MWhr for power tower plants and 890 gal / MWhr for trough plants . This was higher than the operational water consumption ( with cooling towers ) for nuclear ( 720 gal / MWhr ) , coal ( 530 gal / MWhr ) , or natural gas ( 210 ) . A 2011 study by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory came to similar conclusions : for power plants with cooling towers , water consumption during operations was 865 gal / MWhr for CSP trough , 786 gal / MWhr for CSP tower , 687 gal / MWhr for coal , 672 gal / MWhr for nuclear , and 198 gal / MWhr for natural gas . The Solar Energy Industries Association noted that the Nevada Solar One trough CSP plant consumes 850 gal / MWhr . The issue of water consumption is heightened because CSP plants are often located in arid environments where water is scarce . In 2007 , the US Congress directed the Department of Energy to report on ways to reduce water consumption by CSP . The subsequent report noted that dry cooling technology was available that , although more expensive to build and operate , could reduce water consumption by CSP by 91 to 95 percent . A hybrid wet / dry cooling system could reduce water consumption by 32 to 58 percent . A 2015 report by NREL noted that of the 24 operating CSP power plants in the US , 4 used dry cooling systems . The four dry - cooled systems were the three power plants at the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility near Barstow , California , and the Genesis Solar Energy Project in Riverside County , California . Of 15 CSP projects under construction or development in the US as of March 2015 , 6 were wet systems , 7 were dry systems , 1 hybrid , and 1 unspecified . Although many older thermoelectric power plants with once - through cooling or cooling ponds use more water than CSP , meaning that more water passes through their systems , most of the cooling water returns to the water body available for other uses , and they consume less water by evaporation . For instance , the median coal power plant in the US with once - through cooling uses 36,350 gal / MWhr , but only 250 gal / MWhr ( less than one percent ) is lost through evaporation . Since the 1970s , the majority of US power plants have used recirculating systems such as cooling towers rather than once - through systems . Other issues One issue that has often raised concerns is the use of cadmium ( Cd ) , a toxic heavy metal that has the tendency to accumulate in ecological food chains . It is used as semiconductor component in CdTe solar cells and as buffer layer for certain CIGS cells in the form of CdS . The amount of cadmium used in thin - film PV modules is relatively small ( 5 -- 10 g / m2 ) and with proper recycling and emission control techniques in place the cadmium emissions from module production can be almost zero . Current PV technologies lead to cadmium emissions of 0.3 -- 0.9 microgram / kWh over the whole life - cycle . Most of these emissions arise through the use of coal power for the manufacturing of the modules , and coal and lignite combustion leads to much higher emissions of cadmium . Life - cycle cadmium emissions from coal is 3.1 microgram / kWh , lignite 6.2 , and natural gas 0.2 microgram / kWh . In a life - cycle analysis it has been noted , that if electricity produced by photovoltaic panels were used to manufacture the modules instead of electricity from burning coal , cadmium emissions from coal power usage in the manufacturing process could be entirely eliminated . In the case of crystalline silicon modules , the solder material , that joins together the copper strings of the cells , contains about 36 percent of lead ( Pb ) . Moreover , the paste used for screen printing front and back contacts contains traces of Pb and sometimes Cd as well . It is estimated that about 1,000 metric tonnes of Pb have been used for 100 gigawatts of c - Si solar modules . However , there is no fundamental need for lead in the solder alloy . Some media sources have reported that concentrated solar power plants have injured or killed large numbers of birds due to intense heat from the concentrated sunrays . This adverse effect does not apply to PV solar power plants , and some of the claims may have been overstated or exaggerated . A 2014 - published life - cycle analysis of land use for various sources of electricity concluded that the large - scale implementation of solar and wind potentially reduces pollution - related environmental impacts . The study found that the land - use footprint , given in square meter - years per megawatt - hour ( m a / MWh ) , was lowest for wind , natural gas and rooftop PV , with 0.26 , 0.49 and 0.59 , respectively , and followed by utility - scale solar PV with 7.9 . For CSP , the footprint was 9 and 14 , using parabolic troughs and solar towers , respectively . The largest footprint had coal - fired power plants with 18 m a / MWh . Emerging technologies Concentrator photovoltaics CPV modules on dual axis solar trackers in Golmud , China Concentrator photovoltaics ( CPV ) systems employ sunlight concentrated onto photovoltaic surfaces for the purpose of electrical power production . Contrary to conventional photovoltaic systems , it uses lenses and curved mirrors to focus sunlight onto small , but highly efficient , multi-junction solar cells . Solar concentrators of all varieties may be used , and these are often mounted on a solar tracker in order to keep the focal point upon the cell as the sun moves across the sky . Luminescent solar concentrators ( when combined with a PV - solar cell ) can also be regarded as a CPV system . Concentrated photovoltaics are useful as they can improve efficiency of PV - solar panels drastically . In addition , most solar panels on spacecraft are also made of high efficient multi-junction photovoltaic cells to derive electricity from sunlight when operating in the inner Solar System . Floatovoltaics Floatovoltaics are an emerging form of PV systems that float on the surface of irrigation canals , water reservoirs , quarry lakes , and tailing ponds . Several systems exist in France , India , Japan , Korea , the United Kingdom and the United States . These systems reduce the need of valuable land area , save drinking water that would otherwise be lost through evaporation , and show a higher efficiency of solar energy conversion , as the panels are kept at a cooler temperature than they would be on land . Although not floating , other dual - use facilities with solar power include fisheries . See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solar power . Energy portal Sustainable development portal Environment portal Cost of electricity by source List of cities by sunshine duration List of energy storage projects List of renewable energy organizations List of solar energy topics List of solar thermal power stations Renewable energy Renewable energy by country Renewable energy commercialization Solar energy Solar lamp Solar vehicle Sustainable energy Thin - film cell Timeline of solar cells References Jump up ^ `` Energy Sources : Solar '' . Department of Energy . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : International Energy Agency ( 2014 ) . `` Technology Roadmap : Solar Photovoltaic Energy '' ( PDF ) . IEA . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 7 October 2014 . Retrieved 7 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Solar Cells and their Applications Second Edition , Lewis Fraas , Larry Partain , Wiley , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 44633 - 1 , Section10. 2 . Jump up ^ Perlin ( 1999 ) , p. 147 Jump up ^ Perlin ( 1999 ) , pp. 18 -- 20 Jump up ^ Corporation , Bonnier ( June 1931 ) . `` Magic Plates , Tap Sun For Power '' . Popular Science . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Perlin ( 1999 ) , p. 29 Jump up ^ Perlin ( 1999 ) , p. 29 -- 30 , 38 Jump up ^ `` Trends in Photovoltaic Applications Survey report of selected IEA countries between 1992 and 2009 , IEA - PVPS '' . Retrieved 8 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Martin and Goswami ( 2005 ) , p. 45 Jump up ^ Stephen Lacey . `` Spanish CSP Plant with Storage Produces Electricity for 24 Hours Straight '' . Jump up ^ `` Concentrated Solar Thermal Power -- Now '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 19 August 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Concentrating Solar Power in 2001 -- An IEA / SolarPACES Summary of Present Status and Future Prospects '' ( PDF ) . International Energy Agency -- SolarPACES . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 September 2008 . Retrieved 2 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` UNLV Solar Site '' . University of Las Vegas . Archived from the original on 3 September 2006 . Retrieved 2 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Compact CLFR '' . Physics.usyd.edu.au. 12 June 2002 . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ausra compact CLFR introducing cost - saving solar rotation features '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` An Assessment of Solar Energy Conversion Technologies and Research Opportunities '' ( PDF ) . Stanford University -- Global Climate Change & Energy Project . Retrieved 2 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Phys.org A novel solar CPV / CSP hybrid system proposed , 11 February 2015 Jump up ^ Amanda Cain ( 22 January 2014 ) . `` What Is a Photovoltaic Diesel Hybrid System ? '' . RenewableEnergyWorld.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Hybrid Wind and Solar Electric Systems '' . United States Department of Energy . 2 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Kraemer , D ; Hu , L ; Muto , A ; Chen , X ; Chen , G ; Chiesa , M ( 2008 ) , `` Photovoltaic - thermoelectric hybrid systems : A general optimization methodology '' , Applied Physics Letters , 92 ( 24 ) : 243503 , Bibcode : 2008ApPhL ... 92x3503K , doi : 10.1063 / 1.2947591 Jump up ^ Find data and sources in articles Growth of photovoltaics and Concentrated solar power # Deployment around the world Jump up ^ `` BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2015 , Renewables section '' ( PDF ) . BP . June 2015 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2015 , Electricity section '' ( PDF ) . BP . June 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 July 2015 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2016 - data workbook '' . BP . June 2016 . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Photograph of the world 's first rooftop solar panel in 1884 . Jump up ^ Butti and Perlin ( 1981 ) , p. 63 , 77 , 101 Jump up ^ `` The Solar Energy Book - Once More . '' Mother Earth News 31 : 16 -- 17 , Jan. 1975 Jump up ^ Butti and Perlin ( 1981 ) , p. 249 Jump up ^ Yergin ( 1991 ) , pp. 634 , 653 -- 673 Jump up ^ `` Chronicle of Fraunhofer - Gesellschaft '' . Fraunhofer - Gesellschaft . Retrieved 4 November 2007 . Jump up ^ Solar : photovoltaic : Lighting Up The World retrieved 19 May 2009 Archived 13 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Photovoltaics : Overview of installed PV in 2013 '' . Renewables International . 14 January 2014 . Retrieved 23 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Snapshot of Global Photovoltaic Markets '' ( PDF ) . International Energy Agency . 2017 . Jump up ^ Colville , Finlay ( 30 January 2017 ) . `` Top - 10 solar cell producers in 2016 '' . PV - Tech . Jump up ^ Ball , Jeffrey ; et al. ( 2017 - 03 - 21 ) . `` The New Solar System - Executive Summary '' ( PDF ) . Stanford University Law School , Steyer - Taylor Center for Energy Policy and Finance . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 27 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ REN21 ( 2014 ) . `` Renewables 2014 : Global Status Report '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Solar photovoltaic roadmap '' ( PDF ) . International Energy Agency . 2010 . Retrieved 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Worland , Justin ( 4 April 2016 ) . `` After years of torrid growth , residential solar power faces serious growing pains '' . Time . Vol. 187 no . 12 . p. 24 . Retrieved 10 April 2016 -- via Issuu . Jump up ^ `` DOE Closes on Four Major Solar Projects '' . Renewable Energy World . 30 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Adani Group launches world 's largest solar power plant in Tamil Nadu - Times of India '' . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ World 's largest solar farm no longer in Riverside County , Sammy Roth , The Desert Sun , 25 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` Abengoa : : Press Room : : News : : News Archive : : 2014 : : May '' . Jump up ^ 200 MW Gonghe PV Station of Huanghe Company Synchronized Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine. , China Power Investment Corporation , 16 December 2013 Jump up ^ What is peak demand ? Archived 11 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine. , Energex.com.au website . Jump up ^ Abengoa Solar begins construction on Extremadura 's second solar concentrating solar power plant Jump up ^ `` Abengoa closes financing and begin operation of Solaben 1 & 6 CSP plants in Spain '' . CSP - World . Jump up ^ `` Solar Photovoltaics Competing in the Energy Sector -- On the road to competitiveness '' ( PDF ) . European Photovoltaic Industry Association . September 2011 . p. 18 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Musk vs. Buffett : The Billionaire Battle to Own the Sun '' . Bloomberg.com . Jump up ^ 4 solar - power stocks will leave fossil fuels in the dust Jump up ^ US EIA , Levelized Cost and Levelized Avoided Cost of New Generation Resources in the Annual Energy Outlook 2014 , 17 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Robert Glennon and Andrew M. Reeves , Solar Energy 's Cloudy Future , 1 Ariz . J. Evtl . L. & Pol'y , 91 , 106 ( 2010 ) available at `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 August 2011 . Retrieved 11 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 3rd International Conference on Solar Photovoltaic Investments '' . Pvinvestmentconference.org . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Power Services : How PPAs are Changing the PV Value Chain '' . 11 February 2008 . Retrieved 21 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Mark Clifford ( 8 February 2012 ) . `` China 's visible solar power success '' . MarketWatch . ^ Jump up to : `` Photovoltaic System Pricing Trends -- Historical , Recent , and Near - Term Projections , 2014 Edition '' ( PDF ) . NREL. 22 September 2014 . p. 4 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 29 March 2015 . Jump up ^ GreenTechMedia.com Solar PV Pricing Continues to Fall During a Record - Breaking 2014 , 13 March 2015 Jump up ^ `` Photovoltaik - Preisindex '' ( Solar PV price index ) . PhotovoltaikGuide . Retrieved 30 March 2015 . Turnkey net - prices for a solar PV system of up to 100 kWp amounted to Euro 1,240 per kWp . Jump up ^ `` Crossing the Chasm '' ( PDF ) . Deutsche Bank Markets Research . 27 February 2015 . p. 9 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 1 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Going for grid parity Archived 8 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine . 2005 article ^ Jump up to : The True Cost of Solar Power retrieved 22 October 2008 Archived 8 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kelly - Detwiler , Peter . `` Solar Grid Parity Comes to Spain '' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` Gaining on the grid '' . BP . Archived from the original on 8 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Path to Grid Parity '' . BP . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Reuters Editorial ( 19 October 2007 ) . `` Solar power edges towards boom time '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ http://slideplayer.com/slide/7652063/25/images/3/Daytime+Cloud+Fraction+Coast+lines+evident.jpg Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://solarone.me/2016/07/27/living-in-the-sun-belt-the-solar-power-potential-for-the-middle-east/ Jump up ^ http://www.acgeospatial.co.uk/blog/the-cloudiest-place/ Jump up ^ https://medium.com/@anttilip/the-sunniest-place-on-earth-in-2016-b56b33172dfc Jump up ^ `` Money saved by producing electricity from PV and Years for payback '' . ^ Jump up to : Trends in Photovoltaic Applications 2014 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . IEA - PVPS. 2014 . Jump up ^ Stetz , T ; Marten , F ; Braun , M ( 2013 ) . `` Improved Low Voltage Grid - Integration of Photovoltaic Systems in Germany '' . IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy . 4 ( 2 ) : 534 -- 542 . doi : 10.1109 / TSTE. 2012.2198925 . ^ Jump up to : Salpakari , Jyri ; Lund , Peter ( 2016 ) . `` Optimal and rule - based control strategies for energy flexibility in buildings with PV '' . Applied Energy . 161 : 425 -- 436 . doi : 10.1016 / j. apenergy. 2015.10. 036 . Jump up ^ Fiztgerald , Garrett ; Mandel , James ; Morris , Jesse ; Touati , Hervé ( 2015 ) . The Economics of Battery Energy Storage ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Rocky Mountain Institute . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Solar Rebate Program Archived 25 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Net Metering Archived 21 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Net Metering and Interconnection - NJ OCE Web Site '' . Jump up ^ China Racing Ahead of America in the Drive to Go Solar . Archived 6 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Power & Energy Technology - IHS Technology '' . Jump up ^ Approved -- Feed - in tariff in Israel Archived 3 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Wright , matthew ; Hearps , Patrick ; et al. Australian Sustainable Energy : Zero Carbon Australia Stationary Energy Plan , Energy Research Institute , University of Melbourne , October 2010 , p. 33 . Retrieved from BeyondZeroEmissions.org website . Jump up ^ Innovation in Concentrating Thermal Solar Power ( CSP ) , RenewableEnergyFocus.com website . Jump up ^ Ray Stern . `` Solana : 10 Facts You Did n't Know About the Concentrated Solar Power Plant Near Gila Bend '' . Phoenix New Times . Jump up ^ Carr ( 1976 ) , p. 85 Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/california-sun-solar-power-electricity-energy-prices-negative-renewables-green-climate-change-fossil-a7678086.html Jump up ^ https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/plugged-in/3-reasons-hawaii-put-the-brakes-on-solar-and-why-the-same-won-t-happen-in-your-state/ Jump up ^ `` Pumped Hydro Storage '' . Electricity Storage Association . Archived from the original on 21 June 2008 . Retrieved 31 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Advantages of Using Molten Salt '' . Sandia National Laboratory . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` PV Systems and Net Metering '' . Department of Energy . Archived from the original on 4 July 2008 . Retrieved 31 July 2008 . Jump up ^ Aishwarya S. Mundada , , Yuenyong Nilsiam , Joshua M. Pearce . A review of technical requirements for plug - and - play solar photovoltaic micro-inverter systems in the United States . Solar Energy 135 , ( 2016 ) , pp. 455 -- 470 . doi : 10.1016 / j. solener. 2016.06. 002 Jump up ^ Platzer , M.D. , 2012 . US solar photovoltaic manufacturing : Industry trends , global competition , federal support . Washington , DC : Congressional Research service . Jump up ^ Joern Hoppmann ; Jonas Volland ; Tobias S. Schmidt ; Volker H. Hoffmann ( July 2014 ) . `` The Economic Viability of Battery Storage for Residential Solar Photovoltaic Systems - A Review and a Simulation Model '' . ETH Zürich , Harvard University . Jump up ^ FORBES , Justin Gerdes , Solar Energy Storage About To Take Off In Germany and California , 18 July 2013 Jump up ^ `` Tesla launches Powerwall home battery with aim to revolutionize energy consumption '' . Associated Press . 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Seasonal Energy Storage in a Renewable Energy System Jump up ^ `` The Combined Power Plant : the first stage in providing 100 % power from renewable energy '' . SolarServer . January 2008 . Retrieved 10 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Collings AF , Critchley C. Artificial Photosynthesis . From Basic Biology to Industrial Application . Wiley - VCH . Weinheim ( 2005 ) p. x ISBN 3 - 527 - 31090 - 8 doi : 10.1002 / 3527606742 . Jump up ^ Faunce , T.A. ; Lubitz , W. ; Rutherford , A.W. ( Bill ) ; MacFarlane , D. ; Moore , G.F. ; Yang , P. ; Nocera , D. G ; Moore , Tom A ; Gregory , Duncan H ; Fukuzumi , Shunichi ; Yoon , Kyung B. ; Armstrong , F.A. ; Wasielewski , M.R. ; Styring , S. ( 2013 ) , `` Energy and environment policy case for a global project on artificial photosynthesis '' , Energy & Environmental Science , 6 ( 3 ) : 695 -- 698 , doi : 10.1039 / C3EE00063J ^ Jump up to : Alsema , E.A. ; Wild -- Scholten , M.J. de ; Fthenakis , V.M. Environmental impacts of PV electricity generation -- a critical comparison of energy supply options ECN , September 2006 ; 7p . Presented at the 21st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition , Dresden , Germany , 4 -- 8 September 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Fridleifsson , , Ingvar B. ; Bertani , Ruggero ; Huenges , Ernst ; Lund , John W. ; Ragnarsson , Arni ; Rybach , Ladislaus ( 11 February 2008 ) . O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin , ed . `` The possible role and contribution of geothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change '' ( PDF ) . Luebeck , Germany : 59 -- 80 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on 22 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Lund , John W. ( June 2007 ) . `` Characteristics , Development and utilization of geothermal resources '' ( PDF ) . Geo - Heat Centre Quarterly Bulletin . 28 ( 2 ) . Klamath Falls , Oregon : Oregon Institute of Technology . pp. 1 -- 9 . ISSN 0276 - 1084 . Retrieved 16 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Portable Solar Panels '' . Portable Solar Panels for Sale . Archived from the original on 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ NREL , Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Electricity Generation , NREL / FS - 6A20 - 57187 , Jan 2013 . Jump up ^ David D. Hsu and others , Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Electricity Generation : Systematic Review and Harmonization , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Electric cars not solar panels , says Environment Commissioner '' . Parliamentary Commissioner for the Environment. 22 March 2016 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Photovoltaics Report '' ( PDF ) . Fraunhofer ISE. 28 July 2014 . pp. 28 -- 32 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 31 August 2014 . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrew Blakers and Klaus Weber , `` The Energy Intensity of Photovoltaic Systems '' , Centre for Sustainable Energy Systems , Australian National University , 2000 . Jump up ^ Jinqing Peng , Lin Lu , Hongxing Yang , Review on lifecycle assessment of energy payback and greenhouse gas emission of solar photovoltaic systems . In : Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 19 , ( 2013 ) , 255 -- 274 , Fig. 5 , doi : 10.1016 / j. rser. 2012.11. 035 . Jump up ^ C. Reich - Weiser , D. Dornfeld , and S. Horne . Environmental assessment and metrics for solar : Case study of solfocus solar concentrator systems . UC Berkeley : Laboratory for Manufacturing and Sustainability , 8 May 2008 . Jump up ^ Service Lifetime Prediction for Encapsulated Photovoltaic Cells / Minimodules , A.W. Czanderna and G.J. Jorgensen , National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , CO . Jump up ^ Joshua Pearce and Andrew Lau , `` Net Energy Analysis For Sustainable Energy Production From Silicon Based Solar Cells '' , Proceedings of American Society of Mechanical Engineers Solar 2002 : Sunrise on the Reliable Energy Economy , editor R. Campbell - Howe , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Meldrum and others , `` Life cycle water use for electricity generation : a review and harmonization of literature estimates , '' Environmental Research Letters , 2013 , v. 8 . Jump up ^ Nathan Bracken and others , Concentrating Solar Power and Water Issues in the U.S. Southwest , National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Technical Report NREL / TP - 6A50 - 61376 , March 2015 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ John Macknick and others , A Review of Operational Water Consumption and Withdrawal Factors for Electricity Generating Technologies , National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Technical Report NREL / TP - 6A20 - 50900 . Jump up ^ Utility - Scale Solar Power : Responsible Water Resource Management , Solar Energy Industries Association , 18 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Concentrating Solar Power Commercial Application Study , US Department of Energy , 20 Feb. 2008 . Jump up ^ John Macknick and others , A Review of Operational Water Consumption and Withdrawal Factors for Electricity Generating Technologies , NREL , Technical Report NREL / TP - 6A20 - 50900 . Jump up ^ Many newer power plants have cooling systems that Reuse Water , US EIA , 11 Feb. 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Werner , Jürgen H. ( 2 November 2011 ) . `` Toxic Substances In Photovoltaic Modules '' ( PDF ) . postfreemarket.net . Institute of Photovoltaics , University of Stuttgart , Germany - The 21st International Photovoltaic Science and Engineering Conference 2011 Fukuoka , Japan . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 September 2014 . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . Jump up ^ CdTe PV : Real and Perceived EHS Risks Jump up ^ `` Solar plant 's downside ? Birds igniting in midair '' . CBS News . 18 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` California 's new solar power plant is actually a death ray that 's incinerating birds mid-flight '' . ExtremeTech.com. 20 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Jake Richardson ( 22 August 2014 ) . `` Bird Deaths From Solar Plant Exaggerated By Some Media Sources '' . Cleantechnica.com . Jump up ^ Hertwich and others , `` Integrated life - cycle assessment of electricity - supply scenarios confirms global environmental benefit of low - carbon technologies '' , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 19 May 2015 , v. 112 n. 20 . Jump up ^ MSU - CSET Participation Archive with notation in the Murray Ledger & Times Jump up ^ Layton , Julia ( 5 November 2008 ) . `` What is a luminescent solar concentrator ? '' . Science.howstuffworks.com . Retrieved 19 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Kyocera , partners announce construction of the world 's largest floating solar PV Plant in Hyogo prefecture , Japan '' . SolarServer.com. 4 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Running Out of Precious Land ? Floating Solar PV Systems May Be a Solution '' . EnergyWorld.com. 7 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vikram Solar commissions India 's first floating PV plant '' . SolarServer.com. 13 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sunflower Floating Solar Power Plant In Korea '' . CleanTechnica. 21 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Napa Winery Pioneers Solar Floatovoltaics '' . Forbes . 18 April 2012 . Retrieved 31 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A look at a Chinese fishery with a giant integrated solar array -- feeding a world hungry for clean energy '' . Electrek. 29 January 2017 . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . Sources Butti , Ken ; Perlin , John ( 1981 ) . A Golden Thread ( 2500 Years of Solar Architecture and Technology ) . Van Nostrand Reinhold . ISBN 0 - 442 - 24005 - 8 . Carr , Donald E. ( 1976 ) . Energy & the Earth Machine . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 06407 - 7 . Halacy , Daniel ( 1973 ) . The Coming Age of Solar Energy . Harper and Row . ISBN 0 - 380 - 00233 - 7 . Martin , Christopher L. ; Goswami , D. Yogi ( 2005 ) . Solar Energy Pocket Reference . International Solar Energy Society . ISBN 0 - 9771282 - 0 - 2 . Mills , David ( 2004 ) . `` Advances in solar thermal electricity technology '' . Solar Energy . 76 ( 1 -- 3 ) : 19 -- 31 . Bibcode : 2004SoEn ... 76 ... 19M . doi : 10.1016 / S0038 - 092X ( 03 ) 00102 - 6 . Perlin , John ( 1999 ) . From Space to Earth ( The Story of Solar Electricity ) . Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01013 - 2 . Tritt , T. ; Böttner , H. ; Chen , L. ( 2008 ) . `` Thermoelectrics : Direct Solar Thermal Energy Conversion '' . MRS Bulletin . 33 ( 4 ) : 355 -- 372 . Yergin , Daniel ( 1991 ) . The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money , and Power . Simon & Schuster . p. 885 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 79932 - 8 . Further reading Media related to Solar power at Wikimedia Commons Smaller , cheaper , faster : Does Moore 's law apply to solar cells ? , By Ramez Naam , 16 March 2011 , Scientific American analysis Herders Strap Solar Panels To Donkeys To Harness Solar Power To Light Their Manyattas ( February 2015 ) on YouTube , K24 TV ( Kenya ) Solar energy Concepts The Sun Solar irradiance Active and passive solar energy Solar power Thermal Passive solar building design Solar water heating Solar chimney Solar air conditioning Thermal mass Solar pond Photovoltaics and related topics Photovoltaic effect Solar cell Polymer solar cell Nanocrystal solar cell Photovoltaic module ( solar panel ) Photovoltaic array ( and systems ) Photovoltaic power station Concentrated Heliostat Solar tracker Parabolic trough Solar power tower Experimental and proposed Solar updraft tower Solar - pumped laser Thermoelectric generator Solar chemical and artificial photosynthesis Space - based solar power Solar sail Magnetic sail Solar thermal rocket By country Australia Austria Albania Belgium Brazil Canada China Czech Denmark Georgia Germany Greece India Israel Italy Japan Lithuania Mexico Morocco Myanmar Netherlands New Zealand Pakistan Portugal Romania Saudi Arabia Somalia South Africa Spain Thailand Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Yemen Distribution and uses Storage Thermal mass Thermal energy storage Phase change material Grid energy storage Adoption Feed - in tariff Net metering Financial incentives for photovoltaics Costs Applications Solar water heating Solar vehicle Electric aircraft Electric boat Solar balloon Other applications Agriculture and horticulture Greenhouse Polytunnel Row cover Solar - powered pump Building Passive solar building design Building - integrated photovoltaics Urban heat island Lighting Hybrid solar lighting Solar lamp Solar Tuki Light tube Daylighting Process heat Solar pond Solar furnace Salt evaporation pond Cooking Solar cooker Disinfection Solar water disinfection Soil solarization Desalination Solar still Desalination Water heating Solar water heating Solar combisystem Zero carbon solar controller See also Photovoltaics topics Solar power by country Renewable energy sources Solar power by country Overview Growth of photovoltaics List of photovoltaics companies List of countries by photovoltaics production Africa Algeria Morocco Somalia South Africa Asia China Georgia India Israel Japan Myanmar Pakistan Saudi Arabia South Korea Taiwan Thailand UAE Yemen Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Italy Lithuania Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Spain Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom North America Canada Jamaica Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand South America Brazil Chile Portals : Energy Renewable energy Sustainable development Photovoltaics Concepts Technology Photovoltaics Photoelectric effect Solar insolation Solar constant Solar cell efficiency Quantum efficiency Nominal power ( Watt - peak ) Thin - film solar cell Multi-junction solar cell Third - generation photovoltaic cell Solar cell research Thermophotovoltaic Thermodynamic efficiency limit Sun - free photovoltaics Polarizing organic photovoltaics Materials List of semiconductor materials Crystalline silicon ( c - Si ) Polycrystalline silicon ( multi-Si ) Monocrystalline silicon ( mono - Si ) Cadmium telluride Copper indium gallium selenide Amorphous silicon ( a-Si ) History Growth of photovoltaics Timeline of solar cells Photovoltaic system Solar cells Polymer solar cell Nanocrystal solar cell Organic solar cell Quantum dot solar cell Hybrid solar cell Plasmonic solar cell Carbon nanotubes in photovoltaics Dye - sensitized solar cell Cadmium telluride photovoltaics Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells Printed solar panel Perovskite solar cell System components Solar panel Balance of system Solar charge controller Solar inverter Solar micro-inverter Solar cable Photovoltaic mounting system Maximum power point tracker Solar tracker Solar shingles Solar mirror System concepts Perturb and observe method Incremental conductance method Constant voltage method Fill factor Concentrated photovoltaics Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector Space - based solar power Applications Appliances Solar - powered refrigerator Solar air conditioning Solar lamp Solar charger Solar backpack Solar tree Solar - powered pump Solar - powered watch Solar Tuki Photovoltaic keyboard Solar road stud Solar cell phone charger Solar notebook Solar - powered calculator Solar - powered fountain Solar - powered radio Solar - powered flashlight Solar - powered fan Solar street light Solar traffic light Land transport Solar vehicle Solar car Solar roadway Solar golf cart The Quiet Achiever Sunmobile Air transport Electric aircraft Mauro Solar Riser Solar panels on spacecraft Solar - Powered Aircraft Developments Solar One Gossamer Penguin Qinetiq Zephyr Solar Challenger Water transport Solar boat Solar vehicle racing Solar car racing List of solar car teams Solar challenges World Solar Challenge American Solar Challenge Formula Sun Grand Prix Solar Cup Frisian Solar Challenge Solar Splash South African Solar Challenge Tour de Sol Hunt - Winston School Solar Car Challenge Victorian Model Solar Vehicle Challenge Generation systems PV power station Grid - connected photovoltaic power system List of photovoltaic power stations Individual projects Alamosa photovoltaic power plant Beneixama photovoltaic power plant Blythe Photovoltaic Power Plant Copper Mountain Solar Facility Darro Solar Park Erlasee Solar Park Golmud Solar Park Gottelborn Solar Park Guadarranque solar power plant Köthen Solar Park Moura Photovoltaic Power Station Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park Pocking Solar Park Puertollano Photovoltaic Park Topaz Solar Farm Wyandot Solar Facility Building - mounted Rooftop photovoltaic power station Building - integrated photovoltaics Solar Ark Strasskirchen Solar Park By country Australia Belgium Bulgaria Canada Chile China Czech Republic France Germany Greece India Italy Japan Netherlands Romania South Africa Spain Switzerland Thailand United Kingdom USA PV companies By country List of countries by photovoltaics production Individual producers First Solar Hanwha Q CELLS JA Solar Motech Solar REC Sharp Solar Frontier Solyndra Sungen Solar Sunpower Suntech Trina Solar Yingli Solar Category Commons Electricity delivery Concepts Availability factor Automatic Generation Control Backfeeding Base load Black start Capacity factor Demand factor Droop speed control Economic dispatch Demand management EROEI Fault Home energy storage Grid storage Intermittency Load factor Load following Nameplate capacity Peak demand Power quality Power - flow study Repowering Utility frequency Variability Sources Nonrenewable Coal Fossil fuel power station Natural gas Petroleum Nuclear Oil shale Renewable Biomass Biofuel Geothermal Hydro Marine Current Osmotic Thermal Tidal Wave Solar Wind Generation AC power Cogeneration Combined cycle Cooling tower Induction generator Micro CHP Microgeneration Rankine cycle Three - phase electric power Virtual power plant Transmission and distribution Blackout ( Rolling blackout ) Brownout Demand response Distributed generation Dynamic demand Electric power distribution Electric power system Electric power transmission Electrical grid High - voltage direct current Load management Mains electricity by country Power line Power station Power storage Pumped hydro Smart grid Substation Super grid Transformer Transmission system operator ( TSO ) Transmission tower Utility pole Protective devices Arc - fault circuit interrupter Earth leakage circuit breaker Residual - current device ( GFI ) Power - system protection Protective relay Digital protective relay Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker Economics and policies Carbon offset Cost of electricity by source Ecotax Energy subsidies Feed - in tariff Fossil - fuel phase - out Net metering Pigovian tax Renewable Energy Certificates Renewable energy payments Renewable energy policy Spark / Dark / Quark / Bark spread Categories Electric power distribution Electricity economics Power station technology Portals Energy Renewable energy Sustainable development Renewable energy by country Africa Ethiopia Kenya Morocco Seychelles South Africa Asia Afghanistan Armenia Bangladesh Bhutan China India Kazakhstan Nepal Pakistan Palestine Philippines Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Europe European Union Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Spain Sweden United Kingdom Other Albania Iceland Norway Russia Turkey North America Canada Costa Rica Honduras Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand Tuvalu South America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Category Portals : Energy Renewable energy Sustainable development Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_power&oldid=830861265 '' Categories : Energy conversion Alternative energy Solar power Sun Renewable energy Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from June 2015 Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use dmy dates from January 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Good articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Azərbaycanca বাংলা Чӑвашла Dansk Deutsch فارسی Gaeilge ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Қазақша Nederlands Norsk Русский Shqip සිංහල Slovenščina کوردی Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Українська Winaray 粵語 中文 22 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 09 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | two ways in which solar energy is generated | [
"Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), indirectly using concentrated solar power, or a combination. Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic effect.[1]",
"Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), indirectly using concentrated solar power, or a combination. Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic effect.[1]"
] | [
"directly using photovoltaics (PV)",
"indirectly using concentrated solar power"
] |
-8033464895914704421 | Inventor (patent) | Inventor ( patent ) - Wikipedia Inventor ( patent ) Patent law Overviews Patents History Economics Societal views Basic concepts Application Prosecution Opposition Licensing Infringement Valuation Patent claims Patentability Novelty Inventive step and non-obviousness Inventorship Industrial applicability Patentable subject matter Person skilled in the art Prior art Utility Additional requirements Sufficiency of disclosure Unity of invention By region / country Patent Cooperation Treaty ( PCT ) Australia Canada China Europe Germany Japan Netherlands United States By specific subject matter Biological Business method Chemical Insurance Software Tax See also Glossary In patent law , an inventor is the person , or persons in United States patent law , who contribute to the claims of a patentable invention . In some patent law frameworks , however , such as in the European Patent Convention ( EPC ) and its case law , no explicit , accurate definition of who exactly is an inventor is provided . The definition may slightly vary from one European country to another . Inventorship is generally not considered to be a patentability criterion under European patent law . Under U.S. case law , an inventor is the one with `` intellectual domination '' over the inventive process , and not merely one who assists in its reduction to practice . Since inventorship relates to the claims in a patent application , knowing who an inventor is under the patent law is sometimes difficult . In fact , inventorship can change during the prosecution of a patent application as claims are deleted or amended . `` Joint inventors '' , or `` co-inventors '' , exist when a patentable invention is the result of inventive work of more than one inventor . Joint inventors exist even where one inventor contributed a majority of the work . Absent a contract or license , the inventors are individuals who own the rights in an issued patent . Status as an inventor dramatically alters parties ' ability to capitalize on the invention . Contents 1 Inventorship 1.1 European Patent Convention 1.2 United States 2 Compensation of inventors 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Inventorship ( edit ) European patent Convention ( edit ) Under the European Patent Convention ( EPC ) , identifying the inventor of a given invention is theoretically very important since `` ( t ) he right to a European patent ( ... ) belong ( s ) to the inventor or his successor in title '' , according to the first - to - file principle . In practice however , the European Patent Office ( EPO ) never investigates whether the proposed inventor is indeed the true inventor . Indeed , `` ( f ) or the purposes of proceedings before the ( EPO ) , the applicant shall be deemed to be entitled to exercise the right to the European patent '' . Court actions relating to the entitlement to the grant of a European patent must be brought before the national court which has the jurisdiction . The jurisdiction is determined in conformance with the `` Protocol on Jurisdiction and the Recognition of Decisions in respect of the Right to the Grant of a European Patent '' or , in short , the `` Protocol on Recognition '' . Once a final decision is issued by a national court adjudging that the applicant is not entitled to the grant of a European patent , the procedure according to Article 61 EPC is applicable . In contrast with U.S. patent law , the applicant for a European patent needs not be the inventor . The right to the European patent may validly be transferred before the filing of the application , e.g. by contract , by inheritance , or as a consequence of the `` employee 's rights '' as determined by the applicable national law . However , the inventor has the right to be mentioned as such before the EPO The EPO does not verify the accuracy of the designation of the inventor . The inventor may waive its right to be mentioned as such in the European patent application and European patent specification . Inventorship is traditionally not classified as a patentability criterion under European patent law , in contrast with U.S. patent law . However , inventorship can be relevant to patentability in Europe , although in only a limited way . Where a disclosure is made within 6 months preceding the filing date of a European patent application , the disclosure is not taken into consideration if it was due to , or in consequence of , an evident abuse in relation to the applicant or his legal predecessor . Thus the identity of the inventor ( who is often the applicant , or his legal predecessor ) can be of vital importance . United States ( edit ) In the United States , a patent application must be filed in the name of the inventors . This requirement that a patent be issued in the name of the inventors is derived from the intellectual property clause of the United States Constitution : The Congress shall have power ... To promote the progress of science and useful arts , by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries . ( emphasis added ) An inventor is a party who conceived ( not just contributed to the reduction - to - practice ) at least one claim to a patent . The courts explain that `` ( t ) he threshold question '' of inventorship is `` who conceived the invention . '' Courts recognize that invention is rarely a solitary endeavor . Therefore , conception and `` intellectual domination '' over an invention is important and `` reduction to practice , per se , is irrelevant . One must contribute to the conception to be an inventor . '' For example , in 1991 , consumer group Public Citizen sued the owners of the patent for use of the anti-retroviral compound AZT against HIV Aids , Burroughs - Wellcome . The plaintiffs claimed that several persons at the National Institutes of Health ( NIH ) who had contributed to the patentable subject matter were not named as `` inventors . '' Controversially , the courts ultimately ruled that the original patent was valid , and no error had been made in excluding the NIH researchers whose work only ' confirmed ' the invention . Generally , conception is `` the complete performance of the mental part of the inventive act '' , and `` the formation in the mind of the inventor of a definite and permanent idea of the complete and operative invention as it is thereafter to be applied in practice ... '' ( emphasis added ) . An idea is usually not `` definite and permanent '' or `` complete '' where changes result from experimentation . In this case , other individuals who contribute to the formation of the `` definite and permanent '' idea are co-inventors . The naming of inventors is very important for the validity of the patent . Intentionally failing to name , or incorrectly identifying inventors , can result in a patent being held invalid . Ordinarily , the courts presume the named inventors are the inventors so long as there is no disagreement . An inventor can not opt out from being mentioned as such in a U.S. patent , even if the patent application was assigned before publication . Assignment of rights in a patent does not alter to whom the patent is actually issued . In fact , an assignee may only have an equitable interest in the patent until it is issued and then legal interest would transfer automatically . If the inventor is dead , insane , or otherwise legally incapacitated , refuses to execute an application , or can not be found , an application may be made by someone other than the inventor . An omitted inventor can file lawsuit to have his / her name added to the list of the inventors . Such cases arise very often in Universities : see , for example , Chou v University of Chicago and Olusegun Falana v. Kent State University and Alexander J. Seed . Compensation of inventors ( edit ) There are many ways in which an inventor might be compensated for a patent . An inventor might bring the patented product to market under the protection of the monopoly created by the patent . The inventor may license a patent to another entity for an up front fee , an ongoing royalty or other consideration . The inventor may also sell the patent outright . Henry Woodward , for example , sold his original US patent on the light bulb to Thomas Edison who then developed it into a commercially successful product . Inventors who are employees of a company generally sell or assign their patent rights to the company they work for . The extent to which they are compensated will vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and may depend upon any prior employment agreements that are in place . Under Japanese patent law , for example , an employee is entitled to a `` reasonable fee '' for an invention . In 2006 Hitachi was ordered to pay an employee $ US 1.6 million for an invention the employee made that was commercially valuable . In United States , however , an employee may have to sign over the rights to an invention without any special compensation . Germany has a law on employees ' inventions providing strict rules concerning the transfer of rights to an invention to the employer . It also prescribes mandatory compensation of employees for inventions they make . This right to compensation can not be waived in advance , i . e. before the employer is informed of an invention . See also ( edit ) Projector ( patent ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Morse v. Porter , 155 USPQ 280 , 283 ( Bd . Pat . Inter. 1965 ) Jump up ^ Ethicon v. United States Surgical Corp. , 135 F. 3d 1456 , 45 U.S.P.Q. 2d 1545 ( Fed . Cir. , 1998 ) ^ Jump up to : Article 60 ( 1 ) EPC Jump up ^ Article 60 ( 2 ) EPC Jump up ^ Article 60 ( 3 ) EPC Jump up ^ EPO web site , Protocol on Jurisdiction and the Recognition of Decisions in respect of the Right to the Grant of a European Patent ( Protocol on Recognition ) of 5 October 1973 Archived 9 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Article 62 EPC Jump up ^ Rule 19 ( 2 ) EPC ( previously Rule 17 ( 2 ) EPC 1973 ) Jump up ^ Rule 20 ( 1 ) EPC ( previously Rule 18 ( 1 ) EPC 1973 ) Jump up ^ Article 55 ( 1 ) ( a ) EPC Jump up ^ Lawsuit challenges patent , prices , March 20 , 1991 , Archives of the Philadelphia Inquirer Jump up ^ The Story of AZT : Partnership and Conflict , by Mark Yarchoan , pages 15 - 20 ( undated manuscript ) , accessed October 9 , 2012 Jump up ^ Patents ; A Court Ruling Extends Burroughs - Wellcome 's Monopoly on the AIDS drug AZT , November 28 , 1994 Jump up ^ Townsend v. Smith , 36 F. 2d 292 , 295 , 4 USPQ 269 , 271 ( CCPA 1930 ) Jump up ^ MPEP § 409 Jump up ^ Morton , Jeremy , `` Employee Compensation in Europe '' Insurance IP Bulletin , August 2007 Jump up ^ Sec. 22 Employees ' Inventions Act External links ( edit ) M.P.E.P. 2100 - Inventorship GND : 4068803 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inventor_(patent)&oldid=810543339 '' Categories : Patent law Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2012 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Magyar မြန်မာဘာသာ 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 22 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who can be listed as an inventor on a patent application | [] | [] |
-8785567805103604465 | Eldarion | Eldarion - wikipedia Eldarion Jump to : navigation , search Eldarion Tolkien 's legendarium character Aliases King of the Reunited Kingdom Race Men Book ( s ) Appendix to The Lord of the Rings Eldarion Telcontar is a fictional character from J.R.R. Tolkien 's Middle - earth legendarium . He was the only recorded son of Arwen and Aragorn , born in the Fourth Age . He became the Second High King of the Reunited Kingdom of Gondor and Arnor after his father died . `` Eldarion '' means `` Son of the Eldar '' or `` Son of the Elves '' . He was also recorded as having at least two sisters . Eldarion was descended from several royal Elven houses , including the Three High Kings of the Elves , and from the Edain . He was a grandson of Elrond and , through his grandmother Celebrían , a great - grandson of Galadriel . He was the great - grandson of Eärendil the Mariner ( Eldarion is descended from Eärendil on both sides of his family and in him the two genealogical lines of the Half - elven are reunited ) , through his Half - elven mother Arwen ; he was also the nephew of the Half - elf lords Elladan and Elrohir . He was descended also from the great Kings of Westernesse on his father 's side . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reign as King of the Reunited Kingdom 2 Portrayal in adaptations 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Reign as King of the reunited Kingdom ( edit ) Tolkien wrote that at the time of his ascending to the throne , Eldarion was `` full ripe and ready for kingship '' . It is known that Eldarion was given the tokens of kingship ( Andúril , etc . ) by his father , who died soon after the crowning of his son . During Eldarion 's reign , Findegil served as the royal scribe ( or King 's Writer ) . In the year 172 of the Fourth Age , Findegil completed a copy of the Thain 's Book , the most complete copy of the Red Book of Westmarch wherein Bilbo Baggins , Frodo Baggins and Samwise Gamgee recorded their adventures . Within the context of Tolkien 's work , the Thain 's Book was the original source for what we know as The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit . The copy made by Findegil was brought to the Shire and kept by the head of the Took family , the Thain of the Shire , at Great Smials . In Peter Jackson 's movie The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King , Arwen is exhorted by her father to sail into the West , leaving Middle - earth and Aragorn forever . While reluctantly on her way to the Grey Havens , she has a prescient vision of Eldarion as a little boy ( although Eldarion 's name is only mentioned in the closing credits ) , which persuades her to stay . This is a departure from the events in the book . For a time , Tolkien considered writing a sequel to The Lord of the Rings , called The New Shadow , which would have taken place in Eldarion 's reign , and in which Eldarion deals with his people turning to evil practices ; however , Tolkien later dropped the idea . In a 1972 letter concerning this draft , Tolkien mentioned that Eldarion 's reign would have lasted for about 100 years after the death of Aragorn . This tree ( view talk ( show ) Half - elven family tree Finwë of the Noldor Indis of the Vanyar Olwë of the Teleri House of Hador House of Haleth House of Bëor Thingol of the Teleri Melian the Maia Fingolfin Finarfin Eärwen Galdor Hareth Barahir Turgon Elenwë Huor Beren Lúthien Idril Tuor Nimloth Dior Eärendil Elwing Eluréd Elurín Galadriel Celeborn Elros Elrond Celebrían Kings of Númenor Lords of Andúnië High Kings of Arnor Kings of Arthedain Chieftains of the Dúnedain Aragorn Arwen Elladan Elrohir Eldarion A number of unnamed daughters Colour key : Elves Men Maiar Half - elven Half - elven who chose the fate of elves Half - elven who chose the fate of mortal men Portrayal in adaptations ( edit ) Though the name Eldarion is not used , a son of Aragorn and Arwen appears as a child in The Return of the King , the final entry in Peter Jackson 's film trilogy . See also ( edit ) Middle - earth portal Dominion of Men References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1996 ) , Christopher Tolkien , ed. , The Peoples of Middle - earth , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , `` The New Shadow '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 82760 - 4 Jump up ^ Carpenter , Humphrey , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , # 338 . `` I have written nothing beyond the first few years of the Fourth Age . ( Except the beginning of a tale supposed to refer to the end of the reign of Eldarion about 100 years after the death of Aragorn ... ) '' , ISBN 0 - 395 - 31555 - 7 Appendix A of The Lord of the Rings : `` The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen , '' pp. 343 -- 44 External links ( edit ) Encyclopedia of Arda page on Eldarion The Argonath article on Eldarion Complete Chronology of Arnor and Gondor J.R.R. Tolkien 's legendarium Writings Principal works The Silmarillion The Hobbit The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Other works The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On Posthumous publications Unfinished Tales The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien The History of Middle - earth ( 12 volumes ) Bilbo 's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Fictional universe Characters Peoples Individual Dwarves Individual Elves Individual Hobbits Hobbit families Individual Númenóreans Individual Orcs Kings of Arnor House of Isildur Rangers of the North Arvedui Aragorn Eldarion Kings of Dale Kings of Gondor House of Anárion Eärnil II Kings of Rohan Éomer Théoden Rulers of Númenor Realms Objects Rings of Power One Ring Three Rings Palantír Silmarils Mithril Weapons and armour Sting Concepts Cosmology Ages or timeline Animals Plants Food and drink Wars and battles Rivers Anduin Roads Languages Magic Hobbit Day Secondary works and legacy The Atlas of Middle - earth The Complete Guide to Middle - earth A Guide to Middle - earth The Individuated Hobbit J.R.R. Tolkien : Author of the Century J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia Journeys of Frodo The Lord of the Rings : A Reader 's Companion Images of Middle - Earth Related fiction video games Things named after Tolkien and his works Tolkien 's Ring Tolkien : A Look Behind `` The Lord of the Rings '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eldarion&oldid=821031832 '' Categories : Middle - earth Dúnedain Fictional kings Rulers of Gondor Kings of Arnor Fictional family trees Fictional characters introduced in 1955 Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Català Dansk Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Slovenščina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 01 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played arwen's son in lord of the rings | [] | [] |
4405490645662913934 | Briscoe Darling Jr. | Briscoe Darling Jr. . - Wikipedia Briscoe Darling Jr. . Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Briscoe Darling Jr. is a fictional character from The Andy Griffith Show , an American situation comedy from the 1960s that aired on CBS . The character was portrayed by actor Denver Pyle , best known for his roles as Grandpa Tarleton on Tammy , Buck Webb on The Doris Day Show , and Uncle Jesse on The Dukes of Hazzard . Briscoe was the patriarch of the mountain family The Darlings that appeared in several episodes during the run of the series . Character overview ( edit ) Known for his gruff demeanor and poor manners , Briscoe would often make blunt or unintentionally offensive remarks due to his social ignorance . He wore a floppy hat and overalls to complement his scruffy appearance . He was also the leader of the family band , in which he played a ceramic jug ( which he used to keep time by blowing across the opening ) . He once attempted to court Andy 's Aunt Bee by kidnapping her , but called off the `` engagement '' when she tried to reform him . Other members of the family were daughter , Charlene , and Briscoe 's four silent , but musically talented sons . Rarely ever referred to by name , they were simply called `` the boys . '' `` The Boys '' were played by the real life musical group The Dillards and Charlene was played by actress Maggie Peterson . Mayberry , North Carolina TV series The Andy Griffith Show Episodes Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. Episodes Characters Mayberry R.F.D. Episodes Telefilm Return to Mayberry Main characters Andy Taylor Opie Taylor Bee Taylor Barney Fife Elinor `` Ellie '' Walker Sam Jones Gomer Pyle Goober Pyle Recurring characters Ernest T. Bass Otis Campbell Helen Crump Briscoe Darling Jr . The Darlings Clara Edwards Warren Ferguson The Fun Girls Floyd Lawson Flora Malherbe Howard Sprague Thelma Lou Related programs No Time for Sergeants The Danny Thomas Show The Jim Nabors Hour The New Andy Griffith Show Related topics Mount Airy Pilot Mountain Desilu Productions Rural purge `` What it Was , Was Football '' Mayberry Machiavelli This article about a television comedy character is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Briscoe_Darling_Jr.&oldid=775881804 '' Categories : The Andy Griffith Show characters Fictional characters from North Carolina Comedy television character stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 April 2017 , at 17 : 13 . About Wikipedia | who played briscoe darling on the andy griffith show | [
"Briscoe Darling Jr. is a fictional character from The Andy Griffith Show, an American situation comedy from the 1960s that aired on CBS. The character was portrayed by actor Denver Pyle, best known for his roles as Grandpa Tarleton on Tammy, Buck Webb on The Doris Day Show, and Uncle Jesse on The Dukes of Hazzard. Briscoe was the patriarch of the mountain family The Darlings that appeared in several episodes during the run of the series."
] | [
"actor Denver Pyle"
] |
1669845096624519381 | Boston Massacre | Boston Massacre - wikipedia Boston Massacre Jump to : navigation , search This article has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality . Discussion of this nomination can be found on the talk page . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) For the baseball event nicknamed the `` Boston Massacre '' , see Yankees -- Red Sox rivalry . For the 2013 terrorist attack , see Boston Marathon bombing . Boston Massacre Part of the American Revolution This famous depiction of the event was engraved by Paul Revere ( copied from an engraving by Henry Pelham ) , colored by Christian Remick , and printed by Benjamin Edes . The Old State House is depicted in the background . Location Boston , Massachusetts , British America ( now State Street , Boston , Massachusetts , U.S. ) Coordinates 42 ° 21 ′ 32 '' N 71 ° 03 ′ 26 '' W / 42.35879 ° N 71.05717 ° W / 42.35879 ; - 71.05717 Coordinates : 42 ° 21 ′ 32 '' N 71 ° 03 ′ 26 '' W / 42.35879 ° N 71.05717 ° W / 42.35879 ; - 71.05717 Date March 5 , 1770 ; 248 years ago ( 1770 - 03 - 05 ) Attack type Massacre Weapons Flintlock muskets , clubs Deaths 5 Non-fatal injuries 6 Perpetrators British Army infantrymen This article is part of a series about the American Revolution 1765 -- 1783 Origins ( show ) Sugar Act Currency Act Quartering Acts Stamp Act 1765 Declaratory Act No taxation without representation Townshend Acts Tea Act Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Intolerable Acts Revolutionary War ( show ) Continental Army Continental Navy Minutemen Battles Intelligence Treaty of Paris Costs Declaration of Independence ( show ) Continental Congress Committee of Five Lee Resolution Articles of Confederation United States Constitution ( show ) Philadelphia Convention Annapolis Convention The Federalist Papers Bill of Rights A New Republic ( show ) Republicanism American Enlightenment Liberalism First Great Awakening Role of Women Legacy ( show ) Atlantic Revolutions Bicentennial The Boston Massacre , known as the Incident on King Street by the British , was an incident on March 5 , 1770 , in which British Army soldiers shot and killed several people while under attack by a mob . The incident was heavily publicized by leading Patriots , such as Paul Revere and Samuel Adams , to encourage rebellion against the British authorities . British troops had been stationed in Boston , capital of the Province of Massachusetts Bay , since 1768 in order to protect and support crown - appointed colonial officials attempting to enforce unpopular Parliamentary legislation . Amid ongoing tense relations between the population and the soldiers , a mob formed around a British sentry , who was subjected to verbal abuse and harassment . He was eventually supported by eight additional soldiers , who were subjected to verbal threats and repeatedly hit by clubs , stones and snowballs . They fired into the crowd , without orders , instantly killing three people and wounding others . Two more people died later of wounds sustained in the incident . The crowd eventually dispersed after Acting Governor Thomas Hutchinson promised an inquiry , but the crowd re-formed the next day , prompting the withdrawal of the troops to Castle Island . Eight soldiers , one officer , and four civilians were arrested and charged with murder . Defended by lawyer and future American president John Adams , six of the soldiers were acquitted , while the other two were convicted of manslaughter and given reduced sentences . The men found guilty of manslaughter were sentenced to branding on their hand . Depictions , reports , and propaganda about the event , notably the colored engraving produced by Paul Revere ( shown at top - right ) , further heightened tensions throughout the Thirteen Colonies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Incident 3 Aftermath 3.1 Investigation 3.2 Propaganda battle 3.3 Trial 4 Legacy 4.1 Contribution to American Revolution 4.2 Commemorations 5 See also 6 References 7 Sources 8 Further reading 9 External links Background Main article : American Revolution View of the Old State House , Boston , Massachusetts , the seat of British colonial government from 1713 to 1776 . The Boston Massacre took place in front of the balcony , and the site is now marked by a cobblestone circle in the square ( photo 2009 ) Massacre Site Boston , the capital of the Province of Massachusetts Bay and an important shipping town , was a major center of resistance to unpopular acts of taxation by the British Parliament in the 1760s . In 1768 , the Townshend Acts were placed upon the colonists , by which a variety of common items that were manufactured in Britain and exported to the colonies were subjected to import tariffs . Colonists objected that the Townshend Acts were a violation of the natural , charter , and constitutional rights of British subjects in the colonies . The Massachusetts House of Representatives began a campaign against the Townshend Acts by sending a petition to King George III asking for the repeal of the Townshend Revenue Act . The House also sent what became known as the Massachusetts Circular Letter to other colonial assemblies , asking them to join the resistance movement , and called for a boycott of merchants importing the affected goods . In Great Britain , Lord Hillsborough , who had recently been appointed to the newly created office of Colonial Secretary , was alarmed by the actions of the Massachusetts House . In April 1768 he sent a letter to the colonial governors in America , instructing them to dissolve the colonial assemblies if they responded to the Massachusetts Circular Letter . He also ordered Massachusetts Governor Francis Bernard to direct the Massachusetts House to rescind the letter . The house refused to comply . Boston 's chief customs officer , Charles Paxton , wrote to Hillsborough , asking for military support because `` the Government is as much in the hands of the people as it was in the time of the Stamp Act . '' Commodore Samuel Hood responded by sending the fifty - gun warship HMS Romney , which arrived in Boston Harbor in May 1768 . On June 10 , 1768 , customs officials seized Liberty , a sloop owned by leading Boston merchant John Hancock , on allegations that the ship had been involved in smuggling . Bostonians , already angry because the captain of Romney had been impressing local sailors , began to riot . Customs officials fled to Castle William for protection . Daniel Calfe declares , that on Saturday evening the 3d of March , a camp - woman , wife to James McDeed , a grenadier of the 29th , came into his father 's shop , and the people talking about the affrays at the ropewalks , and blaming the soldiers for the part they had acted in it , the woman said , `` the soldiers were in the right ; '' adding , `` that before Tuesday or Wednesday night they would wet their swords or bayonets in New England people 's blood . '' -- Excerpt from A Short Narrative , suggesting the soldiers were contemplating violence against the colonists Given the unstable state of affairs in Massachusetts , Hillsborough instructed General Thomas Gage , Commander - in - Chief , North America , to send `` such Force as You shall think necessary to Boston '' . On October 1 , 1768 , the first of four British Army regiments began disembarking in Boston . Two regiments were removed from Boston in 1769 , but the 14th and the 29th Regiments of Foot remained . The Journal of Occurrences , an anonymously written series of newspaper articles , chronicled clashes between civilians and soldiers while troops were stationed in Boston , feeding tensions with its sometimes exaggerated accounts of the events . Tensions rose markedly after Christopher Seider , `` a young lad about eleven Years of Age '' , was killed by a customs employee on February 22 , 1770 . Seider 's death was glorified in the Boston Gazette , and his funeral was described as one of the largest of the time in Boston . The killing and subsequent propaganda inflamed tensions , with gangs of colonists looking for soldiers to harass , and soldiers also on occasion looking for confrontation . Incident This 19th - century lithograph by Henry Pelham is a variation of Revere 's famous engraving . Produced soon before the American Civil War , this image emphasizes Crispus Attucks , the African - American in the center , who had by then become an important symbol for abolitionists . ( John Bufford after William L. Champey , circa 1856 ) On the evening of March 5 , Private Hugh White , a British soldier , stood on guard duty outside the Custom house on King Street , today known as State Street . A young wigmaker 's apprentice named Edward Garrick called out to a British officer , Captain - Lieutenant John Goldfinch , that Goldfinch had not paid a bill due to Garrick 's master . Goldfinch had in fact settled his account and ignored the insult . Private White called out to Garrick that he should be more respectful of the officer . Garrick exchanged insults with Private White . Then , after Garrick started poking the officer in the chest with his finger , the officer left his post , challenged the boy , and struck him on the side of the head with his musket . As Garrick cried in pain , one of his companions , Bartholomew Broaders , began to argue with White . This attracted a larger crowd . Henry Knox , a 19 - year - old bookseller ( who would later serve as a general in the revolution ) , came upon the scene and warned White , `` if he fired he must die for it . '' An 1868 print by Alonzo Chappel , showing a more chaotic scene contrary to most earlier representations . As the evening progressed , the crowd around Private White grew larger and more boisterous . Church bells were rung , which usually signified a fire , bringing more people out . Over fifty Bostonians pressed around White , led by a mixed - race runaway slave named Crispus Attucks , throwing objects at the sentry and challenging him to fire his weapon . White , who had taken up a somewhat safer position on the steps of the Custom House , sought assistance . Runners alerted the nearby barracks and Captain Thomas Preston , the officer of the watch . According to his report , Preston dispatched a non-commissioned officer and six privates of the 29th Regiment of Foot , with fixed bayonets , to relieve White . The soldiers Preston sent were Corporal William Wemms , Hugh Montgomery , John Carroll , William McCauley , William Warren , and Matthew Kilroy . Accompanied by Preston , they pushed their way through the crowd . En route , Henry Knox , again trying to reduce tensions , warned Preston , `` For God 's sake , take care of your men . If they fire , you must die . '' Captain Preston responded `` I am aware of it . '' When they reached Private White on the custom house stairs , the soldiers loaded their muskets , and arrayed themselves in a semicircular formation . Preston shouted at the crowd , estimated to number between three and four hundred , to disperse . Boston Massacre grave marker in the Granary Burying Ground The crowd continued to press around the soldiers , taunting them by yelling , `` Fire ! '' , by spitting at and throwing snowballs and other small objects at them . Richard Palmes , a local innkeeper who was carrying a cudgel , came up to Preston and asked if the soldiers ' weapons were loaded . Preston assured him they were , but that they would not fire unless he ordered it , and ( according to his own deposition ) that he was unlikely to do so , since he was standing in front of them . A thrown object then struck Private Montgomery , knocking him down and causing him to drop his musket . He recovered his weapon , and was thought to angrily shout `` Damn you , fire ! '' , then discharged it into the crowd although no command was given . Palmes swung his cudgel first at Montgomery , hitting his arm , and then at Preston . He narrowly missed Preston 's head , striking him on the arm instead . There was a pause of uncertain length ( eyewitness estimates ranged from several seconds to two minutes ) , after which the soldiers fired into the crowd . Rather than a disciplined volley ( Preston gave no orders to fire ) , a ragged series of shots was fired , which hit eleven men . Three Americans -- ropemaker Samuel Gray , mariner James Caldwell , and Crispus Attucks -- died instantly . Samuel Maverick , an apprentice ivory turner of seventeen , was struck by a ricocheting musket ball at the back of the crowd , and died a few hours later , in the early morning of the next day . An Irish immigrant , Patrick Carr , died two weeks later . Christopher Monk , another apprentice , was one of those seriously wounded in the attack . Although he recovered to some extent , he was crippled and eventually died in 1780 , purportedly due to the injuries he had sustained in the attack a decade earlier . The crowd moved away from the immediate area of the custom house , but continued to grow in nearby streets . Captain Preston immediately called out most of the 29th Regiment , which adopted defensive positions in front of the state house . Acting Governor Thomas Hutchinson was summoned to the scene , and was forced by the movement of the crowd into the council chamber of the state house . From its balcony he was able to minimally restore order , promising there would be a fair inquiry into the shootings if the crowd dispersed . Aftermath Investigation Hutchinson immediately began investigating the affair , and by morning , Preston and the eight soldiers had been arrested . In a meeting of the governor 's council held late the morning after the shootings , Boston 's selectmen asked Hutchinson to order the removal of troops from the city to Castle William on Castle Island , while a town meeting at Faneuil Hall met to discuss the affair . The governor 's council was at first opposed to ordering the troop withdrawal , with Hutchinson correctly claiming he did not have the authority to order the troops to move . Lieutenant Colonel William Dalrymple , commander of the troops , did not offer to move them . The town meeting , however , became more restive when it learned of this . Under an imminent threat of further violence , the council changed its position , and unanimously ( `` under duress '' , according to Hutchinson 's report ) agreed to request the troops ' removal . Secretary of State Andrew Oliver reported that , had the troops not been removed , `` that they would probably be destroyed by the people -- should it be called rebellion , should it incur the loss of our charter , or be the consequence what it would . '' This decision left the governor without effective means to police the town . The 14th was transferred to Castle Island without incident about a week later , with the 29th following shortly after . The first four victims were buried amid great ceremony on March 8 ; Patrick Carr , the fifth and final victim , died on March 14 and was buried with them on March 17 . Mr. John Gillespie , in his deposition , ( No. 104 ) declares that , as he was going to the south end of the town , to meet some friends at a public house , he met several people in the streets in parties ( armed with clubs ) , to the number , as he thinks , of forty or fifty persons ; and that while he was sitting with his friends there , several persons of his acquaintance came in to them at different times , and took notice of the numbers of persons they had seen in the street armed in the above manner . ( ... ) About half an hour after eight the bells rung , which ( Gillespie ) and his company took to be for fire ; but they were told by the landlord of the house that it was to collect the mob . Mr. Gillespie upon this resolved to go home , and in his way met numbers of people who were running past him , of whom many were armed with clubs and sticks , and some with other weapons . At the same time a number of people passed by him with two fire - engines , as if there had been a fire in the town . But they were soon told that there was no fire , but that the people were going to fight the soldiers , upon which they immediately quitted the fire - engines , and swore they would go to their assistance . All this happened before the soldiers near the custom - house fired their muskets , which was not till half an hour after nine o'clock ; and it ( shows ) that the inhabitants had formed , and were preparing to execute , a design of attacking the soldiers on that evening . -- Excerpt from A Fair Account , suggesting the colonists planned the attack on the soldiers On March 27 the eight soldiers , Captain Preston , and four civilians who were in the Customs House and were alleged to have fired shots , were all indicted for murder . Bostonians continued to be hostile to the troops and their dependents . General Gage , convinced the troops were doing more harm than good , ordered the 29th Regiment out of the province in May . Governor Hutchinson took advantage of the ongoing high tensions to orchestrate delays of the trials until later in the year . Propaganda battle In the days and weeks following the incident , a propaganda battle was waged between Boston 's radicals and supporters of the government . Both sides published pamphlets that told strikingly different stories , which were principally published in London in a bid to influence opinion there . The Boston Gazette 's version of events , for example , characterized the massacre as part of an ongoing scheme to `` quell a Spirit of Liberty '' , and harped on the negative consequences of quartering troops in the city . Henry Pelham 's engraving copied by Paul Revere A young Boston artist , Henry Pelham , half - brother of the celebrated portrait painter John Singleton Copley , depicted the event . Silversmith and engraver Paul Revere closely copied Pelham 's image , and is often credited as its originator . In order to further public outrage , the engraving contained several inflammatory details . Captain Preston is shown ordering his men to fire , and a musket is seen shooting out of the window of the customs office , which is labeled `` Butcher 's Hall . '' Artist Christian Remick hand - colored some prints . Some copies of the print show a man with two chest wounds and a somewhat darker face , matching descriptions of Attucks ; others show no victim as a person of color . The image was published in the Boston Gazette , circulating widely , and became an effective piece of anti-British propaganda . The image of bright red `` lobster backs '' and wounded men with red blood was hung in farmhouses across New England . Anonymous pamphlets were published describing the event from significantly different perspectives . A Short Narrative of the Horrid Massacre , published under the auspices of the Boston town meeting , was principally written by James Bowdoin , a member of the governor 's council and a vocal opponent of British colonial policy , along with Samuel Pemberton , and Joseph Warren . It described the shooting and other lesser incidents that took place in the days before as unprovoked attacks on peaceful , law - abiding inhabitants , and was , according to historian Neal Langley York , probably the most influential description of the event . The account it provided was drawn from more than 90 depositions taken after the event , and it included accusations that the soldiers sent by Captain Preston had been deployed with the intention of causing harm . In the interest of minimizing impact on the jury pool , city leaders held back local distribution of the pamphlet , but sent copies to other colonies and to London , where they knew depositions collected by Governor Hutchinson were en route . A second pamphlet , Additional Observations on the Short Narrative , furthered the attack on crown officials by complaining that customs officials ( one of whom had left Boston to carry Hutchinson 's gathered depositions to London ) were abandoning their posts under the pretense that it was too dangerous for them to do their duties . The depositions that Hutchinson collected and sent to London were eventually published in a pamphlet entitled A Fair Account of the Late Unhappy Disturbance in Boston . Drawn mainly from depositions by soldiers , its account of affairs sought to blame selfish Bostonians for denying the validity of Parliamentary laws . It also blamed the city 's hoodlums and gangs for the lawlessness preceding the event , and claimed that they set up an ambush of the soldiers . However , as it was not published until well after the first pamphlet had arrived in London , it ended up having a much smaller impact on the public debate there . Trial John Adams defended the soldiers six of whom were acquitted The Part I took in Defence of Cptn . Preston and the Soldiers , procured me Anxiety , and Obloquy enough . It was , however , one of the most gallant , generous , manly and disinterested Actions of my whole Life , and one of the best Pieces of Service I ever rendered my Country . Judgment of Death against those Soldiers would have been as foul a Stain upon this Country as the Executions of the Quakers or Witches , anciently . As the Evidence was , the Verdict of the Jury was exactly right . This however is no Reason why the Town should not call the Action of that Night a Massacre , nor is it any Argument in favour of the Governor or Minister , who caused them to be sent here . But it is the strongest Proofs of the Danger of Standing Armies . -- John Adams , on the third anniversary of the massacre The government was determined to give the soldiers a fair trial so there could be no grounds for retaliation from the British and so moderates would not be alienated from the Patriot cause . After several lawyers with Loyalist leanings refused to defend him , Preston sent a request to John Adams , pleading for him to work on the case . Adams , who was already a leading Patriot and who was contemplating a run for public office , agreed to help , in the interest of ensuring a fair trial . Adams was joined by Josiah Quincy II after the latter was assured that the Sons of Liberty would not oppose his appointment , and by Robert Auchmuty , a Loyalist . They were assisted by Sampson Salter Blowers , whose chief duty was to investigate the jury pool , and Paul Revere , who drew a detailed map of the bodies to be used in the trial of the British soldiers held responsible . Massachusetts Solicitor General Samuel Quincy and private attorney Robert Treat Paine , hired by the town of Boston , handled the prosecution . Preston was tried separately in late October 1770 . He was acquitted after the jury was convinced that he had not ordered the troops to fire . The trial of the eight soldiers opened on November 27 , 1770 . Adams told the jury to look beyond the fact the soldiers were British . He argued that if the soldiers were endangered by the mob , which he called `` a motley rabble of saucy boys , negroes , and molattoes , Irish teagues and outlandish jack tarrs ( i.e. sailors ) '' , they had the legal right to fight back , and so were innocent . If they were provoked but not endangered , he argued , they were at most guilty of manslaughter . The jury agreed with Adams and acquitted six of the soldiers after two and one - half hours ' deliberation . Two of the soldiers were found guilty of manslaughter because there was overwhelming evidence that they had fired directly into the crowd . The jury 's decisions suggest that they believed the soldiers had felt threatened by the crowd , but should have delayed firing . Patrick Carr , the fifth victim , corroborated this with deathbed testimony delivered to his doctor . The convicted soldiers were granted reduced sentences by pleading benefit of clergy , which reduced their punishment from a death sentence to branding of the thumb in open court . The four civilians were tried on December 13 . The principal prosecution witness , a servant of one of the accused , made claims that were easily rebutted by defense witnesses . In the face of this weak testimony , as well as waning public interest , the prosecution allegedly failed to press its case very hard . The civilians were all acquitted , and the servant was eventually convicted of perjury , whipped , and banished from the province . Legacy Contribution to American Revolution The Boston Massacre is considered one of the most important events that turned colonial sentiment against King George III and British Parliamentary authority . Howard Zinn argues that Boston was full of class anger . He reports that in 1763 , the Boston Gazette published that `` a few persons in power '' were promoting political projects `` for keeping the people poor in order to make them humble . '' John Adams wrote that the `` foundation of American independence was laid '' on March 5 , 1770 , and Samuel Adams and other Patriots used annual commemorations ( Massacre Day ) of the event to fulminate against British rule . Christopher Monk , the boy who was wounded in the attack and died in 1780 , was paraded before the crowds as a reminder of British hostility . Later events , such as the Boston Tea Party , further illustrated the crumbling relationship between Britain and its colonies . Although five years passed between the massacre and outright revolution , and direct connections between the massacre and the later war are ( according to historian Neil Langley York ) somewhat tenuous , it is widely perceived as a significant event leading to the violent rebellion that followed . Commemorations Massacre memorial on the Boston Common See also : Massacre Day and Freedom Trail The massacre was remembered in 1858 in a celebration organized by William Cooper Nell , an African American abolitionist who saw the death of Crispus Attucks as an opportunity to demonstrate the role of African Americans in the Revolutionary War . Partly because of this activism , artwork commemorating the massacre was produced that changed the color of a victim 's skin to black ( which in Revere 's original engraving was white ) to emphasize Attucks ' claimed martyrdom . In 1888 , a monument was erected on the Boston Common to the men killed in the massacre , and the five victims , along with Christopher Seider , were reinterred in a prominent grave in the Granary Burying Ground . The massacre is reenacted annually on March 5 under the auspices of the Bostonian Society . The Old State House , the massacre site , and the Granary Burying Ground are all part of Boston 's Freedom Trail , connecting sites important in the city 's revolutionary - era history . See also Boston portal List of massacres in Massachusetts Timeline of United States revolutionary history ( 1760 -- 1789 ) References ^ Jump up to : Fischer , Paul Revere 's Ride , 24 . Jump up ^ Antal 2013 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ The Boston Massacre Jump up ^ The American Past : A Survey of American History ; Joseph Conlin P. 133 Jump up ^ Historical Dictionary of American Propaganda . Martin J. Manning Page 33 ^ Jump up to : Knollenberg , Growth , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Ross and McCaughey , From Loyalist to Founding Father , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Triber , A True Republican , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Triber , A True Republican , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Ross and McCaughey , From Loyalist to Founding Father , p. 93 . Jump up ^ A Short Narrative , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , 75 . Jump up ^ Knollenberg , Growth , p. 76 . ^ Jump up to : Knollenberg , Growth , pp. 76 -- 78 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff , Glorious Cause , pp. 208 -- 210 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , The Hub , p. 56 . ^ Jump up to : Allison , The Boston Massacre , 11 . Jump up ^ Zobel , The Boston Massacre , pp. 185 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Allison , The Boston Massacre , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Archer , As if an Enemy 's Country , p. 190 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , p. 194 . Jump up ^ Archer , As if an Enemy 's Country , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , 195 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , p. 196 . ^ Jump up to : Zobel , Boston Massacre , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , 198 -- 200 . ^ Jump up to : A Short Narrative , 11 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , 191 . Jump up ^ Archer , As If an Enemy 's Country , 196 . Jump up ^ Allison , The Boston Massacre , x . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Origins of the American Revolution , p. 395 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , p. 201 . Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , p. 61 . ^ Jump up to : Bailyn , Ordeal , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , p. 205 . Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Bailyn , Ordeal , p. 159 . ^ Jump up to : Bailyn , Ordeal , p. 161 . Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , p. 64 . Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , p. 66 . Jump up ^ A Fair Account , pp. 14 -- 15 Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , p. 229 . Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Triber , A True Republican , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Ross , Jane ( April 1975 ) . `` Paul Revere -- Patriot Engraver '' . Early American Life : 34 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Walett , pp. 330 -- 33 . Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , p. 70 . Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , p. 72 . Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , pp. 73 -- 74 . Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : York , `` Rival Truths '' , p. 74 . Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Adams and Butterfield , Diary , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , pp. 220 -- 21 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , p. 268 . Jump up ^ Cumming , The Fate of a Nation , p. 24 . Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , pp. 243 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , p. 269 . Jump up ^ Zinn , A People 's History of the United States , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , p. 294 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , pp. 285 -- 86 , 298 . Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , p. 84 . Jump up ^ York , `` Rival Truths '' , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Zinn 1980 . Jump up ^ Zobel , Boston Massacre , pp. 301 -- 02 . Jump up ^ York , The Boston Massacre , pp. 46 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Woods , Exploring American History , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Wheeler et al , Discovering the American Past , pp. 101 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Nell et al , William Cooper Nell , 515 . Jump up ^ Fitz , Karsten ( 2005 ) . `` Commemorating Crispus Attucks : Visual Memory and the Representations of the Boston Massacre , 1770 -- 1857 '' . American Studies ( Volume 50 , No. 3 ) : 463 -- 484 . JSTOR 41158169 . ^ Jump up to : York , The Boston Massacre , p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` The Boston Massacre '' . The Freedom Trail Foundation . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2011 . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Massacre Reenactment Registration '' . Bostonian Society . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Young , p. 20 Sources A Fair Account of the Late Unhappy Disturbance at Boston . London : B. White . 1770 . OCLC 535966548 . Original printing of the governor 's account . A Short Narrative of the Horrid Massacre . London : W. Bingley. 1770 . OCLC 510892519 . Original printing of the colonists ' account . Adams , John ( 1962 ) . Butterfield , L.H. , ed . Diary and Autobiography of John Adams , vol. 2 . Cambridge , MA : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . OCLC 19993300 . Allison , Robert J. ( 2006 ) . The Boston Massacre . Beverly , MA : Applewood Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933212 - 10 - 4 . OCLC 66392877 . Antal , John ( 2013 ) . 7 Leadership Lessons of the American Revolution : The Founding Fathers , Liberty , and the Struggle for Independence . Casemate . p. 40 . ISBN 9781612002033 . Archer , Richard ( 2010 ) . As if an Enemy 's Country : the British Occupation of Boston and the Origins of Revolution . Oxford , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 538247 - 1 . OCLC 313664751 . Bailyn , Bernard ( 1974 ) . The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 64160 - 0 . OCLC 6825524 . Cumming , William P. ; Rankin , Hugh F. ( 1975 ) . The Fate of a Nation : The American Revolution Through Contemporary Eyes . New York : Phaidon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7148 - 1644 - 9 . OCLC 1510269 . Fischer , David Hackett ( 1994 ) . Paul Revere 's Ride . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 508847 - 2 . OCLC 263430392 . Knollenberg , Bernhard ( 1975 ) . Growth of the American Revolution , 1766 -- 1775 . New York : Free Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 917110 - 3 . OCLC 1416300 . Middlekauff , Robert ( 2007 ) . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . New York and Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 516247 - 9 . OCLC 496757346 . Miller , John ( 1959 ) . Origins of the American Revolution . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press . ISBN 9780804705936 . OCLC 180556929 . Nell , William Cooper ; Wesley , Dorothy Porter ; Uzelac , Constance Porter ( 2002 ) . William Cooper Nell , Nineteenth - Century African American Abolitionist , Historian , Integrationist : Selected Writings from 1832 -- 1874 . Baltimore , MD : Black Classic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57478 - 019 - 2 . OCLC 50673509 . O'Connor , Thomas H ( 2001 ) . The Hub : Boston Past and Present . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55553 - 474 - 5 . OCLC 248309644 . Ross , Betsy McCaughey ; McCaughey , Elizabeth P. ( 1980 ) . From Loyalist to Founding Father : the Political Odyssey of William Samuel Johnson . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 04506 - 3 . OCLC 479827879 . Triber , Jayne ( 1998 ) . A True Republican : The Life of Paul Revere . Amherst , MA : University of Massachusetts Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55849 - 139 - 7 . OCLC 171052850 . Walett , Francis ( September 1950 ) . `` James Bowdoin , Patriot Propagandist '' . The New England Quarterly ( Volume 23 , No. 3 ) . JSTOR 361420 . Wheeler , William Bruce ; Becker , Susan Becker ; Glover , Lorri ( 2011 ) . Discovering the American Past : A Look at the Evidence : To 1877 . Belmont , CA : Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 495 - 79984 - 9 . OCLC 664324291 . Woods , Thomas ( 2008 ) . Exploring American History : From Colonial Times to 1877 . New York : Associated University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7746 - 4 . OCLC 302384920 . York , Neil Longley ( 2009 ) . `` Rival Truths , Political Accommodation , and the Boston ' Massacre ' '' . Massachusetts Historical Review ( Volume 11 ) : 57 -- 95 . JSTOR 40345980 . York , Neil Longley ( 2010 ) . The Boston Massacre : a History with Documents . New York : Taylor & Francis . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 87348 - 2 . OCLC 695944958 . Young , Alfred ( Spring 2003 ) . `` Revolution in Boston ? Eight Propositions for Public History on the Freedom Trail '' ( PDF ) . The Public Historian ( Volume 25 , No. 2 ) : 17 -- 41 . Zinn , Howard ( 1980 ) . A People 's History of the United States . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 019448 - 2 . OCLC 42420960 . Zobel , Hiller B ( 1970 ) . The Boston Massacre . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31483 - 0 . OCLC 243696768 . Further reading Reid , John Phillip ( 1974 ) . `` A Lawyer Acquitted : John Adams and the Boston Massacre '' . American Journal of Legal History ( Volume 18 , No. 3 ) : 189 -- 207 . ISSN 0002 - 9319 . Ritter , Kurt W ( 1977 ) . `` Confrontation as Moral Drama : the Boston Massacre in Rhetorical Perspective '' . Southern Speech Communication Journal ( Volume 42 , No. 1 ) : 114 -- 136 . ISSN 0361 - 8269 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Boston Massacre . Library resources about Boston Massacre Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Texts on Wikisource : `` Boston Massacre , The '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Boston Massacre '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920 . `` Boston Massacre '' . Collier 's New Encyclopedia . 1921 . An oration delivered April 2d , 1771 , at the request of the inhabitants of the town of Boston ( 1771 ) by James Lovell The Boston Massacre Historical Society Boston National Historical Park Official Website Adams ' Argument for the Defense at the trial of the soldiers , at Founders Online website . ( Retrieved 10 December 2017 . ) Massachusetts Historical Society Massacre Exhibit Boston Massacre investigative game by the Bostonian Society , stagers of the annual reenactment Preceded by Old State House Locations along Boston 's Freedom Trail Site of the Boston Massacre Succeeded by Faneuil Hall John Adams 2nd President of the United States , 1797 -- 1801 1st Vice President of the United States , 1789 -- 1797 U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom , 1785 -- 1788 U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands , 1782 -- 1788 Delegate , Second Continental Congress , 1775 -- 1778 Delegate , First Continental Congress , 1774 Founding of the United States Braintree Instructions ( 1765 ) Boston Massacre defense Continental Association Novanglus ; A History of the Dispute with America , From Its Origin in 1754 to the Present Time ( 1775 ) Thoughts on Government ( 1776 ) Declaration of Independence May 15 preamble Committee of Five Model Treaty Treaty of Amity and Commerce Treaty of Alliance Board of War Chairman of the Marine Committee , 1775 - 1779 Continental Navy Staten Island Peace Conference Conference House Constitution of Massachusetts ( 1780 ) Treaty of Paris , 1783 Presidency Inauguration Quasi War with France XYZ Affair Commerce Protection Act United States Marine Corps Convention of 1800 Alien and Sedition Acts Naturalization Act of 1798 Navy Department Library Treaty of Tellico Treaty of Tripoli Midnight Judges Act Marbury v. Madison State of the Union Address ( 1797 1798 1799 1800 ) Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Other writings Massachusetts Historical Society holdings Adams Papers Editorial Project Life and homes Early life and education Adams National Historical Park John Adams Birthplace Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace Peacefield Presidential Library Massachusetts Hall , Harvard University Presidents House , Philadelphia Co-founder and second president , American Academy of Arts and Sciences United First Parish Church and gravesite Elections United States presidential election 1788 -- 1789 1792 1796 1800 Legacy Adams House at Harvard University John Adams Building U.S. Postage stamps Adams Memorial Popular culture Profiles in Courage ( 1964 series ) American Primitive ( 1969 play ) 1776 ( 1969 musical 1972 film ) The Adams Chronicles ( 1976 miniseries ) Liberty ! ( 1997 documentary series ) Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) John Adams ( 2001 book 2008 miniseries ) Sons of Liberty ( 2015 miniseries ) Related `` Adams and Liberty '' campaign song Adams ' personal library American Enlightenment Congress Hall Federalist Party Federalist Era First Party System republicanism American Philosophical Society Gazette of the United States The American Museum American Revolution patriots Family Abigail Adams wife Quincy family Abigail Adams Smith ( daughter ) John Quincy Adams son presidency Charles Adams ( son ) Thomas Boylston Adams ( son ) George W. Adams ( grandson ) Charles Adams Sr. ( grandson ) John Adams II ( grandson ) John Q. Adams ( great - grandson ) Henry Adams ( great - grandson ) Brooks Adams ( great - grandson ) John Adams Sr. ( father ) Susanna Boylston ( mother ) Elihu Adams ( brother ) Samuel Adams ( second cousin ) Louisa Adams daughter - in - law First Lady ← George Washington Thomas Jefferson → Riots and civil unrest in the history of the United States ( 1607 -- 1865 ) Colonial era / 1776 -- 1789 Massachusetts 1689 Boston revolt Boston Bread riot ( 1710 -- 1713 ) Knowles Riot ( 1747 ) Liberty affair ( 1768 ) Boston Massacre ( 1770 ) Shays ' Rebellion ( 1786 -- 1787 ) New York Leisler 's Rebellion ( 1689 -- 1691 ) New York Slave Revolt of 1712 New York Conspiracy of 1741 Battle of Golden Hill ( 1770 ) 1788 Doctors ' riot North Carolina Cary 's Rebellion ( 1711 ) War of the Regulation ( 1765 -- 1771 ) Battle of Alamance ( 1771 ) Pennsylvania Philadelphia Election riot ( 1742 ) Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 Others Stono Rebellion ( 1739 ) Gaspee Affair ( 1772 ) Pine Tree Riot ( 1772 ) 1789 -- 1849 Iowa Honey War ( 1839 ) Bellevue War ( 1840 ) Massachusetts Ursuline Convent riots ( 1834 ) Abolition Riot of 1836 Broad Street Riot ( 1837 ) New York Eggnog Riot ( 1826 ) Anti-abolitionist riots ( 1834 ) Flour riot of 1837 Anti-Rent War ( 1839 -- 1845 ) Astor Place Riot ( 1849 ) Ohio 1792 Cincinnati riot Cincinnati riots of 1829 Cincinnati riots of 1836 Cincinnati riots of 1841 Pennsylvania Whiskey Rebellion ( 1791 -- 1794 ) Fries 's Rebellion ( 1799 -- 1800 ) Buckshot War ( 1838 ) Lombard Street riot ( 1842 ) Muncy Abolition riot of 1842 Philadelphia nativist riots ( 1844 ) Rhode Island 1824 Hard Scrabble race riot 1831 Snow Town race riot Dorr Rebellion ( 1841 -- 1842 ) Others 1811 German Coast Uprising Nat Turner 's slave rebellion ( 1831 ) The Blackburn Riots ( 1833 ) Baltimore bank riot ( 1835 ) Snow Riot ( 1835 ) Regulator -- Moderator War ( 1839 -- 1844 ) Tutt -- Everett War ( 1844 -- 1850 ) 1849 -- 1865 California Squatters ' riot ( 1850 ) San Francisco Vigilance Movement ( 1851 -- 1856 ) Illinois Lager Beer Riot ( 1855 ) Charleston riot ( 1864 ) Kansas Bleeding Kansas ( 1854 -- 1861 ) Wakarusa War ( 1855 ) Sacking of Lawrence ( 1856 ) Pottawatomie massacre ( 1856 ) Battle of Black Jack ( 1856 ) Battle of Fort Titus ( 1856 ) Battle of Osawatomie ( 1856 ) Marais des Cygnes massacre ( 1856 ) Maine Bath anti-Catholic riot of 1854 Portland Rum Riot ( 1855 ) Maryland Know - Nothing Riot of 1856 Baltimore riot of 1861 Michigan 1849 Detroit riot Detroit brothel riots ( 1855 -- 1859 ) Detroit race riot of 1863 New York New York City Police riot ( 1857 ) Dead Rabbits riot ( 1857 ) Buffalo riot of 1862 New York City draft riots ( 1863 ) Ohio Cincinnati riot of 1853 Cincinnati riots of 1855 Battle of Fort Fizzle ( 1863 ) Others Erie Gauge War ( 1853 -- 1854 ) Bloody Monday ( 1855 ) Washington D.C. Know - Nothing Riot ( 1857 ) New Orleans Know - Nothing Riot ( 1858 ) John Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry ( 1859 ) Morrisite War ( 1862 ) Southern bread riots ( 1863 ) Related articles List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America Mass racial violence in the United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boston_Massacre&oldid=833736637 '' Categories : 1770 crimes 1770 in the Thirteen Colonies 1770 riots American Revolution Conflicts in 1770 Financial District , Boston Disasters in Massachusetts Massacres committed by Great Britain Massacres in the Thirteen Colonies Massachusetts in the American Revolution 18th century in Boston Boston Massacre 1770 in Massachusetts Hidden categories : Articles needing POV - check from March 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from October 2013 Good articles Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2013 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from Collier 's Encyclopedia Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Aragonés Беларуская Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 04 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who led the colonists in the boston massacre | [] | [] |
-2733502504362970847 | Abigail Deveraux | Abigail Deveraux - wikipedia Abigail Deveraux Jump to : navigation , search Abigail Deveraux Marci Miller as Abigail Deveraux Days of Our Lives character Portrayed by Meghan and Michael Nelson ( 1992 -- 94 ) Paige and Ryanne Kettner ( 1994 -- 2001 ) Megan Corletto ( 2001 -- 03 ) Jillian Clare ( 2003 -- 04 ) Ashley Benson ( 2004 -- 07 ) Kate Mansi ( 2011 -- 16 ) Marci Miller ( 2016 -- ) Duration 1992 -- 98 2000 -- 07 2011 -- First appearance October 19 , 1992 Created by Sheri Anderson Introduced by Ken Corday and Tom Langan ( 1992 , 2000 ) Ken Corday and Gary Tomlin ( 2011 ) Ken Corday , Albert Alarr and Greg Meng ( 2016 ) Classification Present ; regular Profile Other names Abigail DiMera Abigail Hernandez Abigail Johanna Deveraux Gabby and Dr. Laura ( alternate personalities ) Occupation Head of Public Relations for DiMera Enterprises Police Department receptionist ( 2017 ) Public Relations assistant Model Student assistant Medical intern Waitress Residence Salem , Illinois ( show ) Family Family Horton Johnson Father Jack Deveraux Mother Jennifer Horton Brothers JJ Deveraux Spouse Chad DiMera ( 2016 -- 17 , 2017 -- ) Dario Hernandez ( 2017 ) Children Thomas DiMera Grandparents Duke Johnson Jo Johnson Harper Deveraux ( adoptive ) Camille Deveraux ( adoptive ) Bill Horton Laura Horton Aunts and uncles Steve Johnson Adrienne Johnson Kiriakis Mike Horton Lucas Horton First cousins Jeremy Horton Stephanie Johnson Will Horton Sonny Kiriakis Allie Horton Joey Johnson Tripp Dalton Joey Kiriakis ( adoptive ) Victor Kiriakis II ( adoptive ) Other relatives Tom Horton Alice Horton Arianna Horton Abigail Deveraux is a fictional character on Days of Our Lives , an American soap opera on the NBC network . Abigail was created by scriptwriter Sheri Anderson and executive producer Ken Corday . Abigail 's storylines often focus on young love and budding romances . She is a member of the high class , core family , the Hortons . She is also the daughter of popular super couple Jack Deveraux and Jennifer Horton . Abigail was often titularized as the show 's younger leading heroine during her time on the show and is known for her popular fan pairing with Max Brady , which spanned from 2005 to 2007 , when her character left for London , England , to be with her parents . The character returned to the series in March 2011 under the portrayal of Kate Mansi , and departed in June 2016 . Marci Miller stepped into the role in November 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting 2 Development 3 Storylines 3.1 1992 -- 98 , 2000 -- 04 3.2 2004 -- 07 3.3 2011 -- 15 3.4 2016 -- 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Casting ( edit ) Actress Ashley Benson ( left ) was cast as Abigail in 2004 and departed the role in 2007 . Kate Mansi ( right ) was cast as Benson 's successor in the role of Abigail , from 2011 to 2016 . The role was originated by Meghan and Michael Nelson on October 19 , 1992 , who shared the role until December 8 , 1994 . Paige and Ryanne Kettner took over on December 20 , 1994 , until December 27 , 1995 , in a recurring capacity . The Kettners were contracted to appear as Abigail , their run started on January 16 , 1996 , and ended on June 5 , 1998 , however they returned on October 13 , 2000 , and had their final run end on January 2 , 2001 . Megan Corletto portrayed the role of Abigail from January 31 , 2001 , and remained until May 27 , 2003 . She was replaced by Jillian Clare from August 28 , 2003 , to June 24 , 2004 . On October 31 , 2004 , it was announced that the character would be recast and rapidly aged to a teenager with fifteen - year - old actress Ashley Benson signed on to appear as Abby , she first appeared on November 12 , 2004 . Benson remained with the show for three years until her departure from the soap on May 2 , 2007 . In December 2010 , it was reported that the character of Abby would be brought back to the canvas with newcomer Kate Mansi assuming the role . Mansi first aired on March 2 , 2011 . In January 2016 , it was revealed that Mansi will be exiting the show ; she last appeared on June 24 , 2016 . In June 2016 , Soap Opera Digest broke the news that newcomer Marci Miller had been cast as Abigail . In the November 14 , 2016 , issue of Soap Opera Digest , it was confirmed that Miller would make her first appearance as Abigail on November 10 , 2016 . Development ( edit ) In January 2011 , Soap Opera Digest reported that Abigail would be Chad DiMera 's new love interest . Deidrick said he immediately connected to Mansi during her screen test . Throughout the spring of 2011 , the head writers teased a relationship between the two , however Abigail was `` turned off '' because Chad is a DiMera , before realizing he is n't like his family . In an interview with TV Source Magazine from 2011 , Mansi compared Chad and Abigail 's dynamic to Romeo and Juliet . The duo shared an `` instant attraction '' but she distances herself because he is a DiMera knowing her mother Jennifer Horton ( Melissa Reeves ) does not approve . Mansi revealed that Stefano and Kate would also interfere in the romance forcing Chad and Abigail to `` fight for their relationship , '' which makes them stronger . The onscreen pairing of Chad and Abigail became very popular among fans and garnered the squish name , `` Chabby '' . Jamey Giddens enjoyed Abigail and Chad 's new dynamic displayed in their snooping around Cameron . Giddens said that while he was n't a fan of their initial romance , `` Abby and Chad 's scenes were fun , and made me wish I could see more . '' Storylines ( edit ) 1992 -- 98 , 2000 -- 04 ( edit ) Born onscreen in 1992 , Abigail Johanna Deveraux is the oldest child of supercouple Jack Deveraux ( Matthew Ashford ) and Jennifer Horton ( Melissa Reeves ) . She is born in the Horton cabin , with her own father delivering her . While her parents ' car went off the road Jennifer goes into labor . She is named after Alice Horton 's mother Abigail Johanna . When Abby is 8 months old , she comes down with aplastic anemia as the result of polluted well water . A bone marrow donation from Austin Reed saves her life . Her father then discovers that he is responsible for the toxic dumping which had happened years earlier , when his own father used him to sign papers . Jack is traumatized with guilt and leaves town because he thought Jennifer and Abby would be better off without him . Years later , he returns and the entire Deveraux family goes to live in Africa for a few years . Abby 's international upbringing also includes Ireland , where she and her mother live before returning to Salem in 2000 . When her father returns to town , Abby hopes her estranged parents will reunite , but her mom has other ideas . Eventually her parents make their way back to each other and remarry . When Jack was hit on the head by the Salem Stalker , he was rendered brain dead . Jennifer made the heart - renching decision to turn off his life support . It was a decision that Abby could n't forgive her for . After Jack 's death , Jennifer finds out she was pregnant . Months later , she starts receiving messages from Jack via her cell phone . This leads her to the island Melaswen where all the presumed dead victims of the Salem Stalker are . While on the island , Jennifer gives birth to Jack , Jr. , Abby 's brother . Jack , Jennifer and their newborn son are briefly reunited until Jack is presumed dead once again by drowning while trying to escape . In reality , he has been kidnapped again . 2004 -- 07 ( edit ) Months later , Jack makes his way back to Salem . The Deveraux family are finally reunited on Abby 's 16th birthday . Abby begins spending a lot of time with her best friend Chelsea Benson , who starts dating Max Brady . Abby begins dating a guy named Josh . Jack gets trapped behind a door and has to watch them kissing . Sadly , Jack becomes terminally ill shortly after his return but dies when his car crashes into a river and his body is never found . Jennifer and Frankie Brady begin seeing each other which upsets Abby , especially when she walks in on them making love in her parents ' room . Abby even begins considering sleeping with Josh , even though she had always planned to wait until marriage . At a Pier Party with Chelsea and Max , Josh asks Abby to be exclusive and Abby tells Chelsea she is going to sleep with him first and then decide , but when things start to get hot , Abby gets a phone call and has to go . Little did both girls know that pictures of them kissing their boyfriends were taken by website owners and posted online which Frankie and Jennifer end up finding . Josh goes off screen later when Abby develops feelings for Max and his disappearance is never explained . In 2006 , during Jennifer 's wedding to Frankie , Jack returns from being presumed dead with his presumed - dead amnesiac brother , Steve Johnson . After receiving a successful experimental treatment for his illness , Jack is finally cured and able to return to his life . Jack , Jennifer and Jack , Jr. soon leave for London to run the Spectator newspaper office . Abigail remains in Salem at the university studying business . Abby soon begins working as an assistant at Max 's garage , helping with paperwork and generally keeping the garage in order . Abby soon develops a crush on Max and begins displaying jealous feelings towards Max 's relationship with Mimi Lockhart . When Mimi leaves town , Max is available again . Max soon admits his crush on Abby , and the two start dating , but only briefly . Abby 's aunt , Maggie Horton , and Jack , push her to not go out with Max . When Max tells Abby that he wants to stay friends and not pursue a relationship with her , she gets in a fight with him and leaves Salem to spend the summer with her family in London and does n't return . 2011 -- 15 ( edit ) In November 2010 , Abby 's mother Jennifer returns to Salem after a 4 - year absence and explains that Abby is studying her schoolwork in Spain for the semester . On March 2 , 2011 , Abby surprises her mother when she returns to Salem and expresses her dismay for her father Jack 's absence . She tries to talk Jennifer into moving on without Jack and encourages her to pursue a relationship with Dr. Daniel Jonas , the surgeon who saved her life . Abby is instantly attracted to Stefano DiMera 's youngest son Chad DiMera and realizes she should keep her distance . Chad comforts Abby when she learns that her mother is divorcing her father and admits she wishes her parents were still together . They soon begin dating , but Chad 's step - mother , Kate DiMera starts plotting to break them up , but that plan quickly falls apart when Chad gets shot and ' disowns ' his heritage . In September 2011 , Jack returns to Salem . It turns out he was secretly on an assignment as a reporter in Afghanistan and was taken hostage for over a year . Abby reacts in extreme anger when her father returns , after learning he lied again , and has a brief estrangement from him but eventually they reconcile . Later , Abby 's relationship with Chad falls apart when he develops feelings for her best friend , Melanie Jonas and Abby secretly develops feelings for married man , Austin Reed . One drunken night Austin and Abby kiss and when Austin wakes in the morning he is full of regret , thinking that he had slept with Abigail . He tries to cover it up to keep it from his wife Carrie Brady . What he does n't know is that he and Abby never actually slept together , but Abby lets him think that to try to keep him . Austin continues to push her away in an attempt to rekindle his failing marriage . Realizing how much she is hurting Austin , Abigail comes clean revealing that she lied about sleeping with him . Abigail then begins to build a connection with Lexie Carver 's half - brother , Cameron Davis , a doctor at the University of Salem . The two begin a flirtation that soon turns to a relationship . Her relationship with her father improves as well . He works with Marlena Evans and a support group to recover from PSTD and so , Jack eventually manages to open up to Abigail about it and she soon forgives him . After Jack dies , Abigail begins to fall apart , asking Cameron to sleep with her , though she would always turn him down . Due to Abby 's grief and mixed feelings , Cameron breaks up with her and starts seeing other girls , much to Abby 's chagrin . Later , Abby begins bonding with Chad again , and their feelings are rekindled . They spend New Year 's Eve together and , ironically , a year after they break up , they end up sharing a few kisses , and decide to get closer . Abby also becomes Gabi Hernandez 's maid - of - honor in her wedding to Abby 's cousin , Nick Fallon . When Chad ruins the wedding ( which he attends as Abby 's date ) by revealing that Nick is not the father of Will Horton 's baby Arianna , Abigail then tells Chad she is done with him . They then reconcile and on September 17 , Chad and Abigail make love for the first time , resulting in Abigail no longer being a virgin . After Chad leaves town with Stefano to recover from the shooting , Abigail begins having sex with Chad 's older brother EJ DiMera . She then has a pregnancy scare which turns out to be a stomach bug . Abigail is mentioned by Will to be one of Arianna 's godparents , along with Sonny Kiriakis . After Sami Brady learns of Abigail 's affair with EJ , Sami plots revenge on both of them and continues to torture Abigail . In September 2014 , Chad returns to Salem and immediately places anger towards Abigail over her affair with EJ . In June 2015 , Abigail sleeps with Chad , despite being in a committed relationship with Ben . Later , believing herself to be pregnant due to morning sickness , she takes an at - home pregnancy test , which returns a positive result . As she has just slept with Chad , she is unsure if the father is Chad or Ben . She gets Kayla to secretly perform a paternity test , which reveals that Ben is the father after Ben 's father Clyde Weston threatens the paternity doctor . When Chad is accused of murdering Serena Mason and Paige Larson Abigail sticks up for him even though Ben believes Chad is the killer because Chad has no memory of the nights the girls were murdered . Abigail 's cousin Will Horton is murdered and Abigail still believes Chad is innocent . It is soon revealed that Ben is the killer and before leaving for Hope Williams Brady 's wedding to Aiden Jennings , Abigail realizes the truth . She tries to get Ben to call an anonymous hotline or talk to Marlena Evans , but Ben , psychotically jealous , takes Abigail to a cabin in the middle of nowhere . Abigail 's mother tries to contact her and realizing that he left Abigail 's phone at the apartment , Ben goes back to get it . While he 's gone , Abigail picks the handcuff she 's locked to and tries to escape , but Ben arrives just as she 's leaving . He locks her up once again and leaves for a second time to get some things . While he 's gone , Abigail has labor pains but they soon wear off . Upon his return , he tells Abigail to call Chad and tell him she 's done with him ; she does so and , instantly realizing something is wrong , Chad tells Abigail to say goodbye and hang up immediately to signal if something is wrong and she does exactly so . Abigail goes into early labor and gives birth to her son with the help of a midwife , but Ben kills the midwife after the birth . Chad arrives and Ben ties them to the bed and sets it on fire before leaving with the baby . However , they escape and Ben is found and arrested . Eventually , Ben is put in jail and Abigail is reunited with her son after JJ and Chad find him abandoned in a motel . She renames her son Thomas Jack Deveraux . Afterwards , Abigail and Chad start to plan a future together . After being brainwashed to do his family 's bidding , Chad cruelly breaks up with Abigail . After Thomas gets sick , it 's revealed that Chad is his father , not Ben . In March 2016 , Abigail marries Chad in a ceremony hosted at the DiMera mansion . At this time , Abigail begins to believe she is seeing hallucinations of Ben ; in an attempt to confront her fears , she sets traps to see if she can catch him . When confronted by Ben , Abigail begins to question her own sanity and in a stint of absent - mindedness , she ties up and tortures Ben . As a result , Chad commits her Shady Hills psych ward ; while there , she continues to be threatened by hallucinations of Ben . Becoming overwhelmed , she withdraws herself from her family , and event breaks out of Shady Hills . Soon after , it is revealed that while on the run , Abigail died in a plane wreck . 2016 -- ( edit ) In November 2016 , Abigail returns to Salem and is spying on her loved ones , including Chad . After sneaking into the DiMera mansion to return Thomas ' teddy bear , she is approached by Andre , who reveals that he helped Abigail leave Salem and teamed up with Laura to help keep her safe , and that she had returned to Salem against their suggestion . At first she was n't going to reveal herself to Chad , who had developed feelings for her best friend Gabi Hernandez . Abigail and Chad reconcile , however , but shortly thereafter Chad and Gabi are locked in a meat locker by Deimos Kiriakis and Chad tells Gabi he loves her . Abigail , with the help of Gabi 's brother Dario Hernandez , who has developed feelings for Abigail himself , rescue them . Chad tells Abigail that he still has feelings for Gabi , but that he loves her and Thomas and wants to keep his marriage and family . He eventually decides he must remove Gabi from his life entirely . The day that Chad decides to tell Gabi this , Deimos kidnaps Abigail and Gabi and poisons them both and gives Chad only enough antidote to save one of the women , forcing him to choose which woman would live and which would die . Chad , however , gives half of the antidote to each one , saving both of their lives , however Gabi remains in a coma . Abby later realizes that Chad and Gabi used to play baseball together , and believes that Chad only saved her first because he knew that Gabi would catch the vial . She breaks up with Chad , and marries Dario after he lies to her about the need to marry , so he wo n't be deported . Abby finds out that Dario is stealing money from DiMera Enterprises , and wants to leave him , but Dario blackmails Abby into staying married to him by showing her a photo that implicates Chad in Deimos ' murder . Abby turns to Andrè for help , and he has Theo steal Dario 's laptop , so he can delete the photo . Dario forces Abby to leave town with him , but Chad goes to confront them , and Abby is hit by car aimed for Dario when she pushes Chad out of the way . Chad and Abby reconcile and plan to remarry in a double wedding with Sonny and Paul , but theY re interrupted by Ben , who announces that Will is alive . Chad and Abby later remarry in a private ceremony with Andrè and Jennifer in attendance . Abby realizes Andrè has feelings for Kate and encourages him to come clean to her . Chad and Abby 's New Years Eve party is crashed by Vivian Alamain and her long lost son with Stefano , Stefan . Stefan seizes control of DiMera by getting the board to appoint him as CEO , and Abby conspires with Chad to have him removed , but Stefan develops a crush on Abby . Abby finds Andre 's dead body after learning from Gabi that Andrè stole her company from her . Security footage shows a woman that resembles Gabi from the back is seen leaving Andre 's office with the lid to the murder weapon . Abby has a hard time dealing with Andrè 's death and Stefan discovers Abby has Dissociative Identity Disorder after meeting Abby 's alter , Gabby . Gabby later tries to attack Vivian with a fire poker , and Stefan convinces her to give him her coat and the lid . After Stefan helps Gabby come to terms with the fact that she is n't the real Gabi Hernandez , another altar named Dr. Laura , emerged . Dr. Laura tells Stefan that Abby killed Andrè . See also ( edit ) Supercouple Chad DiMera and Abigail Deveraux Horton Family References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Megan Corletto Bio '' . TV.com . Retrieved 24 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jillian Clare Bio '' . Teen Stars Online.com . Retrieved 24 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ashley Benson - A Kid With a Cause '' . Soap Opera Digest . Retrieved 24 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan ( October 31 , 2004 ) . `` Orange off contract , Bjorlin to return '' . United States : Soapcentral.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mulcahy , Jr. , Kevin ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Today in Soap Opera History ( November 12 ) '' . We Love Soaps . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Janet Di Lauro , `` Days Actress to Exit in ' 2007 ' , Soap Opera Digest , March 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( December 1 , 2010 ) . `` TV and screen vet Frances Fisher lands DAYS role , plus Abby recast ! '' . Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Michael ( January 4 , 2016 ) . `` Kate Mansi Leaving Days of our Lives '' . Serial Scoop . United States : Blogger ( Google ) . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Michael ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Kate Mansi Reveals Her Last Episode on Days of our Lives '' . Serial Scoop . United States : Blogger ( Google ) . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SOD ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` DAYS CASTS NEW ABIGAIL '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Comings and Goings '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc. 41 ( 46 ) : 12 . November 14 , 2016 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Ins&Outs '' . Soaps In Depth . Bauer Media Group : 14 . January 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Casey Jon Deidrick On Final Days '' . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 38 ( 44 ) : 4 -- 5 . November 4 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Dallman , William ( August 19 , 2011 ) . `` On set with ' Days of our Lives ' star Kate Mansi '' . TV Source Magazine . SoSource Media LLC . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` Chad and Abigail Get an Eyeful on Days of Our Lives '' . Daytime Confidential . Zap2it . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Abigail Deveraux Bio '' . NBC.com . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2006 . Retrieved 24 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Get Episode Recaps & Previews - Days of our Lives - NBC '' . NBC . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Get Episode Recaps & Previews - Days of our Lives - NBC '' . NBC . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Get Episode Recaps & Previews - Days of our Lives - NBC '' . NBC . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Get Episode Recaps & Previews - Days of our Lives - NBC '' . NBC . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Abby at soapcentral.com Days of Our Lives - Abby Deveraux Days of Our Lives Current characters Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Reed Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Anna DiMera Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Tate Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Belle Black Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux André DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Anne Milbauer Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abigail_Deveraux&oldid=835757942 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional characters introduced in 1992 Fictional American people of Irish descent Fictional American people of English descent Fictional characters with multiple personalities Fictional characters with posttraumatic stress disorder Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 10 April 2018 , at 15 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who has played abigail on days of our lives | [
"\n\nAbigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nMarci Miller as Abigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nMeghan and Michael Nelson (1992–94)\nPaige and Ryanne Kettner (1994–2001)\nMegan Corletto (2001–03)\nJillian Clare (2003–04)\nAshley Benson (2004–07)\nKate Mansi (2011–16)\nMarci Miller (2016–)\n\n\n\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1992–98\n2000–07\n2011–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nOctober 19, 1992\n\n\nCreated by\nSheri Anderson\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nKen Corday and Tom Langan (1992, 2000)\nKen Corday and Gary Tomlin (2011)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2016)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; regular\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOther names\n\n\n\nAbigail DiMera\nAbigail Hernandez\nAbigail Johanna Deveraux\nGabby and Dr. Laura (alternate personalities)\n\n\n\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nHead of Public Relations for DiMera Enterprises\nPolice Department receptionist (2017)\nPublic Relations assistant\nModel\nStudent assistant\nMedical intern\nWaitress\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nSalem, Illinois\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\nHorton\nJohnson\n\n\nFather\nJack Deveraux\n\n\nMother\nJennifer Horton\n\n\nBrothers\nJJ Deveraux\n\n\nSpouse\n\n\n\nChad DiMera (2016–17, 2017–)\nDario Hernandez (2017)\n\n\n\n\n\nChildren\nThomas DiMera\n\n\nGrandparents\nDuke Johnson\nJo Johnson\nHarper Deveraux (adoptive)\nCamille Deveraux (adoptive)\nBill Horton\nLaura Horton\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nSteve Johnson\nAdrienne Johnson Kiriakis\nMike Horton\nLucas Horton\n\n\nFirst cousins\nJeremy Horton\nStephanie Johnson\nWill Horton\nSonny Kiriakis\nAllie Horton\nJoey Johnson\nTripp Dalton\nJoey Kiriakis (adoptive)\nVictor Kiriakis II (adoptive)\n\n\nOther relatives\nTom Horton\nAlice Horton\nArianna Horton\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nAbigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nMarci Miller as Abigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nMeghan and Michael Nelson (1992–94)\nPaige and Ryanne Kettner (1994–2001)\nMegan Corletto (2001–03)\nJillian Clare (2003–04)\nAshley Benson (2004–07)\nKate Mansi (2011–16)\nMarci Miller (2016–)\n\n\n\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1992–98\n2000–07\n2011–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nOctober 19, 1992\n\n\nCreated by\nSheri Anderson\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nKen Corday and Tom Langan (1992, 2000)\nKen Corday and Gary Tomlin (2011)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2016)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; regular\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOther names\n\n\n\nAbigail DiMera\nAbigail Hernandez\nAbigail Johanna Deveraux\nGabby and Dr. Laura (alternate personalities)\n\n\n\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nHead of Public Relations for DiMera Enterprises\nPolice Department receptionist (2017)\nPublic Relations assistant\nModel\nStudent assistant\nMedical intern\nWaitress\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nSalem, Illinois\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\nHorton\nJohnson\n\n\nFather\nJack Deveraux\n\n\nMother\nJennifer Horton\n\n\nBrothers\nJJ Deveraux\n\n\nSpouse\n\n\n\nChad DiMera (2016–17, 2017–)\nDario Hernandez (2017)\n\n\n\n\n\nChildren\nThomas DiMera\n\n\nGrandparents\nDuke Johnson\nJo Johnson\nHarper Deveraux (adoptive)\nCamille Deveraux (adoptive)\nBill Horton\nLaura Horton\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nSteve Johnson\nAdrienne Johnson Kiriakis\nMike Horton\nLucas Horton\n\n\nFirst cousins\nJeremy Horton\nStephanie Johnson\nWill Horton\nSonny Kiriakis\nAllie Horton\nJoey Johnson\nTripp Dalton\nJoey Kiriakis (adoptive)\nVictor Kiriakis II (adoptive)\n\n\nOther relatives\nTom Horton\nAlice Horton\nArianna Horton\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nAbigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nMarci Miller as Abigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nMeghan and Michael Nelson (1992–94)\nPaige and Ryanne Kettner (1994–2001)\nMegan Corletto (2001–03)\nJillian Clare (2003–04)\nAshley Benson (2004–07)\nKate Mansi (2011–16)\nMarci Miller (2016–)\n\n\n\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1992–98\n2000–07\n2011–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nOctober 19, 1992\n\n\nCreated by\nSheri Anderson\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nKen Corday and Tom Langan (1992, 2000)\nKen Corday and Gary Tomlin (2011)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2016)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; regular\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOther names\n\n\n\nAbigail DiMera\nAbigail Hernandez\nAbigail Johanna Deveraux\nGabby and Dr. Laura (alternate personalities)\n\n\n\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nHead of Public Relations for DiMera Enterprises\nPolice Department receptionist (2017)\nPublic Relations assistant\nModel\nStudent assistant\nMedical intern\nWaitress\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nSalem, Illinois\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\nHorton\nJohnson\n\n\nFather\nJack Deveraux\n\n\nMother\nJennifer Horton\n\n\nBrothers\nJJ Deveraux\n\n\nSpouse\n\n\n\nChad DiMera (2016–17, 2017–)\nDario Hernandez (2017)\n\n\n\n\n\nChildren\nThomas DiMera\n\n\nGrandparents\nDuke Johnson\nJo Johnson\nHarper Deveraux (adoptive)\nCamille Deveraux (adoptive)\nBill Horton\nLaura Horton\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nSteve Johnson\nAdrienne Johnson Kiriakis\nMike Horton\nLucas Horton\n\n\nFirst cousins\nJeremy Horton\nStephanie Johnson\nWill Horton\nSonny Kiriakis\nAllie Horton\nJoey Johnson\nTripp Dalton\nJoey Kiriakis (adoptive)\nVictor Kiriakis II (adoptive)\n\n\nOther relatives\nTom Horton\nAlice Horton\nArianna Horton\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nAbigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nMarci Miller as Abigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nMeghan and Michael Nelson (1992–94)\nPaige and Ryanne Kettner (1994–2001)\nMegan Corletto (2001–03)\nJillian Clare (2003–04)\nAshley Benson (2004–07)\nKate Mansi (2011–16)\nMarci Miller (2016–)\n\n\n\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1992–98\n2000–07\n2011–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nOctober 19, 1992\n\n\nCreated by\nSheri Anderson\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nKen Corday and Tom Langan (1992, 2000)\nKen Corday and Gary Tomlin (2011)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2016)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; regular\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOther names\n\n\n\nAbigail DiMera\nAbigail Hernandez\nAbigail Johanna Deveraux\nGabby and Dr. Laura (alternate personalities)\n\n\n\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nHead of Public Relations for DiMera Enterprises\nPolice Department receptionist (2017)\nPublic Relations assistant\nModel\nStudent assistant\nMedical intern\nWaitress\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nSalem, Illinois\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\nHorton\nJohnson\n\n\nFather\nJack Deveraux\n\n\nMother\nJennifer Horton\n\n\nBrothers\nJJ Deveraux\n\n\nSpouse\n\n\n\nChad DiMera (2016–17, 2017–)\nDario Hernandez (2017)\n\n\n\n\n\nChildren\nThomas DiMera\n\n\nGrandparents\nDuke Johnson\nJo Johnson\nHarper Deveraux (adoptive)\nCamille Deveraux (adoptive)\nBill Horton\nLaura Horton\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nSteve Johnson\nAdrienne Johnson Kiriakis\nMike Horton\nLucas Horton\n\n\nFirst cousins\nJeremy Horton\nStephanie Johnson\nWill Horton\nSonny Kiriakis\nAllie Horton\nJoey Johnson\nTripp Dalton\nJoey Kiriakis (adoptive)\nVictor Kiriakis II (adoptive)\n\n\nOther relatives\nTom Horton\nAlice Horton\nArianna Horton\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nAbigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nMarci Miller as Abigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nMeghan and Michael Nelson (1992–94)\nPaige and Ryanne Kettner (1994–2001)\nMegan Corletto (2001–03)\nJillian Clare (2003–04)\nAshley Benson (2004–07)\nKate Mansi (2011–16)\nMarci Miller (2016–)\n\n\n\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1992–98\n2000–07\n2011–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nOctober 19, 1992\n\n\nCreated by\nSheri Anderson\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nKen Corday and Tom Langan (1992, 2000)\nKen Corday and Gary Tomlin (2011)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2016)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; regular\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOther names\n\n\n\nAbigail DiMera\nAbigail Hernandez\nAbigail Johanna Deveraux\nGabby and Dr. Laura (alternate personalities)\n\n\n\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nHead of Public Relations for DiMera Enterprises\nPolice Department receptionist (2017)\nPublic Relations assistant\nModel\nStudent assistant\nMedical intern\nWaitress\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nSalem, Illinois\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\nHorton\nJohnson\n\n\nFather\nJack Deveraux\n\n\nMother\nJennifer Horton\n\n\nBrothers\nJJ Deveraux\n\n\nSpouse\n\n\n\nChad DiMera (2016–17, 2017–)\nDario Hernandez (2017)\n\n\n\n\n\nChildren\nThomas DiMera\n\n\nGrandparents\nDuke Johnson\nJo Johnson\nHarper Deveraux (adoptive)\nCamille Deveraux (adoptive)\nBill Horton\nLaura Horton\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nSteve Johnson\nAdrienne Johnson Kiriakis\nMike Horton\nLucas Horton\n\n\nFirst cousins\nJeremy Horton\nStephanie Johnson\nWill Horton\nSonny Kiriakis\nAllie Horton\nJoey Johnson\nTripp Dalton\nJoey Kiriakis (adoptive)\nVictor Kiriakis II (adoptive)\n\n\nOther relatives\nTom Horton\nAlice Horton\nArianna Horton\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nAbigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nMarci Miller as Abigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nMeghan and Michael Nelson (1992–94)\nPaige and Ryanne Kettner (1994–2001)\nMegan Corletto (2001–03)\nJillian Clare (2003–04)\nAshley Benson (2004–07)\nKate Mansi (2011–16)\nMarci Miller (2016–)\n\n\n\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1992–98\n2000–07\n2011–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nOctober 19, 1992\n\n\nCreated by\nSheri Anderson\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nKen Corday and Tom Langan (1992, 2000)\nKen Corday and Gary Tomlin (2011)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2016)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; regular\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOther names\n\n\n\nAbigail DiMera\nAbigail Hernandez\nAbigail Johanna Deveraux\nGabby and Dr. Laura (alternate personalities)\n\n\n\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nHead of Public Relations for DiMera Enterprises\nPolice Department receptionist (2017)\nPublic Relations assistant\nModel\nStudent assistant\nMedical intern\nWaitress\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nSalem, Illinois\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\nHorton\nJohnson\n\n\nFather\nJack Deveraux\n\n\nMother\nJennifer Horton\n\n\nBrothers\nJJ Deveraux\n\n\nSpouse\n\n\n\nChad DiMera (2016–17, 2017–)\nDario Hernandez (2017)\n\n\n\n\n\nChildren\nThomas DiMera\n\n\nGrandparents\nDuke Johnson\nJo Johnson\nHarper Deveraux (adoptive)\nCamille Deveraux (adoptive)\nBill Horton\nLaura Horton\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nSteve Johnson\nAdrienne Johnson Kiriakis\nMike Horton\nLucas Horton\n\n\nFirst cousins\nJeremy Horton\nStephanie Johnson\nWill Horton\nSonny Kiriakis\nAllie Horton\nJoey Johnson\nTripp Dalton\nJoey Kiriakis (adoptive)\nVictor Kiriakis II (adoptive)\n\n\nOther relatives\nTom Horton\nAlice Horton\nArianna Horton\n\n\n\n\n",
"\n\nAbigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nMarci Miller as Abigail Deveraux\n\n\n\nDays of Our Lives character\n\n\nPortrayed by\n\n\n\nMeghan and Michael Nelson (1992–94)\nPaige and Ryanne Kettner (1994–2001)\nMegan Corletto (2001–03)\nJillian Clare (2003–04)\nAshley Benson (2004–07)\nKate Mansi (2011–16)\nMarci Miller (2016–)\n\n\n\n\n\nDuration\n\n\n\n1992–98\n2000–07\n2011–\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\nOctober 19, 1992\n\n\nCreated by\nSheri Anderson\n\n\nIntroduced by\n\n\n\nKen Corday and Tom Langan (1992, 2000)\nKen Corday and Gary Tomlin (2011)\nKen Corday, Albert Alarr and Greg Meng (2016)\n\n\n\n\n\nClassification\nPresent; regular\n\n\nProfile\n\n\nOther names\n\n\n\nAbigail DiMera\nAbigail Hernandez\nAbigail Johanna Deveraux\nGabby and Dr. Laura (alternate personalities)\n\n\n\n\n\nOccupation\n\n\n\nHead of Public Relations for DiMera Enterprises\nPolice Department receptionist (2017)\nPublic Relations assistant\nModel\nStudent assistant\nMedical intern\nWaitress\n\n\n\n\n\nResidence\nSalem, Illinois\n\n\n\n\n\n[show]Family\n\n\nFamily\nHorton\nJohnson\n\n\nFather\nJack Deveraux\n\n\nMother\nJennifer Horton\n\n\nBrothers\nJJ Deveraux\n\n\nSpouse\n\n\n\nChad DiMera (2016–17, 2017–)\nDario Hernandez (2017)\n\n\n\n\n\nChildren\nThomas DiMera\n\n\nGrandparents\nDuke Johnson\nJo Johnson\nHarper Deveraux (adoptive)\nCamille Deveraux (adoptive)\nBill Horton\nLaura Horton\n\n\nAunts and uncles\nSteve Johnson\nAdrienne Johnson Kiriakis\nMike Horton\nLucas Horton\n\n\nFirst cousins\nJeremy Horton\nStephanie Johnson\nWill Horton\nSonny Kiriakis\nAllie Horton\nJoey Johnson\nTripp Dalton\nJoey Kiriakis (adoptive)\nVictor Kiriakis II (adoptive)\n\n\nOther relatives\nTom Horton\nAlice Horton\nArianna Horton\n\n\n\n\n"
] | [
"Meghan and Michael Nelson",
"Paige and Ryanne Kettner",
"Megan Corletto",
"Jillian Clare",
"Ashley Benson",
"Kate Mansi",
"Marci Miller"
] |
947269774138291666 | England at the FIFA World Cup | England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . Jump up ^ A total of six yellow cards for Colombia , and two for England . ^ Jump up to : England lost the penalty shoot - out Jump up ^ England won the penalty shoot - out References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Ken ( 4 December 1997 ) . `` Football : It is possible to forget that England 's overall World Cup record is nothing much to shout about - Sport '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ 2006 FIFA World Cup TV Coverage Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( PDF ) , FIFA.com , Retrieved on 6 June 2007 Jump up ^ `` The full list of records broken by England at The euros '' . Goal.com. 25 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - World Cup 2014 : Roy Hodgson hopeful for England 's future '' . bbc.co.uk. 24 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2014 . Retrieved 11 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Copies of old newspapers reveal England 's World Cup myth - The British Newspaper Archive Blog '' . 15 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile TM - Matches - England - Argentina - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile TM - Matches - England - Bulgaria - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 26 December 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1962 FIFA World Cup Chile TM - Matches - Brazil - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England and Poland football teams played to a 1 : 1 draw , 17 October 1973 '' . eu-football.info . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ cestrian81 ( 21 December 2011 ) . `` England 1 - 1 Poland ( 1973 ) WCQ '' . Archived from the original on 26 January 2016 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : Fifield , Dominic . `` England managers and off - field controversies : from Revie to Hodgson '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - France - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 5 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - Czechoslovakia - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1982 FIFA World Cup Spain TM - Matches - England - Kuwait - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 30 January 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` WORLD CUP 1990 '' . allworldcup.narod.ru . Archived from the original on 7 December 2009 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - England - Egypt - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 26 August 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - England - Belgium - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 24 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - England - Cameroon - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 10 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - Germany FR - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1990 FIFA World Cup Italy TM - Matches - Italy - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 9 November 2017 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Engel , Matthew . `` Italia 90 : the World Cup when England rediscovered football '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 9 July 2018 . Retrieved 9 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Remember San Marino in 1993 ? What happened in England 's World Cup humiliation ... and to those who lined up in Graham Taylor 's final outing '' . Archived from the original on 12 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France TM - Matches - England - Tunisia - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 11 January 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 FIFA World Cup France TM - Matches - Colombia - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 12 December 2017 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Tench , Matt ( 19 May 2002 ) . `` Simeone : I conned red - card referee '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beckham buries Simeone hatchet '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The dramatic redemption of David Beckham '' . 4 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beckhams were sent bullets through post '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Harding , John ( 7 October 2010 ) . `` On This Day in History : 7 October - Keegan resigns after Didi Hamann scores last Wembley goal '' . Retrieved 2 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 FIFA World Cup Korea / Japan TM - Matches - England - Brazil - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 2 January 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ireland 1 - 0 England '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Archived from the original on 30 March 2009 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Paraguay - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Peter Crouch is probably the most hated Englishman in our history ' '' . 15 June 2015 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 -- via www.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Trinidad and Tobago - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - Sweden - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Ecuador - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 FIFA World Cup Germany TM - Matches - England - Portugal - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England , Algeria , Slovenia , Yanks = E.A.S.Y ? '' . Jump up ^ Brodkin , Jon ( 18 June 2010 ) . `` World Cup 2010 : Wayne Rooney mocks booing fans in sarcastic aside '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Singer , Peter ( 29 June 2010 ) . `` Why is cheating OK in football ? - Peter Singer '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Association , Press ( 20 June 2012 ) . `` Euro 2012 : Sepp Blatter says goalline technology is ' a necessity ' '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelso , Paul ( 27 June 2010 ) . `` England v Germany : Frank Lampard 's ' goal ' reignites goal - line technology debate '' . Archived from the original on 11 March 2018 -- via www.telegraph.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup TM Archive - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sky Sports . `` World Cup : England out as Italy lose 1 -- 0 to Costa Rica in Recife in Group D '' . skysports.com/ . BSkyB . Archived from the original on 23 June 2014 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Allardyce : England manager leaves after one match in charge '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 27 September 2016 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Scotland - England - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Archived from the original on 14 October 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ McGee , Nicholas ( 18 June 2018 ) . `` Captain Kane saves Three Lions '' . Goal.com . Archived from the original on 25 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England romp past Panama and into last 16 '' . FIFA.com. 24 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England 's game v Colombia ' biggest knockout game for decade ' '' . BBC Sport. 28 June 2018 . Archived from the original on 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Delaney , Miguel ( 28 June 2018 ) . `` Three Lions still left wondering how good they really are after deflating defeat '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : England 's game v Colombia ' biggest knockout game for decade ' '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` England still left wondering how good they really are after defeat to Belgium '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 29 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Colombia - England - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brashness of youth overcomes mental demons as England break penalty shoot - out hoodoo '' . ABC News . 4 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Cup 2018 : England players not bowed by history - Gareth Southgate '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Daniel ( 3 July 2018 ) . `` England knock Colombia out of World Cup in last - 16 penalty shootout '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` England penalties : 11 / 11 in open play , 11 / 19 in shootouts '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on 4 July 2018 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden 0 - 2 England '' . BBC Sport. 7 July 2018 . Archived from the original on 7 July 2018 . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The three stages of England vs Croatia that turned a World Cup final into a third - place play - off '' . The Independent . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com. `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia TM - Matches - Belgium - England - FIFA.com '' . www.fifa.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia 2 England 1 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : England set new records in 6 - 1 victory over Panama '' . BBC Sport . England national football squads England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Austria Belgium Brazil Denmark France Germany Hungary Italy Ireland Netherlands Poland Portugal Scotland Spain Sweden Switzerland Wales Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Countries at the FIFA World Cup Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=853673134 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 07 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when was he last time england won the world cup | [
"England did not enter the competition until 1950, but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments.[a] They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions, 1974 (West Germany), 1978 (Argentina) and 1994 (United States), and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup, the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England, whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990, in Italy, and in 2018 in Russia. Other than that, the team have reached the quarter-finals on nine occasions, the latest of which were at the 2002 (South Korea/Japan) and the 2006 (Germany).[b]\n"
] | [
"1966"
] |
-4784117654516492022 | Visa requirements for Canadian citizens | Visa requirements for Canadian citizens - wikipedia Visa requirements for Canadian citizens Jump to : navigation , search A Canadian passport Visa requirements for Canadian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Canada . As of February 2018 , Canadian citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 176 countries and territories , ranking the Canadian passport 5th in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley Passport Index . Contents 1 Visa requirements map 2 Changes 3 Visa requirements 4 Dependent , Disputed , or Restricted territories 5 Non-visa restrictions 5.1 Passport validity length 5.2 Blank passport pages 5.3 Vaccination 5.4 Israeli stamps 5.5 Armenian ethnicity 5.6 Persona non grata 5.7 Fingerprinting 5.8 Criminal record 6 Fingerprinting 7 Consular protection of Canadian citizens abroad 8 Foreign travel statistics 9 See also 10 References and Notes 11 External links Visa requirements map ( edit ) Visa requirements for Canadian citizens Canada Visa not required Visa on arrival Electronic authorization or online payment required / eVisa Both visa on arrival and eVisa available Visa required prior to arrival Changes ( edit ) Visa requirements for Canadian citizens were lifted by Austria ( 1956 ) , Finland ( 1958 ) , Japan ( 20 September 1964 ) , Micronesia ( 18 December 1980 ) , Taiwan ( 1 January 1994 ) , Ukraine ( 1 August 2005 ) , Kyrgyzstan ( 27 July 2012 ) , Mongolia ( 1 January 2014 ) , Kazakhstan ( 1 January 2017 ) and Argentina ( 1 January 2018 ) . Canadian citizens were made eligible for eVisas by India ( 1 May 2015 ) , Brazil ( 25 January 2018 ) and Angola ( 30 March 2018 ) . Visa requirements ( edit ) Country Visa requirement Allowed stay Notes ( excluding departure fees ) Afghanistan Visa required Albania Visa not required 90 days Algeria Visa required Andorra Visa not required Angola eVisa 30 days Visitors who were granted online pre-visa are then issued with visa on arrival at Luanda International Airport . For a maximum total stay of 90 days within year period . Antigua and Barbuda Visa not required 6 months Argentina Visa not required 90 days Armenia eVisa / Visa on arrival 120 days Available at Zvartnots International Airport in Yerevan , Gyumri Airport , Ayrum railway station , Bagratashen , Bavra , Gogavan and Megri land borders . Australia and external territories Electronic Travel Authority 90 days 90 days on each visit in 12 - month period Can use the Smartgate system . Austria Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Azerbaijan eVisa 30 days Bahamas Visa not required 8 months Bahrain eVisa / Visa on arrival 14 days Bangladesh Visa on arrival 30 days Barbados Visa not required 6 months Belarus Visa not required 5 days 5 day visa free access available to travellers that arrive and depart via Minsk International Airport and are not arriving from or planning to depart to a Russian Federation airport . Otherwise a visa is required . Visas on arrival are available at the Minsk International Airport if the support documents are submitted at least 3 business days before arrival . Belgium Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Belize Visa not required Benin Visa on arrival 8 days Bhutan Visa required Bolivia Visa not required 90 days Bosnia and Herzegovina Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 6 - month period Botswana Visa not required 90 days Brazil eVisa 90 days 90 days per year Brunei Visa not required 14 days Bulgaria Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period Burkina Faso Visa on arrival 1 month Burundi Visa required Cambodia eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Visa is also obtainable online . Cameroon Visa required Cape Verde Visa on arrival Central African Republic Visa required Chad Visa required Chile Visa not required 90 days China Visa required 72 - hours visa free visit when in transit at , Changsha , Chengdu , Chongqing , Guangzhou , Guilin , Harbin , Kunming , Qingdao , Wuhan , Xi'an and Xiamen . 144 - hours visa free visit when in transit at Beijing ( Beijing Capital International Airport ) , Dalian , Hangzhou , Hebei ( Shijiazhuang Zhengding International Airport ) , Nanjing , Shanghai ( Hongqiao and Pudong international airports , Railway Station and port ) , Shenyang and Tianjin ( Tianjin Binhai International Airport ) Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan do count as third countries under the 72 and 144 - hours transit policy . Colombia Visa not required 90 days Extendable up to 180 - days stay within a one - year period Visa free for up to 90 days but a reciprocity fee of COP 190,000 must be paid on arrival ; tourists whose final destination is San Andrés , Providencia and Santa Catalina are excluded from the fee . Comoros Visa on arrival Republic of the Congo Visa required Democratic Republic of the Congo Visa required Costa Rica Visa not required 90 days Côte d'Ivoire eVisa 3 months Electronic visa holders must arrive via Port Bouet Airport . Croatia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period Cuba Visa required ! Tourist Card required 30 days Tourist Card can be purchased from the airline transporting the passenger into Cuba and must be obtained before taking a flight that will land in Cuba . Cyprus Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period Czech Republic Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Denmark and territories Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period regardless of previous time spent in other Schengen countries ( except the other Nordic countries ) Djibouti eVisa 31 days Dominica Visa not required 6 months Dominican Republic Visa not required 90 days Ecuador Visa not required 90 days Egypt eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days El Salvador Visa not required 3 months Equatorial Guinea Visa required Eritrea Visa required Estonia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Ethiopia eVisa / Visa on arrival Fiji Visa not required 4 months Finland Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area France and territories Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area ( in Regions of France ) A Canadian passport is not required for visa - free travel to the French overseas territory of Saint Pierre et Miquelon ; instead , an identification document ( e.g. driver 's licence or Secure Certificate of Indian Status ) can be used Gabon eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Electronic visa holders must arrive via Libreville International Airport . Gambia Visa not required 90 days Georgia Visa not required 360 days Germany Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Ghana Visa required Greece Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Grenada Visa not required 3 months May enter on an ID card if not departing from the United States . Guatemala Visa not required 90 days Guinea Visa required Guinea - Bissau eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Guyana Visa not required 3 months Haiti Visa not required 3 months Honduras Visa not required 3 months Hungary Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Iceland Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area India e-Visa 60 days e-Visa holders must arrive via 25 designated airports or 3 designated seaports . e-Tourist Visa can be obtained twice in a calendar year . Indonesia Visa not required 30 days Iran Visa required Canadian citizens are required to be escorted by a government guide at all times . Iraq Visa required 15 days Visa on arrival for 15 days at Erbil and Sulaymaniyah airports . Ireland Visa not required 90 days Israel Visa not required 3 months Italy Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Jamaica Visa not required 90 days 90 days ( business ) , 6 months ( tourist ) Japan Visa not required 90 days Jordan Visa on arrival Conditions apply Kazakhstan Visa not required 30 days Kenya eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kiribati Visa not required 30 days North Korea Visa required South Korea Visa not required 6 months Kuwait eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Kyrgyzstan Visa not required 60 days Laos Visa on arrival 30 days Conditions apply Latvia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Lebanon Visa on arrival 1 month Extendable for 2 additional months ; granted free of charge at Beirut International Airport or any other port of entry if there is no Israeli visa or seal , holding a telephone number , an address in Lebanon , and a non refundable return or circle trip ticket . Lesotho Visa not required 14 days Liberia Visa required Libya Visa required Liechtenstein Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Lithuania Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Luxembourg Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Macedonia Visa not required 90 days Madagascar Visa on arrival Malawi Visa on arrival Malaysia Visa not required 3 months Maldives Visa on arrival 30 days Mali Visa required Malta Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Marshall Islands Visa on arrival 90 days Mauritania Visa on arrival Available at Nouakchott -- Oumtounsy International Airport . Mauritius Visa not required 90 days Mexico Visa not required 180 days Micronesia Visa not required 30 days Moldova Visa not required 90 days Monaco Visa not required 90 days Mongolia Visa not required 30 days Montenegro Visa not required 90 days Morocco Visa not required 3 months Mozambique Visa on arrival 30 days Conditions apply Myanmar eVisa 28 days Electronic visa holders must arrive via Yangon , Nay Pyi Taw or Mandalay airports or selected land border crossings . Namibia Visa not required 3 months Nauru Visa required Criminal record and medical fitness certificates are not required for Canadian citizens . Nepal Visa on arrival 90 days Netherlands and territories Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area New Zealand Visa not required 90 days Nicaragua Visa not required 90 days Niger Visa required Nigeria Visa required Norway Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Oman eVisa 30 days Pakistan Visa required 30 days Visa on arrival when travelling on business valid for 30 days . Conditions apply . Visa on arrival when travelling as part of a group through a designated tour operator . Palau Visa on arrival 30 days Panama Visa not required 180 days Papua New Guinea Visa on arrival 60 days Paraguay Visa on arrival 90 days Visa on arrival issued only at Silvio Pettirossi International Airport in Asunción for incoming travelers . Reciprocity fee of $150 USD must be paid upon arrival . Travelers arriving otherwise ( e.g. at a land border ) must have obtained their visa prior to arrival . Peru Visa not required 183 days Philippines Visa not required 30 days Poland Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Portugal Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Qatar eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Romania Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period Russia Visa required Cruise ship passengers cruising in and out of a Russian port within 72 hours , who spend each night on board , and who only leave the ship on tours organized by the cruise company , do not require a tourist visa . Rwanda eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Saint Kitts and Nevis Visa not required 6 months Saint Lucia Visa not required 6 weeks Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Visa not required 1 month Samoa Visa on arrival ! Entry Permit on arrival 60 days San Marino Visa not required São Tomé and Príncipe Visa not required 15 days Saudi Arabia Visa required Senegal Visa not required 90 days Serbia Visa not required 90 days Seychelles Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's Permit on arrival 3 months Sierra Leone Visa required Singapore Visa not required 30 days Slovakia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Slovenia Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Solomon Islands Visa on arrival ! Visitor 's permit on arrival 3 months Somalia Visa on arrival Available at Berbera , Borama , Burao , Erigavo and Hargeisa airports . 30 days , available at Bosaso , Galcaio and Mogadishu airports . South Africa Visa not required 90 days South Sudan Visa required Spain Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Sri Lanka eVisa / Visa on arrival 30 days Sudan Visa required Suriname Visa on arrival ! Tourist Card on arrival 90 days Swaziland Visa not required 30 days Sweden Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Switzerland Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period in the Schengen Area Syria Visa required Tajikistan eVisa 45 days E-visa holders can enter through all border points . Tanzania Visa on arrival Thailand Visa not required 30 days Maximum two visits annually if not arriving by air . Timor - Leste Visa on arrival 30 days Togo Visa on arrival 7 days Tonga Visa on arrival 31 days Trinidad and Tobago Visa not required 90 days Tunisia Visa not required 4 months Turkey eVisa / Visa on arrival 3 months Cruise ship passengers cruising in and out of a Turkish port within a single day do not require a tourist visa . Turkmenistan Visa required Tuvalu Visa on arrival 1 month Uganda eVisa / Visa on arrival May apply online . Ukraine Visa not required 90 days 90 days within any 180 day period United Arab Emirates Visa on arrival ! Free visa on arrival 30 days ( multiple ) Visa on arrival is obtained free of charge . United Kingdom excluding some Overseas territories Visa not required 6 months United States Visa not required 6 months Canadian Passport required and must be valid for the period of intended stay . Canadian Passport exemptions only for nationals of Canada with a NEXUS card embarking in Canada or USA . For frequent travelers there is NEXUS card program designed to let pre-approved , low - risk travelers cross the Canada -- United States border quickly . Uruguay Visa not required 3 months Uzbekistan Visa required Simplified procedure for Canadian citizens - no requirement for tourist voucher or invitation letter from Uzbekistan . Vanuatu Visa not required 30 days Vatican City Visa not required Venezuela Visa not required 90 days Vietnam eVisa 30 days Yemen Visa required Zambia eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zimbabwe . Zimbabwe eVisa / Visa on arrival 90 days Also eligible for a universal visa allowing access to Zambia . Dependent , disputed , or restricted territories ( edit ) Visa requirements for Canadian citizens for visits to various territories , disputed areas , partially recognized countries , and restricted zones : Africa British Indian Ocean Territory -- special permit required . Eritrea ( outside Asmara ) -- visa covers Asmara only ; to travel in the rest of the country , a Travel Permit for Foreigners is required ( 20 Eritrean nakfa ) . Mayotte -- Visa not required for 90 days with a 180 day period . Reunion -- Visa not required for 90 days within a 180 day period . Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Ascension Island -- Entry Permit must be obtained minimum 28 days in advance ( 3 months for 20 / 30 pounds sterling , single / double entry ) . Saint Helena -- Visitor 's Pass granted on arrival valid for 4 / 10 / 21 / 60 / 90 days for 12 / 14 / 16 / 20 / 25 pound sterling . Tristan da Cunha -- Permission to land required for 15 / 30 pounds sterling ( yacht / ship passenger ) for Tristan da Cunha Island or 20 pounds sterling for Gough Island , Inaccessible Island or Nightingale Islands . Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ( Western Sahara controlled territory ) -- undefined visa regime . Somaliland -- visa required ( 30 days for 30 US dollars , payable on arrival ) . Asia Hainan -- Visa on arrival for 15 days . Available at Haikou Meilan International Airport and Sanya Phoenix International Airport . Visa not required for 15 days for traveling as part of a tourist group ( 5 or more people ) Hong Kong -- Visa not required for 3 months . India -- Protected Area Permit ( PAP ) required for all of Arunachal Pradesh , Manipur , Mizoram and parts of Himachal Pradesh , Jammu and Kashmir and Uttarakhand . Restricted Area Permit ( RAP ) required for all of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep and parts of Sikkim . Some of these requirements are occasionally lifted for a year . Macao -- Visa not required for 30 days . North Korea outside Pyongyang -- People are not allowed to leave the capital city , tourists can only leave the capital with a governmental tourist guide ( no independent moving ) Taiwan -- Visa not required for 90 days . Gorno - Badakhshan Autonomous Province -- OIVR permit required ( 15 + 5 Tajikistani Somoni ) and another special permit ( free of charge ) is required for Lake Sarez . Tibet Autonomous Region -- Tibet Travel Permit required . Korean Demilitarized Zone -- restricted zone . UNDOF Zone and Ghajar -- restricted zones . Arab League -- Certain countries will deny access to holders of Israeli visas or passport stamps of Israel because of the Arab League boycott of Israel . Saudi Arabia - Non-Muslims are not allowed in Mecca or Medina . Caribbean and North Atlantic Anguilla -- Visa not required for 3 months . Aruba -- Visa not required for 30 days . Bermuda -- Visa not required . Bonaire , St. Eustatius and Saba -- Visa not required for 3 months . British Virgin Islands -- Visa not required . Cayman Islands -- Visa not required for 6 months . Curacao -- Visa not required for 3 months . Montserrat -- Visa not required for 6 months . Puerto Rico -- Visa not required for 180 days , same as the United States mainland . Sint Maarten -- Visa not required for 3 months . Turks and Caicos Islands -- Visa not required for 90 days . U.S. Virgin Islands -- Visa not required for 6 months , same as the United States mainland . Europe Abkhazia -- Visa required . Visa on arrival available if arriving from Russian border only by train or car and must process a multi entry Russian visa to be eligible and must exit via Russian border only . Mount Athos -- Special permit required ( 4 days : 25 euro for Orthodox visitors , 35 euro for non-Orthodox visitors , 18 euro for students ) . There is a visitors ' quota : maximum 100 Orthodox and 10 non-Orthodox per day and women are not allowed . Brest and Grodno -- Visa not required for 10 days . Crimea -- Visa issued by Russia is required . Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus -- Visa free access for 3 months . Passport required . UN Buffer Zone in Cyprus -- Access Permit is required for travelling inside the zone , except Civil Use Areas . Gibraltar -- Visa not required . Jan Mayen -- permit issued by the local police required for staying for less than 24 hours and permit issued by the Norwegian police for staying for more than 24 hours . Svalbard of Norway - Unlimited Stay ( Idefinite Stay ) . Kosovo -- visa free for 90 days . Artsakh -- Visa required ( issued for single entry for 21 days / 1 / 2 / 3 months or multiple entry visa for 1 / 2 / 3 months ) . Travellers with a visa ( expired or valid ) or evidence of travel to Republic of Artsakh ( also known as Nagorno - Karabakh ) will be permanently denied entry to Azerbaijan . South Ossetia -- Visa free . Multiple entry visa to Russia and three - day prior notification are required to enter South Ossetia . Transnistria -- Visa free . Registration required after 24h . Oceania American Samoa -- 30 day entry permit issued on arrival . Ashmore and Cartier Islands -- special authorisation required . Clipperton Island -- special permit required . Cook Islands -- Visa free access for 31 days . Guam -- Visa not required . Niue -- Visa on arrival valid for 30 days is issued free of charge . Northern Mariana Islands -- Visa not required . Pitcairn Islands -- 14 days visa free and landing fee 35 USD or tax of 5 USD if not going ashore . United States Minor Outlying Islands -- special permits required for Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll and Wake Island . South America Galápagos -- Online pre-registration is required . Transit Control Card must also be obtained at the airport prior to departure . South Atlantic and Antarctica Falkland Islands -- Visitor Permit valid for 4 weeks is issued on arrival . South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands -- Pre-arrival permit from the Commissioner required ( 72 hours / 1 month for 110 / 160 pounds sterling ) . Antarctica and adjacent islands -- special permits required for Bouvet Island , British Antarctic Territory , French Southern and Antarctic Lands , Argentine Antarctica , Australian Antarctic Territory , Chilean Antarctic Territory , Heard Island and McDonald Islands , Peter I Island , Queen Maud Land , Ross Dependency . Non-visa restrictions ( edit ) This section is transcluded from Non-visa travel restrictions . ( edit history ) Passport validity length ( edit ) Many countries require passports to be valid for at least 6 months upon arrival . Note that some nations have bilateral agreements with other countries to shorten the passport validity cut - off period for each other 's citizens . Countries requiring passports to be valid at least 6 months on arrival include Afghanistan , Algeria , Anguilla , Bahrain , Bhutan , Botswana , British Virgin Islands , Brunei , Cambodia , Cameroon , Cayman Islands , Central African Republic , Chad , Comoros , Côte d'Ivoire , Curaçao , Ecuador , Egypt , El Salvador , Equatorial Guinea , Fiji , Gabon , Guinea Bissau , Guyana , Indonesia , Iran , Iraq ( except when arriving at Basra and Erbil or Sulaimaniyah ) , Israel , Jordan , Kenya , Kiribati , Laos , Madagascar , Malaysia , Marshall Islands , Micronesia , Myanmar , Namibia , Nicaragua , Nigeria , Oman , Palau , Papua New Guinea , Philippines , Qatar , Rwanda , Saint Lucia , Samoa , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , Solomon Islands , Somalia , Somaliland , Sri Lanka , Sudan , Suriname , Taiwan , Tanzania , Thailand , Timor - Leste , Tokelau , Tonga , Tuvalu , Uganda , United Arab Emirates , Vanuatu , Venezuela , Vietnam , Yemen and Zimbabwe . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 4 months on arrival include Micronesia and Zambia . Countries requiring passports valid for at least 3 months on arrival include European Union countries ( except Denmark , Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom , and always excepting EU / EEA / Swiss nationals ) , Albania , Belarus , Georgia , Honduras , Iceland , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Liechtenstein , Moldova , Monaco , Nauru , Panama , Saint Barthélemy , San Marino , Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates . Bermuda requires passports to be valid for at least 45 days upon entry . Countries that require a passport validity of at least 1 month on arrival include Eritrea , Hong Kong , Macao , New Zealand and South Africa . Other countries require either a passport valid on arrival or a passport valid throughout the period of the intended stay . Blank passport pages ( edit ) Many countries require a minimum number of blank pages in the passport being presented , generally one or two pages . Endorsement pages which oftentimes appear after the visa pages are not counted . Vaccination ( edit ) Many African countries , including Angola , Benin , Burkina Faso , Cameroon , Central African Republic , Chad , Democratic Republic of the Congo , Republic of the Congo , Côte d'Ivoire , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Ghana , Guinea , Liberia , Mali , Mauritania , Niger , Rwanda , São Tomé and Príncipe , Senegal , Sierra Leone , Uganda , and Zambia require all incoming passengers to have a current International Certificate of Vaccination . Some other countries require vaccination only if the passenger is coming from an infected area . Israeli stamps ( edit ) Kuwait , Lebanon , Libya , Saudi Arabia , Sudan , Syria and Yemen do not allow entry to people with passport stamps from Israel or whose passports have either a used or an unused Israeli visa , or where there is evidence of previous travel to Israel such as entry or exit stamps from neighbouring border posts in transit countries such as Jordan and Egypt . To circumvent this Arab League boycott of Israel , the Israeli immigration services have now mostly ceased to stamp foreign nationals ' passports on either entry to or exit from Israel . Since 15 January 2013 , Israel no longer stamps foreign passports at Ben Gurion Airport , giving passengers a card instead : `` Since January 2013 a pilot scheme has been introduced whereby visitors are given an entry card instead of an entry stamp on arrival . You should keep this card with your passport until you leave . This is evidence of your legal entry into Israel and may be required , particularly at any crossing points into the Occupied Palestinian Territories . '' Passports are still ( as of 22 June 2017 ) stamped at Erez when travelling into and out of Gaza . Also , passports are still stamped ( as of 22 June 2017 ) at the Jordan Valley / Sheikh Hussein and Yitzhak Rabin / Arava land borders with Jordan . Iran : Admission is refused for holders of passports containing an Israeli visa / stamp in the last 12 months Armenian ethnicity ( edit ) Due to a state of war existing between Armenia and Azerbaijan , the government of Azerbaijan not only bans entry of citizens from Armenia , but also all citizens and nationals of any other country who are of Armenian descent , to the Republic of Azerbaijan ( although there have been exceptions , notably for Armenia 's participation at the 2015 European Games held in Azerbaijan ) . Azerbaijan also strictly bans any visit by foreign citizens to the separatist region of Nagorno - Karabakh ( the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh ) , its surrounding territories and the Azerbaijani exclaves of Karki , Yuxarı Əskipara , Barxudarlı and Sofulu which are de jure part of Azerbaijan but under control of Armenia , without the prior consent of the government of Azerbaijan . Foreign citizens who enter these occupied territories will be permanently banned from entering the Republic of Azerbaijan and will be included in their `` list of personae non gratae '' . As of late 2017 the list contains 699 persons . Upon request , the Republic of Artsakh authorities may attach their visa and / or stamps to a separate piece of paper in order to avoid detection of travel to their country . Persona non grata ( edit ) The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata , banning their entry into that country . In non-diplomatic use , the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily , usually because of unlawful activity . Attempts to enter the Gaza strip by sea may attract a 10 - year ban on entering Israel . Fingerprinting ( edit ) Several countries including Argentina , Brunei , Cambodia , Japan , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , Singapore , South Korea and the United States demand all travellers , or all foreign travellers , to be fingerprinted on arrival . Criminal record ( edit ) Some countries ( for example , Canada and the United States ) routinely deny entry to non-citizens who have a criminal record . Fingerprinting ( edit ) Several countries including Argentina , Cambodia , Japan , Malaysia , Saudi Arabia , South Korea demand that all passengers be fingerprinted on arrival . Consular protection of Canadian citizens abroad ( edit ) See also : List of diplomatic missions of Canada Countries that have a Canadian Embassy or High Commission are shown in blue . Canada is shown in green . Canada has diplomatic and consular offices ( including honorary consuls ) in over 270 locations in approximately 180 foreign countries . Foreign travel Statistics ( edit ) This section is transcluded from Canadian passport . ( edit history ) According to the statistics these are the numbers of Canadian visitors to various countries per annum in 2015 ( unless otherwise noted ) : Destination Number of visitors American Samoa 115 Angola 1,788 Anguilla 10,498 Antarctica 1,950 Antigua and Barbuda 22,932 Aruba 43,767 Australia 167,300 Austria 103,600 Azerbaijan 2,320 Bahamas 151,739 Barbados 78,903 Bermuda 47,852 Belgium 50,521 Belize 21,867 Bhutan 1,110 Bolivia 11,567 Bosnia and Herzegovina 4,429 Botswana 8,504 Brazil 70,103 British Virgin Islands 35,505 Brunei 2,411 Bulgaria 19,113 Burkina Faso 4,612 Cambodia 60,715 Cameroon 7,229 Cayman Islands 24,757 Chile 39,639 China 679,800 Congo 1,367 Cook Islands 2,212 Costa Rica 201,921 Croatia 110,997 Cyprus 6,088 Cuba 1,300,092 Curacao 17,950 Dominica 2,998 Dominican Republic 827,721 Dutch Caribbean : Bonaire Saba Sint Eustatius 1400 300 1000 100 Ecuador 33,230 El Salvador 24,796 Estonia 5,518 Fiji 12,421 Finland 15,410 France 1,013,489 French Polynesia 4,386 Georgia 5,584 Germany 276,933 Greece 182,299 Greenland 716 Grenada 14,580 Guam 859 Guatemala 52,531 Guyana 25,381 Haiti 30,046 Hong Kong 370,335 Hungary 41,579 Iceland 103,026 India 317,239 Indonesia 86,804 Ireland 183,000 Israel 69,900 Italy 923,000 Jamaica 405,174 Japan 305,600 Jordan 32,106 Kazakhstan 4,258 Laos 19,315 Latvia 5,136 Lebanon 100,076 Lesotho 626 Lithuania 3,800 Luxembourg 5,166 Macau 74,287 Macedonia 2,158 Madagascar 1,209 Mauritius 6,908 Malaysia 67,056 Malawi 7,380 Maldives 8,994 Mali 1,866 Martinique 9,535 Mexico 1,985,084 Micronesia 220 Moldova 4,673 Mongolia 3,052 Montenegro 6,254 Montserrat 404 Myanmar 15,024 Namibia 8,551 Nepal 8,398 Netherlands 180,000 New Zealand 67,280 Niue 32 Nicaragua 40,764 Pakistan 43,000 Panama 47,762 Papua New Guinea 2,170 Paraguay 2,430 Peru 70,560 Philippines 200,640 Romania 56,537 Russia 53,890 Saint Lucia 38,677 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7,594 Samoa 474 Serbia 9,357 Seychelles 1,095 Singapore 105,177 Sint Maarten 33,498 Slovakia 8,901 Slovenia 19,859 Solomon Islands 153 South Africa 56,224 South Korea 176,256 Spain 489,307 Sri Lanka 46,896 Suriname 2,613 Swaziland 4,137 Taiwan 155,661 Tanzania 18,489 Thailand 258,392 Tonga 229 Trinidad and Tobago 54,877 Turkey 81,196 Turks and Caicos 36,512 Tuvalu 9 Uganda 9,729 Ukraine 30,775 United Arab Emirates 173,000 United Kingdom 723,000 United States 13,006,072 Venezuela 11,778 Vietnam 138,242 Zambia 6,310 Zimbabwe 5,133 ^ Data for 2016 ^ Data for 2017 ^ Data for 2014 ^ Counting only guests in tourist accommodation establishments . ^ Data for 2013 ^ Data for 2011 ^ Data for arrivals by air only . ^ Data for 2012 ^ Excluding an one - day visits ^ Data for 2010 ^ Data for 2007 ^ Data for 2009 ^ Total number includes tourists , business travelers , students , exchange visitors , temporary workers and families , diplomats and other representatives and all other classes of nonimmigrant admissions ( I - 94 ) . See also ( edit ) Canada portal Visa policy of Canada Canadian passport References and notes ( edit ) References ^ Using dense ranking . ^ `` Global Ranking - Passport Index 2018 '' ( PDF ) . Henley & Partners . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . ^ ( 1 ) ^ `` 一般 旅券 査証 及び 査証 料 の 相互 免除 に関する 日本 国 政府 と カナダ 政府 と の 間 の 交換 公文 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan . 5 September 1964 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . ^ `` Immigration Act of Federated States of Micronesia '' ( PDF ) . The Congress of the Federated States of Micronesia. 1980 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . ^ `` Foreign Relations Yearbook 1997 '' ( in Chinese ) . Ministry of Foreign Affairs , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . ^ `` Указ Президента No 1134 / 2005 от 26.07. 2005 , Про встановлення безвізового режиму для громадян Канади '' . search.ligazakon.ua . ^ Resolution of the Government of Kyrgyzstanc Republic on 21 July 2012 No. 121 ( in Russian ) ^ `` Argentina to waive visa reciprocity fee for Canadians - BAL - Berry Appleman & Leiden LLP '' . www.balglobal.com . ^ Extension of e-Tourist Visa scheme to 31 more countries , Press Information Bureau , Government of India , 29 April 2015 . ^ `` Brazil offers e-visa to Americans in bid to increase tourism '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . ^ `` Migration service to speed up visa exemption procedure '' . ANGOP . ^ Visa information , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Afghanistan . ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Afghanistan '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Visa regime for foreign citizens , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of Albania . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Algeria '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Travel to Andorra , Ministry of External Affairs of Andorra . ^ SME E-VISA ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ SME E-VISA ^ Angola : Migration Service to Speed Up Visa Exemption Procedure ^ SME cria condições para isenção e simplificação de vistos ^ Countries exempt from visa , Department of Immigration of Antigua and Barbuda . ^ Visa regime , National Directorate of Migrations of Argentina ( in Spanish ) . ^ Visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Armenia . ^ Visitor visa options , Department of Home Affairs of Australia . ^ Schengen visa , Federal Ministry for Europe , Integration and Foreign Affairs of Austria . ^ Countries with visa - free travel regime , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan ( in Azerbaijani ) . ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Azerbaijan '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` Home Page - The Electronic Visa System of Azerbaijan Republic '' . evisa.gov.az . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Visa requirements for foreigners travelling to the Bahamas , Government of the Bahamas , 18 February 2014 . ^ https://www.evisa.gov.bh/image/114.pdf ^ `` Bahrain launches two new visas for 114 countries '' . english.alarabiya.net . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa requirements for foreign nationals entering Barbados , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade of Barbados , 3 June 2009 . ^ Visa - free travel , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Belarus . ^ http://canada.mfa.gov.by/en/consular_issues/visas/ac39703729cf7873.html ^ `` Particulars of issuance of entry visas at the `` National Airport Minsk '' - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus `` . www.mfa.gov.by . ^ Visa for Belgium , Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs of Belgium . ^ Countries not requiring an entry visa , Department of Immigration and Nationality Services of Belize , September 2016 . ^ Visa , Emigration and Immigration Directorate of Benin . ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Benin '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Visa , Tourism Council of Bhutan . ^ Requirements to enter Bolivia , General Directorate of Migration of Bolivia ( in Spanish ) . ^ Visas , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina . ^ Requirements for visa application , Government of Botswana . ^ Visas to travel to Brazil , Ministry of External Relations of Brazil ( in Portuguese and English ) . ^ `` Brazil Visa Information In eVisa - Home Page '' . www.vfsglobal.com . ^ Country category for visa application , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Brunei . ^ Visa for Bulgaria , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Royal Embassy of Cambodia - FAQ '' . www.embassyofcambodia.org . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ http://evisa.mfaic.gov.kh ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Cameroon '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Central African Republic '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Chad '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` 144 小时 过境 免 签 政策 '' ^ `` 144 小时 过境 免 签 政策 '' ^ `` 144 小时 过境 免 签 政策 '' ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Colombia , Migración . `` COLOMBIA COMIENZA A COBRAR INGRESO AL PAIS A CIUDADANOS CANADIENSES '' . Migración Colombia . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Republic of Congo ( Brazzaville ) '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Democratic Republic of Congo ( Kinshasa ) '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Energie -- SNEDAI GROUPE '' . www.snedai.com . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Visa requirements overview , Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Croatia . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa policy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Cyprus . ^ List of states whose citizens are exempt from visa requirement , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Czech Republic , 13 July 2017 . ^ Countries with a visa requirement and visa - free countries , Danish Immigration Service , 8 December 2017 . ^ eVisa ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Egypt e-Visa Portal '' . Ministry of Interior ( Egypt ) . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Eritrea '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Who does not need a visa to visit Estonia ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia , 2 November 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa requirement and travel documents accepted by Finland , Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland . ^ Foreign nationals holding ordinary passports exempt from visa requirements , Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs of France , January 2016 . ^ `` Visas : Saint - Pierre and Miquelon '' . Consulat général de France à Toronto . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` Arrêté du 26 juillet 2011 relatif aux documents et visas exigés pour l'entrée des étrangers sur le territoire de la Guadeloupe , la Guyane , la Martinique , La Réunion et de la collectivité de Saint - Pierre - et - Miquelon ( Annexe II ) '' . legifrance.gouv.fr . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Gabon e-Visa '' . evisa.dgdi.ga . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Georgia , Civil . `` Civil.Ge - Georgia Restores One - Year Visa - Free Rules '' . www.civil.ge . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Overview of visa requirements / exemptions for entry into the Federal Republic of Germany , Federal Foreign Office of Germany . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Ghana '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Countries requiring or not requiring a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece , 13 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Guinea '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries that do not need a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade of Hungary . ^ Who does not need a visa , Directorate of Immigration of Iceland . ^ `` Indian e-Visa '' . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . ^ e-Visa ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ ESCORTED TOURS THROUGH IRAN ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Countries that need a visa for Ireland , Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service . ^ Tourist visa table , Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs , 23 May 2017 . ^ Visa for Italy , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation of Italy . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Visa Information '' . Timatic . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Kazakhstan '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ eCitizen . `` eCitizen - Gateway to All Government Services '' . immigration.ecitizen.go.ke . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Korea , North ( DPRK ) '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Kuwait e-Visa '' . evisa.moi.gov.kw . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Visa Information '' . Timatic . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ Countries whose citizens may enter Latvia without a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Latvia , 9 October 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Liberia '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Libya '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Visa , Government of Liechtenstein ( in German ) . ^ Do I need a visa ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania , 30 August 2017 . ^ Staying in Luxembourg for less than 90 days , Government of Luxembourg . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Mali '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Who requires a visa ? , Identity Malta . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Before you leave , Monaco Government Tourist Office . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Visa Information '' . Timatic . Retrieved 26 November 2013 . ^ Myanmar eVisa ^ `` Myanmar eVisa ( Official Government Website ) '' . evisa.moip.gov.mm . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Immigration Regulations 2014 SL No. 2 of 2014 '' ( PDF ) . paclii.org . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Short - stay Schengen visa ( 90 days or less ) , Government of the Netherlands . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Nigeria '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Persons who do not need a visa to visit Norway , Norwegian Directorate of Immigration . ^ `` Home - Evisa '' . evisa.rop.gov.om . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Business Visa . Ministry of Interior of Pakistan '' . ^ `` Group Tourism through Designated Tour Operators '' . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Procedures and consular services '' . Embajada de la República del Paraguay en Washington , DC . Retrieved 22 December 2015 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa - free countries , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Poland . ^ Third countries whose citizens are required to have a visa , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Portugal . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Do I need a visa ? , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Russia '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` Information For Cruise Ship Passengers '' . Petersburg CITY . Retrieved 2 March 2016 . ^ ( 2 ) ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Border formalities , San Marino Tourism Board . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Saudi Arabia '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Consular information and travel visa , Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of Slovakia . ^ Visa regimes and visas , Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Slovenia . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Entry requirements , Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Spain . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Sudan '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ List of foreign citizens who require visa for entry into Sweden , Government of Sweden . ^ Overview of ID and visa provisions according to nationality , State Secretariat for Migration of Switzerland . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Syria '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Tajikistan e-Visa '' . www.evisa.tj . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Electronic Visa Application System '' . Electronic Visa Application System . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` Visa Services Canada - Select a Country : Turkey '' . www.visaservicescanada.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` Uganda e-Visa '' . visas.immigration.go.ug . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Visa Information , Ministry of Foreign Affairs , United Arab Emirates ^ UAE Visas , Emirates ^ Visa on Arrival , UAE Visa Application Centre ^ `` UAE Visas '' . flydubai . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Canadian regular passport holders will be granted entry free of charge to the UAE upon arrival in the UAE . No application in advance of travel is necessary . Please note that the Canadian passport will be stamped for 40 days upon arrival. , UAE Embassy in Ottawa ^ UK visa requirements : list for carriers , Government of the United Kingdom , 2 October 2017 . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ Agency , Government of Canada , Canada Border Services . `` NEXUS - Eligibility '' . www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ http://mfa.uz/en/consular/visa/ ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Canada , Government of Canada , Global Affairs . `` Travel Advice and Advisories for Yemen '' . Travel.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ Travel Information Manual , International Air Transport Association ( IATA ) . ^ `` British Indian Ocean Territory travel advice - GOV.UK '' . fco.gov.uk . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Splinter , Hans van der . `` Ministry of Tourism - Tourism Service Center '' . www.eritrea.be . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` Entry Permits - Ascension Island '' . www.ascension-island.gov.ac . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ http://www.sthelenatourism.com/the-island/useful-info/ ^ Grundy , Richard . `` Tristan da Cunha Tourism '' . www.tristandc.com . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 01 . ^ ( 3 ) ^ Tours must be organized by a travel agent registered in Hainan province and approved by the National Tourism Administration of China . ^ https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?FullText=1&COUNTRY=CN&SECTION=VI&SUBSECTION=00&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C ^ Visit visa / entry permit requirements for the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region , Immigration Department of Hong Kong , April 2017 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 26 . ^ http://arunachaltourism.com/entry_formalities.php ^ http://manipurbhawan.nic.in/entryformalities.htm ^ http://manipurhub.com/news/manipur/protected-area-permit-requirement-lifted-from-manipur-for-one-year/ ^ http://lakshadweeptourism.nic.in/web9.htm ^ Entry and exit of non-residents , Public Security Police Force of Macau . ^ Visa , Bureau of Consular Affairs of Taiwan . ^ `` Pamirs - the roof of the world '' . www.pamirs.org . ^ http://www.traveltajikistan.com/visas/gbao.html ^ `` Tajikistan Visa '' . tajiktourism.com. 19 April 2012 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Visa requirements for Anguilla , Government of Anguilla , October 2016 . ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . ^ Bermuda entry visas , Government of Bermuda . ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . ^ Visas , Tourism Board of the British Virgin Islands . ^ Visa - free and visa - required countries , Department of Immigration of the Cayman Islands . ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . ^ Countries not requiring a visa , Immigration Department of Montserrat . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ Do I need a visa for the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom ? , Government of the Netherlands . ^ Requirements to obtain a Turks and Caicos visitor 's visa , Ministry of Border Control and Employment of the Turks and Caicos Islands . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ `` АҦСНЫ АҲӘЫНҬҚАРРА АДӘНЫҞАТӘИ АУСКӘА РМИНИСТРРА '' . mfaapsny.org . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` The Friends of Mount Athos - A Pilgrim 's Guide to Mount Athos : Planning Your Visit '' . www.athosfriends.org . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Ioannis , DATAFON Verginis G. `` MOUNT ATHOS INFO , ΑΓΙΟΝ ΟΡΟΣ , BERG ATHOS , OURANOUPOLIS , ΟΥΡΑΝΟΥΠΟΛΗ '' . www.mountathosinfos.gr . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ ( 4 ) ^ `` Foreigners Now Need Russian Visa to Visit Crimea '' . themoscowtimes.com . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ ( 5 ) ( 6 ) ^ http://www.unficyp.org/nqcontent.cfm?a_id=1608&tt=graphic&lang=l1 ^ Visas and immigration , Government of Gibraltar . ^ Crew , Jan Mayen . `` JAN MAYEN HOMESITE , EDITED BY THE JAN MAYEN CREW '' . www.jan-mayen.no . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ http://www.lovdata.no/for/sf/jd/xd-19620601-0001.html ^ `` Special Categories Exempted From Visa Requirements - For Foreign Citizens - Consular Services - Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Republic of Kosovo '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Republic of Kosovo . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` The procedure of foreign citizens ' entry to the NKR - MFA NKR '' . www.nkr.am . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` The Office of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic in USA '' . www.nkrusa.org . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ FS . `` Azərbaycan Respublikasının Xarici İşlər Nazirliyi Azərbaycan Respublikasının vətəndaşlarına Liviyada mövcud olan vəziyyətlə bağlı xəbərdarlıq edir , 12 may 2011 - ci il '' . mfa.gov.az . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` О визах - Министерство иностранных дел '' . mfa-rso.su . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` Procedure of the Entry to the Territory of the Republic of South Ossetia - Министерство иностранных дел '' . mfa-rso.su . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 04 . ^ `` Rules and recommendations - Transnistria tour '' . transnistria-tour.com . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` The Official American Samoa Visitors Bureau : Entry Requirements '' . americansamoa.travel . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ http://www.environment.gov.au/coasts/mpa/ashmore/activities.html ^ Quintero , Bruno . `` Clipperton - Ile de La Passion '' . www.clipperton.fr . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 15 . ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ http://www.niueisland.com/getting-niue ^ Travel without a visa , United States Department of State . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 25 . ^ Haigh , Bill . `` Pitcairn Islands '' . www.government.pn . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ http://www.government.pn/immigration%20ordinance.pdf ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 16 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 16 . ^ `` Redirect Page '' . www.fws.gov . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 16 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 16 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 28 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 16 . ^ Galápagos , Consejo de Gobierno de Régimen Especial . `` INFORME DE RENDICIÓN DE CUENTAS 2016 - Consejo de Gobierno de Régimen Especial Galápagos '' . gobiernogalapagos.gob.ec . Archived from the original on 21 February 2015 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` Visit The Falkland Islands - Falklands '' . www.falklandislands.com . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands ( British Overseas Territory ) travel advice - GOV.UK '' . www.fco.gov.uk . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ http://www.sgisland.gs/index.php/(v)Information_for_Visitors_to_South_Georgia?useskin=vis ^ `` Antarctic tourism - British Antarctic Survey '' . www.antarctica.ac.uk . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ http://www.mdulich.com/p/british-antarctic-territory.html ^ `` British Antarctic Territory - GOV.UK '' . britishantarcticterritory.fco.gov.uk . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` Accès à l'Antarctique '' . www.taaf.fr . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` Accès aux Terres australes françaises '' . www.taaf.fr . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` Accès aux îles Eparses '' . www.taaf.fr . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ http://www.dna.gov.ar/DIVULGAC/INDEX.HTM ^ `` Forms expeditioners must sign '' . www.antarctica.gov.au . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Division , c = AU ; o = Commonwealth of Australia ; ou = Department of the Environment and Energy ; ou = Australian Antarctic . `` Frequently asked questions '' . www.heardisland.aq . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . ^ `` Dronning Maud Land '' . Norwegian Polar Institute . Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Trade , New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and . `` The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade acts in the world to make New Zealanders safer and more prosperous '' . New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` International Travel Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on 22 October 2013 . Retrieved 20 November 2013 . ^ `` Foreign Affairs Manual , 9 FAM 403.9 - 3 ( B ) ( 2 ) f '' . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . ^ `` How long should my passport be valid when traveling to the United States ? '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 10 October 2017 . ^ Timatic ^ Timatic ^ `` Country Information '' . Bureau of Consular Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Retrieved 11 September 2017 . ^ Country list - Yellow fever vaccination requirements and recommendations ; and malaria situation ; and other vaccination requirement ^ `` Travel Report - Kuwait '' . Voyage.gc.ca. 2012 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . ^ Travel Advice for Lebanon - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Archived 2008 - 12 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . and Lebanese Ministry of Tourism Archived 2009 - 03 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . ^ `` Travel Advice for Libya - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade '' . Smartraveller.gov.au . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . ^ Michael Freund , Canada defends Saudi policy of shunning tourists who visited Israel , 2008 - 12 - 07 , Jerusalem Post ^ `` Travel Advice for Sudan - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade '' . Smartraveller.gov.au . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . ^ Travel Advice for Syria - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Archived 2008 - 12 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . and Syrian Ministry of Tourism ^ `` Travel Advice for Yemen - Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade '' . Smartraveller.gov.au . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 01 . ^ `` Israel travel advice - GOV.UK '' . www.gov.uk . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 17 . ^ Azerbaijan Country Page Archived 2009 - 03 - 08 at the Wayback Machine ... NCSJ : Advocates on behalf of Jews in Russia , Ukraine , the Baltic States & Eurasia . Accessed 23 May 2010 . ^ Azerbaijan does n't allow Armenians in the country - Panarmenian.net ^ `` Azerbaijan Country Page of the NCSJ ( advocates on behalf of Jews in Russia , Ukraine , the Baltic States & Eurasia ) accessed 23 May 2010 '' . Archived from the original on 8 March 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 26 . ^ `` Warning for the foreign nationals wishing to travel to the occupied territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . ^ `` List of foreign citizens illegally visited occupied territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan '' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Azerbaijan . Retrieved 23 November 2017 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 10 . ^ ( 7 ) ^ `` Japan fingerprints foreigners as anti-terror move '' . 20 November 2016 . Retrieved 3 March 2017 -- via Reuters . ^ F_161 . `` S Korea to scan fingerprints of suspicious foreign visitors - People 's Daily Online '' . peopledaily.com.cn . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . ^ ( 8 ) ^ ( 9 ) ^ `` Saudi Arabia mandates fingerprints and biometrics for foreigners - SecureIDNews '' . secureidnews.com . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . ^ `` Office of Biometric Identity Management - Homeland Security '' . dhs.gov . Retrieved 3 March 2017 . ^ Government of Canada -- Overcome criminal convictions ^ `` Argentina strengthens migratory control '' . infosurhoy.com . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` Japan fingerprints foreigners as anti-terror move '' . 20 November 2007 . Retrieved 29 June 2017 -- via Reuters . ^ S Korea to scan fingerprints of suspicious foreign visitors ^ `` Cambodia Country Specific Information '' . state.gov . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` Malaysia Country Specific Information '' . state.gov . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` Saudi Arabia mandates fingerprints and biometrics for foreigners - SecureIDNews '' . secureidnews.com . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` Office of Biometric Identity Management - Homeland Security '' . www.dhs.gov . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ `` Statistical Yearbook - Department of Commerce '' . ^ Anuário de Estatística do Turismo ^ `` Visitor Arrivals by Country of Residence '' . ^ `` Tourism Statistics - IAATO '' . iaato.org . ^ http://members.antiguahotels.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Arrivals-By-Country-2017.xlsx ^ `` Number of Stayover Visitors by Market '' . ^ ( 10 ) ^ `` Österreich Werbung '' ( PDF ) . Österreich Werbung . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 14 , 2017 . ^ `` Number of foreign citizens arrived to Azerbaijan by countries '' . ^ `` Stopovers by Country '' ( PDF ) . ^ ( 11 ) ^ `` Visitor Statistics '' . gotobermuda.com . Retrieved 21 March 2018 . ^ `` Tourisme selon pays de provenance 2016 '' . ^ ( 12 ) ^ ( 13 ) ^ `` INE - Instituto Nacional de Estadística - Turismo '' . ^ `` TOURISM STATISTICS Cumulative data , January -- December 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . ^ `` Tourism Statistics Annual Report 2015 '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Anuário Estatístico de Turismo 2017 - Ano Base 2016 '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 09 . ^ ( 14 ) ^ `` Brunei Darussalam Tourism Report 2011 '' ( PDF ) . ^ ( 15 ) ^ Evolution des arrivées au Burkina Faso par nationalité page 276 ^ `` Tourism Statistics Report '' . www.tourismcambodia.org . ^ Tourism Statistics Edition 2015 , table 17 ^ CIDOT . `` Welcome to the Cayman Islands Department of Tourism ( CIDOT ) Destination Statistics Website '' . www.caymanislands.ky . ^ `` Estadísticas '' . ^ `` China Inbound Tourism Statistics in 2015 '' . www.travelchinaguide.com . ^ ( 16 ) ^ ( 17 ) ^ `` Informes Estadísticos - Instituto Costarricense de Turismo - ICT '' . www.ict.go.cr . ^ DOLASCI I NOĆENJA TURISTA U 2016. / TOURIST ARRIVALS AND NIGHTS IN 2016 ^ `` Statistical Service - Services - Tourism - Key Figures '' . www.mof.gov.cy . ^ ( 18 ) ^ `` Monthly Statistics '' . ^ `` 2015 Visitors Statistics Report '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` BCRD - Estadísticas Económicas '' . www.bancentral.gov.do . ^ `` Statistics Netherlands '' . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . ^ `` Portal de Transparencia - El Salvador '' . publica.gobiernoabierto.gob.sv . ^ `` ACCOMMODATED TOURISTS BY COUNTY AND COUNTRY OF RESIDENCE ( MONTHS ) '' . pub.stat.ee . ^ Amitesh . `` PROVISIONAL VISITOR ARRIVALS - 2017 - Fiji Bureau of Statistics '' . www.statsfiji.gov.fj . ^ ( 19 ) ^ http://www.entreprises.gouv.fr/files/files/directions_services/etudes-et-statistiques/4p-DGE/2016-4pages-60-EVE2015.xlsx ^ `` Données détaillées '' . www.ispf.pf . ^ `` International arrivals 2017 '' . ^ Tourismus in Zahlen 2016 , Statistisches Bundesamt ^ http://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/c79d361b-4765-49e2-bec9-78509e550766 ^ ( 20 ) ^ `` Video : 2017 Records Over 10,000 More Stayover Visitors Than 2016 '' . January 25 , 2018 . ^ `` Visitor Arrival Statistics - Research - Research and Reports '' . www.guamvisitorsbureau.com . ^ ( 21 ) ^ `` Tourist arrivals by country of origin '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Tourist arrivals by country of residence '' ( PDF ) . ^ ( 22 ) ^ TOURISM IN HUNGARY 2016 ^ PX - Web - Select variable and values ^ http://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/Other/Country%20Wise%20Figure%20.xlsx ^ ( 23 ) ^ `` Overseas Visitors to Ireland January - December 2013 - 2016 '' ( PDF ) . ^ VISITOR ARRIVALS ( 1 ) , BY COUNTRY OF CITIZENSHIP , Central Bureau of Statistics ^ IAGGIATORI STRANIERI NUMERO DI VIAGGIATORI ^ Monthly Statistical Report December 2017 Vol xxvii No 12 ^ `` 2017 Foreign Visitors & Japanese Departures '' ( PDF ) . Japan National Tourism Organization . ^ `` Tourist Overnight and Same Day Visitors By Nationality during '' . ^ `` Статистические сборники '' . stat.gov.kz . ^ ( 24 ) ^ `` TUG02 . Visitors staying in hotels and other accommodation establishments by country of residence - PX - Web '' . ^ `` Arrivals according to nationality during year 2016 '' . ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . ^ `` Number of guests and overnights in Lithuanian accommodation establishments . ' 000 . All markets . 2015 - 2016 '' . ^ `` Arrivals by touristic region and country of residence ( All types of accommodation ) 2011 - 2016 '' . www.statistiques.public.lu . ^ `` DSEC - Statistics Database '' . www.dsec.gov.mo . ^ ( 25 ) ^ ( 26 ) ^ `` December 2017 - Ministry of Tourism '' . www.tourism.gov.mv . ^ TOURIST ARRIVALS TO MALAYSIA BY COUNTRY OF NATIONALITY DECEMBER 2017 ^ `` National Statistical Office of Malawi '' ( PDF ) . www.nsomalawi.mw . ^ `` December 2017 - Ministry of Tourism '' . www.tourism.gov.mv . ^ `` ANNUAIRE 2014 '' . ^ ( 27 ) ^ `` Visitantes internacionales por vía aérea por principal nacionalidad '' . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . ^ Statistică , Biroul Naţional de ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` / / Comunicate de presă '' . www.statistica.md . ^ ( 28 ) ^ ( 29 ) ^ `` Tourist arrivals by country of residence '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Myanmar Tourism Statistics - Ministry of Hotels and Tourism , Myanmar '' . ^ ( 30 ) ^ `` Tourism Statistics 2015 p. 30 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 31 , 2017 . ^ Toerisme in perspectief 2018 ^ `` International travel and migration : December 2017 '' . Statistics New Zealand . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . ^ `` Visitors arrival by country of residence and year '' . ^ Estadísticas de Turismo ^ Pakistan Statistical Year Book 2012 20.31 ^ ( 31 ) ^ ( 32 ) ^ `` Ranking de turistas a Paraguay , por año , según nacionalidad . Período : 2010 - 2015 '' ( PDF ) . ^ The data obtained on request . Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo Archived December 2 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ ( 33 ) ^ ( 34 ) ^ `` Въезд иностранных граждан в РФ '' . Fedstat.ru. 2017 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . ^ ( 35 ) ^ http://www.sbs.gov.ws/index.php/new-document-library?view=download&fileId=1815 ^ `` Tourist turnover - December 2017 '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . ^ `` Visitor Arrivals '' . www.stb.gov.sg . ^ `` Tourist arrivals by country of nationality '' ( PDF ) . ^ https://slovak.statistics.sk/PortalTraffic/fileServlet?Dokument=37cad1a8-79c2-400e-983a-ee0a39bf4bbb ^ `` Table : Tourist arrivals and overnight stays by countries , municipalities , Slovenia , monthly '' . pxweb.stat.si . ^ `` statistics / visitor - arrivals '' . ^ ( 36 ) ^ `` Korea , Monthly Statistics of Tourism - key facts on toursim - Tourism Statistics '' . kto.visitkorea.or.kr . ^ `` Tabla23984 '' . www.ine.es . ^ `` TOURIST ARRIVALS BY COUNTRY OF RESIDENCE 2017 '' ( PDF ) . ^ `` Suriname Tourism Foundation '' ( PDF ) . www.surinametourism.sr . ^ `` Swaziland Tourism - Swaziland Safari - Swaziland Attractions - Useful Links - Research '' . www.thekingdomofswaziland.com . ^ `` Visitor Arrivals by Nationality '' . ^ `` The 2016 International Visitors ' Exit Survey Report . International Tourist Arrivals . p. 73 - 77 '' ( PDF ) . nbs.go.tz/ . NBS Tanzania . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . ^ `` สถิติ ด้าน การ ท่องเที่ยว ปี 2560 ( Tourism Statistics 2017 ) '' . Ministry of Tourism & Sports . Retrieved 16 January 2018 . ^ Stats , Tonga . `` Migration Statistics - Tonga Stats '' . tonga.prism.spc.int . ^ `` T&T -- Stopover Arrivals By Main Markets 1995 - YTD '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 14 , 2016 . ^ `` NUMBER OF ARRIVING - DEPARTING VISITORS , FOREIGNERS AND CITIZENS December 2017 '' . ^ ( 37 ) ^ Dev1 . `` Migration - Visitors by nationalities '' . tuvalu.prism.spc.int . ^ `` MINISTRY OF TOURISM , WILDLIFE AND ANTIQUITIES SECTOR STATISTICAL ABSTRACT , 2014 '' . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . ^ `` Foreign citizens who visited Ukraine in 2017 year , by countries '' . www.ukrstat.gov.ua . ^ Statistics for the Emirate of Dubai Dubai Statistics , Visitor by Nationality ^ `` Overseas Residents Visits to the UK 2016 '' . ^ `` Table 28 - Homeland Security '' . www.dhs.gov . ^ ( 38 ) ^ International visitors to Viet Nam in December and 12 months of 2017 ^ Tourism Statistical Digests ^ `` Tourism Trends and Statistics 2015 Annual Report -- Zimbabwe A World Of Wonders '' . www.zimbabwetourism.net . Notes Ahmedabad Amritsar Bagdogra Bengaluru Chandigarh Chennai Coimbatore Delhi Gaya Goa Guwahati Hyderabad Jaipur Kochi Kolkata Kozhikode Lucknow Mangaluru Mumbai Nagpur Pune Thiruvananthapuram Tiruchirappalli Varanasi Visakhapatnam Cochin Goa Mangalore External links ( edit ) Travel Reports & Warnings - Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada Directory of Canadian Government Offices Abroad - Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada Visa policy by country Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angola Cameroon Central African Republic Chad DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia ( Somaliland ) South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia Saint Helena , Ascension and Tristan da Cunha South Africa Swaziland Western Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Ivory Coast Liberia Mali Mauritania Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Dutch Caribbean ( Aruba , Caribbean Netherlands , Curaçao , Sint Maarten ) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Grenada Haiti Jamaica Montserrat Puerto Rico St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Central Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Panama North Bermuda Canada Mexico United States South Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Falkland Islands Guyana Paraguay Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East China Hong Kong Macau Japan North Korea South Korea Mongolia Taiwan ( Republic of China ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast ( ASEAN ) Brunei Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Western Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe European Union / EFTA Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Cyprus Denmark Faroe Islands Estonia Finland France Overseas Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Overseas Norway Svalbard Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Overseas Other Europe Abkhazia Akrotiri and Dhekelia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Georgia Kazakhstan Kosovo Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City Oceania American Samoa Australia Cook Islands Fiji Guam Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Niue Northern Mariana Islands Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tokelau Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Azerbaijan ( Artsakh ) and Georgia ( Abkhazia ; South Ossetia ) are transcontinental countries . Both have part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has part of its territories located west of the Ural River in Eastern Europe . Armenia and Cyprus ( Northern Cyprus ; Akrotiri and Dhekelia ) are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Part of the Realm of New Zealand . Partially recognized . Unincorporated territory of the United States . Part of Norway , not part of the Schengen Area , special open - border status under Svalbard Treaty Visa requirements Visa Passport Travel document Africa Central Angolan Cameroonian Central African Republic Chadian DR Congo R Congo Equatorial Guinean Gabonese Santomean Eastern Burundian Comorian Djiboutian Eritrean Ethiopian Kenyan Malagasy Malawian Mauritian Mozambican Rwandan Seychellois Somali ( Somaliland ) South Sudanese Tanzanian Ugandan Zambian Zimbabwean Northern Algerian Egyptian Libyan Moroccan Sudanese Tunisian Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibian Saint Helena South African Swazi Western Beninese Burkinabe Cape Verdean Gambian Ghanaian Guinean Guinea - Bissauan Ivorian Liberian Malian Mauritanian Nigerian Nigerien Senegalese Sierra Leonean Togolese Americas Caribbean Anguillan Antigua and Barbuda Bahamian Barbadian British Virgin Islands Caymanian Cuban Dominica Dominican Republic Grenadian Haitian Jamaican Montserratian Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucian Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Central Belizean Costa Rican El Salvador Guatemalan Honduran Nicaraguan Panamanian North Bermudian Canadian Mexican United States South Argentine Bolivian Brazilian Chilean Colombian Ecuadorian Guyanese Paraguayan Peruvian Surinamese Uruguayan Venezuelan Asia Central & North Afghanistani Kazakhstani Kyrgyzstani Russian Tajik Turkmen Uzbekistani East Chinese Hong Kongese Macanese Japanese North Korean South Korean Mongolian Taiwanese South Bangladeshi Bhutanese Indian Maldivian Nepalese Pakistani Sri Lankan Southeast Bruneian Cambodian East Timorese Indonesian Laotian Malaysian Myanmar Philippine Singaporean Thai Vietnamese Western Abkhaz Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Bahraini Cypriot Egyptian Georgian Emirati Iranian Iraqi Israeli Jordanian Kuwaiti Lebanese Northern Cypriot Omani Palestinian Qatari Saudi South Ossetian Syrian Turkish Yemeni Europe European Union Austrian Belgian British ( BOTC BN ( O ) BOC ) Bulgarian Croatian Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch Estonian ( Non-citizens ) Finnish French German Greek Hungarian Irish Italian Latvian ( Non-citizens ) Lithuanian Luxembourg Maltese Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Other Europe Abkhaz Albanian Andorran Armenian Artsakh Azerbaijani Belarusian Bosnian and Herzegovinian Georgian Gibraltar Icelandic Kazakhstani Kosovan Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldovan Monégasque Montenegrin Northern Cypriot Norwegian Russian San Marino Serbian South Ossetian Sovereign Military Order of Malta Swiss Transnistrian Turkish Ukrainian Vatican City Oceania Australian Fijian Kiribati Marshallese Micronesian Nauruan New Zealand Palauan Papua New Guinean Pitcairn Islands Samoan Solomon Islands Tongan Tuvaluan Vanuatuan British Overseas Territories . Open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . Has a small part of its territory ( 3 % ) in Southeast Europe called Turkish Thrace . Abkhazia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , and South Ossetia are often regarded as transcontinental countries . Both have a small part of their territories in the European part of the Caucasus . Kazakhstan is a transcontinental country . Has a small part of its territories located west of the Urals in Eastern Europe . Armenia , Artsakh , Cyprus , and Northern Cyprus are entirely in Southwest Asia but having socio - political connections with Europe . Egypt is a transcontinental country in North Africa and the Middle East . Has a small part of its territory in the Middle East called Sinai Peninsula . Partially recognized . Immigration law Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visa_requirements_for_Canadian_citizens&oldid=840210539 '' Categories : Visa requirements by nationality Foreign relations of Canada Hidden categories : CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Articles with Spanish - language external links Articles with Azerbaijani - language external links Articles with German - language external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 12 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | do you need a visa for singapore from canada | [] | [] |
-3581653453017000359 | Courts of Texas | Courts of Texas - wikipedia Courts of Texas Courts of Texas include : State courts of Texas Texas Supreme Court ( Civil ) Texas Court of Criminal Appeals ( Criminal ) Texas Courts of Appeals ( 14 districts ) Texas District Courts ( 420 districts ) Texas County Courts Texas Justice Courts Texas Municipal Courts Federal courts located in Texas United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas United States District Court for the Western District of Texas Former federal courts of Texas United States District Court for the District of Texas ( extinct , subdivided ) See also ( edit ) Judiciary of Texas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Texas Office of Court Administration . `` Welcome to the official site of the Supreme Court of Texas ! '' . Supreme.courts.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Texas Office of Court Administration . `` Welcome to the official site of the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals ! '' . Cca.courts.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Texas Office of Court Administration . `` Texas Courts Online Courts Courts of Appeals '' . Courts.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Texas Office of Court Administration . `` Texas Courts Online Courts District Courts '' . Courts.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Texas Office of Court Administration . `` Texas Courts Online Courts County Courts '' . Courts.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Texas Office of Court Administration . `` Texas Courts Online Courts Justice of the Peace Courts '' . Courts.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Texas Office of Court Administration . `` Texas Courts Online Courts Municipal Courts '' . Courts.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas '' . Txed.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. District Court -- Northern District of Texas '' . Txnd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Southern District of Texas Public Website Home Page '' . Txs.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Courts , Western District of Texas '' . Txwd.uscourts.gov . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 17 . External links ( edit ) National Center for State Courts -- directory of state court websites . United States district and territorial courts List of United States district and territorial courts District Courts Alabama ( M , N , S ) Alaska Arizona Arkansas ( E , W ) California ( C , E , N , S ) Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida ( M , N , S ) Georgia ( M , N , S ) Hawaii Idaho Illinois ( C , N , S ) Indiana ( N , S ) Iowa ( N , S ) Kansas Kentucky ( E , W ) Louisiana ( E , M , W ) Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan ( E , W ) Minnesota Mississippi ( N , S ) Missouri ( E , W ) Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York ( E , N , S , W ) North Carolina ( E , M , W ) North Dakota Ohio ( N , S ) Oklahoma ( E , N , W ) Oregon Pennsylvania ( E , M , W ) Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee ( E , M , W ) Texas ( E , N , S , W ) Utah Vermont Virginia ( E , W ) Washington ( E , W ) West Virginia ( N , S ) Wisconsin ( E , W ) Wyoming Territorial courts Guam Northern Mariana Islands Virgin Islands Extinct courts Former United States district courts District of Orleans District of Potomac Eastern District of Illinois District of the Canal Zone District of China Highest judicial bodies in the United States Federal courts High Court Supreme Court of the United States Courts of Appeals 1st Circuit 2nd Cir . 3rd Cir . 4th Cir . 5th Cir . 6th Cir . 7th Cir . 8th Cir . 9th Cir . 10th Cir . 11th Cir . DC Cir . Federal Cir . Armed Forces State supreme courts Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma : ( Civil ) ( Criminal ) Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas : ( Civil ) ( Criminal ) Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Territorial supreme courts American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands Obsolete Panama Canal Zone Philippine Islands Complete list Courts of the United States ( Federal and state , all levels ) Law of the United States Constitutional law Federalism Separation of powers Civil rights Courts of the United States Federal courts Supreme ( SCOTUS ) Appeals District ( list ) Bankruptcy Claims International Trade Tax State courts State supreme Education Law school Law School Admission Test Admission to the bar Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Courts_of_Texas&oldid=844669780 '' Categories : Courts in the United States Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 6 June 2018 , at 10 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | what are the two lowest courts in texas | [] | [] |
-4585724581073684189 | List of Formula One fatalities | List of Formula One fatalities - wikipedia List of Formula One fatalities Formula One Current season ( show ) 2018 Formula One World Championship Related articles ( show ) History of Formula One Formula One racing Formula One regulations Formula One cars Formula One engines Formula One tyres Lists ( hide ) Drivers ( GP winners Polesitters Fastest laps Champions Numbers ) Constructors ( GP winners Champions ) Seasons Grands Prix Circuits Race Promoters ' Trophy winners Points scoring systems National colours Sponsorship liveries Racing flags Red - flagged races Female drivers TV broadcasters Fatalities Video games Records ( show ) Drivers Constructors Engines Tyres Races Organisations ( show ) FIA FIA World Motor Sport Council Formula One Group Formula One Constructors ' Association Formula One Teams Association Grand Prix Drivers ' Association Jules Bianchi is the most recent driver to be fatally injured during a Grand Prix . He died in July 2015 , nine months after sustaining severe head injuries during the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix . Three - time world champion Ayrton Senna suffered a fatal crash at Imola in 1994 . This list of Formula One fatalities includes drivers who have died during a FIA World Championship race weekend , and those who have died while driving modern or vintage Formula One cars outside the World Championship . Track marshals and other race attendees who have died as a result of these accidents are not included in the list . Fifty - one drivers have died from incidents that occurred while driving a Formula One car , with Cameron Earl being the first in 1952 . Thirty - two of the drivers died from incidents during Grand Prix race weekends which formed part of the World Championship , seven during test sessions and twelve during non-championship Formula One events . The Indianapolis Motor Speedway has seen the most fatalities ; seven drivers have died there during the time that the Indianapolis 500 formed part of the world championship . Fifteen drivers died in the 1950s ; fourteen in the 1960s ; twelve in the 1970s ; four in the 1980s and two in the 1990s . Following the deaths of Ratzenberger and Senna on consecutive days in 1994 , there were no driver fatalities caused during world championship events for more than 21 years until Jules Bianchi 's death in 2015 , from injuries sustained during the 2014 Japanese Grand Prix , although three drivers died in the intervening years while driving former Formula One cars ( two from the 1960s , one from the 1990s ) in vintage racing and other events not associated with World Championship Grands Prix . Two Formula One Champions have died while racing or practising in Formula One , Jochen Rindt in 1970 , and Ayrton Senna in 1994 . Rindt is the only driver to win the championship posthumously . Contents 1 Fatalities 1.1 By nationality 1.2 By circuit 2 Notes 3 References 4 External links Fatalities ( edit ) Indicates a race or test drive that was not part of the Formula One World Championship . Driver Date of accident Event Circuit Car Session Ref ( s ) . Cameron Earl ( UK ) June 18 , 1952 Test MIRA ERA Test Chet Miller ( USA ) May 15 , 1953 Indianapolis 500 Indianapolis Motor Speedway Kurtis Kraft Practice Charles de Tornaco ( BEL ) September 18 , 1953 Modena Grand Prix Modena Autodrome Ferrari Tipo 500 Practice Onofre Marimón ( ARG ) July 31 , 1954 German Grand Prix Nürburgring Maserati 250F Practice Mario Alborghetti ( ITA ) April 11 , 1955 Pau Grand Prix Pau Circuit Maserati 4CLT Race Manny Ayulo ( USA ) May 16 , 1955 Indianapolis 500 Indianapolis Motor Speedway Kurtis Kraft Practice Bill Vukovich ( USA ) May 30 , 1955 Race Eugenio Castellotti ( ITA ) March 14 , 1957 Test Modena Autodrome Ferrari 801 Test Keith Andrews ( USA ) May 15 , 1957 Indianapolis 500 Indianapolis Motor Speedway Kurtis Kraft Practice Pat O'Connor ( USA ) May 30 , 1958 Indianapolis 500 Indianapolis Motor Speedway Kurtis Kraft Race Luigi Musso ( ITA ) July 6 , 1958 French Grand Prix Reims - Gueux Ferrari 246 F1 Race Peter Collins ( UK ) August 3 , 1958 German Grand Prix Nürburgring Ferrari 246 F1 Race Stuart Lewis - Evans ( UK ) October 19 , 1958 Moroccan Grand Prix Ain - Diab Circuit Vanwall Race Jerry Unser Jr . ( USA ) May 2 , 1959 Indianapolis 500 Indianapolis Motor Speedway Kuzma Practice Bob Cortner ( USA ) May 19 , 1959 Cornis Harry Schell ( USA ) May 13 , 1960 BRDC International Trophy Silverstone Circuit Cooper T51 Practice Chris Bristow ( UK ) June 19 , 1960 Belgian Grand Prix Circuit de Spa - Francorchamps Cooper T51 Race Alan Stacey ( UK ) Lotus 18 Shane Summers ( UK ) June 1 , 1961 Silver City Trophy Brands Hatch Cooper Practice Giulio Cabianca ( ITA ) June 15 , 1961 Test Modena Autodrome Cooper T51 Test Wolfgang von Trips ( GER ) September 10 , 1961 Italian Grand Prix Autodromo Nazionale Monza Ferrari 156 F1 Race Ricardo Rodríguez ( MEX ) November 1 , 1962 Mexican Grand Prix Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez Lotus 24 Practice Gary Hocking ( Rhodesia and Nyasaland ) December 21 , 1962 Natal Grand Prix Westmead Circuit Lotus 24 Practice Carel Godin de Beaufort ( NED ) August 1 , 1964 German Grand Prix Nürburgring Porsche 718 Practice John Taylor ( UK ) August 7 , 1966 German Grand Prix Nürburgring Brabham Race Lorenzo Bandini ( ITA ) May 7 , 1967 Monaco Grand Prix Circuit de Monaco Ferrari 312 Race Bob Anderson ( UK ) August 14 , 1967 Test Silverstone Circuit Brabham Test Jo Schlesser ( FRA ) July 7 , 1968 French Grand Prix Rouen - Les - Essarts Honda RA302 Race Gerhard Mitter ( GER ) August 1 , 1969 German Grand Prix Nürburgring BMW Practice Martin Brain ( UK ) May 25 , 1970 Nottingham Sports Car Club meeting Silverstone Circuit Cooper Race Piers Courage ( UK ) June 21 , 1970 Dutch Grand Prix Circuit Park Zandvoort De Tomaso Race Jochen Rindt ( AUT ) September 5 , 1970 Italian Grand Prix Autodromo Nazionale Monza Lotus 72 Qualifying Jo Siffert ( SUI ) October 24 , 1971 World Championship Victory Race Brands Hatch BRM P160 Race Roger Williamson ( UK ) July 29 , 1973 Dutch Grand Prix Circuit Park Zandvoort March Race François Cevert ( FRA ) October 6 , 1973 United States Grand Prix Watkins Glen Tyrrell Qualifying Peter Revson ( USA ) March 22 , 1974 Test Kyalami Shadow DN3 Test Helmuth Koinigg ( AUT ) October 6 , 1974 United States Grand Prix Watkins Glen Surtees Race Mark Donohue ( USA ) August 17 , 1975 Austrian Grand Prix Österreichring March Practice Tom Pryce ( UK ) March 5 , 1977 South African Grand Prix Kyalami Shadow DN8 Race Brian McGuire ( AUS ) August 29 , 1977 1977 Shellsport Championship Round 11 Brands Hatch McGuire BM1 Practice Ronnie Peterson ( SWE ) September 10 , 1978 Italian Grand Prix Autodromo Nazionale Monza Lotus 78 Race Patrick Depailler ( FRA ) August 1 , 1980 Test Hockenheimring Alfa Romeo 179 Test Gilles Villeneuve ( CAN ) May 8 , 1982 Belgian Grand Prix Circuit Zolder Ferrari 126C Qualifying Riccardo Paletti ( ITA ) June 13 , 1982 Canadian Grand Prix Circuit Gilles Villeneuve Osella Race Elio de Angelis ( ITA ) May 14 , 1986 Test Circuit Paul Ricard Brabham BT55 Test Roland Ratzenberger ( AUT ) April 30 , 1994 San Marino Grand Prix Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari Simtek S941 Qualifying Ayrton Senna ( BRA ) May 1 , 1994 Williams FW16 Race John Dawson - Damer ( UK ) June 24 , 2000 2000 Goodwood Festival of Speed Goodwood Hillclimb Lotus 63 Run Fritz Glatz ( AUT ) July 14 , 2002 2002 EuroBOSS Series season Autodrom Most Footwork FA17 Race Denis Welch ( UK ) July 27 , 2014 Silverstone Classic Jack Brabham Memorial Trophy Silverstone Circuit Lotus 18 Race Jules Bianchi ( FRA ) October 5 , 2014 Japanese Grand Prix Suzuka Circuit Marussia MR03 Race David Ferrer ( FRA ) September 2 , 2017 2017 Historic Grand Prix Circuit Park Zandvoort March 701 Race By nationality ( edit ) Fatalities by nationality Nationality Total United Kingdom 14 United States 10 Italy 7 France 5 Austria Germany Argentina Australia Belgium Brazil Canada Mexico Netherlands Rhodesia and Nyasaland Sweden Switzerland By circuit ( edit ) Fatalities by circuit Circuit Total First Most recent Indianapolis Motor Speedway 7 1953 1959 Nürburgring 5 1954 1969 Silverstone Circuit 1960 2014 Modena Autodrome 1953 1961 Brands Hatch 1961 1977 Autodromo Nazionale Monza 1961 1978 Circuit Park Zandvoort 1970 2017 Circuit de Spa - Francorchamps 1960 1960 Watkins Glen 1973 Kyalami 1977 Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari 1994 1994 MIRA 1952 Pau Circuit 1955 Reims - Gueux 1958 Ain - Diab Circuit 1958 Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez 1962 Westmead Circuit 1962 Circuit de Monaco 1967 Rouen - Les - Essarts 1968 Österreichring Hockenheimring 1980 Circuit Zolder 1982 Circuit Gilles Villeneuve 1982 Circuit Paul Ricard 1986 Goodwood Hillclimb 2000 Autodrom Most 2002 Suzuka Circuit 2014 Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : From 1950 to 1960 , the Indianapolis 500 was part of the World Drivers ' Championship . Jump up ^ Ayulo died on May 17 , 1955 , the day after his accident . Jump up ^ Lewis - Evans died of burns on October 25 , 1958 , six days after his accident . Jump up ^ Unser Jr. died of burns on May 17 , 1959 , fifteen days after his accident . Jump up ^ Bristow and Stacey died in separate accidents . Jump up ^ Unable to slow down his car because of technical failure , Cabianca drove through an open gate onto an adjoining public road where he hit several vehicles . Cabianca was killed along with three other people . Jump up ^ Von Trips and fifteen spectators died as a result of the crash . This is the deadliest F1 Grand Prix accident that includes fatalities of non-drivers . Jump up ^ Godin de Beaufort died on August 2 , 1964 , the day after his accident . Jump up ^ Taylor died of fifty per cent burns on September 8 , 1966 , thirty - two days after his accident . Jump up ^ Bandini died on May 10 , 1967 , three days after his accident . Jump up ^ Donohue died on August 19 , 1975 , two days after his accident . Manfred Schaller , a track marshal who had been hit by debris , succumbed the same day . Jump up ^ Frederick Jansen van Vuuren , a teenage volunteer safety marshal , was killed in the crash along with Pryce , who had collided with him at high speed . Jump up ^ Both McGuire and track marshall John Thorpe died in the accident . Jump up ^ Peterson died in hospital on September 11 , 1978 , the day after his accident , as a result of fat embolism . Jump up ^ De Angelis died on May 15 , 1986 , the day after his accident . Jump up ^ Dawson - Damer crashed into a gantry at the finish line , killing Andrew Carpenter , a marshall , and seriously wounding another . The 59 - year - old driver may have suffered a fatal heart attack before losing control of his car . Jump up ^ Bianchi remained comatose in hospital until he succumbed to his injuries on July 17 , 2015 , more than nine months after his accident . Jump up ^ Ferrer died on September 7 , 2017 , five days after his accident . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : DiZinno , Tony ( July 17 , 2015 ) . `` Jules Bianchi dies at age 25 , his family confirms '' . NBC Sports . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Savill , Richard ( June 26 , 2000 ) . `` Brother of earl dies in Goodwood hill climb '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most : Qualifying report '' . Motorsport.com . July 17 , 2002 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historic racer Denis Welch dies in Silverstone Classic accident '' . Autosport.com . July 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Benson , Andrew ( March 13 , 2012 ) . `` Formula 1 's Greatest Drivers . Number 20 : Jochen Rindt '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Killed While Testing Racing Car '' . The Times . London . June 19 , 1952 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` United States Grand Prix history '' . Formula 1 . June 16 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Williamson , Martin . `` Deaths in Formula One '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Charles de Tornaco '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` XVI Grand Prix de Pau '' . Motor Sport . Teesdale Publishing . XXXI ( 5 ) : 264 -- 265 . May 1955 . Jump up ^ Diepraam , Mattijs ; Muelas , Felix . `` The dashing Milanese that stayed young forever '' . Autosport . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Silverstone ' 58 -- Hawthorn & Collins ' all - English affair '' . Formula 1 . July 6 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Racing Driver Dies After Crash '' . The Times . London . June 2 , 1961 . p. 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Four die in Italian race car crash '' . The Times . London . June 16 , 1961 . p. 13 . Jump up ^ `` 50 years ago today : F1 's worst tragedy at Monza '' . f1fanatic . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Richard ( September 5 , 2011 ) . `` When motor racing really was a matter of life and death '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ricardo Rodríguez '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Diepraam , Mattijs . `` The last knight of Grand Prix racing '' . Autosport . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Taylor '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lorenzo Bandini '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Anderson '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Schlesser dies in experimental honda at Rouen '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Racing car death '' . The Times . London . May 26 , 1970 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Brain '' . Motorsport Memorial . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Edworthy , Sarah ( July 19 , 2003 ) . `` Piers Courage lived life to the full and was tipped for GP greatness '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jo Siffert '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` François Cevert '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Revson '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Katz , Michael ( October 7 , 1974 ) . `` Driver Is Killed as Fittipaldi Wins Title at Watkins Glen '' . The New York Times . p. 45 . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Donohue dies after surgery '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Associated Press . August 20 , 1975 . ^ Jump up to : `` Plaque to commemorate F1 winner '' . BBC News . June 11 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` News in Brief : Brands Hatch crash kills 2 '' . The Times . London . August 30 , 1977 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Ronnie Peterson '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Formula 1 's Greatest Drivers -- 19 Ronnie Peterson '' . Autosport . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Patrick Depailler '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Benson , Andrew ( July 4 , 2012 ) . `` Formula 1 's greatest drivers . Number 12 : Gilles Villeneuve '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Racer dies of crash injuries '' . Boca Raton News . May 16 , 1986 . Jump up ^ `` Elio de Angelis '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Benson , Andrew ( April 21 , 2004 ) . `` A death that shocked the world '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Harding , Thomas ( June 27 , 2000 ) . `` Driver ' died of heart attack before crash ' '' . The Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Fritz Glatz '' . GrandPrix.com . July 19 , 2002 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` French driver David Ferrer dies after Zandvoort Historic GP crash '' . autosport.com . September 7 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Formula One official website FIA official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Formula_One_fatalities&oldid=851619365 '' Categories : Formula One - related lists Lists of motorsport fatalities Racing drivers killed while racing Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 July 2018 , at 14 : 16 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia | who was the last driver killed in f1 | [
"\n\nDriver\n\nDate of accident\n\nEvent\n\nCircuit\n\nCar\n\nSession\n\nRef(s).\n\n\n Cameron Earl (UK)\n\nJune 18, 1952\n\nTest\n\nMIRA\n\nERA\n\nTest\n\n[6]\n\n\n Chet Miller (USA)\n\nMay 15, 1953\n\nIndianapolis 500[note 1]\n\nIndianapolis Motor Speedway\n\nKurtis Kraft\n\nPractice\n\n[8]\n\n\n Charles de Tornaco (BEL)\n\nSeptember 18, 1953\n\nModena Grand Prix\n\nModena Autodrome\n\nFerrari Tipo 500\n\nPractice\n\n[9]\n\n\n Onofre Marimón (ARG)\n\nJuly 31, 1954\n\nGerman Grand Prix\n\nNürburgring\n\nMaserati 250F\n\nPractice\n\n[8]\n\n\n Mario Alborghetti (ITA)\n\nApril 11, 1955\n\nPau Grand Prix\n\nPau Circuit\n\nMaserati 4CLT\n\nRace\n\n[10]\n\n\n Manny Ayulo (USA)[note 2]\n\nMay 16, 1955\n\nIndianapolis 500[note 1]\n\nIndianapolis Motor Speedway\n\nKurtis Kraft\n\nPractice\n\n[8]\n\n\n Bill Vukovich (USA)\n\nMay 30, 1955\n\nRace\n\n\n Eugenio Castellotti (ITA)\n\nMarch 14, 1957\n\nTest\n\nModena Autodrome\n\nFerrari 801\n\nTest\n\n[11]\n\n\n Keith Andrews (USA)\n\nMay 15, 1957\n\nIndianapolis 500[note 1]\n\nIndianapolis Motor Speedway\n\nKurtis Kraft\n\nPractice\n\n[8]\n\n\n Pat O'Connor (USA)\n\nMay 30, 1958\n\nIndianapolis 500[note 1]\n\nIndianapolis Motor Speedway\n\nKurtis Kraft\n\nRace\n\n[8]\n\n\n Luigi Musso (ITA)\n\nJuly 6, 1958\n\nFrench Grand Prix\n\nReims-Gueux\n\nFerrari 246 F1\n\nRace\n\n[8]\n\n\n Peter Collins (UK)\n\nAugust 3, 1958\n\nGerman Grand Prix\n\nNürburgring\n\nFerrari 246 F1\n\nRace\n\n[12]\n\n\n Stuart Lewis-Evans (UK)[note 3]\n\nOctober 19, 1958\n\nMoroccan Grand Prix\n\nAin-Diab Circuit\n\nVanwall\n\nRace\n\n[8]\n\n\n Jerry Unser Jr. (USA)[note 4]\n\nMay 2, 1959\n\nIndianapolis 500[note 1]\n\nIndianapolis Motor Speedway\n\nKuzma\n\nPractice\n\n[8]\n\n\n Bob Cortner (USA)\n\nMay 19, 1959\n\nCornis\n\n\n Harry Schell (USA)\n\nMay 13, 1960\n\nBRDC International Trophy\n\nSilverstone Circuit\n\nCooper T51\n\nPractice\n\n[8]\n\n\n Chris Bristow (UK)\n\nJune 19, 1960\n\nBelgian Grand Prix[note 5]\n\nCircuit de Spa-Francorchamps\n\nCooper T51\n\nRace\n\n[8]\n\n\n Alan Stacey (UK)\n\nLotus 18\n\n\n Shane Summers (UK)\n\nJune 1, 1961\n\nSilver City Trophy\n\nBrands Hatch\n\nCooper\n\nPractice\n\n[13]\n\n\n Giulio Cabianca (ITA)[note 6]\n\nJune 15, 1961\n\nTest\n\nModena Autodrome\n\nCooper T51\n\nTest\n\n[14]\n\n\n Wolfgang von Trips (GER)[note 7]\n\nSeptember 10, 1961\n\nItalian Grand Prix\n\nAutodromo Nazionale Monza\n\nFerrari 156 F1\n\nRace\n\n[16]\n\n\n Ricardo Rodríguez (MEX)\n\nNovember 1, 1962\n\nMexican Grand Prix\n\nAutódromo Hermanos Rodríguez\n\nLotus 24\n\nPractice\n\n[17]\n\n\n Gary Hocking (Rhodesia and Nyasaland)\n\nDecember 21, 1962\n\nNatal Grand Prix\n\nWestmead Circuit\n\nLotus 24\n\nPractice\n\n[8]\n\n\n Carel Godin de Beaufort (NED)[note 8]\n\nAugust 1, 1964\n\nGerman Grand Prix\n\nNürburgring\n\nPorsche 718\n\nPractice\n\n[8]\n\n\n John Taylor (UK)[note 9]\n\nAugust 7, 1966\n\nGerman Grand Prix\n\nNürburgring\n\nBrabham\n\nRace\n\n[19]\n\n\n Lorenzo Bandini (ITA)[note 10]\n\nMay 7, 1967\n\nMonaco Grand Prix\n\nCircuit de Monaco\n\nFerrari 312\n\nRace\n\n[20]\n\n\n Bob Anderson (UK)\n\nAugust 14, 1967\n\nTest\n\nSilverstone Circuit\n\nBrabham\n\nTest\n\n[21]\n\n\n Jo Schlesser (FRA)\n\nJuly 7, 1968\n\nFrench Grand Prix\n\nRouen-Les-Essarts\n\nHonda RA302\n\nRace\n\n[22]\n\n\n Gerhard Mitter (GER)\n\nAugust 1, 1969\n\nGerman Grand Prix\n\nNürburgring\n\nBMW\n\nPractice\n\n[8]\n\n\n Martin Brain (UK)\n\nMay 25, 1970\n\nNottingham Sports Car Club meeting\n\nSilverstone Circuit\n\nCooper\n\nRace\n\n[23][24]\n\n\n Piers Courage (UK)\n\nJune 21, 1970\n\nDutch Grand Prix\n\nCircuit Park Zandvoort\n\nDe Tomaso\n\nRace\n\n[25]\n\n\n Jochen Rindt (AUT)\n\nSeptember 5, 1970\n\nItalian Grand Prix\n\nAutodromo Nazionale Monza\n\nLotus 72\n\nQualifying\n\n[5]\n\n\n Jo Siffert (SUI)\n\nOctober 24, 1971\n\nWorld Championship Victory Race\n\nBrands Hatch\n\nBRM P160\n\nRace\n\n[26]\n\n\n Roger Williamson (UK)\n\nJuly 29, 1973\n\nDutch Grand Prix\n\nCircuit Park Zandvoort\n\nMarch\n\nRace\n\n[8]\n\n\n François Cevert (FRA)\n\nOctober 6, 1973\n\nUnited States Grand Prix\n\nWatkins Glen\n\nTyrrell\n\nQualifying\n\n[27]\n\n\n Peter Revson (USA)\n\nMarch 22, 1974\n\nTest\n\nKyalami\n\nShadow DN3\n\nTest\n\n[28]\n\n\n Helmuth Koinigg (AUT)\n\nOctober 6, 1974\n\nUnited States Grand Prix\n\nWatkins Glen\n\nSurtees\n\nRace\n\n[29]\n\n\n Mark Donohue (USA)[note 11]\n\nAugust 17, 1975\n\nAustrian Grand Prix\n\nÖsterreichring\n\nMarch\n\nPractice\n\n[8]\n\n\n Tom Pryce (UK)[note 12]\n\nMarch 5, 1977\n\nSouth African Grand Prix\n\nKyalami\n\nShadow DN8\n\nRace\n\n[31]\n\n\n Brian McGuire (AUS)[note 13]\n\nAugust 29, 1977\n\n1977 Shellsport Championship Round 11\n\nBrands Hatch\n\nMcGuire BM1\n\nPractice\n\n[32]\n\n\n Ronnie Peterson (SWE)[note 14]\n\nSeptember 10, 1978\n\nItalian Grand Prix\n\nAutodromo Nazionale Monza\n\nLotus 78\n\nRace\n\n[34]\n\n\n Patrick Depailler (FRA)\n\nAugust 1, 1980\n\nTest\n\nHockenheimring\n\nAlfa Romeo 179\n\nTest\n\n[35]\n\n\n Gilles Villeneuve (CAN)\n\nMay 8, 1982\n\nBelgian Grand Prix\n\nCircuit Zolder\n\nFerrari 126C\n\nQualifying\n\n[36]\n\n\n Riccardo Paletti (ITA)\n\nJune 13, 1982\n\nCanadian Grand Prix\n\nCircuit Gilles Villeneuve\n\nOsella\n\nRace\n\n[8]\n\n\n Elio de Angelis (ITA)[note 15]\n\nMay 14, 1986\n\nTest\n\nCircuit Paul Ricard\n\nBrabham BT55\n\nTest\n\n[38]\n\n\n Roland Ratzenberger (AUT)\n\nApril 30, 1994\n\nSan Marino Grand Prix\n\nAutodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari\n\nSimtek S941\n\nQualifying\n\n[39]\n\n\n Ayrton Senna (BRA)\n\nMay 1, 1994\n\nWilliams FW16\n\nRace\n\n\n John Dawson-Damer (UK)[note 16]\n\nJune 24, 2000\n\n2000 Goodwood Festival of Speed\n\nGoodwood Hillclimb\n\nLotus 63\n\nRun\n\n[2]\n\n\n Fritz Glatz (AUT)\n\nJuly 14, 2002\n\n2002 EuroBOSS Series season\n\nAutodrom Most\n\nFootwork FA17\n\nRace\n\n[3][41]\n\n\n Denis Welch (UK)\n\nJuly 27, 2014\n\nSilverstone Classic Jack Brabham Memorial Trophy\n\nSilverstone Circuit\n\nLotus 18\n\nRace\n\n[4]\n\n\n Jules Bianchi (FRA)[note 17]\n\nOctober 5, 2014\n\nJapanese Grand Prix\n\nSuzuka Circuit\n\nMarussia MR03\n\nRace\n\n[1]\n\n\n David Ferrer (FRA)[note 18]\n\nSeptember 2, 2017\n\n2017 Historic Grand Prix\n\nCircuit Park Zandvoort\n\nMarch 701\n\nRace\n\n[42]\n"
] | [
"David Ferrer"
] |
-884384663469187004 | White tie | White tie - wikipedia White tie Jump to : navigation , search A caricature in Vanity Fair from 1899 , showing a British peer wearing white tie White tie , also called full evening dress or a dress suit , is the most formal evening dress code in Western high fashion . For men , it consists of a black tailcoat worn over a white starched shirt , marcella waistcoat and the eponymous white bow tie worn around a detachable collar . High - waisted black trousers and patent leather shoes complete the outfit , although decorations can be worn and a top hat and white scarf are acceptable as accessories . Women wear full length evening or ball gown and , optionally , jewellery , tiaras , a small bag and evening gloves . The dress code 's origins can be traced to the end of the 18th century , when high society men began abandoning their breeches , lacy shirts and richly decorated evening coats for more austere tailcoats in dark colours , a look inspired by the country gentleman . Fashionable dandies like Beau Brummell popularised a minimalist style in the Regency era , tending to favour dark blue or black tailcoats , often with trousers instead of breeches , and white shirts , waistcoats and cravats . By the 1840s the minimalist black and white combination had become the standard evening wear for upper class men . Despite the emergence of the dinner jacket ( or tuxedo ) as a less formal and more comfortable alternative in the 1880s , full evening dress remained the staple . At the turn of the 20th century , white became the only colour of waistcoats and ties worn with full evening dress , contrasting with black ties and waistcoats with the dinner jacket , an ensemble which became known as black tie . From the 1920s onward black tie slowly replaced white tie as the default evening wear for important events , so that by the 21st century white tie had become rare . White tie nowadays tends to be reserved for special ceremonies -- especially state dinners -- and a very select group of social events such as the Al Smith Memorial Dinner in New York , the Commemoration balls at Oxford University , certain May Balls at Cambridge University , the Christmas ball at Buckingham Palace , dinners of certain American hereditary societies , and very formal weddings . The Vienna Opera Ball and the Nobel Prize ceremony are white tie events , and some European universities retain it as the dress code for doctoral conferment ceremonies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Development 2.1 Origins and zenith 2.2 Inter-war years and beyond 3 Contemporary use 4 Variations 4.1 Military dress 4.2 Clerical dress 5 References 5.1 Citations 5.2 Bibliography 6 External links Description ( edit ) President of the United States Gerald Ford , First Lady Betty Ford , Japanese Emperor Hirohito and Empress Nagako during a state dinner , 1975 According to the British etiquette guide Debrett 's , the central components of full evening dress for men are a white marcella shirt with a detachable wing collar and single cuffs , fastened with studs and cufflinks ; the eponymous white marcella bow tie is worn around the collar , while a low - cut marcella waistcoat is worn over the shirt . Over this is worn a black single - breasted barathea wool or ultrafine herringbone tailcoat with silk peak lapels . The trousers have double - braiding down the outside of both legs , while the correct shoes are patent leather or highly polished black dress shoes . Although a white scarf remains popular in winter , the traditional white gloves , top hats , canes and cloaks are now rare . Women wear a full - length evening dress , with the option of jewellery , a tiara , a pashmina , coat or wrap . Long gloves are not compulsory . The waistcoat should not be visible below the front of the tailcoat , which necessitates a high waistline and ( often ) braces for the trousers . As one style writer for GQ magazine summarises `` The simple rule of thumb is that you should only ever see black and white not black , white and black again '' . While Debrett 's accepts double cuffs for shirts worn with white tie , some tailors and merchant suggest that single , linked cuffs are the most traditional and formal variation acceptable under the dress code . Decorations may also be worn and , unlike Debrett 's , Cambridge University 's Varsity student newspaper suggests a top hat , opera cloak and silver - topped cane are acceptable accessories . Some invitations to white - tie events , like the last published edition of the British Lord Chamberlain 's Guide to Dress at Court , state that national costume or national dress may be substituted for white tie . Development ( edit ) The German actor Rudolf Platte wearing white tie on stage in 1937 Origins and zenith ( edit ) Throughout the Early Modern period , western European male courtiers and aristocrats donned elaborate clothing at ceremonies and dinners : coats ( often richly decorated ) , frilly and lacy shirts and breeches formed the backbone of their most formal attire . As the 18th century drew to a close , high society began adopting more austere clothing which drew inspiration from the dark hues and simpler designs adopted by country gentlemen . By the end of the 18th century , two forms of tail coat were in common use by upper class men in Britain and continental Europe : the more formal dress coat ( cut away horizontally at the front ) and the less formal morning coat , which curved back from the front to the tails . From around 1815 , a knee - length garment called the frock coat became increasingly popular and was eventually established , along with the morning coat , as smart daywear in Victorian England . The dress coat , meanwhile , became reserved for wear in the evening . The dandy Beau Brummell adopted a minimalistic approach to evening wear -- a white waistcoat , dark blue tailcoat , black pantaloons and striped stockings . Although Brummell felt black an ugly colour for evening dress coats , it was adopted by other dandies , like Charles Baudelaire , and black and white had become the standard colours by the 1840s . Over the course of the 19th century , the monotone colour scheme became a codified standard for evening events after 6pm in upper class circles . The styles evolved and evening dress consisted of a black dress coat and trousers , white or black waistcoat , and a bow tie by the 1870s . The dinner jacket ( tuxedo ) emerged as a less formal and more comfortable alternative to full evening dress in the 1880s and , by the early 20th century , full evening dress meant wearing a white waistcoat and tie with a black tailcoat and trousers , the tuxedo incorporated a black bow tie and waistcoat : white tie had become distinct from black tie . Despite its growing popularity , the dinner jacket remained the reserve of family dinners and gentlemen 's clubs during the late Victorian period . Inter-war years and beyond ( edit ) Guests at the white - tie Royal Ball in Brisbane , 1954 By the turn of the 20th century , full evening dress consisted of a black tailcoat made of heavy fabric weighing 16 - 18 oz per yard . Its lapels were medium width and the white shirt worn beneath it had a heavily starched , stiff front , fastened with pearl or black studs and either a winged collar or a type called a `` poke '' , consisting of a high band with a slight curve at the front . After World War I , the dinner jacket became more popular , especially in the US , and informal variations sprung up , like the soft , turn - down collar shirt and later the double - breasted jacket ; relaxing social norms in Jazz Age America meant white tie was replaced by black tie as the default evening wear for young men , especially at nightclubs . According to The Delineator , the years after World War I saw white tie `` almost abandoned '' . But it did still have a place : the American etiquette writer Emily Post stated in 1922 that `` A gentleman must always be in full dress , tail coat , white waistcoat , white tie and white gloves '' when at the opera , yet she called the tuxedo `` essential '' for any gentleman , writing that `` It is worn every evening and nearly everywhere , whereas the tail coat is necessary only at balls , formal dinners , and in a box at the opera . '' It also continued to evolve . White tie was worn with slim - cut trousers in the early 1920s ; by 1926 , wide - lapelled tailcoats and double - breasted waistcoats were in vogue . The Duke of Windsor ( then Prince of Wales and later Edward VIII ) wore a midnight blue tailcoat , trousers and waistcoat in the 1920s and 1930s both to `` soften '' the contrast between black and white and allow for photographs to depict the nuances of his tailoring . The late 1920s and 1930s witnessed a resurgence in the dress code 's popularity , but by 1953 , one etiquette writer stressed that `` The modern trend is to wear ' tails ' only for the most formal and ceremonious functions , such as important formal dinners , balls , elaborate evening weddings , and opening night at the opera '' . Contemporary use ( edit ) White tie is rarely worn in the early 21st century . When the Costume Institute Gala announced a white tie dress code in 2014 , a number of media outlets pointed out the difficulty and expense of obtaining traditional white tie , even for the celebrity guests . Nevertheless , it survives as the dress code for royal ceremonies , debutante balls , and a select group of other social events in some countries . The male form has also been adopted for some formal weddings . In Britain , it is worn at some state dinners and certain May and commemoration balls at Oxford and Cambridge universities as well as University College Durham and St Andrews . It was the dress code for the Lord Mayor of London 's Mansion House banquet until 1996 , although David Cameron has worn white tie to the event as Prime Minister . In the US , white tie is worn at some state dinners , including the one held for Elizabeth II in 2007 . The Vienna Opera Ball and the Nobel Prize ceremony in Sweden are white tie events ; in Scandinavia and the Netherlands , it is the traditional attire for doctoral conferments and is prescribed at some Swedish and Finnish universities , where it is worn with a doctoral hat . Variations ( edit ) Military dress ( edit ) Prior to World War II formal style of military dress was generally restricted to the British , British Empire and United States armed forces ; although the French , Imperial German , Swedish and other navies had adopted their own versions of mess dress during the late nineteenth century , influenced by the Royal Navy . In the US Army , evening mess uniform , in either blue or white , is the appropriate military uniform for white - tie occasions . The blue mess and white mess uniforms are black - tie equivalents , although the Army Service Uniform with bow tie are accepted , especially for non-commissioned officers and newly commissioned officers . For white - tie occasions , of which there are almost none in the United States outside the national capital region for US Army , an officer must wear a wing - collar shirt with white tie and white vest . For black - tie occasions , officers must wear a turndown collar with black tie and black cummerbund . The only outer coat prescribed for both black - and white - tie events is the army blue cape with branch color lining . It is a faux pas to wear white - tie equivalent evening mess uniform for a black - tie event . Clerical dress ( edit ) Certain clergymen wear , in place of white - tie outfits , a cassock with ferraiolone , which is a light - weight ankle - length cape intended to be worn indoors . The colour and fabric of the ferraiolone is determined by the rank of the cleric and can be scarlet watered silk , purple silk , black silk or black wool . For outerwear the black cape ( cappa nigra ) , also known as a choir cape ( cappa choralis ) , is most traditional . It is a long black woollen cloak fastened with a clasp at the neck and often has a hood . Cardinals and bishops may also wear a black plush hat or , less formally , a biretta . In practice , the cassock and especially the ferraiolone have become much less common and no particular formal attire has appeared to replace them . The most formal alternative is a clerical waistcoat incorporating a Roman collar ( a rabat ) worn with a collarless French cuff shirt and a black suit , although this is closer to `` black - tie '' than white - tie . Historically , clerics in the Church of England would wear a knee - length cassock called an apron , accompanied by a tailcoat with silk facings but no lapels , for a white tie occasion . In modern times this is rarely seen , however if worn the knee - length cassock is now replaced with normal dress trousers . References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` White Tie '' , Debrett 's , retrieved 28 September 2015 Jump up ^ Johnston , Robert . `` Attire to suit the occasion '' . GQ . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Evening Tailcoat '' . Ede & Ravenscroft . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` White tie dress code '' . Savvy Row . Retrieved 26 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Sharpe , James ( 9 May 2011 ) . `` Fix Up , Look Sharpe : Dress codes '' . Varsity . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Canadian Heritage ( 1985 ) . `` Dress '' . `` Diplomatic and Consular Relations and Protocol '' External Affairs . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ Nobleprize.org . `` The Dress Code at the Nobel Banquet : What to wear ? '' . ^ Jump up to : Marshall , Peter . `` A Field Guide to Tuxedos '' . Slate . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Jenkins 2003 , pp. 886 Jump up ^ Carter 2011 Jump up ^ Williams 1982 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Jenkins 2003 , p. 887 Jump up ^ Jenkins 2003 , pp. 888 , 890 Jump up ^ Schoeffler 1973 , p. 166 Jump up ^ Schoeffler 1973 , p. 168 ^ Jump up to : The Delineator , vol. 128 ( January 1936 ) , p. 57 Jump up ^ Emily Post ( 1922 ) . Etiquette in Society , in Business , in Politics and at Home . New York and London : Funk and Wagnalls co . chap . vi , xxxiv Jump up ^ Schoeffler 1973 , pp. 169 - 170 Jump up ^ `` Evening suit '' . The Metropolitan Museum of Art . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Schoeffler 1973 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Lillian Eichler Watson ( 1953 ) . New Standard Book of Etiquette . New York : Garden Publishing Company . p. 358 Jump up ^ Trebay , Guy ( 23 April 2014 ) . `` At the Met Gala , a Strict Dress Code '' . New York Times . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Lily ( 5 May 2014 ) . `` The Met Ball Is White Tie This Year -- But What Does That Even Mean ? '' . Time . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` President Obama hosts star - studded farewell dinner '' . BBC News . 25 May 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Gammell , Caroline ( 31 October 2007 ) . `` Protests , pomp and a PM in white tie '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Magdalen Commemoration Ball cancelled '' . Cherwell. 12 March 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Shan , Fred ( 1 April 2014 ) . `` Mr Shan Menswear : on White Tie '' . The Oxford Student . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://thetab.com/uk/stand/2014/11/14/review-white-tie-reeling-ball-11659 Jump up ^ Willcock , John ( 6 June 1996 ) . `` A black day for white tie at the Lord Mayor 's banquet '' . The Independent . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Dominiczak , Peter ; Barrett , David ( 10 November 2014 ) . `` David Cameron avoids humiliating defeat over European Arrest Warrant '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Stolberg , Sheryl Gay ( 8 May 2007 ) . `` A White - Tie Dinner for Queen 's White House Visit '' . New York Times . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Blake , Matt ( 28 February 2014 ) . `` A fight at the Opera Ball ! White tie - clad gents trade punches at Vienna 's premier social event , attended by Kim Kardashian '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Dress Code at the Nobel Banquet '' . Nobel Prize . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Degree conferment celebrations for new PhDs '' . Uppsala University . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Degree Ceremonies 2006 '' . University of Vaasa . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Miller , Beth ( 31 August 2010 ) . `` A sword , a hat and three unforgettable days in Helsinki '' . Washington University in St Louis . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Ditzhuyzen , Reinildis van ( 2013 ) . De Dikke Ditz : Hoe hoort het eigenlijk ? ( in Dutch ) . Haarlem : H.J.W. Becht . p. 292 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 230 - 1381 - 5 . Jump up ^ http://promootio.aalto.fi/fi/history/2014/pukeutuminen/ Jump up ^ Knötel , Knötel & Sieg ( 1980 ) , pp. 442 -- 445 . Jump up ^ http://www.ncoguide.com/files/da-pam-670_1.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.ncoguide.com/files/da-pam-670_1.pdf Bibliography ( edit ) Philip Carter ( January 2011 ) . `` Brummell , George Bryan ( Beau Brummell ) ( 1778 -- 1840 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , online ed. ( subscription or UK public library membership required ) . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . DOI 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 3771 D.T. Jenkins ( 2003 ) . Cambridge History of Western Textiles , vol. 1 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521341073 O.E. Schoeffler ( 1973 ) . Esquire 's encyclopedia of 20th century men 's fashions . New York , NY : McGraw - Hill ISBN 9780070554801 Rosalind H. Williams ( 1982 ) . Dream Worlds : Mass Consumption in Late Nineteenth - century France . Berkeley and Los Angeles , CA : University of California Press . ISBN 9780520043558 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to White tie . A guide to the White Tie dress code by the Black Tie Guide Clothing Historical clothing Traditional and national clothing Tops Blouse Cache - cœur Cardigan Crop top Dress shirt Guayabera Guernsey Halterneck Henley shirt Hoodie Jersey Polo shirt Shirt Sleeveless shirt Sweater Sweater vest T - shirt Tube top Turtleneck Twinset Trousers Bell - bottoms Bermuda shorts Bondage pants Capri pants Cargo pants Chaps Cycling shorts Dress pants High water pants Hotpants Lowrise pants Jeans Jodhpurs Leggings Overall Palazzo pants Parachute pants Pedal pushers Phat pants Shorts Slim - fit pants Sweatpants Windpants Yoga pants Skirts A-line skirt Ballerina skirt Denim skirt Men 's skirts Miniskirt Pencil skirt Prairie skirt Rah - rah skirt Sarong Skort Tutu Wrap Dresses Ball gown Bouffant gown Coatdress Cocktail dress Débutante dress Formal wear Frock Evening gown Gown House dress Jumper Little black dress Princess line Sheath dress Shirtdress Slip dress Strapless dress Sundress Wedding dress Wrap dress Suits and uniforms Academic dress Ball dress Black tie Boilersuit Cleanroom suit Clerical clothing Court dress Gymslip Hazmat suit Jumpsuit Kasaya Lab coat Military uniform Morning dress Onesie Pantsuit Red Sea rig Romper suit School uniform Scrubs Stroller Tuxedo Vestment White tie Outerwear Apron Blazer British Warm Cagoule Cape Chesterfield Coat Covert coat Cut - off Duffel coat Flight jacket Gilet Goggle jacket Guards coat Harrington jacket Hoodie Jacket Jerkin Leather jacket Mess jacket Opera coat Overcoat Parka Paletot Pea coat Poncho Raincoat Robe Safari jacket Shawl Shrug Ski suit Sleeved blanket Smoking jacket Sport coat Trench coat Ulster coat Waistcoat Windbreaker Underwear ( lingerie ) Top Bra Camisole Undershirt Bottom Diaper Panties Plastic pants Slip Thong Underpants Boxer briefs Boxer shorts Midway briefs Briefs Full Adult bodysuit Infant bodysuit Long underwear Playsuit Teddy Footwear Boot Court shoe Dress shoe Flip - flops Hosiery Sandal Shoe Spats Slipper Sneakers Sock Stocking Tights Headwear Baseball cap Beret Cap Fedora Hat Helmet Hood Kerchief Knit cap Toque Turban Veil Neckwear Ascot tie Bow tie Cravat Neckerchief Necktie Scarf Nightwear Babydoll Blanket sleeper Negligee Nightgown Nightshirt Pajamas Swimwear Bikini Burkini Boardshorts Dry suit Monokini One - piece Rash guard Square leg suit Swim briefs Swim diaper Trunks Wetsuit Accessories Belt Coin purse Cufflink Cummerbund Gaiters Glasses Gloves Headband Handbag Jewellery Muff Pocket protector Pocket watch Sash Sunglasses Suspenders Umbrella Wallet Wristwatch See also Activewear Clothing fetish Clothing technology Clothing terminology Costume Cross-dressing Dress code Fashion Haute couture History of clothing Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_tie&oldid=806140176 '' Categories : 19th - century fashion 20th - century fashion Formal wear History of clothing ( Western fashion ) History of fashion Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Commons category template with no category set Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 , at 23 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when do you wear a white bow tie | [
"White tie is rarely worn in the early 21st century.[1] When the Costume Institute Gala announced a white tie dress code in 2014, a number of media outlets pointed out the difficulty and expense of obtaining traditional white tie, even for the celebrity guests.[22][23] Nevertheless, it survives as the dress code for royal ceremonies, debutante balls, and a select group of other social events in some countries. The male form has also been adopted for some formal weddings.[1] In Britain, it is worn at some state dinners[24][25] and certain May and commemoration balls at Oxford and Cambridge universities as well as University College Durham and St Andrews.[26][27][28] It was the dress code for the Lord Mayor of London's Mansion House banquet until 1996,[29] although David Cameron has worn white tie to the event as Prime Minister.[30] In the US, white tie is worn at some state dinners, including the one held for Elizabeth II in 2007.[31] The Vienna Opera Ball[32] and the Nobel Prize ceremony in Sweden are white tie events;[33] in Scandinavia and the Netherlands, it is the traditional attire for doctoral conferments and is prescribed at some Swedish and Finnish universities, where it is worn with a doctoral hat.[34][35][36][37][38]",
"White tie is rarely worn in the early 21st century.[1] When the Costume Institute Gala announced a white tie dress code in 2014, a number of media outlets pointed out the difficulty and expense of obtaining traditional white tie, even for the celebrity guests.[22][23] Nevertheless, it survives as the dress code for royal ceremonies, debutante balls, and a select group of other social events in some countries. The male form has also been adopted for some formal weddings.[1] In Britain, it is worn at some state dinners[24][25] and certain May and commemoration balls at Oxford and Cambridge universities as well as University College Durham and St Andrews.[26][27][28] It was the dress code for the Lord Mayor of London's Mansion House banquet until 1996,[29] although David Cameron has worn white tie to the event as Prime Minister.[30] In the US, white tie is worn at some state dinners, including the one held for Elizabeth II in 2007.[31] The Vienna Opera Ball[32] and the Nobel Prize ceremony in Sweden are white tie events;[33] in Scandinavia and the Netherlands, it is the traditional attire for doctoral conferments and is prescribed at some Swedish and Finnish universities, where it is worn with a doctoral hat.[34][35][36][37][38]",
"White tie is rarely worn in the early 21st century.[1] When the Costume Institute Gala announced a white tie dress code in 2014, a number of media outlets pointed out the difficulty and expense of obtaining traditional white tie, even for the celebrity guests.[22][23] Nevertheless, it survives as the dress code for royal ceremonies, debutante balls, and a select group of other social events in some countries. The male form has also been adopted for some formal weddings.[1] In Britain, it is worn at some state dinners[24][25] and certain May and commemoration balls at Oxford and Cambridge universities as well as University College Durham and St Andrews.[26][27][28] It was the dress code for the Lord Mayor of London's Mansion House banquet until 1996,[29] although David Cameron has worn white tie to the event as Prime Minister.[30] In the US, white tie is worn at some state dinners, including the one held for Elizabeth II in 2007.[31] The Vienna Opera Ball[32] and the Nobel Prize ceremony in Sweden are white tie events;[33] in Scandinavia and the Netherlands, it is the traditional attire for doctoral conferments and is prescribed at some Swedish and Finnish universities, where it is worn with a doctoral hat.[34][35][36][37][38]"
] | [
"royal ceremonies",
"debutante balls",
"a select group of other social events in some countries"
] |
-9207572372575522529 | The Milky Way (amusement park) | The Milky Way ( amusement park ) - wikipedia The Milky Way ( amusement park ) Jump to : navigation , search Coordinates : 50 ° 58 ′ 49 '' N 4 ° 23 ′ 02 '' W / 50.9804 ° N 4.3840 ° W / 50.9804 ; - 4.3840 The Milky Way Adventure Park is a tourist attraction at Higher Clovelly near Clovelly and Bideford in North Devon . It was named as Devon 's Large Attraction of the Year by Visit Devon in 2016 , and as one of the UK 's best amusement parks by Trip Advisor in both its 2015 and 2016 Travellers Choice Awards , and many more regional and county awards for excellence . The Milky Way has over 110,000 sq ft of indoor and outdoor activities , making it the biggest all weather , family day out in North Devon . Thousands visit The Milky Way Adventure Park each year for its roller coasters , adventure rides , indoor dodgems , huge bouncing pillows , exhibition of Sci - Fi memoribilia , mini-train , birds of prey displays , archery and huge indoor soft - play areas for all ages . It also runs a daily programme of fun and informative shows , with some featuring Merlin from Britain 's Got Talent . Its on - site imaginative , adventure and soft - play centre , Little Stars , opened in 2014 . Designed specifically for children aged 0 - 6 , it has areas set aside exclusively for those aged 0 - 3 and 0 - 6 including a sensory room for babies , and also runs award - winning baby and toddler classes including Baby Sensory , Toddler Sense and Happy House ( Hartbeeps and Baby Beeps ) . In 2015 The Milky Way also opened The Old Barn , a DIY wedding venue in a converted 17th century barn located on the edge of the site . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Attractions 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) On 1 April 1984 , changes to European Union milk quotas resulted in the Stanburys ' successful dairy farm and cattle dealing business collapsing almost overnight , through no fault of their own . Trevor and Christine Stanbury made the decision to diversify , and opened the farm to the public three months later on the 1st of July . Over the years the family have transformed the farm into an all weather adventure park with the addition of various attractions , rides and shows . In 2007 , Trevor Stanbury was awarded a MBE for his services to tourism in southwest England . In 2009 , he said he was keen to promote businesses in the area as he felt the most qualified of workers in Devon tended to move away . In 2016 , the park was listed by Tripadvisor as one of the ten best amusement parks in Britain . Attractions ( edit ) The park organises events all year round in order to attract clientele outside the peak season in the summer . These include an annual Santa 's Grotto . In 2015 , the theme park started offering weddings in the ground , complete with rides on dodgems . The Lynbarn Railway is a 1 ft 11 ⁄ in ( 597 mm ) narrow gauge railway inside the park 's grounds . It is a renovation of the old Lynton and Barnstaple Railway and uses coaches that were previously used in Thorpe Park . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` From dairy farm to a top tourist attraction '' . North Devon Journal . 26 November 2009 . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Devon theme park named in UK 's top 10 '' . North Devon Gazette. 11 July 2016 . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rollercoaster DIY weddings at The Milky Way Adventure Park could be smashing '' . North Devon Journal . 22 January 2015 . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The LynBarn -- the L&B 's Fund Raising Railway '' . Lynton and Barnstaple Railway . Retrieved 15 August 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Milky_Way_(amusement_park)&oldid=777651039 '' Categories : Amusement parks in England Tourist attractions in Devon Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 April 2017 , at 13 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | the milky way adventure park higher clovelly bideford | [] | [] |
-334735707893327319 | Tampa Bay Lightning | Tampa Bay Lightning - Wikipedia Tampa Bay Lightning Tampa Bay Lightning 2018 -- 19 Tampa Bay Lightning season Conference Eastern Division Atlantic Founded 1992 History Tampa Bay Lightning 1992 -- present Home arena Amalie Arena City Tampa , Florida Colors Tampa Bay blue , white Media Fox Sports Sun 970 AM Owner ( s ) Tampa Bay Sports and Entertainment ( Jeffrey Vinik , chairman ) General manager Steve Yzerman Head coach Jon Cooper Captain Steven Stamkos Minor league affiliates Syracuse Crunch ( AHL ) Orlando Solar Bears ( ECHL ) Stanley Cups 1 ( 2003 -- 04 ) Conference championships 2 ( 2003 -- 04 , 2014 -- 15 ) Presidents ' Trophy 0 Division championships 3 ( 2002 -- 03 , 2003 -- 04 , 2017 -- 18 ) Official website www.nhl.com/lightning The Tampa Bay Lightning are a professional ice hockey team based in Tampa , Florida . It is a member of the Atlantic Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . The Lightning have one Stanley Cup championship in their history , in 2003 -- 04 . The team is often referred to as the Bolts , and the nickname was used on the former third jerseys . The Lightning plays home games in Amalie Arena in Tampa . The owner of the Lightning is Jeffrey Vinik , while Steve Yzerman serves as general manager . The team is currently coached by Jon Cooper , who has led the team since 2013 . Contents 1 Franchise history 1.1 Early years ( 1992 -- 1998 ) 1.1. 1 On - ice and off - ice struggles 1.2 Vincent Lecavalier and Martin St. Louis era ( 1998 -- 2013 ) 1.2. 1 Return to respectability 1.2. 2 Two dream seasons and the Stanley Cup 1.2. 3 Disappointments and rebuilding 1.2. 4 End of the Lecavalier / St. Louis era 1.3 Steven Stamkos era ( 2013 -- ) 1.3. 1 Return to the playoffs 1.3. 2 Second Stanley Cup Finals appearance 1.3. 3 Continuing championship contention 2 Radio and television 3 Team colors and mascot 3.1 Logo and jerseys 3.2 In - game personalities 3.3 ThunderBug 3.4 Lightning Girls 4 Season - by - season record 5 Players 5.1 Current roster 5.2 Retired numbers 5.3 Team captains 5.4 Honored members 5.5 First - round draft picks 5.6 Franchise scoring leaders 5.7 Franchise playoff scoring leaders 6 NHL awards and trophies 7 Franchise records 7.1 Individual 7.2 Team 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Early years ( 1992 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) Phil Esposito fronted an ownership group that was later awarded an NHL franchise in 1992 . In the late 1980s , the NHL announced it would expand . Two rival groups from the Tampa Bay Area area decided to bid for a franchise : a St. Petersburg - based group fronted by future Hartford Whalers / Carolina Hurricanes owners Peter Karmanos and Jim Rutherford , and a Tampa - based group fronted by two Hall of Famers -- Phil Esposito and his brother Tony . One of Esposito 's key backers , the Pritzker family , backed out a few months before the bid , to be replaced by a consortium of Japanese businesses headed by Kokusai Green , a golf course and resort operator . On paper , it looked like the Karmanos / Rutherford group was the more stable bid , however , the group wanted to pay only $29 million before starting play , while the Esposito group was one of the few groups willing to pay the $50 million expansion fee up front . The Esposito group would win the expansion franchise , and name the team the Lightning , after Tampa Bay 's status as the `` Lightning Capital of North America '' . After being awarded the franchise , Phil Esposito installed himself as president and general manager , while Tony became chief scout . Terry Crisp , who played for the Philadelphia Flyers when they won two Stanley Cups in the mid-1970s and coached the Calgary Flames to a Stanley Cup in 1989 , was tapped as the first head coach . Phil Esposito would also hire former teammates from the Boston Bruins of the 1970s ; he hired former linemate Wayne Cashman as an assistant coach , former Bruin trainer John `` Frosty '' Forristal as the team 's trainer and the inaugural team photo has him flanked by Cashman and player Ken Hodge , Jr. , son of his other Bruins ' linemate . The team turned heads in the pre-season when Manon Rheaume became the first woman to play in an NHL game , which also made her the first woman to play in any of the major professional North American sports leagues ; she played for the Lightning against the St. Louis Blues , and stopped seven of nine shots . The Lightning 's first regular season game took place on October 7 , 1992 , playing in Tampa 's tiny 11,000 - seat Expo Hall at the Florida State Fairgrounds . They shocked the visiting Chicago Blackhawks 7 -- 3 with four goals by little - known Chris Kontos . The Lightning shot to the top of the Campbell Conference 's Norris Division within a month , behind Kontos ' initial torrid scoring pace and a breakout season by forward Brian Bradley . However , they buckled under the strain of some of the longest road trips in the NHL -- their nearest division rival , the Blues , were over 1,000 miles away -- and finished in last place with a record of 23 -- 54 -- 7 for 53 points . This was , at the time , one of the best - ever showings by an NHL expansion team . Bradley 's 42 goals gave Tampa Bay fans optimism for the next season ; it would be a team record until the 2006 -- 07 season . The following season saw the Lightning shift to the Eastern Conference 's Atlantic Division , as well as move into the Florida Suncoast Dome ( a building originally designed for baseball ) in St. Petersburg , which was reconfigured for hockey and renamed `` the ThunderDome . '' The team acquired goaltender Daren Puppa , left - wing goal scorer Petr Klima and Denis Savard . While Puppa 's play resulted in a significant improvement in goals allowed ( from 332 to 251 ) , Savard was long past his prime and Klima 's scoring was offset by his defensive lapses . The Lightning finished last in the Atlantic Division in 1993 -- 94 with a record of 30 -- 43 -- 11 for 71 points . Another disappointing season followed in the lockout - shortened 1995 season with a record of 17 -- 28 -- 3 for 37 points . On - ice and off - ice struggles ( edit ) In their fourth season , 1995 -- 96 , with Bradley still leading the team in scoring , second - year forward Alexander Selivanov scoring a total of 31 goals , and Roman Hamrlik having an All - Star year on defense , the Lightning finally qualified for the playoffs , nosing out the defending Stanley Cup champion New Jersey Devils with a record of 38 -- 33 -- 12 with 88 points for the eighth spot in the Eastern Conference by a single win . Due to his stellar play in net , Puppa was named a finalist for the Vezina Trophy ( losing out to Jim Carey of the Washington Capitals ) . Set to play the Stanley Cup contending Philadelphia Flyers , the Lighting would split the opening two games in Philadelphia before taking a 2 - 1 series lead in overtime before a ThunderDome crowd of 28,183 . This was the largest crowd for an NHL game , a record that stood until the 2003 Heritage Classic in Edmonton . An injury to Puppa in that game , however , would see the Lightning lose the next three games and the series . The Lightning acquired goalscorer Dino Ciccarelli from the Detroit Red Wings during the 1996 off - season , and he did not disappoint , scoring 35 goals in the 1996 -- 97 season , with Chris Gratton notching another 30 goals . The team moved into a glittering new arena , the Ice Palace ( now Amalie Arena ) , and appeared destined for another playoff spot . However , the Lightning suffered a devastating rash of injuries . Puppa developed back trouble that kept him out of all but four games during the season ; he would only play a total of 50 games from 1996 until his retirement in 2000 . Bradley also lost time to a series of concussions that would limit him to a total of 49 games from 1996 until his retirement in December 1999 . Center John Cullen developed non-Hodgkin lymphoma , and missed the last 12 games of the 1996 -- 97 season ; he would eventually be forced to retire in 1999 . Decimated by these ailments , the Lightning narrowly missed the playoffs . Most of the Lightning 's early stars were gone by 1998 due to free agency and a series of ill advised trades . Crisp was fired 11 games into the 1997 -- 98 season and replaced by Jacques Demers . Though Demers had presided over the resurgence of the Detroit Red Wings in the 1980s and helmed a Stanley Cup run with the Montreal Canadiens in 1993 , he was unable to change the team 's fortunes and the Lightning ended up losing 55 games . By most accounts , the Lightning 's plunge to the bottom of the NHL was due to inattentive ownership by Kokusai Green . Rumors abounded as early as the team 's second season that the Lightning were on the brink of bankruptcy and that the team was part of a money laundering scheme for the yakuza ( Japanese crime families ) . Its scouting operation consisted of Tony Esposito and several satellite dishes . The Internal Revenue Service investigated the team in 1994 and 1995 , and nearly threatened to put a tax lien on the team for $750,000 in back taxes . The situation led longtime NHL broadcaster and writer Stan Fischler to call the Lightning a `` skating vaudeville show '' . Even in their first playoff season , the team was awash in red ink and Kokusai Green was looking to sell the team , however its asking price of $230 million for the team and the lease with the Ice Palace deterred buyers . A possible sale was further hampered by the team 's murky ownership structure ; even some team officials ( including Crisp ) did not know who really owned the team . Takashi Okubo , the owner of Kokusai Green , had never met with the Espositos or with NHL officials in person prior to being awarded the Lightning franchise , and had never watched his team play or visited the city of Tampa . Nearly all of Kokusai Green 's investment in the team and the Ice Palace came in the form of loans , leaving the team constantly short of cash . At least one prospective buyer pulled out after expressing doubts that Okubo even existed . In fact , the first time anyone connected with the Lightning or the NHL even saw Okubo was in the spring of 1998 . Many of Esposito 's trades came simply to keep the team above water . The team 's financial situation was a considerable concern to NHL officials ; rumors surfaced that the league was seriously considering taking control of the team if Okubo failed to find a buyer by the summer of 1998 . Forbes wrote an article in late 1997 calling the Lightning a financial nightmare , with a debt equal to 236 % of its value , the highest of any major North American sports franchise . Even though the Ice Palace was built for hockey and the Lightning were the only major tenant , Forbes called the team 's deal with the arena a lemon since it would not result in much revenue for 30 years . It was also behind on paying state sales taxes and federal payroll taxes . Finally , in 1998 , Kokusai Green found a buyer . Although Detroit Pistons owner William Davidson was thought to be the frontrunner , the buyer turned out to be insurance tycoon and motivational speaker Art Williams , who previously owned the Birmingham Barracudas of the Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . The team was $102 million in debt at the time the sale closed . Williams knew very little about hockey , but was very visible and outspoken , and immediately pumped an additional $6 million into the team 's payroll . He also cleared most of the debt from the Kokusai Green era . After taking control , Williams publicly assured the Espositos that their jobs were safe , only to fire them two games into the 1998 -- 99 season . He then gave Demers complete control of hockey operations as both coach and general manager . The Lightning drafted Vincent Lecavalier in 1998 , a player who would be a cornerstone of the team for years to come . Williams was widely seen as being in over his head and was an easy target for his NHL colleagues , who called him `` Jed Clampett '' behind his back due to his thick Southern accent and fundamentalist Christian views . Early in the 1998 -- 99 season , the Lightning lost ten games in a row , all but ending any chance of making the playoffs . They ended up losing 54 games that year , more than the expansion Nashville Predators . Vincent Lecavalier and Martin St. Louis era ( 1998 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) Return to respectability ( edit ) By the spring of 1999 , Williams had seen enough . He had not attended a game in some time because `` this team broke my heart '' . He lost $20 million in the 1998 -- 99 season alone , as much money in one year as he had estimated he could have reasonably lost in five years . Williams sold the team for $115 million -- $2 million less than he had paid for the team a year earlier -- to Detroit Pistons owner William Davidson , who had almost bought the team a year earlier . Along with the sale , the Lightning acquired a new top minor league affiliate ; Davidson also owned the Detroit Vipers of the now - defunct International Hockey League . Davidson remained in Detroit , but appointed Tom Wilson as team president to handle day - to - day management of the team . Wilson immediately fired Jacques Demers , who despite his best efforts ( and fatherly attitude toward Vincent Lecavalier ) was unable to overcome the damage from the Kokusai Green ownership . Wilson persuaded Ottawa Senators general manager ( and former Vipers GM ) Rick Dudley to take over as the Lightning 's new general manager ; Dudley , in turn , brought Vipers coach Steve Ludzik in as the team 's new head coach . Wilson , Dudley and Ludzik had helped make the Vipers one of the premier minor league hockey franchises , having won a Turner Cup in only their third season in Detroit ( the team had originally been based in Salt Lake City ) . However , as had been the case with Demers , the damage from the last few seasons under Kokusai Green was too much for Ludzik to overcome . Even with a wholesale transfer of talent from Detroit to Tampa ( a move that eventually doomed the Vipers , which folded along with the IHL in 2001 ) , the Lightning lost 54 games in 1999 -- 2000 and 52 in 2000 -- 01 , becoming the first team in NHL history to post four straight 50 - loss seasons . The lone bright spots in those years were the blossoming of Vincent Lecavalier and Brad Richards into NHL stars . Ludzik was replaced in early 2001 by career NHL assistant John Tortorella . The March 5 trade deadline offered another glimmer of hope when the team acquired hold - out goaltender Nikolai Khabibulin from the Phoenix Coyotes for three players and a draft pick . The 2001 -- 02 season , Tortorella 's first full year behind the bench , saw some improvement . Martin St. Louis was having a breakout season when he broke his leg in game number 47 and was lost for the remainder of the season . Khabibulin recorded a shut out at the NHL All - Star Game but was not named its MVP , by all accounts due to the game 's voting protocol . By mid-February , the Lightning were well out of playoff contention and were sinking under a rash of injuries . Dudley , who had guaranteed a playoff berth before the season , was fired and replaced by his assistant , Jay Feaster . Still the Lightning showed some signs of life , earning more than 60 points for the first time since 1997 . Tortorella stripped Lecavalier of the captaincy due to contract negotiations that had made the young center miss the start of the season . Two dream seasons and the Stanley Cup ( edit ) With a young core of players led by Vincent Lecavalier , Brad Richards , Martin St. Louis and Fredrik Modin , the Lightning were thought to be very close to respectability . However , they arrived somewhat earlier than expected in 2002 -- 03 . The young team was led by the goaltending of Nikolai Khabibulin and the scoring efforts of Lecavalier , St. Louis , Modin , Richards and Ruslan Fedotenko , and also boasted a new captain , former prolific scorer Dave Andreychuk . Throughout the season , the Lightning battled the Washington Capitals for first place in the Southeast Division . They finished with a record of 36 -- 25 -- 16 for 93 points , breaking the 90 - point barrier for the first time in team history . They won the division by just one point , giving them home - ice advantage in their first round match - up with the Capitals . At season 's end , coach Tortorella was recognized for his efforts by being named a finalist for the Jack Adams Award , losing out to Jacques Lemaire of the Minnesota Wild . In the first round of the playoffs , the Lightning quickly fell two games behind in the series but followed the two losses with four consecutive wins which advanced them to the Conference Semi-finals for the first time in team history . In the semi-finals , the Lightning won only one game , losing the series to the New Jersey Devils , who went on to win the Stanley Cup . A mural of the Tampa Bay Lightning after winning the 2004 Stanley Cup in downtown Tampa . The Lightning 's dramatic improvement continued through the 2003 -- 04 regular season , finishing with a record of 46 -- 22 -- 8 -- 6 for 106 points , second - best in the NHL after the Western Conference 's Detroit Red Wings -- the first 100 - point season in franchise history . The Lightning went through the season with only 20 - man - games lost to injury . In the first round of the playoffs , the Lightning ousted the Alexei Yashin - led New York Islanders in five games , with solid play from goaltender Nikolai Khabibulin , who posted three shutouts in Games 1 , 3 and 4 . In the second round , the Lightning faced the Montreal Canadiens , captained by Saku Koivu ; Lecavalier , Richards , and Khabibulin led the team to a four - game sweep of Montreal . They next faced Keith Primeau and his Philadelphia Flyers in the Conference Finals . After a tightly - fought seven - game series in which neither team was able to win consecutive games , Fredrik Modin notched the winning goal of the seventh and deciding game , earning the Eastern Conference championship for the Lightning and their first - ever berth in the Stanley Cup Finals . Their opponent in the final round was the Calgary Flames , captained by Jarome Iginla . The final round also went the full seven games , with the deciding game played in the St. Pete Times Forum on June 7 , 2004 . This time , Ruslan Fedotenko was the Game 7 hero , scoring both Lightning goals in a 2 -- 1 victory . Brad Richards , who had 26 points in the post-season , won the Conn Smythe Trophy as the most valuable player of the playoffs ; the Lightning had won all 31 contests in which he had scored a goal since the opening of the season . Tortorella won the Jack Adams Award as the NHL 's Coach of the Year . Only three years after their last of four consecutive seasons of 50 or more losses , and in only their 12th year of existence , the Lightning became the southernmost team ever to win the Stanley Cup . Martin St. Louis led the team and the NHL with 94 points ( his 38 goals were fourth-most after the 41 of tied trio Jarome Iginla , Rick Nash and Ilya Kovalchuk ) , and won the Hart Memorial Trophy as the NHL 's most valuable player . St. Louis also won the Lester B. Pearson Award for the NHL 's most outstanding player as voted by the NHL Players ' Association , and tied the Vancouver Canucks ' Marek Malik for the NHL Plus / Minus Award . A season of superlatives was capped with one final accolade , as The Sporting News named GM Jay Feaster as the league 's executive of the year for 2003 -- 04 . The Lightning had to wait a year to defend their title due to the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout , but in 2005 -- 06 , they barely made the playoffs with a record of 43 -- 33 -- 6 for 93 points in a conference where six teams notched 100 or more points . They lost to the Ottawa Senators in five games in the first round of the 2006 playoffs . Disappointments and rebuilding ( edit ) During the 2006 -- 07 season , Vincent Lecavalier broke the then franchise record for most points , and goals in a single season . During the off - season , the Lightning traded Fredrik Modin and Fredrik Norrena to the Columbus Blue Jackets in exchange for goaltender Marc Denis in an effort to replace the departing John Grahame , who had signed with the Carolina Hurricanes . However , free agent Johan Holmqvist would eventually receive the majority of playing time and most of the club 's wins . The first half of 2006 -- 07 was inconsistent for the Lightning , maintaining an 18 -- 19 -- 2 record throughout the first few months . January and February were far better months for the team , going 9 -- 4 -- 0 in January and 9 -- 2 -- 2 in February , driving them back into the playoff race . Fourteen games in March were split even , and on March 16 , 2007 , Vincent Lecavalier broke the franchise record for most points in a season , with 95 ( finishing with 108 ) . The record was previously held by Martin St. Louis , who had set the record in the 2003 -- 04 Stanley Cup - winning year . Lecavalier also broke the franchise 's goal scoring record , finishing with a league - leading 52 goals . The Lightning were busy during the final weeks before the NHL 's trade deadline , acquiring wingers Kyle Wanvig , Stephen Baby and defenseman Shane O'Brien . Former first round pick Nikita Alexeev was traded on deadline day to the Chicago Blackhawks . Other mid-season additions to the team included Filip Kuba , Luke Richardson and Doug Janik . Veteran Andre Roy , who had won the Stanley Cup with the Lightning in 2004 , was claimed off waivers from the Pittsburgh Penguins . Throughout March , the Lightning had been competing with the Atlanta Thrashers for first place in the Southeast Division . With a chance to overtake the Thrashers one final time and once again become division champions for the third time in team history , on April 6 , 2007 , in the final week of the regular season , the Lighting suffered a loss to the Florida Panthers , the night before the season finale in Atlanta . That same night , the Thrashers defeated the Carolina Hurricanes and subsequently clinched the division . For the Lightning , this meant having to settle for the seventh seed in the Eastern Conference with a final record of 44 -- 33 -- 5 ( 93 points ) . However , the Lightning were eliminated from playoff competition on April 22 after a 3 -- 2 home loss to the New Jersey Devils in Game 6 of the Eastern Conference Quarterfinals . Following their playoff exit , on August 7 , 2007 , Absolute Hockey Enterprises , a group led by Doug MacLean , announced it had signed a purchase agreement for the team and the leasehold on the St. Pete Times Forum . MacLean is the former president and general manager of the Columbus Blue Jackets and former head coach for both the Blue Jackets and the Florida Panthers . The group announced it planned to keep the team in Tampa , but the deal collapsed during the 2007 -- 08 season . The Lightning struggled to maintain success during the 2007 -- 08 campaign . Although the `` Big 3 '' of Vincent Lecavalier , Martin St. Louis and Brad Richards , along with Vaclav Prospal , had performed up to expectations , they had little consistent play from supporting players . At the start of the All - Star Break on January 25 , 2008 , the Lightning had a 20 -- 25 -- 5 record , and with 45 points , were in last place in both the Southeast Division and the Eastern Conference . Only the Los Angeles Kings had a lower point total at this time of the season , with 40 points . On February 13 , 2008 , it was announced that Palace Sports & Entertainment had agreed to sell the Lightning to OK Hockey LLC , a group headed by Oren Koules , a producer of the Saw horror movies , and Len Barrie , a former NHL player and real estate developer . Vaclav Prospal with the Lightning in 2007 . Prior to the 2007 NHL trade deadline , the Lightning traded Prospal to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for Alexandre Picard and a conditional draft pick . The Lightning were active during the trade deadline , similar to the previous season . More notable trades included Vaclav Prospal 's trade to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for prospect Alexandre Picard and a conditional draft pick . Additionally , former Conn Smythe Trophy winner Brad Richards and goaltender Johan Holmqvist were traded to the Dallas Stars in exchange for goaltender Mike Smith and forwards Jussi Jokinen and Jeff Halpern , as well as a fourth - round draft pick in 2009 . Jan Hlavac , a regular contributor , was also traded , moving to the Nashville Predators in exchange for a seventh - round pick in 2008 . Defenseman Dan Boyle was re-signed to a six - year contract extension reportedly worth $40 million . However , after the trade deadline , the Lightning fared no better than they had throughout the entire season . After the February 26 trade deadline , the Lightning won only five games . Finishing with a 31 -- 42 -- 9 record , with 71 points , they had the highest chance of winning the top overall pick in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft through the draft lottery , which they eventually won on April 7 . They would use their first overall pick to select Steven Stamkos of the Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) 's Sarnia Sting . The Lightning were the worst team on the road in the NHL , winning only 11 games . Another showing of the team 's poor play was the difference from the previous season 's success in the overtime / shootout periods . In the 2006 -- 07 season , the Lightning had one of the best extra period records , winning 15 games in either overtime or the shootout . However , in the 2007 -- 08 season , they won only three games , losing nine . Vincent Lecavalier suffered a dislocated shoulder as the result of an open - ice hit from Matt Cooke of the Washington Capitals in the game before the season finale in Atlanta . Lecavalier , who planned on having arthroscopic wrist surgery after the season 's ending , would undergo surgery to repair his right shoulder as well . Cooke was fined $2,500 by the NHL for the hit , as Lecavalier did not have possession of the puck at the time . Perhaps the lone bright spot in the season was Lecavalier 's winning both the King Clancy Memorial Trophy and the NHL Foundation Player Award for work through his foundation , including a $3 million pledge to All Children 's Hospital in St. Petersburg , Florida , for what would become the Vincent Lecavalier Pediatric Cancer and Blood Disorders Center at All Children 's Hospital . Head coach John Tortorella was fired by the Lightning following their worst season since Tortorella was hired . At the time working as an NHL analyst for ESPN , Barry Melrose stated on June 4 during an episode of Pardon the Interruption that he missed coaching and would entertain any NHL coaching offers . He stated , `` I miss not having a dog in the fight . '' On June 23 , ESPN reported Melrose had been chosen to be the head coach of the Lightning , beginning in 2008 -- 09 . The next day , the Lightning officially introduced him as their new head coach . On July 4 , 2008 , Dan Boyle , despite coming off a recent contract extension , was traded ( along with Brad Lukowich ) to the San Jose Sharks in exchange for Matt Carle , Ty Wishart , a first - round draft pick in 2009 and a fourth - round pick in 2010 . Boyle was pressured to waive his no - trade clause by Tampa Bay 's ownership , who said they would otherwise place him on waivers , where he would likely be claimed by the Atlanta Thrashers . In the fallout from the trade , Boyle would call Lightning ownership `` liars '' for misrepresenting the aforementioned events to the public , while former coach Tortorella later labeled them as `` cowboys '' and said he had zero respect for them . Frustrated at interference in the team 's hockey operations by Barrie and Koules , seven days later , Jay Feaster resigned as general manager , despite having three years remaining on his contract . The Lightning opened the 2008 -- 09 season in the Czech Republic against the New York Rangers as a part of the NHL 's regular season `` Premiere '' that selects several teams to open the regular season in Europe . Barry Melrose would record his first win as a head coach in over 13 years on October 21 , 2008 , with a 3 -- 2 victory over the Atlanta Thrashers . However , the Lightning did not get off to a great start as hoped , and Melrose was eventually fired by the Lightning with a 5 -- 7 -- 4 record . Rick Tocchet , who had been hired as assistant coach during the previous off - season , was promoted to interim head coach . On March 4 , veterans Mark Recchi and Olaf Kolzig were traded by the Tampa Bay Lightning to the Boston Bruins and Toronto Maple Leafs , respectively . The Lightning acquired top round picks Matt Lashoff and Martins Karsums from the Bruins . After the firing of Melrose , the Lightning went 19 -- 33 -- 14 and would finish the season 24 -- 40 -- 18 with 66 points , their lowest point total since the 2000 -- 01 season . With the second overall pick in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft , the Lightning selected Swedish defenseman Victor Hedman . Martin St. Louis with the Lightning during the 2009 -- 10 season . He signed a four - year extension with the team in the 2010 off - season . In the 2009 off - season , the Lightning removed the interim status of Rick Tocchet , making him the full - time head coach and signing him to a multi-year contract . The Lightning had an up - and - down beginning to the 2009 -- 10 campaign . Despite an overmatched roster on paper , and a team that struggled in the first two periods of many games , the Lightning remained competitive in the playoff race until March , when they went 5 -- 10 -- 1 for the month and fell eight points out of a playoff spot . Unable to make a final push for the playoffs , they were officially eliminated from contention within the first week of April . The Lightning finished the season 34 -- 36 -- 12 for 80 points , fourth in the Southeast Division and 12th in the Eastern Conference . Steven Stamkos scored 51 goals in just his second NHL season , earning himself a share of the Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophy by finishing tied for the NHL lead in goals with Pittsburgh Penguins star Sidney Crosby . During the season , the team was sold to Bostonian investment banker Jeffrey Vinik . Following the late - season collapse , Vinik cleaned house , firing both head coach Rick Tocchet and GM Brian Lawton on April 12 , 2010 , one day after the season ended . In May 2010 , Vinik hired Steve Yzerman away from the Detroit Red Wings front office to be the new GM , signing him to a five - year contract . Yzerman then hired Guy Boucher away from the Montreal Canadiens organization to succeed Tocchet as the head coach two weeks later . Yzerman 's first off - season with Tampa Bay began with a splash . With the sixth pick of the 2010 NHL Entry Draft , the Lightning selected forward Brett Connolly despite a history of injuries while playing for the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) 's Prince George Cougars . When asked about Connolly 's injuries being a factor in the decision to draft him , Yzerman boldly declared , `` I think it was a factor that he was available with the 6th pick . Because if he had been healthy all year , based on everything I know , he would not have been available with the 6th pick . '' On July 1 , 2010 , veteran blueliner Andrej Meszaros was traded to the Philadelphia Flyers in exchange for their second - round pick in 2011 . Later that day , the Lightning signed star winger Martin St. Louis to a four - year , $22.5 million contract extension to come into effect on July 1 , 2011 . On July 19 , in another move with the Flyers organization , the Lightning traded defenseman Matt Walker and Tampa Bay 's fourth - round pick in 2011 for high - scoring winger Simon Gagne . Other off - season acquisitions included the signing of forwards Sean Bergenheim , Dominic Moore and Marc - Antoine Pouliot , along with defensemen Brett Clark , Randy Jones and Pavel Kubina and goaltender Dan Ellis , as well as the re-signing of restricted free agent forward Steve Downie to a two - year , $3.7 million deal . End of the Lecavalier / St. Louis era ( edit ) Dwayne Roloson was acquired during the 2010 -- 11 season in order to further bolster the team 's goaltending . With starting goaltender Mike Smith injured , the Lightning called up Cedrick Desjardins , who played with a . 950 save percentage and a 1.00 goals against average ( GAA ) in two games . The team then acquired veteran Dwayne Roloson from the New York Islanders for further coverage in net . The Lightning compiled a 46 -- 25 -- 11 record with 103 points in the 2010 -- 11 season , matching a franchise record for wins in a season . After holding the first place in the Southeast Division for several months , they fell to second after a poor performance in March . However , their record was solid enough for second in the Southeast Division and fifth in the Eastern Conference , and they returned to the playoffs for the first time since the 2006 -- 07 season . Scoring 31 goals and assisting on 68 , Martin St. Louis finished second in the NHL in points . In the playoffs , Tampa Bay drew the Pittsburgh Penguins in the Conference Quarterfinals . After losing Game 4 at home in the second overtime period , they fell behind in the series one game to three . However , the Lightning went on to win the next three games , including a 1 -- 0 Game 7 win on the road , taking their first playoff series since winning the Stanley Cup in 2004 . In the Conference Semi-finals , the Lightning swept the top - seeded Washington Capitals . Tampa Bay went up against the Boston Bruins in the Eastern Conference Finals . In Game 4 of the series , the Lightning trailed 3 -- 0 at the end of the first period . When Dwayne Roloson was pulled for Mike Smith , the Bruins failed to score again , and the Lightning tied the game in the second period by scoring three goals in 3 : 58 , going on to win the game 5 -- 3 and tying the series at two games apiece . The series went the full seven games , though the Lightning were eliminated by a single goal , as the game was lost ( 0 -- 1 ) . The Lightning finished the 2011 -- 12 season with a 38 -- 36 -- 8 record . With only 84 points , they fell short of reaching the playoffs , ending the season third in the Southeast Division and tenth in the Eastern Conference . Individually , Steven Stamkos scored a franchise - record 60 goals . He won the Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophy for the second time in his career , the first time in which he was the unanimous victor . Stamkos was also second in the NHL in points with 97 , and was a finalist for both the Hart Memorial Trophy and the Ted Lindsay Award . As with the 1994 -- 95 NHL lockout , the 2012 -- 13 NHL lockout resulted in a 48 - game season . Nearing the end of a dismal 18 -- 26 -- 4 season for 40 points , in which the Lightning ended fourth in the Southeast and 14th in the East , GM Steve Yzerman looked to their highly - successful American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate , the Syracuse Crunch . On March 25 , 2013 , head coach Guy Boucher was dismissed for following a 7 -- 16 -- 1 record . The Lightning announced Jon Cooper would become the eighth head coach in franchise history . Martin St. Louis won his second Art Ross Trophy with 60 points in the shortened season , as Stamkos finished runner - up 57 . On June 27 , 2013 , the team announced that they would exercise one of their two `` compliance buyouts '' on captain Vincent Lecavalier , as permitted by the collective agreement . This move would make Lecavalier an unrestricted free agent beginning July 5 , free to sign with any team except the Lightning . The team stated the move was made not because of Lecavalier 's play on the ice , but simply because of how his contract affected the team 's salary cap , which would have been over $7 million per year until its expiration after the 2019 -- 20 season . Steven Stamkos era ( 2013 -- ) ( edit ) Return to the playoffs ( edit ) After acquiring goaltender Ben Bishop from the Ottawa Senators in a trade the previous season , the Lightning started the 2013 season with an above average performance . On November 11 , 2013 , going into the day tied for most goals during the regular season , Steven Stamkos suffered a broken right tibia after crashing into one of the goalposts during play against the Boston Bruins . He would miss 45 games and was not cleared to play again until March 5 , 2014 . Ryan Callahan during his first month with the Lightning . Callahan was acquired by the team in a trade that sent Martin St. Louis to the New York Rangers . In January , GM Steve Yzerman , who also served as the general manager for Canada 's team at the 2014 Winter Olympics , elected not to name Lightning captain Martin St. Louis to Canada 's roster , instead choosing the still - injured Stamkos . After Stamkos was not medically cleared to play in Sochi in early February , Yzerman ultimately named St. Louis to Team Canada as an injury replacement . In late February , it was reported St. Louis had requested a trade from Yzerman the month prior . St. Louis , who had a no - move clause in his contract with Tampa Bay , reportedly consented to only being traded to the New York Rangers . On March 5 , 2014 , St. Louis was sent to New York along with a conditional 2015 second - round pick in exchange for New York captain Ryan Callahan , a 2015 first - round draft pick , a conditional 2014 second - round pick and a 2015 conditional seventh - round pick . The deal came subsequently after Stamkos had been cleared to return to the Lightning 's active roster . St. Louis cited his decision based on his family and thanked Lightning fans for their support during his tenure with the franchise , but would not specify any further about the reasons leading to his request . On March 6 , 2014 , Steven Stamkos was named Tampa Bay 's tenth captain in franchise history in his first game back after recovering from his tibia injury . On April 7 , 2014 , the team announced it had signed GM Steve Yzerman to a four - year contract extension . Finishing the season with 101 points , the Lightning placed second in the Atlantic Division , qualifying for the playoffs for the first time since 2011 . However , Tampa Bay was eliminated in the first round of the Atlantic divisional semi-finals , losing to the Montreal Canadiens in a four - game sweep . On June 25 , 2014 , the Lightning agreed to terms with Ryan Callahan , who was slated to become a free agent in the off - season , signing him to a six - year , $34.8 million contract extension . The same day , the Lightning used its remaining compliance buyout on forward Ryan Malone after his on - ice performance had declined from injuries seasons prior in addition to his off - ice troubles that included a DUI arrest before the end of the season . Second Stanley Cup Finals appearance ( edit ) Finishing the 2014 -- 15 season with 108 points , the Lightning placed second in the Atlantic Division and qualified for the playoffs for the second - straight season , scoring the most goals out of any team in the NHL . Tampa Bay eliminated the Detroit Red Wings in seven games in the first round of the playoffs before facing Montreal in the second round . The Lightning won the first three games of the series and had a chance to sweep the Canadiens , however Montreal responded with wins in Games 4 and 5 to extend the series to a sixth game . Tampa Bay won the sixth game of the series to eliminate the Canadiens and advance to the Eastern Conference Finals for the first time since 2011 , facing the New York Rangers . A viewing party outside Amalie Arena for Game 6 of the 2015 Stanley Cup Finals In the Eastern Conference Finals , the Lightning and the Rangers split the first two games of the series in New York , with the Lightning winning Game 2 of the series thanks to a Tyler Johnson hat - trick . The series then shifted to Tampa , where the Lightning had a come - from - behind overtime victory in Game 3 but lost Game 4 to even the series at two games apiece . During Game 5 in New York , goaltender Ben Bishop recorded his second shutout of the playoffs in a 2 -- 0 victory , but the Rangers responded in Game 6 by scoring seven goals to tie the series at three games apiece . In Game 7 , Bishop recorded his third shutout of the playoffs in another 2 -- 0 victory against the Rangers to lead the Lightning to their first appearance in the Stanley Cup Finals since 2004 . The Lightning not only became the first team to defeat the Rangers in a Game 7 at Madison Square Garden , but they also became the first team to successfully defeat three Original Six teams in the first three rounds of the playoffs . The Lightning would face the Chicago Blackhawks in the Stanley Cup Finals , making it the first time a finalist faced four Original Six teams in the playoffs since the four - round format was introduced in 1980 . After losing Game 1 at home , the Lightning built a two games to one series lead , though the Blackhawks would win the following three games to win the Stanley Cup in six games at the United Center in Chicago . This made Tampa Bay the first team to beat three of the Original Six teams in the playoffs since the Pittsburgh Penguins completed the feat in 1992 . However , they became the first team to lose the Stanley Cup Finals despite beating three Original Six teams . Continuing championship contention ( edit ) Despite finishing with 46 wins and 97 points , the Lightning had a very slow start to the 2015 -- 16 season . The 2015 -- 16 season was filled with controversy for the Lightning , starting off with the contractual questions regarding team captain Steven Stamkos and with the former third overall pick Jonathan Drouin publicly requesting a trade and being suspended from the organization . The Lightning picked up their play at the beginning of the year 2016 and set the franchise record to nine consecutive wins on March 5 , 2016 , when Alex Killorn scored with 42.5 seconds remaining in overtime to propel the Lightning to a 4 -- 3 victory over the Carolina Hurricanes at Amalie Arena . On March 26 , 2016 , the Lightning announced cornerstone defenseman Anton Stralman had suffered a fractured leg in their game against the New York Islanders at home . Tampa 's fortunes would get even worse when Stamkos shockingly was out of the lineup for the team 's game on April 2 against the New Jersey Devils in Tampa . Lightning GM Steve Yzerman announced after the game that the captain would miss one - to - three months due to a blood clot in his arm . Due to unfortunate circumstances , the team had no other option but to bring Drouin back to the team . The Lightning ended up finishing second in the Atlantic Division and would once again face the third - seeded Detroit Red Wings in the first round of the playoffs . The Lightning ended up defeating the Red Wings in five games after winning 1 -- 0 at Amalie Arena . Next up , the Islanders would face the Lightning . In Game 1 , the Islanders defeated the Bolts 5 -- 3 . The Lightning would eventually answer back by winning four consecutive games in the series to defeat the Isles in five games , in large part due to back - to - back road overtime victories with goals scored by Brian Boyle and Jason Garrison . The Lightning were set to play against the Pittsburgh Penguins in the Eastern Conference Finals . In Game 1 at Consol Energy Center , star goaltender Ben Bishop would be added to the list of devastating injuries for the team as he left on a stretcher and did not return for the remainder of the series . Stralman would eventually return in Game 2 . A back - and - forth series would eventually lead to a Game 7 showdown in Pittsburgh . Lightning captain Steven Stamkos surprisingly took warmups and was in the Lightning lineup after a long absence from blood clot surgery . However , it was not enough , as the Lightning would fall 2 -- 1 against the Penguins , who went on to defeat the San Jose Sharks and win the Stanley Cup . With the Lightning under the spotlight in the 2016 off - season , Drouin rescinded his trade request . Steve Yzerman would then announce on June 29 the team re-signed Stamkos to an eight - year , cap - friendly deal . He would then sign star defenseman Victor Hedman to an eight - year contract on July 1 , along with a seven - year deal for Alex Killorn and a three - year deal for former first round pick , goaltender Andrei Vasilevskiy . The Lightning narrowly missed the playoffs in the 2016 -- 17 season . Finishing with 94 points , they were beaten to the second wildcard by the Toronto Maple Leafs , with 95 points . The 2016 -- 17 season for the Lightning was a host of injuries , mainly their captain , Steven Stamkos . Stamkos went down in the 17th game , against the Detroit Red Wings . It was revealed he suffered from a torn left meniscus , which put him out for the rest of the season . During the season , they traded goaltender Ben Bishop to the Los Angeles Kings , center Brian Boyle to the Toronto Maple Leafs , and forward Valtteri Filppula to the Philadelphia Flyers . However , there were positive signs as winger Nikita Kucherov emerged with 40 goals and goaltender Andrei Vasilevskiy stepped up after Bishop left . The Lightning also showcased their young talent with rookie Brayden Point and promising AHL call - ups Yanni Gourde and Jake Dotchin . The Lightning bounced back with this talent in the last third of the season , but it was not enough as they missed the playoffs by one point . In the off - season , the Lightning made a deal with the Montreal Canadiens to send Jonathan Drouin to their franchise in exchange for defensive prospect Mikhail Sergachev and a second - round pick in the 2018 NHL Entry Draft . They also signed defenseman Dan Girardi for two years and winger Chris Kunitz to a one year deal . In the 2017 -- 18 season , Steven Stamkos returned from injury , scoring 20 points in the first 10 games and assisting on 9 of Nikita Kucherov 's 11 . The Lightning finished the 2017 -- 18 season with a record of 54 -- 23 -- 5 , finishing with 113 points . The Lightning won their first Atlantic Division title and first division title since the 2003 -- 04 season , as well as securing the top seed in the Eastern Conference for the 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs . Andrei Vasilevskiy was nominated for the Vezina Trophy . Nikita Kucherov scored 100 points during the regular season , finishing third overall in the league . Steve Yzerman was once again nominated for the NHL General Manager of the Year Award . During the playoffs , the Lightning eliminated the New Jersey Devils in the first round and the Boston Bruins in the second round , both in five games . However , they were defeated in the Eastern Conference Finals by the eventual - Stanley Cup champions , the Washington Capitals , in seven games . Radio and television ( edit ) The Lightning radio broadcasts are on WFLA ; the play - by - play announcer is Dave Mishkin , known for his energetic style and his tendency to shriek when the Lightning score . Phil Esposito is the color commentator for home games . Matthew Sammon is the pregame and intermission host . The Lightning television broadcasts can be seen on Fox Sports Sun . The television play - by - play announcer is Rick Peckham . The color commentator is Brian Engblom . The studio host is Paul Kennedy . Caley Chelios is the in - arena host and Lightning reporter . Former Lightning player Dave Andreychuk and former color commentator Bobby `` The Chief '' Taylor assist with the television pregame and postgame broadcasts . On December 10 , 2014 , long - time color commentator Bobby `` The Chief '' Taylor announced he would be retiring from the broadcast booth at the end of the 2014 -- 15 season . Taylor had served as the teams color commentator since the 1993 -- 94 season , which was the team 's second year of existence . Taylor cited that he desired to be home with his wife Jan more . Taylor said , `` The road was starting to get a little stale , '' and `` I 've been traveling since I was 15 , and that 's a long time . '' However , Taylor announced that he is not completely stepping away from the team broadcasts . He will continue to serve as a sideline or studio analyst during the games on Fox Sports Sun for both home and away games . Taylor may also see sometime between the benches during broadcasts the following season . The Lightning have begun an immediate search for a replacement for Taylor for the coming season . On August 11 , 2015 , Fox Sports Sun , the regional television home of the Lightning , announced Brian Engblom as Taylor 's replacement on color commentary for the 2015 -- 16 season . Prior to joining Sun Sports , Engblom served as `` Inside the glass '' analyst on both NBC and NBC Sports Network , as well as the network 's coverage of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia . Engblom has served as an analyst on NHL Live , and also served as color analyst for Winnipeg Jets Games on TSN in Canada . Prior to being an announcer , Engblom played at the University of Wisconsin , and was Montreal 's third pick , 22nd overall , in the 1975 NHL Entry Draft . He won three Stanley Cups with the Canadiens ( 1977 -- 1979 ) . Team colors and mascot ( edit ) Since 2010 , the Lightning colors have been blue , black and white . Their logo has been a stylized lightning bolt . This is the origin of one nickname for the team -- the `` Bolts . '' Logo and jerseys ( edit ) Tampa Bay 's original logo , 1992 -- 2007 . The team was named the Lightning in reference to Tampa being the `` lightning capital of North America '' . The original Lightning jerseys featured simple stripes on the sleeves and tail , and contrasting shoulders -- black shoulders over a white jersey , and white shoulders over the black -- with the alternate logo ( a lightning bolt over the outline of the state of Florida ) . The underarm gussets included a feature referred to as `` victory stripes '' -- a group of thin stripes , alternating in the team 's colors ( black - silver - blue on white , or white - blue - silver on black ) . For the 1996 -- 97 season , the Lightning added a third jersey , primarily blue with a sublimated wave and rain design on the front and back , lightning bolts down the sleeves , a silver - gray shoulder yoke , and black gussets . The third jersey was retired after the 1998 -- 99 season . The alternate logo used from 1992 to 2007 . It was also used as a shoulder patch on the white and black jerseys , and on their helmets from the 2001 -- 02 to 2006 -- 07 season . In their first two seasons , the Lightning used a stylized block font for player names , with gaps in the upper loops of letters such as A , B , D , and R . The numbers were standard block numbers with drop shadows . The fonts were vertical in 1992 -- 93 , and italicized in 1993 -- 94 . The following season , the name font changed to a block font , vertically arched , while the number font changed to a painted style resembling the letters `` Tampa Bay '' in the logo . This style was also used on the blue alternate in 1998 -- 99 , replacing an `` electrified '' number font used from 1996 -- 98 . In 2001 -- 02 , the old fonts were replaced with traditional block letters and numbers , which have been used ever since . They also darkened their shades of blue that season from a royal blue to a speed ( Indy ) blue . As with all NHL teams for the 2007 -- 08 season , the Lightning debuted in new Reebok `` Rbk Edge '' jerseys . Also , like several other NHL teams , the Lightning updated their team logo . The Lightning unveiled their new logo on August 25 , 2007 . The logo was similar to the inaugural one , but with a more modern look . The new logo also kept the same theme as the previous one , but with the words `` Tampa Bay '' across the top now appearing with tall capital initials , and the word `` Lightning '' no longer appearing on the bottom of the logo . The second logo for the Lightning was used from 2007 to 2011 . The Edge jerseys use the same template adopted by the Ottawa Senators and Pittsburgh Penguins . Unlike those teams , the Lightning 's elbow panels remain the base color of the jersey , and an additional blue panel is added near the cuff of the sleeve . The Edge uniforms retain the underarm gusset `` victory stripes '' of their predecessors . The Lightning then debuted a new `` alternate '' or `` third '' jersey in the 2008 -- 09 season . The jersey features a dominant `` electric blue '' color , with black and silver accents at the end of the sleeves . The logo is removed , and in its place emblazoned across the front of the jersey descending to the lower left of the jersey is the word `` BOLTS '' ( utilizing a layout similar to that of the Ottawa Senators ' third jersey ) . The numbers are featured on the back and sleeves only , using white lettering . It was reported on January 23 , 2011 , that the Lightning had filed paperwork with the NHL to change their logo and colors , beginning with the 2011 -- 12 season . The new logo , as well as the new home and away jerseys , were unveiled by the team at a press conference at the St. Pete Times Forum on January 31 , 2011 . The Lightning began to integrate the new logo onto center ice , and even distributed free T - shirts with the simplified logo on February 4 , 2011 , while still using the old Lightning logo and uniforms . The current uniforms are made in a traditional hockey sweater design . Initially , the colors that were to be used were simply blue and white , but by popular demand , black was later added as a trim color on the numbers . The victory stripes were also eliminated . Despite the introduction of the new uniforms , the previous third jersey was retained , with the new simplified logo replacing the old logo in the shoulders prior to the 2012 -- 13 season . For the 2014 -- 15 season , the Lightning announced that a new black third sweater will replace the existing `` BOLTS '' sweaters . The new sweaters were unveiled on September 27 , 2014 . It retained the `` BOLTS '' wordmark , while adding white accents in a similar manner as the Los Angeles Kings ' sweaters . The secondary roundel logo also replaced the primary logo on the sleeves , while the city name was enscripted on the collar . The Lightning made some minor tweaks to their current uniform set following the NHL 's move to Adidas as its uniform provider in the 2017 -- 18 season . The most notable change is the removal of the `` TAMPA BAY '' wordmark on the white away sweaters . In - game personalities ( edit ) Former United States Air Force technical sergeant Sonya Bryson - Kirksey sings the American national anthem at home games and she is accompanied by organist Krystof Srebrakowski . Thunderbug ( edit ) The Lightning mascot is a lightning bug named ThunderBug . He performs at games and makes appearances in the community . According to the Lightning website , Thunderbug enjoys birthday parties , street hockey , ice hockey and Lightning fans , while his dislikes include flyswatters and bug zappers . Lightning Girls ( edit ) An official dance team known as the Lightning Girls perform at all home games and community events . The Tampa Bay Lightning Girls are a group of dancers who perform in the stands . Season - by - season record ( edit ) This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Lightning . For the full season - by - season history , see List of Tampa Bay Lightning seasons Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , OTL = Overtime Losses , Pts = Points , GF = Goals for , GA = Goals against Season GP OTL Pts GF GA Finish Playoffs 2013 -- 14 82 46 27 9 101 239 215 2nd , Atlantic Lost in First Round , 0 -- 4 ( Canadiens ) 2014 -- 15 82 50 24 8 108 262 211 2nd , Atlantic Lost in Stanley Cup Finals , 2 -- 4 ( Blackhawks ) 2015 -- 16 82 46 31 5 97 227 201 2nd , Atlantic Lost in Conference Finals , 3 -- 4 ( Penguins ) 2016 -- 17 82 42 30 10 94 234 227 5th , Atlantic Did not qualify 2017 -- 18 82 54 23 5 113 296 236 1st , Atlantic Lost in Conference Finals , 3 -- 4 ( Capitals ) Players ( edit ) Current roster ( edit ) view talk Updated July 5 , 2018 # Nat Player Pos S / G Age Acquired Birthplace 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Andy Andreoff LW / C 27 2018 Pickering , Ontario 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Ryan Callahan ( A ) RW 33 2014 Rochester , New York 7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 Anthony Cirelli 21 2015 Woodbridge , Ontario 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Braydon Coburn 33 2015 Calgary , Alberta 7001890000000000000 ♠ 89 Cory Conacher C / LW 28 2016 Burlington , Ontario 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 Louis Domingue 26 2017 Mont - Saint - Hilaire , Quebec 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Dan Girardi 34 2017 Welland , Ontario 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 Yanni Gourde LW 26 2014 Saint - Narcisse , Quebec 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 Victor Hedman 27 2009 Örnsköldsvik , Sweden 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Tyler Johnson 28 2011 Spokane , Washington 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Alex Killorn 28 2007 Halifax , Nova Scotia 7001860000000000000 ♠ 86 Nikita Kucherov RW 25 2011 Moscow , Russia 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 Ryan McDonagh 29 2018 St. Paul , Minnesota 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 J.T. Miller C / RW 25 2018 East Palestine , Ohio 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 Ondrej Palat ( A ) LW 27 2011 Frýdek - Místek , Czechoslovakia 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Cedric Paquette 25 2012 Gaspe , Quebec 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Brayden Point 22 2014 Calgary , Alberta 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 Mikhail Sergachev 20 2017 Nizhnekamsk , Russia 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 Steven Stamkos ( C ) 28 2008 Markham , Ontario 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Anton Stralman 32 2014 Tibro , Sweden 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 Andrei Vasilevskiy 24 2012 Tyumen , Russia Retired numbers ( edit ) Tampa Bay Lightning retired numbers No . Player Position Career Date of retirement Vincent Lecavalier 1998 -- 2013 February 10 , 2018 26 Martin St. Louis RW 2000 -- 2014 January 13 , 2017 The NHL retired Wayne Gretzky 's No. 99 for all its member teams at the 2000 NHL All - Star Game . Team captains ( edit ) Named to the position in 2014 , Steven Stamkos is the current captain of the Lightning . Paul Ysebaert , 1995 -- 1997 Mikael Renberg , 1997 -- 1998 Rob Zamuner , 1998 -- 1999 Bill Houlder , 1999 Chris Gratton , 1999 -- 2000 Vincent Lecavalier , 2000 -- 2001 Dave Andreychuk , 2002 -- 2006 Tim Taylor , 2006 -- 2008 Vincent Lecavalier , 2008 -- 2013 Martin St. Louis , 2013 -- 2014 Steven Stamkos , 2014 -- present Honored members ( edit ) See also : List of Tampa Bay Lightning award winners Tampa Bay Lightning Hall of Famers Players Name Position Career Inducted Dave Andreychuk 2001 -- 2006 2017 Dino Ciccarelli RW 1996 -- 1998 Mark Recchi RW 2008 -- 2009 2017 Denis Savard 1993 -- 1995 2000 Martin St. Louis RW 2000 -- 2014 2018 NHL All - Star Team 2003 -- 04 -- First Team : Martin St. Louis 2017 -- 18 -- First Team : Victor Hedman , Nikita Kucherov 2006 -- 07 -- Second Team : Martin St. Louis , Vincent Lecavalier , Dan Boyle 2009 -- 10 -- Second Team : Martin St. Louis 2010 -- 11 -- Second Team : Martin St. Louis , Steven Stamkos 2011 -- 12 -- Second Team : Steven Stamkos 2012 -- 13 -- Second Team : Martin St. Louis 2015 -- 16 -- Second Team : Ben Bishop 2016 -- 17 -- Second Team : Victor Hedman , Nikita Kucherov NHL All - Rookie Team Brad Richards : 2000 -- 01 Tyler Johnson : 2013 -- 14 Ondrej Palat : 2013 -- 14 All - Star Game Ben Bishop , G : 2016 Brian Bradley , C : 1993 , 1994 Dino Ciccarelli RW : 1997 Wendel Clark LW : 1999 Jon Cooper HC : 2018 Roman Hamrlik , D: 1996 Victor Hedman , D: 2017 , 2018 Tyler Johnson , C : 2015 Nikolai Khabibulin , G : 2002 , 2003 Nikita Kucherov , RW : 2017 , 2018 Pavel Kubina , D: 2004 Vincent Lecavalier , C : 2003 , 2007 , 2008 ( captain ) , 2009 Fredrik Modin , LW : 2001 Brayden Point , C : 2018 Martin St. Louis , RW : 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 ( alternate captain ) Steven Stamkos , C : 2011 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016 , 2018 ( captain ) Petr Svoboda , D: 2000 Andrei Vasilevskiy , G : 2018 NHL YoungStars Game Brad Richards , C : 2002 Alexander Svitov , C : 2003 Paul Ranger , D: 2007 Mike Lundin , D: 2008 Steven Stamkos , C : 2009 NHL All - Star Skills Competition ( Rookie ) Jonathan Drouin , LW : 2015 First - round draft picks ( edit ) 1992 : Roman Hamrlik ( 1st overall ) 1993 : Chris Gratton ( 3rd overall ) 1994 : Jason Wiemer ( 8th overall ) 1995 : Daymond Langkow ( 5th overall ) 1996 : Mario Larocque ( 16th overall ) 1997 : Paul Mara ( 7th overall ) 1998 : Vincent Lecavalier ( 1st overall ) 1999 : None 2000 : Nikita Alexeev ( 8th overall ) 2001 : Alexander Svitov ( 3rd overall ) 2002 : None 2003 : None 2004 : Andy Rogers ( 30th overall ) 2005 : Vladimir Mihalik ( 30th overall ) 2006 : Riku Helenius ( 15th overall ) 2007 : None 2008 : Steven Stamkos ( 1st overall ) 2009 : Victor Hedman ( 2nd overall ) , Carter Ashton ( 29th overall ) 2010 : Brett Connolly ( 6th overall ) 2011 : Vladislav Namestnikov ( 27th overall ) 2012 : Slater Koekkoek ( 10th overall ) , Andrei Vasilevskiy ( 19th overall ) 2013 : Jonathan Drouin ( 3rd overall ) 2014 : Anthony DeAngelo ( 19th overall ) 2015 : None 2016 : Brett Howden ( 27th overall ) 2017 : Cal Foote ( 14th overall ) 2018 : None Franchise scoring Leaders ( edit ) These are the top - ten - point - scorers in franchise history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season . * -- current Lightning player Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games Played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; P / G = Points per game Recording 364 points with the Lightning , Victor Hedman is the Lightning 's all - time leading scoring leader amongst defensemen . Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G Martin St. Louis RW 972 365 588 953 . 98 Vincent Lecavalier 1037 383 491 874 . 84 Steven Stamkos * 664 348 320 668 1.01 Brad Richards 552 150 339 489 . 89 Vaclav Prospal 468 127 244 371 . 79 Victor Hedman * 626 82 282 364 . 58 Nikita Kucherov * RW 365 147 187 334 . 92 Brian Bradley 328 111 189 300 . 91 Fredrik Modin LW 445 145 141 286 . 64 Tyler Johnson * 389 110 151 261 . 67 Goals Player Pos Vincent Lecavalier 383 Martin St. Louis RW 365 Steven Stamkos * 348 Brad Richards 150 Nikita Kucherov * RW 147 Fredrik Modin LW 145 Vaclav Prospal 127 Brian Bradley 111 Tyler Johnson * 110 Chris Gratton 98 Assists Player Pos Martin St. Louis RW 588 Vincent Lecavalier 491 Brad Richards 339 Steven Stamkos * 320 Victor Hedman * 282 Vaclav Prospal 244 Brian Bradley 189 Dan Boyle 187 Nikita Kucherov * RW 187 Pavel Kubina 171 Franchise playoff scoring Leaders ( edit ) These are the top - ten playoff point - scorers in franchise playoff history . Figures are updated after each completed NHL season . * -- current Lightning player Note : Pos = Position ; GP = Games Played ; G = Goals ; A = Assists ; Pts = Points ; P / G = Points per game ; * = current Lightning player Points Player Pos GP Pts P / G Martin St. Louis RW 63 33 35 68 1.07 Nikita Kucherov * RW 61 29 30 59 . 96 Vincent Lecavalier 63 24 28 52 . 82 Steven Stamkos * 66 22 29 51 . 78 Tyler Johnson * 64 24 26 50 . 79 Victor Hedman * 82 7 41 48 . 59 Brad Richards 45 18 29 47 1.04 Ondrej Palat * LW 63 20 21 41 . 66 Alex Killorn * 64 20 20 40 . 63 Valtteri Filppula 47 5 17 22 . 46 Goals Player Pos Martin St. Louis RW 33 Nikita Kucherov * RW 29 Vincent Lecavalier 24 Tyler Johnson * 24 Steven Stamkos * 22 Alex Killorn * 20 Ondrej Palat * LW 20 Brad Richards 18 Ruslan Fedotenko LW 12 Fredrik Modin LW 10 Assists Player Pos Victor Hedman * 41 Martin St. Louis RW 35 Nikita Kucherov * RW 30 Steven Stamkos * 29 Brad Richards 29 Vincent Lecavalier 28 Tyler Johnson * 26 Ondrej Palat * 21 Alex Killorn * 20 Dan Boyle 19 NHL awards and trophies ( edit ) Stanley Cup 2003 -- 04 Prince of Wales Trophy 2003 -- 04 2014 -- 15 Art Ross Trophy Martin St. Louis : 2003 -- 04 , 2012 -- 13 Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy John Cullen : 1998 -- 99 Conn Smythe Trophy Brad Richards : 2003 -- 04 Hart Memorial Trophy Martin St. Louis : 2003 -- 04 Jack Adams Award John Tortorella : 2003 -- 04 James Norris Memorial Trophy Victor Hedman : 2017 -- 18 King Clancy Memorial Trophy Vincent Lecavalier : 2007 -- 08 Lady Byng Memorial Trophy Brad Richards : 2003 -- 04 Martin St. Louis : 2009 -- 10 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Lester B. Pearson Award Martin St. Louis : 2003 -- 04 Maurice `` Rocket '' Richard Trophy Vincent Lecavalier : 2006 -- 07 Steven Stamkos : 2009 -- 10 ( shared with Sidney Crosby of the Pittsburgh Penguins ) , 2011 -- 12 NHL Foundation Player Award Vincent Lecavalier : 2007 -- 08 NHL General Manager of the Year Award Steve Yzerman : 2014 -- 15 NHL Plus / Minus Award Martin St. Louis : 2003 -- 04 ( shared with Marek Malik of the Vancouver Canucks ) Franchise records ( edit ) Individual ( edit ) Most goals in a season : Steven Stamkos , 60 ( 2011 -- 12 ) Most assists in a season : Brad Richards ( 2005 -- 06 ) and Martin St. Louis ( 2010 -- 11 ) , 68 Most points in a season : Vincent Lecavalier , 108 ( 2006 -- 07 ) Most goals in a season , defenseman : Dan Boyle , 20 ( 2006 -- 07 ) Most assists in a season , defenseman : Victor Hedman , 56 ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most points in a season , defenseman : Victor Hedman , 72 ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most penalty minutes in a season : Zenon Konopka , 265 ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most goals in a season , rookie : Yanni Gourde , 25 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most assists in a season , rookie : Brad Richards , 41 ( 2000 -- 01 ) Most points in a season , rookie : Yanni Gourde , 64 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most wins in a season : Andrei Vasilevskiy , 44 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most shutouts in a season : Andrei Vasilevskiy , 8 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Team ( edit ) Largest home playoff attendance : 28,183 ( ThunderDome -- now Tropicana Field ) ( 1995 -- 96 ) Most Points in a season : 113 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most Wins in a season : 54 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most Home Wins in a season : 32 ( 2014 -- 15 ) Most road Wins in a season : 25 ( 2017 -- 18 ) Most Wins in a row : 9 ( 2015 -- 16 ) See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tampa Bay Lightning . List of Stanley Cup champions List of National Hockey League awards References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lightning Unveil New Logo , Jersey Systems Along with Vision and Brand Aspiration '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , LP . January 31 , 2011 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Chris . `` Tampa Bay Lightning Jersey History '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , LP . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Sports And Entertainment LLC Closes on Purchase of Tampa Bay Lightning '' . NHL.com . NHL Enterprises , LP . March 3 , 2010 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning strike first to win first Cup '' . Jump up ^ Stein , Gil ( 1997 ) . Power Plays : An Inside Look at the Big Business of the National Hockey League . pp. 86 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` Part 1 : Manon Rhéaume shatters hockey 's gender barrier '' . National Hockey League . Jump up ^ `` Manon Rheaume '' . Jump up ^ Buckley , Tim ( October 10 , 1993 ) . `` Lightning 's spark ? It was on the bench '' . Tampa Bay Times . p. 6C . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Duhatschek , Eric ; et al. ( 2001 ) . Hockey Chronicles . New York City : Checkmark Books . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4697 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Fischler , Stan ( 1999 ) . Cracked Ice : An Insider 's Look at the NHL . Lincolnwood , Illinois : Masters Press . ISBN 1 - 57028 - 219 - 6 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( April 6 , 1998 ) . `` A Soap Opera on Ice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning Highlights '' . Jump up ^ `` LCS Hockey : Team Reports : Tampa Bay Lightning '' . Jump up ^ Blunderful , St. Petersburg Times Jump up ^ `` Lightning winger St. Louis out with broken leg '' . CBC News . January 24 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Vote deadline may have cost Khabibulin the MVP award '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Lightning -- News : Lightning Acquire Conditional Draft Pick , AHL All - Star Defenseman From Philadelphia -- 25 February 2008 '' . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Lightning -- News : Lightning Acquire Goaltender Mike Smith , Center Jeff Halpern , Left Wing Jussi Jokinen & fourth - Round Pick From Dallas -- 26 February 2008 '' . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Lightning -- News : Lightning Acquire Seventh - Round Pick In 2008 From Nashville In Exchange For Jan Hlavac -- 26 February 2008 '' . Jump up ^ `` Lightning re-sign D Boyle to six - year extension '' . February 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bickering Tampa Bay Lightning owners Oren Koules and Len Barrie on track for a messy divorce '' . Jump up ^ `` Tortorella calls new Tampa owners ' cowboys , ' rips old franchise '' . Jump up ^ `` Lightning award Tocchet full - time coaching job '' . May 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Stamkos ' empty - net goal gives him 51 and a share of the Rocket Richard Trophy Damian Cristodero '' . St. Petersburg Times . April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Damian Cristodero ( April 12 , 2010 ) . `` It 's official : Tampa Bay Lightning fires coach Rick Tocchet and GM Brian Lawton '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved April 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Joe ( January 2 , 2011 ) . `` Tampa Bay Lightning gets goalie Dwayne Roloson from New York Islanders for minor - league defenseman '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning Release Guy Boucher of Coaching Duties '' . Tampa Bay Lightning . March 24 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning name Jon Cooper as head coach '' . Tampa Bay Lightning . March 25 , 2013 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning To Use Compliance Buyout on Vincent Lecavalier '' . Tampa Bay Lightning . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Analysis of Lecavalier Compliance Buyout '' . Tampa Bay Lightning . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Damian Cristodero ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` Lightning plans Lecavalier buyout '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cristodero , Damian . `` Lightning 's Stamkos cleared to play Thursday against Sabres '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff , NHL ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` St. Louis , Lightning discuss future with team '' . National Hockey League . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tampa Bay , FOX 13 ( March 5 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive Interview : Martin St. Louis '' . FOX . myfoxtampabay . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Steven Stamkos back , named captain '' . ESPN . Associated Press . March 6 , 2014 . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Halford , Mike ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Lightning sign GM Yzerman to four - year extension '' . NBC Sports Pro Hockey Talk . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Max Pacioretty lifts Habs to 2nd round in sweep of Lightning '' . ESPN . Associated Press . April 22 , 2014 . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ LeBrun , Pierre ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Ryan Callahan signs 6 - year deal '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stubits , Brian ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` Lightning use second compliance buyout on Ryan Malone '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning beat up on Original Six to reach Cup finals '' . Reuters . May 30 , 2015 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gretz , Adam ( May 31 , 2015 ) . `` The Tampa Bay Lightning 's playoff journey through the Original Six '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Beacham , Greg ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Tampa Bay Falls Just Short , Loses the Cup in Game 6 Shutout '' . ABC News . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Campbell , Ken . `` Stamkos ' transformation into Kucherov 's set - up man has Lightning looking scarier than ever The Hockey News '' . The Hockey News . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ Erlendsson , Erik ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Bolts TV analyst Bobby ' The Chief ' Taylor in final season '' . Tampa Tribune . Retrieved December 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Joe ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Bolts name ' The Chief 's ' successor : Brian Engblom to take over as color analyst '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning Unveil Third Jerseys vs. Devils '' . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Damian Cristodero ( January 23 , 2011 ) . `` Tampa Bay Lightning 's new uniforms sound as if they will include a simple , classic design '' . St. Petersburg Times . Retrieved January 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning Unveil New Logo , Jersey Systems Along with Vision and Brand Aspiration '' . National Hockey League . January 31 , 2011 . Retrieved January 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A couple of Tampa Bay Lightning records could fall tonight at Times Forum against the Capitals '' . St. Petersburg Times . February 4 , 2011 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ThunderBug '' . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Lightning Girls -- Lightning Girls '' . May 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2013 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Lightning Roster '' . NHL.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Lightning Hockey Transactions '' . TSN.ca . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Joe ( February 10 , 2018 ) . `` Lightning retires Vinny Lecavalier 's No. 4 '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lightning to retire Martin St. Louis ' No. 26 this season '' . National Hockey League . October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Perfect setting : Gretzky 's number retired before All - Star Game '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . February 6 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Lightning Career Leaders -- Hockey-Reference.com '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tampa Bay Lightning . Official website Tampa Bay Lightning Founded in 1992 Based in Tampa , Florida Franchise Team General managers Coaches Players Captains Draft picks ( Expansion draft ) Seasons Current season History Records Award winners Retired numbers Personnel Owners Tampa Bay Sports and Entertainment ( Jeffrey Vinik , chairman ) General manager Steve Yzerman Head coach Jon Cooper Team captain Steven Stamkos Current roster Arenas Expo Hall Thunderdome Amalie Arena Rivalries Florida Panthers Affiliates AHL Syracuse Crunch ECHL Orlando Solar Bears Media TV Fox Sports Sun Radio 620 WDAE Culture and lore Manon Rhéaume The Phantom Goal The Ice Sports Forum Links to related articles Preceded by New Jersey Devils Stanley Cup champions 2003 -- 04 Succeeded by Carolina Hurricanes Tampa Bay Lightning seasons 1990s 1990 -- 91 . 1991 -- 92 . 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000s 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010s 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Highlighted seasons indicate Stanley Cup championship National Hockey League Western Conference Eastern Conference Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - Star Game Draft Players Association Retired jersey numbers All - Star Teams Awards Captains Outdoor games Winter Classic Heritage Classic Stadium Series Hockey Day America Canada International games Kraft Hockeyville History Lore Organizational changes Potential expansion All - time standings All - time playoff series Defunct teams NHA Original Six 1967 expansion WHA merger Others Streaks Droughts Hall of Fame Members Rivalries Arenas Rules Fighting Violence Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Collective bargaining agreement Lockouts Television and radio coverage Attendance figures Portal 2018 -- 19 season Tampa Bay Area Topics Tampa Bay Climate History Media Sports Tampa International Airport Hillsborough County Public Schools Pinellas County Schools University of South Florida Central cities Tampa St. Petersburg Clearwater Smaller communities Pinellas Park Temple Terrace Brandon Zephyrhills Plant City Largo Dunedin Tarpon Springs Lutz Sun City Center Counties in MSA Hernando Hillsborough Pasco Pinellas See also : Florida Sports in the Tampa Bay Area Baseball Baseball in the Tampa Bay Area MLB Tampa Bay Rays FSL Clearwater Threshers Dunedin Blue Jays Tampa Tarpons GCL Blue Jays Phillies Yankees Football NFL Tampa Bay Buccaneers WFA Tampa Bay Inferno Hockey NHL Tampa Bay Lightning Roller derby WFTDA Tampa Roller Derby Soccer USL Tampa Bay Rowdies College athletics NCAA Division I South Florida Bulls NCAA Division II Eckerd Tritons Saint Leo Lions Tampa Spartans Major sports venues Current venues Raymond James Stadium Tropicana Field Amalie Arena George M. Steinbrenner Field Spectrum Field Al Lang Stadium Dunedin Stadium Yuengling Center USF Soccer Stadium Bob Martinez Sports Center Jack Russell Memorial Stadium Expo Hall Former venues Tampa Stadium Al Lopez Field Bayfront Center Curtis Hixon Hall Plant Field Phillips Field Sports teams in Florida Baseball MLB Miami Marlins Tampa Bay Rays SL Jacksonville Jumbo Shrimp Pensacola Blue Wahoos FSL Bradenton Marauders Charlotte Stone Crabs Clearwater Threshers Daytona Tortugas Dunedin Blue Jays Florida Fire Frogs Fort Myers Miracle Jupiter Hammerheads Lakeland Flying Tigers Palm Beach Cardinals St. Lucie Mets Tampa Tarpons Gulf Coast League Florida Collegiate Summer League Basketball NBA Miami Heat Orlando Magic G League Lakeland Magic ABA Jacksonville Giants Miami Midnites South Florida Gold Football NFL Jacksonville Jaguars Miami Dolphins Tampa Bay Buccaneers NAL Jacksonville Sharks AAL Florida Tarpons WFA Daytona Waveriders Jacksonville Dixie Blues Miami Fury Orlando Anarchy Tampa Bay Inferno Hockey NHL Florida Panthers Tampa Bay Lightning ECHL Florida Everblades Jacksonville Icemen Orlando Solar Bears SPHL Pensacola Ice Flyers Lacrosse MLL Florida Launch Roller derby WFTDA Fort Myers Derby Girls Gainesville Roller Rebels Gold Coast Derby Grrls Jacksonville RollerGirls Tallahassee RollerGirls Tampa Roller Derby MRDA Magic City Misfits Rugby league USARL Central Florida Warriors Jacksonville Axemen Tampa Mayhem Rugby union FRU Bay Area Pelicans Boca Raton RFC Jacksonville RFC Miami Rugby Club Tampa Bay Krewe Soccer MLS Miami ( in 2020 ) Orlando City SC NWSL Orlando Pride NASL Jacksonville Armada FC Miami FC USL Tampa Bay Rowdies USL D3 Orlando City B NPSL Boca Raton FC Jacksonville Armada FC Miami FC 2 Miami United FC Naples United FC Palm Beach United Storm FC PDL IMG Academy Bradenton Lakeland Tropics SC FC Miami City North County United Next Academy Palm Beach SIMA Águilas The Villages SC Weston FC APSL Hurricane FC Inter United AC Jupiter United SC Miami Dade FC Red Force FC South Florida FC Uruguay Kendall Soccer ( indoor ) MASL Florida Tropics SC Softball NPF USSSA Pride Ultimate AUDL Jacksonville Cannons College Sports in Florida Ice hockey portal Florida portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tampa_Bay_Lightning&oldid=854778794 '' Categories : Tampa Bay Lightning 1992 establishments in Florida Ice hockey teams in Florida National Hockey League in the Sun Belt National Hockey League in Florida Atlantic Division ( NHL ) Ice hockey clubs established in 1992 Sports in St. Petersburg , Florida Sports teams in Tampa , Florida Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Articles with hCards Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ænglisc Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 18 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | have the lightning ever won a stanley cup | [] | [] |
-2824127439640863745 | John Rhys-Davies | John Rhys - Davies - wikipedia John Rhys - Davies Jump to : navigation , search John Rhys - Davies Rhys - Davies at the 2014 Phoenix Comicon ( 1944 - 05 - 05 ) 5 May 1944 ( age 74 ) Salisbury , Wiltshire , England Alma mater Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Occupation Actor , voice artist , producer Years active 1969 -- present Spouse ( s ) Suzanne Wilkinson ( m . 1966 ; d . 2010 ) Partner ( s ) Lisa Manning ( 2004 -- present ) Children Signature John Rhys - Davies ( born 5 May 1944 ) is a Welsh actor and voice actor known for his portrayal of Gimli in The Lord of the Rings trilogy and the charismatic excavator Sallah in the Indiana Jones films . He also played Agent Michael Malone in the 1993 remake of the 1950s television series The Untouchables , Pilot Vasco Rodrigues in the mini-series Shōgun , Professor Maximillian Arturo in Sliders , King Richard I in Robin of Sherwood , General Leonid Pushkin in the James Bond film The Living Daylights , and Macro in I , Claudius . Additionally , he provided the voices of Cassim in Disney 's Aladdin and the King of Thieves , Macbeth in Gargoyles , Man Ray in SpongeBob SquarePants , Hades in Justice League and Tobias in the computer game Freelancer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 The Lord of the Rings trilogy 2.2 Voice work 3 Personal life 4 Political views 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 Audio books 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) John Rhys - Davies was born on 5 May 1944 in Salisbury , Wiltshire , and was brought up there , in Tanganyika and in Ammanford , Wales . His mother , Phyllis Jones , was a nurse , and his father , Rhys Davies , was a mechanical engineer and colonial officer . In the early 1950s his family lived for several years in Kongwa , Dar es Salaam , Moshi and Mwanza , Tanzania , while his father was serving there as a colonial police officer . He was educated at Truro School and at the University of East Anglia where he was one of the first 105 students admitted , and where he founded the Dramatic Society . After teaching at Watton County Secondary School in Norfolk he won a place at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art . Career ( edit ) He appeared sporadically on UK television in the early 1970s including his role as the gangster Laughing Spam Fritter opposite Adam Faith in Budgie . Later he played Praetorian officer Naevius Sutorius Macro in I , Claudius . He then began to appear more frequently , and not just in the UK , with roles as a Portuguese navigator Rodrigues in the 1980 television miniseries Shogun , based on the novel by James Clavell , and in the Indiana Jones films . In 1989 , Rhys - Davies also starred in another James Clavell adaption , Noble House , set in Hong Kong , in which he plays Ian Dunross ' corporate enemy , Quillian Gornt . He has since appeared in numerous television shows and miniseries , including Agent Michael Malone in the 1993 remake of the 1950s television series The Untouchables as well as a leading role in the television series Sliders as Professor Maximillian Arturo from 1995 to 1997 . He also appeared in Reilly , Ace of Spies in 1983 , made several appearances on Star Trek : Voyager as a holodeck version of Leonardo da Vinci , starred as an ally of James Bond in The Living Daylights and appeared in the film One Night with the King . Davies has played the character Porthos in two separate projects ; a two - part episode of The Secret Adventures of Jules Verne and the Hallmark Channel film La Femme Musketeer . He appears in the full motion video cut scenes of computer games including Ripper ( as Vigo Haman ) ( 1996 ) , Dune 2000 ( as Noree Moneo ) ( 1998 ) , and the Wing Commander series ( as James Taggart , doubling as the voice of Thrakhath nar Kiranka in the third game of the series ) . In 2004 , he narrated The Privileged Planet , a documentary that makes the case for intelligent design . In 2013 he appeared in the family history programme Coming Home , in which he discovered information about his grandfather 's life in the Carmarthenshire coal mines . In 2014 , he joined the cast of the television show Metal Hurlant Chronicles to play Holgarth , an immortal alchemist . In 2015 he had a role in the single player campaign of the PC game Star Citizen alongside Mark Hamill and Gary Oldman . The work consists of full body Motion capture , including facial expressions and his voice and was recorded primarily at the Imaginarium studios in the UK . The Lord of the Rings trilogy ( edit ) He is also known for his popular portrayal of the dwarf Gimli in The Lord of the Rings trilogy . The cinematography of the films was aided in that Rhys - Davies is tall -- 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) , compared to the actors playing hobbits at around 5 ft 6 in ( 1.68 m ) . Therefore , although his character was supposed to be short , he was properly in proportion compared to the hobbit actors . Had he been of more similar height , shots of the entire fellowship would have required three camera passes rather than two . Rhys - Davies is the only one of the nine Fellowship of the Ring actors who did not receive a tattoo of the word `` nine '' written in the Tengwar script ; his stunt double , Brett Beattie , got the tattoo instead as Rhys - Davies was disinclined to get one himself . The other members of the cast -- Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Billy Boyd , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Orlando Bloom , Viggo Mortensen , and Elijah Wood -- got the same tattoo . Rhys - Davies suffered severe reactions to the prosthetics used during filming , and his eyes sometimes swelled shut . When an interviewer asked him whether he would consider returning to the role for the film version of The Hobbit , he said , `` I 've already been asked and to be honest with you , I would n't . I have already completely ruled it out . There 's a sentimental part of me that would love to be involved again . Really I am not sure my face can take that sort of punishment any more . '' He added that this time around `` They 've got a different set of problems ... because you 've got 13 dwarves , a whole band of them ... You 're trying to represent a whole race ... You 're trying to do for dwarves what ' The Lord of the Rings ' did for hobbits . '' Voice work ( edit ) In addition to voicing the Ent Treebeard in Lord of the Rings , Rhys - Davies has lent his distinctive voice to many video games and animated television series , including the role of Hades in Justice League and numerous times in Gargoyles ( 1994 -- 1996 ) , as the character Macbeth . He also lent his vocal talents to the games Freelancer ( as Richard Winston Tobias ) and Lords of Everquest ( both in 2003 ) and the game Quest for Glory IV : Shadows of Darkness , which was released with his narration on a CD - ROM version in 1995 . He also had a voice role on Baldur 's Gate : Dark Alliance as the character Jherek , and narrated a documentary called The Glory of Macedonia . John Rhys - Davies ' voice can be heard on the 2009 documentary Reclaiming The Blade . In the narration , Rhys - Davies explores swords , historical European swordsmanship and fight choreography on film , a topic very familiar to him from his experiences in The Lord of the Rings trilogy , where his character Gimli wielded an axe in many scenes . In 2004 , he was the unknowing subject of an internet prank that spread false rumours in several mainstream media sources that he was scheduled to play the role of General Grievous in Star Wars Episode III . Rhys - Davies is the narrator of The Truth & Life Dramatized audio New Testament Bible , a 22 - hour , celebrity - voiced , fully dramatised audiobook version of the New Testament which uses the Revised Standard Version - Catholic Edition translation . In 2011 , he presented KJB : The Book That Changed The World , which features him reading diverse snippets from the King James Version . John Rhys - Davies ' voice work also includes voice - over work with Breathe Bible . In 2016 , he provided spoken words for Voices of Fire , the sixth album by a cappella power metal band van Canto . A resident of the Isle of Man since 1988 , John Rhys - Davies provides the introductory voice - over to the Island 's Castle Rushen , one of the best preserved medieval fortress 's in Britain . In 2018 he leant his voice to the Isle of Man 's tourism commercial . Personal life ( edit ) Rhys - Davies married Suzanne Wilkinson in December 1966 . They had two sons . Although they separated in 1985 , they remained married until her death in 2010 from Alzheimer 's disease . He remained close to her and took care of her until she died . In 2004 , he began living with Lisa Manning . They have a daughter . Political views ( edit ) Rhys - Davies in an autograph session in Sweden Rhys - Davies is not a member of any political party . As a university student in the 1960s , he had been a radical leftist , but changed his views when he went to heckle a young local member of parliament , Margaret Thatcher . Rhys - Davies says that `` she shot down the first two hecklers in such brilliant fashion that I decided I ought for once to shut up and listen '' . In 2004 , Rhys - Davies stated the following in a controversial interview with a Welsh news website about the Muslim population , stating : There is a demographic catastrophe happening in Europe that nobody wants to talk about , that we dare n't bring up because we are so cagey about not offending people racially . And rightly we should be . But there is a cultural thing as well . By 2020 , 50 per cent of the children in Holland under the age of 18 will be of Muslim descent . His comments were endorsed by the British National Party . Rhys - Davies commented that the BNP was so insignificant in numbers that it `` could do no harm '' yet stating it was `` distressing to find yourself on a BNP leaflet '' . He was also endorsed in a National Vanguard editorial . In an interview with the conservative journal ' National Review , he clarified that he is opposed to Islamic extremism precisely because he feels that it violates the `` Western values '' of equality , democracy , tolerance and the abolition of slavery . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Film Role Notes 1973 Penny Gold Rugby Player The Black Windmill Fake Military Policeman Uncredited The Naked Civil Servant Barndoor 1979 A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square Solicitor 1981 Raiders of the Lost Ark Sallah 1982 Best Revenge Mustapha Ivanhoe Front de Bœuf Victor / Victoria Andre Cassell The Island of Adventure Smith Sahara Rasoul Sadat Gamal Abdel Nasser 1984 Sword of the Valiant Baron Fortinbras Kim Babu 1985 King Solomon 's Mines Dogati 1986 Firewalker Corky Taylor The Living Daylights General Leonid Pushkin 1988 Waxwork Werewolf 1989 Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade Sallah Rising Storm Donwaldo 1991 The Unnamable Returns 1992 The Double 0 Kid Rudi Von Kseenbaum The Lost World Challenger Return to the Lost World Challenger 1993 Sunset Grill Stockton Cyborg Cop Kessel The Seventh Coin Captain Galil The Unnamable II : The Statement of Randolph Carter Professor Warren 1994 The High Crusade Bruder Parvus The Great White Hype Johnny Windsor Glory Daze Luther Aladdin and the King of Thieves Cassim Voice Direct - to - video Marquis de Sade Inspector Marais 1997 Cats Do n't Dance Woolie the Mammoth Voice Bloodsport III Jacques Duvalier 1999 Secret of the Andes Father Claver 2000 Britannic Captain Barrett TV Movie Sinbad : Beyond the Veil of Mists King Akron / Baraka Voice The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring Gimli Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Never Say Never Mind : The Swedish Bikini Team Hakim 2002 Sabretooth Anthony Bricklin The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers Gimli / Voice of Treebeard Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Endangered Species Police Lt. Wyznowski Scorcher Dr. Matthew Sallin 2003 Coronado Presidente Hugo Luis Ramos The Jungle Book 2 Ranjan 's father Voice The Medallion Cmdr . Hammerstock - Smythe The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Gimli / Voice of Treebeard Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast National Board of Review Award for Best Cast Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated -- Phoenix Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast 12 Days of Terror Captain The Princess Diaries 2 : Royal Engagement Viscount Mabrey La Femme Musketeer Porthos The Lost Angel Father Kevin The Privileged Planet Narrator 2005 The Game of Their Lives Bill Jeffrey Chupacabra : Dark Seas Captain Randolph The King Maker Phillippe 2006 Shark Bait Thorton English Dub One Night with the King Mordecai The Legend of Sasquatch Ranger Steve Voice 2007 In the Name of the King : A Dungeon Siege Tale Merick The Ferryman The Greek Catching Kringle Santa Voice 2009 Reclaiming the Blade Narrator 31 North 62 East John Hammond Medium Raw : Night of the Wolf Elliot Carbon TV Movie Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes Dr. Watson Voice Direct - to - video 2011 KJB : The Book That Changed the World Sophie and Sheba Ferocious Planet Senator Jackson Crenshaw 2012 Escape Malcolm Andrews 2013 100 Degrees Below Zero Ralph Dillard Scooby - Doo ! Adventures : The Mystery Map Gnarlybeard Voice Direct - to - video Prisoners of the Sun Prof. Hayden Masterton 2014 Apocalypse Pompeii Colonel Dillard Saul : The Journey to Damascus Caiphas The Prophet Yousef Voice 2015 Beyond the Mask Charles Kemp Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Fall of Eagles Zinoviev The Sweeney Ron Brett Episode : `` Poppy '' ( Season 2 , episode 8 ) 1976 I , Claudius Macro Episodes 8 and 9 1977 Ivor Griffith Episode : `` William and the Wonderful Present '' 1980 BBC Television Shakespeare Salerio The Merchant of Venice 1980 Shōgun Vasco Rodrigues Miniseries Nominated -- Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie 1982 CHiPs Nakura Season 5 , episode 27 1982 Ivanhoe Front - de-Boeuf Reilly , Ace of Spies Tanyatos 1984 Robin of Sherwood King Richard Series 1 , episode 6 `` The King 's Fool '' 1984 Scarecrow and Mrs. King Lord Bromfield Season 2 , episode 8 `` Affair at Bromfield Hall '' Marjorie and the Preacher Man Seymour Television Drama 1988 Noble House Quillan Gornt Miniseries 1988 War and Remembrance Sammy Mutterperl Miniseries 1989 The Trial of the Incredible Hulk Wilson Fisk TV film 1991 Great Expectations Joe Gargery 1991 The Mystery of the Black Jungle O'Connor Miniseries 1991 Tales from the Crypt Duval Episode : `` Dead Wait '' 1992 Batman : The Animated Series ' Baron ' Waclaw Jozek ( voice ) Episode : `` The Cape and Cowl Conspiracy '' 1992 Archaeology Himself Voyages of the Vikings 1992 Ring of the Musketeers Maurice Treville TV movie 1992 - 1993 The Legend of Prince Valiant King Hugo , King Donovan ( voice ) 8 episodes 1993 -- 1994 The Untouchables Agent Michael Malone 15 episodes 1994 A Flintstones Christmas Carol Charles Brickens ( voice ) Television special 1995 -- 1997 Sliders Prof. Maximillian Arturo 40 episodes 1995 Fantastic Four Thor ( voice ) 2 episodes ; Season 2 , episodes 6 and 8 The Incredible Hulk Episode : `` Mortal Bounds '' 1995 - 1996 Gargoyles Macbeth ( voice ) 13 episodes Boo to You Too ! Winnie the Pooh Narrator Halloween television special Mortal Kombat : Defenders of the Realm Asgarth ( voice ) Episode : `` Overthrown '' 1997 You Wish Madman Mustapha 3 episodes 1997 Star Trek : Voyager Leonardo da Vinci 2 episodes 1999 Au Pair Nigel Kent Television film 2002 Justice League Hades ( voice ) Episode : `` Paradise Lost '' Parts 1 & 2 2002 The Zeta Project Edgar Mandragora ( voice ) Episode : `` Ro 's Gift '' 2000 - 2002 SpongeBob SquarePants Man Ray ( voice ) 2 Episodes 2002 Fillmore ! Lenny ( voice ) Episode : `` Ingrid Third , Public Enemy # 1 '' 2003 Helen of Troy King Priam Miniseries Dragon Storm King Fastrad Television film 2005 Revelations ( Omnium Finis Imminet ) Professor Jonah Lampley Miniseries 2006 Super Robot Monkey Team Hyperforce Go ! Captain Proteus ( voice ) Episode : `` Demon of the Deep '' 2008 Anaconda 3 : Offspring J.D. Murdoch Television film 2008 Fire & Ice : The Dragon Chronicles Sangimel Television film 2009 Dark Days in Monkey City Narrator 3 episodes 2009 Anacondas : Trail of Blood J.D. Murdoch Television film 2009 Kröd Mändoon and the Flaming Sword of Fire Grimshank 3 episodes Legend of the Seeker Horace Episode : `` Vengeance '' Three Wise Women Archangel Green 2012 Psych Museum Curator Season 6 , episode 10 2014 Let The Season In Narrator Mormon Tabernacle Choir Christmas Concert Special ( filmed 2013 ) 2014 Once Upon a Time Grand Pabbie Voice / Season 4 , Episodes 1 , 6 , 7 2015 Killing Jesus Annas 2015 The Adventures of Puss in Boots Goodsword ( voice ) Episode : `` Sword '' 2016 The Shannara Chronicles Eventine Elessedil Regular 2016 The Lion Guard King Sokwe ( voice ) Season 1 , episode 22 `` The Lost Gorillas '' Video games Year Title Role Notes 1993 Quest for Glory : Shadows of Darkness Narrator Voice 1994 Wing Commander III : Heart of the Tiger Gen. James ' Paladin ' Taggart / Prince Thrakhath nar Kiranka Voice Wing Commander IV : The Price of Freedom Senator James ' Paladin ' Taggart Voice Ripper Vigo Haman Actor 1998 Dune 2000 Noree Moneo Actor 2003 Freelancer Richard Winston Tobias Voice 2015 Lego Dimensions Gimli Voice 2016 Star Citizen Graves Voice Audio books ( edit ) Sir Malcolm and the Missing Prince The Trials of Saint Patrick The Extraordinary Adventures of G.A. Henty : In the Reign of Terror References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hollywood actor John Rhys - Davies : ' I 'm very proud of being a Welshman ' '' . Wales Online . 23 November 2013 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Rhys - Davies Biography ( 1944 -- ) '' . filmreference.com . Retrieved 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` John Rhys - Davis '' . nTZ . Retrieved 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Privileged Planet : John Rhys - Davies , Lad Allen : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC One -- Coming Home , Series 8 , John Rhys - Davies '' . Retrieved 5 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Exclu : de nouvelles photos de la saison 2 de `` Metal Hurlant '' ( PHOTOS ) `` . AlloCiné . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Star Citizen features Gary Oldman , Gillian Anderson , Mark Hamill '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Mackintosh , + Kieran . `` Video Shows How Star Citizen intends to Use Motion Capture '' . Load the Game . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John Rhys - Davies celebrity '' . Mooviees . Retrieved 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Fellowship of the Rings Extended Edition DVD Jump up ^ `` You think I 'm going to be tattooed by some drunken Maori with a dirty needle ? Think again . If I had a bloody tattoo for every film I 'd done , I 'd be a walking billboard '' . Metro.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` John Rhys - Davies Signs on as Narrator '' . Reclaiming the Blade . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` John Rhys - Davies in Star Wars Episode III : A Grievous Media Hoax '' . The Rubber Chicken . Archived from the original on 6 August 2009 . Retrieved 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ John Rhys - Davies , Narrator BreatheBible.com Retrieved September 19 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` Van Canto : Audio Samples Of Entire ' Voices Of Fire ' Album '' . Blabbermouth.net. 8 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 April 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/showbiz/john-rhys-davies-tells-familys-alzheimers-2101366 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 23 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Ballinger , Lucy ( 18 January 2004 ) . `` Welsh star in race row '' . Wales on Sunday . Archived from the original on 21 May 2013 . Retrieved 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ BNP , Gimli battles for the West Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( ) Jump up ^ BNP , `` Stand , men of the West '' Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ( ) , `` BNP Leaflet '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Camberly , Neil ( 7 January 2004 ) . `` The Lord of the Rings ' GIMLI speaks up for the West '' . National Vanguard . Archived from the original on 6 February 2007 . Retrieved 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Leigh , Andrew . `` No Sean Penn '' . National Review . Archived from the original on 5 October 2012 . Retrieved 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Beyond the Mask - Official Website , January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The King 's Fool '' . BFI Film Forever . British Film Institute . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marjorie and the Preacherman ( 1987 ) BFI '' . Ftvdb.bfi.org.uk . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube '' . www.youtube.com . Jump up ^ `` Holdings : The Voyages of the Vikings - York University Libraries '' . www.library.yorku.ca . Jump up ^ `` IMDB '' . www.imdb.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Rhys - Davies . Wikiquote has quotations related to : John Rhys - Davies John Rhys - Davies on IMDb Article about controversial statements 18 January 2004 Andrew Leigh , `` No Sean Penn '' . National Review . 5 March 2004 . BNE : XX1679181 BNF : cb139878011 ( data ) GND : 128957638 ISNI : 0000 0001 1773 3719 LCCN : nr96011677 SNAC : w6kp8xtz VIAF : 86479705 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Rhys-Davies&oldid=843392635 '' Categories : 20th - century Welsh male actors 21st - century Welsh male actors 1944 births People educated at Truro School Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Alumni of the University of East Anglia Living people Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners People from Salisbury People from Carmarthenshire Welsh male film actors Welsh male television actors Welsh male stage actors Welsh male voice actors Welsh male video game actors People from Ammanford People from Watton , Norfolk Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use British English from January 2014 Use dmy dates from December 2015 Biography with signature Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 21 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | who played the dwarves in lord of the rings | [] | [] |
5232902724728079091 | Better Call Saul (Breaking Bad) | Better Call Saul ( Breaking Bad ) - wikipedia Better Call Saul ( Breaking Bad ) For Vince Gilligan 's Breaking Bad spin - off , see Better Call Saul . `` Better Call Saul '' Breaking Bad episode Episode no . Season 2 Episode 8 Directed by Terry McDonough Written by Peter Gould Original air date April 26 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 26 ) Running time 47 minutes Guest appearance ( s ) Bob Odenkirk as Saul Goodman Steven Michael Quezada as Steven Gomez Krysten Ritter as Jane Margolis Matt L. Jones as Badger Mayhew DJ Qualls as Getz Tina Parker as Francesca Jimmy Daniels as Jimmy Kilkelly Episode chronology ← Previous `` Negro y Azul '' Next → `` 4 Days Out '' Breaking Bad ( season 2 ) List of Breaking Bad episodes `` Better Call Saul '' is the eighth episode of the second season of the American television drama series Breaking Bad . It was written by Peter Gould and directed by Terry McDonough . This episode marks Bob Odenkirk 's first appearance as Saul Goodman in the series . He was promoted to series regular in Season 3 , stayed with the series until its end , and then reprised the role in Better Call Saul . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Production 3 Critical reception 4 References 5 External links Plot summary ( edit ) After Badger is arrested in a sting operation by the Albuquerque Police , Walt and Jesse look into hiring a shady , flamboyant lawyer named Saul Goodman . Saul has already offered to be Badger 's legal counsel and has found out that the DEA is hoping that Badger will lead them to `` Heisenberg . '' Walt poses as Badger 's uncle and goes to Saul 's office , where he learns that Saul will advise Badger to flip to avoid prison . Walt offers Saul a bribe to keep Badger from confessing , but Saul refuses . Walt and Jesse resort to kidnapping Saul , threatening to kill him if he does not keep Badger from informing on them . However , Saul sees through their scare tactics and instead asks for payment so he can legally represent them , and keep their talks confidential . Saul tells the duo about a man , Jimmy In - ' N - Out Kilkelly , who makes a living being paid by other criminals to go to jail , and offers to have him stand in for Heisenberg . The DEA busts Kilkelly when Badger gives them a fake deal , but Hank is not completely convinced . Later , Saul visits Walt at his school , telling him that he is too easy to find . Saul offers to be Walt 's full - time legal counsel and adviser in covering his tracks . Skyler goes to work on a Saturday , and Walt notices that she is dressing especially well for her job with Ted . Seeing that Hank has holed himself in his house , Walt gives him a motivational speech , talking about how he has not had any fear in his life since he was diagnosed with terminal lung cancer . This helps Hank leave the house , but he still has panic attacks . Meanwhile , Jesse has slept with Jane and learns she is in recovery from addiction . Later , after Jesse orders a mattress for his apartment , he and Jane make love once again . Production ( edit ) The episode was written by Peter Gould , and directed by Terry McDonough . It aired on AMC in the United States and Canada on April 26 , 2009 . Critical reception ( edit ) The episode was very well received . Donna Bowman of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A , and praised Jesse and Walt 's evolving role in the drug world . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bowman , Donna ( April 26 , 2009 ) . `` Breaking Bad : `` Better Call Saul '' `` . A.V. Club . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` Better Call Saul '' at the official Breaking Bad site `` Better Call Saul '' on IMDb `` Better Call Saul '' at TV.com hide Breaking Bad episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` Cat 's in the Bag ... '' `` ... And the Bag 's in the River '' `` Cancer Man '' `` Gray Matter '' `` Crazy Handful of Nothin ' '' `` A No - Rough - Stuff - Type Deal '' Season 2 `` Seven Thirty - Seven '' `` Grilled '' `` Bit by a Dead Bee '' `` Down '' `` Breakage '' `` Peekaboo '' `` Negro y Azul '' `` Better Call Saul '' `` 4 Days Out '' `` Over '' `` Mandala '' `` Phoenix '' `` ABQ '' Season 3 `` No Más '' `` Caballo Sin Nombre '' `` I.F.T. '' `` Green Light '' `` Más '' `` Sunset '' `` One Minute '' `` I See You '' `` Kafkaesque '' `` Fly '' `` Abiquiu '' `` Half Measures '' `` Full Measure '' Season 4 `` Box Cutter '' `` Thirty - Eight Snub '' `` Open House '' `` Bullet Points '' `` Shotgun '' `` Cornered '' `` Problem Dog '' `` Hermanos '' `` Bug '' `` Salud '' `` Crawl Space '' `` End Times '' `` Face Off '' Season 5 Part I `` Live Free or Die '' `` Madrigal '' `` Hazard Pay '' `` Fifty - One '' `` Dead Freight '' `` Buyout '' `` Say My Name '' `` Gliding Over All '' Part II `` Blood Money '' `` Buried '' `` Confessions '' `` Rabid Dog '' `` To'hajiilee '' `` Ozymandias '' `` Granite State '' `` Felina '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Better_Call_Saul_(Breaking_Bad)&oldid=847629843 '' Categories : 2009 American television episodes Breaking Bad ( season 2 ) episodes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2018 , at 18 : 12 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | when did saul goodman appear in breaking bad | [
"\"Better Call Saul\" is the eighth episode of the second season of the American television drama series Breaking Bad. It was written by Peter Gould and directed by Terry McDonough. \n"
] | [
"the eighth episode of the second season"
] |
-2640167792587335803 | Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas | Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas - wikipedia Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the song . For Kurt Nilsen album , see Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas ( album ) . For the House episode , see Merry Little Christmas . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' Song by Judy Garland in the 1944 musical Meet Me in St. Louis Released 1944 ( 1944 ) Genre Traditional pop Composer ( s ) Hugh Martin Lyricist ( s ) Ralph Blane `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' , a song written by Hugh Martin and Ralph Blane , was introduced by Judy Garland in the 1944 MGM musical Meet Me in St. Louis . Frank Sinatra later recorded a version with modified lyrics . In 2007 , ASCAP ranked `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' the third most performed Christmas song , during the preceding five years , that had been written by ASCAP members . In 2004 it finished at No. 76 in AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs rankings of the top tunes in American cinema . Contents ( hide ) 1 Meet Me in St. Louis 2 Lyrics 3 Songwriting collaboration controversy 4 The Victors 5 Sam Smith version 5.1 Track listing 5.2 Charts 6 Judy Garland version 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Meet Me in St. Louis ( edit ) The song was written while Martin was vacationing in a flat in the neighborhood of Southside in Birmingham , Alabama , that his father Hugh Martin designed for his mother as a honeymoon cottage . Located at 1919 South 15th Avenue ( just down the street from his birthplace at 1900 South 14th Avenue ) , the house became the home of Martin and his family in 1923 . The song first appeared in a scene in Meet Me in St. Louis , in which a family is distraught by the father 's plans to move to New York City for a job promotion , leaving behind their beloved home in St. Louis , Missouri , just before the long - anticipated 1904 World 's Fair begins . In a scene set on Christmas Eve , Judy Garland 's character , Esther , sings the song to cheer up her despondent five - year - old sister , Tootie , played by Margaret O'Brien . Lyrics ( edit ) Some of the original lyrics that were penned by Martin were rejected before filming began . They were : Have yourself a merry little Christmas It may be your last Next year we may all be living in the past Have yourself a merry little Christmas Pop that champagne cork Next year we may all be living in New York No good times like the olden days Happy golden days of yore Faithful friends who were dear to us Will be near to us no more But at least we all will be together If the Lord allows From now on , we 'll have to muddle through somehow So have yourself a merry little Christmas now When presented with the original draft lyric , Garland , her co-star Tom Drake and director Vincente Minnelli criticized the song as depressing , and asked Martin to change the lyrics . Though he initially resisted , Martin made several changes to make the song more upbeat . For example , the lines `` It may be your last / Next year we may all be living in the past '' became `` Let your heart be light / Next year all our troubles will be out of sight '' . Garland 's version of the song , which was also released as a single by Decca Records , became popular among United States troops serving in World War II ; her performance at the Hollywood Canteen brought many soldiers to tears . In 1957 , Frank Sinatra asked Martin to revise the line `` Until then we 'll have to muddle through somehow . '' He told Martin , `` The name of my album is A Jolly Christmas . Do you think you could jolly up that line for me ? '' Martin 's new line was `` Hang a shining star upon the highest bough . '' Martin made several other alterations , changing the song 's focus to a celebration of present happiness , rather than anticipation of a better future . On The Judy Garland Show Christmas Special , Garland sings the song to her children Joey and Lorna Luft with Sinatra 's alternate lyrics . The lyrics Garland sang in Meet Me in St. Louis have been recorded with only slight variations by a number of artists , including Sinatra ( in 1950 and 1963 single recordings ) , Bing Crosby ( in I Wish You a Merry Christmas ) , Doris Day ( in The Doris Day Christmas Album ) , Ella Fitzgerald ( in Ella Wishes You a Swinging Christmas ) , The Pretenders ( in the first A Very Special Christmas compilation ) , James Taylor ( in October Road ) , and Luther Vandross ( in This Is Christmas ) . In 2001 , Martin , occasionally active as a pianist with religious ministries since the 1980s , wrote an entirely new set of lyrics to the song with John Fricke , `` Have Yourself a Blessed Little Christmas , '' a religious version of the secular Christmas standard . The song was recorded by gospel female vocalist Del Delker with Martin accompanying her on piano . In 2002 , NewSong lead singer Michael O'Brien noted the line `` through the years , we all will be together if the Lord allows , '' which was part of the original song , was purged and replaced with `` if the fates allow '' to remove religious reference when the song was released . He noted while a pastor in a California church in 1990 that he had met Martin , who played piano at the church where O'Brien was serving for an evening , and the pastor was told , `` That 's the original way I wrote it , so I want you to sing it this way . '' Songwriting collaboration controversy ( edit ) Although Ralph Blane is credited with writing the music for many of Martin 's songs , Martin claimed in his autobiography that he wrote both music and lyrics to all of the songs in Meet Me in St. Louis and that `` all of the so - called Martin and Blane songs , ( except for Best Foot Forward ) , were written entirely by me ( solo ) without help from Ralph or anybody else . '' His explanation for allowing Blane equal credit for the songs was : `` I was reasonably content to let him receive equal screen credit , sheet music credit , ASCAP royalties , etc. , mainly because this bizarre situation was caused by my naive and atrocious lack of business acumen . '' The Victors ( edit ) Frank Sinatra 's third recording of the song , backed by popular Hollywood arranger Gus Levene and his orchestra , was controversially used by director Carl Foreman in his 1963 anti-war film The Victors as the soundtrack backdrop ( along with the carol `` Hark ! The Herald Angels Sing '' ) to the execution by firing squad of a G.I. deserter in a bleak , snowy field on Christmas Eve -- a scene inspired by the real - life execution of Pvt . Eddie Slovik in 1945 . The New York Times film reviewer , while recognising the power of the scene , complained that `` the device itself is almost as specious and sentimental as what ( Foreman ) is trying to mock '' . Sam Smith version ( edit ) `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' Single by Sam Smith Released December 6 , 2014 Format Digital download Genre Pop Length 2 : 50 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Ralph Blane Hugh Martin Sam Smith singles chronology `` Like I Can '' ( 2014 ) `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' ( 2014 ) `` Lay Me Down '' ( 2015 ) `` Like I Can '' ( 2014 ) `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' ( 2014 ) `` Lay Me Down '' ( 2015 ) On December 6 , 2014 , English singer Sam Smith released a cover version on the song . The song debuted at number 90 on the Billboard Hot 100 , the first time a version of the song has charted on the Hot 100 . In Australia , the song charted at number 63 , the second time a version of the song has charted , after Michael Bublé 's version reached number 98 in 2011 . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' -- 2 : 50 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 -- 18 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 63 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 69 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 53 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 66 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 8 Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 49 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 96 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 34 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 62 Ireland ( IRMA ) 60 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 33 Norway ( VG - lista ) 27 Portugal ( AFP ) 91 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 57 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 68 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 38 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 74 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 65 US Billboard Hot 100 90 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 6 US Holiday 100 ( Billboard ) 9 Judy Garland version ( edit ) Judy Garland 's 1944 version reached No. 27 in Billboard charts . See also ( edit ) List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 2016 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Studwell , William Emmett ( 1995 ) . `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' . The Christmas carol reader . Routledge . p. 136 . ISBN 1 - 56023 - 872 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` ASCAP Announces Top 25 Holiday Songs '' ( Press release ) . ASCAP . November 12 , 2007 . Retrieved December 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hugh Martin '' . Jump up ^ Martin , Hugh ( 2010 ) . The Boy Next Door . Trolley Press . pp. 9 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 36507 - 7 . Jump up ^ Dirks , Tim ( 1996 ) . `` Meet Me in St. Louis ( 1944 ) '' . The Greatest Films . Retrieved December 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Martin , Hugh ( 2010 ) . The Boy Next Door . Trolley Press . pp. 196 -- 197 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 36507 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Willman , Chris ( December 22 , 2006 ) . `` There 's Something About Merry '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Collins , Ace ( 2001 ) . Stories Behind the Best - Loved Songs of Christmas . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Zondervan . pp. 78 -- 79 . ISBN 0 - 310 - 23926 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Christmas Special '' . The Judy Garland Show . Season 1 . Episode 15 . Los Angeles . December 22 , 1963 . 1 : 54 minutes in . CBS . CBS Television City . Jump up ^ `` The Carpenter and the King '' . The Voice of Prophesy . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2010 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CBS.COM -- The Christmas Shoes Archived August 8 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . from CBS ^ Jump up to : Martin , Hugh ( 2010 ) . The Boy Next Door . Trolley Press . pp. 390 -- 392 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 615 - 36507 - 7 . Jump up ^ Leigh , Spencer ( September 25 , 2015 ) . Frank Sinatra : An Extraordinary Life . McNidder and Grace Limited . p. 335 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85716 - 088 - 1 . Jump up ^ The Grim Message of War : Foreman 's ' The Victors ' at Two Theaters , by Bosley Crowther , New York Times , December 20 , 1963 Jump up ^ Gary , Trust ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Sam Smith Brings ' Merry Little Christmas ' to Chart for First Time '' . Billboard magazine . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` ARIA Singles : Mark Ronson and Bruno Mars Stay At No 1 '' . Noise11 . Noise Network . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas - Single by Sam Smith '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Apple Inc . December 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The ARIA Report : Issue 1295 ( Week Commencing 22 December 2014 ) '' ( PDF ) . Australian Recording Industry Association . p. 4 . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Sam Smith -- Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Sam Smith -- Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201552 , 53 into search . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 52 , 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Sam Smith -- Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Sam Smith -- Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 20 Single uke 52 , 2017 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Sam Smith -- Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201552 , 53 into search . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Sam Smith -- Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith -- Chart Results : Holiday 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1986 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Pop Memories 1890 - 1954 . Wisconsin , USA : Record Research Inc. p. 170 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 083 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Entertainment Weekly article -- with the history of the song 's lyrics , including three different versions Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Sam Smith Awards Discography Studio albums In the Lonely Hour The Thrill of It All Remix albums The Lost Tapes -- Remixed Extended plays Nirvana Singles `` Bad Day All Week '' `` When It 's Alright '' `` Lay Me Down '' `` Money on My Mind '' `` Stay with Me '' `` I 'm Not the Only One '' `` Like I Can '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` Writing 's on the Wall '' `` Too Good at Goodbyes '' `` Pray '' `` Burning '' `` One Last Song '' Featured singles `` Latch '' `` La La La '' `` Moments '' `` Omen '' Other songs `` Safe with Me '' `` God Only Knows '' `` Do They Know It 's Christmas ? '' Tours In the Lonely Hour Tour The Thrill of It All Tour Michael McDonald Studio albums If That 's What It Takes ( 1982 ) No Lookin ' Back ( 1985 ) Take It to Heart ( 1990 ) Blink of an Eye ( 1993 ) Blue Obsession ( 2000 ) Motown ( 2003 ) Motown Two ( 2004 ) Soul Speak ( 2008 ) Wide Open ( 2017 ) Compilation albums Sweet Freedom ( 1986 ) Singles `` I Keep Forgettin ' ( Every Time You 're Near ) '' `` No Lookin ' Back '' `` Sweet Freedom '' `` I Heard It Through the Grapevine '' `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' `` Reach Out , I 'll Be There '' `` Baby I Need Your Lovin ' '' `` Stop , Look , Listen ( To Your Heart ) '' `` Deck the Halls / Jingle Bells '' `` Walk On By '' `` ( Your Love Keeps Lifting Me ) Higher and Higher '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas ! '' Record labels Warner Bros . Reprise Universal Music Group Motown Related articles Discography The Doobie Brothers Toto Amy Holland Josh Groban Studio albums Josh Groban ( 2001 ) Closer ( 2003 ) Awake ( 2006 ) Noël ( 2007 ) Illuminations ( 2010 ) All That Echoes ( 2013 ) Stages ( 2015 ) Live albums Awake Live ( 2008 ) Compilation albums A Collection ( 2008 ) Singles `` To Where You Are '' `` You Raise Me Up '' `` Believe '' `` You Are Loved ( Do n't Give Up ) '' `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' `` Ave Maria '' `` The Prayer '' `` Hidden Away '' `` Você Existe Em Mim '' `` Higher Window '' `` Brave '' `` I Believe ( When I Fall in Love It Will Be Forever ) '' Other songs `` All I Ask of You '' `` Sous le ciel de Paris '' Concert tours Closer Tour ( 2004 - 2005 ) Awake Tour ( 2007 ) Straight to You Tour ( 2011 ) All That Echoes World Tour ( 2013 ) Summer Symphony Tour ( 2014 ) Josh Groban on Stage ( 2015 - 2016 ) Related articles Discography Katharine McPhee Discography Filmography Studio albums Katharine McPhee Unbroken Christmas Is the Time to Say I Love You Hysteria I Fall in Love Too Easily Compilation albums American Idol Season 5 : Encores Soundtrack albums Barbie & the Diamond Castle Tinker Bell The Music of Smash Bombshell Singles `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / My Destiny '' `` Over It '' `` Love Story '' `` Had It All '' `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` Lick My Lips '' `` Night and Day '' Smash singles `` Let Me Be Your Star '' `` The 20th Century Fox Mambo '' `` Touch Me '' `` A Thousand and One Nights '' `` Never Give All the Heart '' `` Smash ! '' `` Do n't Forget Me '' Tours `` American Idols LIVE ! Tour 2006 '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Have_Yourself_a_Merry_Little_Christmas&oldid=824353453 '' Categories : 1944 songs 2014 singles Capitol Records singles Songs written by Ralph Blane Songs written by Hugh Martin Judy Garland songs Frank Sinatra songs Glen Campbell songs Josh Groban songs Sam Smith ( singer ) songs Songs from Meet Me in St. Louis American Christmas songs Jazz compositions in G - flat major Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from January 2013 Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadianhot100 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Euskara Français Italiano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 6 February 2018 , at 21 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia | have yourself a merry little chirstmas piano chords | [] | [] |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.