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-5005579954272328485	The Battle of New Orleans	The Battle of New Orleans - wikipedia The Battle of New Orleans Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Battle of New Orleans ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` The Battle of New Orleans '' Single by Johnny Horton B - side `` All for the Love of a Girl '' Released April 1959 Recorded 1959 Genre Country Length 2 : 33 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Jimmy Driftwood Johnny Horton singles chronology `` When It 's Springtime in Alaska ( It 's Forty Below ) '' ( 1959 ) `` The Battle of New Orleans '' ( 1959 ) `` Johnny Reb '' ( 1959 ) `` When It 's Springtime in Alaska ( It 's Forty Below ) '' ( 1959 ) `` The Battle of New Orleans '' ( 1959 ) `` Johnny Reb '' ( 1959 ) `` The Battle of New Orleans '' is a song written by Jimmy Driftwood . The song describes the War of 1812 Battle of New Orleans from the perspective of an American soldier ; the song tells the tale of the battle with a light tone and provides a rather comical version of what actually happened at the battle . It has been recorded by many artists , but the singer most often associated with this song is Johnny Horton . His version scored number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1959 ( see 1959 in music ) . Billboard ranked it as the No. 1 song for 1959 , it was very popular with teenagers in the late 50 's / early 60 's in an era mostly dominated by rock and roll music . In Billboard magazine 's rankings of the top songs in the first 50 years of the Billboard Hot 100 chart , `` The Battle of New Orleans '' was ranked as the 28th song overall and the number - one country music song to appear on the chart . Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Chart performance 2.1 Year - end charts 3 Other versions 3.1 Covers and remakes 3.2 Parodies 3.2. 1 `` The Battle of Kookamonga '' 3.2. 2 Other parodies 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) The melody is based on a well - known American fiddle tune `` The 8th of January , '' which was the date of the Battle of New Orleans . Jimmy Driftwood , a school principal in Arkansas with a passion for history , set an account of the battle to this music in an attempt to get students interested in learning history . It seemed to work , and Driftwood became well known in the region for his historical songs . He was `` discovered '' in the late 1950s by Don Warden , and eventually was given a recording contract by RCA , for whom he recorded 12 songs in 1958 , including `` The Battle of New Orleans . '' `` The Battle of New Orleans '' is often played during North American sporting events , and is commonly heard during home games of the National Hockey League 's Calgary Flames . Original Horton 45 rpm discs of the song are now worth many times the original cost , partly because the price is inflated . It was regarded with derision in Britain as the British forces withdrew from the battle after heavy losses had put victory out of the question . The British lost 2,036 men , while the Americans under command of future president Andrew Jackson lost only 71 . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1959 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Canadian RPM Top Singles Australian Singles Chart U.K. Singles Chart 16 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1959 ) Position U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Other versions ( edit ) Covers and remakes ( edit ) As noted , Johnny Horton 's 1959 version is the best - known recording of the song , which omits the mild expletives and many of the historical references of the original . Horton also recorded an alternative version for release in British Commonwealth countries , avoiding the unfavorable lyrics concerning the British : the word `` British '' was replaced with `` Rebels , '' along with a few other differences . Many other artists have recorded this song . Notable versions include the following : In the United States , Vaughn Monroe 's 1959 single competed with Horton 's but did not achieve the same degree of success and became only a minor Hot 100 hit . In Britain , Lonnie Donegan and his Skiffle Group 's 1959 version competed with Horton 's and achieved greater success , peaking at number two . In Donegan 's spoken introduction , he made it obvious that the British were on the losing side . The Royal Guardsmen covered the song in their unique 1960s rock / novelty style on their 1966 Album Snoopy vs. the Red Baron Harpers Bizarre had a minor Hot 100 hit with their somewhat psychedelic version from their 1968 album Secret Life of Harpers Bizarre . Doug Kershaw recorded the song for his third LP , Doug Kershaw in 1971 Sunny Ryder sang a version of the song in the 1971 spaghetti western A Town Called Hell Johnny Cash 's version of the song is on the 1972 album America : A 200 - Year Salute in Story and Song . The Germany - based Les Humphries Singers ' 1972 hit , `` Mexico , '' used the melody and parts of the lyrics , violating copyright by crediting the song to British bandleader Les Humphries . Later the Les Humphries Singers re-released `` Mexico '' with different lyrics . Another new release contained the original lyrics again . Leon Russell 's cover of the song is on his 1973 album Hank Wilson 's Back ! Nitty Gritty Dirt Band had a minor Hot 100 hit with their version in 1974 . Commander Cody and his Lost Planet Airmen played a cover version of the song at their performance in New York City on September 14 , 1976 . Dolly Parton sang the song for her 1976 / 1977 variety show , Dolly . Bill Haley recorded a version in 1979 at his final recording sessions and it was released on his final album , Everyone Can Rock and Roll . Sha Na Na appropriately performed the song as a part of a War of 1812 themed skit on their show . Cornershop covered the song as a bonus track for their 2009 album Judy Sucks a Lemon for Breakfast . Kingfish recorded a live version at their 1973 concert at the Beacon Theatre , Kingfish in Concert , released in 1995 . Icelandic singer Erling Ágústsson recorded a cover titled Við gefumst aldrei upp . Les Claypool released a version on his 2014 Duo de Twang debut album Four Foot Shack with Bryan Kehoe . Parodies ( edit ) `` The Battle of Kookamonga '' ( edit ) `` The Battle of Kookamonga '' Single by Homer and Jethro from the album Homer and Jethro at the Country Club B - side `` Waterloo '' Released 1959 Genre Country , Parody Length 2 : 38 Label RCA Victor Songwriter ( s ) Jimmy Driftwood , J.J. Reynolds Country music parodists Homer and Jethro had a hit when they parodied `` The Battle of New Orleans '' with their song `` The Battle of Kookamonga '' . The single was released in 1959 and featured production work by Chet Atkins . In this version , the scene shifts from a battleground to a campground , with the combat being changed to the Boy Scouts chasing after the Girl Scouts . Other parodies ( edit ) `` The Battle of the Waikato '' by Howard Morrison Quartet , 1960 . `` The Flower of Scotland '' by The Corries , 1967 , recounts the 1314 Battle of Bannockburn . `` Deer Hunter 's Lament '' by Stew Clayton , 1973 . The Mexican group El Tren recorded a parody titled `` La Batalla del Cinco de Mayo , '' 1980 , telling the events of Cinco de Mayo . `` The Battle of All Saints Road '' by Big Audio Dynamite , 1988 . `` The White House Burned '' recounts the War of 1812 by Three Dead Trolls in a Baggie , 1991 . `` The Ballad of Hank Williams '' by Hank Williams Jr. , 1993 `` The Cattle of New Orleans , '' recounting Hurricane Katrina , by John Archer , 2005 . `` The Ballad of Fetteh Shmeel '' by Country Yossi and the Shteeble - Hoppers , reworks the tune with a Jewish message , on the 2005 LP Break Out . See also ( edit ) American fiddle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Western Writers of America ( 2010 ) . `` The Top 100 Western Songs '' . American Cowboy . Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Collins , Ace . Songs Sung Red , White , and Blue : The Stories Behind America 's Best - Loved Patriotic Songs , p. 62 - 64 . Jump up ^ Collins , Ace . Songs Sung Red , White , and Blue : The Stories Behind America 's Best - Loved Patriotic Songs , p. 66 - 67 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 162 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Kershaw -- Doug Kershaw '' . Discogs . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Concert Vault - Live Concert Recordings Streamed Online '' . Concerts.wolfgangsvault.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Clayton , Stew - My Canadian Home '' . Mocm.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . Further reading ( edit ) Collins , Ace . Songs Sung , Red , White , and Blue : The Stories Behind America 's Best - Loved Patriotic Songs . HarperResource , 2003 . ISBN 0060513047 External links ( edit ) Tom Simon 's Battle of New Orleans page MIDI file of music ( from Louisiana History , which includes Johnny Horton 's lyrics ) Library of Congress page , includes a recording of `` The Eighth of January '' Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Kansas City '' by Wilbert Harrison Billboard Hot 100 number - one single ( Johnny Horton version ) May 26 , 1959 -- July 6 , 1959 ( 6 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Lonely Boy '' by Paul Anka Preceded by `` White Lightning '' by George Jones Hot C&W Sides number one single by Johnny Horton May 18 , 1959 - July 20 , 1959 ( ten weeks ) Succeeded by `` Waterloo '' by Stonewall Jackson Preceded by `` Oh Lonesome Me '' by Don Gibson Billboard Hot C&W Sides number - one single of the year 1959 Succeeded by `` Please Help Me , I 'm Falling '' by Hank Locklin Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 1946 -- 1959 ) 1946 : `` Prisoner of Love '' -- Perry Como 1947 : `` Near You '' -- Francis Craig 1948 : `` Twelfth Street Rag '' -- Pee Wee Hunt 1949 : `` Riders in the Sky '' -- Vaughn Monroe Orchestra 1950 : `` Goodnight , Irene '' -- Gordon Jenkins and The Weavers 1951 : `` Too Young '' -- Nat King Cole 1952 : `` Blue Tango '' -- Leroy Anderson 1953 : `` The Song from Moulin Rouge '' -- Percy Faith 1954 : `` Little Things Mean a Lot '' -- Kitty Kallen 1955 : `` Cherry Pink and Apple Blossom White '' -- Pérez Prado 1956 : `` Heartbreak Hotel '' -- Elvis Presley 1957 : `` All Shook Up '' -- Elvis Presley 1958 : `` Nel Blu Dipinto di Blu ( Volare ) '' -- Domenico Modugno 1959 : `` The Battle of New Orleans '' -- Johnny Horton Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Grammy Award for Song of the Year 1959 − 1980 `` Volare '' -- Domenico Modugno ( songwriter ) ( 1959 ) `` The Battle of New Orleans '' -- Jimmy Driftwood ( songwriter ) ( 1960 ) `` Theme from Exodus '' -- Ernest Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1961 ) `` Moon River '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1962 ) `` What Kind of Fool Am I ? '' -- Leslie Bricusse & Anthony Newley ( songwriters ) ( 1963 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' -- Johnny Mercer & Henry Mancini ( songwriters ) ( 1964 ) `` Hello , Dolly ! '' -- Jerry Herman ( songwriter ) ( 1965 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' -- Paul Francis Webster & Johnny Mandel ( songwriters ) ( 1966 ) `` Michelle '' -- John Lennon & Paul McCartney ( songwriters ) ( 1967 ) `` Up , Up , and Away '' -- Jimmy Webb ( songwriter ) ( 1968 ) `` Little Green Apples '' -- Bobby Russell ( songwriter ) ( 1969 ) `` Games People Play '' -- Joe South ( songwriter ) ( 1970 ) `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' -- Paul Simon ( songwriter ) ( 1971 ) `` You 've Got a Friend '' -- Carole King ( songwriter ) ( 1972 ) `` The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face '' -- Ewan MacColl ( songwriter ) ( 1973 ) `` Killing Me Softly with His Song '' -- Norman Gimbel & Charles Fox ( songwriters ) ( 1974 ) `` The Way We Were '' -- Alan and Marilyn Bergman & Marvin Hamlisch ( songwriters ) ( 1975 ) `` Send in the Clowns '' -- Stephen Sondheim ( songwriter ) ( 1976 ) `` I Write the Songs '' -- Bruce Johnston ( songwriter ) ( 1977 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' -- Barbra Streisand & Paul Williams ( songwriters ) / `` You Light Up My Life '' -- Joe Brooks ( songwriter ) ( 1978 ) `` Just the Way You Are '' -- Billy Joel ( songwriter ) ( 1979 ) `` What a Fool Believes '' -- Kenny Loggins & Michael McDonald ( songwriters ) ( 1980 ) 1981 − 2000 `` Sailing '' -- Christopher Cross ( songwriter ) ( 1981 ) `` Bette Davis Eyes '' -- Donna Weiss & Jackie DeShannon ( songwriters ) ( 1982 ) `` Always on My Mind '' -- Johnny Christopher , Mark James & Wayne Carson ( songwriters ) ( 1983 ) `` Every Breath You Take '' -- Sting ( songwriter ) ( 1984 ) `` What 's Love Got to Do with It '' -- Graham Lyle & Terry Britten ( songwriters ) ( 1985 ) `` We Are the World '' -- Michael Jackson & Lionel Richie ( songwriters ) ( 1986 ) `` That 's What Friends Are For '' -- Burt Bacharach & Carole Bayer Sager ( songwriters ) ( 1987 ) `` Somewhere Out There '' -- James Horner , Barry Mann & Cynthia Weil ( songwriters ) ( 1988 ) `` Do n't Worry , Be Happy '' -- Bobby McFerrin ( songwriter ) ( 1989 ) `` Wind Beneath My Wings '' -- Larry Henley & Jeff Silbar ( songwriters ) ( 1990 ) `` From a Distance '' -- Julie Gold ( songwriter ) ( 1991 ) `` Unforgettable '' -- Irving Gordon ( songwriter ) ( 1992 ) `` Tears in Heaven '' -- Eric Clapton & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1993 ) `` A Whole New World '' -- Alan Menken & Tim Rice ( songwriters ) ( 1994 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' -- Bruce Springsteen ( songwriter ) ( 1995 ) `` Kiss from a Rose '' -- Seal ( songwriter ) ( 1996 ) `` Change the World '' -- Gordon Kennedy , Wayne Kirkpatrick & Tommy Sims ( songwriters ) ( 1997 ) `` Sunny Came Home '' -- Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal ( songwriters ) ( 1998 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' -- James Horner & Will Jennings ( songwriters ) ( 1999 ) `` Smooth '' -- Itaal Shur & Rob Thomas ( songwriters ) ( 2000 ) 2001 − present `` Beautiful Day '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2001 ) `` Fallin ' '' -- Alicia Keys ( songwriter ) ( 2002 ) `` Do n't Know Why '' -- Jesse Harris ( songwriter ) ( 2003 ) `` Dance with My Father '' -- Richard Marx & Luther Vandross ( songwriters ) ( 2004 ) `` Daughters '' -- John Mayer ( songwriter ) ( 2005 ) `` Sometimes You Ca n't Make It on Your Own '' -- Adam Clayton , David Evans , Laurence Mullen & Paul Hewson ( songwriters ) ( 2006 ) `` Not Ready to Make Nice '' -- Emily Burns Erwin , Martha Maguire , Natalie Maines Pasdar & Dan Wilson ( songwriters ) ( 2007 ) `` Rehab '' -- Amy Winehouse ( songwriter ) ( 2008 ) `` Viva la Vida '' -- Guy Berryman , Jonathan Buckland , William Champion & Christopher Martin ( songwriters ) ( 2009 ) `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' -- Thaddis `` Kuk '' Harrell , Beyoncé Knowles , Terius Nash & Christopher Stewart ( songwriters ) ( 2010 ) `` Need You Now '' -- Dave Haywood , Josh Kear , Charles Kelley & Hillary Scott ( songwriters ) ( 2011 ) `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele Adkins & Paul Epworth ( songwriters ) ( 2012 ) `` We Are Young '' -- Jack Antonoff , Jeff Bhasker , Andrew Dost & Nate Ruess ( songwriters ) ( 2013 ) `` Royals '' -- Joel Little & Ella Yelich O'Connor ( songwriters ) ( 2014 ) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version ) -- James Napier , William Phillips & Sam Smith ( songwriters ) ( 2015 ) `` Thinking Out Loud '' -- Ed Sheeran & Amy Wadge ( songwriters ) ( 2016 ) `` Hello '' -- Adele Adkins & Greg Kurstin ( songwriters ) ( 2017 ) `` That 's What I Like '' -- Christopher Brody Brown , James Fauntleroy , Philip Lawrence , Bruno Mars , Ray Charles McCullough II , Jeremy Reeves , Ray Romulus & Jonathan Yip ( songwriters ) ( 2018 ) Johnny Horton Notable singles `` Honky - Tonk Man '' `` I 'm a One - Woman Man '' `` When It 's Springtime in Alaska ( It 's Forty Below ) '' `` The Battle of New Orleans '' `` Sink the Bismark '' `` North to Alaska '' Related articles Columbia Records Nitty Gritty Dirt Band Bob Carpenter Jimmie Fadden Jeff Hanna John McEuen Studio albums The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band Ricochet Rare Junk Uncle Charlie & His Dog Teddy All the Good Times Stars & Stripes Forever Symphonion Dream The Dirt Band An American Dream Make a Little Magic Jealousy Let 's Go Plain Dirt Fashion Partners , Brothers and Friends Hold On Workin ' Band The Rest of the Dream Not Fade Away Acoustic The Christmas Album Bang , Bang , Bang Welcome to Woody Creek Speed of Life Collaboration albums Will the Circle Be Unbroken Will the Circle Be Unbroken : Volume Two Will the Circle Be Unbroken : Volume III Live albums Alive Live Two Five Compilation albums Dirt , Silver and Gold Twenty Years of Dirt More Great Dirt Notable singles `` Mr. Bojangles '' `` House at Pooh Corner '' `` I Saw the Light '' `` Jambalaya ( On the Bayou ) '' `` The Battle of New Orleans '' `` All I Have to Do Is Dream '' `` An American Dream '' `` Dance Little Jean '' `` Long Hard Road ( The Sharecropper 's Dream ) '' `` I Love Only You '' `` High Horse '' `` Modern Day Romance '' `` Home Again in My Heart '' `` Partners , Brothers and Friends '' `` Fire in the Sky '' `` Baby 's Got a Hold on Me '' `` Fishin ' in the Dark '' `` Oh What a Love '' `` Workin ' Man ( Nowhere to Go ) '' `` I 've Been Lookin ' '' `` Down That Road Tonight '' `` Turn of the Century '' `` And So It Goes '' ( with John Denver ) `` When It 's Gone '' `` I Fought the Law '' Related articles Discography Capitol Records Warner Bros. Records Universal Records MCA Records Jimmy Ibbotson Bernie Leadon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Battle_of_New_Orleans&oldid=831479744 '' Categories : 1959 singles Johnny Horton songs American patriotic songs Bill Haley songs Cultural depictions of Andrew Jackson Nitty Gritty Dirt Band songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles of the year Grammy Award for Song of the Year Songs about the military Songs based on actual events Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Songs about New Orleans Columbia Records singles RCA Victor singles 1959 songs Songs based on American history Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from August 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 20 March 2018 , at 20 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the battle of new orleans jimmy driftwood lyrics	[]	[]
-2366325970190563629	Loving You Has Made Me Bananas	Loving You Has Made Me Bananas - wikipedia Loving You Has Made Me Bananas Jump to : navigation , search `` Loving You Has Made Me Bananas '' is a song composed and performed by Guy Marks . It parodies big band broadcasts of the era with absurd lyrics : `` From the Hotel Sheets in Downtown Plunketville The Publican Broadcasting Company presents : The Music of Pete DeAngelis and his Loyal Plunketvillevanians ! Here in the beautiful gold , yella , copper , steel , iron ballroom of the Hotel Sheets in Downtown Plunketville , Overlooking the uptown section of Downtown Pottstown ! Stay with us , wo n't you , and enjoy the sweetest music This side of the Monongahela River ! One mile high , two and one half blocks from the center of Old New Orleans ! Ah , there 's gaiety , merriment and dancing in the Hotel Sheets nightly ! Now , to get things underway , Pete and his Loyal Banditos play a medley of old standard favorites , Commencing with `` Your Red Scarf Matches Your Eyes '' , `` Close Cover Before Striking '' , `` Your Father Had The Shipfitter Blues '' , and `` Loving You Has Made Me Bananas '' . This picture and lovely lyric portrayed vocally by Dickie Ryan . Oh , your red scarf matches your eyes You closed your cover before striking Father had the shipfitter blues Loving you has made me bananas . Oh , you burned your fingers that evening While my back was turned . I asked the waiter for iodine But I dined all alone . '' It was first released in 1968 on ABC Records as a single with `` Forgive Me My Love '' on the B - side , some two years after `` Winchester Cathedral '' had triggered a revival of this musical form that had fallen out of fashion in the 1950s . It was also released in a stereo LP in 1968 ( ABC Records ABCS - 648 ) with additional legitimate 1930s and 1940s hits sung in the same style ( `` Object of My Affection '' , `` Painted Tainted Rose '' , `` Ti - Pi - Tin '' , `` This Is Forever '' , `` Amapola '' , `` Postage Machine '' , `` Careless '' , `` Little Shoemaker '' , `` Forgive Me My Love '' and `` Little Sir Echo '' ) . The single was re-released in 1978 , reaching No. 25 in the UK Singles Chart . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ J. Jonathan Gabay , Gabay 's Copywriters ' Compendium : The Definitive Professional Writer 's Guide , Routledge , p. 592 , ISBN 978 - 0750683203 Jump up ^ `` Guy Marks - Loving You Has Made Me Bananas / Forgive Me My Love - ABC - UK - ABC 4211 '' . 45cat.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ Steven Otfinoski ( 2000 ) , The Golden Age of Novelty Songs , Billboard Books , ISBN 978 - 0823076949 Jump up ^ Paul Simpson ( 2003 ) , The Rough Guide to Cult Pop , Rough Guides , p. 23 , ISBN 978 - 1843532293 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Loving_You_Has_Made_Me_Bananas&oldid=770755059 '' Categories : 1968 singles Novelty songs 1968 songs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 March 2017 , at 11 : 18 . About Wikipedia	who sang your red scarf matches your eyes	[ "\"Loving You Has Made Me Bananas\" is a song composed and performed by Guy Marks. It parodies big band broadcasts of the era with absurd lyrics:[1]" ]	[ "Guy Marks" ]
6645879865451437992	Beauty and the Beast (2017 soundtrack)	Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 Soundtrack ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 Soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various artists Released March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) Recorded 2015 -- 2016 Genre Film soundtrack Length 53 : 31 2 : 11 : 26 ( Deluxe Edition ) Label Walt Disney Producer Alan Menken Matt Sullivan Mitchell Leib Singles from Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Beauty and the Beast '' Released : February 2 , 2017 `` Evermore '' Released : March 3 , 2017 Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2017 film Beauty and the Beast . In the film , Belle is taken prisoner by a fearsome Beast in his enchanted castle and learns to look beyond his appearance while evading a narcissistic hunter who seeks to take Belle for himself . The album , largely based on material from Disney 's previous animated version , features songs and instrumental score composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman and three new songs composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Tim Rice . The songs feature vocal performances by the film 's ensemble cast including Emma Watson , Dan Stevens , Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Nathan Mack , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Commercial performance 3 Charts 4 Certifications 5 See also 6 References Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Alan Menken . Songs originally written for the 1991 version by Menken and Howard Ashman . Lyrics for original songs are written by Tim Rice . No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Overture '' ( Score ) Alan Menken 3 : 05 2 . `` Main Title : Prologue Pt. 1 '' Hattie Morahan ( narration ) 0 : 42 3 . `` Aria '' Audra McDonald 1 : 02 4 . `` Main Title : Prologue Pt. 2 '' Hattie Morahan ( narration ) 2 : 21 5 . `` Belle '' Emma Watson , Luke Evans , Ensemble 5 : 33 6 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever ( Music Box ) '' Kevin Kline 1 : 03 7 . `` Belle ( Reprise ) '' Emma Watson 1 : 15 8 . `` Gaston '' Luke Evans , Josh Gad , Ensemble 4 : 25 9 . `` Be Our Guest '' Ewan McGregor , Emma Thompson , Gugu Mbatha - Raw and Ian McKellen 4 : 48 10 . `` Days in the Sun '' Adam Mitchell , Stanley Tucci , Ewan McGregor , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Emma Thompson , Audra McDonald , Emma Watson , Ian McKellen , Clive Rowe 2 : 40 11 . `` Something There '' Emma Watson , Dan Stevens , Emma Thompson , Nathan Mack , Ian McKellen , Ewan McGregor , Gugu Mbatha - Raw 2 : 54 12 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever ( Montmartre ) '' Emma Watson 1 : 55 13 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' Emma Thompson 3 : 19 14 . `` Evermore '' Dan Stevens 3 : 14 15 . `` The Mob Song '' Luke Evans , Josh Gad , Ensemble , Emma Thompson , Ian McKellen , Stanley Tucci , Nathan Mack , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor , Gerard Horan , Haydn Gwynne 2 : 28 16 . `` Beauty and the Beast ( Finale ) '' Audra McDonald , Emma Thompson , Ensemble 2 : 14 17 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' Celine Dion 3 : 37 18 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' Ariana Grande & John Legend 3 : 47 19 . `` Evermore '' Josh Groban 3 : 09 Total length : 53 : 31 ( show ) Deluxe edition -- Disc one ( Bonus Tracks ) No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 20 . `` Aria '' ( Demo ) Menken 0 : 36 21 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' ( Demo ) Menken 0 : 59 22 . `` Days in the Sun '' ( Demo ) Menken 3 : 30 23 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' ( Demo ) Menken 1 : 21 24 . `` Evermore '' ( Demo ) Menken 2 : 55 Total length : 62 : 52 ( show ) Deluxe edition -- Disc two No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Main Title : Prologue '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 01 2 . `` Belle Meets Gaston '' ( Score ) Menken 0 : 54 3 . `` Your Mother '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 13 4 . `` The Laverie '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 22 5 . `` Wolf Chase '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 14 6 . `` Entering the Castle '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 18 7 . `` A White Rose '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 57 8 . `` The Beast '' ( Score ) Menken 4 : 03 9 . `` Meet the Staff '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 00 10 . `` Home '' ( extended mix ) ( Score ) Menken 2 : 04 11 . `` Madame de Garderobe '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 28 12 . `` There 's a Beast '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 02 13 . `` A Petal Drops '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 02 14 . `` A Bracing Cup of Tea '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 06 15 . `` The West Wing '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 58 16 . `` Wolves Attack Belle '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 17 17 . `` The Library '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 05 18 . `` Colonnade Chat '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 54 19 . `` The Plague '' ( Score ) Menken 0 : 51 20 . `` Maurice Accuses Gaston '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 01 21 . `` Beast Takes a Bath '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 21 22 . `` The Dress '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 01 23 . `` You Must Go to Him '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 50 24 . `` Belle Stops the Wagon '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 42 25 . `` Castle Under Attack '' ( Score ) Menken 4 : 20 26 . `` Turret Pursuit '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 12 27 . `` You Came Back '' ( Score ) Menken 5 : 13 28 . `` Transformations '' ( Score ) Menken 4 : 06 Total length : 68 : 34 The Spotify version of the album instead opens with Celine Dion 's `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' , followed by Ariana Grande and John Legend 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' , and Josh Groban 's `` Evermore '' , with the rest of the songs in the same order . Commercial performance ( edit ) The album debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 chart with 57,000 units , 48,000 of which are traditional album sales . It has sold 337,000 copies in the United States as of July 2017 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 10 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 5 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 26 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 7 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 32 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 44 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 23 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 8 Mexican Albums ( AMPROFON ) ( Spanish version ) 11 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 7 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 12 Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 46 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) 6 South Korean Albums ( Gaon ) 34 South Korean Albums International ( Gaon ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 60 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 19 UK Albums ( OCC ) 8 UK Soundtrack Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 US Soundtrack Albums ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 60,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 soundtrack ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Celine Dion to perform new song for live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Evermore from beauty and the beast single '' . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 , ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts at No. 3 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` Kendrick Lamar 's ' DAMN . ' & Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' Lead Nielsen Music 's Mid-Year 2017 Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . April 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Soundtrack -- Die Schöne und das Biest % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On The Charts ... This Week '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hitlisten.NU -- Album Top - 40 Uge 12 , 2017 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elokuvamusiikkia : Beauty And The Beast ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish Albums Chart : 21 April 2017 '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Album - Semanal ( del 24 de Marzo al 30 de Marzo ) '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Albums Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ. April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 40 Album uke 13 , 2017 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 년 10 주차 Album Chart '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 년 12 주차 Album Chart '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albumes -- Semana 11 : del 10.03. 2017 al 16.03. 2017 '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Soundtrack Albums Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 , ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts at No. 3 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Albums : The Week of April 1 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Motion Picture Cast Recording -- Beauty and the Beast '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Beauty and the Beast in the search field and then press Enter . Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_soundtrack)&oldid=794925928 '' Categories : 2017 soundtracks Disney film soundtracks Walt Disney Records soundtracks Soundtracks produced by Alan Menken Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Português Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2017 , at 21 : 54 . 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-1706138562372475927	Unification of Nepal	Unification of Nepal - wikipedia Unification of Nepal This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The neutrality of this article is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Gorkhali soldiers preparing war against Kathmandu Valley Before the Shah dynasty took over Nepal , it was limited to the Kathmandu valley and surrounding territories which consisted of many kingdoms . After conquering the valley in the mid-eighteenth century , King Prithvi Narayan Shah moved his ruling state to Nepal from Gorkha . He then started his conquering campaign with the banner of Nepal than Gorkha . = = Establishment of expanded Gorkha kingdom = = Gorkha was the kingdom which wa small in size and was low in economic status . When Prithvi Narayan Shah became the king on 25 chaitra 1799 he started unification of Nepal from 1800 . Prithvi Narayan Shah wanted at first to attack over Nuwakot because Nuwakot durbar was at height so no one could attack easily . So he attacked over Nuwakot . Contents 1 Invasion in Nuwakot 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading Invasion in Nuwakot ( edit ) Nara Bhupal Shah , the king of Nepal , had already tried to invade in Nuwakot in 1794 B.S. At that time , Nuwakot was under the administrative control of Kantipur ( today known as Kathmandu ) , so Kantipur supported Nuwakot during the invasion . After his defeat , Nara Bhupal Shah gave up all his efforts at unification and handed the administrative power over to Prithivi Narayan Shah and Chandraprabhawati ( the eldest queen of Nara Bhupal Shah ) . Nara Bhupal Shah died in 1799 B.S. and Prithivi Narayan Shah ascended to the throne on Chaira 25 , 1799 B.S. After his succession to the throne , he planned to begin a unification campaign by attacking Nuwakot in 1800 B.S. He sent Gorkhali troops , under Kaji Biraj Thapa , to attack Nuwakot . Biraj Thapa waited at Khinchet by the side of Trishuli River for an appropriate time to launch the attack . Prithivi Narayan Shah did n't like the strategy of Biraj Thapa and even did n't trust him because of the fault of reporting Maheshwor Panta . So , he sent another Gorkhali troops again under Maheshwor Panta . The troops under Maheshwor Panta were defeated . After his conquest of the Kathmandu Valley , Prithvi Narayan Shah conquered other smaller territories south of the valley to keep other smaller fiefdoms near his Gurkha state out of the influence and control of British rule . After his kingdom spread from north to south , he made Kantipur the capital of expanded country which was known as Kingdom of Gorkha ( Gorkha Samrajya ) . See also ( edit ) History of Nepal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.lonelyplanet.com/nepal/history Jump up ^ Joseph Bindloss ( 15 September 2010 ) . Nepal 8 . Lonely Planet Publications . pp. 37 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74220 - 361 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Fr . Giuseppe. ( 1799 ) . An account of the kingdom of Nepal . Asiatic Researches . Vol 2 . ( 1799 ) . pp. 307 -- 322 . Reed , David . ( 2002 ) . The Rough Guide to Nepal . DK Publishing , Inc . Wright , Daniel , History of Nepal . New Delhi - Madras , Asian Educational Services , 1990 Nepal articles History Khasas Kiratas Shakya Siddhartha Gautama Maithali Sita Janaka Licchavi Arimalla Khasa kingdom Baise Rajya Chaubisi rajya Gorkha Kingdom Prithvi Narayan Shah Unification Kalu Pande Kingdom of Nepal Shah dynasty Sino - Nepalese War Bhimsen Thapa Anglo - Nepalese War Balbhadra Kunwar Treaty of Sugauli Rana dynasty Kot massacre Jung Bahadur Rana Nepalese -- Tibetan War Tribhuvan Nepal -- Britain Treaty of 1923 Nepali Congress Democracy movement in 2006 Birendra Royal massacre Jana Andolan Ganesh Man Singh Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala Pushpa Kamal Dahal ( Prachanda ) Civil War 2015 Nepal Earthquake Geography Mountains Himalayas Dhaulagiri Annapurna Manaslu Mount Everest Makalu Kanchanjunga Areas Kathmandu Valley Siliguri Corridor ( Chicken 's Neck ) Madhesh Inner Madhesh Tibetan Plateau Rivers Arun Karnali ( Ghaghara ) Koshi ( Kosi ) Narayani ( Gandaki ) West Rapti Subdivisions Districts Provinces Cities Gaupalikas Cities Biratnagar Birgunj Bharatpur Hetauda Itahari Damak Janakpur Kathmandu ( capital ) Nepalgunj Patan Pokhara Politics Constitution Constituent Assembly Elections Foreign relations Human rights Intersex LGBT LGBT history Military Political parties President Vice President Prime Minister Council of Ministers Supreme Court Chief Justice Village Development Committees Economy Agriculture Energy companies South Asian Free Trade Area Rupee ( currency ) Telecommunications Tourism Transport Culture Cuisine Music Demographics Education universities and colleges schools Languages literature Gorkhas ( Gurkhas ) International rankings Madhesi people Nepal Academy Newar people Sherpas Sport Football Cricket Olympics Media Newar traditional clothing Public holidays Religion Religion Hinduism Buddhism Pashupatinath Temple Ceremonies and festivals Bratabandha ( Upanayana ) Dashain Nwaran Pasni Tihar Chhath Dipankha Yatra Holi Issues Capital punishment Intersex rights LGBT rights Health Human rights International rankings Outline Index Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unification_of_Nepal&oldid=854474830 '' Categories : Unification of Nepal History of Nepal National unifications Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from September 2017 All articles that may contain original research Use dmy dates from March 2016 Articles needing additional references from December 2009 All articles needing additional references NPOV disputes from August 2012 All NPOV disputes Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages हिन्दी नेपाली 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 16 : 51 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what was the condition of the kingdoms before the unification of nepal	[]	[]
3437089916935670594	Smoking ban in England	Smoking ban in England - wikipedia Smoking ban in England Since 1 July 2007 smoking has been banned in all enclosed public places in England including pubs , bars and restaurants . A smoking ban in England , making it illegal to smoke in all enclosed work places in England , came into force on 1 July 2007 as a consequence of the Health Act 2006 . Similar bans had already been introduced by the rest of the United Kingdom : in Scotland on 26 March 2006 , Wales on 2 April 2007 and Northern Ireland on 30 April 2007 . Contents 1 Before the smoking ban 2 Passage of the law 3 Following the passing of the law 4 Exemptions from the law 5 Public transport 6 Policing of the ban 7 Opposition to the ban 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Before the smoking ban ( edit ) Before the ban many businesses voluntarily introduced bans on smoking mainly as a result of public feedback . The pub chain Wetherspoons was the first major chain to introduce a complete ban on indoor smoking . Tobacco advertising had been banned in England gradually starting with a ban on Television Advertising of cigarettes in 1965 to a complete ban on all Tobacco Advertising in 2005 . Passage of the law ( edit ) On 16 November 2004 a Public Health white paper proposed a smoking ban in almost all public places in England and Wales . Smoking restrictions would be phased in , with a ban on smoking in NHS and government buildings by 2006 , in enclosed public places by 2007 , and pubs , bars and restaurants ( except pubs not serving food ) by the end of 2008 . On 26 October 2005 , after external challenge and debates within the Cabinet , the government announced that it would continue with its plans . All workplaces , including restaurants and pubs selling food , would have to comply by summer 2007 However , there was widespread criticism from all sides of the argument on this , with a number of MPs threatening to try to overturn the bill . Many representatives of the licensed trade told the Government that only a total ban would work , and over 90 MPs signed a motion demanding this , with over 100 signing a petition for a free vote on the issue . It was reported on 24 November that Chief Medical Officer Liam Donaldson nearly quit over the partial ban , but decided to stay to champion a total ban . On the same day , the government released the results of the public consultation , after Cancer Research UK demanded them under the Freedom of Information Act , which revealed that nearly 9 out of 10 respondents wanted a total ban . On 11 January 2006 , the government further announced that it would give MPs a free vote on an amendment to the Health Bill , submitted by the Health select committee , to instigate a comprehensive smoke - free workplace regulations . Health Secretary Patricia Hewitt voted in favour of the amendment and , in so doing , voted against her own Department 's then publicly stated policy ( i.e. the proposed partial regulations ) . All other parties had offered free votes on the issue which was debated on 14 February , with three options : the present compromise , a total ban , or an exemption for members ' clubs only . On 14 February 2006 , the House of Commons first voted on the amendment to the original compromise plan , to extend the ban to all enclosed public places except private members ' clubs . The amendment was carried with a large majority . MPs then voted on a further amendment to ban smoking in all enclosed public places including private members ' clubs . Again this amendment gained significant support and was carried with a large majority . This therefore replaced the earlier successful amendment which would have allowed smoking only in private members ' clubs . The legislation was passed by the House of Lords , allowing a total smoking ban in enclosed public places to come into force in England . Political opposition did not entirely disappear at this point , the House of Lords Economic Affairs Committee accused the Government of overreacting to the threat posed by passive smoking and said that the smoking ban was symptomatic of MPs ' failure to understand risk on 7 June 2006 . The ban came into force on 1 July 2007 , as announced on 30 November 2006 by former Secretary of State for Health Patricia Hewitt , who called it `` a huge step forward for public health '' . Following the passing of the law ( edit ) Many pubs provide smoking areas outdoors , where smoking remains generally permitted . A smoking shelter outside an office building in England . Since 2007 such shelters have become commonplace at workplaces . On 30 June 2010 , the recently formed Coalition Government announced that it would not be reviewing the ban . An attempt in October 2010 by Conservative MP David Nuttall to amend the law to exempt private members ' clubs and pubs from the smoking ban was defeated in the House of Commons on its first reading . Exemptions from the law ( edit ) While the ban affects almost all indoor workplaces , some exemptions were provided : designated hotel rooms designated rooms in nursing homes designated rooms in prisons designated rooms in offshore oil rigs designated rooms in mental health units ( until 1 July 2008 ) specialist tobacconists in relation to sampling cigars and / or pipe tobacco . An exemption was also theoretically possible within the Palace of Westminster , as for other Royal Palaces , although members of the House of Commons and the House of Lords agreed to observe the spirit of the ban and restrict any smoking within the grounds of Parliament to four designated outside areas . Smoking is permitted in a private residence , although not in areas used as a shared work - space . In flats with communal entrances or shared corridors , these must be smoke - free . University halls of residence presented some dilemmas in practice as regards defining what is public and private . Several universities have imposed a blanket ban on smoking including halls of residence . Public transport ( edit ) As part of the implementation of the smoking ban , Transport for London announced that smoking would be no longer permitted on taxis , private hire vehicles and all London Buses premises , including all bus stop shelters . The Association of Train Operating Companies and Network Rail introduced an extended ban on smoking covering all railway property including all National Rail station platforms whether enclosed or not . The ban has since been extended to cover the use of Electronic cigarettes . Smoking on board trains was banned in 2005 when both GNER and First Caledonian Sleeper withdrew smoking accommodation from their services . The Tyne and Wear Metro was the first public transport system to ban in its entirety which has been enforced since the system first opened in 1980 . Policing of the ban ( edit ) The ban is enforced by Environmental Health Officers in England , who issue warnings and offer advice before resorting to punitive measures and have had to issue a low frequency of fines since the law came into force . However , there were some objectors who generated higher - profile legal cases , for instance Hugh Howitt , also known as Hamish Howitt , the landlord of the Happy Scots Bar in Blackpool who was the first landlord to be prosecuted for permitting smoking in a smoke - free place under his control . On 2 August 2007 , Howitt appeared before Blackpool Magistrates ' Court and pleaded not guilty to 12 counts of failing to stop people smoking in his pub . On 2 December 2008 , Howitt effectively had his premises licence revoked , after an appeal by Blackpool Council was upheld ; he was not allowed to appeal , and Howitt had to close the Delboys Bar following the decision . There have been some incidents of violence perpetrated by people refusing to obey the ban , in one of which a former heavyweight boxer , James Oyebola , was shot in the head after he asked a customer at a nightclub to stop smoking and later died of his injuries . However , the view of enforcement authorities is that the smoke - free workplace regulations are simple to understand , popular , and as a result largely ' self - policing ' . For a short while , bars in the UK that offered shisha ( the smoking of flavoured tobacco through a pipe ) were still allowed to provide their services inside the establishment , however the ban covered this area in late 2007 leading to a rapid decline in shisha bars . A legal blunder by Stoke - on - Trent City Council meant that , while the smoking ban still applied in the city , the council were unable to issue fines to people caught flouting the law until 16 July 2007 . The blunder caused the city to briefly be dubbed Smoke - on - Trent . Opposition to the ban ( edit ) A group calling themselves `` Freedom To Choose '' , launched a campaign for a judicial review of the smoke - free workplace regulations claiming a breach of the Human Rights Act 1998 , as it does not respect the right to privacy of people who wish to smoke in public . Supporters of the regulations put forward counter-arguments positing that the rights of smokers to indulge in their habit cease as soon as it negatively affects other people in the vicinity . In 2010 pub landlord Nick Hogan was jailed for an offence related to the smoking ban . In 2012 it was reported that `` Five years after the introduction of the smoking ban in England , almost seven out of 10 licensees want the legislation amended to allow for separate smoking rooms in pubs '' . See also ( edit ) Smoking in the United Kingdom List of smoking bans Smokeasy FOREST Action on Smoking and Health References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Wetherspoon pubs ban smoking '' . BBC Online . BBC News . 24 January 2005 . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Smoking ban proposed for England '' . BBC News . 16 November 2004 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Smoke ban bill details released '' . BBC News . 27 October 2005 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chief medic considered quitting '' . BBC News . 24 November 2005 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.webcitation.org/5tkNlefMT?url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/health/article672477.ece Jump up ^ `` BBC News - ' No plans ' for smoking ban review '' . Bbc.co.uk. 1 July 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Smoking ban exemptions bid defeated News '' . Thisislondon.co.uk . Archived from the original on 25 December 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Smoke - free ( Premises and Enforcement ) Regulations 2006 '' . Opsi.gov.uk. 16 July 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Smoke - free ( Exemptions and Vehicles ) Regulations 2007 '' . Opsi.gov.uk. 16 July 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Parliamentary Privilege First Report '' . The Stationery Office . 4 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 4 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` MPs ' smoking in Commons toilets ' '' . BBC News . 5 July 2007 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Part 3B Section 13.1 '' ... warwick.ac.uk . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Smoking ban : impact on London 's transport network '' . tfl.gov.uk . Transport for London . 6 June 2007 . Retrieved 31 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Smoke Free Law and Vehicles '' . Smoke Free England . Smoke Free England . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Saul , Heather ( 12 August 2015 ) . `` Rail companies ban e-cigarettes from trains and stations '' . Independent . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` End of the line for train smoking '' . BBC News ( London ) . BBC News . 29 August 2005 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First ScotRail withdraws smoking on Caledonian Sleeper service ahead of £ 1million refurbishment '' . First Scotrail . First Group . 28 August 2005 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2015 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How Metro was built '' . Tyne and Wear Metro . Nexus . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilmore , James ( 2 December 2008 ) . `` Blackpool smoke ban rebel loses licence '' . The Publican . Retrieved 5 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Fielding , Paul ( 5 December 2008 ) . `` Bar shuts as smoking rebel loses court fight '' . Blackpool Gazette . Retrieved 5 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Boxer shot over club smoking row '' . BBC News . 24 July 2007 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Boxer shot in smoking row dies '' . BBC News . 27 July 2007 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Council error stubs out smoke ban '' . BBC . BBC News . 11 July 2007 . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Kathryn ( 11 July 2007 ) . `` Smoke - on - Trent reignites debate '' . BBC . BBC Stoke . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom To Choose '' . Freedom2choose.info. 12 October 2010 . Retrieved 25 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Swindon Advertiser ( 19 June 2007 ) . `` Non-smoking landlord braced for High Court ban battle '' . Retrieved 2 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Chris Melville ( 1 July 2007 ) . `` Smoking ban : why did we have to wait for so long ? '' . eurosong.net . Retrieved 2 July 2007 . Jump up ^ The Daily Mail ( 27 February 2010 ) . `` Pub landlord is first person in Britain to be jailed over smoking ban '' . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . Jump up ^ The Publican 's Morning Advertiser ( 3 July 2012 ) . `` Smoking ban : Majority of licensees want smoking legislation amended for pubs '' . Retrieved 7 September 2012 . External links ( edit ) NHS Smokefree website ( focused on Quitting ) Archived NHS Smokefree website ( Contains signage , and more legal info than the current site ) Video clips Discussing the ban with TV GP Dr Chris Steel David Cameron discussing the ban Smokefree England TV advert England articles History Overviews Timeline Education Local government Maritime Military Social Chronology Prehistoric Roman Britain Lloegyr Anglo - Saxon England Heptarchy Kingdom of England Norman conquest Angevin Empire Wars of the Roses Tudor period Stuart period English Renaissance English Reformation Elizabethan era Jacobean era Civil War Union with Scotland Georgian era Regency Victorian era Edwardian period The Blitz Geography Counties Districts Gardens Islands Parishes Places Regions Towns Politics Economy Middle Ages Elizabethan government Independence Monarchy Parliament Culture Afternoon Tea Anglophilia Castles Country clothing Cuisine Cultural icons Demographics Education Folklore Fête Landscape garden Identity Innovations and discoveries English language in England Middle England Museums People list Religion Church of England Science education Sport Cricket national team Football The Football Association national team Rugby league Rugby Football League national team Rugby union Rugby Football Union national team Wimbledon Symbols Coat of arms Flags national flag Heraldry Oak tree Royal Standards Royal Supporters St. George St George 's Day Tudor Rose Outline Book Category Portal Smoking Country and region Albania Argentina Brazil Canada China Colombia East Timor Ecuador Egypt Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iraq Iran Ireland Italy Japan Korea North South Macau Malaysia New Zealand Nigeria Norway Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sweden Syria Taiwan Tokelau Turkey United Kingdom United States Uruguay Vietnam Religion Smoking in Jewish law Tobacco fatwa Ceremonial pipe Chanunpa Kinnikinnick Pipe bag Health Health effects of tobacco ( Nicotine poisoning Nicotine withdrawal ) Passive smoking Third - hand smoke Prevalence of tobacco consumption Schizophrenia and smoking Sidestream smoke Smokeless tobacco keratosis Smoker 's face Smoker 's melanosis Stomatitis nicotina Smoking age Smoking and male infertility Smoking cessation Tobacco - Free Pharmacies Tobacco packaging warning messages WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products World No Tobacco Day Youth smoking Women and smoking Breastfeeding difficulties Breast cancer Cervical cancer Menopause Ptosis of the breast Smoking and female infertility Smoking and pregnancy Smoking ban Inflight smoking List of smoking bans Smoking bans in private vehicles Tobacco - Free College Campuses Country and region Australia England United States Other Chain smoking Cigarette consumption per capita History of smoking Smokeasy Smoking fetishism Tobacco advertising Tobacco bowdlerization Tobacco industry Tobacco smoking Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smoking_ban_in_England&oldid=857115784 '' Categories : Governance of England Smoking in the United Kingdom 2007 establishments in England 2007 in politics Tobacco control Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 17 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the no smoking law came in	[]	[]
8142314758329960963	Alien Tort Statute	Alien Tort Statute - wikipedia Alien Tort Statute Jump to : navigation , search The Alien Tort Statute ( 28 U.S.C. § 1350 ; ATS ) , also called the Alien Tort Claims Act ( ATCA ) , is a section of the United States Code that reads : `` The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action by an alien for a tort only , committed in violation of the law of nations or a treaty of the United States . '' Since 1980 , courts have interpreted this statute to allow foreign citizens to seek remedies in U.S. courts for human - rights violations for conduct committed outside the United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text 2 History 2.1 Filartiga v. Pena - Irala 2.2 Sosa v. Alvarez - Machain 2.3 Jesner v. Arab Bank , PLC 2.4 Ongoing controversy 3 Scope of the statute 3.1 `` Violation of the Law of Nations '' 3.2 Corporate liability under the statute 4 Prominent cases under the statute 4.1 Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum 4.2 Sarei v. Rio Tinto 4.3 Kpadeh v. Emmanuel 4.4 Presbyterian Church of Sudan v. Talisman Energy , Inc . 4.5 Sinaltrainal v. Coca - Cola Company 4.6 Bowoto v. Chevron Corp . 4.7 Wang Xiaoning v. Yahoo ! 4.8 Doe v. Unocal 5 References 6 External links Text ( edit ) The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action by an alien for a tort only , committed in violation of the law of nations or a treaty of the United States . History ( edit ) The ATS was part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 . There is little surviving legislative history regarding the Act , and its original meaning and purpose are uncertain . However , scholars have surmised that the Act was intended to assure foreign governments that the U.S. would act to prevent and provide remedies for breaches of customary international law , especially breaches concerning diplomats and merchants . The ATS may have been enacted in response to a number of international incidents caused by the non-availability of remedies for foreign citizens in the United States . For example , the peace treaty ending the American Revolution provided for the satisfaction of debts to British creditors . The refusal of some states to enforce the payment of such debts prompted Great Britain to threaten to retaliate . In 1784 , French diplomat François Barbé - Marbois was assaulted , but no remedy was available to him . The incident was notorious internationally and prompted Congress to draft a resolution asking the states to allow suits in tort for the violation of the law of nations . However , few states enacted such a provision , and Congress subsequently included the ATS in the Judiciary Act of 1789 . From 1789 until 1980 , only two courts based jurisdiction on the ATS . Filartiga v. Peña - Irala ( edit ) Main article : Filártiga v. Peña - Irala In 1980 , however , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit decided Filártiga v. Peña - Irala , which `` paved the way for a new conceptualization of the ATS '' . In Filartiga , two Paraguayan citizens resident in the U.S. , represented by the Center for Constitutional Rights , brought suit against a Paraguayan former police chief who was also living in the United States . The plaintiffs alleged that the defendant had tortured and murdered a member of their family , and they asserted that U.S. federal courts had jurisdiction over their suit under the ATS . The district court dismissed for lack of subject - matter jurisdiction , holding that the `` law of nations '' does not regulate a state 's treatment of its own citizens . The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit reversed the decision of the district court . First , it held that the ATS , which allowed jurisdiction in the federal courts over a suit between two aliens , was a constitutional exercise of Congress 's power , because `` the law of nations ... has always been part of the federal common law '' , and thus the statute fell within federal - question jurisdiction . Second , the court held that the contemporary law of nations had expanded to prohibit state - sanctioned torture . The court found that multilateral treaties and domestic prohibitions on torture evidenced a consistent state practice of proscribing official torture . The court similarly found that United Nations declarations , such as the Universal Declaration on Human Rights , manifested an expectation of adherence to the prohibition of official torture . The court therefore held that the right to be free from torture had become a principle of customary international law . However , one of the judges on the panel hearing the case later wrote that Filartiga `` should not be misread or exaggerated to support sweeping assertions that all ( or even most ) international human rights norms found in the Universal Declaration or in international human rights treaties have ripened into customary international law enforceable in the domestic courts '' . Since Filartiga , jurisdiction under the ATS has been upheld in dozens of cases . Sosa v. Alvarez - Machain ( edit ) Main article : Sosa v. Alvarez - Machain The first U.S. Supreme Court case to directly address ATS is Sosa v. Alvarez - Machain ( 2004 ) . The plaintiff in Sosa , Alvarez , brought a claim under ATS for arbitrary arrest and detention . Alvarez had been indicted in the United States for torturing and murdering a Drug Enforcement Administration officer . When the U.S. was unable to secure Alvarez 's extradition , it paid Sosa , a Mexican national , to kidnap Alvarez and bring him into the U.S. Alvarez claimed that his `` arrest '' by Sosa was arbitrary because the warrant for his arrest only authorized his arrest within the U.S. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that Alvarez 's abduction constituted arbitrary arrest in violation of international law . The Supreme Court reversed and clarified that ATS did not create a cause of action , but instead merely `` furnish ( ed ) jurisdiction for a relatively modest set of actions alleging violations of the law of nations . '' Such actions must `` rest on a norm of international character accepted by the civilized world and defined with a specificity comparable to the features of the 18th - century paradigms we have recognized . '' Although the scope of ATS is not limited to violations of international law recognized in the 18th century , with respect to recognizing contemporary international norms , the court 's opinion stated that `` the judicial power should be exercised on the understanding that the door is still ajar subject to vigilant doorkeeping . '' In Alvarez 's case , `` a single illegal detention of less than a day , followed by the transfer of custody to lawful authorities and a prompt arraignment , violates no norm of customary international law so well defined as to support the creation of a federal remedy . '' Jesner v. Arab Bank , PLC ( edit ) On April 3 , 2017 , the Supreme Court agreed to hear the case Jesner v. Arab Bank , PLC , which asks the question : `` Whether the Alien Tort Statute ... categorically forecloses corporate liability . '' Ongoing controversy ( edit ) Exercising legal jurisdiction in the United States over matters that occurred abroad is a controversial practice and some have suggested that Congress eliminate it . Others believe that a multilateral solution , including through either the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development or the UN , would be more appropriate . Scope of the Statute ( edit ) `` Violation of the law of nations '' ( edit ) The Supreme Court held in Sosa v. Alvarez - Machain that the ATS provides a cause of action for violations of international norms that are as `` specific , universal , and obligatory '' as were the norms prohibiting violations of safe conducts , infringements of the rights of ambassadors , and piracy in the 18th century . Courts have found torture ; cruel , inhuman , or degrading treatment ; genocide ; war crimes ; crimes against humanity ; summary execution ; prolonged arbitrary detention ; and forced disappearance to be actionable under the ATS . Since Sosa , courts have struggled to define the level of specificity required for a norm to be actionable under the ATS . For example , subsequent to Sosa , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit overturned prior lower - court decisions that had found cruel , inhuman , or degrading treatment actionable , noting that Sosa repudiated the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights as a source of law under the ATS . Similarly , courts have held that economic , social , and cultural rights are too indeterminate to satisfy Sosa 's specificity requirement . For example , in Flores v. Southern Peru Copper Corp. , the Second Circuit stated that the rights to life and to health are too indeterminate to constitute a cause of action under the ATS . The U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California , however , has held that the limits of a norm need not be defined with particularity to be actionable ; rather , the norm need only be so defined that the particular acts upon which a claim is based certainly fall within the bounds of the norm . In Doe v. Qi , the court stated , `` The fact that there may be doubt at the margins -- a fact that inheres in any definition -- does not negate the essence and application of that definition in clear cases . '' The court also described how to determine whether specific actions fall within the proscriptions of an international norm , holding that the actions alleged should be compared with actions that international adjudicatory bodies have found to be proscribed by the norm in question . It therefore examined decisions by institutions such as the Human Rights Committee , the European Court of Human Rights , and the African Commission on Human and Peoples ' Rights to determine that pushing , hitting , and choking a plaintiff during one day of incarceration did not constitute cruel , unusual , or degrading treatment , whereas forcing a hand into a plaintiff 's vagina did constitute cruel , inhuman , or degrading treatment . Corporate liability under the Statute ( edit ) As of October 2011 , there was a circuit split regarding whether corporations , as opposed to natural people , could be held liable under the ATS . In 2010 the Second Circuit Court of Appeals held in Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. that `` customary international law has steadfastly rejected the notion of corporate liability for international crimes '' and thus that `` insofar as plaintiffs bring claims under the ATS against corporations , plaintiffs fail to allege violations of the law of nations , and plaintiffs ' claims fall outside the limited jurisdiction provided by the ATS '' . However , in 2011 , the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals , and the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals all ruled that corporate liability is possible under the statute . On April 17 , 2013 , in Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. , the U.S. Supreme Court issued a decision affirming the Second Circuit Court of Appeals but on different grounds , holding that the ATS did not create jurisdiction for a claim regarding conduct occurring outside the territory of the United States , leaving the question of corporate liability unresolved . Prominent cases under the Statute ( edit ) Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum ( edit ) Main article : Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum The plaintiffs in Kiobel were citizens of Nigeria who claimed that Dutch , British , and Nigerian oil - exploration corporations aided and abetted the Nigerian government during the 1990s in committing violations of customary international law . The plaintiffs claimed that Royal Dutch Shell compelled its Nigerian subsidiary , in cooperation with the Nigerian government , to brutally crush peaceful resistance to aggressive oil development in the Ogoni Niger River Delta . Plaintiffs sought damages under the ATS . The defendants moved to dismiss based on a two - pronged argument . First , they argued that customary international law itself provides the rules by which to decide whether conduct violates the law of nations where non-state actors are alleged to have committed the wrong in question . Second , they contended that no norm has ever existed between nations that imposes liability upon corporate actors . On September 29 , 2006 , the district court dismissed the plaintiffs ' claims for aiding and abetting property destruction ; forced exile ; extrajudicial killing ; and violation of the rights to life , liberty , security , and association . It reasoned that customary international law did not define those violations with sufficient particularity . The court denied the defendants ' motion to dismiss with respect to the remaining claims of aiding and abetting arbitrary arrest and detention ; crimes against humanity ; and torture or cruel , inhuman , and degrading treatment . The district court then certified its entire order for interlocutory appeal to the Second Circuit based on the serious nature of the questions at issue . In a 2 -- 1 decision issued on September 17 , 2010 , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held that corporations can not be held liable for violations of customary international law , finding that : ( 1 ) under both U.S. Supreme Court and Second Circuit precedents over the previous 30 years that address ATS suits alleging violations of customary international law , the scope of liability is determined by customary international law itself ; ( 2 ) under Supreme Court precedent , the ATS requires courts to apply norms of international law -- and not domestic law -- to the scope of defendants ' liabilities . Such norms must be `` specific , universal and obligatory '' ; and ( 3 ) under international law , `` corporate liability is not a discernible -- much less a universally recognized -- norm of customary international law '' , that the court could apply to the ATS , and that the plaintiffs ' ATS claims should indeed be dismissed for lack of subject matter jurisdiction . Kiobel petitioned the Supreme Court for review of the Second Circuit 's decision , and this was granted on October 17 , 2011 . Oral arguments were held on February 28 , 2012 , The arguments received considerable attention in the legal community . Unexpectedly , the Supreme Court announced on March 5 , 2012 , that it would hold additional argument on the case during the October 2012 term , and directed the parties to file new briefs on the question `` Whether and under what circumstances the Alien Tort Statute , 28 U.S.C. § 1350 , allows courts to recognize a cause of action for violations of the law of nations occurring within the territory of a sovereign other than the United States . '' Reargument of the case occurred on October 1 , 2012 . On April 17 , 2013 the U.S. Supreme Court held that the ATS does not apply outside the United States . Sarei v. Rio Tinto ( edit ) In 2000 , residents of the island of Bougainville in Papua New Guinea brought suit against multinational mining company Rio Tinto . The lawsuit is based on a 1988 revolt against Rio Tinto , and the plaintiffs allege that the Papua New Guinea government , using Rio Tinto helicopters and vehicles , killed about 15,000 people in an effort to put down the revolt . On October 25 , 2011 , the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals , sitting en banc , issued a divided opinion holding that certain claims against a foreign corporation implicating the conduct of a foreign government on foreign soil could proceed under the ATS . The company filed a petition for a writ of certiorari in the Supreme Court for review of the decision ; on April 22 , 2013 , the Supreme Court sent the case back to the Ninth Circuit for further consideration in the light of its decision in the Kiobel case ( above ) . Kpadeh v. Emmanuel ( edit ) Main article : Charles McArthur Emmanuel Charles McArthur Emmanuel ( also known as `` Chuckie Taylor '' or `` Taylor Jr . '' ) , the son of Charles Taylor , former President of Liberia , was the commander of the infamously violent Anti-Terrorist Unit ( ATU ) , commonly known in Liberia as the `` Demon Forces '' . In 2006 , U.S. officials arrested Taylor Jr. upon entering the U.S. ( via the Miami International Airport ) and the Department of Justice later charged him based on torture he committed in Liberia . He was convicted of multiple counts of torture and conspiracy to torture and was sentenced to 97 years in prison . The World Organization for Human Rights USA and the Florida International University College of Law filed a civil suit in the Southern District of Florida on behalf of five of Taylor Jr. 's victims pursuant to the Alien Tort Statute and the Torture Victim Protection Act . The plaintiffs won by default judgment as to liability on all counts , and in February 2010 , following trial on damages at which Taylor appeared , the court found Taylor liable to the plaintiffs for damages of over $22 million . Presbyterian Church of Sudan v. Talisman Energy , Inc. ( edit ) On October 2 , 2009 , the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit , in Presbyterian Church of Sudan v. Talisman Energy , Inc. , held that `` the mens rea standard for aiding and abetting liability in Alien Tort Statute actions is purpose rather than knowledge alone . '' In this case , which involves allegations against a Canadian oil company concerning its purported assistance to the government in Sudan in the forced movement of civilians residing near oil facilities , the court concluded that `` plaintiffs have not established Talisman 's purposeful complicity in human rights abuses . '' In reaching that conclusion , the Second Circuit stated that `` the standard for imposing accessorial liability under the Alien Tort Statute must be drawn from international law ; and that under international law a claimant must show that the defendant provided substantial assistance with the purpose of facilitating the alleged offenses . '' Sinaltrainal v. Coca - Cola company ( edit ) On August 11 , 2009 , the Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit issued a decision in Sinaltrainal v. Coca - Cola Company . In this case , plaintiffs alleged that Coca - Cola bottlers in Colombia collaborated with Colombian paramilitary forces in `` the systematic intimidation , kidnapping , detention , torture , and murder of Colombian trade unionists . '' However , the district court dismissed the complaint and the Eleventh Circuit upheld that ruling . In doing so , the Eleventh Circuit relied upon the Supreme Court 's recent Ashcroft v. Iqbal decision in addressing the adequacy of the complaint , which has must have `` facial plausibility '' to survive dismissal , and noted that Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure demands `` more than an unadorned , the - defendant - unlawfully - harmed - me accusation . '' The Eleventh Circuit then applied the Iqbal standard to plaintiffs ' allegations against Coca - Cola and held that they were insufficient to survive dismissal . Bowoto v. Chevron Corp. ( edit ) Main article : Bowoto v. Chevron Corp . Nigerian villagers brought claims against Chevron Corp. regarding events that occurred on a Chevron offshore drilling platform in 1998 , when Nigerian soldiers suppressed a protest against Chevron 's environmental and business practices . The protesters , with the help of nonprofit organizations including the Center for Constitutional Rights , the Public Interest Lawyers Group , and EarthRights International , brought claims for wrongful death , torture , assault , battery , and negligence against Chevron , alleging that the company had paid the soldiers that landed on the platform and were therefore liable for the actions that they took . In December 2008 , a jury found that Chevron was not liable . Wang Xiaoning v. Yahoo ! ( edit ) Main article : Wang Xiaoning In 2007 , the World Organization for Human Rights USA filed a lawsuit against Yahoo ! on behalf of Chinese dissidents Wang Xiaoning and Shi Tao ( Guao Quingsheng ) , claiming jurisdiction under the ATS . According to the complaint , Wang and Shi Tao used Yahoo ! accounts to share pro-democracy material , and a Chinese subsidiary of Yahoo ! gave the Chinese government identifying information that allowed authorities to identify and arrest them . The Complaint alleges that the plaintiffs were subjected to `` torture , cruel , inhuman , or other degrading treatment or punishment , arbitrary arrest and prolonged detention , and forced labor . '' Yahoo ! settled the case in November 2007 for an undisclosed amount of money , and it agreed to cover the plaintiff 's legal costs as a part of the settlement . In a statement released after the settlement was made public , Yahoo ! said that it would `` provide ' financial , humanitarian and legal support to these families ' and create a separate ' humanitarian relief fund ' for other dissidents and their families . '' Doe v. Unocal ( edit ) Main article : Doe v. Unocal In September 1996 , four Burmese villagers filed suit against Unocal and its parent company , the Union Oil Company of California ; in October 1996 , another fourteen villagers also brought suit . The suits alleged various human rights violations , including forced labor , wrongful death , false imprisonment , assault , intentional infliction of emotional distress and negligence , all relating to the construction of the Yadana gas pipeline project in Myanmar , formerly Burma . In 2000 , the district court dismissed the case on the grounds that Unocal could not be held liable unless Unocal wanted the military to commit abuses , and that plaintiffs had not made this showing . Plaintiffs appealed and ultimately , shortly prior to when the case was to be argued before the Ninth Circuit en banc court in December 2004 , the parties announced that they had reached a tentative settlement . Once the settlement was finalized in March 2005 , the appeal was withdrawn and the district court opinion from 2000 was also vacated . According to a joint statement released by the parties , while the specific terms were confidential , `` the settlement will compensate plaintiffs and provide funds enabling plaintiffs and their representatives to develop programs to improve living conditions , health care and education and protect the rights of people from the pipeline region . These initiatives will provide substantial assistance to people who may have suffered hardships in the region . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 28 USC § 1350 - Alien 's action for tort LII / Legal Information Institute '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Ch. 20 , § 9 , 1 Stat. 73 ( 1789 ) . Jump up ^ Carolyn A. D'Amore , Note , Sosa v. Alvarez - Machain and the Alien Tort Statute : How Wide Has the Door to Human Rights Litigation Been Left Open ? , 39 Akron L. Rev. 593 , 596 ( 2006 ) ; William R. Casto , The Federal Courts ' Protective Jurisdiction Over Torts Committed in Violation of the Law of Nations , 18 Conn . L. Rev. 467 , 468 - 69 ( 1985 - 1986 ) . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 20 ... Jump up ^ Hufbauer , Gary Clyde ; Mitrokostas , Nicholas K. ( 2003 ) . Awakening Monster : The Alien Tort Statute of 1789 . Washington , D.C. : Institute for International Economics . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88132 - 366 - 5 . Jump up ^ Haberstroh , John ( 2004 ) . The Alien Tort Claims Act & Doe v. Unocal : A Paquete Habana Approach to the Rescue , 32 Denv. J. Int'l L. & Pol'y 231 , 239 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Hufbauer , Gary Clyde ; Mitrokostas , Nicholas K. ( 2004 ) . International Implications of the Alien Tort Statute. 16 St. Thomas L. Rev. 607 , 609 . Jump up ^ Id . Jump up ^ 630 F. 2d 876 ( 2d Cir. 1980 ) ; Richard B. Lillich , Invoking International Human Rights Law in Domestic Courts , 54 U. Cin . L. Rev. 367 ( 1985 ) . Jump up ^ Filartiga v. Pena - Irala , 630 F. 2d 876 , 885 ( 2d Cir. 1980 ) . Jump up ^ Lillich , supra note 8 , at 401 -- 02 . Jump up ^ Beth Stephens , Judicial Deference and the Unreasonable Views of the Bush Administration , 33 Brooklyn J. Int'l L. 773 , 813 ( 2008 ) . Jump up ^ Sosa v. Alvarez - Machain , 542 U.S. 692 , 720 ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Sosa v. Alvarez - Machain at 725 ; see also Pamela J. Stephens , Spinning Sosa : Federal Common Law , the Alien Tort Statute , and Judicial Restraint , 25 B.U. Int'l L.J. 1 , 32 - 33 ( Spring , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Sosa v. Alvarez - Machain at 729 . Jump up ^ Sosa v. Alvarez - Machain at 738 . Jump up ^ `` Jesner v. Arab Bank , PLC - SCOTUSblog '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Curtis A. ; Goldsmith , Jack L. ( 2009 - 04 - 19 ) . `` Rights Case Gone Wrong '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Medish , Mark C. ; Lucich , Daniel R. ( June 1 , 2009 ) . `` Trying an Old Law '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ D'Amore , supra note 2 . Jump up ^ Pamela J. Stephens , supra note 10 , at 5 . Jump up ^ Henry J. Steiner et al. , International Human Rights in Context 1195 - 98 ( 3d ed. 2008 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 927942 - 5 . Jump up ^ Aldana v. Del Monte Fresh Produce , 416 F. 3d 1242 , 1247 ( 11th Cir. 2005 ) . Jump up ^ 414 F. 3d 233 ( 2d Cir. 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Doe v. Qi , 349 F. Supp. 2d 1258 ( N.D. Cal. 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. , 621 F. 3d 111 , 120 ( 2d Cir. 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Flomo v. Firestone Nat . Rubber Co. , LLC , 643 F. 3d 1013 , 1021 ( 7th Cir. 2011 ) Jump up ^ http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2011/10/25/02-56256.pdf Jump up ^ Doe VIII v. Exxon Mobil Corp. , No. 09 - 7125 ( D.C. Cir. 2011 ) . ^ Jump up to : Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum , 621 F. 3d 111 ( 2d Cir. 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Kearney , Colin ( January 1 , 2011 ) . `` Corporate Liability Claims Not Actionable Under Alien Tort Statute '' ( PDF ) . Suffolk Transnational Law Review . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kerschberg , Ben ( December 2 , 2010 ) . `` Corporate Executives : Get Ready for a Billion Dollar Lawsuit '' . The Blog of The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ February 28 , 2012 Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( October 17 , 2011 ) . `` Court To Rule on Suing Corporations and PLO '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved October 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lithwick , Dahlia ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Justice on the High Seas : The Supreme Court Says Corporations Have a Right to Free Speech . But Can They Get Away with Murder ? '' . Slate . Retrieved February 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Peter ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` The Question Before the US Supreme Court in Kiobel v Shell -- If Corporations Have the Same Rights as People To Make Political Donations , Then Surely They Also Have Human Rights Obligations ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Denniston , Lyle ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` Kiobel To Be Reargued '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Sacks , Mike ( October 25 , 2011 ) . `` 9th Circuit : Corporations Can Be Sued for Human Rights Violations Abroad '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 090109washington_lg. jpg . '' U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement . Retrieved August 27 , 2009 . Archived May 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ex - `` Prisoner : Taylor 's Son Laughed at Torture '' Archived 2008 - 12 - 18 at the Wayback Machine ... CNN . September 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Belfast Jr. aka Chuckie Taylor Indicted on Torture Charges , Department of Justice '' . December 6 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Belfast Jr . A / K / A Chuckie Taylor Convicted on Torture Charges , Department of Justice Press Release '' . October 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Roy Belfast , Jr. , A / K / A Chuckie Taylor , Sentenced on Torture Charges , Department of Justice Press Release '' . December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ Harris , Theresa . `` Human Rights USA : Chuckie Taylor '' . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Rufus Kpadeh et al. v. Charles McArthur Emmanuel , No. 09 - 20050 - civ ( S.D. Fla . Feb. 5 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ http://www.ca2.uscourts.gov/decisions/isysquery/5ee8965d-efbf-475c-9c0d-de151c267061/1/doc/07-0016-cv_opn.pdf#xml=http://www.ca2.uscourts.gov/decisions/isysquery/5ee8965d-efbf-475c-9c0d-de151c267061/1/hilite/ Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/08pdf/07-1015.pdf Jump up ^ Reddall , Braden ( December 1 , 2008 ) . `` Jury Clears Chevron of Charges in Nigeria Clash '' . Reuters . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Second Amended Complaint '' . Jump up ^ Cha , Ariana Eunjung ; Diaz , Sam ( April 19 , 2007 ) . `` Advocates Sue Yahoo in Chinese Torture Case '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.humanrightsusa.org/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=68&Itemid=80 Jump up ^ Perez , Juan Carlos ( November 14 , 2007 ) . `` Yahoo Settles Chinese Dissident Lawsuit '' . IDG News ( via PC World ) . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Doe I v. Unocal Corp. , 395 F. 3d 932 , 942 - 43 ( 9th Cir. 2002 ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 04 . EarthRights Int'l , Doe v. Unocal Settlement External links ( edit ) Corporate Liability Claims Not Actionable Under Alien Tort Statute in the Suffolk Transnational Law Review Debate over Founders ' original intent with the Alien Tort Claims Act in the Harvard Law Record Alien Tort Statute Today ( last updated Feb. 2011 ) Alien Tort Statute Cases Resulting in Plaintiff Victories Alien Tort Statute : From Corporate Personhood to Corporate Humanity ( TedX Hampshire College ) VIAF : 184785521 LCCN : n96047987 GND : 4838456 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alien_Tort_Statute&oldid=802716054 '' Categories : 1789 in American law United States federal legislation Alien Tort Statute case law Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers United States federal legislation articles without infoboxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Esperanto 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 00 : 36 . 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-1304187858823863053	The Infinity Gauntlet	The Infinity Gauntlet - wikipedia The Infinity Gauntlet This article is about the 1991 comic book series . For the item the series is named after , see Infinity Gems . For the 2015 comic book , see The Infinity Gauntlet ( 2015 comic book ) . The Infinity Gauntlet Cover to Infinity Gauntlet third edition TPB ( 2011 ) art by George Pérez Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics Schedule Monthly Format Limited series Genre Superhero Publication date July -- December 1991 No. of issues 6 Main character ( s ) Thanos Silver Surfer Adam Warlock Nebula Creative team Written by Jim Starlin Penciller ( s ) George Pérez Ron Lim Inker ( s ) Josef Rubinstein Tom Christopher Bruce N Solotoff Letterer ( s ) Jack Morelli Colorist ( s ) Max Scheele Ian Laughlin Editor ( s ) Craig Anderson Collected editions 1st Ed TPB ( 1992 ) ISBN 0871359448 2nd Ed TPB ( 2006 ) ISBN 0785123490 3rd Ed TPB ( 2011 ) ISBN 0785156593 HC Edition ( 2010 ) ISBN 0785145494 Omnibus ( 2014 ) ISBN 078515468X The Infinity Gauntlet is an American comic book published by Marvel Comics . The story , written by Jim Starlin and pencilled by George Pérez and Ron Lim , was first serialized as a six - issue limited series from July to December 1991 . As the main piece of a crossover event , some plot elements were featured in tie - in issues of other Marvel publications . Since its initial publication , the series has been reprinted in various formats and editions . The roots of the series date to concepts developed in comics Starlin wrote and drew for Marvel in the 1970s , primarily Thanos and the Infinity Gems . Starlin returned to Marvel in 1990 as the writer for Silver Surfer volume 3 beginning with issue # 34 , assisted by Lim on pencils . Their storyline developed through the next sixteen issues and the two - issue spin - off limited series Thanos Quest before concluding in The Infinity Gauntlet . Fan - favorite artist Pérez drew the first four issues before his busy schedule and unhappiness with the story led to him being replaced by Lim . At the start of The Infinity Gauntlet , the alien nihilist Thanos has collected the six Infinity Gems and attached them to his gauntlet . With their combined power , he becomes like a god and sets out to win the affection of Mistress Death , the living embodiment of death in the Marvel Universe . When Thanos uses his powers to kill half of the living beings in the universe , Adam Warlock leads Earth 's remaining heroes against him . After the Infinity Gauntlet is stolen by Thanos ' villainous granddaughter Nebula , Thanos aids the remaining heroes in defeating her . Warlock ultimately obtains the Infinity Gauntlet and uses its power to undo the death and destruction caused by Thanos . The series was a top seller for Marvel during publication and was followed by two immediate sequels , The Infinity War ( 1992 ) and The Infinity Crusade ( 1993 ) . The story 's events continued to be referenced in - story by comics for decades . The Infinity Gauntlet remained popular among fans , warranting multiple reprint editions and merchandise . Themes and plot elements have been repeatedly adapted into video games , animated cartoons , and film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 1.1 Background 1.2 Development 1.3 Publication 1.4 Tie - ins 1.5 Collected editions and reprints 2 Characters 3 Synopsis 3.1 Lead up 3.2 Plot 3.3 Epilogue 4 Reception 4.1 At release 4.2 In later years 4.3 Legacy in comics 5 Merchandise 6 Adaptations 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Publication history ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Jim Starlin introduced Thanos , a main character in The Infinity Gauntlet , in Iron Man # 55 in February 1973 . He developed the character as a villain in Captain Marvel , a monthly comic he wrote and penciled for Marvel Comics through July 1974 . This storyline became known as the `` First Thanos War '' . Starlin left Captain Marvel shortly after finishing the Thanos story . In 1975 , Starlin began writing and illustrating Strange Tales , where he took over the story of Adam Warlock and made significant changes to the character and developed the concept of the Infinity Gems . He reintroduced Thanos first as an ally , then as an opponent of the hero in a storyline known as the `` Second Thanos War '' that ran until 1977 . Because of their close publications dates , the two Thanos Wars are sometimes considered to be one storyline . Both are considered `` cosmic '' stories and led to Starlin being known as a `` cosmic '' writer . Starlin quit his regular work for Marvel after concluding the Second Thanos War , but occasionally returned for short projects like The Death of Captain Marvel graphic novel and creator - owned work such as the cosmic - themed Dreadstar through the 1980s . He also did high - profile work for DC Comics , such as Batman and Cosmic Odyssey . In a 1990 interview , Starlin described himself as the only writer who had been allowed to `` play '' with Thanos , although other writers had scripted some tie - in chapters of the First Thanos War . George Pérez is a popular artist known for drawing comics that feature large casts . He came to prominence in the 1970s while working on Marvel 's The Avengers before leaving the company to work for DC on comics such as New Teen Titans , Crisis on Infinite Earths , and Wonder Woman . In 1984 , Pérez entered into an exclusive contract with DC , which was later extended an additional year . Development ( edit ) Series writer Jim Starlin in 2008 In 1988 , Steve Englehart was writing Silver Surfer and one of his storylines involved the Infinity Gems and Mistress Death . He asked to do a follow - up story where Mistress Death uses Thanos to get revenge on her enemies , but editor - in - chief Tom DeFalco did not know who Thanos was . After the character was explained to him , DeFalco liked the idea so much he wanted to save it for a big summer crossover instead . At the time , he indicated he wanted to format it like `` The Evolutionary War '' , a 1988 crossover that was spread across the annuals of several continuing series instead of being contained in a limited series . Because of his ties to the character , Starlin was invited back to Marvel to write the story . Inspired by the work he had recently read from Wilhelm Reich , Carlos Castaneda , and Roger Zelazny , Starlin wanted to purposely add multiple layers to his characters instead of letting them be one - dimensional . He started writing with the expectation that this would be the last Thanos story `` at least for a while '' and was midway through the story before deciding to make Thanos an antihero . He began writing Silver Surfer with # 34 , cover dated February 1990 . To organize various plot and character points , Starlin made notes on 3 - by - 5 cards and pinned them to a large piece of plywood hung on his wall . His first four issues reintroduced Thanos and was seen as the first act of the new Thanos storyline . Initially , Starlin and editor Craig Anderson planned for the story to remain contained within the pages of Silver Surfer . However , Marvel had recently been purchased and the new owners mandated that all intellectual property be exploited to maximum potential . To capitalize on the excitement surrounding Thanos ' return , the start of the second act was spun off into the two - issue limited series Thanos Quest , released in September - October 1990 . The plot then continued in Silver Surfer beginning with # 44 . In Silver Surfer # 46 , Starlin reintroduced Adam Warlock and his supporting cast . He included these characters because the editors told him a different writer wanted to use them , and they would let him unless Starlin wanted to use them first . Starlin was not impressed by the other writer 's work , so he wrote Warlock into his Silver Surfer story . Again , Starlin and Anderson planned to conclude the story in the pages of Silver Surfer , but the sales of Thanos Quest were high enough to warrant another spin - off . After Silver Surfer # 50 , the plot moved to The Infinity Gauntlet . Because of the time required to write the double - length issues of the limited series and coordinate tie - ins , Starlin had to leave the Silver Surfer series at # 52 . The editorial staff did not oppose Starlin 's plans to kill major characters , which he believes was partly because Anderson did not share many of the details with his peers . They did , however , limit which of `` their '' characters could have roles in the story . For example , X-Men editor Bob Harras only allowed Cyclops and Wolverine to appear . The rest of the X-Men cast were shown to have died off - panel or were otherwise omitted . This hesitancy was due in part to the relative newness of summer crossover events . Artists George Pérez ( left , taken 2012 ) and Ron Lim ( right , taken 2013 ) Early in 1990 , Marvel writer / artist Jim Valentino learned Pérez 's contract with DC Comics was going to lapse in August . He contacted Pérez by phone to see if he would ink a cover to Guardians of the Galaxy , a comic Valentino was currently writing and penciling . Pérez agreed , and Valentino told Anderson , who was his editor as well . Anderson passed the information to Starlin , who called Pérez and asked him to pencil The Infinity Gauntlet . After working out the terms with Starlin and Anderson , Pérez agreed to the job . In a 1991 interview , Pérez speculated that he was asked because Silver Surfer and Thanos Quest penciller Ron Lim was too busy . Although Pérez had been a writer as well as an artist at DC , he agreed to work from full scripts on The Infinity Gauntlet because he was not familiar with the current state of Marvel 's characters . From the start , Pérez found this to be `` a little aggravating , unnerving '' because of the limits it placed on him . Starlin gave Pérez a suggested layout with each script to use as a reference , but Pérez ignored them with Starlin 's blessing . He exercised this freedom by giving some scenes more space , even moving some scenes to different pages . Early in the collaboration , he asked Starlin to increase the number of characters appearing in the story so his return to Marvel would `` knock fans ' socks off '' . Before he had finished the interior art for the first issue , Pérez completed the pencils for the covers of the first four issues so they could be used as promotional material . However , some characters , like Thor and Quasar , were wearing outdated costumes on the cover of issue three and had to be redrawn , which frustrated Pérez . Starlin , who wrote the scripts months in advance , also had to make minor adjustments to account for changes in these characters and the Hulk . During production , Pérez was also pencilling War of the Gods for DC Comics , a Wonder Woman miniseries that he described as a `` highly stressful '' project . When he began to fall behind schedule on both projects , he wanted to quit War of the Gods but was contractually bound to complete it . Partly because of this stress and partly because he had become used to writing as well as drawing , he became overly critical of Starlin 's scripts for The Infinity Gauntlet . Specifically , he felt Starlin 's story could be told in fewer pages . His lack of enthusiasm caused him to work slower , and he began to fall further behind schedule . In a 1994 interview , Starlin claimed that Pérez was acting at the time as well , and that it was a bigger contributor to the scheduling problems than the comic workload . When it became clear Pérez would not be able to meet the deadline for the fourth issue , DeFalco asked regular Silver Surfer penciler Ron Lim to complete issue # 4 . DeFalco suggested to Pérez that he let Lim finish the rest of the series , and Pérez agreed . Pérez understood the decision , and later said he felt that Lim should have been the artist from the beginning . He inked Lim 's covers for the remainder of the series to show he bore no ill will to the change . Although Marvel 's management had feared sales would fall with Pérez 's departure , sales rose with each issue Lim penciled . To replace Pérez , Lim had to leave his regular work on the monthly Captain America title . He cites Pérez as an influence and found it `` nerve - wracking '' to supplant him . Furthermore , the large cast made it the most challenging book he had done at that point in his career . Still , he said it was `` fun '' to work on the design aspect of The Infinity Gauntlet . When he saw sales figures for The Infinity Gauntlet , Pérez realized that by leaving the series he probably lost `` tens of thousands of dollars '' in royalty payments . However , he was glad he left when he learned a sequel was in development . Like Starlin , Pérez had begun the project believing it would be the last Thanos story , but management asked Starlin to write a sequel midway through The Infinity Gauntlet . At that point , Starlin had already conceived follow up concepts and knew it would be a trilogy . Publication ( edit ) Marvel 's marketing department `` mega-hyped '' the event in the months leading up to its release according to journalist Sean Howe . One aspect of the promotion was sending direct market retailers a kit that included a letter explaining details of the series , a sign to put by their cash register , and a poster 18 inches wide by 36 inches tall . Marvel 's promotional magazine Marvel Age featured a cover story on Thanos Quest and a Starlin interview in issue 91 ( August 1990 ) , followed by a 7 - page preview of The Infinity Gauntlet # 1 in Marvel Age # 99 ( April 1991 ) . The limited series was the cover feature on Comics Interview # 94 in March 1991 , which included an 8 - page interview with Pérez , and Starlin was interviewed about the series in Comics Scene # 19 in June 1991 . Marvel initially planned to release new a new issue every two weeks , but deadline problems caused it to be released monthly . Issues had cover dates between July and December 1991 . Each one was available in both comic specialty stores and newsstand outlets , which included supermarkets and department stores . Although the cover artwork was identical , the edition sold in comic stores featured additional artwork celebrating Marvel 's 30th anniversary in place of the barcode found on the newsstand edition . Each issue was 48 pages and cover priced at $2.50 at a time when the average Marvel comic was $1.00 and 24 pages . Tie - ins ( edit ) Sleepwalker # 7 was a tie - in issue to Infinity Gauntlet , indicated by the triangle icon in the top right corner . The cover art is by Bret Blevins . To emphasize the connected nature of Marvel 's comic books , some ongoing series starring characters seen in The Infinity Gauntlet had contemporary issues that showed the main plot from a different point of view or explored consequences of certain events . These issues featured a triangle in the top right corner of their covers with the text `` An Infinity Gauntlet Crossover '' . These tie - in issues did not impact the plot of the limited series and could be skipped by readers without creating plot holes . Doctor Strange # 36 was set after the events of the crossover and featured a triangle with the text `` An Infinity Gauntlet Epilogue '' . Unlike other crossovers such as Secret Wars , Crisis on Infinite Earths or Armageddon 2001 ( the competing 1991 crossover from DC Comics ) which featured tie - ins from a large majority of their publisher 's comics , The Infinity Gauntlet only had tie - ins from titles that were obviously connected to the event or from series which needed a boost in sales . According to Pérez , Marvel 's stance toward the tie - ins for its low - selling titles was `` do it or else . '' Starlin remained hands - off when the tie - ins were plotted . He let interested writers look at his plans and choose for themselves which elements they wanted to use . He felt this was the best way to do it since he was unfamiliar with the current state of many of the characters , and had never even heard of Sleepwalker before . Title Issue ( s ) Cover date Writer Artist Cloak and Dagger ( vol 3 ) 18 June Terry Kavanagn Dave Cross and Sam Delarosa Doctor Strange ( vol 3 ) 31 -- 36 July -- December Roy and Dann Thomas Tony DeZuniga Incredible Hulk 384 -- 385 August -- September Peter David Dale Keown Quasar 26 September Mark Gruenwald Dave Hoover Silver Surfer ( vol 3 ) 51 -- 59 July -- November Jim Starlin ( 51 -- 52 ) Ron Marz ( 53 -- 59 ) Ron Lim and Tom Christopher Sleepwalker 7 December Bob Budiansky Bret Blevins Collected editions and reprints ( edit ) The miniseries was collected in a single softcover edition released in 1992 , a time when publishers only collected popular storylines , to coincide with the release of The Infinity War . It featured new cover artwork by Pérez and was enhanced with a foil logo . Later printings of this edition had alternate cover artwork from different artists and no enhancement . The suggested retail price was $19.95 , five dollars more than the total retail cost of the individual issues it contained . In June 2006 , Marvel issued a second softcover collected edition to coincide with Keith Giffen and Andrea Di Vito 's Annihilation , another cosmic - level crossover starring Thanos and the Silver Surfer . This edition used the cover art from issue # 1 and had a trade dress matching the first edition collections of The Infinity War and The Infinity Crusade which were released shortly thereafter . The month of release , it sold approximately 2,500 copies and was the 33rd best selling comic collection according to Diamond Distribution . Marvel also released a Silver Surfer collection subtitled `` The Rebirth of Thanos '' in 2006 that included four of the lead - in issues of Silver Surfer and both issues of Thanos Quest . A hardcover edition was released in July 2010 as the 46th entry in the Marvel Premiere Classic line . Like other volumes in this line , it was available with two covers . The standard cover featured a cutout of Thanos from the cover of issue # 4 on a black matte background with the title in metallic red ink . The variant cover , available only to comic specialty stores , featured the cover art for issue # 1 reduced 50 % against a black and red background . The variant edition identifies itself as # 46 on its spine . In 2011 , a third edition softcover was released . The first printing reused the artwork from the standard cover of the Premiere Classic edition . Later printings reverted to the cover of issue # 1 . Sales of the collection rose after Thanos appeared in a post-credits scene of the 2012 film The Avengers . In July 2014 , Marvel released a 1,248 page omnibus edition of The Infinity Gauntlet . In addition to the limited series , the hardcover also included the lead - up issues of Silver Surfer , Thanos Quest , and the marketed tie - ins . It also included additional issues of Incredible Hulk , Quasar , Silver Surfer , and Spider - Man that had not been advertised as tie - ins , but were connected to the story . Comic book stores and the book market both offered a regular edition featuring the cover to The Infinity Gauntlet # 1 , but comic shops could also order a variant edition with cover art by Starlin . The first issue of The Infinity Gauntlet was included in the initial wave of Marvel 's `` True Believers '' line in April 2015 . Consisting solely of reprints offered at a discount price , comic books in this line are meant to introduce newer readers to the most popular titles in Marvel 's history . A new printing was paired with a `` True Believers '' reprint of Silver Surfer # 34 in April 2018 . In March 2018 , Marvel released an Infinity Gauntlet slipcase set of 12 hardcover books . Material began with Infinity Gauntlet Prologue and included all three Infinity crossovers , their tie - ins , intervening material , and a 528 - page `` companion '' hardcover . Characters ( edit ) Thanos is a powerful alien being . He is a nihilist in love with Mistress Death , but she only speaks to him through her servants because he is not worthy of her attention . Prior to The Infinity Gauntlet , Thanos has undertaken several quests for power in order to win her affection . Mistress Death is the physical embodiment of death in the Marvel Universe . She wears a purple robe revealing only her face and hands , which appear either as a beautiful woman or a skeleton . She is one of several cosmic entities in the universe . Adam Warlock is a stoic hero who stopped Thanos during the Second Thanos War . During the encounter , he was trapped inside the soul gem , where he enjoyed a peaceful existence on Soul World . The Silver Surfer is a humanoid alien who served the cosmic entity Galactus by finding inhabited planets for him to consume . Having rebelled against Galactus and gained his freedom , the Silver Surfer now uses the power Galactus gave him to fight injustice and atone for his participation in genocide . Doctor Strange is one of Earth 's superheroes . He uses magic spells to battle opponents and is able to open portals to move people from one location to another quickly . Nebula is the captain of a band of space pirates . She claims to be Thanos ' granddaughter and commands his old spaceship . Mephisto is a literal devil , ruler of Marvel 's version of Hell , and a longtime foe of the Silver Surfer . He acts like a sycophant to Thanos , but he is actually manipulating Thanos toward defeat . Eternity is the living embodiment of the universe . Unless someone is overriding him with an Infinity Gem , he regulates the aspects of the universe controlled by the gems . The Living Tribunal is an entity with authority over Eternity and the Infinity Gems . He is tasked by an even higher power with overseeing and maintaining balance . Synopsis ( edit ) Lead up ( edit ) When the number of living things in the universe becomes greater than the number who have died , Mistress Death tasks Thanos with correcting the imbalance by killing half of the universe . The Silver Surfer learns of Thanos ' goal and opposes him , so Thanos fakes his own death to proceed without interference . While doing research in Death 's realm for the most efficient way to fulfill his task , Thanos discovers that the six Infinity Gems , powerful objects he had previously used as weapons , can grant their owner more power than he had understood before . Each gem has control over one facet of the universe - Space , Time , Reality , Mind , Soul , and Power . He journeys around the universe collecting them , adding them to his left gauntlet . Once assembled , he visits Death hoping she will now talk to him as an equal . Instead , she continues to speak to him through an intermediary because he is now her superior . The Silver Surfer learns Thanos is still alive and confronts him . In a display of his new power , Thanos traps the Silver Surfer 's soul inside the soul gem . On Soul World , the Silver Surfer meets Adam Warlock and tells him what Thanos has done . Warlock uses his powers to return the Silver Surfer to his body and promises to help defeat Thanos . The Silver Surfer travels to Earth to warn the Avengers and other superheroes about Thanos . Meanwhile , Mephisto senses the power of the Infinity Gauntlet and offers to teach Thanos how to use his new powers . Secretly , Mephisto is waiting for an opportunity to steal it for himself . Plot ( edit ) Angry that Mistress Death is still rejecting him , Thanos offers her tokens of affection . After creating a large shrine to Mistress Death , he traps burn victim Nebula in a painful state on the verge of death , which he believes to be a beautiful piece of art . When these offers are ineffective , Thanos vents his anger in a wave of force that destroys nearby stars . It has dissipated by the time it reaches Earth but still causes widespread disasters . Mephisto suggests Mistress Death is unhappy because Thanos has not yet completed his task , and Thanos causes half of the living things in the universe to vanish . Meanwhile , the Silver Surfer warns Doctor Strange about Thanos and encourages him to call for other heroes . The sudden disappearance of half the population prompts individuals across the universe to seek the source , including cosmic entities Galactus and Epoch . Adam Warlock leaves Soul World and enters a recently dead human body on Earth , reviving and altering it to match his former appearance . He appears before Doctor Strange and claims that Thanos can only be defeated if Earth 's remaining heroes unite under his command . While Warlock 's team of heroes prepares to attack Thanos , Warlock meets with a group of cosmic entities who have been gathered by Galactus and Epoch . They also oppose Thanos because they believe him unworthy of his power . At the gathering , Eternity appeals to the Living Tribunal to intervene and stop Thanos . When the Living Tribunal declines , it and Eternity leave the gathering . The remaining entities agree to attack Thanos upon Warlock 's command . As Doctor Strange opens a portal for Earth 's heroes to attack Thanos ' shrine , Warlock and the Silver Surfer position themselves one light year away to observe . When Thanos sees the heroes coming , he uses the Infinity Gauntlet to freeze time . As he is about to destroy them , Mephisto convinces him to limit his own power and let them attack as a way to prove his bravery and skill to Mistress Death . Although he stops sensory input from the gems and some of the heroes ' attacks surprise him , Thanos easily kills them . As Thanos raises his hand to strike the last survivor , Warlock sends the Silver Surfer racing to remove the Infinity Gauntlet . Thanos evades him , but the near - loss leads him to restore sensory input from the gems . Two similar images of Thanos taken from The Infinity Gauntlet . The image on the left , showing him with Mephisto , was drawn by George Perez . The image on the right , where Thanos confronts Nebula , was drawn by Ron Lim . Management was unsure of the artistic change at the time , and some critics found the different styles jarring . The cosmic entities attack Thanos as a group . During the battle , Mephisto and Mistress Death also attack him . Their betrayal infuriates Thanos , who traps all the entities in stasis and changes the shrine to feature himself instead of Mistress Death . Believing he has defeated all of his enemies , he separates his consciousness from his body and assumes an astral form . Nebula uses this opportunity to steal the Infinity Gauntlet , which was left behind on Thanos ' physical form . She restores herself to a healthy state and banishes Thanos to drift through interstellar space , but he is brought to Earth through one of Doctor Stranges ' portals at Warlock 's request . Privately , Warlock tells Thanos that through his bond with the soul gem , he was able to examine Thanos ' soul from Soul World while Thanos was in control of the gem . He explains that he knew Thanos would lose the Infinity Gauntlet because , at his core , Thanos felt himself unworthy of the power . Overwhelmed by this revelation , Thanos agrees to help Warlock , Doctor Strange , and the Silver Surfer oppose Nebula . Teleporting back to the shrine , Thanos distracts Nebula while Warlock returns to Soul World and uses his connection to the gem to create disharmony between the other gems . This causes Nebula pain , and she removes the gauntlet . Warlock leaves Soul World and claims the gauntlet for himself . Nebula is taken into custody and will be tried for crimes she committed as a pirate . Preferring death to imprisonment , Thanos appears to die in a suicide bomb blast . The other heroes are unhappy Warlock is keeping the Infinity Gauntlet , but he returns them to Earth . He travels 60 days into the future to visit an unnamed planet where Thanos is living as a farmer . He tells Warlock he has given up his quest for power and plans to lead a quiet , introspective life . Epilogue ( edit ) Strange visits Warlock to see how he is adjusting to his new powers . Warlock reveals his plan to remove selfish ambition and competitiveness from the universe , believing this will end war and strife . This course of action runs counter to Strange 's values , so he casts a spell causing the soul stone to show Warlock how the lack of ambition and competitiveness would reduce sentient beings into simple animals . Warlock changes his mind and promises to consider his actions more carefully . Eternity summons the Living Tribunal to determine if Warlock is worthy of the Infinity Gauntlet . When he is judged mentally unfit for power over the universe , he agrees to give five of the gems to individuals he determines to be best suited to protect them . Shortly thereafter , the Living Tribunal decrees that the gems can no longer be used together . Reception ( edit ) At release ( edit ) The Infinity Gauntlet was an instant success and became one of the most influential storylines in comics from the 1990s . Both of the nationwide comic distributors at the time ( Diamond Distribution and Capital City Distribution ) reported that each issue was one of their top ten sellers for the month of its release . When Capital City released their top 100 best selling single issues of 1991 , Infinity Gauntlet issues fell between the 42nd and 64th positions . Aside from the first issue of The Punisher War Zone , all of the higher ranked entries were issues of Spider - Man , Robin II , or the X-Men franchise . Wizard , a comic magazine known for embracing speculation in the comic market , listed The Infinity Gauntlet # 1 as the ninth `` Hottest Book '' in September 1991 , and two lead - in issues of Silver Surfer were ranked six and ten . The first issue 's price rose above its $2.50 cover price in the aftermarket , plateauing around $9 or $10 in late 1992 . The debut issue of the follow - up series , Warlock and the Infinity Watch , was the top recommendation from Wizard for December 1991 . It led directly into the first sequel , The Infinity War , which began in June 1992 . The next sequel , The Infinity Crusade , began in June 1993 . The tie - ins to The Infinity Gauntlet also sold well , leading the editors who had put limits on characters appearing in The Infinity Gauntlet to request their books tie in to its sequels . Although both sequels sold well , they were viewed by critics like Wizard 's Pat McCallum as being motivated by sales rather than storytelling because of their excessive tie - ins and slow narratives . In later years ( edit ) Toward the end of the decade , interest in The Infinity Gauntlet began to fade . Its sequels were poorly received by fans , and Warlock and the Infinity Watch was canceled in 1995 . That year , Marvel moved the Infinity Gems from their main continuity to an alternate universe called the Ultraverse , a property Marvel acquired when it bought Malibu Comics . The Ultraverse comics were then canceled in 1996 . By 1998 , Wizard was no longer listing Infinity Gauntlet in its monthly price guide . The first edition of the paperback collection saw its last printing in 1999 . The iconography of the gauntlet remained popular , however . When Marvel partnered with fellow Disney subsidiary ESPN to create promotional images for the 2010 -- 11 NBA season , the October 22 , 2010 issue of ESPN : The Magazine included an advertisement showing Kobe Bryant wearing the gauntlet . When IGN released an unranked list of the all - time best comic book events in 2011 , The Infinity Gauntlet was included and was noted for being `` a template on which all future cosmic events were based '' . Its lasting appeal is often attributed to Pérez 's artwork and Starlin 's unusual treatment of classic heroes . Since Thanos made a cameo appearance in the 2012 film The Avengers , there has been renewed interest in The Infinity Gauntlet that was further heightened in October 2014 when the title of the third and fourth Avengers films were revealed to be Infinity War - Part I and Infinity War - Part II . As the 2018 film Avengers : Infinity War neared release , several comic news websites produced articles explaining the storyline and speculating on which elements would be included in the adaptation . These articles often describe the story with adjectives such as `` epic '' , `` classic '' , and `` iconic '' . Not all of the attention was positive . In a 2013 series of reviews of cosmic Marvel storylines for Multiversity Comics , Drew Bradley felt that the story was only great if read in its entirety . At that time , the collected edition of act one was out of print , and most of act two had not been reprinted in any form . He felt the story would not live up to its hype if readers skipped the lead - in material . Mark Ginocchio enumerated ten reasons he felts the series was overrated on the pop culture website What Culture . He said the transition from Pérez to Lim was jarring for a reader , describing it as `` neither seamless nor unnoticeable '' . He also regretted that The Infinity Gauntlet overshadows Starlin 's earlier Thanos stories , which Ginocchio felt were superior . Writing for Digital Spy , Hugh Armitage complained that the comic lacked real consequences , calling it `` essentially ( ... ) a really bizarre love story '' . Legacy in Comics ( edit ) Aside from its immediate spin - off and sequels , the events of The Infinity Gauntlet have impacted storylines in later comics , including Thanos in 2003 , Avengers vol 4 in 2011 , and Secret Wars in 2016 . Several of these later stories have downplayed the power of the gauntlet , often showing someone possessing it being beaten by a more powerful opponent . The storyline from The Infinity Gauntlet has been revisited by other comic books in the years since its release . The series What If ... ? , which explores alternate outcomes to important events in the Marvel Universe , featured several issues in which different characters stole the gauntlet from Thanos or obtained it in another fashion . Beginning in August 2010 , writer Brian Clevinger and artist Brian Churillathe retold the story for a younger audience in the four - issue limited series Avengers and the Infinity Gauntlet as part of the Marvel Adventures imprint . He used the basic framework of the story , but purposefully wrote it in a way that did not invite comparisons to the original , with which he did not believe he could compete . During the 2015 crossover Secret Wars , a five - issue limited series by Gerry Dugan and Dustin Weaver reused the title and featured similar elements . Merchandise ( edit ) During initial publication , Tenacity Incorporated offered a licensed black T - shirt featuring cover artwork from the series . It was available exclusively through ads placed in Marvel comics . The front side had the cover from issue four , and the back had the cover from issue three . Although no contemporary toys were created for the series , several Thanos action figures have been created in the years since that include the Infinity Gauntlet either as an accessory or as part of the sculpt , such as the 12 inch Marvel Select toy and the 2 inch Super Hero Squad toy . In 2011 , a Marvel Universe toyline two - pack included Thanos , Warlock , an Infinity Gauntlet accessory for Warlock , and a reprint of The Infinity Gauntlet # 3 . Some toy sets have incorporated the series logo on their packaging , such as the 2009 Minimate set with Thanos , Warlock , Mephisto , and Drax the Destroyer or the San Diego Comic Con exclusive set with Marvel Universe editions of Thanos , Mistress Death , Eros , Nebula , and a wearable Infinity Gauntlet made of foam . A variety of licensed merchandise shaped the like Infinity Gauntlet has been created as well , including a coin bank and earrings from Think Geek , a bottle opener from Diamond Select Toys , a coffee mug from Entertainment Earth , and an oven mitt from Loot Crate . Adaptations ( edit ) Capcom adapted the storyline into two video games shortly after its release . The first , Marvel Super Heroes , was released as an arcade game in 1995 before being ported to Sega Saturn and PlayStation in 1997 . The second , Marvel Super Heroes In War of the Gems , was released in 1996 for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . After the animated television series The Super Hero Squad Show introduced an `` Infinity Sword '' in its first season , its second season ( 2010 - 2011 ) loosely adapted The Infinity Gauntlet . Griptonite Games released a tie - in video game , Marvel Super Hero Squad : The Infinity Gauntlet , for several platforms in 2010 . In October 2011 , WizKids announced they would adapt The Infinity Gauntlet into an organized play tournament for their collectible miniatures game Heroclix in 2012 . Vendors who wanted to participate qualified for free game kits by purchasing a minimum amount of new Heroclix booster packs . It began in January and a new round was held once a month through August . At each round , players received a special game piece for participating and winners received limited edition pieces based on characters from the storyline . The eight participation pieces could be combined to create Thanos ' shrine to Death and featured all of the gems . At the time of release , it was the largest Heroclix tournament . In 2014 , the early episodes of the second season of the animated cartoon Avengers Assemble adapted the storyline . It also included elements from the Thanos - centric 2013 crossover comic series Infinity written by Jonathan Hickman and penciled by Jim Cheung , Jerome Opeña , and Dustin Weaver , such as Thanos ' allies , the Black Order . Capcom released Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite for PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , and Microsoft Windows in September 2017 . While it features elements from the series , it is not a direct adaptation . To coincide with the game 's release , Capcom held a global tournament series called `` Battle for the Stones '' . The winner of the tournament received a cash prize and a light - up Infinity Gauntlet trophy . An Infinity Gauntlet prop with gems was included in the 2011 film Thor as an Easter egg for fans before Marvel Studios decided the Avengers films would adapt The Infinity Gauntlet . A post-credits scene in Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) showed Thanos with a gauntlet without gems , and the one from Thor was stated to have been a fake in Thor : Ragnarok ( 2017 ) . The 2018 film Avengers : Infinity War draws inspiration from The Infinity Gauntlet and depicts Thanos collecting the Infinity Gems , referred to in the Marvel Cinematic Universe as the Infinity Stones . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marvel was purchased by Ronald Perelman 's company MacAndrews & Forbes in 1989 . Jump up ^ Although Marvel characters had been meeting and interacting for years , these stories were typically contained within one character 's comic book , annuals , or a limited series . These rarely had a direct impact on the schedule or plot of other monthly comic books . In 1985 , Secret Wars II was the first limited series from Marvel that featured crossovers from regular monthly series . Although the frequency of inter-title crossovers increased after that , The Infinity Gauntlet was the second time the Secret Wars II format had been used . Jump up ^ Some comics are created with more collaboration between writers and artists than others . A style like the Marvel Method gives the artist more control and input into a story . A full script places more limits on the choices an artist can make . Jump up ^ Most comic specialty stores did not have barcode readers at the time , and this minor difference made it easy for publishers to distinguish the two editions . Newsstands could return unsold copies for credit , but specialty stores could not . Jump up ^ Because there are numerous price guides for comics and they do not always agree , a precise date and value for the plateau can not be determined . Jump up ^ The Thanos in this two - pack is a repaint of a previous release that included an Infinity Gauntlet as well . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Milgrom , Al ( 2002 ) . Introduction . The Life and Death of Captain Marvel . By Jim Starlin . New York City : Marvel Comics . ISBN 0785108378 . ^ Jump up to : Bradley , Drew ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Tradewaiter : Cosmic Marvel , Part 1 '' . Multiversity Comics . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jim Starlin ( 2009 ) . `` Contents '' . Marvel Masterworks Captain Marvel Volume 3 . New York City : Marvel Comics . p. v. ISBN 0785130152 . Jump up ^ Jim Starlin ( 2009 ) . `` Contents '' . Marvel Masterworks Warlock Volume 2 . New York City : Marvel Comics . p. v. ISBN 0785135111 . ^ Jump up to : Dutter , Barry ( 1988 ) . `` The Anti-Life of the Party '' . Comics Scene Quarterly vol 3 # 4 . Iola , Wisconsin : Krause Publications . Jump up ^ Cooke , Jon B ( 2009 ) . Introduction . Marvel Masterworks Warlock Volume 2 . By Jim Starlin . New York City : Marvel Comics . p. ix . ISBN 0785135111 . ^ Jump up to : Jim Starlin ( 2009 ) . `` Biographies '' . Marvel Masterworks Warlock Volume 2 . New York City : Marvel Comics . p. 224 . ISBN 0785135111 . Jump up ^ Salerno , John ( August 1990 ) . `` The Thanos Quest '' . Marvel Age . New York City : Marvel Comics . Jump up ^ `` The Avengers ' biggest villain , Thanos , explained '' . Polygon . February 12 , 2018 . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Steve Englehart ( w ) , John Buscema ( p ) , Dave Cockrum ( i ) . Avengers 125 ( July 1974 ) , New York City : Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , B ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Five Things To Keep In Mind While You Read Infinity Gauntlet -- Part 3 '' . Surreal Time Press . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : O'Neill , Patrick Daniel ( 1991 ) . `` George Perez '' . Comics Interview # 94 . New York City : Fictioneer Books . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Kim Howard ( 1988 ) . `` Saga of the Silver Spaceways '' . Comics Scene Quarterly vol 3 # 4 . Iola , Wisconsin : Krause Publications . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Zack ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` The Birth of Marvel Cosmic : Starlin on Warlock , Gamora , Thnaos , More pt 2 '' . Newsarama . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . I 'm not going to say who it was , but there was a writer who wanted to bring Warlock back , and I had just been doing the Silver Surfer series at that point , and they were going to let him do it unless I wanted to do it first , so I did it in self - defense . I was n't a big fan of this writer 's work . ^ Jump up to : Couch , Aaron ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Infinity Gauntlet ' : The Story of the Marvel Cinematic Universe 's Secret Weapon '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Billboard - Hollywood Reporter Media Group . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Brennanman , Chris ( August 2015 ) . `` The Infinity Saga '' . Back Issue ! # 82 . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing . pp. 68 -- 73 . Jump up ^ Raviv , Dan ( 2002 ) . `` Comic Wars '' . Random House . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2007 . Retrieved January 27 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Craig ( w ) . `` The Cosmic Pipeline '' Silver Surfer 41 : 30 ( September 1990 ) , New York , NY : Marvel Comics ^ Jump up to : McAvennie , Michael ( June 1991 ) . `` Running the Infinity Gauntlet '' . Comics Scene vol 3 # 19 . New York City : Starlog Communications . Jump up ^ McGloin , Matt ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` Jim Starlin Talks Thanos , Infinity Gauntlet , Marvel , Dc , New Projects With 215 Ink and More ( Video ) '' . Cosmic Book News . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence , Christopher ( February 11 , 2015 ) . George Pérez , Storyteller . Mt . Laurel , New Jersey : Dynamite Entertainment . p. 88 . ISBN 1933305150 . ^ Jump up to : Nolen - Weathington , Eric ( 2007 ) . Modern Masters Volume 2 : George Pérez . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing . pp. 60 -- 61 . 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External links ( edit ) The Infinity Gauntlet at the Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe Infinity Gauntlet at the Grand Comics Database Infinity Gauntlet ( storyline ) at the Comic Book DB Marvel Comics crossover event publication history 1980s Contest of Champions ( June 1982 ) Secret Wars ( May 1984 ) Secret Wars II ( July 1985 ) Mutant Massacre ( October 1986 ) The Fall of the Mutants ( January 1988 ) The Evolutionary War ( 1988 ) Inferno ( October 1988 ) Atlantis Attacks ( 1989 ) Acts of Vengeance ( December 1989 ) 1990s The Infinity Gauntlet ( July 1991 ) Operation : Galactic Storm ( March 1992 ) The Infinity War ( June 1992 ) The Infinity Crusade ( June 1993 ) Age of Apocalypse ( January 1995 ) DC vs. Marvel ( April 1996 ) Onslaught ( May 1996 ) Heroes Reborn ( 1996 ) Contest of Champions II ( September 1999 ) 2000s Maximum Security ( December 2000 ) JLA / Avengers ( September 2003 ) Secret War ( February 2004 ) Avengers Disassembled ( August 2004 ) House of M ( August 2005 ) Annihilation ( March 2006 ) Civil War ( July 2006 ) World War Hulk ( July 2007 ) Annihilation : Conquest ( August 2007 ) Secret Invasion ( June 2008 ) Dark Reign ( December 2008 ) Ultimatum ( January 2009 ) War of Kings ( March 2009 ) Fall of the Hulks ( March 2009 ) 2010s Realm of Kings ( January 2010 ) Siege ( January 2010 ) World War Hulks ( February 2010 ) Doomwar ( February 2010 ) The Thanos Imperative ( July 2010 ) Shadowland ( September 2010 ) Chaos War ( October 2010 ) Age of X ( January 2011 ) Fear Itself ( March 2011 ) Spider - Island ( June 2011 ) Ultimate Fallout ( July 2011 ) Avengers vs. X-Men ( April 2012 ) Age of Ultron ( March 2013 ) Infinity ( August 2013 ) Inhumanity ( December 2013 ) Original Sin ( May 2014 ) AXIS ( October 2014 ) Spider - Verse ( November 2014 ) The Black Vortex ( February 2015 ) Secret Wars ( May 2015 ) Avengers : Standoff ! 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-8540711691151662247	Roy Orbison and Friends: A Black and White Night	Roy Orbison and Friends : a Black and White Night - wikipedia Roy Orbison and Friends : a Black and White Night This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Roy Orbison and Friends : A Black and White Night is a 1988 Cinemax television special originally broadcast on January 3 , 1988 , starring triple Hall of Fame inductee ( Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame and Songwriters Hall of Fame ) rock / pop singer / songwriter Roy Orbison and backing band TCB Band with special guests including Bruce Springsteen , k.d. lang and others . The special was filmed entirely in black and white . After the broadcast the concert was released on VHS and Laserdisc . A live album was released in 1989 . Contents 1 Background 2 Releases 3 Certifications 4 Soundtrack 4.1 Track listing 4.2 2017 re-edited / re-sequenced Track listing 5 Personnel 6 Production Person 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) The special consisted of a performance of many of Orbison 's hits at the then Ambassador Hotel 's Coconut Grove nightclub in Los Angeles , filmed on September 30 , 1987 , approximately fourteen months before his death . Three songs , `` Blue Bayou '' , `` Claudette '' , and `` Blue Angel '' , were filmed but not included in the original broadcast due to time constraints . Other celebrity admirers of Orbison were in the audience , including David Lynch , Billy Idol , Patrick Swayze , Sandra Bernhard and Kris Kristofferson . The backing band was the TCB Band , which accompanied Elvis Presley from 1969 until his death in 1977 : Glen D. Hardin on piano , James Burton on lead guitar , Jerry Scheff on bass , and Ronnie Tutt on drums . Male background vocalists , some of whom also joined in on guitar , were Bruce Springsteen , Tom Waits , Elvis Costello , Jackson Browne , J.D. Souther and Steven Soles . The female background vocalists were k.d. lang , Jennifer Warnes and Bonnie Raitt . During the end credits , several of the band members are shown talking about how Orbison influenced them . Soon after the release on VHS and Laserdisc a bootleg CD titled ' A Black and White Night , Roy Orbison in Concert with the Billion Dollar Band ' surfaced , being a rare collectors item nowadays . This CD , which came before any official CD - release of the concert , has the same 15 songs in the same order as the original VHS / Laserdisc release and has catologue number RO. LA. 87 , referring to the artist , place and year of the recording . The audio from this special was released as an album by Virgin Records in 1989 , titled A Black & White Night Live . After Orbison 's death , his family provided the video to public television stations to air during their fund - raising campaigns . Releases ( edit ) The concert has been released in several home video formats , including VHS , Laserdisc , DVD , HD DVD , and Blu - ray . The soundtrack has been released on CD , SACD that features both Stereo and Multi Channel Mixes , 12 '' vinyl LP , and DVD - Audio . The Laserdisc release follows the tracklist of the broadcast and VHS , while the DVD release contains the two previously unreleased songs `` Blue Bayou '' and `` Claudette '' . The HD DVD , released in 2007 , and the Blu - ray , released in September 2008 , include those two songs as well as the previously - unreleased song `` Blue Angel '' as a bonus track . The DVD features standard definition 480i video in a standard 4 : 3 aspect ratio and three lossy soundtracks : Dolby Digital 2.0 Stereo , Dolby Digital 5.1 , and DTS 5.1 The Blu - ray features high definition 1080i video in a widescreen 16 : 9 aspect ratio and two lossless soundtracks : DTS - HD Master Audio 5.1 and LPCM 2.0 Also features the lossy soundtrack Dolby Digital 5.1 and , by extension , the lossy DTS core of the DTS - HD MA The HD DVD features high definition 1080i video in a widescreen 16 : 9 aspect ratio and at least one lossless soundtrack : Dolby TrueHD 5.1 Surround February 24 , 2017 saw the release of a re-edited 30th Anniversary Version of the Concert retitled `` Roy Orbison Black & White Night 30 , '' that contains footage that is not available on the out - of - print Blu - Ray and HD DVD releases that Image Entertainment distributed in 2007 / 2008 . The sequencing has been corrected to represent the actual Live song order at the concert . There is also new bonus footage with alternative versions of various songs that also can be viewed as part of the main concert . The audio is English Dolby TrueHD 5.1 and English LPCM 2.0 . Optional English SDH subtitles are not provided . Bonus Rehearsal and Interview Footage - presented here is the only known surviving footage of the Black & White Night rehearsal . The footage also contains clips from archival interviews that were conducted at the same time . In English , not subtitled. ( 38 min ) . Photo Gallery - original production stills. ( 4 min ) . Booklet - 20 - page illustrated booklet . Packaging photos are included at the bottom of this review . ( Please see screenshots ) . CD - the entire show presented on a bonus CD . Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 11 × Platinum 165,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 50,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 50,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Soundtrack ( edit ) Black & White Night Live album by Roy Orbison Released February 3 , 1989 Recorded September 30 , 1987 Genre Rock'n'roll , rockabilly , country Length 61 : 40 Label Orbison Producer T Bone Burnett Roy Orbison chronology Combo Concert : 1965 Holland ( 1998 ) Combo Concert : 1965 Holland 1998 Black & White Night ( 1998 ) Live ( 1998 ) Live 1998 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic A Black & White Night Live , the live album , was compiled and released posthumously from the television special . The album was released in February 1989 and included the songs `` Blue Bayou '' and `` Claudette '' that were cut from the original broadcast for time . However it did not include the song `` Blue Angel '' which was cut from the original broadcast for the same reason . The SACD / CD Hybrid Audio Disc includes `` Blue Angel '' as a bonus track - the SACD / CD Hybrid Disc is contained in a pack with the DVD released by Image Entertainment , USA ( ID27700BDVD ) Track listing ( edit ) All tracks composed by Roy Orbison and Joe Melson , except where indicated `` Only the Lonely '' `` Dream Baby '' ( Cindy Walker ) `` Blue Bayou '' `` The Comedians '' ( Elvis Costello ) `` Ooby Dooby '' ( Dick Penner , Wade Moore ) `` Leah '' ( Orbison ) `` Running Scared '' `` Uptown '' `` In Dreams '' ( Orbison ) `` Crying '' `` Candy Man '' ( Fred Neil , Beverly `` Ruby '' Ross ) `` Go Go Go ( Down the Line ) '' ( Orbison ) `` Mean Woman Blues '' ( Claude Demetrius ) `` ( All I Can Do is ) Dream You '' ( Billy Burnette , David Malloy ) `` Claudette '' ( not on original 1989 LP ) ( Orbison ) `` It 's Over '' ( Orbison , Bill Dees ) `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' ( Orbison , Bill Dees ) `` Blue Angel '' ( available on Blu - Ray ) On February 24 , 2017 , a 30th anniversary edition , titled Black & White Night 30 , was released . The edition has been expanded , re-edited , and remastered , and it is available both as a CD / DVD and a CD / Blu - ray set . 2017 re-edited / re-sequenced Track listing ( edit ) `` Intro '' `` Only the Lonely '' `` Leah '' `` In Dreams '' `` Crying '' `` Uptown '' `` The Comedians '' `` Blue Angel '' `` It s Over '' `` Running Scared '' `` Dream Baby ( How Long Must I Dream ) '' `` Mean Woman Blues '' `` Candy Man '' `` Ooby Dooby '' `` Blue Bayou '' `` Go Go Go ( Down the Line ) '' `` ( All I Can Do Is ) Dream You '' `` Claudette '' `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' ( Alternative Version ) * `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' The Secret Post Show ( Alternative Versions ) `` ( All I Can Do Is ) Dream You * `` Comedians * `` Candy Man * `` Claudette * `` Uptown * Personnel ( edit ) Roy Orbison : lead vocals , guitar , harmonica T Bone Burnett : acoustic guitar ; musical director TCB Band : Glen D. Hardin : piano James Burton : lead guitar Jerry Scheff : upright bass Ronnie Tutt : drums Guest performers : Bruce Springsteen : guitar , vocals Elvis Costello : acoustic guitar , electric organ , harmonica Tom Waits : electric organ , acoustic guitar Michael Utley : keyboard Lyle Lovett : keyboard Alex Acuña : percussion Ezra Klinger & Pavel Farkas : violin Jimbo Ross & Peter Hatch : viola Guest Vocalists : J.D. Souther : backing vocals ; acoustic guitar ; vocal arrangements Steven Soles : backing vocals Jackson Browne : backing vocals Bonnie Raitt : backing vocals k.d. lang : backing vocals Jennifer Warnes : backing vocals Production Person ( edit ) Lighting Designer : Lee Rose References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Music DVDs '' . ARIA Charts . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2016 . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Canadian video certifications -- Roy Orbison -- Black And White Night '' . Music Canada . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British video certifications -- Roy Orbison -- Black & White Night '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Select videos in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Black & White Night in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American video certifications -- Roy Orbison -- Black & White Night '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Video Longform , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ Roy Orbison and Friends , A Black and White Night at the Allmusic Jump up ^ `` Roy Orbison 's Black & White Night 30 DVD , Blu - ray and Audio CD Out Feb 24 on Roy 's Boys / Legacy , Featuring Never - Before - Seen Performances , Camera Angles and Mini-Documentary '' . PR Newswire . January 12 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Roy Orbison and Friends , A Black and White Night on IMDb Roy Orbison Studio albums Lonely and Blue ( 1961 ) Roy Orbison at the Rock House ( 1961 ) Crying ( 1962 ) In Dreams ( 1963 ) There Is Only One Roy Orbison ( 1965 ) Orbisongs ( 1965 ) The Orbison Way ( 1966 ) The Classic Roy Orbison ( 1966 ) Roy Orbison Sings Don Gibson ( 1967 ) The Fastest Guitar Alive ( 1967 ) Cry Softly Lonely One ( 1967 ) Roy Orbison 's Many Moods ( 1969 ) Big O ( 1970 ) Hank Williams the Roy Orbison Way ( 1970 ) Roy Orbison Sings ( 1972 ) Memphis ( 1972 ) Milestones ( 1973 ) I 'm Still In Love With You ( 1976 ) Regeneration ( 1977 ) Laminar Flow ( 1979 ) In Dreams : The Greatest Hits ( 1987 -- studio re-recordings of earlier hits ) Mystery Girl ( 1989 ) King of Hearts ( 1992 ) One of the Lonely Ones ( 2015 ) Compilations Roy Orbison 's Greatest Hits ( 1962 ) More of Roy Orbison 's Greatest Hits ( 1964 ) Early Orbison ( 1964 ) The Great Songs of Roy Orbison ( 1970 ) The All - Time Greatest Hits of Roy Orbison ( 1972 ) In Dreams : The Greatest Hits ( 1987 ) 16 Biggest Hits ( 1999 ) A Love So Beautiful ( 2017 ) Collaborations Class of ' 55 ( 1986 ) Traveling Wilburys Vol. 1 ( 1988 ) Soundtrack appearances Roadie ( 1980 ) Blue Velvet ( 1986 ) Less Than Zero ( 1987 ) Live A Black & White Night Live ( 1989 ) Singles `` Tryin ' to Get to You '' `` Ooby Dooby '' `` Go Go Go '' `` Only the Lonely '' `` Running Scared '' `` Crying '' `` Dream Baby ( How Long Must I Dream ) '' `` In Dreams '' `` Blue Bayou '' `` Pretty Paper '' `` It 's Over '' `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' `` Memphis , Tennessee '' `` You Got It '' `` She 's a Mystery to Me '' `` I Drove All Night '' Related articles Discography Traveling Wilburys Roy Orbison / The Beatles Tour Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roy_Orbison_and_Friends:_A_Black_and_White_Night&oldid=838694386 '' Categories : 1980s American television specials Roy Orbison video albums Roy Orbison albums Albums produced by T Bone Burnett 1988 live albums 1988 in American television Music television specials 1988 television specials Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Articles needing additional references from November 2009 All articles needing additional references Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 April 2018 , at 18 : 11 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	did bruce springsteen play with roy orbison's band	[]	[]
6830433492682426283	American Horror Story: Hotel	American Horror Story : Hotel - wikipedia American Horror Story : Hotel Jump to : navigation , search American Horror Story : Hotel Promotional poster and home media cover art Starring Kathy Bates Sarah Paulson Evan Peters Wes Bentley Matt Bomer Chloë Sevigny Denis O'Hare Cheyenne Jackson Angela Bassett Lady Gaga Country of origin United States No. of episodes 12 Release Original network FX Original release October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) -- January 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 13 ) Season chronology ← Previous Freak Show Next → Roanoke List of American Horror Story episodes American Horror Story : Hotel is the fifth season of the FX horror anthology television series American Horror Story . It premiered on October 7 , 2015 , and concluded January 13 , 2016 . The series was renewed in October 2014 , with the subtitle Hotel being announced in February 2015 . Returning cast from previous seasons of the series include : Kathy Bates , Sarah Paulson , Evan Peters , Wes Bentley , Matt Bomer , Chloë Sevigny , Angela Bassett , Mare Winningham , Christine Estabrook , Finn Wittrock , Anthony Ruivivar , John Carroll Lynch , Matt Ross , and Gabourey Sidibe , along with new cast members Lady Gaga and Cheyenne Jackson . Breaking from the anthological format , like Freak Show , the season is interconnected to the first and third seasons , and features an appearance by the Murder House , its original owner Dr. Charles Montgomery ( Ross ) , its realtor Marcy ( Estabrook ) , and the psychic Billie Dean Howard ( Paulson ) , as well as the appearance of the witch Queenie ( Sidibe ) . Hotel marks the first season to not feature series mainstays Jessica Lange and Frances Conroy . The plot centers around the enigmatic Hotel Cortez in Los Angeles , California , that catches the eye of an intrepid homicide detective ( Bentley ) . The Cortez is host to the strange and bizarre , spearheaded by its owner , The Countess ( Gaga ) , who is a bloodsucking fashionista . The hotel is loosely based on an actual hotel built in 1893 by H.H. Holmes in Chicago , Il . for the 1893 World 's Columbian Exposition . It became known as the ' Murder Castle ' as it was built for Holmes to torture , murder , and dispose of evidence just as is the Cortez . This season features two murderous threats in the form of the Ten Commandments Killer , a serial offender who selects his victims in accordance with biblical teachings , and `` the Addiction Demon '' , who roams the hotel armed with a drill bit dildo . According to creators Brad Falchuk and Ryan Murphy , thematically , Hotel is much darker than previous seasons . Inspiration came from old hotel horror films and actual hotels situated in downtown Los Angeles with a reputation for sinister events , including the Cecil . The cycle also marks a return to filming in Los Angeles , where the first two seasons were shot . Hotel features one of the most expansive sets in American Horror Story history , with production designer Mark Worthington building two stories on a soundstage , along with a working elevator and stairway . In July 2015 , FX launched a marketing campaign for the series , with most trailers and teasers touting Gaga 's involvement . Although Hotel was originally reported to consist of thirteen episodes ( à la Asylum , Coven , and Freak Show ) , that number was later revised to twelve ( à la Murder House ) . The season garnered a total of eight Emmy Award nominations , including two acting nominations for Paulson and Bates . It was the first time , however , that a season of American Horror Story was not nominated for Outstanding Limited Series . In addition , Gaga won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Mini-Series or Television Film while Hotel received a nomination for Best Mini-Series or Television Film . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Special guest stars 2.3 Recurring 2.4 Guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.1. 1 Conception and writing 4.1. 2 Set design 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Awards and nominations 6.3 Ratings 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The fifth season of American Horror Story focuses on the Downtown Los Angeles Hotel Cortez which has been recently purchased by a New York fashion designer , Will Drake ( Cheyenne Jackson ) . The 90 year old hotel is haunted by demons and mysterious ghosts including the founder , James Patrick March ( Evan Peters ) ; heroin junkie Sally ( Sarah Paulson ) ; and the strap - on - wielding Addiction Demon . Staff and residents of the hotel include the 111 - year - old `` vampire '' , Elizabeth / The Countess ( Lady Gaga ) , and her longtime paramour , the former drug - addict Donovan ( Matt Bomer ) , as well as Donovan 's mother , the manager and front desk clerk Iris ( Kathy Bates ) ; the eccentric transgender bartender Liz Taylor ( Denis O'Hare ) ; and the Countess ' vengeance - obsessed lover , Ramona Royale ( Angela Bassett ) . As the season unfolds , the information and backstory of each character is revealed . Elizabeth was married to James March and had an illegal abortion at the Murder House ( of AHS Season One ) back in 1926 . Ramona was a Hollywood actress who had a romantic past with Elizabeth , before the latter killed Ramona 's new boyfriend in a jealous rage . Liz was formerly known as Nick Pryor and lived in Topeka , Kansas up until 1984 when she was given a makeover and christened as Liz Taylor by Elizabeth . Sally , after supplying Donovan heroin , was shoved out a window by an angered Iris . Finally , James tortured and murdered many visitors to his hotel , which he built with a series of secret chutes and hallways used primarily for covertly disposing the bodies of his victims . The present and past stories of the Hotel are interwoven with the present tale of Detective John Lowe ( Wes Bentley ) , who is first drawn to the hotel by a series of murders committed by a serial killer the victims of whom each exemplify a sin in violation of one of the Ten Commandments , and his wife , Dr. Alex Lowe ( Chloe Sevigny ) . As the season unfolds , it is revealed that certain past events -- including the earlier disappearance of Lowe 's young son Holden -- are also entangled in the stories of the Countess and the Hotel Cortez . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main articles : List of American Horror Story characters and List of American Horror Story : Hotel characters Main ( edit ) Lady Gaga , Denis O'Hare , and Wes Bentley ( left to right ) portray The Countess , Liz Taylor , and Det . John Lowe , respectively . Sarah Paulson , Evan Peters , and Kathy Bates ( left to right ) portray Sally McKenna , James Patrick March , and Iris , respectively . Matt Bomer , Angela Bassett , and Chloë Sevigny ( left to right ) portray Donovan , Ramona Royale , and Dr. Alex Lowe , respectively . Kathy Bates as Iris Sarah Paulson as Sally McKenna and Billie Dean Howard Evan Peters as James Patrick March Wes Bentley as Det . John Lowe Matt Bomer as Donovan Chloë Sevigny as Dr. Alex Lowe Denis O'Hare as Liz Taylor Cheyenne Jackson as Will Drake Angela Bassett as Ramona Royale Lady Gaga as Elizabeth Johnson / The Countess Special guest stars ( edit ) Mare Winningham as Hazel Evers Finn Wittrock as Tristan Duffy and Rudolph Valentino Naomi Campbell as Claudia Bankson Lily Rabe as Aileen Wuornos Gabourey Sidibe as Queenie Recurring ( edit ) Lennon Henry as Holden Lowe Richard T. Jones as Det . Andrew Hahn Shree Crooks as Scarlett Lowe Lyric Lennon as Lachlan Drake Jessica Belkin as Wren Max Greenfield as Gabriel Helena Mattsson as Agnetha Kamilla Alnes as Vendela Anton Lee Starkman as Max Ellison Darren Criss as Justin Guest stars ( edit ) Mädchen Amick as Mrs. Ellison Christine Estabrook as Marcy Alexandra Daddario as Natacha Rambova Roxana Brusso as Dr. Kohan David Naughton as Mr. Samuels John Carroll Lynch as John Wayne Gacy Seth Gabel as Jeffrey Dahmer Anthony Ruivivar as Richard Ramirez Nico Evers - Swindell as Craig Robert Knepper as Lieutenant Jessica Lu as Babe Kristen Ariza as Mrs. Pritchard Mouzam Makkar as Nurse Leena Matt Ross as Dr. Charles Montgomery Charles Melton as Mr. Wu David Barrera as Dr. Kaplan Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of American Horror Story episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 52 `` Checking In '' Ryan Murphy Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) 5ATS01 5.81 Two female Swedish tourists check into the Hotel Cortez in downtown Los Angeles . They are attacked by a disfigured creature who was inside their room 's mattress . Meanwhile , Detective John Lowe is investigating the torture - murder of a couple and goes to the Cortez for clues . He sees a vision there of his missing son Holden , who was abducted five years earlier . Heroin addict Gabriel checks in and is violently raped by the Addiction Demon . The resident couple , Countess Elizabeth and Donovan have a foursome with a couple they met , murdering them after and savoring their blood . In a 1994 flashback , it is revealed that the hotel manager Iris shoved Hypodermic Sally out a window to her death after Sally drugged Donovan to death . John arrives at the hotel and checks into Room 64 . 53 `` Chutes and Ladders '' Bradley Buecker Tim Minear October 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) 5ATS02 4.06 Will Drake , a designer and the new owner of the Cortez , hosts a fashion show in the hotel , which model and actor Tristan Duffy , a drug addict and narcissist , stars in . Elizabeth turns Tristan into a vampire and the two engage in a relationship . Donovan becomes jealous , resulting in Elizabeth ending their relationship . Iris tells John about the hotel : The sadistic James Patrick March built the hotel in 1926 as a place for him to torture and murder people . Eventually , the police find him , so he and his loyal laundress Miss Evers commit suicide . Will 's son Lachlan shows John 's eight - year - old daughter Scarlett a room that contains coffins for Elizabeth 's vampire children . Scarlett recognizes her brother , Holden , in one of the coffins and later takes a photo with him to prove to her parents that he is alive ; however , Holden is blurry in the photo . 54 `` Mommy '' Bradley Buecker James Wong October 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) 5ATS03 3.20 Tristan meets March and promises to murder Will . Elizabeth stops Tristan from killing Will and reveals that she plans to marry the designer and murder him to gain his entire estate . Iris is rejected as a mother by Donovan who convinces her to kill herself . Donovan is kidnapped by Ramona Royale ( Angela Bassett ) , an ex-lover of Elizabeth . Ramona aims to kill Elizabeth 's children in revenge for her murdering Ramona 's male lover . She releases Donovan when he reveals he and Elizabeth broke up . Iris decides to end her life by overdosing on heroin supplied to her by Sally . Donovan bursts in and turns her by feeding her his vampire blood to save her . John 's doctor wife Alex ( Chloë Sevigny ) gives him divorce papers at the Cortez . There , she is shocked to see Holden , who greets her . 55 `` Devil 's Night '' Loni Peristere Jennifer Salt October 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 28 ) 5ATS04 3.04 On Devil 's Night ( Oct. 30 ) , serial killer Richard Ramirez checks in and goes on a murder spree . More serial killers check in , including Aileen Wuornos , who tries to kill John . The hotel 's transgender bartender Liz Taylor informs John of March 's annual Devil 's Night dinner , where the spirits of the most notorious American serial killers , who had checked into the hotel prior to their death , come together to celebrate their crimes . John is introduced to Ramirez , John Wayne Gacy , Jeffrey Dahmer , and the masked Zodiac Killer . During the dinner , he witnesses the guests murdering a man for `` dessert . '' Alex takes Holden home , but then Holden leads her to Elizabeth , who explains that she took Holden away to `` save him '' . Elizabeth offers Alex the opportunity to become a vampire so she can spend eternity with her son and she agrees . 56 5 `` Room Service '' Michael Goi Ned Martel November 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 04 ) 5ATS05 2.87 Donovan and Ramona decide to get revenge on Elizabeth by making Iris their inside man . The newly - turned vampire Alex saves her dying kid patient Max by turning him , not knowing the consequences . Max feeds on his parents and starts a strain of virus at school , infecting his classmates , who then feed on the teachers . At the Cortez , John awakes in bed with Sally . She claims he practically dragged her into his room , where they had sex but John denies doing any of it . A pair of arrogant hipsters check in and provoke Iris to the point of tears . She receives comfort from Liz Taylor , who details how she came to be at the hotel . Iris brutally murders and feeds on the hipsters in a rage , feeling better after . Alex starts working as the vampire children 's new governess under Elizabeth 's rules . 57 6 `` Room 33 '' Loni Peristere John J. Gray November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) 5ATS06 2.64 In 1926 in the Murder House ( from Season One ) , Dr. Charles Montgomery meets with Elizabeth to perform an abortion . During the process , the baby attacks Charles ' nurse . He tells Elizabeth she had a boy . In present day , it is revealed that Elizabeth keeps him in Room 33 . John discovers Alex in the coffin and faints . Realizing he is losing his sanity , he checks out and returns home . Donovan , Ramona and Iris plan to murder Elizabeth 's vampire children but Donovan backs out . He meets Agnetha and Vendela , the two Swedish tourists , who are now ghosts unable to leave the hotel , and he explains to them that they must find their purpose . Tristan and Liz fall in love but worry about Elizabeth 's reaction . They ask her if they can be together , but Elizabeth kills Tristan in retaliation . 58 7 `` Flicker '' Michael Goi Crystal Liu November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) 5ATS07 2.64 In present day , two ghoulish figures are found in a barricaded corridor in Hotel Cortez . In 1925 Los Angeles , a young human Elizabeth gets into a relationship with actor Rudolph Valentino and his wife Natacha . He dies suddenly and Elizabeth heartbrokenly marries James March . Valentino later returns and explains he faked his death and is now a vampire . He changes Elizabeth , but a jealous March traps Valentino and his wife in the corridor , where they have been for years : they are the ghoulish figures who were found . John Lowe checks into a mental health hospital and meets a child named Wren , who was an accomplice to The Ten Commandments Killer . He and Wren escape and she reveals to him that the killer is at the Cortez . Wren then darts into traffic , not wanting to live forever anymore , and is run over . 59 8 `` The Ten Commandments Killer '' Loni Peristere Ryan Murphy December 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) 5ATS08 2.31 John heads to the Cortez , where Sally leads him to Room 64 and unveils a secret room that March had built . She reveals that John has been the murderer all along : he was repressing his memories of the murders , but believes he is doing them to correct the injustice he sees everywhere . Through flashbacks , it is shown that John had first visited the Cortez in 2010 . He met March , who decided John was the perfect protege to continue his work . To get him to truly fall into darkness and stop holding back , March had Elizabeth kidnap Holden . Distraught , John 's first murder is Martin Gamboa , a child molester . John almost kills himself after realizing what he has done , but March saves him . 60 9 `` She Wants Revenge '' Michael Uppendahl Brad Falchuk December 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) 5ATS09 2.14 Elizabeth reflects on her situation and realizes she only has space for those she can feel love for . She tracks down Valentino and Natacha and reunites with them . She plans to construct the Cortez as a shelter against the modern world for her and Valentino , but only once she murders Will and inherits his fortune . Alex tracks down the kids from the school massacre and finds the bodies of their parents . She attempts to bring them back to the Cortez but they refuse help . Donovan and Ramona enact their plan of vengeance but just as Ramona is about to stab Elizabeth , Donovan betrays her and traps her in the blocked hallway . Will marries Elizabeth in a private ceremony and immediately after , Elizabeth imprisons Will with Ramona and watches on a camera as Ramona slashes Will and drinks his blood . 61 10 `` She Gets Revenge '' Bradley Buecker James Wong December 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 16 ) 5ATS10 1.85 Elizabeth kills Natacha so she and Valentino can be together while Donovan kills Rudolph out of jealousy . John and Alex rekindle their relationship now that they have Holden back , and find the rogue vampire children turned because of Alex saving Max . They take the children back to the hotel and trick them into being sealed in with Ramona . Sally does not like that John and Alex are back together , feeling used because she 'd been there for John when Alex was n't . Miss Evers helps Liz reconnect with her son , Douglas , whom she has not seen for 31 years , and they invite him to come to the hotel . Douglas admits he wants his father in his life , regardless if she is a woman , changing Liz 's decision about committing suicide with Iris . Instead , Liz and Iris team up to take over the hotel , starting with shooting up the penthouse with Donovan and Elizabeth inside . 62 11 `` Battle Royale '' Michael Uppendahl Ned Martel January 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 06 ) 5ATS11 1.84 Liz and Iris shoot Elizabeth and Donovan , and Elizabeth escapes while Donovan lies dying . At his request , Iris and Liz move him outside the hotel to die so his spirit will not be trapped inside forever . Sally saves Elizabeth , reviving her with blood from her vampire children , and reveals her past . Iris and Liz free Ramona to use as a weapon against Elizabeth . Ramona confronts a now - weak Elizabeth , but is seduced by her old lover . Elizabeth packs and is about to leave the hotel for good but she is gunned down by John as his final kill : `` Thou Shalt Not Commit Murder . '' Now trapped in the hotel forever , Elizabeth 's ghost arrives at March 's suite , where he tells her that he can finally forgive Elizabeth for turning him in to the police ; she reveals that she did not . Hazel admits she was the one who called the police so that she could have March to herself . March banishes Hazel from his presence , who feels oddly free now that she is not bound to him . 63 12 `` Be Our Guest '' Bradley Buecker John J. Gray January 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 13 ) 5ATS12 2.24 A year later , Liz reflects on the reinvention of the Hotel Cortez under her and Iris 's new management . The two lament the problems that the murderous ghosts are leaving them with . Sally and Will do n't want to stop killing the guests but March agrees that they need to stop until the Cortez becomes a historical landmark . Liz and Iris inspire Sally and Will to release their urges through other means . Liz discovers she is terminally ill and decides to die in the Hotel so she will be with the other ghosts and vampires , whom she considers her family . After becoming a ghost , Liz visited by Tristan , who stayed invisible while she was alive so that she could live her life . Psychic Billie Dean Howard begins investigating the Cortez with her TV show , making the residents worry . John takes Billie Dean to Devil 's Night , where they threaten to kill her if she mentions the Cortez again . Elizabeth proceeds to seduce a man who looks like Donovan , finding a new lover in his image , implying she loved Donovan after all . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Conception and writing ( edit ) Incidents which happened at The Cecil , situated in downtown Los Angeles , were one of the inspirations behind season 5 , Hotel . On October 13 , 2014 , FX renewed the series for a fifth season for an October 2015 premiere . Network president John Landgraf stated that the season would necessitate a `` huge reinvention '' for the series . The season 's subtitle was confirmed as Hotel in February 2015 . The theme and Gaga 's involvement were hinted in the previous installment as an image of a top hat , an arcane clue alluding to the 1935 screwball musical comedy film Top Hat , which is set in a hotel and features a song called `` Cheek to Cheek '' , also the title of Gaga 's duet album with Tony Bennett . Co-creator Ryan Murphy explained that the casting included a number of actors and singers , but would be a much darker season compared to the previous ones . Inspiration came from old hotel horror films and actual hotels situated in downtown Los Angeles , with horrific reputations . This included The Cecil , where the death of 21 - year - old Canadian student Elisa Lam occurred . Murphy had watched a surveillance video of Lam in the hotel , in which she displayed erratic behavior just hours prior to her supposed death . It was around this time that the writing for Hotel was conceptualized , which included Murphy 's personal phobia and fears , a fear that had not been explored since the first season . The upcoming season that we 're doing is much more horror - based ; it 's much more dark . It 's about a theme and an idea that 's very close to my heart that I 've always wanted to do that 's a little bloodier and grislier , I think , than anything that we 've done before ; it 's straight horror this year . Murder House , I thought , was a very primal season because everybody 's great fear is about the bogeyman under the bed in their house , and this feels similar to me in that when you check into a hotel , there are certain things beyond your control ... Other people have the keys to your room ; they can come in there . You 're not exactly safe , it 's a very unsettling idea . Murphy and some of the cast appeared at the 2015 Comic - Con International and revealed further information about the series . `` ( Angela Bassett , Kathy Bates , Matt Bomer , Sarah Paulson and Evan Peters ) are bad boys and girls this time . '' Regarding the season having no primary character , Murphy confessed that `` the thing that 's different about the season is that before we 've always been very driven by the Jessica Lange character . She was always the lead character ... This year , it 's a true ensemble and I think we have more male parts and more male stories . The Wes Bentley part is really big , the Matt Bomer part is really big ; Evan Peters and Finn Wittrock are really big . ( But ) that 's not to say that the women are n't either . '' Co-creator Brad Falchuk explained that like the first and second season of the series , Hotel would explore the `` trapped '' horror trope , though the actions would not be limited to just within the premises . `` This season , the horror is sneaking out of the hotel , '' he added explaining that the plot would revolve around the hotel in the center , with a more noir like ambience . Named as Hotel Cortez , the titular structure was built by James March in 1930 , who was created as a rich and charming but deeply psychotic character . The season features two tormentors , The Ten Commandments Killer , who is inspired by biblical teachings , and The Addiction Demon , who wields a drill bit dildo . They are in the vein of previous seasons ' Bloody Face and Rubber Man , respectively . The Halloween episode , `` Devil 's Night '' , features a dinner with `` the biggest serial killers of all time '' , including Wuornos and John Wayne Gacy . Set design ( edit ) The Hotel 's two - story lobby set , along with a working elevator , was constructed over the course of seven weeks . While no particular hotel served as inspiration , production designer Mark Worthington was influenced by Timothy Pflueger and William Van Alen when selecting patterns and schemes , stating , `` Tonally , I thought Art Deco would make sense for the horror genre because it can be dark and spiky and odd and the composition is strange . It 's beautiful , but it is n't necessarily inviting . '' The hotel consists of labyrinthine structures housing March 's murderous fantasies with dead ends , secret rooms and includes plot - lines corresponding to it . A painting of Hernán Cortés , after whom the establishment is named , hangs in the reception area . Worthington and his team had a hand in creating even the smallest of details ; such as hotel insignias for the light fixtures , bar coasters , and a venus flytrap column carving that reflects the nature of Gaga 's character . The staircase was structured in such a way as to not pull focus from the elevator , which will serve as prime location . The exterior of the set was inspired by the James Oviatt Building in Downtown Los Angeles , while the interior decorations were modeled from the Cicada restaurant situated inside the Oviatt . Casting ( edit ) Gaga hosted a Hotel themed party at her residence for the cast and crew after the first week of filming . She hung black lace curtains , and dyed her swimming pool blood red . In February 2015 , it was announced that American singer Lady Gaga had joined the show . Murphy stated she wanted her role in the series to be `` evil '' . He also explained that Hotel would be devoid of any musical numbers . Instead Gaga 's character , Elizabeth / The Countess , is a fashion icon and owner of the Hotel Cortez . Created as a glamorous socialite character , The Countess maintains her beauty by imbibing human blood . Murphy was so pleased with Gaga 's performance that he invited her back for the yet - to - be-confirmed sixth season of the series , before Hotel had even made its debut . In March 2015 , series star Jessica Lange definitively announced that she would not be returning for the fifth season . During PaleyFest 2015 , it was announced that Matt Bomer and Cheyenne Jackson would co-star . Afterwards , more castings were confirmed , including Sarah Paulson , Evan Peters , Kathy Bates , and Angela Bassett . Murphy tweeted about the latter 's involvement in Hotel , including a plotline with Gaga , as a character called Ramona Royale , an actress and former lover of The Countess returning to the titular hotel for revenge . Chloë Sevigny , who was a recurring special guest in Asylum , returned to the series for Hotel , playing the wife of Wes Bentley 's character , a detective . In May 2015 , it was announced that Max Greenfield would also be joining the cast , in a role later revealed to be that of an addict . Greenfield had to dye his hair platinum blond for the role . His is intertwined to that of Sally 's ( Paulson ) and together with The Addiction Demon feature `` the most disturbing scene '' the show had ever produced , according to Murphy . In an interview with Vanity Fair , Paulson described Sally as someone who is `` selfish and greedy '' , with hygiene problems . The next month , Murphy announced that Denis O'Hare would return as a cross-dressing bar worker in the hotel . He also confirmed that Finn Wittrock would return in the new role of Tristan Duffy , a male model who is involved in a love triangle with Gaga and Bomer , and later a fated love of Liz 's . Wittrock explained that the character might have similarities to his previous Freak Show character , Dandy Mott . In July 2015 , Murphy stated that Coven alum Emma Roberts would return for a few episodes toward the finale , after completing filming on her Fox series , Scream Queens . Her character would be associated with James March ( Peters ) . While promoting Queens in September 2015 , Roberts spoke about her role with less certainty , but optimism , stating , `` ... it 's just everything you could dream of and more . Everything you could nightmare about and more . Granted , things over there are always changing , but I definitely want to go back to it . If it still stands , what Ryan told me , everyone 's in for a great shock . '' However , she later confirmed that she would be unable to return , due to her demanding feature schedule . Furthermore , she did state that Murphy and her had already discussed about a `` devilish '' role for her in the forthcoming season six . Later in July , Richard T. Jones joined the cast as Detective Hahn , a homicide detective , for an eight - episode arc . That same day , Helena Mattsson announced that she had also joined the series in an unspecified role . Series alum Lily Rabe portrayed infamous serial killer Aileen Wuornos during the Halloween installment and the finale . With her appearance in the season , Rabe is one of three cast members to appear in all five seasons ( along with Paulson and Peters ) of the show . Naomi Campbell was cast as a fashion editor who does not get along with Gaga 's character . In August 2015 , Murphy revealed that Mädchen Amick joined the season as a `` mother of a boy who becomes ill '' , and shares screen time with Alex Lowe ( Sevigny ) . Later in the month , Darren Criss was announced to guest star as a hipster that has conflicts with Iris ( Bates ) , while Mare Winningham joined as the laundress of the Cortez , who works closely with Mr. March , in the 1920s . Christine Estabrook returned to the series as Marcy ; the realtor who sold the first season 's Murder House to the Harmons . Gabourey Sidibe appeared in the eleventh episode as her Coven persona Queenie . Paulson also reprised her first season role of psychic Billie Dean Howard , appearing in the final episode of the season . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography for the season began on July 14 , 2015 , in Los Angeles , California , marking a return to where the series shot its first two cycles ( Murder House and Asylum ) . According to the Los Angeles Times , creative reasons , not economic factors , was the deciding key for moving the series from Louisiana back to Los Angeles since Hotel 's story is connected to the city . Murphy revealed a six - story hotel set was being built on the Fox lot . A dummy set of the hotel was built at Comic - Con , showing an Art Deco style building from the 1920s , inspired by the old Hollywood era . Murphy announced at the TCA Summer Press Tour in August 2015 that he would be directing the season 's Halloween episode , `` Devil 's Night '' , marking the first time in series history that he will helm more than the premiere . He stated he would direct it `` because I love the script so much , when we finished it I said , ' I ca n't give this to anybody else ' . '' However , ultimately Murphy did not direct the episode . In an interview with Entertainment Tonight , Murphy spoke about Gaga 's entrance scene , confirming it to be about six minutes long and describing it as `` like a silent movie with no dialogue , and lots of blood and nudity '' . Exterior shots were filmed at the James Oviatt Building Greenfield recalled that Murphy wanted to push the limits of the scenes between him , Paulson and The Addiction Demon , while admitting that it was scary . Paulson described it as a normal day of shooting for her since she was accustomed to the theatrics surrounding the show . She added , `` None of it 's crazy to me . I walk in and I 'm like ' Hello conical dildo demon person ' . I do n't even think twice . '' For The Countess and Donovan , who both suffer from blood lust , Murphy was insistent on chainmail gloves being used as their weapons of choice . Costume designer Lou Eyrich created the custom gloves in the mold of armor , deriving inspiration from artist Daphne Guinness ; `` We wanted it to look both rock - n - roll but old at the same time . But then the nail that pops out with diamonds on the edge to slice you , '' said Eyrich . Filming also took place at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art , in front of Chris Burden 's art installation called Urban Light , where Gaga was seen in a floor length pink gown shooting scenes . Media reported that the filming involved a party scene with Gaga walking through the installation while singer Dinah Washington 's `` Coquette '' played in the background . Entertainment Weekly 's Tim Stack spent three days on set , where he witnessed the filming of a foursome / murder scene , involving Gaga and Bomer 's characters . Murphy recounted Gaga 's day of filming stating , `` You write a foursome for her and you expect a lot of questions . She never did that . She showed up and she was wearing diamond pasties , a Band - Aid on her hoo - ha , heels , and a black veil that Alexander McQueen made for her on the day before his death . '' Additional filming for the exterior shots of the Hotel Cortez took place outside the James Oviatt Building . Other locations include the lower level of the Los Angeles Theatre at 615 South Broadway , The Majestic Downtown at 650 South Spring Street acting as John Lowe 's office , the Loews Hollywood Hotel at 1755 Highland Avenue filming The Ten Commandments Killer murder scene , and Hollywood Forever Cemetery , where scenes with Gaga and Bomer were shot . Also used was the house from the first season located at 1120 Westchester Place . O'Hare revealed that he had filmed three episodes by September 2015 , with his scenes involving Bomer , Sevigny and Bates mostly . `` We 're kind of doing it piecemeal . You 'll do five days on this one , three days on that one . You know , they always start out rocking . There 's no warm - up . You 're in it , '' the actor explained . He later went on to compare the aesthetic to Murder House , stating , `` It feels like season 1 in many ways ... and I think it 's because we 're back in LA . You ca n't help it ! '' He also revealed that his character , Liz Taylor , would be wearing a dress that Lange was supposed to wear in Coven . The actor explained that for his part , he had to shave his body including his head , and wear eye make - up , since the character was inspired by actress Elizabeth Taylor 's films like BUtterfield 8 ( 1960 ) and Cleopatra ( 1963 ) . Marketing ( edit ) In February 2015 , Gaga tweeted a link to the first promotional video for the upcoming season with the caption `` Make your reservation now . # GagaAHSHotel '' announcing her presence in the season and the official title . In July 2015 , a promotional trading card was unveiled by Entertainment Weekly , available at Comic - Con , where after entering the hotel set built there , one could receive the trading card with a promotional key . The first official teaser for the season was released later that month , showing Gaga 's long - nailed hand ringing the bell at the front desk . In August 2015 , FX revealed the premiere date of the season along with a new teaser poster , showing an Art Deco peephole on a wooden door , beyond which an obscure image revealed a blond woman putting a body to bed . Later that month , Entertainment Weekly exclusively unveiled two teaser trailers of the season , entitled `` Beauty Rest '' and `` Do Not Disturb '' , set to singer Heidi Feek 's cover of Elvis Presley 's 1956 single , `` Heartbreak Hotel '' . On August 26 , Entertainment Weekly revealed exclusive cast photos , along with character descriptions . Gaga also took to her Twitter account to release another photo , showing her as The Countess with three cherubic blond boys , who are seemingly sucking on bottles of blood . The singer captioned the image : `` We are family . Meet my magical children . HOTEL # AHS . '' Murphy released three new teasers through his Twitter account , titled `` Towhead '' , `` Sleepwalk '' , and `` Jeepers Peepers '' , all set to `` Heartbreak Hotel '' . Jef Rouner from Houston Press complimented the teasers , describing them as `` things of fleeting , awful beauty . So far I 've seen six for this season and at least one of them is creepier than every episode of Coven combined ... Each one of these is usually less than 15 seconds long and they are murderously effective . I find myself wanting to watch the show again . '' On September 10 , 2015 , an extended teaser was released , featuring a psychedelic tour of the hotel , with cameos by most of the cast . Few days later , two more trailers were released , one showed the hand of an addict , with a keyhole in place of the needle point , while the other , titled `` Above & Below '' , portrays Gaga as The Countess , with several psychedelic intercuts inside a hotel , featuring Rammstein 's `` Du hast '' . American retail chain Hot Topic announced on their Instagram account that starting September 28 , 2015 , they will launch a clothing and apparel line based on Hotel , that will be sold in - store and online . On September 16 , 2015 , a featurette was released , giving more details about the season and showing some footage . An actual scene from the season , released in October 2015 , showed Bentley 's character resting in the Hotel , while Greenfield 's character hiding underneath his bed . Same day the title sequence of the season was released by Murphy , consisting of the same soundtrack like previous seasons , intercut with scenes of a dirty hotel and the Ten Commandments written across a wall . Jacob Bryant from Variety was impressed with the clip , saying that `` The opening credits for ( American Horror Story ) have always managed to be unsettling , but season five 's creepy credits might top the list . '' Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) American Horror Story : Hotel initially received mixed reviews from critics , but , as the season progressed , the reviews became more positive . The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season a 63 % approval rating ( average episode score of 75 % ) with an average rating of 6.38 / 10 based on 43 reviews . The site 's consensus reads , `` Favoring garish style over effective storytelling , the fifth American Horror Story strands a talented cast at Ryan Murphy 's Hotel . '' On Metacritic , the season was given a score of 60 out of 100 based on 24 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Dan Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter gave a positive review , writing , `` Early on , Hotel has n't hooked me with its storytelling , but it 's always fun to see what the series does with its repertory acting company and with new additions . Throw in the normal grotesquerie and visual panache and that should keep me going for a while , even if all of the humor appears to have been funneled into Scream Queens . '' Amber Dowling of TheWrap also gave a positive review , saying , `` It 's a visual , visceral romp into what is being set up to be another haphazard foray into the world of horror , as imagined by Murphy and his writing counterpart Brad Falchuk . The show has rarely made sense in terms of story , and this is no exception . '' Willa Paskin of Slate called this season a `` promising new start '' , saying , `` AHS : Hotel more obviously resembles the first two , better seasons of American Horror Story than it does the latter , lesser two . '' On the other hand , Matt Zoller Seitz of New York Magazine found the season `` confusing , tedious , annoyingly precious , and often ostentatiously brutal '' , but also praised it for being `` darkly beautiful , deeply weird , and ( sometimes ) exhilarating . '' Although Scott D. Pierce from The Salt Lake Tribune praised the production design and the cinematography , he said `` the storytelling is derivative ; the scares are non-existent ; and it 's all about style without much substance . '' Mike Hale from The New York Times complained that it `` suffers from the absence of Jessica Lange '' . IGN 's Matt Fowler gave a rating of 5.9 out of 10 , criticizing the season as `` mediocre '' and concluding `` all weight and meaning is gone '' . Gaga 's performance has received mixed reviews from critics . Matt Zoller Seitz of Vulture called Gaga `` terrible here in the way that Madonna was terrible in a lot of her ' 90s films , at once too poised and too blank . '' David Weiland of San Francisco Chronicle said Gaga `` makes an enormous visual impact , but the minute she opens her mouth to deliver a line , it 's obvious that acting just is n't one of her many talents . '' Ben Travers of Indiewire wrote that he `` would n't go so far as to say Gaga 's talent adds much to the proceedings , but her presence -- and the manner in which its captured -- certainly does . '' On the other hand , Emily L. Stephens from The A.V. Club and Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly both gave a B - rating . Stephens praised Gaga 's first appearance as `` slickly exploitative and hellishly effective '' while Jensen described her as `` the show 's most potent symbol for all of its themes about our Bad Romance with fame , fortune , sex , sex , and more sex , materialism and consumerism , the denial of death and the corrupt want for cultural immortality '' . Brian Lowry of Variety praised the look of Gaga 's character as `` gloriously photographed '' and felt her addition to the show was `` extraordinarily well - timed '' . American Horror Story ( season 5 ) : Critical reception by episode Season 5 ( 2015 -- 16 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes Awards and Nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by American Horror Story In its fifth season , the series has been nominated for 64 awards , 20 of which were won . Year Association Nominee ( s ) Result 2015 MTV Fandom Awards Feels Freakout of the Year Lady Gaga joins American Horror Story : Hotel Nominated 2016 20th ADG Awards TV Movie or Limited Series Mark Worthington ( for `` Checking In '' ) Won Short Format -- Web Series , Music Video or Commercial Zach Mathews ( for `` Hallways '' ) Nominated 47th NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actress in a TV Movie , Mini-Series or Dramatic Special Angela Bassett Nominated 42nd People 's Choice Awards Favorite Cable Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show American Horror Story : Hotel Nominated Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Lady Gaga Nominated 20th Satellite Awards Best Actress -- TV Series Drama Nominated Best TV Series -- Genre American Horror Story : Hotel Nominated 68th WGA Awards Long Form -- Original Brad Falchuk , John J. Gray , Todd Kubrak , Crystal Liu , Ned Martel , Tim Minear , Ryan Murphy , Jennifer Salt , James Wong Nominated 73rd Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Mini-Series or TV Film Lady Gaga Won Best Mini-Series or TV Film American Horror Story : Hotel Nominated 6th Critics ' Choice TV Awards Best Actor in a Movie or Limited Series Wes Bentley Nominated Best Actress in a Movie or Limited Series Kathy Bates Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Movie or Limited Series Sarah Paulson Nominated 27th PGA Awards Outstanding Producer of Long - Form TV Brad Falchuk , Ryan Murphy , Brad Buecker , Tim Minear , Jennifer Salt , James Wong , Alexis Martin Woodall , Robert M. Williams Jr . Nominated 18th CDG Awards Outstanding Contemporary TV Series Lou Eyrich Won 52nd CAS Awards TV Movie or Mini-Series Brendan Beebe , CAS ( Production Mixer ) Joe Earle , CAS ( Re-recording Mixer ) Vicki Lemar ( Re-recording Mixer ) ( for `` Room Service '' ) Nominated Brendan Beebe , CAS ( Production Mixer ) Joe Earle , CAS ( Re-recording Mixer ) Doug Andham , CAS ( Re-recording Mixer ) Judah Getz ( ADR Mixer ) John Guentner ( Foley Mixer ) ( for `` Checking In '' ) Nominated Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Awards 2016 Mini-Series or TV Movie Period and / or Character Make - up Eryn Krueger Mekash , Kim Ayers , Sarah Tanno Won Mini-Series or TV Movie Period and / or Character Hair Styling Monte C Haught , Darlene Brumfield , Frederic Asperas Won Mini-Series or TV Movie Period Special Make - up Effects Eryn Krueger Mekash , Michael Mekash , David Anderson Won Commercials and Music Videos -- Best Make - up Kerry Herta , Jason Collins Won Commercials and Music Videos -- Best Hair Styling Nicole Alkire , Marissa Smith Won Fangoria Chainsaw Awards 2016 Best TV Actress Lady Gaga Nominated Best TV Supporting Actor Evan Peters 2nd place Denis O'Hare Write - in Best TV Supporting Actress Kathy Bates Write - in Best TV Makeup / Creature FX Eryn Krueger Mekash , David LeRoy Anderson 3rd place Best TV Series American Horror Story : Hotel Write - in 7th Dorian Awards Campy TV Show of the Year Nominated 42nd Saturn Awards Best Horror TV Series Nominated 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie Sarah Paulson Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie Kathy Bates Nominated 68th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Contemporary or Fantasy Program ( One Hour or More ) Mark Worthington , Denise Hudson , Ellen Brill Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series , Limited Series or Movie Lou Eyrich , Helen Huang , Marisa Aboitiz ( for `` Chutes and Ladders '' ) Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series Or a Movie Monte C. Haught , Fredric Aspiras , Darlene Brumfield , Kelly Muldoon , Gina Bonacquisti Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Limited Series , Movie or Special Gary Megregian , Steve M. Stuhr , Jason Krane , Timothy A. Cleveland , Paul Diller , David Klotz , Noel Vought , Ginger Geary ( for `` Checking In '' ) Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Limited Series or Movie ( Non-Prosthetic ) Eryn Krueger Mekash , Kim Ayers , Michael Mekash , Silvina Knight , Sarah Tanno Won Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Limited Series , Movie or Special Eryn Krueger Mekash , Mike Mekash , Bradley A. Palmer , Bart Mixon , James MacKinnon , Kevin Kirkpatrick , David Leroy Anderson , Glen Eisner Nominated 20th OFTA Television Awards Best Actress in a Motion Picture or Limited Series Lady Gaga Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture or Limited Series Kathy Bates Nominated Sarah Paulson Nominated Best Limited Series American Horror Story : Hotel Nominated Best Ensemble in a Motion Picture or Limited Series Nominated Best Direction of a Motion Picture or Limited Series Nominated Best Writing of a Motion Picture or Limited Series Nominated Best Music in a Non-Series Nominated Best Editing in a Non-Series Won Best Cinematography in a Non-Series Nominated Best Production Design in a Non-Series Won Best Costume Design in a Non-Series Won Best Makeup / Hairstyling in a Non-Series Won Best Sound in a Non-Series Won Best Visual Effects in a Non-Series Won Poppy Awards 2016 Best Limited Series / Movie Won Best Lead Actress , Limited Series / Movie Lady Gaga Won Best Supporting Actor , Limited Series / Movie Denis O'Hare Won 63rd MPSE Golden Reel Awards TV Short Form -- Dialogue / ADR Gary Megregian ( Supervising Sound Editor ) Steve Stuhr ( Supervising Dialogue Editor ) Jason Krane ( Dialogue Editor ) ( for `` Checking In '' ) Nominated TV Short Form -- Music David Klotz ( Supervising Music Editor ) ( for `` Checking In '' ) Nominated Gold Derby TV Awards 2016 Best Movie / Miniseries Supporting Actor Denis O'Hare Nominated Best Movie / Miniseries Supporting Actress Sarah Paulson Nominated 38th Jupiter Awards Best International TV Series American Horror Story : Hotel Won 16th Black Reel Awards Outstanding Supporting Actress , TV Movie or Limited Series Angela Bassett Nominated 37th Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a TV Series - Recurring Young Actor ( 13 and Under ) Thomas Barbusca Nominated Ratings ( edit ) Hotel 's premiere episode , `` Checking In '' , was initially watched by 5.81 million viewers . After factoring in delayed viewing , the episode rose to 9.1 million , with 6.13 million in the 18 - 49 demographic , while combined linear , nonlinear and encore viewing , it drew 12.17 million viewers through October 11 . Variety stated that `` Checking In '' could become FX 's most - watched telecast , with the 60 full data tabulated . Through its first four episodes , Hotel averaged at 3.7 rating in 18 - 49 adult zone and 6.9 million viewers total , which is up by 7 % and 1 % from previous installment , Freak Show , respectively , pacing ahead of the average ratings of all prior installments on a Live + 3 basis . The season finale , `` Be Our Guest '' , initially watched by 2.24 million viewers , more than doubled its 18 - 49 rating with three days of delayed viewing , going from 1.1 million to 2.3 million , an 109 % of increase . The episode increased 94 % in total viewers , upping to 4.3 million . American Horror Story : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 Murder House 3.18 2.46 2.59 2.96 2.74 2.83 3.06 2.81 2.85 2.54 2.59 3.22 N / A Asylum 3.85 3.06 2.47 2.65 2.78 1.89 2.27 2.36 2.22 2.21 2.51 2.30 2.29 Coven 5.54 4.51 3.78 3.71 3.80 4.16 4.00 4.07 3.94 3.49 3.46 3.35 4.24 Freak Show 6.13 4.53 4.44 4.51 4.22 3.65 3.91 3.30 3.07 2.99 3.11 2.94 3.27 Hotel 5.81 4.06 3.20 3.04 2.87 2.64 2.64 2.31 2.14 1.85 1.84 2.24 N / A Roanoke 5.14 3.27 3.08 2.83 2.82 2.48 2.62 2.20 2.43 2.45 N / A Cult 3.93 2.38 2.25 2.13 2.20 2.15 2.07 2.06 1.48 1.82 1.97 N / A Source : Nielsen Media Research See also ( edit ) List of vampire television series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' premiere on top , plus MLB , ' Teen Mom ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story ' and MLB lead , plus ' South Park , ' ' Teen Mom II ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2015 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' AHS : Hotel ' down in week 3 , NLCS clincher leads the day '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : Republican debate sets a CNBC record but down from previous debates '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' AHS : Hotel ' and NBA lead the day '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' AHS : Hotel ' on top , plus ' Alaskan Bush People , ' ' South Park ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2015 . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' AHS : Hotel ' stable , ' South Park ' down slightly '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2015 . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' AHS : Hotel ' dips , news channels rise with shooting coverage '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2015 . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' South Park , ' ' AHS ' and ' Alaskan Bush People ' lead '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' leads , ' AHS : Hotel ' goes below 1.0 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2015 . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' AHS : Hotel ' returns , plus ' It 's Always Sunny , ' ' Alaskan Bush People ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' AHS : Hotel ' finale rises , plus ' Duck Dynasty , ' ' Mob Wives ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( October 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' renewed for fifth season after setting ratings record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` Horror Story Eyes a ' Huge Reinvention ' -- Will Jessica Lange Be a Part of It ? '' . TV Line . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Erin ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` We Finally Know What That Huge ' American Horror Story ' Top Hat Clue Means '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Erin ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' Might Be Inspired By This Real - Life Mystery '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2015 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cornet , Roth ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` The blood - curdling viral video that inspired ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Genis , Sadie ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Ryan Murphy Drops Major American Horror Story : Hotel Bombshells '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2015 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' Character Details Revealed '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2015 . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sacio , Christian ( July 6 , 2015 ) . `` American Horror Story : Hotel ' Is ' Challenging To Write , ' Says Ryan Murphy '' . Design&Trend . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Erin ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` Here Are The First ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' Character Names '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Weiss , Matthew Cole ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` American Horror Story Hotel : Finn Wittrock on Lady Gaga , Matt Bomer Sex Scenes '' . People . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AHS : Hotel Scoop : Lady Gaga Will Romance Angela Bassett '' . TV Line . August 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2015 . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` This Week 's Cover : Lady Gaga checks into American Horror Story : Hotel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( August 30 , 2015 ) . `` Details on the AHS : Hotel Halloween episodes with Lily Rabe and Darren Criss '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2015 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` American Horror Story : Hotel First Look : Go inside the beautiful but dangerous Hotel Cortez '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2015 . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Blake , Lindsay ( October 29 , 2015 ) . `` Scene It Before : Hotel Cortez from American Horror Story : Hotel '' . Los Angeles . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2015 . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` What it was like inside Lady Gaga 's blood - red American Horror Story pool party '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2015 . Retrieved August 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Lady Gaga to star in American Horror Story next season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2015 . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dresdale , Andrea ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Lady Gaga Will Be ' Pretty Spectacular ' in `` American Horror Story : Hotel , '' Says Show 's Creator `` . ABC News Radio . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Woerner , Meredith ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Lily Rabe confirmed to play serial killer , Aileen Wuornos '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` American Horror Story : Hotel Will Feature Characters From Other Seasons -- Get the Scoop '' . E !. Archived from the original on July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Ryan Murphy has already asked Lady Gaga to join American Horror Story season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D'Allesandro , Anthony ( March 15 , 2015 ) . `` Jessica Lange says ' I 'm Done ' with American Horror Story '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wieselman , Jarett ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Loses Jessica Lange '' . Buzzfeed . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Oldenburg , Ann ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' adds to cast '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved March 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Finn Wittrock joins American Horror Story : Hotel ... and a Lady Gaga love triangle '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2015 . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Debnath , Neela ( May 3 , 2015 ) . `` American Horror Story season 5 : Hotel Angela Bassett set to make ' lots of trouble ' with Lady Gaga '' . The Independent . 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Jump up ^ Kessler , Robert ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Roberts on the Downside of a GIF - Worthy Performance : ' If I 'm Annoying ( My Friends ) , They 'll Send Me a Meme of Me ' '' . Yahoo ! Celebrity . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 15 , 2015 ) . `` Richard T. Jones Books ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story Hotel : Helena Mattsson Joins The Cast In Super Secret Role '' . The Inquisitr . July 20 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( July 23 , 2015 ) . `` American Horror Story exclusive : Lily Rabe to play serial killer on Hotel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Naomi Campbell to Face Off With Lady Gaga in Hotel '' . TV Line . July 23 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` Lily Rabe To Follow in Charlize Theron 's Footsteps in American Horror Story : Hotel '' . E !. Archived from the original on August 12 , 2015 . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` American Horror Story exclusive : Mare Winningham to return for Hotel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` American Horror Story : Hotel is connected to season 1 -- find out how and who 's coming back ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` American Horror Story exclusive : Sarah Paulson to reprise season one 's Billie Dean Howard in Hotel finale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Kathy Bates Returning To ' American Horror Story ' For Season Five '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Verrier , Richard ( May 8 , 2015 ) . `` FX 's ' American Horror Story ' to film in L.A. '' Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2015 . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Woerner , Meredith ( July 11 , 2015 ) . `` Go inside the American Horror Story : Hotel , built just for San Diego Comic - Con '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2015 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie ( September 20 , 2015 ) . `` Ryan Murphy Spills on Lady Gaga 's 6 - Minute Gory , Sexy ' American Horror Story ' Opening Scene '' . ET Online . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Ryan Murphy on the bloodsuckers of AHS : Hotel : ' It 's not vampires . There 's no capes and fangs ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved August 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Erin ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Here Are The First Photos Of Lady Gaga On The ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' Set '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Walker , Danny ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's American Horror Story : Hotel gets UK air date on FOX '' . Daily Mirror . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` On the set of American Horror Story : Hotel : A foursome with Lady Gaga and Matt Bomer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2015 . Retrieved September 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Creepiest Rooms at AHS Hotel Cortez '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2015 . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gennis , Sadie ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` American Horror Story : Hotel Recap : Room 33 - Today 's News : Our Take '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Halterman , Jim ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` Denis O'Hare on His ' AHS : Hotel ' Character and the ' New Frontier ' in LGBT Roles '' . Comcast Cable . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bernardino , Shiena ( September 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' season 5 spoilers : Hotel Cortez 's daily rates revealed by Denis O'Hare '' . Christianity Today . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2015 . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( September 20 , 2015 ) . `` American Horror Story Video : Why Hotel ' Feels Like Season 1 ' All Over Again '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2015 . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Woerner , Meredith ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' title sequence is a germaphobe 's nightmare '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Lady Gaga to Star in FX 's ' American Horror Story ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Jessica ( July 2 , 2015 ) . `` American Horror Story : Hotel and Fargo trading cards for Comic - Con : First Look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( July 13 , 2015 ) . `` WATCH : Lady Gaga Checks Into ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved July 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Remling , Amanda ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Season 5 Premiere Date Announced ; Disturbing New Promo Poster Released '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2015 . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive new AHS : Hotel teasers : This definitely ai n't a Holiday Inn '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' First Look : 10 EW exclusive photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . August 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2015 . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brucculieri , Julia ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` Lady Gaga Introduces Us To Her Creepy ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' Children '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2015 . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` New American Horror Story : Hotel Promos Will Live in Your Nightmares Tonight '' . E !. Archived from the original on September 1 , 2015 . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rouner , Jeff ( September 9 , 2015 ) . `` Maybe ' American Horror Story ' Should Just Make Teaser Trailers '' . Houston Press . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2015 . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' trailer with entire cast released '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2015 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blake , Emily ( September 14 , 2015 ) . `` See an addictive new teaser for American Horror Story : Hotel '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2015 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Grant , Stacey ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Is The Song In This New ' AHS : Hotel ' Teaser A Clue About Lady Gaga 's Character ? '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2015 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Buckle , Arianna ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Hot Topic announces American Horror Story : Hotel collection '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2015 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Venable , Nick ( September 17 , 2015 ) . `` First Look At American Horror Story : Hotel 's Dildo Killer Is Creepy As Hell '' . Cinema Blend . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2015 . Retrieved September 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Mannie ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` New ' American Horror Story ' Teaser Looks Under the Bed '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Watch : ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' Opening Sequence Gets Biblical '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Hotel Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2015 . Retrieved November 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season 5 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Dan . `` ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dowling , Amber . `` ' AHS : Hotel ' Review : Come for Lady Gaga , Stay for Ryan Murphy 's Orgy '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` American Horror Story : Hotel '' . Slate . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zoller Seitz , Matt ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` American Horror Story : Hotel Is Tedious , Insufferable , and Occasionally Exhilarating '' . New York . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ D. Pierce , Scott ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` TV review : ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' is bloody , but it 's not scary '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2015 . Retrieved October 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hale , Mike ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Review : ' American Horror Story : Hotel , ' as Depraved as Ever '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fowler , Matt ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` American Horror Story : Hotel - `` Checking In '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zoller Seitz , Matt . `` American Horror Story : Hotel Is Tedious , Insufferable , and Occasionally Exhilarating '' . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weiland , David . `` Without reservations , ' Horror Story : Hotel ' is worth checking out '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben . `` Review : ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' Makes a Mockery of David Fincher For Its Own Gain '' . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephens , Emily L. ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` Checking into ( and out of ) American Horror Story : Hotel '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( October 7 , 2015 ) . `` American Horror Story : Hotel Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` TV Review : ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2015 . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Hotel '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Murphy , Shaunna ( September 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Hunger Games ' Wins ' Fandom Of The Year ' At Comic - Con '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2015 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Art Directors Guild Nominations Unveiled '' . Deadline.com . January 5 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Creed , ' ' Empire ' Top NAACP Image Award Nominations ; Full List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 8 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2015 . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Nominees & Winners '' . People 's Choice Awards . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Hotel '' . International Press Academy . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Writers Guild Awards : Nominations Announced For Television , New Media , News , Radio and Promotional Writing '' . Writers Guild of America , East . December 3 , 2015 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 2016 '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations : ' Mad Max ' Leads Film ; ABC , HBO , FX Networks & ' Fargo ' Top TV '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2015 . Retrieved December 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` PGA Awards Nominees : Diverse Film List Includes ' Brooklyn ' , ' Compton ' & ' Ex Machina ' ; No ' Star Wars ' Or ' Carol ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Empire ' Land Costume Designers Guild Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Hateful Eight , ' ' Game of Thrones , ' ' Walking Dead ' Score Cinema Audio Society Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Mad Max , ' ' American Horror Story ' Lead Makeup and Hair Stylists Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 2016 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Winners and Full Results ! '' . Fangoria . May 10 , 2016 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GALECA 2015 / 16 Dorian Awards '' . Gay and Lesbian Entertainment Critics Association . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Star Wars , ' ' Mad Max , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 68th Emmy Awards Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TV : 20th Annual Television Award Winners '' . Online Film & Television Association . September 4 , 2016 . cinemasight.com . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Poppy Awards 2016 : Meet Your Winners '' . Entertainment Weekly . September 13 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Television Short Form Nominees '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . mpse.org . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 63rd MPSE Golden Reel Award Winners '' . Motion Picture Sound Editors . mpse.org . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel ( September 7 , 2016 ) . `` Gold Derby TV Awards 2016 : ' People v. O.J. Simpson ' leads winners , ' Game of Thrones ' & ' Veep ' also prevail '' . Gold Derby . goldderby.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jupiter Award 2016 '' . jupiter-award.de . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 16th Annual Black Reel Award Nominations '' . Black Reel Awards . December 16 , 2015 . blackreelawards.com . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Creed '' Knocks Out the Competition ! `` . Black Reel Awards . February 18 , 2016 . blackreelawards.com . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Nominations & Results '' . Young Artist Awards . March 13 , 2016 . youngartistawards.org . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2016 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kissel , Rick ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' is FX 's No. 2 - Rated Telecast Ever in 3 - Day Viewing '' . Variety . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2015 . Retrieved October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Re-Upped For Sixth Installment By FX '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2015 . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` Cable Live + 3 ratings , Jan. 11 - 17 : ' AHS : Hotel ' finale more than doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Coven : ( Season Three ) Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Freak Show Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Hotel ( Season Five ) Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : American Horror Story Season 5 Book : American Horror Story : Hotel Horror fiction portal Television in the United States portal Official website Behind Lady Gaga 's killer look in ' American Horror Story : Hotel ' at Entertainment Weekly List of American Horror Story episodes on IMDb List of American Horror Story episodes at TV.com ( hide ) American Horror Story Awards and nominations Cast members Episodes list Murder House `` Pilot '' `` Home Invasion '' `` Murder House '' `` Halloween , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` Piggy Piggy '' `` Open House '' `` Rubber Man '' `` Spooky Little Girl '' `` Smoldering Children '' `` Birth '' `` Afterbirth '' Asylum `` Welcome to Briarcliff '' `` Tricks and Treats '' `` Nor'easter '' `` I Am Anne Frank , Parts 1 and 2 '' `` The Origins of Monstrosity '' `` Dark Cousin '' `` Unholy Night '' `` The Coat Hanger '' `` The Name Game '' `` Spilt Milk '' `` Continuum '' `` Madness Ends '' Coven `` Bitchcraft '' `` Boy Parts '' `` The Replacements '' `` Fearful Pranks Ensue '' `` Burn , Witch , Burn ! 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8555920279805659359	Joint Task Force	Joint Task Force - wikipedia Joint Task Force Jump to : navigation , search `` JTF '' redirects here . For other uses , see JTF ( disambiguation ) . A Joint Task Force is a `` joint '' ( multi-service ) ad hoc military formation . The task force concept originated with the United States Navy around the beginning of the Second World War in the Pacific . `` Combined '' is the British - American military term for multi-national formations . CTF - Commander Task Force , sometimes Combined Task Force CCTF - Commander Combined Task Force CJTF - Combined Joint Task Force Ships of Task Group 100.1 during Exercise BALTOPS , 1985 There are two ways in which a U.S. or U.S. - allied task force may be assigned a number . The first is the originally naval scheme promulgated and governed by the U.S. Military Communications - Electronic Board , chaired by the Joint Staff J6 . Task force numbers allocated under this scheme form the majority of the listings below . The second is a by - product of the U.S. Army 's procedure for forming task - organised forces for combat , differing from strictly doctrinally assigned table of organization and equipment organizations . A battalion , company or brigade commander has very wide latitude in selecting a task force name , though often the name of the commander is used ( e.g. Task Force Faith ; Task Force Smith was named for the commander of the 1st Battalion , 21st Infantry Regiment ) . This has often resulted in derivations from the originator unit 's numerical designation being used . For example , when a special operations aviation unit was being formed in the late 1970s , the original unit drew heavily on personnel from the 158th Aviation . The designation chosen was Task Force 158 , which later grew to become the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment . Another example comes from 2004 in Afghanistan . On 15 April 2004 the headquarters of the U.S. Army 's 25th Infantry Division arrived in Afghanistan and took command of CJTF - 180 from the 10th Mountain Division . Lieutenant General David Barno , commanding then decided to rename CJTF 180 because the `` 180 '' designation had traditionally been given to Joint task forces led by the Army 's XVIII Airborne Corps . Barno chose Combined Joint Task Force 76 as the new name to evoke America 's history and the democratic spirit of 1776 . The CFC - A commander intended this new designation to highlight the change in command at the operational level at a time when Afghanistan appeared to be moving closer to democracy . No coordination appears to occur between U.S. Army task forces designated in this way , and the USMCEB scheme . This has resulted in simultaneous designations being used at the same time . For example , Combined Joint Task Force 76 , was in use in Afghanistan in 2004 , but doubling up on the Task Force 76 designation used for decades by Amphibious Force , United States Seventh Fleet , in north Asia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Numbered USMCEB joint task forces 2 Named joint task forces 3 United States Army and other non-USMCEB task forces 4 Others 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading Numbered USMCEB Joint Task Forces ( edit ) Allied Communications Publication 113 : Call Signs Book for Ships in its Annex B lists allocations of task force numbers from 1 to approximately 1000 , allocated by the United States Military Communications - Electronic Board in blocks for use by the United States Department of Defense and allies . Norman Polmar notes in Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet , 2005 , that the task forces under the commanders of the Atlantic and Pacific Fleet are mainly for contingency purposes . They are employed for specific operations and exercises . Combined Task Force ( CTF ) 13 conducted a simulated long range raid on Camp Hanson , Okinawa Japan , March 21 , 2016 . CTF - 13 conducted the raid , which commenced in South Korea , to demonstrate air assault , multi-continent long - range raid capabilities and the ability to deliver security and stability . CTF 13 included 1st Battalion , 3rd Marines . Joint task force Abbrev . State Notes Joint Task Force 1 001 JTF - 1 US Operation Crossroads Joint Task Force 2 002 JTF - 2 US / CAN In September 1964 , Major General George Brown was selected to organize and command JTF - 2 , a Joint Chiefs of Staff organization formed at Sandia Base , New Mexico , to the test the services ' weapon systems . It was staffed by personnel of all three services . Low Altitude Program nuclear test organisation , 1965 - 70 . In 1990s seemingly transferred to Canada , possibly completely out of USMCEB formal system for use by Canadian special forces . The Canadian SOF unit that took this designation was formed on 1 April 1993 . Joint Task Force 3 003 JTF - 3 US Formed late 1949 in preparation for Operation Greenhouse nuclear test series . Joint Task Force 4 004 JTF - 4 US From 1960 to 1 December 1963 , planning headquarters for Sub-Saharan Africa , responsible to Atlantic Command . Lt Gen Louis W. Truman reassigned as chief of staff for Caribbean operations during Cuban Missile Crisis . Superseded by creation of CINCMEAFSA ( Commander - in - Chief U.S. Strike Command ) . Drug interdiction task force in Caribbean Sea from December 1989 . Became Joint Interagency Task Force East on 1 October 1994 . Later amalgamated into Joint Interagency Task Force South in 1994 . Later became post-conflict reconstruction task force , eventually to become the ill - fated Office for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance . Joint Task Force 5 005 JTF - 5 US Drug interdiction task force at Coast Guard Island , Alameda , California , from December 1989 . Later became Joint Interagency Task Force West . Joint Task Force 6 006 JTF - 6 US Drug interdiction task force at El Paso , Texas , from December 1989 . Became Joint Task Force North in 2004 . Now seemingly Task Force 6 , the naval component commander , U.S. Africa Command , an additional duty post for Commander , Sixth Fleet . Joint Task Force 7 007 JTF - 7 US Operation Sandstone , a series of nuclear weapon tests in 1948 ; Operation Chromite , Inchon amphibious landing under Vice Admiral Arthur Struble . As Commander , Joint Task Force Seven , and Commander , Seventh Fleet , Struble was in command of the amphibious phase of the operation . Used for Operation Castle atomic tests in the 1940s - 1950s . Combined Joint Task Force 7 007 CJTF - 7 US CJTF 7 was the interim military formation that directed the U.S. military effort in Iraq between June 2003 and May 2004 . Joint Task Force 8 008 JTF - 8 US Operation Dominic nuclear test organisation , April -- November 1962 . Joint Task Force 11 011 JTF - 11 US During World War II , Task Force 11 was a United States Navy aircraft carrier task force in the Pacific theater . JTF at Soto Cano Air Base , 1983 . By 1984 redesignated Joint Task Force Bravo Task Force 12 012 TF - 12 US Theater Anti-Submarine Warfare Force , Pacific / Patrol and Reconnaissance Force , Pacific ( PATRECONFORPAC ) . Task Force 16 016 TF - 16 US Maritime Defense Zone , U.S. Pacific Fleet , commanded by a Coast Guard officer ( 2005 ) . Previously celebrated carrier task force during World War II . Task Force 17 017 TF - 17 US Naval Air Forces , U.S. Pacific Fleet ( 2005 ) . Previously celebrated carrier task force during World War II . Task Force 18 018 TF - 18 US Sealift forces , U.S. Pacific Fleet ( 2005 ) . USS Hornet ( CV - 8 ) 's task force for 1942 Doolittle Raid . Task Force 20 020 TF - 20 US Task Group 20.5 , a carrier battle group built around USS Independence ( CV - 62 ) , was part of Operation Urgent Fury in Grenada , 1982 . Deputy Commander , Fleet and Joint Operations , U.S. Fleet Forces Command , with responsibility for subordinate seagoing formations , until 1 October 2012 . Task Force 25 021 TF - 25 US Caribbean Contingency Force , United States Second Fleet Task Forces 30 - 39 030 TF - 30 US All allocated to United States Third Fleet Task Force 31 031 TF - 31 US Task Force 37 037 TF - 37 US Task Force 38 038 TF - 38 US Fast Carrier Task Force , World War II . Task Force 44 044 TF - 44 US Task Forces 50 - 57 050 TF - 50 US All allocated to United States Fifth Fleet Task Force 57 057 TF - 57 US Task Force 58 058 TF - 58 US Recently Maritime Surveillance Force in the North Persian Gulf . Fast Carrier Task Force , World War II . Task Force 60 060 TF - 60 US United States Sixth Fleet ; Battle Force from c. 1950s - c. 2010 Task Force 61 061 TF - 61 US United States Sixth Fleet Task Force 64 064 TF - 64 US On 23 September 1942 , USS San Francisco ( CA - 38 ) , Salt Lake City , Minneapolis , Chester , Boise , and Helena , and Destroyer Squadron 12 ( DesRon 12 ) became TF 64 , a surface screening and attack force under the command of Rear Admiral Norman Scott in San Francisco . The next day , the force headed to the New Hebrides . Now United States Sixth Fleet . Task Force 67 067 TF - 67 US Task Force 73 073 TF - 73 US Commander , Logistics Group , Western Pacific , Seventh Fleet , Singapore . Task Force 74 074 TF - 74 US Submarine Force , U.S. Seventh Fleet . Previously Enterprise task force during Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 . Task Force 76 076 TF - 76 US Amphibious Force , United States Seventh Fleet . CJTF 76 was a designation given to a division - sized U.S. Army task force in Afghanistan , seemingly outside the formal USMCEB system . Task Force 77 077 TF - 77 US Carrier Striking Force , U.S. Seventh Fleet . As of 2016 built around Carrier Strike Group Five . ALSO : Former Task Force 145 Task Force 80 080 TF - 80 US TF - 80 is currently the Maritime Headquarters component for the U.S. Fleet Forces Command . Task Force 84 084 TF - 84 US Seemingly Anti-Submarine Warfare Force , Atlantic ( ASWFORLANT ) . Task Force 88 088 TF - 88 US Used during World War II for Task Force 88 ( Operation Dragoon ) ; after World War II for Task Force 88 ( Operation Argus ) . Also used by a USSOCOM task force , seemingly not within the USMCEB numbering scheme . Task Force 90 090 TF - 90 US Amphibious Force , Naval Forces Far East , during the Korean War , and later involved in Operation Passage to Freedom . Task Force 91 091 TF - 91 US U.S. Naval Forces Alaska , commanded by Commander 17th Coast Guard District , United States Coast Guard . Task Force 93 093 TF - 93 US Commander Alaskan Sea Frontier , late 1960s . Rear Admiral Donald M. White during SS Robert Louis Stevenson sinking incident , late 1960s . Task Force 100 100 , TF TF 100 US Involved in USS Liberty incident , 1967 . CINCUSNAVEUR established TF 100 under the command of Rear Admiral Renken , Commander , Service Forces , Atlantic , at 0000Z , 12 June 1967 . With forces from Sixth Fleet , Commander Fleet Air Mediterranean , Service Forces , Sixth Fleet , Naval Securities Group Europe , plus the Liberty herself , TF 100 was to ' ... supervise the drydocking of USS Liberty at Malta on or about 13 June 1967 in order to prevent disclosure of classified information and equipment to unauthorised personnel . ' TF 100 's functions were expected to be completed in about two days . Previously at times held by Deputy Commander - in - Chief United States Naval Forces Europe ( DCINCUSNAVEUR ) . The task force ( or Task Group 100.1 ) was also involved in a mid-May 1975 visit to Leningrad . Leahy and Tattnall , part of Cruiser - Destroyer Group 12 , were commanded by Rear Admiral Justin D. Langille III . On 1 April 2010 , it was announced that Rear Adm. ( lower half ) Charles K. Carodine was to be assigned new duties . Carodine was at the time serving as chief of staff , JTF - 100 Maritime Operations Center , United States Fleet Forces Command , Norfolk , Va . Also by 2010 TF 100 had become the Service Crypographic Component Operations task force of United States Tenth Fleet . Task Force 101 101 , TF TF 101 US Northern European Force after 1946 - 1956 . When Admiral Wright became CINCNELM was commanded by Rear Admiral Robert B. Pirie , Chief of Staff to CINCNELM . After the beginning of the War on Terror in 2001 , Combined Joint Task Force - 101 was a 101st Airborne Division rotation in Afghanistan . Task Forces 102 - 109 102 , TF TF 102 US All now seemingly allocated to United States Tenth Fleet . Task Force 104 104 , TF TF 104 US United States Naval Forces Germany , 1944 -- 45 , and possibly afterwards Task Force 111 111 , TF TF 111 UK / US Seemingly Admiral Bruce Fraser , Commander - in - Chief , British Pacific Fleet , aboard HMS Duke of York , soon after the end of World War II . Task Force 115 115 , TF TF 115 US Coastal Surveillance Force , Naval Forces Vietnam Task Force 116 116 , TF TF 116 US River Patrol Force , Naval Forces Vietnam Task Force 117 117 , TF TF 117 US Mobile Riverine Force , Naval Forces Vietnam Joint Task Force 120 120 , JTF JTF 120 US In times of crisis and during certain exercises , Commander Second Fleet became Commander , JTF 120 . This joint task force drew from the Atlantic Fleet , U.S. Army airborne and air assault units , U.S. Air Force aircraft and support personnel , U.S. Marine Corps amphibious forces , and at times , the United States Coast Guard . Ran Operation Urgent Fury , the invasion of Grenada in October 1983 . Later ran Operation Uphold Democracy regarding Haiti in 1994 - 95 . Task Force 121 121 , TF TF 121 US Possibly part of United States Twelfth Fleet during World War II . Task Force of Army Rangers during Operation Urgent Fury , Grenada , 1982 . After 2001 , one of the designations for the Joint Special Operations Command high value targets task force . This was made up of operators from the U.S. Army 's Delta Force , 75th Ranger Regiment , and 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment , Naval Special Warfare Development Group , the CIA 's Special Activities Division , U.S. Air Force Combat Controllers , Pararescuemen , Tactical Air Control Party operators , and Special Operations Weather Technicians , the Aviation Tactics Evaluation Group ( AvTEG ) , and the Joint Communications Unit . Two troops from the U.S. Army 1st Squadron , 1st Cavalry Regiment provided armor support for the Task Force . On occasions , Canadian , British , Australian and Polish special force personnel assisted and augmented TF121 . It served in Iraq and Afghanistan . Task Force 122 122 , TF TF 122 US United States Twelfth Fleet , World War II . Commanded by Rear Admiral Alan G. Kirk , who commanded D - Day 's Western Naval Task Force ( Utah and Omaha Beaches ) . Task Force 123 123 , TF TF 123 US 82nd Airborne Division , Operation Urgent Fury , Grenada 1982 . Task Force 124 124 , TF TF 124 US Omaha Beach landing force , World War II . In Grenada 1982 , was the amphibious force , headquartered aboard USS Guam . Now Strategic Communications Wing One , Tinker AFB , Oklahoma ( E-6A Mercury aircraft ) Task Force 125 125 , TF TF 125 US Designation for Commander , Western Hemisphere Group , when acting as a naval component commander for U.S. Southern Command , circa 1995 - 2000 . Task Force 130 130 , TF TF 130 US Manned Spacecraft Recovery Force , Pacific , for Project Apollo . Flagship USS Arlington ( AGMR - 2 ) . Joint Task Force 132 130 , TF TF 130 US Operation Ivy nuclear test force . Task Force 134 134 , TF TF 134 US Commander , Task Force 134 , COMSUBPAC , is an operational commander responsible to USSTRATCOM for strategic deterrent submarine operations . Task Force 136 136 , TF TF 136 US Under the commander of Commander , Second Fleet , was quarantine force during Cuban Missile Crisis . Led for a time by Commander Cruiser - Destroyer Flotilla 2 aboard USS Canberra . Task Force 140 140 , TF TF 140 US Project Mercury Recovery Force ( early 1960s ) , later Manned Spacecraft Recovery Force , Atlantic ( for Apollo 9 ) . In 1980s , as JTF 140 , designation for Second Fleet for Caribbean contingency operations . Ocean Venture ' 90 was a JCS directed field exercise sponsored by the U.S. Atlantic Command and executed by JTF 140 , a standing JTF assigned to LANTCOM which had existed since 1979 . Utilised for Haiti operations during 1994 . Task Force 144 144 , TF TF 144 US CTF 144 , Commander Submarine Forces / COMSUBLANT . Operational commander for Atlantic ballistic missile submarines , responsible to Commander , U.S. Strategic Command Task Force 145 145 , TF TF 145 US Task Force 151 151 , TF TF 151 US Combined Maritime Forces Task Force 157 157 , TF TF 157 US In 1966 , the Navy created Task Force 157 as a covert division to control their clandestine human intelligence operations ( HUMINT ) . Disbanded 1977 with some functions transferred to Task Force 168 . Joint Task Force 160 160 , JTF JTF 160 US Directed Operation Sea Signal . This humanitarian operation receiving Haitian refugees at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base , Cuba , took place from August 1994 to February 1996 . Task Force 160 was a non-USMCEB , U.S. Army allocation . Combined Joint Task Force - 180 180 , JTF JTF 180 US Appears to be the permanently assigned designator for HQ XVIII Airborne Corps when operating as a combined joint task force or joint task force , for example in Afghanistan after 2002 . Task Force 214 214 , TF TF 214 US Twentieth Air Force , while acting as the ICBM task force for U.S. Strategic Command Task Force 294 294 , TF TF 294 US U.S. Air Force air refueling forces while acting as a task force for U.S. Strategic Command Task Force 301 301 , TF TF 301 CAN Royal Canadian Navy , Atlantic Coast Task Force 311 311 , TF TF 311 UK Commander , Task Force 311 ( CTF - 311 ) , located in Northwood , Middlesex , is the Royal Navy 's sole submarine operating authority ( SUBOPAUTH ) . CTF - 311 maintains operational control of all Britain 's attack submarines , wherever they may be . Task Group 316.1 316 , TF TF 316 UK Used for Endeavour 90 deployment , under Capt Franklyn , HMS Bristol ( DTS ) Task Force 317 317 , TF TF 317 UK Falklands Task Force ; see British naval forces in the Falklands War Task Force 318 318 , TF TF 318 UK In November 1967 , TF 318 , under Flag Officer Second in Command Far East Fleet , Rear Admiral Edward Ashmore , managed the British withdrawal from Aden after 128 years of colonial rule . Reestablished with effect from 1 November 1971 to cover withdrawal of British forces from Persian Gulf ( Roberts , 95 ) Task Force 321 321 , TF TF 321 UK Seemingly Royal Navy in the Mediterranean and Middle East . Used Cyprus 1974 during Falklands War when RNZN frigates deployed , and after Iraqi invasion of Kuwait ( deployed force TG 321.1 in both later cases ) . In 1990 CINCFLEET acted as CTF 321 . Task Group 323.2 323 , TF TF 323 UK RN Mediterranean group during Operation Desert Storm Task Force 324 324 , TF TF 324 UK Royal Navy Red Sea force during Suez Crisis of 1956 . Consisted only of HMS Newfoundland . Task Force 330 330 , TF TF 330 UK UK naval forces during Operation Telic Task Force 333 333 , TF TF 333 UK Involved in Operation Grapple nuclear tests at Christmas Island , August 1958 . TG 333.1 seemingly utilised by Captain 11th Frigate Squadron ( Captain F11 ) , Royal New Zealand Navy , in November 1972 , during LONGEX 71 between Auckland and Wellington . TGs of TF 333 later used in NATO area ( Roberts ) Task Force 345 345 , TF TF 345 UK UK Mediterranean naval task force during Suez Crisis of 1956 . Now is reported as ' ... CTF 345 is the organisation that provides command and control of the UK deterrent ' at Northwood Headquarters . Rear Admiral Ian Corder commanded the task force as of September 2012 . Task Force 373 373 , TF TF 373 US JSOC or SOCCENT special operations forces task force in Afghanistan Task Force 402 402 , TF TF 402 US Joint Task Force 435 435 , JTF JTF 435 US ( Combined Joint Interagency Task Force 435 ) Afghanistan theatre detention operations Task Force 439 439 , TF TF 439 NATO attack submarine force , Mediterranean Task Force 440 440 , TF TF 440 Operation Sharp Guard , 1993 - 96 ( WEU , SNFL , SNFM ) Task Force 442 442 , TF TF 442 US From 1967 , Commander Submarine Flotilla 8 became COMSUBMED under NAVSOUTH in addition to wartime SSBN responsibilities as CTF 442 . Task Force 465 465 , TF TF 465 ( NATO ) Deployed task force of Operation Atalanta , EUNAVFOR Somalia , combating Somali piracy Task Force 472 472 , TF TF 472 SEATO ( 1969 ) At the time USS Evans and HMAS Melbourne collided on the early morning on 3 June 1969 , both were part of Exercise Task Group 472.1 . Command of Task Force 472 , and TG 472.1 , was being exercised by Rear Admiral G.J.B. Crabb , Flag Officer Commanding Australian Fleet . TF 472 included Melbourne , Evans , Kyes , Larson , Blackpool , and Cleopatra . TF 472 was taking part in SEATO Exercise Sea Spirit . Task Force 473 473 , TF TF 473 France Seemingly permanently assigned to the carrier battle group ( ' aeronaval group ' ) build around Charles de Gaulle . Part of Force d'action navale . Task Force 500 500 , TF TF 500 NATO Flag Officer Denmark ( FOD ) , Allied Forces Baltic Approaches ( 1963 ) . Task Force 502 502 , TF TF 502 NATO Carrier battle force , Naval Striking and Support Forces , Southern Europe , 1970s - 1980s . Provided by U.S. Carrier Group or Cruiser - Destroyer Group headquarters . Task Force 503 503 , TF TF 503 NATO Amphibious force , Naval Striking and Support Forces , Southern Europe , 1970s - 1980s . Provided by U.S. Amphibious Squadron headquarters . Task Force 504 504 , TF TF 504 NATO Landing force , Naval Striking and Support Forces , Southern Europe , 1970s - 1980s . Task Force 505 505 , TF TF 505 NATO Support force , Naval Striking and Support Forces , Southern Europe , 1970s - 1980s . Task Force 506 506 , TF TF 506 NATO Special Operations Force , Naval Striking and Support Forces , Southern Europe , 1970s - 1980s . Task Force 508 508 , TF TF 508 NATO ( or member ) As of late 2013 , Operation Ocean Shield Somali counter-piracy force . CTF 508 was Rear Admiral Eugenio Diaz del Rio on board flagship Alvaro de Bazan on 14 January 2014 . Joint Task Force 510 510 , JTF JTF 510 US Special Operations Command Pacific standing joint task force for rapid deployment . Involved in Operation Enduring Freedom -- Philippines , 2002 . Joint Task Force 622 622 , JTF JTF 622 AUS Operation VIC FIRE ASSIST Joint Task Force 627 627 , JTF JTF 627 AUS SUBmarine Search And Rescue ( SUBSAR ) May be designator for Commander Australian Fleet ; CTF 627 was allocated to this officer under his previous title of Maritime Commander Australia in 1999 - 2000 . Joint Task Force 630 630 , JTF JTF 630 AUS Op Larry Assist after Cyclone Larry , March 2006 . Commander was Mick Slater . Joint Task Force 631 631 , JTF JTF 631 AUS Operation Astute - Timor Leste International Stabilisation Force Joint Task Force 633 633 , JTF JTF 633 AUS Operation Okra , HQJTF 633 , based in the United Arab Emirates , provides command and control of all ADF elements deployed throughout the Middle East Area of Operations ( MEAO ) as part of Operation Slipper . JTF 633 is commanded by Major General Craig Orme . Previous commanders have included MAJGEN Stuart Smith . Included Security Detachment Iraq Joint Task Force 634 634 , JTF JTF 634 AUS Supported 2007 Sydney APEC Conference . Commander : Brigadier Andrew Smith , Cdr 7th Brigade . Joint Task Force 637 637 , JTF JTF 637 AUS Operation Kiribati Assist ; Operation Queensland Flood Assist Joint Task Force 639 639 , JTF JTF 639 AUS Op Resolute - Border Protection Command Joint Task Force 645 645 , JTF JTF 645 AUS Commander INTERFET , 1999 ( TF 645 ) , CHOGM 2001 , CHOGM 2002 Task Force 646 646 , TF TF 646 AUS RAAF Air Command Aerospace Operational Support Group TG 646.7 . Joint Task Force 662 662 , JTF JTF 662 AUS ADF support during the 2009 Victorian Black Saturday bushfires . Joint Task Force 663 663 , JTF JTF 663 AUS Operation Render Safe 2011 . HMAS Gascoyne , HMAS Diamantina , HMNZS Resolution ( A14 ) , HMNZS Wellington . Joint Task Force 664 664 , JTF JTF 664 AUS Operation Yasi Assist Joint Task Force 665 665 , JTF JTF 665 AUS Operation Testament , ADF commitment to World Youth Day 2008 , Commander Brigadier David Saul Task Force 714 714 , TF TF 714 US United States Special Operations Command . Designation for JSOC high - value targets task force in Iraq and Afghanistan during General Stanley McChrystal 's time in command . Task Force 825 825 , TF TF 825 Spain Task Group 825.1 was the Spanish aircraft carrier Principe de Asturias task group in May 2008 . Joint Task Force 950 950 , JTF JTF 950 US Commander , United States Second Fleet whilst in a training role . Task Force 1099 US ( See Task Force 121 ) Named Joint Task Forces ( edit ) Joint Task Force Shining Hope ; Joint Task Force Eagle Vista ( 1998 Presidential African visit ) Joint task force Abbrev . Who Notes Joint Task Force - Alaska JTF - AK US Joint Task Force - Armed Forces Inaugural Committee JTF - AFIC US Joint Task Force Aztec Silence US Joint Task Force Bravo JTF - B US Central America operations from Soto Cano Air Base , Honduras Joint Task Force Caring Response US Joint Task Force Central CAN Joint Task Force - Civil Support JTF - CS US Joint Task Force East US Joint Task Force for Elimination JTF - E US Joint Task Force for Elimination of WMD ( JTF - E ) Joint Task Force Full Accounting US Joint Task Force Gator US Joint Task Force - Global Network Operations JTF - GNO US Critical infrastructure protection . ( Evolved from JTF - CND , then JTF - CNO ) Joint Task Force Gold JTF Gold AUS Sydney 2000 Summer Olympic Games Joint Task Force Guantanamo JTF - GTMO US Joint Task Force Haiti US Joint Task Force - Homeland Defense JTF - HD US Combined Joint Task Force -- Horn of Africa CJTF - HOA US Joint Task Force Katrina US Joint Task Force Lebanon JTF - L US Joint Task Force Liberia JTF Liberia US Joint Task Force National Capital Region / Medical JTF CapMed US Joint Task Force ( North ) JTF ( N ) CAN Joint Task Force North US Joint Task Force OMEGA JTF OMEGA Colombian Armed Forces JTF in support of US funded Plan Patriota Joint Task Force Southwest Asia JTF - SWA US The JTF commander also commanded 9th Aerospace Expeditionary Task Force - Southwest Asia , U.S. Central Command , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia . It carried out Operation Southern Watch to enforce the Iraqi no - fly zones . The 9AETF - SWA was the forward - deployed arm of the Ninth Air Force . Established on August 26 , 1992 ; active until 2003 . Joint Task Force Rita US United States Army and other non-USMCEB Task Forces ( edit ) These included Combined Joint Task Force 76 , Combined Joint Task Force 82 , and Combined Joint Task Force 180 . Task force Abbrev . Who Notes Task Force 1 - 41 141 TF 1 - 41 INF US U.S. Army combined - arms heavy battalion mechanized Task Force consisting primarily of the 1st Battalion , 41st Infantry Regiment , 3rd Battalion , 66th Armor Regiment , and the 4th Battalion , 3rd Field Artillery Regiment all being part of the 2nd Armored Division ( Forward ) . It served at the Battle of 73 Easting and the Battle of Norfolk . Formed in various other incarnations during other conflicts . Combined Joint Task Force 82 082 CJTF - 82 US Special Operations Task Force 103 103 SOTF - 103 US On 11 May 2010 , Malian and Senegalese soldiers worked on small unit tactics , movements , and convoy vehicle recover drills with special operations forces personnel from Special Operations Task Force 103 in Bamako , Mali . The classes were part of Exercise Flintlock 10 , an exercise focused on military interoperability and capacity - building , which was part of an AFRICOM - sponsored annual exercise program with partner nations in northern and western Africa . Flintlock 10 , which includes participation of key European U.S. allies , was conducted by SOCAFRICA and was designed to build relationships and develop capacity among security forces throughout the Trans - Saharan region of Africa . Task Force 118 118 TF - 118 US a regular army aviation unit flying AH - 58D Warrior helicopters whose mast - mounted IR sights helped spot small boats during Operation Prime Chance Task Force ALBA Swiss Humanitarian operation in Albania during 1999 . Task Force Aegis US Redirects to Combined Joint Task Force 76 Task Force Alpha UK Redirects to 7th Armoured Brigade ( United Kingdom ) Task Force Baum US Concentration camp rescue force `` set up by U.S. Army general George S. Patton '' Task Force Bayonet US Task Force Bayonet ( disambiguation ) Task Force Black US Redirects to Task Force 88 ( anti-terrorist unit ) Task Force Blue US United States Navy SEALs Task Force Danbi South Korea Haiti earthquake relief 2010 Task Force Eagle NATO IFOR Task Force East US US European Command initiative to strengthen relationships with Eastern European allies Task Force Faith US US Army unit during the Korean War Task Force Falcon ( US ) US US Army Task Force serving as part of KFOR in Kosovo Task Force Frigid US After World War II , the War Department decided that U.S. Army personnel must be able to live and operate in any degree of cold . A group of task forces was therefore organized to test U.S. Army equipment in the cold . Task Force Frigid and Task Force Williwaw were dispatched to what is now Fort Greely , Alaska during the winters of 1946 and 1947 . Task Force Harvest NATO Operation Essential Harvest Task Force Hawk US Kosovo Task Force Helmand NATO Part of ISAF in Helmand Province , Afghanistan Task Force K - Bar US `` The first major ground deployment in the US - led invasion of Afghanistan '' Task Force Kandahar NATO ISAF in Kandahar , Afghanistan Task Force Kean UN North Korea Task Force Leatherneck US Located at Camp Leatherneck , Helmand Province , Afghanistan . Marine Air - Ground Task Force currently operating in Helmand Province . 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade during 2009 - 10 for Operation Enduring Freedom . Also used by the 1st and 2nd Marine Divisions during their deployments to Afghanistan Task Force Libeccio CAN Operation Mobile # Royal Canadian Air Force - 2011 military intervention in Libya . Task Force Lightning US 25th Infantry Division ( United States ) Task Force Manchu US Second Battle of Naktong Bulge # The end of Task Force Manchu Task Force Mustang US Combat Aviation Brigade , 36th Infantry Division , Texas Army National Guard Task Force ODIN US US Army aviation battalion created to combat improvised explosive devices in Iraq Task Force Phoenix CJTF Phoenix US Initially organized by CENTCOM to train and mentor the newly created Afghan National Security Forces Task Force Ranger US Battle of Mogadishu ( 1993 ) # Task Force Ranger Task Force Scorpio Swiss Biological and chemical response team activated during the first Gulf War - not deployed Task Force Shield US / UK / Iraq Set up in 2003 to provide security for Iraq 's critical oil infrastructure Task Force Sinai US U.S. element of Multinational Force and Observers ( MFO ) Task Force Smith US Battle of Osan # Task Force Smith Task Force Tarawa US The 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade during the 2003 invasion of Iraq Task Force Taro US 3rd Marine Regiment ( United States ) Task Force Trinity US 3rd Battalion 3rd Marines Task Force Tripoli US USMC air ground task force formed after the fall of Baghdad during the 2003 invasion of Iraq Task Force Uruzgan Netherlands Part of NATO 's Regional Command South , ISAF , Afghanistan Task Force Viking US Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force -- North ( CJSOTF -- N ) , also known as Task Force Viking , was the U.S. joint task force responsible for the northern front during the initial period of the 2003 invasion of Iraq Task Force White Eagle Poland A brigade sized detachment of Polish Land Forces in Ghazni Province , Afghanistan . The brigade was under the command of the US 1st Cavalry Division . Others ( edit ) Task Force for Business and Stability Operations - U.S. Department of Defense commercial facilitation organization , not an operational task force . Task Force 6 - 26 - USSOCOM or JSOC task force Task Force Iron - A heavy battalion mechanized task force with the foundation being formed by Task Force 1 - 41 Infantry and other 2nd Armored Division ( FWD ) battalions during the 1991 Gulf War . It fought during the Battle of 73 Easting and the Battle of Norfolk . Task Force 1 - 37 was a heavy battalion mechanized task force formed around units of the 1st Armored Division ( United States ) . It served with distinction at the Battle of Medina Ridge during the 1991 Gulf War . See also ( edit ) Taskforce ( disambiguation ) The Wire ( JTF - GTMO ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See Larry Bond , ' Cauldron ' ( fiction ) or Hackworth , ' About Face ' . Jump up ^ Lieutenant General David W. Barno , interview by Center for Military History , 21 November 2006 , 31 -- 32 , in A Different Kind of War . ^ Jump up to : Norman Polmar , Ships and Aircraft of the U.S. Fleet , ' Naval Institute Press , 2005 , p. 37 Jump up ^ Puryear 1983 , pp. 132 -- 133 . Jump up ^ National Archives and Records Administration , Federal Record Group 374.5. 2 , accessed June 2013 . Jump up ^ Barton C. Hacker , ' Elements of Controversy ' . Jump up ^ History of the Unified Command Plan 1946 - 2012 , pp. 22 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Adam B. ( August 1996 ) . The Intervasion of Haiti , Professional Paper 539 ( PDF ) . Center for Naval Analyses . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Science Advisor , NAVEUR / NAVAF / Sixth Fleet , Science and Technology Shortfalls Archived 2014 - 02 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , 26 June 2012 , accessed January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CHAPTER IX : Operation CHROMITE : The Forces '' . history.army.mil . 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Cole , et al. , The History of Unified Command 1946 - 1993 ( Washington , DC : Joint History Office of the Office of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , 1995 ) Jump up ^ Larry Berman , Zumwalt : The Life and Times of Admiral Elmo Russell `` Bud '' Zumwalt , Jr. , Harper , 2012 , 171 . Jump up ^ Samuel E > Morrison , The Invasion of France and Germany , , p. 335 - 6 . Jump up ^ Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Jessica Vargas , TACAMO , Strategic Communications Wing One Public Affairs . `` Strategic Communications Wing One Holds Change of Command '' . Navy.mil . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Karen Smith et al. , ' Is NAVSO Organized and Staffed to do its job ? ' Center for Naval Analysis , CRM D0005057. A1 , January 2002 . Jump up ^ http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a128082.pdf Jump up ^ `` p. 370 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ U.S. Navy online documentation Jump up ^ WA Saunders , Joint Pub 5 - 00.2 Joint Task Force Planning Guidance and Procedures : A Critical Review , 1992 Jump up ^ `` The Pentagon 's Spies '' . Nsarchive.gwu.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ GlobalSecurity.org . `` Operation Sea Signal '' , GlobalSecurity.org website , 2008 . Retrieved on October 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Roberts , 344 . Jump up ^ Independent , Obituary : Admiral Sir Richard Fitch , 22 February 1994 . Note that the Independent incorrectly lists Ashmore 's apppoinment at the time . Jump up ^ Henn , Francis . A Business of Some Heat : The United Nations Force in Cyprus Before and During the 1974 Turkish Invasion . Casemate Publishers , 2004 , 295 Jump up ^ The Gulf Revisited - Why ? , The Naval Review , 1990 , and Cdre Chris Craig account ^ Jump up to : `` SUEZ WAR OF 1956 '' . Godfreydykes.info. 1956 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ http://www.operationtelic.co.uk/order-of-battle/Operation-Telic-3-Order-%20of-Battle.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/137649/foi_christmas_island_miscellaneous_docs.pdf Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Andrew Preston ( 2012 - 09 - 15 ) . `` and Royal Navy Bridge Card , various editions '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Joint Force Command Naples , The First Reorganisation , accessed 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.jag.navy.mil/library/investigations/HMAS%20EVANS%20AND%20MELBOURNE%203%20JUN%2069.pdf Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Operation OCEAN SHIELD ( 2014 - 01 - 14 ) . `` 14 January 2014 '' . Mc.nato.int . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Operation VIC FIRE ASSIST , army.gov.au Jump up ^ AFTP 9 ( H ) , navy.gov.au Jump up ^ Australian Operations in Afghanistan Archived 2012 - 07 - 22 at WebCite , accessed April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Commodore Timothy William BARRETT CSC RAN , ACT '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ p. 16 Jump up ^ `` Heightened security results in Joint Task Force '' . www . defence.gov.au. 11 April 2002 . Jump up ^ http://www.maltutty.com/content/Working%20Documents/16b%20SETE%202011%20WTR%20Workshop%20Presentation%20after.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.army.gov.au/Our-work/Community-engagement/Disaster-relief-at-home/Operation-VIC-FIRE-ASSIST-2009 Jump up ^ `` WWII ammo to be rendered safe on joint mission - Keith Jackson & Friends : PNG ATTITUDE '' . Asopa.typepad.com. 2011 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Stanley McChrystal , My Share of the Task . Jump up ^ http://www.armada.mde.es/ArmadaPortal/page/Portal/ArmadaEspannola/conocenos_actividades/prefLang_en/deLaFuerza--962_16_Espabras08--02_bitacora_es--2008--05--2008_05_01_es?_selectedNodeID=94179&_pageAction=selectItem Jump up ^ Navy Wire , 1999 . Jump up ^ See Spirtas et al. , ' What it takes , ' 59 - 63 . Jump up ^ U.S. Army Cold Regions Test Center - History Archived 2016 - 06 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , accessed June 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Center for Naval Analysis , Joint Task Force Operations since 1983 , CRM94 - 42 , July 1994 Timothy M. Bonds , Myron Hura , Thomas - Durrell Young , ' Enhancing Army Joint Force Headquarters Capabilities , ' Santa Monica , CA ; RAND Corporation , 2010 - includes list of joint task forces Roberts , John . Safeguarding the Nation : The Story of the Modern Royal Navy . Seaforth Publishing , 2009 . Includes mention of a number of RN task groups . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joint_Task_Force&oldid=828047283 '' Categories : Joint task forces ( armed forces ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template webcite links Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 07 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-8428110655114901852	Federal Parliament of Nepal	Federal Parliament of Nepal - Wikipedia Federal Parliament of Nepal Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Federal Parliament of Nepal संघीय संसद , नेपाल Type Type Bicameral Houses National Assembly , House of Representatives History Founded 5 March 2018 ( 2 months ago ) ( 2018 - 03 - 05 ) Preceded by Legislature Parliament of Nepal Leadership President Bidhya Devi Bhandari , NCP Since March 15 , 2018 Vice President Nanda Kishor Pun , NCP Since 18 March , 2018 Chairman of the National Assembly Ganesh Prasad Timilsina , NCP Since 15 March , 2018 Deputy Chairman of the National Assembly Sashikala Dahal , NCP Since 19 March , 2018 Speaker of the House of Representatives Krishna Bahadur Mahara , NCP Since 10 March 2018 Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives Shiva Maya Tumbahamphe , NCP Since 16 March , 2018 Leader of the House of Representatives Khadga Prasad Oli , NCP Since 4 March , 2018 Structure Seats 334 59 assemblymen 275 representatives House of Representatives political groups Government ( 190 ) NCP : 174 FSFN : 16 Opposition ( 85 ) NC : 63 RJPN : 17 Independents : 5 National Assembly political groups Government ( 41 ) NCP : 39 FSFN : 2 Opposition ( 15 ) NC : 13 RJPN : 2 Others ( 3 ) Appointed : 3 Elections House of Representatives voting system Parallel voting National Assembly voting system Single transferable vote & First - past - the - post House of Representatives last election 26 November and 07 December 2017 National Assembly last election 06 February 2018 Meeting place International Convention Centre , New Baneshwor , Kathmandu , Nepal Website www.parliament.gov.np Constitution Constitution of Nepal Nepal This article is part of a series on the politics and government of Nepal Constitution ( show ) Fundamental Rights and Duties Human rights LGBT rights Government ( show ) President : Bidhya Devi Bhandari Vice President : Nanda Bahadur Pun Executive : Prime Minister : Khadga Prasad Oli Council of Ministers : Oli II Civil Services Cabinet Secretary Federal Parliament : House of Representatives Speaker : Krishna Bahadur Mahara National Assembly Chairman : Ganesh Prasad Timilsina Judiciary : Supreme Court Chief Justice of Nepal : Gopal Parajuli District Courts Elections ( show ) Election Commission Political parties Recent elections Presidential : 2008 2015 National : 2008 2013 2017 Provincial : 2017 Local : 2017 Federalism ( show ) Administrative divisions Provinces Province governments Provincial Assemblies Governors Chief Minister Local governments Districts Municipality Rural Municipality Foreign relations ( show ) Ministry of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions of Nepal to Nepal Passport Visa requirements Related topics ( show ) Democracy movement Civil War Other countries Atlas The Federal Parliament of Nepal ( Nepali : संघीय संसद नेपाल , saṅghīya sansada Nēpāl ) is the federal and supreme legislative body of Nepal . It is a bicameral federal legislature that consists of the National Assembly as upper house and the House of Representatives , as lower house . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Legislatures of Kingdom of Nepal 1.2 Interim Legislature of Nepal 1.3 Legislature Parliament of Nepal 2 Composition 2.1 President of Nepal 2.2 House of Representatives 2.3 National Assembly 3 Powers and rights 4 Parliamentary committees 5 Women 's Representation 6 Parliament House 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Legislatures of kingdom of Nepal ( edit ) Main article : Legislatures of Kingdom of Nepal The former Parliament of Nepal was dissolved by King Gyanendra in 2002 , on the grounds that it was incapable of handling the Maoist rebels . The country 's five main political parties have staged protests against the king , arguing that he must either call fresh elections or reinstate the elected legislature . In 2004 , the king announced that parliamentary elections would be held within twelve months ; in April 2006 , in response to major pro-democratic protests , it was announced that Parliament would be reestablished. The current prime minister of Nepal is Khadga Prasad Oli . Interim legislature of Nepal ( edit ) Main articles : interim legislature of Nepal and 1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly After the success of the April 2006 people 's movement , on January 15 , 2007 , the old parliament was dissolved and replaced by the 330 - member interim legislature of Nepal . By the legislature an Interim Constitution was promulgated and a constituent assembly election was held in April 2008 . The 601 - member assembly on 28 May 2008 abolished the 238 - year - old monarchy and declared the country a republic . The parliament constituent assembly , which was initially given two years to draft a new constitution , was dissolved on 27 May 2012 after its failure to draft a new constitution due to differences over restructuring the state . Legislature Parliament of Nepal ( edit ) Main article : Legislature Parliament of Nepal The Legislature Parliament of Nepal was expired by 21 January 2018 ( 7 Magh , 2074 BS ) . The second Nepalese Constituent Assembly was converted into legislative parliament of Nepal after the promulgation of the constitution on September 20 , 2015 . The second Nepalese Constituent Assembly was formed after failure of first Constituent Assembly to draft a new constitution . The second Nepalese Constituent Assembly has completed its task by successfully promulgating the constitution on September 20 , 2015 . Composition ( edit ) According to the Constitution of Nepal 2015 Nepal has a two chamber Parliament ( संसद ) . The House of Representatives ( प्रतिनिधि सभा ) has 275 members elected for a five year term , 165 from single - seat constituencies and 110 from a proportional party list . The National Assembly ( राष्ट्रिय सभा ) has 59 members elected for six years term . Among the 59 members three members are nominated by the President . The remaining 56 are elected from 7 provinces equally ( Eight each ) including 3 female 1 Dalits and 1 from differently abled groups . President of Nepal ( edit ) Main article : President of Nepal House of Representatives ( edit ) Main article : House of Representatives ( Nepal ) National Assembly ( edit ) Main article : National Assembly ( Nepal ) Powers and rights ( edit ) Parliamentary committees ( edit ) Women 's representation ( edit ) Main article : Women 's representation in the Parliament of Nepal Nepal currently has a woman as speaker of the Parliament . On Oct 16 , 2015 Parliament unanimously elected UCPN - Maoist lawmaker Onsari Gharti Magar , as the speaker of the house . Women 's representation in the Parliament of Nepal has increased in the Constituent Assembly , which will have immense role to draft the future constitution of Nepal . Parliament House ( edit ) Main article : International Convention Centre , Nepal See also ( edit ) Politics of Nepal List of legislatures by country References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Krishna Bahadur Mahara Elected Speaker '' . Nepal Republic Media . Kathmandu , Nepal. 10 March 2018 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/federal-socialist-forum-nepal-keen-to-join-govt-as-pm-assures-of-constitution-amendment/ Jump up ^ https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/federal-socialist-forum-nepal-keen-to-join-govt-as-pm-assures-of-constitution-amendment/ ^ Jump up to : `` Nepal 's Political Development : Nepal Constituent Assembly Portal '' . Nepalcaportal.org . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` संविधानसभा प्रथम '' . parliament.gov.np . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/Nepal-elects-first-woman-speaker-of-parliament/articleshow/49420818.cms Jump up ^ http://constitution.org.np/userfiles/constitution%20of%20nepal%202072-en.pdf Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/Nepal-elects-first-woman-speaker-of-parliament/articleshow/49420818.cms External links ( edit ) Official website National Assembly Nepal Website House of Representative Nepal Website Legislatures of Nepal Historical legislatures Rastriya Panchayat Legislature of Kingdom of Nepal Senate House of Representatives Federal parliament of Nepal National Assembly House of Representatives Provincial Assemblies Province No. 1 Province No. 2 Province No. 3 Province No. 4 Province No. 5 Karnali Province No. 7 Government of Nepal Constitution Constitution of Nepal Fundamental Rights and Duties Nepalese Law Federalism in Nepal Provinces Executive Federal Government President ( list ) Vice President ( list ) Prime Minister ( list ) Council of Ministers Civil Services Chief Secretary Province governments Chief Minister Governors Legislative Federal Parliament House of Representatives National Assembly Provincial Assembly Judiciary Supreme Court Chief Justice High Courts District Courts Parliament of Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Parliament_of_Nepal&oldid=843448493 '' Categories : Politics of Nepal Government of Nepal Parliaments by country Bicameral legislatures 2015 establishments in Nepal National legislatures Parliament of Nepal Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2010 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2014 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles containing Nepali - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Español Français हिन्दी Italiano मराठी नेपाली 日本語 Русский தமிழ் 中文 डोटेली 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 06 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who are the present speaker and deputy speaker of parliament	[]	[]
-4736798032555177377	The Crown (TV series)	The Crown ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Crown ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search The Crown Genre Historical drama Created by Peter Morgan Starring Claire Foy Matt Smith Vanessa Kirby Eileen Atkins Jeremy Northam Victoria Hamilton Ben Miles Greg Wise Jared Harris John Lithgow Alex Jennings Lia Williams Anton Lesser Matthew Goode Theme music composer Hans Zimmer Composer ( s ) Rupert Gregson - Williams Lorne Balfe Country of origin United Kingdom United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 20 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Peter Morgan Stephen Daldry Andy Harries Philip Martin Suzanne Macki Matthew Byam - Shaw Robert Fox Tanya Seghatchian Nina Wolarsky Allie Goss Producer ( s ) Andrew Eaton Location ( s ) United Kingdom Running time 54 -- 61 minutes Production company ( s ) Left Bank Pictures Sony Pictures Television Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) -- present ( present ) External links Website The Crown is a historical drama television series , created and principally written by Peter Morgan and produced by Left Bank Pictures and Sony Pictures Television for Netflix . The show is a biographical story about the reign of Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom . The first season covers the period from her marriage to Philip , Duke of Edinburgh in 1947 to the disintegration of her sister Princess Margaret 's engagement to Peter Townsend in 1955 . The second season covers the period from the Suez Crisis in 1956 through the retirement of the Queen 's third Prime Minister , Harold Macmillan , in 1963 to the birth of Prince Edward in 1964 . The third season will continue from 1964 , covering Harold Wilson 's two terms as the Prime Minister until 1976 , while the fourth will see Margaret Thatcher 's premiership and a focus on Diana , Princess of Wales . The Crown evolved out of Morgan 's 2006 film The Queen and 2013 stage play The Audience . The series is intended to last 60 episodes over six seasons , with 10 one - hour episodes per season , covering Elizabeth 's life from her younger years to her reign , and with new actors being cast every two seasons . Claire Foy portrays the Queen in the first two seasons , alongside Matt Smith as Prince Philip and Vanessa Kirby as Princess Margaret . Olivia Colman will take over as the Queen and Tobias Menzies as Prince Philip in the third and fourth seasons . Filming for the series takes place at Elstree Studios in Borehamwood , Hertfordshire , with location shooting throughout the United Kingdom . The first season was released on Netflix on November 4 , 2016 , with the second released on December 8 , 2017 . The series has been renewed for a third and fourth season , and was praised for its direction , writing , cinematography , production values , the relatively accurate historical account of Queen Elizabeth 's reign , and particularly for the first season performances of Foy in the leading role and John Lithgow as Winston Churchill . It has received several accolades , including winning Best Actress and Best Actor at the 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards for Foy and Lithgow , respectively , and receiving thirteen nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Drama Series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main 2.1. 1 Featured 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Season 1 2.2. 2 Season 2 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 4.4 Historical accuracy 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.1. 1 Season 1 6.1. 2 Season 2 6.2 The Royal family 6.3 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) The Crown traces the life of Queen Elizabeth II from her wedding in 1947 through to the present day . The first season , in which Claire Foy portrays the Queen in the early part of her reign , depicts events up to 1955 , with Winston Churchill resigning as Prime Minister and the Queen 's sister Princess Margaret deciding not to marry Peter Townsend . The second season covers the Suez Crisis in 1956 , the retirement of the Queen 's third Prime Minister , Harold Macmillan , in 1963 following the Profumo affair political scandal , and the birth of Prince Edward in 1964 . Beginning with season three , Olivia Colman will portray the Queen . Season three will cover Harold Wilson 's two terms as Prime Minister , starting in 1964 with his first , until 1976 at the end of his second . It will also include Princess Margaret 's five - year affair with baronet and gardening expert Roddy Llewellyn that leads to the Princess 's divorce from Antony Armstrong - Jones in 1978 , and introduce Camilla Parker Bowles and Lady Diana Spencer . Lady Diana will be a focus of the fourth season , covering Margaret Thatcher 's premiership . Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Claire Foy as Princess Elizabeth and later Queen Elizabeth II . Matt Smith as Philip , Duke of Edinburgh and later Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh , Elizabeth 's husband Vanessa Kirby as Princess Margaret , Elizabeth 's younger sister . Eileen Atkins as Queen Mary , Elizabeth 's grandmother ( season 1 ) Jeremy Northam as Anthony Eden , Churchill 's Foreign Secretary , who succeeds him as Prime Minister Victoria Hamilton as Queen Elizabeth , George VI 's wife and Elizabeth 's mother , known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother during her daughter 's reign Ben Miles as Group Captain Peter Townsend , George VI 's equerry , who hopes to marry Princess Margaret Greg Wise as Louis Mountbatten , 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma , Philip 's ambitious uncle and great - grandson of Queen Victoria Jared Harris as King George VI , Elizabeth 's father , known to his family as Bertie John Lithgow as Winston Churchill , the Queen 's first Prime Minister Alex Jennings as Edward , Duke of Windsor , formerly King Edward VIII , who had abdicated in favour of his younger brother Bertie to marry Wallis Simpson ; known to his family as David Lia Williams as Wallis , Duchess of Windsor , Edward 's American wife Anton Lesser as Harold Macmillan , who follows Anthony Eden as Prime Minister ( season 2 ) Matthew Goode as Antony Armstrong - Jones , known as Tony , a society photographer who marries Princess Margaret ( season 2 ) Featured ( edit ) The below actors are credited in the opening titles of single episodes in which they play a significant role . Stephen Dillane as Graham Sutherland , a noted artist who paints a portrait of the aging Churchill ( season 1 ) Gemma Whelan as Patricia Campbell , a secretary whom Altrincham works with and types up his editorial ( season 2 ) John Heffernan as Lord Altrincham , a writer who penned a scathing criticism of the Queen ( season 2 ) Paul Sparks as Billy Graham , a prominent American minister with whom Elizabeth consults ( season 2 ) Michael C. Hall as John F. Kennedy , the 35th President of the United States who visits the Queen ( season 2 ) Jodi Balfour as Jacqueline Kennedy , the First Lady of the United States ( season 2 ) Burghart Klaussner as Dr. Kurt Hahn , the founder of Gordonstoun , where Philip and Charles went to school ( season 2 ) Finn Elliot as school - aged Prince Philip ( season 2 ) Julian Baring as school - aged Prince Charles ( season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Billy Jenkins as young Prince Charles Clive Francis as Lord Salisbury Pip Torrens as Tommy Lascelles Harry Hadden - Paton as Martin Charteris Daniel Ings as Mike Parker Lizzy McInnerny as Margaret `` Bobo '' MacDonald Michael Bertenshaw as the Master of the Household Patrick Ryecart as the Duke of Norfolk Will Keen as Michael Adeane James Laurenson as Doctor Weir Mark Tandy as Cecil Beaton Michael Culkin as Rab Butler George Asprey as Walter Monckton James Hillier as Equerry Anna Madeley as Clarissa Eden Nick Hendrix ( season 1 ) and Tom Durant - Pritchard ( season 2 ) as Billy Wallace Josh Taylor as Johnny Dalkeith David Shields ( season 1 ) and Pip Carter ( season 2 ) as Colin Tennant Julius D'Silva as Baron Nahum Jo Herbert as Mary Charteris Richard Clifford as Norman Hartnell Joseph Kloska as Porchey Amir Boutrous as Gamal Abdel Nasser Abigail Parmenter as Judy Montagu Season 1 ( edit ) Harriet Walter as Clementine Churchill Nicholas Rowe as Jock Colville Simon Chandler as Clement Attlee Kate Phillips as Venetia Scott Ronald Pickup as the Archbishop of Canterbury Nigel Cooke as Harry Crookshank Patrick Drury as the Lord Chamberlain John Woodvine as the Archbishop of York Rosalind Knight as Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark Andy Sanderson as Prince Henry Verity Russell as young Princess Elizabeth Beau Gadsdon as young Princess Margaret Jo Stone - Fewings as Collins Tony Guilfoyle as the Bishop of Durham Paul Thornley as Bill Mattheson Season 2 ( edit ) Chloe Pirrie as Eileen Parker Nicholas Burns as Anthony Nutting Lucy Russell as Lady Mountbatten Richard Elfyn as Selwyn Lloyd Adrian Lukis as Vice-Admiral Sir Conolly Abel Smith Sophie Leigh Stone as Princess Alice of Battenberg Guy Williams as Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark Leonie Benesch as Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark Simon Paisley Day as Meryn Lewis Sylvestra Le Touzel as Dorothy Macmillan Catherine Bailey as Elizabeth Cavendish Paul Clayton as Bob Boothby Yolanda Kettle as Camilla Fry Ed Cooper Clarke as Jeremy Fry Ryan Sampson as Dudley Moore Tim Steed as John Profumo Lyla Barrett - Rye as young Princess Anne Robert Irons as Freddie Bishop Patrick Warner as Peter Cook Oliver Maltman as Jim Orr David Annen as Alec Douglas - Home Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Wolferton Splash '' Stephen Daldry Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In November 1947 , Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark renounces his royal titles in order to marry Princess Elizabeth , King George VI 's elder daughter and heiress presumptive . The newlyweds move to Malta , where Philip returns to the Royal Navy and Elizabeth gives birth to her son Charles and her daughter Anne . In 1951 , the couple returns to London when King George undergoes surgery for lung cancer . After being told that he has months to live , the King counsels Philip on how to further assist Elizabeth when she becomes the new sovereign . Meanwhile , former Conservative Prime Minister Winston Churchill and his wife Clementine return to Downing Street following six years of a Labour government . `` Hyde Park Corner '' Stephen Daldry Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In 1952 , with King George still in ill health , Elizabeth and Philip tour the Commonwealth in his place . While the couple is on safari in Kenya , the King is found dead in his bed . His wife Queen Elizabeth , younger daughter Margaret , and widowed mother Queen Mary mourn as news of George 's sudden passing spreads via radio to the rest of the world . Philip breaks the news to Elizabeth , who returns to the United Kingdom as Queen and reunites with her family in their grief . `` Windsor '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In February 1952 , as the Royal Family prepares for King George 's funeral , Elizabeth 's uncle Edward , Duke of Windsor , who has been living in Paris with Wallis Simpson since his abdication in 1936 , arrives in the United Kingdom . This causes the Queen Mother and Queen Mary to reopen old wounds surrounding his choice of wife . Elizabeth meets Churchill to discuss Philip 's requests that his family keep the name Mountbatten , and live at Clarence House rather than move into Buckingham Palace . The Prime Minister is reluctant to grant either request ; Elizabeth later drops them after receiving counsel from Edward . Churchill later informs Elizabeth that the date for her coronation has been set for the following year ; she understands that Churchill is trying to secure his position within his own party , which is eager for Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden to replace him . `` Act of God '' Julian Jarrold Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In December 1952 , as a great smog affects London and kills thousands , Elizabeth 's advisors pressure her to ask Churchill , who referred to the event as an `` act of God '' , to step down . While initially reluctant to do so , the Queen summons him for a private audience after he comes under fire from the opposition and refuses to discuss the smog at a Cabinet meeting . Before the meeting , Churchill 's eyes are finally opened when his beloved secretary , Venetia Scott , is killed by a double - decker bus . He makes an impassioned speech outside the hospital where Venetia 's body is being held , promising a longer - term approach to preventing future smog . His speech prompts Elizabeth to change her mind , when the smog clears moments before their audience takes place . Philip begins flying lessons from Royal Air Force Group Captain Peter Townsend , who is having a clandestine relationship with Margaret . 5 5 `` Smoke and Mirrors '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) Following Queen Mary 's death in March 1953 , the visiting Duke of Windsor clashes with Elizabeth 's Private Secretary Tommy Lascelles after being asked not to attend Elizabeth 's coronation and learning that Wallis will also not be receiving an invitation . Elizabeth places Philip in charge of preparations , only to regret her decision when he upsets her with a request that he should forego kneeling to pay homage when she is crowned , and his insistence that the event be televised , which annoys the committee . On June 2 , Elizabeth is crowned at Westminster Abbey . Edward and Wallis view the coverage from their villa in Paris , and spitefully mock the new Queen . 6 6 `` Gelignite '' Julian Jarrold Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) When Margaret and Townsend ask for Elizabeth 's permission to marry , the Queen promises her support , while Lascelles and the Queen Mother advise against it . As a local newspaper publishes an article about the relationship , Elizabeth changes her mind after learning that the Royal Marriages Act of 1772 prohibits Margaret from marrying without permission until she turns twenty - five . Elizabeth and Philip take Townsend , who is set to be posted to Brussels , with them on a trip to Northern Ireland , but his popularity causes Lascelles to recommend that he be posted to Brussels sooner than promised , causing a lasting rift between the two sisters . 7 7 `` Scientia Potentia Est '' Benjamin Caron Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In August 1953 , Churchill urges an international summit with American President Dwight D. Eisenhower in response to the Soviet Union testing their first thermonuclear weapon . At the last minute , Churchill falls victim to a stroke , which inhibits his ability to govern and prompts Conservative Lord Salisbury to try and keep his ailment secret . Meanwhile , Elizabeth contemplates whether to replace the retiring Lascelles with senior deputy Michael Adeane or with her preferred choice Martin Charteris . She later engages a private tutor to improve her knowledge of science , which helps her gain enough courage to dress down Churchill and Salisbury for lying to her . 8 8 `` Pride & Joy '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) With Elizabeth and Philip on a stressful tour of the Commonwealth , Margaret takes on more royal engagements , and the Queen Mother goes to Scotland to reflect on her new position . While she is there , she buys a castle . Meanwhile , Philip grows frustrated over Elizabeth using him as a prop , and the couple have a heated argument that is recorded by photographers . While Elizabeth convinces the photographers to surrender the recording , she and Phillip remain unable to resolve the argument , but must pretend to have a stable relationship for the public 's sake . Churchill visits Margaret and , after explaining that the public do not want someone with passion or personality , tells her that she will no longer be taking on royal engagements . 9 9 `` Assassins '' Benjamin Caron Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) Philip begins spending more time away from home , while Elizabeth begins spending time with her horse racing manager and friend Lord `` Porchey '' Porchester . The tension escalates after Elizabeth has a direct line put in for Porchey to call Buckingham Palace , and culminates in a heated confrontation . Elizabeth later tells Philip that he is the only man she has ever loved , which has disappointed many others . He , in turn , silently mouths an apology after she makes a moving speech at Churchill 's eightieth birthday dinner . As part of the celebrations , contemporary artist Graham Sutherland paints a portrait of Churchill as a birthday gift from Parliament . However , the Prime Minister hates its accuracy and , after a heated confrontation with Sutherland , admits his pain at what aging has done to him . The portrait is later destroyed on Clementine 's instructions . 10 10 `` Gloriana '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan November 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 04 ) In 1956 , Elizabeth finds herself torn when the public approves , but officials from Parliament and the Church of England disapprove , of Margaret 's relationship with Townsend . As Elizabeth tries to dissuade Margaret from the relationship , the Queen Mother complains at Philip 's domineering attitude towards Charles . At the suggestion of both Lascelles and the Queen Mother , Elizabeth asks Philip to open the Summer Olympics in Melbourne so he can adjust to life in her shadow . A five - month royal tour onboard the newly commissioned Royal Yacht is later added to Philip 's itinerary , to which Elizabeth responds by suggesting that he be thankful everyone is helping him to find a public role . Meanwhile , Eden replaces Churchill as Prime Minister and becomes trapped in an escalating dispute with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser over rights to the Suez Canal . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 11 `` Misadventure '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In February 1957 , Elizabeth and Philip discuss the state of their marriage while onboard the Britannia in Lisbon , seeing that divorce is not an option . Five months earlier , Elizabeth had suspected he may be having an affair after finding a photograph of Russian ballerina Galina Ulanova in his briefcase . Chancellor of the Exchequer Harold Macmillan challenges Eden 's solution to the Egyptian takeover of the Suez Canal , but then agrees to military intervention . Philip 's uncle Earl Mountbatten overhears and warns Elizabeth , who confronts Eden about the Israeli invasion of Sinai . Eden confesses that there is a secret agreement between the Israeli , French and British governments to reclaim the canal from the Egyptians , without approval from Parliament or the United Nations . British forces begin moving into Egypt . After her nightly prayers she resolutely closes the door to the room with an empty double bed . 12 `` A Company of Men '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In December 1956 , Eden withdraws British forces from Egypt following international political pressure , before going on holiday to Jamaica to recover his health . Meanwhile , Philip continues his royal tour , punctuated by an interview which he abandons when the reporter asks about his family history . At Christmas , Philip makes a radio broadcast , prompting Elizabeth to let him know that his family is waiting for him as part of her Christmas Message . Meanwhile , Eileen , the wife of Philip 's private secretary Michael , initiates divorce proceedings because her husband has had an affair that started at Philip 's lunch club . Elizabeth 's assistant private secretary Martin Charteris warns Adeane that this could cause the press to start asking about Elizabeth and Philip 's own marriage . 13 `` Lisbon '' Philip Martin Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) Eden returns from Jamaica to find himself forced out of Downing Street by the Cabinet and the Conservative Party , who blame him for the Suez Crisis . As Macmillan becomes Prime Minister , Adeane enlists a retired Lascelles to change Eileen 's mind about the divorce . When he fails , and Elizabeth , Philip , and Parker learn about the decision , Elizabeth attempts to convince her to hold off an announcement , but she is rebuffed . The story goes public , prompting Philip to force Parker to resign . Elizabeth arranges Philip 's return before meeting the Britannia in Lisbon , where they again discuss their marriage . Philip says that he resents his son outranking him , and needs more respect from the court and palace staff . On February 22 , 1957 , Philip is made a Prince and becomes `` His Royal Highness the Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh '' . 14 `` Beryl '' Benjamin Caron Amy Jenkins and Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) Shortly before her birthday , Margaret accepts a marriage proposal from her friend Billy Wallace . She breaks off the engagement on finding him drunk and recovering from a duel on the night of the intended announcement , during a gala celebrating Elizabeth and Philip 's tenth wedding anniversary . Later , she meets photographer Antony Armstrong - Jones at a dinner party and becomes infatuated with him . He invites her to his studio for a sitting . Bored with traditional birthday pictures , she gives one of the photos , which suggests that she is nude , to the newspapers . The following day , the picture is published , shocking Elizabeth and the rest of the Royal Family . Macmillan 's wife Dorothy decides to end her longtime affair , but Macmillan overhears her talking to her lover on the telephone . 15 5 `` Marionettes '' Philippa Lowthorpe Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) Lord Altrincham , a minor peer and magazine editor , sparks a constitutional crisis after writing an article criticising Elizabeth . The piece was written after he had listened to a radio broadcast of a particularly tone - deaf speech of hers , written by her aides , to workers at a car factory . While both local newspapers and the general public are initially against him , they support him after he appears on ITV and argues that the monarchy must adapt to post-war and post-Suez society . Macmillan reminds Elizabeth of the trend of nations to abolish their monarchies , prompting her to meet with Altrincham in secret . She later implements two of his suggestions : that the 1957 Royal Christmas Message be televised , and that the Debutante Ball be opened to some of her subjects . Six months later , the Queen Mother expresses embarrassment over the monarchy 's slow loss of authority , while hosting a garden party . 16 6 `` Vergangenheit '' Philippa Lowthorpe Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In 1945 Germany , a German officer leads American soldiers to a box containing top - secret diplomatic papers . After discovering that these contain information about `` Windsor '' , Churchill informs King George and is asked to ensure that the files are never published . In 1958 , shortly before meeting American evangelist Billy Graham , Elizabeth receives a letter from Edward asking permission to re-enter the UK to find employment . She agrees , but he starts convincing former sycophants to support his return . When historians unearth the papers , reorganised and titled the Marburg Files , Macmillan brings the matter before Elizabeth . He and the Queen Mother explain that one volume , which the United States wants published , concerns Edward 's clandestine relationship with the Nazi High Command . After a confrontation with Edward does not go as planned , Elizabeth asks Lascelles for advice , only to learn the extent of the relationship . She then seeks spiritual counsel from Reverend Graham , before exiling Edward for betraying his country and allowing the volume to be published . 17 7 `` Matrimonium '' Benjamin Caron Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) After learning that Townsend is engaged to a much younger woman , Margaret retaliates by pressing Armstrong - Jones into proposing marriage . Because Elizabeth is pregnant , protocol prevents her from announcing the engagement . Adeane and Lascelles inform Elizabeth that Armstrong - Jones is currently engaged in sexual relationships with other women , and also with his best male friend and his wife , who is pregnant with what might be Armstrong - Jones 's child . On February 19 , 1960 , Elizabeth gives birth to Prince Andrew . She decides against telling Margaret about Armstrong - Jones 's sexual activities . Three months later , on May 6 , Margaret and Armstrong - Jones are married at Westminster Abbey . 18 8 `` Dear Mrs. Kennedy '' Stephen Daldry Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In June 1961 , Elizabeth invites newly - inaugurated American President John F. Kennedy and his wife Jackie to Buckingham Palace for dinner . The Queen finds common ground with the First Lady , only to become annoyed on hearing that Jackie had insulted both her and the Palace at a party . Feeling challenged , she travels to Ghana to meet President Kwame Nkrumah , whose relationship with the Soviet Union is worrying Macmillan . Elizabeth convinces him to cut ties with the Soviet Union and to realign Ghana with the United Kingdom , in exchange for agreeing to dance the foxtrot with him . Later , Jackie makes an unexpected visit to the UK and sits down with Elizabeth at Windsor Castle , where she says she is sorry for insulting her , explaining that she had been under the influence of `` substances '' . Elizabeth later confides in Philip , asking him if she should have responded in a more personal way . Two years later , after watching news coverage of President Kennedy 's assassination , Elizabeth arranges for a week of mourning to take place and sends Jackie a personal letter of sympathy . 19 9 `` Paterfamilias '' Stephen Daldry Tom Edge and Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In May 1962 , on Philip 's insistence Charles is sent to Gordonstoun School . Elizabeth and Louis , who are against the idea , recommend Eton College , only for Philip to use his deal with Elizabeth to compel her to back him . As he takes Charles to Scotland , Philip recalls his time at the school , when he was punished for fighting by being forced to construct the school 's front gate during the winter holiday , and when his favourite sister Cecile and her family had died in a plane crash , for which his father Andrew blamed him . Charles starts to struggle with Gordonstoun 's rigorous curriculum and , when he disappears during the Gordonstoun challenge , is found crying by his security detail . Philip admonishes Charles for being `` bloody weak '' . 20 10 `` Mystery Man '' Benjamin Caron Peter Morgan December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) In April 1963 , the government is thrown into chaos by an affair between the Secretary of State for War John Profumo and model Christine Keeler becoming public knowledge . When the media begins to speculate about a `` mystery man '' seen in a photograph taken at a party hosted by London osteopath Stephen Ward , who is charged with immorality offences , Margaret and Tony notice the similarities with Philip . Ward commits suicide , and the police find a hand - drawn portrait of Philip among his belongings . An embarrassed Macmillan resigns , and is succeeded by Alec Douglas - Home , whose appointment is controversial due to his relationship with the Royal Family . Elizabeth asks Philip if he is the mystery man , and confronts him with the photograph of Ulanova . Philip admits to knowing Ward in a minor capacity , having visited his clinic the previous year after injuring his neck . He denies attending Ward 's weekend parties , and reaffirms his love and support for Elizabeth . On March 10 , 1964 , Elizabeth gives birth to Prince Edward , her fourth child . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Peter Morgan , who wrote the 2006 film The Queen and the 2013 stage play The Audience , is the main scriptwriter for The Crown . The directors of the television series who were also involved in the stage production are Stephen Daldry , Philip Martin , Julian Jarrold , and Benjamin Caron . The first 10 - part season was the most expensive drama produced by Netflix and Left Bank Pictures to date , costing at least £ 100 million . A second season was commissioned , with the series intended to span 60 episodes over six seasons . By October 2017 , `` early production '' had begun on an anticipated third and fourth season , and by the following January , Netflix confirmed the series had been renewed for a third and fourth season . Casting ( edit ) By November 2014 , Claire Foy had entered negotiations to portray Queen Elizabeth II in the series . The following May , Vanessa Kirby was in negotiations to portray Princess Margaret . In June 2015 , John Lithgow was cast as Winston Churchill , and Matt Smith was cast as Prince Phillip ; Foy was confirmed as Queen Elizabeth II . Also starring in the first season were Victoria Hamilton , Jared Harris , and Eileen Atkins . The Left Bank producers noted that Smith was paid more than Foy in the first two seasons , partially because of his Doctor Who fame . This information brought up discussion on the gender pay gap , including the creation of a petition asking Smith to donate the difference between his and Foy 's salary to the Time 's Up Legal Defense Fund . Left Bank later issued an apology to Foy and Smith for putting them `` at the center of a media storm ... through no fault of their own . '' Left Bank also clarified that they `` are responsible for budgets and salaries ; the actors are not aware of who gets what , and can not be held personally responsible for the pay of their colleagues . '' They added that they support `` the drive for gender equality in film and TV and ( were ) eager to talk to the British Time 's Up campaign and ( were ) already speaking to Era 50 : 50 , a group campaigning for gender equality on screen and stage . '' Suzanne Mackie , Left Bank 's creative director , did note that moving forward , no other actor would be paid more than the actress portraying the Queen . Regarding the controversy , Foy was `` not ( surprised about the interest in the story ) in the sense that it was a female - led drama . I 'm not surprised that people saw ( the story ) and went , ' Oh , that 's a bit odd . ' But I know that Matt feels the same that I do , that it 's odd to find yourself at the center ( of a story ) that you did n't particularly ask for . '' The producers will recast some roles with older actors every two seasons , as the timeline moves forward and the characters age . In October 2017 , Olivia Colman was cast as Queen Elizabeth II for the third and fourth seasons . By January 2018 , Helena Bonham Carter and Paul Bettany were in negotiations to portray Princess Margaret and Prince Philip , respectively , for these seasons . However , by the end of the month Bettany was forced to drop out due to the time commitment required . On March 28 , 2018 , it was confirmed that Tobias Menzies had closed a deal to be cast as Prince Phillip for the third and fourth seasons . Filming ( edit ) An estimated 25 % of the first season was filmed at Elstree Studios in Borehamwood , Hertfordshire , with the remainder filmed on location , altogether taking 152 days . Sets for private quarters , the interior of a private jet , the cabinet room , and the exterior of 10 Downing Street , were built at Elstree Studios , while Lancaster House , Wrotham Park and Wilton House were used to double as Buckingham Palace . Ely Cathedral stood in for Westminster Abbey , while locations in South Africa doubled as Kenya . Additional locations in the UK included Eltham Palace , the Royal Naval College , Goldsmiths ' Hall , Shoreham Airport , New Slains Castle , Balmoral Castle , Cruden Bay , Lyceum Theatre , Loseley Park , Hatfield House , The Historic Dockyard Chatham , Southwark Cathedral , Ardverikie House , Englefield House , and the Glenfeshie Estate . Filming on the second season began in early October 2016 . Each episode of the first two seasons would shoot for about 22 days , with each costing about GB £ 5 million ( US $7 million ) to produce . The third season is expected to begin filming in July 2018 . Historical accuracy ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The show has been interpreted as perpetuating the idea that the Queen and Prime Minister Churchill had forced Princess Margaret to give up her plan to marry Group Captain Peter Townsend . In the series the Queen is seen telling her sister that if she marries Townsend she would no longer be a member of the family because of the Royal Marriages Act 1772 . Yet there is clear evidence that in reality efforts had been made to prevent any further delay of the marriage , which would have allowed Princess Margaret to keep her royal title and her civil list allowance , stay in the country and even continue with her public duties . The re-enactment of the removal of the King 's cancerous lung , originally performed by Sir Clement Price Thomas , was researched and planned by Pankaj Chandak , specialist in transplant surgery at Guy 's and St Thomas ' Hospital , London . Chandak and his surgical team also became part of the real scene . The surgical model of King George VI was donated to the Gordon Museum of Pathology for use as a teaching aid . Peggy Noonan of The Wall Street Journal highlighted the historical inaccuracy of the series , and argued for `` more truth in art and entertainment '' . Release ( edit ) The series 's first two episodes were released theatrically in the United Kingdom on November 1 , 2016 . The first season was released worldwide in its entirety on November 4 , 2016 . The second season was released on December 8 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Season 1 ( edit ) John Lithgow won multiple awards for his performance as Winston Churchill . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported 90 % approval for the first season based on 51 reviews , with an average rating of 8.7 / 10 . Its critical consensus reads , `` Powerful performances and lavish cinematography make The Crown a top - notch production worthy of its grand subject . '' On Metacritic , the series holds a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 29 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . The Guardian 's TV critic Lucy Mangan praised the series and wrote that `` Netflix can rest assured that its £ 100m gamble has paid off . This first series , about good old British phlegm from first to last , is the service 's crowning achievement so far . '' Writing for The Daily Telegraph , Ben Lawrence said , `` The Crown is a PR triumph for the Windsors , a compassionate piece of work that humanises them in a way that has never been seen before . It is a portrait of an extraordinary family , an intelligent comment on the effects of the constitution on their personal lives and a fascinating account of postwar Britain all rolled into one . '' Chief television critic Jaci Stephen of The Mail on Sunday lauded the series and said , `` Faultless is the only word for The Crown with its exquisite writing and magnificent acting . '' Writing for The Boston Globe , Matthew Gilbert also praised the series saying , `` The show , created and written by Peter Morgan of The Queen and Frost / Nixon is thoroughly engaging , gorgeously shot , beautifully acted , rich in the historical events of postwar England , and designed with a sharp eye to psychological nuance . '' Vicki Hyman of The Star - Ledger said , `` A sumptuous , stately but never dull look inside the life of Queen Elizabeth '' . The A.V. Club 's Gwen Ihnat said , `` The Crown easily rises far above , adding a cinematic quality to a complex and intricate time for an intimate family . The performers and creators are seemingly up for the task . '' The Wall Street Journal critic Dorothy Rabinowitz said , `` We 're clearly meant to see the duke ( of Windsor ) as a wastrel with heart . It does n't quite come off -- Mr. Jennings is far too convincing as an empty - hearted scoundrel -- but it 's a minor flaw in this superbly sustained work . '' Television critic Robert Lloyd writing for the Los Angeles Times said , `` As television it 's excellent -- beautifully mounted , movingly played and only mildly melodramatic . '' Hank Stuever of The Washington Post also reviewed the series positively : `` Pieces of The Crown are more brilliant on their own than they are as a series , taken in as shorter , intently focused films like The Queen and another Morgan achievement , the play and film versions of Frost / Nixon . '' Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times said , `` This is a thoughtful series that lingers over death rather than using it for shock value ; one that finds its story lines in small power struggles rather than gruesome palace coups . '' . The Hollywood Reporter 's Daniel Fienberg said , `` The first chapter of Peter Morgan 's chronicle of the rule of Queen Elizabeth II remains gripping across the entirety of the 10 episodes made available to critics , finding both emotional heft in Elizabeth 's youthful ascension and unexpected suspense in matters of courtly protocol and etiquette . '' Other publications such as USA Today , Indiewire , The Atlantic , CNN and Variety all reviewed the series positively . Some were more critical of the show . In a review for Time magazine , Daniel D'Addario wrote that it `` will be compared to Downton Abbey , but that ... was able to invent ahistorical or at least unexpected notes . Foy struggles mightily , but she 's given little : Avoiding her children , her husband , and her subjects in favor of meetings at which she either acquiesces to her advisors or puts off acquiescing until fifteen minutes later , The Crown 's Elizabeth is more than unknowable . She 's a bore '' . Vulture 's Matt Zoller Seitz concluded , `` The Crown never entirely figures out how to make the political and domestic drama genuinely dramatic , much less bestow complexity on characters outside England 's innermost circle . '' Verne Gay of Newsday said , `` Sumptuously produced but glacially told , The Crown is the TV equivalent of a long drive through the English countryside . The scenery keeps changing , but remains the same . '' Slate magazine 's Willa Paskin , commented : `` It will scratch your period drama itch -- and leave you itchy for action . '' Writing for The Mail on Sunday , Hugo Vickers , an English biographer of the Royal Family , argued that `` while ( The Crown ) certainly holds the attention , it is marred by a series of sensationalist errors and some quite remarkable lapses into vulgarity . '' Season 2 ( edit ) Rotten Tomatoes reported a 93 % approval rating for the second season based on 69 reviews , with an average rating of 8.45 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus read `` The Crown continues its reign with a self - assured sophomore season that indulges in high drama and sumptuous costumes . '' On Metacritic , the second season holds a score of 87 out of 100 , based on 27 critics , retaining the first season 's indication of `` universal acclaim '' . Foy and Smith both earned significant praise from critics . Chancellor Agard of Entertainment Weekly wrote `` As always , Claire Foy turns in an amazingly restrained performance . '' Gabriel Tate of The Daily Telegraph wrote `` Matt Smith , too , has seldom been better . If the scripts do them justice , we could be in for another memorable series . '' Hugo Rifkind of The Times said `` While ardent monarchists might bristle at the way this is going , for the rest of us it 's getting better and better . '' Alison Keene of Collider said `` Like its first season , each new episode makes its mark and tells its own complete story , all while staying linked to Elizabeth 's journey as a monarch , mother , and wife . It 's another exceptionally strong season of television , full of compelling drama and sweeping grandeur . '' Krutika Malikarjuna of TV Guide wrote `` Season 2 is centered on why the public - at - large ( especially those outside of Britain ) still engage with the royals at all : celebrity and star power . The brilliance of this framing becomes clear as the show evolves into The Real Housewives of Buckingham . '' Sophie Gilbert wrote for The Atlantic `` This personal , complex portrayal of a monarch who by her own admission in the show would rather be living any other life is riveting enough . But The Crown is also a history lesson , as my colleague David Sims has put it , albeit a selective one . It 's gorgeously shot , with flawless re-creations of everything from the Throne Room in Buckingham Palace to a 1950s hospital ward . And it 's surprisingly funny . '' The Wall Street Journal critic John Anderson said `` The Crown attains genuine sexiness without sex . Margaret , à la Ms. Kirby 's interpretation , smolders , as does Elizabeth , at least on occasion . '' Meghan O'Keefe of Decider wrote `` Season Two of The Crown continues to romanticize the British royal family , but the romance comes from how they 're normal , not divine . '' Less complimentary reviews saw the season criticized for what some regarded as failing to meet the emotional intensity of the first . John Doyle wrote for Globe and Mail `` Yes , it is still so lavishly made that it is breathtaking . But The Crown now leans toward a three - hanky weeper about marriage . It is less than it was , like the monarchy itself , and of interest to monarchy fans only . '' Alan Sepinwall of Uproxx added `` Many of the season 's wounds are self - inflicted , in particular Morgan 's mystifying fascination with Prince Philip , who despite Matt Smith 's best efforts still comes across as a whiny man - child . '' Phil Owen of The Wrap described the season as `` trashy '' and saw dry comedy in Northam 's portrayal of Prime Minister Anthony Eden : `` I 'm assuming that creator Peter Morgan meant for it to be comedy . There 's really no other explanation for why Jeremy Northam played Prime Minister Anthony Eden like he 's having a nervous breakdown in every scene . '' The Royal family ( edit ) Adam Helliker from the Daily Express reported in May 2017 that Queen Elizabeth II and her third son Prince Edward and his wife Sophie had watched the first season together . Other royal family members who were fans of the first season included the Queen 's granddaughters Princess Eugenie , Zara Tindall and her husband Mike Tindall . While the Queen was reported to have enjoyed the series , she found some depictions of events to be `` too heavily dramatised '' . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2016 American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year The Crown Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series John Lithgow Won Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series Jared Harris Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Main Title -- TV Show / Digital Streaming Series Hans Zimmer Nominated 2017 Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama The Crown Won Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Claire Foy Won Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film John Lithgow Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series The Crown Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series John Lithgow Won Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Claire Foy Won Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Martin Childs Nominated American Cinema Editors Awards Best Edited One Hour Series for Non-Commercial Television Yan Miles ( for `` Assassins '' ) Nominated Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Drama The Crown Won Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film Jared Harris Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Period Television Series Michele Clapton Won Dorian Awards TV Drama of the Year The Crown Nominated TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Claire Foy Nominated Broadcasting Press Guild Awards Best Online First / Streaming The Crown Won Best Actor Matt Smith Nominated Best Actress Claire Foy Nominated Best Writer Peter Morgan Nominated Irish Film and Television Awards Best Editing Úna Ní Dhonghaíle Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Period Television Pat Karam , Robert Bentley Won BAFTA Television Craft Awards Best Costume Design Michele Clapton Won Best Director : Fiction Stephen Daldry Nominated Best Photography and Lightning : Fiction Adriano Goldman Nominated Best Production Design Martin Childs Nominated Best Special , Visual and Graphic Effects Úna Ní Dhonghaíle , Molinare Won Best Title and Graphic Identity Patrick Clair , Raoul Marks Nominated Best Writer : Drama Peter Morgan Nominated BAFTA Television Awards Best Drama Series The Crown Nominated Best Actress Claire Foy Nominated Best Supporting Actor John Lithgow Nominated Jared Harris Nominated Best Supporting Actress Vanessa Kirby Nominated Glamour Awards Best UK TV Actress Won TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Drama The Crown Nominated Outstanding New Program Nominated Individual Achievement in Drama Claire Foy Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series The Crown Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series Claire Foy Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series John Lithgow Won Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series Stephen Daldry Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Peter Morgan Nominated Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Nina Gold , Robert Sterne Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Adriano Goldman Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Period / Fantasy Series , Limited Series , or Movie Nominees ( show ) Michele Clapton , Alex Fordham , Emma O'Loughlin and Kate O'Farrell Won Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Ivana Primorac , Amy Riley Nominated Outstanding Main Title Design Nominees ( show ) Patrick Clair , Raoul Marks , Javier Leon Carrillo and Jeff Han Nominated Outstanding Music Composition for a Series Rupert Gregson - Williams Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Nominees ( show ) Martin Childs , Mark Raggett and Celia Bobak Won Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role Nominees ( show ) Ben Turner , Tom Debenham , Standish Millennas , Kim Phelan , Oliver Cubbage , Lionel Heath , Charlie Bennet , Stephen Smith and Carmine Agnone Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Original Score -- TV Show / Limited Series Rupert Gregson - Williams Nominated American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year The Crown Won 2018 ASC Awards Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series for Non-Commercial Television Adriano Goldman ( for `` Smoke and Mirrors '' ) Won Art Directors Guild Awards One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Nominees ( show ) Martin Childs ( for `` A Company of Men '' , `` Beryl '' , `` Dear Mrs. Kennedy '' ) Nominated Cinema Audio Society Awards Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Nominees ( show ) Chris Ashworth , Lee Walpole , Stuart Hilliker , Martin Jensen , Rory de Carteret , Philip Clements ( for `` Misadventure '' ) Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Excellence in Period Television Series Jane Petrie Won Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series The Crown Nominated Best Actress in a Drama Series Claire Foy Nominated Producers Guild of America Awards Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television , Drama The Crown Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama The Crown Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Claire Foy Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Period Television Pat Karam and Robert Bentley Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series The Crown Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Claire Foy Won See also ( edit ) British Royal Family The Crown References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Crown Season Two ( Soundtrack from the Netflix Original Series ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix plans original UK drama about the Queen '' . BBC News Online . May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brown , Mick ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown : Claire Foy and Matt Smith on the making of the £ 100m Netflix series '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown '' . Real or Fake 4K . Retrieved March 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Singh , Anita ( August 19 , 2015 ) . `` £ 100m Netflix Series Recreates Royal Wedding '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Russ ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown : What year did Series 1 finish ? What will be in season 2 ? '' . Daily Express . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sandwell , Ian ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Downton Abbey 's Matthew Goode is joining the cast of Netflix 's The Crown '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Adds Michael C Hall & Jodi Balfour As Jack & Jackie Kennedy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maslow , Nick ( January 20 , 2018 ) . `` The Crown : Paul Bettany in talks to play Prince Philip '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Olivia ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Olivia Colman Joins ' The Crown ' as Queen Elizabeth for Seasons 3 and 4 '' . Variety . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bentley , Jean ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Season 3 : All the Details ( So Far ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2018 . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Julie ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` The Crown 's Third Season Is Minus a Prince Philip as Paul Bettany Bows Out '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trailers for Netflix series ' The Crown , ' and ' The Get Down ' '' . Geeks of Doom . January 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lloyd , Kenji ( January 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown trailer : First look at Peter Morgan 's Netflix drama '' . Final Reel . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Vanessa ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Why Britain 's psyche is gripped by a different kind of royal fever '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Crown Season Two : Representation vs Reality '' . Netflix . December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lee , Sarah ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Filming The Crown : on the set of the lavish Netflix series -- in pictures '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gruccio , John ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` The trailer for Netflix 's royal drama series , `` The Crown '' `` . TMStash . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix plans original UK drama about the Queen '' . BBC News Online . May 23 , 2014 . Retrieved February 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown is a ' game changer for British drama ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . October 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Made in the UK : The Crown '' . British Film Commission . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : the Royal family are ' nervous ' about Netflix 's new £ 100 million series '' . The Daily Telegraph . July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( June 19 , 2015 ) . `` Matt Smith starring in Netflix series , The Crown '' . IGN . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , Julia ( November 6 , 2016 ) . `` TV royalty : £ 100million drama The Crown descends on Trafalgar Square to film second season ... after Netflix debut is met with rave reviews '' . MailOnline . Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's glittering Crown could leave BBC looking a little dull '' . The Guardian . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Crown is a ' game changer for British drama ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jaafar , Ali ( November 11 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix 's ' The Crown ' Finds Its Queen In Claire Foy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 15 , 2015 ) . `` Vanessa Kirby To Play Princess Margaret In Netflix 's ' The Crown ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( June 18 , 2015 ) . `` ' Doctor Who ' Alum Matt Smith Cast in Netflix 's ' The Crown ' with John Lithgow , Claire Foy '' . Variety . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ N'Duka , Amanda ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Trailer : First Look At Netflix 's Queen Elizabeth Drama Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Birnbaum , Debra ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Claire Foy Was Paid Less Than Matt Smith on ' The Crown ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Stewart ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Petition Calls on Matt Smith to Donate Part of His Salary From ' The Crown ' to Time 's Up '' . Variety . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Stewart ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Producers Apologize to Claire Foy , Matt Smith Over Gender Pay Scandal '' . Variety . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( March 24 , 2018 ) . `` Claire Foy talks The Crown pay controversy : ' I 'm not surprised people went , `` That 's a bit odd '' ' `` . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jeffrey , Morgan ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown will replace Matt Smith , Claire Foy and its ENTIRE CAST after two seasons '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown ' : Helena Bonham Carter Poised To Play Princess Margaret '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Sets ' Outlander 's Tobias Menzies As New Prince Philip '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Deehan , Tom ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix period drama The Crown filmed on location throughout the UK and South Africa '' . The Location Guide . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Where was it filmed ? '' . Radio Times . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Where was it filmed ? Page 2 '' . Radio Times . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown ( 2016 ) '' . Kent Film Office . October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fedko - Blake , Vaira ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' : Where Was The Expensive New Drama Filmed ? '' . Movie Pilot . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Paul ( November 19 , 2016 ) . `` Did the Queen stop Princess Margaret marrying Peter Townsend ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Surgeons replace actors in The Crown 's King George VI operation scene '' . AOL UK . November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Inside the Gordon Museum -- King 's Alumni Community '' . alumni.kcl.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-lies-of-the-crown-and-the-post-1514505833 Jump up ^ `` The Crown ( Season 1 , Episodes 1 & 2 ) ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . October 25 , 2016 . Retrieved October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kickham , Dylan ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Matt Smith 's Netflix drama The Crown gets premiere date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Claire Foy and Matt Smith face the challenges of royal life in new extended trailer for Netflix drama The Crown '' . Radio Times . September 27 , 2016 . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Season 2 Sets Premiere Date , Releases First Trailer '' . Variety . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mangan , Lucy ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown review -- the £ 100m gamble on the Queen pays off royally '' . The Guardian . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lawrence , Ben ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown , spoiler - free review : Netflix 's astonishing £ 100 million gamble pays off '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephen , Jaci ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` A royal feast ... now just watch me binge ! Faultless is the only word for The Crown with its exquisite writing and magnificent acting '' . The Mail on Sunday . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Matthew ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' The Crown ' bows to the queen '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hyman , Vicki ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' review : ' Downton Abbey ' fans , meet your new ( and better ) obsession '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ihnat , Gwen ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown is a visually sumptuous family drama fit for a queen '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rabinowitz , Dorothy ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Review : The Making of Elizabeth II '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' The Crown ' is a winning tale of royals and the weight of tradition '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's ' The Crown ' is best when viewed like separate little movies '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Genzlinger , Neil ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Netflix Does Queen Elizabeth II in ' The Crown , ' No Expense Spared '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bianco , Robert ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' The Crown ' is sumptuous miniseries with stellar cast '' . USA Today . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Review : Netflix Period Drama Came to Reign in Made - To - Order Emmys Contender '' . Indiewire . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown Is a Sweeping , Sumptuous History Lesson '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Crown ' regally explores reign of Queen Elizabeth '' . CNN . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` TV Review : ' The Crown ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ D'Addario , Daniel ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Netflix 's The Crown Makes the Most of an Unknowable Queen '' . Time . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's The Crown Is Tedious , But Anglophiles Will Like It '' . New York . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` The Crown Review : Queen Elizabeth Story Falls Flat '' . Newsday . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's sumptuous $100 million drama about the British monarchy delivers exactly what it promises . That is n't enough '' . Slate . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vickers , Hugo ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` With a £ 100million budget Netflix 's eagerly - anticipated new show The Crown is the most lavish biopic ever , says royal expert Hugo Vickers , but it 's marred by sensationalist errors and some remarkable lapses into vulgarity '' . The Mail on Sunday . London . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Season 2 '' . metacritic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown premiere recap : ' Misadventure ' '' . Entertainment . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown , season 2 , episode 1 review : a glittering account of the Windsors in crisis '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TV review : Hugo Rifkind on The Grand Tour '' . The Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' Season 2 Review : Another Exquisite , Compelling Portrait of Royal Life '' . Collider . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown Season 2 Lightens the Weight of Colonialism with Karmic Comeuppance '' . TV Guide . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Crown : Netflix 's Best Superhero Show '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' and ' Family Guy ' Review : Messy Family Affair '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' Season 2 Review : Claire Foy Still Reigns Supreme '' . Decider . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Netflix 's The Crown slips into silly escapist eye - catching candy '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' Looks Tarnished By Too Much Philip in Season Two '' . Uproxx . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Crown ' Season 2 Review : Just Trashy Enough to Work '' . TheWrap . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Helliker , Adam ( May 21 , 2017 ) . `` Queen tickled by her own series ... '' Daily Express . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` TV Honorees Heavy on Freshmen ; ' This Is Us ' Lone Network Show '' . AFI Awards . Jump up ^ `` HBO leads television nominations for the 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice awards with 22 nominations '' . Critics ' Choice . November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` HMMA Winners '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes 2017 : The Complete List of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' & More '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ACE Eddie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations includes Oscar frontrunner ' La La Land ' '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The International Press Academy Announces Winners for the 21st Annual Satellite Awards '' ( PDF ) . International Press Academy . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ; Pedersen , Erik ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Costume Designers Guild Awards : ' La La Land , ' ' Hidden Figures ' & ' The Crown ' Among Winners -- Complete List '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Television nominations '' . Broadcasting Press Guild Awards . February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Night Manager , The Crown , Planet Earth II and Desert Island Discs take top prizes at 43rd Broadcasting Press Guild Awards '' . Broadcasting Press Guild Awards . March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's the full list of nominees for this year 's Irish Film and Television Awards '' . entertainment.ie . March 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( April 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Win Location Managers Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TV Craft Awards nominees 2017 '' . BAFTA.org . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` BAFTA TV Craft Award Winners Include ' The Crown ' , ' The Night Manager ' , ' National Treasure ' -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations List for the Virgin TV British Academy Television Awards in 2017 '' . BAFTA.org . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I loved playing someone who fought for change ! ' The Crown star Vanessa Kirby gives a shout out to female empowerment as she leads the winners at the Glamour Women of the Year Awards '' . Dailymail.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Handmaid 's Tale , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Atlanta ' Lead 2017 TV Critic Awards Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 EMMY ® AWARDS NOMINATIONS FOR PROGRAMS AIRING JUNE 1 , 2016 -- MAY 31 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are the AFI Awards 2017 Official Selections '' . American Film Institute . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher . `` ' Blade Runner , ' ' Mudbound , ' ' Game of Thrones ' Land ASC Cinematography Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi , ' ' Dunkirk , ' ' Lady Bird ' Nab Art Directors Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul . `` 2018 Cinema Audio Society Awards nominations : Oscar frontrunner ' Dunkirk , ' ' Star Wars , ' ' Wonder Woman ... '' Gold Derby . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Greatest Showman , ' ' Young Pope , ' ' Phantom Thread ' Earn Costume Designers Guild Nominations '' . Variety . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nolfi , Joey ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards winners 2018 : Full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dupre , Elyse ( 5 January 2018 ) . `` 2018 Producers Guild Award Nominations : The Full List of Film and TV Nominees '' . E ! News . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Hatchett , Keisha ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` Big Little Lies and Three Billboards Top Golden Globe Nominations '' . TVGuide.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( 22 February 2018 ) . `` ' The Crown , ' ' Dunkirk ' Among Locations Managers Guild International Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . 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Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the king die in the crown	[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal release date\n\n\n1\n1\n\"Wolferton Splash\"\nStephen Daldry\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nIn November 1947, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark renounces his royal titles in order to marry Princess Elizabeth, King George VI's elder daughter and heiress presumptive. The newlyweds move to Malta, where Philip returns to the Royal Navy and Elizabeth gives birth to her son Charles and her daughter Anne. In 1951, the couple returns to London when King George undergoes surgery for lung cancer. After being told that he has months to live, the King counsels Philip on how to further assist Elizabeth when she becomes the new sovereign. Meanwhile, former Conservative Prime Minister Winston Churchill and his wife Clementine return to Downing Street following six years of a Labour government.\n\n\n2\n2\n\"Hyde Park Corner\"\nStephen Daldry\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nIn 1952, with King George still in ill health, Elizabeth and Philip tour the Commonwealth in his place. While the couple is on safari in Kenya, the King is found dead in his bed. His wife Queen Elizabeth, younger daughter Margaret, and widowed mother Queen Mary mourn as news of George's sudden passing spreads via radio to the rest of the world. Philip breaks the news to Elizabeth, who returns to the United Kingdom as Queen and reunites with her family in their grief.\n\n\n3\n3\n\"Windsor\"\nPhilip Martin\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nIn February 1952, as the Royal Family prepares for King George's funeral, Elizabeth's uncle Edward, Duke of Windsor, who has been living in Paris with Wallis Simpson since his abdication in 1936, arrives in the United Kingdom. This causes the Queen Mother and Queen Mary to reopen old wounds surrounding his choice of wife. Elizabeth meets Churchill to discuss Philip's requests that his family keep the name Mountbatten, and live at Clarence House rather than move into Buckingham Palace. The Prime Minister is reluctant to grant either request; Elizabeth later drops them after receiving counsel from Edward. Churchill later informs Elizabeth that the date for her coronation has been set for the following year; she understands that Churchill is trying to secure his position within his own party, which is eager for Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden to replace him.\n\n\n4\n4\n\"Act of God\"\nJulian Jarrold\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nIn December 1952, as a great smog affects London and kills thousands, Elizabeth's advisors pressure her to ask Churchill, who referred to the event as an \"act of God\", to step down. While initially reluctant to do so, the Queen summons him for a private audience after he comes under fire from the opposition and refuses to discuss the smog at a Cabinet meeting. Before the meeting, Churchill's eyes are finally opened when his beloved secretary, Venetia Scott, is killed by a double-decker bus. He makes an impassioned speech outside the hospital where Venetia's body is being held, promising a longer-term approach to preventing future smog. His speech prompts Elizabeth to change her mind, when the smog clears moments before their audience takes place. Philip begins flying lessons from Royal Air Force Group Captain Peter Townsend, who is having a clandestine relationship with Margaret.\n\n\n5\n5\n\"Smoke and Mirrors\"\nPhilip Martin\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nFollowing Queen Mary's death in March 1953, the visiting Duke of Windsor clashes with Elizabeth's Private Secretary Tommy Lascelles after being asked not to attend Elizabeth's coronation and learning that Wallis will also not be receiving an invitation. Elizabeth places Philip in charge of preparations, only to regret her decision when he upsets her with a request that he should forego kneeling to pay homage when she is crowned, and his insistence that the event be televised, which annoys the committee. On June 2, Elizabeth is crowned at Westminster Abbey. Edward and Wallis view the coverage from their villa in Paris, and spitefully mock the new Queen.\n\n\n6\n6\n\"Gelignite\"\nJulian Jarrold\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nWhen Margaret and Townsend ask for Elizabeth's permission to marry, the Queen promises her support, while Lascelles and the Queen Mother advise against it. As a local newspaper publishes an article about the relationship, Elizabeth changes her mind after learning that the Royal Marriages Act of 1772 prohibits Margaret from marrying without permission until she turns twenty-five. Elizabeth and Philip take Townsend, who is set to be posted to Brussels, with them on a trip to Northern Ireland, but his popularity causes Lascelles to recommend that he be posted to Brussels sooner than promised, causing a lasting rift between the two sisters.\n\n\n7\n7\n\"Scientia Potentia Est\"\nBenjamin Caron\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nIn August 1953, Churchill urges an international summit with American President Dwight D. Eisenhower in response to the Soviet Union testing their first thermonuclear weapon. At the last minute, Churchill falls victim to a stroke, which inhibits his ability to govern and prompts Conservative Lord Salisbury to try and keep his ailment secret. Meanwhile, Elizabeth contemplates whether to replace the retiring Lascelles with senior deputy Michael Adeane or with her preferred choice Martin Charteris. She later engages a private tutor to improve her knowledge of science, which helps her gain enough courage to dress down Churchill and Salisbury for lying to her.\n\n\n8\n8\n\"Pride & Joy\"\nPhilip Martin\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nWith Elizabeth and Philip on a stressful tour of the Commonwealth, Margaret takes on more royal engagements, and the Queen Mother goes to Scotland to reflect on her new position. While she is there, she buys a castle. Meanwhile, Philip grows frustrated over Elizabeth using him as a prop, and the couple have a heated argument that is recorded by photographers. While Elizabeth convinces the photographers to surrender the recording, she and Phillip remain unable to resolve the argument, but must pretend to have a stable relationship for the public's sake. Churchill visits Margaret and, after explaining that the public do not want someone with passion or personality, tells her that she will no longer be taking on royal engagements.\n\n\n9\n9\n\"Assassins\"\nBenjamin Caron\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nPhilip begins spending more time away from home, while Elizabeth begins spending time with her horse racing manager and friend Lord \"Porchey\" Porchester. The tension escalates after Elizabeth has a direct line put in for Porchey to call Buckingham Palace, and culminates in a heated confrontation. Elizabeth later tells Philip that he is the only man she has ever loved, which has disappointed many others. He, in turn, silently mouths an apology after she makes a moving speech at Churchill's eightieth birthday dinner. As part of the celebrations, contemporary artist Graham Sutherland paints a portrait of Churchill as a birthday gift from Parliament. However, the Prime Minister hates its accuracy and, after a heated confrontation with Sutherland, admits his pain at what aging has done to him. The portrait is later destroyed on Clementine's instructions.\n\n\n10\n10\n\"Gloriana\"\nPhilip Martin\nPeter Morgan\nNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)\n\n\nIn 1956, Elizabeth finds herself torn when the public approves, but officials from Parliament and the Church of England disapprove, of Margaret's relationship with Townsend. As Elizabeth tries to dissuade Margaret from the relationship, the Queen Mother complains at Philip's domineering attitude towards Charles. At the suggestion of both Lascelles and the Queen Mother, Elizabeth asks Philip to open the Summer Olympics in Melbourne so he can adjust to life in her shadow. A five-month royal tour onboard the newly commissioned Royal Yacht is later added to Philip's itinerary, to which Elizabeth responds by suggesting that he be thankful everyone is helping him to find a public role. Meanwhile, Eden replaces Churchill as Prime Minister and becomes trapped in an escalating dispute with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser over rights to the Suez Canal.\n\n" ]	[ "Hyde Park Corner" ]
-8317397756697450609	List of alcohol laws of the United States	List of alcohol laws of the United states - wikipedia List of alcohol laws of the United states Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Beer at a Walmart in Kissimmee , Florida . Some states permit alcoholic beverages to be sold at all stores selling groceries while others have more restrictive laws , with laws of many states specifying different restrictions for different categories of alcoholic beverages . The following table of alcohol laws of the United States provides an overview of alcohol - related laws by first level jurisdictions throughout the US . This list is not intended to provide a breakdown of such laws by local jurisdiction within a state ; see that state 's alcohol laws page for more detailed information . On July 17 , 1984 , Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act . The bill would force all states to raise their drinking age from 18 , 19 , or 20 to 21 . States that did not choose to raise their drinking age to 21 would risk losing 8 % ( 10 % before 2012 ) of federal highway funding as a penalty . As of July 1988 , all 50 states and the District of Columbia had a minimum purchase age of 21 , with some grandfather clauses , and with the exception of Louisiana 's complicated legal situation that was not resolved until July 2 , 1996 . Prior to 1988 , the minimum purchase age varied by jurisdiction . After Congress passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act in July 1984 , states not in compliance had a portion of their federal highway budget withheld . South Dakota and Wyoming were the final two states to comply , in mid-1988 . However , most states continue to allow those under 21 to drink in certain circumstances . Examples are some states like Tennessee and Washington , which allow those under 21 to drink for religious purposes . States including Oregon and New York allow those under 21 to drink on private non-alcohol selling premises . Unlike on the mainland , the U.S. territories of Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands have a minimum purchase and drinking age of 18 . The minimum purchase age is 21 in the Northern Mariana Islands , Guam , American Samoa , and US Minor Outlying Islands . U.S. military reservations are exempt under federal law from state , county , and locally enacted alcohol beverage laws . Class Six stores in a base exchange facility , officers ' or NCO clubs , as well as other military commissaries which are located on a military reservation , may sell and serve alcohol beverages at any time during their prescribed hours of operation to authorized patrons . While the installation commander is free to set the drinking age , with some exceptions , most stateside military bases have a drinking age that mirrors the local community . Individual states remain free to restrict or prohibit the manufacture of beer , mead , hard cider , wine , and other fermented alcoholic beverages at home . Homebrewing beer became legal in all 50 states in 2013 as the governor of Mississippi signed a bill legalizing homebrewing on March 19 , 2013 and as the governor of Alabama signed a bill legalizing homebrewing of beer and wine which came into effect on May 9 , 2013 . The Mississippi bill went into effect July 1 , 2013 . Most states allow brewing 100 US gallons ( 380 L ) of beer per adult per year and up to a maximum of 200 US gallons ( 760 L ) per household annually when there are two or more adults residing in the household . Because alcohol is taxed by the federal government via excise taxes , homebrewers are prohibited from selling any beer they brew . This similarly applies in most Western countries . In 1979 , President Jimmy Carter signed into law a bill allowing home beers , which was at the time not permitted without paying the excise taxes as a holdover from the prohibition of alcoholic beverages ( repealed in 1933 ) . This change also exempted home brewers from posting a `` penal bond '' ( which is currently $1000.00 ) . Production of distilled alcohols is regulated at the National level under USC Title 26 subtitle E Ch51 . Numerous requirements must be met to do so and production carries an excise tax . Owning or operating a distillation apparatus without filing the proper paperwork and paying the taxes carries federal criminal penalties . In land or property that is being rented or owned by the federal government , state , territory , and federal district alcohol laws do not apply . Instead , only laws made by the federal government apply . Contents ( hide ) 1 Table 1.1 Alabama -- Hawaii 1.2 Idaho -- Massachusetts 1.3 Michigan -- New Mexico 1.4 New York -- South Dakota 1.5 Tennessee -- Wyoming , Puerto Rico 2 See also 3 Footnotes 4 References 5 External links Table ( edit ) Alabama -- Hawaii ( edit ) State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery store sales Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Beer Wine Distilled spirits Purchasing Consumption Alabama Yes Prohibited between midnight until noon on Sundays in some counties . Private clubs , which require a membership fee and a membership card , have no day or time restrictions . Yes No 21 21 No exceptions to the law 13.9 % ABV cap on beer Beer containers may not exceed 25.4 ounces ( 0.75 l ) ABV > 14.9 % wine sold in state stores Alcohol may be served 24 hours a day unless restricted by local ordinances . Twenty - six of Alabama 's 67 counties do not allow the sale of alcohol . However , possession and consumption remain legal within those 26 counties . Of the 26 `` dry '' counties , 23 have at least one `` wet '' city ; these are considered `` moist '' dry counties . Within those 23 counties there are 43 wet cities . State law allows any city with a population greater than 1,000 located within a dry county to `` go wet '' if a referendum is passed by 50 % of voters . State retains monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only . Distilled spirits ( liquor ) are purchasable in either state - owned retail liquor stores , known as ABC Stores , or privately - owned retail liquor stores . Privately - owned retail liquor stores tend to be open on Sundays , public ( federal & state ) holidays , and later hours than state - owned liquor stores . Alaska No 8 a.m. -- 5 a.m. , except election days ( liquor stores may not open until polls close ) No ( although many grocery stores have separate areas that sell all forms of alcoholic beverages and many bars sell packaged liquor as well ) 21 21 Exception : Underage drinking allowed for medical purposes , and on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent Most communities have more restrictive laws , ranging from restrictions on operating hours to bans on sale and possession . Sellers / servers may not , for any reason , give a person alcohol for free or sell it for less than its cost . Sellers / servers may drink while on duty , but no intoxicated person may remain on the premises , so an impaired server could be arrested . Arizona No 2 a.m. -- 6 a.m. seven days a week -- no election day nor holiday restrictions Yes 21 21 Exception : Underage drinking allowed for religious and medical purposes Sales of any type of alcohol are legal at any store that has an off - premises liquor license , including but not limited to convenience stores and grocery stores . Bars may sell closed containers of alcohol for consumption off the premises . Drive - through liquor stores are allowed . Everclear Grain Alcohol Proof 190 ( 95 % alcohol ) is legal . A large percentage of the land area of Arizona is in Indian reservations , many of which have liquor laws considerably more restrictive than state law , up to and including total prohibition . `` Beer busts '' ( all the beer / liquor one can drink for a set price ) in bars are illegal . Persons 19 years of age or older may work in bars and liquor stores serving and selling alcohol . Patrons may not purchase for on premises consumption more than 40 ounces of beer , 1 liter of wine or 4 ounces of distilled spirits at one time . DUI penalties are some of the most severe in the nation . A person convicted of a DUI ( even first offense ) must have an interlock installed in his car for one year . Arizona has an ' Impaired to the Slightest Degree ' law that can convict a person even if his BAC is less than . 08 % . Arkansas No Sale prohibited Sundays , Mondays between 12 : 00 a.m. and 1 : 00 a.m. , or on any other days between the hours of 1 : 00 a.m. and 7 : 00 a.m. The governing body of any city or town may fix later closing hours for the permitted premises of a hotel or restaurant which in no event shall be later than two ( 2 ) hours after midnight on Saturday night . Yes No 21 21 No exceptions to the law Has numerous dry counties and other dry areas , but private clubs can serve even in dry areas . Alcohol sales are generally prohibited on Sundays , but exceptions can be made through local option ( usually for restaurants and private clubs ) . No sales on Christmas Day . California No 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Yes 21 21 Exception : A minor will not be penalized for consuming alcohol if discovered or reported through a medical emergency . Relatively unrestricted ; beer , wine and liquor available at grocery stores , convenience stores , gas stations , and warehouse clubs . No statewide holiday restrictions . Motor vehicles entering from Mexico may only import 1 liter of alcohol ( duty - free ) . Sale or distribution of alcoholic beverages higher than 60 % ABV is illegal ( B&P 23403 ) . You may serve alcohol if you are at least 21 years of age . City and county governments can set different sale hours . 18 - , 19 - and 20 - year - old wine and beer production students can taste -- but not consume -- what they are making and studying . Colorado No 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Beer , wine , and liquor : 8 a.m. -- midnight 3.2 beer : 5 a.m. - midnight 3.2 only * No * 21 21 Exception : Underage consumption allowed on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent , for religious , medical , and educational purposes . Spirituous , vinous & malt liquor available in liquor stores and liquor - licensed drug stores only . Liquor stores closed on Christmas Day . Sunday sales restriction lifted on July 1 , 2008 . Liquor stores and liquor - licensed drug stores may have only one location , while 3.2 % beer may be sold in gas stations , supermarkets , and convenience stores . Appropriately licensed businesses may also sell 3.2 % beer for both on and off - premises consumption . A small number of grocery stores are licensed as drug stores and sell full strength beer , wine , and spirits . As an example , a chain grocery store that has pharmacy services at most or all locations may elect a single location in the chain as the licensed establishment to sell beer , wine , and spirits . Connecticut No 9 a.m. -- 1 a.m. ( Mon. -- Thurs . ) 9 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Fri. -- Sat . ) 11 a.m. -- 1 a.m. ( Sun . ) 8 a.m. -- 10 p.m. ( Mon. -- Sat . ) 10 a.m. -- 6 p.m. ( Sun . ) Yes No 21 Exception : No explicit age if a present legal guardian is 21 or older 21 Exception : Underage consumption is allowed on private non alcohol selling premises with parental consent , for medical and religious puroposes , and on alcohol selling premises with parental consent . Sunday off - premises sales allowed as of May 20 , 2012 ; Sunday on - premises sales subject to local ordinances . Beer can be purchased at grocery / convenience stores . Spirits and wine can be purchased only at liquor stores . No off - premises alcohol sales on Thanksgiving , Christmas Day , and New Year 's Day . Open container law applies only to drivers , not passengers . Delaware No 9 a.m. -- 1 a.m. 9 a.m. -- 1 a.m. ( Mon. -- Sat . ) noon -- 8 p.m. ( Sun . ) Municipalities with a population over 50,000 persons may impose stricter hours of sale by local ordinance . No 21 21 Exception : A minor will not be penalized for if discovered consuming alcohol through a medical emergency . Underage drinking allowed on private non-alcohol selling premises with parental consent , for religious purposes . For off - premises consumption , alcohol may be purchased only in a liquor store , taproom , or a brew pub that has an off - premises license . Unless accompanied by a parent or guardian over 21 , no person under 21 may enter a liquor store or taproom for any reason , even for the intent of purchasing only tobacco or lottery tickets . No sales of alcohol by liquor stores or taprooms are permitted during designated holidays including Thanksgiving , Easter or Christmas . District of Columbia No 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Sun. -- Thu. , 8 a.m. -- 3 a.m. Fri. -- Sat . Liquor Stores : 9 a.m. -- midnight daily * Grocery Stores : 9 a.m. - 12 a.m. daily Yes No 21 21 Exception : A minor will not be penalized for if discovered consuming alcohol through a medical emergency . * Liquor stores can begin applying for licenses to open on Sunday as of January 16 , 2013 . No singles sold , but stores in some areas may apply for an exemption . Certain wards may be made dry by the decision of the local ANC , but as of 2005 none are The day before a federal or district holiday , on - premises retailers may sell / serve from 8 a.m. - 3 a.m. On New Yer 's Eve , on - premises retailers may sell / serve until 4 a.m. on January 1 . Florida No State law prohibits selling of alcohol between midnight and 7 a.m. , unless the county chooses to change the operating hours later ( FS 562.14 ( 1 ) ) ; such as for Sunday morning ; Ormond Beach stays open until 7pm on Sundays . Miami - Dade County liquor stores may operate 24 hours a day . Yes No 21 21 Exception : 18 for educational purposes Sale , processing , or consumption of any liquor or spirit of greater than 153 proof is illegal . ( FSS 565.07 ) No retail sale of wine in containers larger than 1 gallon . FS 564.05 Supermarkets and other licensed business establishments may sell beer , low - alcohol liquors , and wine . Liquor must be sold in dedicated liquor stores which may be in a separate part of a grocery or a drug store . As of July 1 , 2015 , the restriction on 64 ounce refillable containers , or growlers , has been lifted and beer may be sold in quantities of 64 ounces , in addition to the previously legal 32 and 128 ounce sizes . Georgia No Hours of sale determined by local jurisdiction . No alcohol sales on Christmas Day . Yes No 21 21 Exception : Underage drinking allowed on non-alcoholic premises with parental consent , and for religious and medical purposes . 14 % ABV cap on beer . Sunday off - premises sales from 12 : 30 p.m. to 11 : 30 p.m. allowed only by local referendum . In general , one may not be drunk in public . Though there is no state law prohibiting drinking in public , most municipal corporations and political subdivisions limit the possession of open containers of alcohol to private property , with notable exceptions being Savannah and Roswell . A charge of public drunkenness is only warranted when one is drunk in public and his acts are either loud or disorderly . Hawaii No Bars and restaurants stop serving alcohol at 2 a.m. , but some hold a special ' cabaret license ' that allows them to continue serving alcohol until 4 a.m. 6 a.m. to 12 a.m. Within Honolulu County 6 a.m. to 11 p.m. Within Kauai , Maui , and Hawaii counties Yes 21 21 Exception : Underage consumption allowed for religious purposes Idaho -- Massachusetts ( edit ) State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery Store Sales Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Beer Wine Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption Idaho No Yes 6 : 00 a.m. to 2 : 00 a.m. , 7 : 00 a.m. to 1 : 00 a.m. in some counties Yes No Alcoholic beverages exceeding 16 % ABV can only be sold in Idaho State Liquor Dispensary stores , or contracted stores . Illinois No Depending on local government ; 24 - hour bars are permitted in Cicero ; a handful of 21 - to 22 - hour bars exist in Cook County , and the Metro East . In Rock Island County , many establishments sell alcohol 24 hours a day . Yes Opening / closing hours are up to the decision of counties or municipalities . Indiana No 7 a.m. -- 3 a.m. 7 a.m. -- 3 a.m. Noon - 8 p.m. on Sunday . Yes Indiana prohibits the sales of cold beer by grocery stores or gas stations , but allows cold beer to be sold from liquor stores ( IC 7.1 - 5 - 10 - 11 ) . Minors , including babies , are not allowed to enter a liquor store . Indiana has a photo identification requirement for all off - premises transactions to anyone who is or reasonably appears to be less than forty ( 40 ) years of age . ( See IC 7.1 - 5 - 10 - 23 ) . Public intoxication is a class B misdemeanor . ( IC 7.1 - 5 - 1 - 3 ) Iowa No Yes 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Mon -- Sat 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Sun Yes If a controlled substance is detected in a person 's system at or near the time they were operating a motor vehicle , they can be charged and potentially convicted of operating while intoxicated ( OWI ) even if they were not `` impaired '' by that substance . Kansas Yes 9 a.m. - 2 a.m. ( in counties which allow on - premises sales ) 9 a.m. - 11 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) ( in counties which allow off - premises sales ) noon - 7 p.m. or 8 p.m. ( Sun ) ( in communities which allow Sunday off - premises sales ) 3.2 only No Kansas 's alcohol laws are among the strictest in the United States . Kansas prohibited all alcohol from 1881 to 1948 , and continued to prohibit on - premises sales of alcohol from 1949 to 1987 . Sunday sales only have been allowed since 2005 . Today , 29 counties still do not permit the on - premises sale of alcohol . 59 counties require a business to receive at least 30 % of revenue from food sales to allow on - premises sale of alcohol . Only 17 counties allow general on - premises sales . Not all communities which allow off - premises sales allow sales on Sunday . Sales are prohibited on Christmas and Easter . The only alcoholic beverage which grocery stores and gas stations may sell is beer with no more than 3.2 % alcohol by weight . Other liquor sales only are allowed at state - licensed retail liquor stores . Kansas has comprehensive open container laws for public places and vehicles , public intoxication laws , and requirements for prospective on - premises or off - premises licensees . Kentucky No 6 a.m. to 4 a.m. on Monday through Saturday 1 p.m. to 4 a.m. on Sundays Yes No Local ordinance may vote to permit Sunday sales at restaurants . Sales 2 -- 4 a.m. only in Louisville . As of 2005 Sunday sales were allowed per state law , but may still be prohibited in some areas by local ordinance ( as of early 2006 , such a situation existed with smaller cities within Louisville Metro , though these cities have since changed local ordinances ) . Alcohol sale restriction and wet / dry ( both by drink and package ) allowed by both county and city local option . Approximately 39 counties in the state ( mostly eastern and southern counties ) are dry , all alcohol sale and possession prohibited ; 22 `` moist '' counties ( with `` wet '' cities allowing package liquor sales in counties otherwise dry ) ; 29 counties that are otherwise dry but have communities with local option that allow sales of liquor by the drink or under special exemptions allowing sales at wineries . Majority of wet counties are around major metropolitan areas ( Louisville , Lexington , Covington , Bowling Green ) . Note : Beginning in 2013 Liquor by the drink and beer by the drink are available on Sundays in Louisville , KY beginning at 10 : 00 am . Bowling Green , KY recently began allowing Sunday sales in December 2013 for carry - out beer , wine , and liquor . Prohibition on liquor sales on Election Day was repealed effective June 24 , 2013 . Kentucky was one of only two states to still have Election Day prohibition , the other being South Carolina . Louisiana No No state imposed restrictions on on - premises hours . `` 24 hour '' bars are common in New Orleans and in Jefferson Parish . Some municipalities and parishes ( including Baton Rouge and East Baton Rouge Parish ) require on - premises service to stop at 2 : 00 am . No statewide restrictions on hours of package sales . Yes 21 Exceptions to state law include : For an established religious purpose ; When a person under twenty - one years of age is accompanied by a parent , spouse , or legal guardian twenty - one years of age or older ; For medical purposes when purchased as an over the counter medication , or when prescribed or administered by a licensed physician , pharmacist , dentist , nurse , hospital , or medical institution ; In a private residence , which shall include a residential dwelling and up to twenty contiguous acres , on which the dwelling is located , owned by the same person who owns the dwelling ; The sale , handling , transport , or service in dispensing of any alcoholic beverage pursuant to lawful ownership of an establishment or to lawful employment of a person under twenty - one years of age by a duly licensed manufacturer , wholesaler , or retailer of beverage alcohol . Packaged alcoholic beverages of any strength may be sold in supermarkets , drug stores , gas stations , and convenience stores . Local municipalities may not restrict this . As a result , dedicated `` liquor stores '' are mostly specialty stores in larger cities , and some supermarkets have large selections of liquors and wines , and compete on the basis of liquor prices and selection . Alcohol can be consumed in the streets of New Orleans as long as it is in an `` unbreakable container '' ( no glass ) and may be taken from club to club if both establishments allow it . Otherwise , it depends on the locality . Most parishes other than Orleans Parish do not permit alcoholic beverages served on premises to be carried out . However , many parishes and municipalities permit consumption of packaged beverages ( for example , cans of beer ) on the street . Glass bottles on the streets are prohibited . One can enter most bars at 18 years of age but must be 21 years old to purchase or consume alcohol . Also , it is legal in the state of Louisiana for a legal parent or guardian to purchase alcoholic beverages for their underaged child . Drive - thru frozen daiquiri stands are legal and common , but the police can arrest you for driving with an open container , if you have put the straw in the cup Maine No Yes 6 a.m. to 1 a.m. ( Mon -- Sun ) Yes 21 21 ABV > Alcohol may not be purchased after 1 a.m. any day of the week , may not be purchased prior to 6 a.m. Monday through Saturday , and not prior to 9 a.m. on Sunday . Bars and restaurants may serve until 1 : 15 a.m. On New Year 's Day alcohol may be sold one hour later in all establishments . When St. Patrick 's Day falls on a Sunday , bars and restaurants may serve alcohol starting at 6 a.m that day . Wholesaling through state - licensed monopoly . Municipalities may prohibit the sale of alcohol by referendum ; 56 towns have done so . Maryland Variable by locality Variable by locality Variable by locality Variable by locality Baltimore County prohibits the sale on Sunday in some areas . In the counties of Montgomery , Somerset , Wicomico , and Worcester sale of alcoholic beverages are controlled directly by the county Liquor Control Boards , there are exceptions in Montgomery where some liquors are still sold in grocery store due to being grandfathered before the change of the law . Garrett County prohibits the sale on Sunday except in some areas . The sale of alcohol at grocery and convenience stores varies by county . There are no dry counties , but some individual voting districts within counties restrict or prohibit alcohol on a local - option basis . Massachusetts No 8 : 00 a.m. -- 2 : 00 a.m. by state law , although individual cities and towns may prohibit sales before 11 : 00 a.m. and after 11 : 00 p.m. Not before 11 : 00 a.m. on Sunday . 8 : 00 a.m. -- 11 : 00 p.m. , or 8 : 00 a.m. -- 11 : 30 p.m. on the day before a holiday . Not before 10 : 00 am on Sunday . Yes . 21 21 As of January 2016 , no individual , partnership , or corporation may have more than seven off - premises licences in the state , nor more than two in any city , nor more than one in any town . No individual , partnership , or corporation not resident or headquartered in Massachusetts may apply for a license , although one may devolve thereupon . As of 2012 - 10 - 29 , a Massachusetts driver 's license , Massachusetts Liquor ID card , RMV - issued Massachusetts non-driver ID card , passport ( issued by the US or a US - recognized foreign entity ) , US - issued Passport Card , and military identification card are the only acceptable proofs of age under state law . Out of state or Canadian driver 's licenses / ID 's and other forms of identification do not grant the establishment legal protection if accepted as proof of age ( and many establishments will not accept out of state licenses for this reason ) . On - premises regulations : No discounts at specific times ( i.e. no `` Happy Hour '' discounts ) or for specific individuals , no fixed - price open bar or all - you - can - drink ( except at private functions ) , no more than two drinks per individual at any one time , no pitchers for fewer than two people , no drinking contests , no drinks as prizes , no free drinks . Off - premises sale of alcohol is prohibited on the last Monday in May ( Memorial Day ) , Thanksgiving Day , Christmas Day , and the day after Christmas if Christmas falls on a Sunday . Sale of alcohol is prohibited during polling hours on election days ( subject to local exceptions ) . `` Malt beverages '' defined as having not more than 12 % alcohol by weight . Michigan -- New Mexico ( edit ) State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery Store Sales Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Beer Wine Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption Michigan No Yes 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon. -- Sat . ) noon - 2 a.m. ( Sunday ) * sales may begin at 7 a.m. with special license extension 7 a.m. - 2 a.m. ( Mon - Sat ) noon - 2 a.m. ( Sunday ) * sales may begin at 7 a.m. with special license extension , Yes 21 21 The Michigan Liquor Control Commission allows the sale of alcoholic beverages until 11 : 59 p.m. on December 24 and after 12 : 00 p.m. on December 25 . On - premises sales are permitted on January 1 until 4 : 00 a.m. Local or county ordinance may restrict Sunday or Sunday morning sales . State does not operate retail outlets ; maintains a monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only . Minnesota No ( but see note ) 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. seven days 8 : 00 a.m. - 10 : 00 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) ; 11 : 00 a.m. - 6 : 00 p.m. ( Sun ) 3.2 % Only No Local or County ordinance prevails for hours of operation for off - sale licenses . Growler sales allowed until 10 p.m. 7 days a week . Certain municipalities may establish municipal liquor stores ; they are permitted , but not required , to exclude privately owned stores . Off - premises sales on Sundays became legal on July 1 , 2017 . Mississippi No Yes Local authorities fix hours of alcohol sale Yes No ABW > 5 % wine and sparkling wine sold in state - contracted stores which are open from 10 : 00 am until 10 : 00 pm ( Closed Sundays ) statewide . Beer and light wine ( ABW < 5 % , ABV < ~ 6.3 % ) sold in convenience stores / supermarkets . Beer and light wine ( ABW < 5 % ) may be consumed by persons age 18 - 20 with parental supervision . Governor Phil Bryant signed a bill permitting beer with 8 % ABW / 10 % ABV on April 9 , 2012 . The bill went into effect on July 1 , 2012 . No sales on Christmas Day . No state open container laws . Complimentary alcohol all day and night in coastal casinos . In most counties , alcohol can not be sold on Sundays . There are many dry counties in which it is illegal to possess alcoholic beverages , though some cities within dry counties have voted in beer sales . Missouri No Most establishments : ( Mon -- Sat ) 6 : 00am -- 1 : 30am ( Sunday ) 9 : 00am -- 12 : 00pm Special licenses in Kansas City and St. Louis : ( Daily ) 6 : 00am -- 3 : 00am ( Mon -- Sat ) 6 : 00am -- 1 : 30am ( Sunday ) 9 : 00am -- 12 : 00am Sales permitted until 3 : 00 am in those Kansas City and St. Louis bars grandfathered into the ability to double as liquor stores . Yes One of the most alcohol - permissive states , perhaps only behind Nevada and Louisiana : No open container law . No state public intoxication law . Liquor control law covers all beverages containing more than 0.5 % alcohol , without further particularities based on percentage . Cities and counties are prohibited from banning off - premises alcohol sales . No dry jurisdictions . State preemption of local alcohol laws which do not follow state law . Certain bars in Kansas City and St. Louis grandfathered into the ability to double as liquor stores . Special licenses available for bars and nightclubs which allow selling alcohol until 3 : 00am in Kansas City , Jackson County , North Kansas City , St. Louis , and St. Louis County . Grocery stores , drug stores , and even gas stations may sell liquor without limitation other than hours . Patrons allowed to take open containers out of bars in Kansas City 's Power & Light District . Parents and guardians may furnish alcohol to their children . Missourians over 21 may manufacture up to 100 gallons of any liquor per year for personal use , without any further state limitation , state taxation , or state license . ( Obtaining a permit from the Federal Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau and meeting other requirements under federal law probably still is required for private citizens to manufacture distilled alcohol - but not wine or beer - for personal use . ) Missouri law recognizes two types of alcoholic beverage : liquor , which is any beverage containing more than 0.5 % alcohol except `` non-intoxicating beer '' ; and `` non-intoxicating beer , '' which is beer containing between 0.5 % and 3.2 % alcohol . Liquor laws apply to all liquor , and special laws apply to `` non-intoxicating beer . '' Montana No Yes Closing 2am Yes No ABV > 16 % wine sold in state - contracted stores , ABV < 16 % may be sold in grocery stores . Nebraska No 6 a.m. -- 1 a.m. Legislation passed in 2010 allows for municipalities to extend on - premises sales to 2 a.m. with two - thirds approval of city or county councils . Yes No on - or off - premises sales of spirits before noon on Sundays . All beer , wine , and champagne can be sold starting at 6 a.m. Nevada No 24 hours Yes There are few restrictions on the sale and consumption of alcohol in Nevada except for age . The maximum abv of alcohol sold is 80 % . State law also renders public intoxication legal , and explicitly prohibits any local or state law from making it a public offence . Alcohol purchase is only controlled in Panaca . New Hampshire No Yes 6 a.m. -- 1 a.m. 6 a.m. -- 11 : 45 p.m. Yes No Liquor sold in state - run stores , many found at highway rest areas . 14 % ABV cap on beer . State is wholesaler of wine . State taxes beer $0.30 / gal at the wholesale level . New Jersey No Each municipality can control hours by local ordinance . Most municipalities have a last call of 2 or 3 a.m. Atlantic City , Brigantine , Absecon , Elwood , Pomona , Smithville , Galloway , and Mullica ( All in Atlantic County ) serve 24 hours . There are some dry towns in the southern part of the state , including Ocean City . 9 a.m. - 10 p.m. for liquor . Beer and wine can be sold at any time on - premise sales are permitted in that municipality . This causes most liquor stores to close at 10 PM , however some will stay open an hour later selling only beer and wine . Cities of the first class ( e.g. Jersey City and Newark ) are exempt from this law and may set their own hours for liquor sales . Rarely 21 21 ( unless provided by parent or guardian in private ) Some dry communities in historically Methodist and Quaker communities in the southern part of the state . Though there is not a ban on selling alcoholic beverages at grocery stores , New Jersey limits each chain to two licenses , so with only a few exceptions , most supermarkets / convenience stores / gas stations / pharmacies do not sell alcoholic beverages . In addition , liquor sales are only permitted in a separate department or attached sister store . Bars are allowed to off - sale packaged goods . With the exception of Jersey City and Newark , all municipalities MUST allow off - sales of beer and wine at any time on - sales are permitted . However , since alcoholic beverages are generally only found in package stores , this right is rarely exercised . Alcoholic beverages by the drink as well as off - sales of beer and wine are permitted 24 hours a day in Atlantic City and Brigantine . New Mexico No 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. , except Sundays , for establishments with full dispenser license . 7 a.m. -- 11 p.m. , except Sundays , for restaurants with beer and wine license . 7 a.m. -- midnight except Sundays Yes New Mexico issues two types of license for consumption on - premises : a full dispenser license allowing sale of all types of alcohol , or a restaurant license permitting sale of beer and wine only . An additional Sunday permit is available which allows sale ( on or off premises ) on Sundays from noon until midnight . Exceptions are the prohibition of alcohol sale on Christmas , regardless of the day it falls on , and a Sunday permit allowing of sale ( on or off premises ) until 2 : 00 a.m. January 1 , if December 31 falls on a Sunday . Sunday permits are only available where approved by voters within a local option district . Selling , serving and giving alcohol to a minor is a class 4 felony punishable by up to 18 months in prison , except when `` a parent , legal guardian or adult spouse of a minor serves alcoholic beverages to that minor on real property , other than licensed premises , under the control of the parent , legal guardian or adult spouse '' , or for religious purposes . New York -- South Dakota ( edit ) State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery Store Sales Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Beer Wine Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption New York No 8 a.m. -- 4 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 4 a.m. ( Sun ) Some counties have more restrictive hours . Beer : 24 hours Wine & spirits : 8 a.m. -- midnight ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 9 p.m. ( Sun ) . Yes No 21 Off - premises sale of wine and spirits is only at liquor stores , and beer is not sold at liquor stores ; it must be sold at supermarkets and convenience stores . Exchanges for returned items are permitted ( at store owners ' discretion ) . Some counties may retain the Sunday morning beer prohibition which the state discontinued as of July 30 , 2006 . Twelve dry towns , mostly in western region of state . Many counties have more restrictive off - premises hours , such as bans on beer sales overnight ( hours vary ) . All liquor stores must be owned by a single owner , who owns that store and lives within a certain distance of it -- effectively banning chain liquor stores from the state . New York City law does not allow open containers of alcohol in public . North Carolina No Yes 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 10 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Sun ) Beer and wine : 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 10 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Sun ) Liquor : 9 a.m. -- 9 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Yes No 21 15 % ABV cap on beer , 16 % cap on unfortified wine , 24 % cap on fortified wine . No `` happy hour , '' `` buy one get one free , '' or `` ladies night '' style specials allowed . North Dakota No 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 2 a.m. ( Sun ) 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 2 a.m. ( Sun ) No 21 No off - sale on Thanksgiving Day . No Christmas Day on - sale , nor sales on Christmas Eve after 6 p.m. Ohio No Yes 5 : 30 a.m. -- 2 : 30 a.m. 5 : 30 a.m. -- 1 a.m. Yes , under 21 % ABV 21 21 or older , unrestricted under supervision of individual 's parent or legal guardian or legal age spouse 12 % ABV cap on beer was removed on May 31 , 2016 . 21 % ABV cap on wine . Some counties have more restrictive off - premises hours . The Division of Liquor Control does not operate retail outlets ; it appoints private businesses to act as its agents and sell its products in exchange for a commission . Normal proof spirits ( > 21 % ABV ) are sold only in a limited number of agent stores . Many retail outlets sell diluted spirits ( diluted by water to 21 % ABV ) under a more readily obtained permit . No intoxicating liquor shall be handled by any person under twenty - one years of age , except that a person eighteen years of age or older employed by a permit holder may handle or sell beer or intoxicating liquor in sealed containers in connection with wholesale or retail sales , and any person nineteen years of age or older employed by a permit holder may handle intoxicating liquor in open containers when acting in the capacity of a server in a hotel , restaurant , club , or night club ... Beverages with less than 0.5 % ABV can be sold / given to people under the age of eighteen if given by a physician in the regular line of his practice or given for established religious purposes , or the underage person is accompanied by a parent , spouse who is not an underage person , or legal guardian . Oklahoma No 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. 10 a.m. -- 9 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 3.2 % only No 21 4.0 % ABV / 3.2 ABW or higher only sold at room temperature in liquor stores , Liquor Stores closed on Sundays and some holidays . As of 2007 , liquor stores are now open on election days . State law prohibits public intoxication , many counties and cities also prohibit public intoxication . Oregon No Yes 7 a.m. -- 2 : 30 a.m. 7 a.m. -- 2 : 30 a.m. Yes No 21 Liquor , all of which is state - owned prior to sale to consumers , is sold in private liquor stores . These stores are approved by Oregon 's Liquor Commissioners to act as sales agents on the state 's behalf . Pennsylvania No Yes Restaurants , and bars : 7 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 11 a.m. - 2 a.m. ( Sun ) Clubs : 7 a.m. -- 3 a.m. Beverage Centers and State Run Stores : 9 a.m. -- 10 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 5 p.m . ( Sun ) Grocery Stores : 7 a.m. - 10 p.m. ( Mon - Sat ) 9 a.m. - 10pm ( Sun ) Yes * No 21 Spirits can only be sold at state - operated stores . All persons must be at least 21 years of age to enter a state - operated liquor store alone . Beer is not sold at state - operated liquor stores . Beer ( but not wine ) to go can be purchased at beverage outlets in any quantity . Prior to 2015 beverage centers could only sell 24 pack cases or greater . The rules were relaxed to permit sales of beer in any quantity in 2016 . * Beer and wine to go can be purchased in restaurants and grocery stores ( at a separate point of purchase for alcohol and prepared foods sales in grocery stores ) ( six and 12 packs / 192oz max . purchase ( two six packs ) ) with Liquor Control Board -- issued licenses Sunday sales were prohibited in LCB stores until 2003 ( selected locations ) and beverage outlets ( owner 's option ) until 2005 . Special permits may be purchased for certain organizations for fundraisers once per calendar year , and are valid for a total of six days under the same rules governing restaurants . Grain alcohol prohibited as a beverage . Rhode Island No 9 am -- 1 a.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) Noon -- 1 a.m. ( Sun ) 9 a.m. -- 10 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat ) 10 a.m. -- 6 p.m. ( Sun ) No 21 21 All alcohol may be sold only in liquor stores . Bars may stay open until 2 a.m. in Providence only on Friday and Saturday nights and nights before a state - recognized holiday . South Carolina No Yes Liquor : 10 AM - 2 AM . Beer and Wine : Local Option . Beer and low - alcohol wine : 24 hours Liquor : 9 a.m. -- 7 p.m. ( Mon -- Sat . ) Yes No 21 14 % ABW ( 17.5 % ABV ) cap on beer Wine > 16 % ABV sold in liquor stores No hard liquor sales after 7 p.m. and none on Sundays . No off - premises alcohol sales after midnight Saturday until 7 a.m. Monday , except in Aiken , Greenville , Pendleton , Spartanburg , Horry County , Colleton County , Richland County , Charleston County / city , Beaufort County , York County , and Newberry County . South Dakota No Yes 21 14 % ABV cap on beer Tennessee -- Wyoming , Puerto Rico ( edit ) State Alcoholic beverage control state Alcohol sale hours Grocery Stores Age Notes Beer Wine Distilled spirits On - premises Off - premises Wine Beer Distilled Spirits Purchasing Consumption Tennessee No Mon - Sat : 8 a.m. to 3 a.m. ; Sun : Noon to 3 a.m. Hours of alcohol sale can be modified by local jurisdictions if approved by the alcohol control commission . Beer : By municipality . Wine & Spirits : 8 a.m. to 11 p.m. Mon -- Sat Yes No 21 Wine may be sold in grocery stores . As of January 2018 , sales of wine and liquor are no longer limited to on - premises in restaurants on Sundays . Liquor stores may remain open on Sundays , and liquor is permitted to be sold from retail stores for off - premisis consumption . Retail stores must be closed for business on Christmas , Thanksgiving Day , Labor Day , New Year 's Day , and the Fourth of July . Beer above 8 % ABW / 10.1 % ABV must be sold in liquor stores . Open container law only applies to drivers , not passengers.It is legal to carry alcohol in a non-glass container on the Beale Street stretch in Memphis . While most clubs allow drinks to be carried outside , many do not allow drinks from outside . Texas No Monday - Friday : 7am - midnight Saturday : 7am - 1am Sunday : Noon to 12 midnight . Some cities / counties permit sale until 2am ( with license ) . Beer / Non-hard liquor : 7 a.m. to midnight ( Mon. - Fri . ) 7 a.m. to 1 : 00 a.m. ( Sat . ) Noon to midnight ( Sun . ) Hard Liquor : 10 a.m. to 9 p.m. ( Mon. - Sat . ) Yes No 21 No alcohol cap but ABV > 15.5 % requires additional license , so many places are beer / wine only . Wet / dry issues determined by city / county election . Liquor stores statewide closed all day Sunday . An alcoholic beverage served ( on - premises ) to a customer between 10 a.m. and noon on Sunday may only be provided during the service of food to the customer . Eleven Texas counties are completely dry . In many counties , public intoxication laws are vigorously upheld . Texas law permits consumption by minors ( any age under 21 ) if in the `` visible presence '' of a parent , guardian or adult spouse . ( Section 106.04 ) Possession by minors is permitted as part of employment or education , or in the visible presence of an adult parent , guardian or spouse , or supervision of a commissioned peace officer . ( Section 106.05 ) There are also exemptions for minors requesting or receiving medical attention . Utah Yes Restaurants : Noon to midnight for liquor , 10 : 00 a.m. to 1 : 00 a.m. for beer . Bars may serve liquor from 10 : 00 a.m. to 1 : 00 a.m. Varies by state liquor store hours 3.2 only No 21 ABV > 4.0 + % sold in state - controlled stores only . 3.2 % ABW ( 4.0 % ABV ) beer may be sold at grocery stores and convenience stores . State - controlled stores close on Sundays and cease operations no later than 10 p.m. the rest of the week . Restaurants must buy from the state - controlled store ( no delivery ) at retail prices . No alcohol is served in restaurants without purchase of food . Sales of kegs prohibited . Importation of alcohol into the state by private individuals generally prohibited . Vermont No Yes 8 a.m. -- 2 a.m. 6 a.m. -- midnight Yes No 21 ABV > 16 % beer and ABV > 16 % wine are only available through state liquor stores ( most of which are integrated within grocery and beverage stores ) . A 2008 bill allows the sale of beer in grocery and convenience stores up to ABV 16 % . Virginia No Yes 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. No restrictions at any time for club licensees . 6 a.m. -- 11 : 59 p.m. except local blue law . Yes No 21 Licensed supermarkets , convenience stores , and gas stations may sell beer and wine . Off - premises sales no later than 12 midnight . Liquor stores are owned and operated by the Commonwealth and are generally open 10am - 9pm Monday - Saturday and from 12pm - 6pm on Sunday . Washington No 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. ( A local government subdivision may establish later opening hours or earlier closing hours . ) Yes 21 Beer and wine are available in specialty stores , grocery stores , convenience stores , department stores , taverns , and other locations licensed by the Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board . Spirits are available in stores greater than 10,000 sq ft ( grocery stores , big box liquor chains ) . There are two exceptions to the 10,000 - sq - ft rule : 1 ) Former State and Contract Liquor Stores that reopened under private ownership may also sell spirits provided they have been issued a new license from the state . 2 ) Cities , mostly in rural areas , that do not have a store that meets the minimum floor space may be allowed to sell spirits if the Liquor Control Board deems that there are no sufficient establishments within the trade area . West Virginia No Yes Beer / Wine : Mon - Sat : 7 am - 2 am , Sun : 1 pm - 2 am Liquor : Mon - Sat : 8 am - Midnight , Sun : Prohibited Mon - Fri : 7 am - 3 : 30 am , Sat : 7A - 3 : 00A , Sun : 1 pm - 3 am Yes 21 12 % ABV Cap on Beer . 75 % ABV spirits Permitted . Liquor , wine and beer products that are not already in closed packaging must be bagged before exiting retail locations . State no longer operates retail stores ( formerly State ABC Stores ) ; Number of privately owned stores restricted according to county or city population . All stores are state contracted ; Bars and clubs must purchase liquor from state contracted private stores in person . State retains monopoly over wholesaling of distilled spirits only . Wisconsin No 6 a.m. -- 2 a.m. Sunday -- Thursday , 2 : 30 a.m. Friday -- Saturday , no closing time on New Year 's Day . 6 a.m. -- midnight for beer ( some counties and municipalities only allow sales until 9 p.m. for beer ) , 6 a.m. -- 9 p.m. for liquor and wine By local ordinance 21 Wisconsin permits the consumption of alcohol by minors , provided they are being supervised by parents / guardians / spouses . Most municipalities have a uniform 9 p.m. restriction on all alcohol sales . Notable exceptions : Kenosha , Green Bay , La Crosse , Maple Bluff ( near Madison ) , Baraboo ( near the Dells ) . Supermarkets , liquor stores , and gas stations may sell liquor , wine , and beer . Law changed effective 12 / 7 / 2011 to allow all liquor sales to begin at 6 a.m. Nonalcoholic beer is not regulated by state law . Wyoming No Yes 6.00 a.m. -- 2.00 a.m. Yes 21 Clubs holding liquor licenses may be exempt from the hours of operation here specified by local ordinance or regulation of the appropriate licensing authority , but it does not seem to happen in practice Puerto Rico No No territory - wide mandated last call No territory - wide mandated hours of operation for liquor stores , but sales prohibited on Election Day and during hurricane emergencies ; some municipalities prohibit sales after midnight weekdays or 2 : 00 weekends . Beer , wine and spirits available for sale in supermarkets , convenience stores and drug stores as well as liquor stores . 18 Minimum drinking age is 18 . Drinking on the street is illegal in San Juan ( except in designated areas during selected street festivals ) but not in all cities . See also ( edit ) Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States Alcohol exclusion laws Blue laws in the United States Drunk driving in the United States Last call Liquor store List of dry communities by U.S. state Shoulder tap ( alcohol ) United States open container laws Wine shipping laws in the United States Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The U.S. Department of Defense defines Authorized Patron as a person who is an active member of or a member who has the status of honorably retired from the U.S. Army , U.S. Air Force , U.S. Coast Guard , U.S. Marine Corps , and the U.S. Navy , and their direct dependents with proper military identification / dependents identification . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bragg , Rick ( 1996 - 03 - 23 ) . `` Louisiana Stands Alone on Drinking at 18 '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Court Upholds Drinking Age of 21 '' . The New York Times . 1996 - 07 - 03 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Government Affairs '' . American Homebrewers Association . Retrieved March 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Phillip Rawls / The Associated Press ( 2013 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Home brewing legal in Alabama '' . Tuscaloosa News . Jump up ^ Chris Elkins ( 2013 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Gov. Bryant signs bill to allow home brewing Daily Journal '' . Djournal.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 27 CFR 25.205 - Production . LII / Legal Information Institute '' . Law.cornell.edu. 2014 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Donald J. Smith , Life , liberty and the pursuit of homebrewing , The Birmingham News , May 21 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` TTBGov General Alcohol FAQ '' . Alcohol and Tobacco Trade Bureau . Retrieved December 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` United States Code : Title 26 , 5601 . Criminal penalties '' . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved December 2011 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Alaska Alcoholic Beverage Control Board ( 1 ) . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 21 . Archived February 6 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Alaska Alcoholic Beverage Control Board Local Option List Archived 2010 - 06 - 02 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Arizona Department of Liquor Licenses and Control . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Arizona Revised Statute 4 - 249 Jump up ^ ( 3 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Arizona Revised Statute 4 - 244 ( 23 ) Jump up ^ `` Arkansas DFA Title 3 , Subtitle E Prohibited Conduct and Activities '' . www.dfa.arkansas.gov . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ 2010 California Code Business and Professions Code . `` Article 3 . Rights And Obligations Of Licensees '' . law.justia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Governor signs ' sip and spit ' bill '' . UC Davis . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : ( 6 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Zalaznick , Matt . `` Norwalk Liquor Stores Can Open Sunday '' . The Norwalk Daily Voice . Retrieved 13 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Smith , Alissa . `` Norwalk Welcomes Sunday Liquor Sales '' . The Norwalk Daily Voice . Retrieved 26 July 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 7 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 8 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Title 4 '' . delcode.delaware.gov . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : ( 9 ) Archived 2013 - 05 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . DC ABRA Laws and Regulations FAQs Jump up ^ ( 10 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 11 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 12 ) The Omnibus Alcoholic Beverage Regulation Emergency Amendment Act of 2012 Takes Effect Jump up ^ ( 13 ) DC ABRA Exception to Single Sales Moratorium Jump up ^ ( 14 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ ( 15 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday alcohol sales begin in Winder '' . AccessNorthGa. 2011 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Hawaii Alcohol Laws '' . AlcoholLaws.org . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ ( 16 ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Iowa ABD . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ http://www.legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=78725 Jump up ^ ( 17 ) Jump up ^ `` Current Active Agency Liquor Stores '' . Maine Liquor Licensing and Compliance Division . Augusta , ME , USA : Maine State Police . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LePage signs St. Patrick 's Day bill '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved March 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Maine Bureau of Alcoholic Beverages & Lottery Operations : Alcoholic Beverages '' . Maine Bureau of Alcoholic Beverages & Lottery Operations . Retrieved 29 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Title 28 - A , § 123 : Local option questions '' . Jump up ^ Moretto , Mario ( March 13 , 2010 ) . `` Voters pave way for expanded liquor service in Sedgwick '' . Bangor Daily NEws . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` General Laws '' . ^ Jump up to : http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/138-33.htm Massachusetts General Law M.G.L. - Chapter 138 , Section 33 ^ Jump up to : http://www.mass.gov/legis/laws/mgl/138-15.htm Massachusetts General Law M.G.L. - Chapter 138 , Section 15 Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts Alcoholic Beverages Control Commission ( ABCC ) '' . Mass.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts Alcoholic Beverages Control Commission ( ABCC ) '' . Mass.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ 2012 ABCC Identification Card Advisory Jump up ^ `` Administration '' . Jump up ^ `` General Laws '' . Jump up ^ Michigan Alcohol Laws ( 18 ) . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` LARA - Liquor Control Commission '' . www.michigan.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Coolican , J. Patrick . `` Gov. Dayton signs bill legalizing sale of alcohol on Sundays '' . Star Tribune . Star Tribune . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ 340A. 601 , Minn . Stats. ( 19 ) . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ ( 20 ) Jump up ^ Justin Roberts , `` Missouri State and Local Open Container Laws , '' Archived 2008 - 06 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . University of Missouri Institute of Public Policy , June 2005 Jump up ^ Chapter 311 , Revised Statutes of Missouri ( R.S. Mo . ) Jump up ^ Section 311.020 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.170 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.174 , R.S. Mo . ^ Jump up to : Ibid . Jump up ^ Section 311.176 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.178 , R.S. Mo Jump up ^ Section 311.200 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.086 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.310 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Section 311.055 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ `` Do n't Try This at Home '' . Energy . Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. 5179 Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. 5601 Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. 5602 Jump up ^ 27 CFR Part 19 ^ Jump up to : Chapter 312 , R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ Chapter 311 R.S. Mo . Jump up ^ `` Nebraska Bill 861 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` NRS 202.065 Sale of alcoholic beverage containing more than 80 percent of alcohol by volume '' . Retrieved 25 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nevada Revised Statutes : Chapter 458 , Section 260 '' . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Panaca '' . Nevada Commission on Tourism . Retrieved 29 September 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.nj.gov/oag/abc/downloads/abchandbook02.pdf Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7A - 1 Section A Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7A - 1 Section B Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7A - 1 Section D Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7A - 1 Section C , H Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7A - 1 Section E Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7B - 1A Jump up ^ NMSA 60 - 7B - 1B1 Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Jump up ^ `` Product Approval : North Carolina ABC Commission '' . Abc.nc.gov . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Hour FAQs '' ( PDF ) . Abc.nc.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/4301.69 Jump up ^ Armon , Rick . `` Ohio governor signs bill doing away with state 's ABV limit '' . www.ohio.com . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio Revised Code '' TITLE ( 43 ) XLIII LIQUOR '' CHAPTER 4301 : LIQUOR CONTROL LAW `` . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio Revised Code '' TITLE ( 43 ) XLIII LIQUOR '' CHAPTER 4301 : LIQUOR CONTROL LAW `` . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Law Orientation for Retailers '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` http://www.oregon.gov/OLCC/index.shtml '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 24 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Liquor License Company '' . Pennsylvanialiquorlicense.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Pennsylvania Liquor License Company '' . Pennsylvanialiquorlicense.com . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Store Locations '' . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20081207030427/http://www.lcb.state.pa.us/plcb/cwp/view.asp?a=1327&q=556216&plcbNav . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved July 24 , 2008 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` ANNOUNCEMENT REGARDING CHANGE TO R.I. GEN . LAWS § 3 - 8 - 1 '' ( PDF ) . Department of Business Regulation . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ https://archive.is/20130119111119/http://www.charlotteobserver.com/2012/11/06/3648466/york-county-council-chair-fends.html . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20130615101517/http://www.newberryobserver.com/view/full_story/20734686/article-Sunday-alcohol-sales-gets-go-ahead-from-voters . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2013 . Retrieved May 26 , 2013 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` TN Alcoholic Beverage Commission '' . Jump up ^ https://legiscan.com/TN/bill/HB1540/2017 Jump up ^ `` LexisNexis ® Legal Resources '' . Jump up ^ `` TABC Local Option Elections General Information '' . Tabc.state.tx.us . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Public Intoxication Laws '' . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Your Vermont State Liquor Stores '' . Vt . Dept. of Liquor Control . Archived from the original on 2014 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NABCA '' ( PDF ) . External links ( edit ) National Alcohol Beverage Control Association Alcohol Policy Information System , U.S. National Institute of Health Federation of Tax Administrators - State Excise Taxes National Restaurant Association - State laws on alcohol sales ( Word document ) Alcohol and Public Health FAQ , U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention Alcohol laws of the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Alcoholic beverage authorities of the United States Federal authorities Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives State authorities Alabama * Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho * Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine * Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi * Missouri Montana * Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire * New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina * North Dakota Ohio * Oklahoma Oregon * Pennsylvania * Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah * Vermont * Virginia * Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Territorial authorities District of Columbia Local authorities Hawaii County , Hawaii City and County of Honolulu Kauai County , Hawaii Maui County , Hawaii Montgomery County , Maryland * An * indicates an alcoholic beverage control state or county . 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9130025973655314167	O Come to the Altar	O Come to the Altar - wikipedia O Come to the Altar Jump to : navigation , search `` O Come to the Altar '' Single by Elevation Worship from the album Here as in Heaven Released February 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 24 ) Format Digital download Genre Worship Label Elevation Songwriter ( s ) Chris Brown Mack Brock Steven Furtick Wade Joye Producer ( s ) Seth Mosley Elevation Worship singles chronology `` Unstoppable God '' ( 2015 ) `` O Come to the Altar '' ( 2017 ) `` Unstoppable God '' ( 2015 ) `` O Come to the Altar '' ( 2017 ) `` O Come to the Altar '' is a song by American worship group Elevation Worship . It was released on February 24 , 2017 , as the lead single from their fifth live album , Here as in Heaven ( 2016 ) . The song was written by Chris Brown , Mack Brock , Steven Furtick , and Wade Joye . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 Release history 4 References Track listing ( edit ) Extended play No . Title Length 1 . `` O Come to the Altar '' 5 : 53 2 . `` O Come to the Altar '' ( Radio Version ) 3 : 55 3 . `` O Come to the Altar '' ( Acoustic ) 5 : 10 4 . `` Ven Ante Su Trono ( O Come to the Altar ) '' 5 : 47 5 . `` O Come to the Altar '' ( Instrumental ) 3 : 29 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 -- 17 ) Peak position US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position US Christian Songs ( Billboard ) 6 Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . United States February 24 , 2017 Christian radio Elevation Worldwide October 6 , 2017 Digital download ( Extended play ) References ( Edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Elevation Worship - O Come To The Altar ( Radio Edit ) - Daily Play MPE '' . Daily Play MPE . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` O Come to the Altar - Elevation Worship - Song Info - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Worldwide digital release of `` O Come to the Altar '' EP : `` O Come to the Altar - EP by Elevation Worship on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . `` O Come to the Altar - EP by Elevation Worship on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( UK ) . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . `` O Come to the Altar - EP av Elevation Worship på Apple Music '' ( in Swedish ) . iTunes Store ( SE ) . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . `` O Come to the Altar - EP by Elevation Worship on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( ZA ) . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . `` O Come to the Altar - EP by Elevation Worship on Apple Music '' . iTunes Store ( AU ) . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elevation Worship Chart History ( Hot Christian Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Christian Songs - Year - End 2017 - Billboard '' . Retrieved 19 December 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=O_Come_to_the_Altar&oldid=816225746 '' Categories : 2015 songs 2017 singles Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Singlechart usages for Billboardchristiansongs Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 December 2017 , at 01 : 58 . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song oh come to the altar	[ "\"O Come to the Altar\" is a song by American worship group Elevation Worship. It was released on February 24, 2017, as the lead single from their fifth live album, Here as in Heaven (2016).[1] The song was written by Chris Brown, Mack Brock, Steven Furtick, and Wade Joye.[2]", "\"O Come to the Altar\" is a song by American worship group Elevation Worship. It was released on February 24, 2017, as the lead single from their fifth live album, Here as in Heaven (2016).[1] The song was written by Chris Brown, Mack Brock, Steven Furtick, and Wade Joye.[2]", "\"O Come to the Altar\" is a song by American worship group Elevation Worship. It was released on February 24, 2017, as the lead single from their fifth live album, Here as in Heaven (2016).[1] The song was written by Chris Brown, Mack Brock, Steven Furtick, and Wade Joye.[2]", "\"O Come to the Altar\" is a song by American worship group Elevation Worship. It was released on February 24, 2017, as the lead single from their fifth live album, Here as in Heaven (2016).[1] The song was written by Chris Brown, Mack Brock, Steven Furtick, and Wade Joye.[2]" ]	[ "Chris Brown", "Mack Brock,", "Steven Furtick", "Wade Joye" ]
6497003580957595993	Modern philosophy	Modern philosophy - wikipedia Modern philosophy Jump to : navigation , search Modern philosophy is philosophy developed in the modern era and associated with modernity . It is not a specific doctrine or school ( and thus should not be confused with Modernism ) , although there are certain assumptions common to much of it , which helps to distinguish it from earlier philosophy . History of Western philosophy Western philosophy By era Pre-Socratic Ancient Medieval Renaissance Modern Contemporary By century 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st See also Religious philosophy Buddhist Christian Hindu Islamic Jewish Sikh Eastern philosophy Chinese Indian Iranian Japanese Korean Western culture Western world The 17th and early 20th centuries roughly mark the beginning and the end of modern philosophy . How much of the Renaissance should be included is a matter for dispute ; likewise modernity may or may not have ended in the twentieth century and been replaced by postmodernity . How one decides these questions will determine the scope of one 's use of `` modern philosophy . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Modern Western philosophy 1.1 Renaissance philosophy 1.1. 1 Renaissance philosophers 1.2 Rationalism 1.2. 1 Rationalists 1.3 Empiricism 1.3. 1 Empiricists 1.4 Political philosophy 1.4. 1 By country 1.5 Idealism 1.5. 1 Idealist philosophers 1.6 Existentialism 1.6. 1 Existential philosophers 1.7 Phenomenology 1.7. 1 Phenomenological philosophers 1.8 Pragmatism 1.8. 1 Pragmatist philosophers 1.9 Analytic philosophy 1.9. 1 Analytic philosophers 2 Modern Asian philosophy 3 Notes 4 External links Modern western philosophy ( edit ) How much of Renaissance intellectual history is part of modern philosophy is disputed : the Early Renaissance is often considered less modern and more medieval compared to the later High Renaissance . By the 17th and 18th centuries the major figures in philosophy of mind , epistemology , and metaphysics were roughly divided into two main groups . The `` Rationalists , '' mostly in France and Germany , argued all knowledge must begin from certain `` innate ideas '' in the mind . Major rationalists were Descartes , Baruch Spinoza , Gottfried Leibniz , and Nicolas Malebranche . The `` Empiricists , '' by contrast , held that knowledge must begin with sensory experience . Major figures in this line of thought are John Locke , George Berkeley , and David Hume ( These are retrospective categories , for which Kant is largely responsible . ) Ethics and political philosophy are usually not subsumed under these categories , though all these philosophers worked in ethics , in their own distinctive styles . Other important figures in political philosophy include Thomas Hobbes and Jean - Jacques Rousseau . In the late eighteenth century Immanuel Kant set forth a groundbreaking philosophical system which claimed to bring unity to rationalism and empiricism . Whether or not he was right , he did not entirely succeed in ending philosophical dispute . Kant sparked a storm of philosophical work in Germany in the early nineteenth century , beginning with German idealism . The characteristic theme of idealism was that the world and the mind equally must be understood according to the same categories ; it culminated in the work of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel , who among many other things said that `` The real is rational ; the rational is real . '' Hegel 's work was carried in many directions by his followers and critics . Karl Marx appropriated both Hegel 's philosophy of history and the empirical ethics dominant in Britain , transforming Hegel 's ideas into a strictly materialist form , setting the grounds for the development of a science of society . Søren Kierkegaard , in contrast , dismissed all systematic philosophy as an inadequate guide to life and meaning . For Kierkegaard , life is meant to be lived , not a mystery to be solved . Arthur Schopenhauer took idealism to the conclusion that the world was nothing but the futile endless interplay of images and desires , and advocated atheism and pessimism . Schopenhauer 's ideas were taken up and transformed by Nietzsche , who seized upon their various dismissals of the world to proclaim `` God is dead '' and to reject all systematic philosophy and all striving for a fixed truth transcending the individual . Nietzsche found in this not grounds for pessimism , but the possibility of a new kind of freedom . 19th - century British philosophy came increasingly to be dominated by strands of neo-Hegelian thought , and as a reaction against this , figures such as Bertrand Russell and George Edward Moore began moving in the direction of analytic philosophy , which was essentially an updating of traditional empiricism to accommodate the new developments in logic of the German mathematician Gottlob Frege . Renaissance philosophy ( edit ) Renaissance Humanism emphasized the value of human beings ( see Oration on the Dignity of Man ) and opposed dogma and scholasticism . This new interest in human activities led to the development of political science with The Prince of Niccolò Macchiavelli . Humanists differed from Medieval scholars also because they saw the natural world as mathematically ordered and pluralistic , instead of thinking of it in terms of purposes and goals . Renaissance philosophy is perhaps best explained by two propositions made by Leonardo da Vinci in his notebooks : All of our knowledge has its origins in our perceptions There is no certainty where one can neither apply any of the mathematical sciences nor any of those which are based upon the mathematical sciences . In a similar way , Galieo based his scientific method on experiments but also developed mathematical methods for application to problems in physics . These two ways to conceive human knowledge formed the background for the principle of Empiricism and Rationalism respectively . Renaissance philosophers ( edit ) Pico della Mirandola Nicolas of Cusa Giordano Bruno Galileo Galilei Niccolò Macchiavelli Rationalism ( edit ) Main article : Rationalism Modern philosophy traditionally begins with René Descartes and his dictum `` I think , therefore I am '' . In the early seventeenth century the bulk of philosophy was dominated by Scholasticism , written by theologians and drawing upon Plato , Aristotle , and early Church writings . Descartes argued that many predominant Scholastic metaphysical doctrines were meaningless or false . In short , he proposed to begin philosophy from scratch . In his most important work , Meditations on First Philosophy , he attempts just this , over six brief essays . He tries to set aside as much as he possibly can of all his beliefs , to determine what if anything he knows for certain . He finds that he can doubt nearly everything : the reality of physical objects , God , his memories , history , science , even mathematics , but he can not doubt that he is , in fact , doubting . He knows what he is thinking about , even if it is not true , and he knows that he is there thinking about it . From this basis he builds his knowledge back up again . He finds that some of the ideas he has could not have originated from him alone , but only from God ; he proves that God exists . He then demonstrates that God would not allow him to be systematically deceived about everything ; in essence , he vindicates ordinary methods of science and reasoning , as fallible but not false . Rationalists ( edit ) René Descartes Baruch Spinoza Gottfried Leibniz Empiricism ( edit ) Main article : Empiricism Empiricism is a theory of knowledge which opposes other theories of knowledge , such as rationalism , idealism and historicism . Empiricism asserts that knowledge comes ( only or primarily ) via sensory experience as opposed to rationalism , which asserts that knowledge comes ( also ) from pure thinking . Both empiricism and rationalism are individualist theories of knowledge , whereas historicism is a social epistemology . While historicism also acknowledges the role of experience , it differs from empiricism by assuming that sensory data can not be understood without considering the historical and cultural circumstances in which observations are made . Empiricism should not be mixed up with empirical research because different epistemologies should be considered competing views on how best to do studies , and there is near consensus among researchers that studies should be empirical . Today empiricism should therefore be understood as one among competing ideals of getting knowledge or how to do studies . As such empiricism is first and foremost characterized by the ideal to let observational data `` speak for themselves '' , while the competing views are opposed to this ideal . The term empiricism should thus not just be understood in relation to how this term has been used in the history of philosophy . It should also be constructed in a way which makes it possible to distinguish empiricism among other epistemological positions in contemporary science and scholarship . In other words : Empiricism as a concept has to be constructed along with other concepts , which together make it possible to make important discriminations between different ideals underlying contemporary science . Empiricism is one of several competing views that predominate in the study of human knowledge , known as epistemology . Empiricism emphasizes the role of experience and evidence , especially sensory perception , in the formation of ideas , over the notion of innate ideas or tradition in contrast to , for example , rationalism which relies upon reason and can incorporate innate knowledge . Empiricists ( edit ) John Locke George Berkeley David Hume Francis Bacon Political philosophy ( edit ) Main article : Political philosophy Political philosophy is the study of such topics as politics , liberty , justice , property , rights , law , and the enforcement of a legal code by authority : what they are , why ( or even if ) they are needed , what , if anything , makes a government legitimate , what rights and freedoms it should protect and why , what form it should take and why , what the law is , and what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government , if any , and when it may be legitimately overthrown -- if ever . In a vernacular sense , the term `` political philosophy '' often refers to a general view , or specific ethic , political belief or attitude , about politics that does not necessarily belong to the technical discipline of philosophy . By country ( edit ) United Kingdom Thomas Hobbes John Locke John Stuart Mill Jeremy Bentham James Mill France Montesquieu Jean - Jacques Rousseau Voltaire Italy Cesare Beccaria Giambattista Vico Giuseppe Mazzini Germany Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Idealism ( edit ) Main article : Idealism Idealism refers to the group of philosophies which assert that reality , or reality as we can know it , is fundamentally a construct of the mind or otherwise immaterial . Epistemologically , idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind - independent thing . In a sociological sense , idealism emphasizes how human ideas -- especially beliefs and values -- shape society . As an ontological doctrine , idealism goes further , asserting that all entities are composed of mind or spirit . Idealism thus rejects physicalist and dualist theories that fail to ascribe priority to the mind . An extreme version of this idealism can exist in the philosophical notion of solipsism . Idealist philosophers ( edit ) Immanuel Kant Johann Gottlieb Fichte Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Arthur Schopenhauer Francis Herbert Bradley Existentialism ( edit ) Main article : Existentialism Existentialism is generally considered to be the philosophical and cultural movement which holds that the starting point of philosophical thinking must be the individual and the experiences of the individual . Building on that , existentialists hold that moral thinking and scientific thinking together do not suffice to understand human existence , and , therefore , a further set of categories , governed by the norm of authenticity , is necessary to understand human existence . Existential philosophers ( edit ) Søren Kierkegaard Friedrich Nietzsche Jean - Paul Sartre Simone de Beauvoir Karl Jaspers Gabriel Marcel Martin Heidegger Phenomenology ( edit ) Main articles : Phenomenology ( philosophy ) and Existential phenomenology Phenomenology is the study of the structure of experience . It is a broad philosophical movement founded in the early years of the 20th century by Edmund Husserl , expanded upon by a circle of his followers at the universities of Göttingen and Munich in Germany . The philosophy then spread to France , the United States , and elsewhere , often in contexts far removed from Husserl 's early work . Phenomenological philosophers ( edit ) Edmund Husserl Martin Heidegger Maurice Merleau - Ponty Max Scheler Pragmatism ( edit ) Main article : Pragmatism Pragmatism is a philosophical tradition centered on the linking of practice and theory . It describes a process where theory is extracted from practice , and applied back to practice to form what is called intelligent practice . Important positions characteristic of pragmatism include instrumentalism , radical empiricism , verificationism , conceptual relativity , and fallibilism . There is general consensus among pragmatists that philosophy should take the methods and insights of modern science into account . Charles Sanders Peirce ( and his pragmatic maxim ) deserves most of the credit for pragmatism , along with later twentieth century contributors William James and John Dewey . Pragmatist philosophers ( edit ) Charles Sanders Peirce William James John Dewey Richard Rorty Analytic philosophy ( edit ) Main article : Analytic philosophy Analytic philosophy came to dominate English - speaking countries in the 20th century . In the United States , United Kingdom , Canada , Scandinavia , Australia , and New Zealand , the overwhelming majority of university philosophy departments identify themselves as `` analytic '' departments . The term generally refers to a broad philosophical tradition characterized by an emphasis on clarity and argument ( often achieved via modern formal logic and analysis of language ) and a respect for the natural sciences . Analytic philosophers ( edit ) Rudolf Carnap Gottlob Frege George Edward Moore Bertrand Russell Moritz Schlick Ludwig Wittgenstein Modern asian philosophy ( edit ) Various philosophical movements in Asia arose in the modern period including : New Confucianism Maoism Buddhist modernism Kyoto school Neo-Vedanta Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Baird , Forrest E. ; Walter Kaufmann ( 2008 ) . From Plato to Derrida . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 158591 - 6 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Baird , Forrest E. ; Walter Kaufmann ( 2008 ) . From Plato to Derrida . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 158591 - 6 . Jump up ^ Hampton , Jean ( 1997 ) . Political philosophy . p. xiii . ISBN 9780813308586 . Charles Blattberg , who defines politics as `` responding to conflict with dialogue , '' suggests that political philosophies offer philosophical accounts of that dialogue . See his `` Political Philosophies and Political Ideologies '' . SSRN 1755117 . in Patriotic Elaborations : Essays in Practical Philosophy , Montreal and Kingston : McGill - Queen 's University Press , 2009 . Jump up ^ Macionis , John J. ( 2012 ) . Sociology 14th Edition . Boston : Pearson . p. 88 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 11671 - 3 . Jump up ^ Daniel Sommer Robinson , `` Idealism '' , Encyclopædia Britannica , http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/281802/idealism Jump up ^ Mullarkey , John , and Beth Lord ( eds . ) . The Continuum Companion to Continental Philosophy . London , 2009 , p. 309 Jump up ^ Stewart , Jon . Kierkegaard and Existentialism . Farnham , England , 2010 , p. ix Jump up ^ Crowell , Steven ( October 2010 ) . `` Existentialism '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Zahavi , Dan ( 2003 ) , Husserl 's Phenomenology , Stanford : Stanford University Press ^ Jump up to : Biesta , G.J.J. & Burbules , N. ( 2003 ) . Pragmatism and educational research . Lanham , MD : Rowman and Littlefield . Jump up ^ Susan Haack ; Robert Edwin Lane ( 11 April 2006 ) . Pragmatism , old & new : selected writings . Prometheus Books . pp. 18 -- 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59102 - 359 - 3 . Retrieved 12 February 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Without exception , the best philosophy departments in the United States are dominated by analytic philosophy , and among the leading philosophers in the United States , all but a tiny handful would be classified as analytic philosophers . Practitioners of types of philosophizing that are not in the analytic tradition -- such as phenomenology , classical pragmatism , existentialism , or Marxism -- feel it necessary to define their position in relation to analytic philosophy . '' John Searle ( 2003 ) Contemporary Philosophy in the United States in N. Bunnin and E.P. Tsui - James ( eds . ) , The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy , 2nd ed. , ( Blackwell , 2003 ) , p. 1 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Avrum Stroll , Twentieth - Century Analytic Philosophy ( Columbia University Press , 2000 ) , p. 5 : `` ( I ) t is difficult to give a precise definition of ' analytic philosophy ' since it is not so much a specific doctrine as a loose concatenation of approaches to problems . '' Also , see ibid. , p. 7 : `` I think Sluga is right in saying ' it may be hopeless to try to determine the essence of analytic philosophy . ' Nearly every proposed definition has been challenged by some scholar . ( ... ) ( W ) e are dealing with a family resemblance concept . '' Jump up ^ See Hans - Johann Glock , What Is Analytic Philosophy ( Cambridge University Press , 2008 ) , p. 205 : `` The answer to the title question , then , is that analytic philosophy is a tradition held together both by ties of mutual influence and by family resemblances . '' Jump up ^ Brian Leiter ( 2006 ) webpage `` Analytic '' and `` Continental '' Philosophy . Quote on the definition : `` ' Analytic ' philosophy today names a style of doing philosophy , not a philosophical program or a set of substantive views . Analytic philosophers , crudely speaking , aim for argumentative clarity and precision ; draw freely on the tools of logic ; and often identify , professionally and intellectually , more closely with the sciences and mathematics , than with the humanities . '' Jump up ^ H. Glock , `` Was Wittgenstein an Analytic Philosopher ? '' , Metaphilosophy , 35 : 4 ( 2004 ) , pp. 419 -- 444 . Jump up ^ Colin McGinn , The Making of a Philosopher : My Journey through Twentieth - Century Philosophy ( HarperCollins , 2002 ) , p. xi. : `` analytical philosophy ( is ) too narrow a label , since ( it ) is not generally a matter of taking a word or concept and analyzing it ( whatever exactly that might be ) . ( ... ) This tradition emphasizes clarity , rigor , argument , theory , truth . It is not a tradition that aims primarily for inspiration or consolation or ideology . Nor is it particularly concerned with ' philosophy of life , ' though parts of it are . This kind of philosophy is more like science than religion , more like mathematics than poetry -- though it is neither science nor mathematics . 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3185872158747166014	High Court of South Africa	High Court of South Africa - wikipedia High Court of South Africa This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) South Africa This article is part of a series on the politics and government of South Africa Constitution ( show ) Bill of Rights Executive ( show ) President Cyril Ramaphosa Deputy President David Mabuza Cabinet Shadow Cabinet Legislative ( show ) National Council of Provinces Chairperson Thandi Modise National Assembly Speaker Baleka Mbete Leader of the Opposition Mmusi Maimane Judiciary ( show ) Chief Justice Mogoeng Mogoeng Deputy Chief Justice Ray Zondo Courts Constitutional Court Supreme Court of Appeal President : Mandisa Maya High Court Magistrate 's courts Electoral Court Elections ( show ) General 1910 1915 1920 1921 1924 1929 1933 1938 1943 1948 1953 1958 1961 1966 1970 1974 1977 1981 1984 1987 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 Municipal 2000 2006 2011 2016 Referendums 1960 1983 1992 Political parties Administrative divisions ( show ) Provinces Districts Metropolitan municipality District municipality Municipalities ( list ) Foreign relations ( show ) Minister of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions Passport Related topics ( show ) Human rights Taxation Protests Repression Political assassinations Other countries Atlas A crowd outside the Johannesburg High Court during the Jacob Zuma rape trial . The High Court of South Africa is a superior court of law in South Africa . At present it is divided into seven provincial divisions , some of which sit in more than one location . Two further divisions are in the process of being established . Each High Court division has general jurisdiction over a defined geographical area in which it is situated , and the decisions of a division are binding on magistrates ' courts within its area of jurisdiction . The High Court has jurisdiction over all matters , but it usually only hears civil matters involving more than 400,000 rand , and serious criminal cases . It also hears any appeals or reviews from magistrates ' courts and other lower courts . The court and its divisions are constituted in their current form by the Superior Courts Act , 2013 , and replaced the previous separate High Courts , which in turn replaced the provincial and local divisions of the former Supreme Court of South Africa and the supreme courts of the TBVC states . Contents 1 Important officers in a High Court division 2 Divisions 3 Circuit Court 4 References Important officers in a High Court Division ( edit ) Each division is headed by a Judge President . The registrar keeps all the official court documents . The family advocate must be consulted on all matters involving children , as the High Court is the `` upper guardian '' of all children in South Africa . The Master of the High Court keeps all the records relating to people 's estates ( deceased or insolvent ) . The Sheriff delivers certain documents to the parties in a civil case , and also attaches property when a warrant is issued . The Director of Public Prosecutions , who used to be called the Attorney - General , is responsible for criminal prosecutions by the state . The State Attorney is the lawyer who represents the state in civil actions ( where the state is suing or being sued ) . Divisions ( edit ) The Superior Courts Act , 2013 , divides the High Court into nine divisions , one for each province . Some divisions have multiple seats of the court ; the main seat has jurisdiction over the whole province , while the local seats have concurrent jurisdiction over some part of the province . The divisions are : The Eastern Cape Division at Grahamstown with local seats at Bhisho , Mthatha and Port Elizabeth The Free State Division at Bloemfontein The Gauteng Division at Pretoria with a local seat at Johannesburg The KwaZulu - Natal Division at Pietermaritzburg with a local seat at Durban The Limpopo Division at Polokwane with local seats at Thohoyandou and Lephalale The North West Division at Mahikeng The Northern Cape Division at Kimberley The Western Cape Division at Cape Town As of August 2016 the Mpumalanga Division at Nelspruit is yet to be established . Until it is established , the Gauteng Division serves Mpumalanga with circuit courts at Mbombela and Middelburg . Circuit Court ( edit ) Circuit Courts are also part of the High Court . They sit at least twice a year , moving around to serve more rural areas . References ( edit ) Courts of South Africa Appellate courts Constitutional Court Supreme Court of Appeal High Court divisions Eastern Cape Free State Gauteng KwaZulu - Natal Limpopo North West Northern Cape Western Cape Lower courts Regional courts Magistrate 's courts Traditional courts Small claims courts Equality courts Specialist courts Labour Court Labour Appeal Court Land Claims Court Competition Appeal Court Electoral Court Judiciary of South Africa Law of South Africa Department of Justice and Correctional Services Superior Courts Act , 2013 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=High_Court_of_South_Africa&oldid=836437692 '' Categories : Courts of South Africa High Court of South Africa Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 April 2018 , at 20 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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-5036947181661390825	Vietnam Veterans Memorial	Vietnam Veterans Memorial - wikipedia Vietnam Veterans Memorial Jump to : navigation , search For the plaza in New York City , see Vietnam Veterans Plaza . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Vietnam Veterans Memorial IUCN category V ( protected landscape / seascape ) Visitors at the wall in January 2005 . Show map of Central Washington , D.C. Show map of the US Show all Location Washington , D.C. , United States Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 28 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 52 '' W / 38.89111 ° N 77.04778 ° W / 38.89111 ; - 77.04778 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 28 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 52 '' W / 38.89111 ° N 77.04778 ° W / 38.89111 ; - 77.04778 Area 2 acres ( 0.81 ha ) Established November 13 , 1982 Visitors 3,799,968 ( in 2006 ) Governing body National Park Service Website Vietnam Veterans Memorial U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Monument Architect Maya Lin NRHP reference # 01000285 Added to NRHP November 13 , 1982 The Vietnam Veterans Memorial is a 2 - acre ( 8,000 m2 ) U.S. national memorial in Washington , D.C. It honors service members of the U.S. armed forces who fought in the Vietnam War , service members who died in service in Vietnam / South East Asia , and those service members who were unaccounted for ( missing in action , MIA ) during the war . Its construction and related issues have been the source of controversies , some of which have resulted in additions to the memorial complex . The memorial currently consists of three separate parts : the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall , completed first and the best - known part of the memorial ; the Three Servicemen Memorial , and the Vietnam Women 's Memorial . The main part of the memorial , which was completed in 1982 , is in Constitution Gardens adjacent to the National Mall , just northeast of the Lincoln Memorial . The memorial is maintained by the U.S. National Park Service , and receives around 3 million visitors each year . The Memorial Wall was designed by American architect Maya Lin . In 2007 , it was ranked tenth on the `` List of America 's Favorite Architecture '' by the American Institute of Architects . As a National Memorial , it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearance 1.1 Memorial Wall 1.1. 1 Names 1.2 The Three Servicemen 1.3 Women 's Memorial 1.4 In Memory memorial plaque 2 Ritual 3 History 3.1 Opposition to design and compromise 3.2 Building the memorial 3.2. 1 Timeline for those listed on the wall 3.3 Addition of the Women 's Memorial 3.4 Memorial plaque 3.5 Education center 4 Vietnam Veterans Memorial Collection 5 Inspired works 5.1 Traveling replicas 5.2 Fixed replicas 5.3 As a memorial genre 6 Vandalism 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Footnotes 8.2 Works cited 9 Further reading 10 External links Appearance ( edit ) An aerial photograph of `` The Wall '' taken on April 26 , 2002 by the United States Geological Survey . The dots visible along the length of the angled wall are visitors . For a satellite view of the Wall in relation to other monuments , see Constitution Gardens . Memorial Wall ( edit ) The Memorial Wall is made up of two 246 - foot - 9 - inch ( 75.21 m ) long gabbro walls , etched with the names of the servicemen being honored in 144 panels of horizontal rows with regular typeface and spacing . The walls are sunken into the ground , with the earth behind them . At the highest tip ( the apex where they meet ) , they are 10.1 feet ( 3.1 m ) high , and they taper to a height of 8 inches ( 200 mm ) at their extremities . Symbolically , this is described as a `` wound that is closed and healing '' . The stone for the 144 panels was quarried in Bangalore , India . When a visitor looks upon the wall , his or her reflection can be seen simultaneously with the engraved names , which is meant to symbolically bring the past and present together . One wall points toward the Washington Monument , the other in the direction of the Lincoln Memorial , meeting at an angle of 125 ° 12 ′ . Each wall has 72 panels , 70 listing names ( numbered 1E through 70E and 70W through 1W ) and two very small blank panels at the extremities . There is a pathway along the base of the Wall where visitors may walk . The wall originally listed 57,939 names when it was dedicated in 1982 ; but other names have since been added and as of May 2017 there were 58,318 names , including eight women . The number of names on the wall is different than the official number of U.S. Vietnam War deaths , which is 58,220 . The names inscribed are not a complete list of those who are eligible for inclusion as some were omitted at the request of their families . Directories containing all of the names are located on nearby podiums at both ends of the monument where visitors may locate specific names . The memorial has had some unforeseen maintenance issues . In 1984 cracks were detected in the marble and , as a result , two of the panels were temporarily removed in 1986 for study . More cracks were discovered in 2010 . There are many theories about the cause of the cracks , and one often forwarded is that thermal cycling is to blame . In 1990 , the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund purchased several blank panels to use in case any were ever destroyed . They placed them in storage at Quantico Marine Base . Two of the blank panels were shattered by the 2011 Virginia earthquake . Names ( edit ) One panel of ' The Wall ' , displaying some of the names of fallen U.S. service members from the Vietnam War . On the memorial are the names of service members classified as `` declared dead '' ( as the memorial contains names of individuals that died of circumstances other than KIA ( Killed in Action ) , including murder , jeep accidents , drowning , heart attack , tiger attack , snake bites , etc . ) and the names of those whose status is unknown , which typically means `` missing in action '' ( MIA ) . The names are inscribed in Optima typeface . Information about rank , unit , and decorations is not given . Those who are declared dead are denoted by a diamond , and those who are status unknown are denoted with a cross . When the death of one who was previously missing is confirmed , a diamond is superimposed over the cross . If the missing were to return alive , which has never occurred to date , the cross is to be circumscribed by a circle . The earliest date of eligibility for a name to be included on the memorial is November 1 , 1955 , which corresponds to President Eisenhower deploying the Military Assistance Advisory Group to train the Army of the Republic of Vietnam . The last date of eligibility is May 15 , 1975 , which corresponds to the final day of the Mayaguez incident ( 1 ) . There are circumstances that allow for a name to be added to the memorial , but the death must be directly attributed to a wound received within the combat zone while on active duty . In such cases , the determination is made by the Department of Defense . In these cases , the name is added according to the date of injury -- not the date of death . The names are listed in chronological order , starting at the apex on panel 1E in July 8 , 1959 , moving day by day to the end of the eastern wall at panel 70E , which ended on May 25 , 1968 , starting again at panel 70W at the end of the western wall which completes the list for May 25 , 1968 , and returning to the apex at panel 1W in 1975 . There are some deaths that predate July 8 , 1959 including the death of Richard B. Fitzgibbon Jr. in 1956 . The names of 32 men were erroneously included in the memorial , and while those names remain on the wall , they have been removed from the databases and printed directories . The extra names resulted from a deliberate decision to err on the side of inclusiveness , with 38 questionable names being included . One person , whose name was added as late as 1992 , had gone AWOL immediately upon his return to the United States after his second completed tour of duty . His survival only came to the attention of government authorities in 1996 . These survivor names could be removed if the panel their name is on is replaced in the future . The Three servicemen ( edit ) Main article : The Three Soldiers A short distance away from the wall is another Vietnam memorial , a bronze statue named The Three Servicemen ( sometimes called The Three Soldiers ) . The statue depicts three soldiers , purposefully identifiable as European American , African American , and Hispanic American . In their final arrangement , the statue and the Wall appear to interact with each other , with the soldiers looking on in solemn tribute at the names of their fallen comrades . The distance between the two allows them to interact while minimizing the effect of the addition on Lin 's design . The Three Soldiers by Frederick Hart Wreaths placed around the Three Soldiers Statue Women 's Memorial ( edit ) Main article : Vietnam Women 's Memorial The Vietnam Women 's Memorial is a memorial dedicated to the women of the United States who served in the Vietnam War , most of whom were nurses . It serves as a reminder of the importance of women in the conflict . It depicts three uniformed women with a wounded soldier . It is part of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial , and is located on National Mall in Washington , D.C. , a short distance south of The Wall , north of the Reflecting Pool . In Memory Memorial Plaque ( edit ) A memorial plaque , authorized by Pub. L. 106 -- 214 , was dedicated on November 10 , 2004 , at the northeast corner of the plaza surrounding the Three Soldiers statue to honor veterans who died after the war as a direct result of injuries suffered in Vietnam , but who fall outside Department of Defense guidelines . The plaque is a carved block of black granite , 3 by 2 feet ( 0.91 by 0.61 m ) , inscribed `` In memory of the men and women who served in the Vietnam War and later died as a result of their service . We honor and remember their sacrifice . '' Ruth Coder Fitzgerald , founder of The Vietnam War In Memory Memorial Plaque Project , worked for years and struggled against opposition to have the In Memory Memorial Plaque completed . The organization was disbanded , but their web site is maintained by the Vietnam War Project at Texas Tech University . Ritual ( edit ) Visitors to the Wall will take a piece of paper and place it over a name on the wall and rub wax crayon or graphite pencil over it as a memento of their loved ones . This is called `` rubbing '' . Visitors to the memorial began leaving sentimental items at the memorial at its opening . One story claims that this practice began during construction , when a Vietnam veteran threw the Purple Heart his brother received posthumously into the concrete of the memorial 's foundation . Several thousand items are left at the memorial each year . The largest item left at the memorial was a sliding glass storm door with a full - size replica `` tiger cage '' . The door was painted with a scene in Vietnam and the names of U.S. POWs and MIAs from the conflict . Other items left include a Harley - Davidson motorcycle with the license plate HERO , a plain brown teddy bear which was dressed by other unconnected visitors , a 6 ' abstract sculpture titled `` After the Holocaust '' , and an experimental W.R. Case `` jungle survival knife '' of which only 144 were made . History ( edit ) The Main Navy and Munitions Buildings site , with the Munitions building behind the Navy building On April 27 , 1979 , four years after the Fall of Saigon , The Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund , Inc . ( VVMF ) , was incorporated as a non-profit organization to establish a memorial to veterans of the Vietnam War . Much of the impetus behind the formation of the fund came from a wounded Vietnam veteran , Jan Scruggs , who was inspired by the film The Deer Hunter , with support from fellow Vietnam veterans such as retired Navy chaplain Arnold Resnicoff . Eventually , $8.4 million was raised by private donations . A year later , a site near the Lincoln Memorial was chosen and authorized by Congress on the site of a demolished World War I Munitions Building . Congress announced that the winner of a design competition will design the park . By the end of the year 2,573 registered for the design competition with a prize of $20,000 . On March 30 , 1981 , 1,421 designs were submitted . The designs were displayed at an airport hangar at Andrews Air Force Base for the selection committee , in rows covering more than 35,000 square feet ( 3,300 m ) of floor space . Each entry was identified by number only , to preserve the anonymity of their authors . All entries were examined by each juror ; the entries were narrowed down to 232 , then 39 . Finally , the jury selected entry number 1026 , designed by Maya Lin . Opposition to design and compromise ( edit ) See also : Maya Lin § Vietnam Veterans Memorial The selected design was very controversial , in particular its unconventional design , its black color and its lack of ornamentation . Some public officials voiced their displeasure , calling the wall `` a black gash of shame . '' Two prominent early supporters of the project , H. Ross Perot and James Webb , withdrew their support once they saw the design . Said Webb , `` I never in my wildest dreams imagined such a nihilistic slab of stone . '' James Watt , Secretary of the Interior under President Ronald Reagan , initially refused to issue a building permit for the memorial due to the public outcry about the design . Since its early years , criticism of the Memorial 's design faded . In the words of Scruggs , `` It has become something of a shrine . '' Negative reactions to Maya Lin 's design created a controversy ; a compromise was reached by commissioning Frederick Hart ( who had placed third in the original design competition ) to produce a bronze figurative sculpture in the heroic tradition . Opponents of Lin 's design had hoped to place this sculpture of three soldiers at the apex of the wall 's two sides . Lin objected strenuously to this , arguing that this would make the soldiers the focal point of the memorial , and her wall a mere backdrop . A compromise was reached , and the sculpture was placed off to one side to minimize the impact of the addition on Lin 's design . On October 13 , 1982 , the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts approved the erection of a flagpole to be grouped with sculptures . Building the Memorial ( edit ) On March 11 , 1982 , the revised design was formally approved , and on March 26 , 1982 , ground was formally broken . Stone for the wall came from Bangalore , Karnataka , India . It was chosen because of its reflective quality and also because of opposition to Swedish and Canadian stone , as those countries were destinations for draft evaders . Stone cutting and fabrication was done in Barre , Vermont . The typesetting of the original 57,939 names on the wall was performed by Datalantic in Atlanta , Georgia . Stones were then shipped to Memphis , Tennessee where the names were etched . The etching was completed using a photoemulsion and sandblasting process . The negatives used in the process are in storage at the Smithsonian Institution . The memorial was dedicated on November 13 , 1982 , after a march to its site by thousands of Vietnam War veterans . About two years later the Three Soldiers statue was dedicated . Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall with Christmas ornaments Timeline for those listed on the Wall ( edit ) A Marine at Vietnam Memorial on July 4 , 2002 November 1 , 1955 -- Dwight D. Eisenhower deployed the Military Assistance Advisory Group , referred to now as MAAG , to train the South Vietnamese military units and secret police . However , the U.S. Department of Defense does not recognize this date since the men were supposedly training only the Vietnamese , so the officially recognized date is the formation of the Military Assistance Command Viet Nam , better known as MACV . This marked the official beginning of American involvement in the war as recognized by the memorial . June 8 , 1956 -- The first official death in Vietnam was United States Air Force Technical Sergeant Richard Bernard Fitzgibbon Jr. of Stoneham , Massachusetts , who was murdered by another U.S.A.F. airman . July 8 , 1959 -- Chester M. Ovnand and Dale R. Buis were killed by guerrillas at Bien Hoa while watching the film The Tattered Dress . They are listed Nos. 1 and 2 at the wall 's dedication . Ovnand 's name is spelled on the memorial as `` Ovnard , '' due to conflicting military records of his surname . April 30 , 1975 -- Fall of Saigon . The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs uses May 7 , 1975 , as the official end date for the Vietnam War era as defined by 38 U.S.C. § 101 . May 15 , 1975 -- 18 U.S. servicemen ( 14 Marines , two Navy corpsmen , and two Air Force crewmen ) are killed on the last day of a rescue operation known as the Mayagüez incident with troops from the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia . They are the last servicemen listed on the timeline . Since 1982 , over 400 names have been added to the memorial , but not necessarily in chronological order . Some were men who died in Vietnam but were left off the list due to clerical errors . Others died after 1982 , and their deaths were determined by the Department of Defense to be the direct result of their Vietnam service . For those who died during the war , their name is placed in a position that relates to their date of death . For those who died after the war , their name is placed in a position that relates to the date of their injury . Because space is usually not available in the exact right place , names are places as close to their correct chronological position as possible , but usually not in the exact spot . The order could be corrected as panels are replaced . Furthermore , over 100 names have been identified as misspelled . In some cases , the correction could be done in place . In others , the name had to be chiseled again elsewhere , moving them out of chronological order . Others have remained in place , with the misspelling , at the request of their family . Addition of the Women 's Memorial ( edit ) The Women 's Memorial was designed by Glenna Goodacre for the women of the United States who served in the Vietnam War . The original winning entry of the Women 's Memorial design contest was deemed unsuitable . Glenna Goodacre 's entry received an honorable mention in the contest and she was asked to submit a modified maquette ( design model ) . Goodacre 's original design for the Women 's Memorial statue included a standing figure of a nurse holding a Vietnamese baby , which although not intended as such , was deemed a political statement , and it was asked that this be removed . She replaced them with a figure of a kneeling woman holding an empty helmet . On November 11 , 1993 , the Vietnam Women 's Memorial was dedicated . There is a smaller replica of that memorial at Vietnam Veterans Memorial State Park in Angel Fire , New Mexico . Memorial Plaque ( edit ) On November 10 , 2000 , a memorial plaque , authorized by Pub. L. 106 -- 214 , honoring veterans who died after the war as a direct result of injuries suffered in Vietnam , but who fall outside Department of Defense guidelines was dedicated . Ruth Coder Fitzgerald , founder of The Vietnam War In Memory Memorial Plaque Project , worked for years and struggled against opposition to have the In Memory Memorial Plaque completed . The organization was disbanded , but their web site is maintained by the Vietnam War Project at Texas Tech University . Education center ( edit ) In 2003 , after some years of lobbying , the National Park Service and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund won permission from Congress to build The Education Center at The Wall . This 37,000 - square - foot ( 3,400 m ) , two - story museum , located belowground just west of the Maya Lin - designed memorial , highlights the history of the Vietnam War and the multiple design competitions and artworks which make up the Vietnam Veterans Memorial , Vietnam Women 's Memorial , and the Memorial Plaque . The center will also provide biographical details on and photographs of many of the 58,000 names listed on the Wall as well as the more than 6,600 servicemembers killed since 2001 fighting the War on Terror . The $115 - million museum will be jointly operated by the Park Service and the Fund . Groundbreaking for the project occurred in November 2012 , with the center expected to open in 2020 . Vietnam Veterans Memorial collection ( edit ) Various items left at `` The Wall '' . Flags and flowers Items left at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial are collected by National Park Service employees and transferred to the NPS Museum Resource Center , which catalogs and stores all items except perishable organic matter ( such as fresh flowers ) and unaltered U.S. flags . The flags are redistributed through various channels . From 1992 to 2003 , selected items from the collection were placed on exhibit at the Smithsonian Institution 's National Museum of American History as `` Personal Legacy : The Healing of a Nation '' including the Medal of Honor of Charles Liteky , who renounced it in 1986 by placing the medal at the memorial in an envelope addressed to then - President Ronald Reagan . Inspired works ( edit ) Traveling replicas ( edit ) The Moving Wall at Mount Trashmore Park in Virginia There are several transportable replicas of the Vietnam Veteran 's Memorial created so those who are not able to travel to Washington , D.C. , would be able to simulate an experience of visiting the Wall . Using personal finances , John Devitt founded Vietnam Combat Veterans , Ltd . With the help of friends , the half - size replica of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial , named The Moving Wall , was built and first put on display to the public in Tyler , Texas , in 1984 . The Moving Wall visits hundreds of small towns and cities throughout the U.S. , staying five or six days at each site . Local arrangements for each visit are made months in advance by veterans ' organizations and other civic groups . Desire for a hometown visit of The Moving Wall was so high that the waiting list became very long . Vietnam Combat Veterans built a second structure of The Moving Wall . A third structure was added in 1989 . In 2001 , one of the structures was retired due to wear . By 2006 , there had been more than 1,000 hometown visits of The Moving Wall . The count of people who visited The Moving Wall at each display ranges from 5,000 to more than 50,000 ; the total estimate of visitors is in the tens of millions . As the wall moves from town to town on interstates , it is often escorted by state troopers and up to thousands of local citizens on motorcycles . Many of these are Patriot Guard Riders , who consider escorting The Moving Wall to be a `` special mission '' , which is coordinated on their website . As it passes towns , even when it is not planning a stop in those towns , local veterans organizations sometimes plan for local citizens to gather by the highway and across overpasses to wave flags and salute the Wall . `` The Wall That Heals '' at the LBJ Presidential Library in 2016 The Wall That Heals is a traveling half - scale replica of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial started in 1996 by the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund . A 53 - foot ( 16 m ) tractor - trailer transports the 250 - foot ( 76 m ) wall replica and converts to a mobile Education Center at each stop , showing letters and memorabilia left at The Wall in Washington , D.C. and more details about those whose names are shown . This half - scale replica has been retired to permanent display in front of the James E. Van Zandt VA Medical Center in Altoona , PA . The VVMF has resumed a half - scale replica touring throughout the U.S. of The Wall That Heals . Their 2015 schedule can be found at www.vvmf.org/twth Created by the American Veterans Traveling Tribute , The Traveling Wall is an 80 % replica Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall and is 360 feet ( 110 m ) long and 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) tall at its apex . It claims to be the largest traveling replica . Created by Vietnam and All Veterans of Brevard , Inc , The Vietnam Traveling Memorial Wall is a ⁄ scale of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial and is almost 300 feet ( 91 m ) long and 6 feet ( 1.8 m ) tall at the center . Created by Dignity Memorial , the Dignity Memorial Vietnam Wall is ⁄ scale of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . Fixed replicas ( edit ) Located at 200 S. 9th Ave in Pensacola , FL the first permanent replica of the National Vietnam Memorial was unveiled on October 24 , 1992 . Now known as `` Wall South , '' the half - size replica bears the names of all Americans killed or missing in Southeast Asia and is updated each Mother 's Day . It is the centerpiece of Veterans Memorial Park Pensacola , a five - and - one - half acre site overlooking Pensacola Bay , which also includes a World War I Memorial , a World War II Memorial , a Korean War Memorial , a Revolutionary War Memorial and a running series of plaques to honor local warriors who have fallen in the Global War on Terror . There is also a Purple Heart Memorial , a Marine Corps Aviation Bell Tower and a monument to the submarine lifeguards who rescued Navy pilots in World War II . A Global War on Terror Memorial is planned to be completed in 2017 and will include an artifact from the World Trade Center as a component of the sculpture . Located in Fox Park in Wildwood , New Jersey , The Wildwoods Vietnam Memorial Wall was unveiled and dedicated on May 29 , 2010 . The memorial wall is an almost half - size granite replica of the National Vietnam Memorial , and the only permanent memorial north of the nation 's capital . Located 401 East Ninth Street in Winfield , Kansas . Plans for the Vietnam War Memorial in Winfield began in 1987 when friends who had gathered for a class reunion wanted to find a way to honor their fallen classmates . The project quickly grew from honoring only Cowley County servicemen to representing all 777 servicemen and nurses from Kansas who lost their lives or are missing in action from the Vietnam War . The memorial is a replica of the Vietnam War memorial in Washington D.C. It was also created as a tribute to servicemen and nurses who served in any world war . Located at Freedom Park in South Sioux City , Nebraska exists a half - scale replica of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial wall that duplicates the original design in Washington , DC . Dedicated in 2014 , the 250 foot wall is constructed with black granite mined from the same quarry in India as the original memorial wall and bears the names of the 58,000 US servicemen who lost their lives in the Vietnam War . As a Memorial genre ( edit ) The first US memorial to an ongoing war , the Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial in Irvine , California , is modeled on the Vietnam Veterans memorial in that it includes a chronological list of the dead engraved in dark granite . As the memorialized wars ( in Iraq and Afghanistan ) have not concluded , the Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial will be updated yearly . It has space for about 8000 names , of which 5,714 were engraved as of the Dedication of the Memorial on November 14 , 2010 . Vandalism ( edit ) There have been hundreds of incidents of vandalism at the memorial wall . Some of the most notable cases are In April 1988 , when a swastika and various scratches were found etched in two of the panels . In 1993 , someone burned one of the directory stands at the entrance to the memorial . On September 7 , 2007 , an oily substance was found by park rangers on the memorial 's wall panels and paving stones . It was spread over an area of 50 -- 60 feet ( 15 -- 18 m ) . Memorial Fund founder Jan Scruggs deplored the scene , calling it an `` act of vandalism on one of America 's sacred places '' . The removal process took a few weeks to complete . Panorama of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial See also ( edit ) List of public art in Washington , D.C. , Ward 2 Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial Vietnam Forces National Memorial , Canberra Vietnam Veterans Memorial ( The Wall - USA ) , an online memorial Vietnam Veterans of America , chartered by Congress and campaigns on issues important to Vietnam veterans Vietnam War Memorial , Hanoi The Virtual Wall , an online memorial The Wall That Heals , a 1997 film List of Vietnam War memorials References ( edit ) Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( July 9 , 2010 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ Robbins , Eleanora I. ( 2001 ) . Building Stones and Geomorphology of Washington , D.C. : The Jim O'Connor Memorial Field Trip . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.124. 7887 . Jump up ^ Rasmussen , Kenneth ( October 16 , 2010 ) . `` The Post Could Have Better Explained Cracks in the Wall '' . Opinions . The Washington Post ( Letter to the Editor ) . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund Frequently Asked Questions '' . www.vvmf.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Wars Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Hagopian , Patrick ( 2011 ) . The Vietnam War in American Memory : Veterans , Memorials , and the Politics of Healing . Univ of Massachusetts Press . p. 474 . ISBN 1558499024 . Jump up ^ Ruane , Michael ( 7 October 2010 ) . `` New cracks discovered in Wall at Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Shannon , Don ( 7 February 1990 ) . `` Vietnam Memorial Develops Thin Cracks : Veterans : The project 's main fund - raiser starts a $1 - million campaign to pay for unanticipated repairs . Who is at fault has yet to be determined '' . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` THE VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL -- A MODEL PARTNERSHIP ON AMERICA 'S MALL BY JAN C. SCRUGGS , ESQ '' . 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund - Founders of The Wall '' . www.vvmf.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Survivied '' . The Virtual Wall . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On Memorial To the Dead , 14 Who Live '' . 11 February 1991 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Castaneda , Ruben ( 15 February 1991 ) . `` 38 VETERANS LISTED ON WALL MAY HAVE SURVIVED VIETNAM '' . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam Memorial Fund : FAQs '' . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Vietnam War In Memory Memorial Plaque Project '' . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Vietnam War Project at Texas Tech University . ^ Jump up to : `` MRCE : Frequently Asked Questions ( continued ) '' . National Park Service . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Vietnam Veterans ' Memorial Founder : Monument Almost Never Got Built ^ Jump up to : Garber , Kent ( November 3 , 2007 ) . `` A Milestone for a Memorial that Has Touched Millions '' . U.S. News and World Report . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wills , Denise ( November 1 , 2007 ) . `` The Vietnam Memorial 's History '' . The Washingtonian . Retrieved November 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Names Added '' . The Virtual Wall . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam Memorial Has Spelling Errors Set In Stone '' . 24 February 2014 . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Neibauer , Michael ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Decade - long saga over $115 M underground National Mall construction project nears resolution '' . Washington Business Journal . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lin , C.j. ( November 28 , 2012 ) . `` Ground is broken for education center at Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . Stars and Stripes . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MRCE : Frequently Asked Questions '' . National Park Service . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Local AMVETS to Salute Wall '' . Greenville Advocate . July 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Wall That Heals Jump up ^ Giberson , Art ( 2015 ) . Wall South : Veterans Memorial Park . Pensacola , FL : CreateSpace . Jump up ^ `` Veterans Memorial Park Pensacola '' . Veterans Memorial Park Foundation . Jump up ^ `` The Wildwoods Vietnam Memorial Wall '' . Wildwood , NJ . Jump up ^ `` Kansas Vietnam War Memorial '' . Winfield , KS . Jump up ^ http://www.omaha.com/news/military/vietnam-memorial-replica-dedicated-in-south-sioux-city/article_60a2c990-e767-11e3-b1bf-001a4bcf6878.html Jump up ^ `` The Northwood Gratitude and Honor Memorial '' . northwoodmemorial.com . Jump up ^ Kang , Sukhee ( February 22 , 2010 ) . `` Letter '' . City of Irvine . Retrieved June 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vandals Scratch Swastika on Face of Viet Veterans Memorial '' . Los Angeles Times . United Press International . May 3 , 1988 . ^ Jump up to : `` Substance on Vietnam Memorial is Vandalism '' . Oswego , NY : WTOP - TV . Retrieved September 2 , 2010 ... Works cited ( edit ) Vietnam Veterans Memorial ( Leaflet ) . National Park Service . GPO : 2004 -- 304 -- 377 / 00203 . The National Parks : Index 2001 -- 2003 . Washington : United States Department of the Interior . Further reading ( edit ) Ashabranner , Brent K. ( 1989 ) . Always to Remember : The Story of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . New York : Putnam . -- -- -- ( 1998 ) . Their Names to Live : What the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Means to America . Brookfield , CT : Twenty - first Century Press . Berdahl , Daphne . `` Voices at the Wall : Discourses of Self , History and National Identity at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . History & Memory : Studies in Representation of the Past. 6 ( Fall -- Winter 1994 ) : 88 -- 124 . Blair , Carole ; Jeppeson , Marsha S. & Pucci , Enrico Jr . ( August 1991 ) . `` Public Memorializing in Postmodernity : The Vietnam Veterans Memorial as Prototype '' . Quarterly Journal of Speech. 77 : 263 -- 288 . doi : 10.1080 / 00335639109383960 . Capasso , Nicholas ( 1998 ) . The National Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Context : Commemorative Public Art in America , 1960 -- 1997 ( PhD Thesis ) . Rutgers University . Carlson , A. Cheree & Hocking , John E. ( September 1988 ) . `` Strategies of Redemption at the Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . Western Journal of Speech Communication . 52 : 203 -- 215 . doi : 10.1080 / 10570318809389636 . Carney , Lora S. ( 1993 ) . `` Not Telling Us What to Think : The Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . Metaphor and Symbolic Activity . 8 ( 3 ) : 211 -- 219 . doi : 10.1207 / s15327868ms0803_6 . Danto , Arthur ( August 31 , 1985 ) . `` The Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . The Nation . pp. 152 -- 155 . Ellis , Caron S. ( Summer 1992 ) . `` So Old Soldiers Do n't Fade Away : The Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . Journal of American Culture . 15 : 25 -- 28 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1542 - 734x. 1992. t01 - 1 - 00025. x . Ehrenhaus , Peter ( March 1988 ) . `` Silence and Symbolic Expression '' . Communication Monographs. 55 : 41 -- 57 . doi : 10.1080 / 03637758809376157 . Foss , Sonja K. ( Summer 1986 ) . `` Ambiguity as Persuasion : The Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . Communication Quarterly . 34 : 326 -- 340 . doi : 10.1080 / 01463378609369643 . Friedman , Daniel S. ( November 1995 ) . `` Public Things in the Modern City : Belated Notes on Tilted Arc and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . JAE : Journal of Architectural Education . 49 : 62 -- 78 . doi : 10.1080 / 10464883.1995. 10734669 . Giberson , Art ( 2015 ) . Wall South : Veterans Memorial Park . Pensacola , FL : CreateSpace . Griswold , Charles L. ( Summer 1986 ) . `` The Vietnam Veterans Memorial and the Washington Mall : Philosophical Thoughts on Political Iconography '' . Critical Inquiry. 12 : 688 -- 719 . doi : 10.1086 / 448361 . Haines , Harry ( 1986 ) . `` ' What Kind of War ? ' : An Analysis of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . Critical Studies in Mass Communucation. 3 : 1 -- 20 . doi : 10.1080 / 15295038609366626 . Hass , Kristin Ann ( 1998 ) . Carried to the Wall : American Memory and the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . Berkeley : University of California Press . Hass , Kristin Ann ( 2015 ) . Sacrificing Soldiers on the National Mall . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . Hess , Elizabeth ( 1987 ) . `` Vietnam : Memorials of Misfortune '' . In Williams , Reese . Unwinding the Vietnam War : From War into Peace . Seattle : Real Comet Press . pp. 261 -- 270 . Hubbard , William ( Winter 1984 ) . `` A Meaning for Monuments '' . The Public Interest . 74 : 17 -- 30 . Katakis , Michael ( 1988 ) . The Vietnam Veterans Memorial . New York : Crown . Lopes , Sal ( 1987 ) . The Wall : Images and Offerings from the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . New York : Collins . McLeod , Mary ( 1989 ) . `` The Battle for the Monument : The Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . In Lipstadt , Helene . The Experimental Tradition . New York : Rizzoli . pp. 115 -- 137 . Morrissey , Thomas F. ( 2000 ) . Between the Lines : Photographs from the National Vietnam Veterans Memorial . Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University Press . Ochsner , Jeffrey Karl ( February 1997 ) . `` A Space of Loss : The Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . JAE : Journal of Architectural Education . 50 : 156 -- 171 . doi : 10.1080 / 10464883.1997. 10734719 . Palmer , Laura ( 1987 ) . Shrapnel in the Heart : Letters and Remembrances from the Vietnam Veterans Memorial . New York : Random House . Resnicoff , Arnold E. ( 2009 ) . `` Dedication Prayer for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . In Moore , James P. Jr . The Treasury of American Prayer . Doubleday . p. 317 . Scott , Grant F. ( Fall 1990 ) . `` Meditations in Black : The Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . Journal of American Culture . 13 : 37 -- 40 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1542 - 734x. 1990.1303 _37. x . Scruggs , Jan C. & Swerdlow , Joel L. ( 1985 ) . To Heal a Nation : The Vietnam Veterans Memorial . New York : Harper & Row . Sturken , Marita ( Summer 1991 ) . `` The Wall , the Screen , and the Image : The Vietnam Veterans Memorial '' . Representations. 35 : 118 -- 142 . doi : 10.1525 / rep. 1991.35. 1.99 p00683 . Wagner - Pacific , Robin & Schwartz , Barry ( 1991 ) . `` The Vietnam Veterans Memorial : Commemorating a Difficult Past '' . The American Journal of Sociology. 97 : 376 -- 420 . doi : 10.1086 / 229783 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vietnam Veterans Memorial . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Maya Lin 's original competition submission for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial `` Tenth Anniversary Commemoration '' . C - SPAN . 11 November 1992 . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . A number of dignitaries spoke at a ceremony marking the tenth anniversary of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial on a rainy day in Washington , DC . The keynote speakers , former Lebanese hostage Terry Anderson and Vice President - elect Al Gore , Jr. , honored the Vietnam veterans living and dead for their service to their country . Sen. Gore also pledged to investigate every POW and MIA from the Vietnam War , and also improve the veterans health care system . Following the speeches , Sen. Gore and Mr. Scruggs placed a wreath at the base of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial , and a lone bugle player played ' Taps ' . ( hide ) Landmarks of Washington , D.C. Memorials Adams African American Civil War American Veterans Disabled for Life Belmont - Paul Women 's Equality National Monument Mary McLeod Bethune Boy Scout James Buchanan D.C. War Albert Einstein Emancipation John Ericsson First Division James A. Garfield Samuel Gompers Ulysses S. Grant Holocaust Museum Holodomor Genocide Japanese American Patriotism During World War II Jefferson Memorial Lyndon Baines Johnson Grove John Paul Jones Marquis de Lafayette Law Enforcement Officers Lincoln Memorial Martin Luther King , Jr . Korean War Veterans George Mason George Meade National Statuary Hall Collection Navy -- Merchant Marine Nuns of the Battlefield Peace Monument Pentagon Second Division Signers of the Declaration of Independence The Extra Mile The Three Soldiers Jean de Rochambeau Franklin Delano Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Island Taras Shevchenko Statues of the Liberators Oscar Straus Robert A. Taft Titanic United States Air Force United States Navy Victims of Communism Vietnam Veterans Vietnam Women 's Washington Monument Daniel Webster World War II Rainbow Pool Other Capitol Reflecting Pool Immaculate Conception Basilica Ford 's Theatre Petersen House Healy Hall Islamic Center Jefferson Pier John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Library of Congress National Arboretum National Building Museum National Gallery of Art Lincoln 's Cottage at Soldiers ' Home Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool National Archives Newseum National Cathedral National Mall Old Post Office Pavilion Old Stone House Smithsonian Institution The Arts of War and The Arts of Peace Tidal Basin Treasury Building Tudor Place Union Station United States Capitol United States Supreme Court Building White House Willard Hotel Parks and plazas Constitution Gardens Dupont Circle East Potomac Park Freedom Plaza Lafayette Square L'Enfant Plaza Meridian Hill Park National Arboretum Pershing Park Rock Creek Park The Ellipse United States Botanic Garden West Potomac Park Boundaries Anacostia River Arlington Memorial Bridge Boundary Markers of the Original District of Columbia Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Constitution Avenue Francis Scott Key Bridge Pennsylvania Avenue Potomac River Zero Milestone Planned Adams Memorial Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial General Francis Marion Memorial Gold Star Mothers Monument National Desert Storm and Desert Shield War Memorial National Liberty Memorial Peace Corps Monument World War I Related National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission National Mall and Memorial Parks List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington , D.C. National Register of Historic Places in Washington , D.C. Public art in Washington , D.C. ( Outdoor sculpture , American Revolution Statuary , Civil War Monuments , commemorating African - Americans ) VIAF : 210229529 GND : 4491270 - 5 SUDOC : 121832406 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial&oldid=825321025 '' Categories : IUCN Category V Vietnam Veterans Memorial 1982 establishments in Washington , D.C. Artworks in the collection of the National Park Service Buildings and structures completed in 1982 Government buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington , D.C. Landscape design history of the United States Monuments and memorials in Washington , D.C. Monuments and memorials on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington , D.C. National Mall and Memorial Parks National Mall National Memorials of the United States Outdoor sculptures in Washington , D.C. Vietnam War monuments and memorials in the United States Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2017 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 19 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the vietnam veterans war memorial built	[ "The main part of the memorial, which was completed in 1982, is in Constitution Gardens adjacent to the National Mall, just northeast of the Lincoln Memorial. The memorial is maintained by the U.S. National Park Service, and receives around 3 million visitors each year. The Memorial Wall was designed by American architect Maya Lin. In 2007, it was ranked tenth on the \"List of America's Favorite Architecture\" by the American Institute of Architects. As a National Memorial, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places." ]	[ "1982" ]
-4440598500734582961	Football records in Spain	Football records in Spain - wikipedia Football records in Spain Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This page details football records in Spain . Unless otherwise stated , records are taken from Primera División or La Liga . This page also include records from the Spanish domestic cup competition or Copa del Rey . Contents ( hide ) 1 League 1.1 Titles 1.2 Top flight appearances 1.3 Wins 1.4 Draws 1.5 Losses 1.6 Points 1.7 Games without a loss 1.8 Games without a win 1.9 Games without scoring 1.10 Games without conceding a goal 1.11 Appearances 1.12 Goals 1.12. 1 Team records 1.12. 2 Individual Records 1.13 Goalkeepers ' records 1.14 Scorelines 1.15 Disciplinary 2 Team records 2.1 Most points in a La Liga season ( at least 90 points ) 2.2 Most goals in a La Liga season ( at least 100 goals ) 2.3 Most goals in a season -- all competitions ( at least 150 goals ) 2.4 Most effective team in a La Liga season ( at least 3 goals per game ) 3 Individual records 3.1 Most championships won 3.2 Goalscoring 3.2. 1 Top 30 goalscorers , all - time 3.2. 2 Top 5 goalscorers , still active ( Primera División only ) 3.2. 3 Most hat - tricks in the League ( at least 10 ) 3.2. 4 Most goals in a La Liga season ( at least 30 goals ) 3.2. 5 Most goals in a season -- all competitions ( at least 40 goals ) 3.3 Goalkeeping 3.4 Most appearances 3.5 Coaches 4 Copa del Rey 4.1 Copa del Rey topscorers ( top 10 ) 4.2 Individual 5 Most successful clubs overall ( official titles , 1903 -- present ) 5.1 Key 5.2 Performance by club 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links League ( edit ) Records in this section refer to La Liga from its founding in 1929 through to the present . Titles ( edit ) Most league titles : 33 , Real Madrid ( 1931 -- 32 , 1932 -- 33 , 1953 -- 54 , 1954 -- 55 , 1956 -- 57 , 1957 -- 58 , 1960 -- 61 , 1961 -- 62 , 1962 -- 63 , 1963 -- 64 , 1964 -- 65 , 1966 -- 67 , 1967 -- 68 , 1968 -- 69 , 1971 -- 72 , 1974 -- 75 , 1975 -- 76 , 1977 -- 78 , 1978 -- 79 , 1979 -- 80 , 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 , 1988 -- 89 , 1989 -- 90 , 1994 -- 95 , 1996 -- 97 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2011 -- 12 , 2016 - 17 ) Most consecutive league titles : 5 , Real Madrid ( twice ) : ( 1960 -- 61 , 1961 -- 62 , 1962 -- 63 , 1963 -- 64 , 1964 -- 65 ) & ( 1985 -- 86 , 1986 -- 87 , 1987 -- 88 , 1988 -- 89 , 1989 -- 90 ) Top flight appearances ( edit ) Most appearances : 86 , joint record ( up to 2016 -- 17 ) Athletic Bilbao ( 1929 -- present ) Barcelona ( 1929 -- present ) Real Madrid ( 1929 -- present ) Wins ( edit ) Most wins overall : 1618 , Real Madrid Most wins in a season : 32 , Real Madrid ( 2011 -- 12 ) , Barcelona ( 2012 -- 13 ) Most home wins in a season : 18 : Real Madrid ( 1987 -- 88 ) and ( 2009 -- 10 ) , Barcelona ( 2009 - 10 ) Most away wins in a season : 16 , Real Madrid ( 2011 -- 12 ) Most consecutive wins : 16 , Barcelona ( 2010 -- 11 ) , Real Madrid ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most consecutive home wins : 39 , Barcelona ( 16 February 1958 to 6 November 1960 ) Most consecutive away wins : 13 , Real Madrid ( 26 February 2017 to 14 October 2017 ) Fewest wins in a season : 2 , joint record : Sporting Gijón ( 1997 -- 98 ) final record P38 W2 D7 L29 Logroñés ( 1994 -- 95 ) final record P38 W2 D9 L27 Celta Vigo ( 1943 -- 44 ) final record P26 W2 D5 L19 Real Betis ( 1942 -- 43 ) final record P26 W2 D6 L18 100 % home win record in a season : Athletic Bilbao ( 9 games ; 1933 -- 34 ) Athletic Bilbao ( 11 games ; 1935 -- 36 ) Barcelona ( 13 games ; 1948 -- 49 ) Barcelona ( 15 games ; 1952 -- 53 ) Sevilla ( 15 games ; 1956 -- 57 ) Barcelona ( 15 games ; 1958 -- 59 ) Barcelona ( 15 games ; 1959 -- 60 ) Real Madrid ( 15 games ; 1959 -- 60 ) Real Madrid ( 15 games ; 1962 -- 63 ) Real Madrid ( 17 games ; 1985 -- 86 ) Longest win streaks from the start of a season : 9 , Real Madrid ( 1968 -- 69 ) Draws ( edit ) Most draws overall : 627 , Athletic Bilbao Most draws in a season : 18 , Deportivo La Coruña ( 2015 -- 16 ) Most consecutive draws : 9 , Burgos ( 30 April 1978 to 28 October 1978 ) Losses ( edit ) Most losses overall : 1058 , Espanyol Most losses in a season : 29 , Sporting Gijón ( 1997 -- 98 ) Most consecutive losses in a season : 11 , Las Palmas ( 13 December 1959 to 28 February 1960 ) Most consecutive losses home : 9 Córdoba ( 24 January 2015 to ongoing ) Most consecutive losses away : 25 , Hércules ( 11 September 1955 to 26 February 1967 ) Fewest losses in a season : 0 , ( 18 games season ) joint record : Athletic Bilbao ( 1929 -- 30 ; final record P18 W12 D6 L0 ) Real Madrid ( 1931 -- 32 ; final record P18 W10 D8 L0 ) Fewest losses in a season under current league format ( 38 games ) : 1 , joint record : Real Madrid ( 1988 -- 89 ; final record P38 W25 D12 L1 ) Barcelona ( 2009 -- 10 ; final record P38 W31 D6 L1 ) Points ( edit ) Most points overall in the top flight : 4,293 , Real Madrid Most points in a season overall : 100 ( 87.72 % of points ) , Real Madrid ( 2011 -- 12 ) and Barcelona ( 2012 -- 13 ) Most points in a season home : 54 , Real Madrid ( 1987 -- 88 ) and ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most points in a season away : 50 , Real Madrid ( 2011 -- 12 ) Most points in a season opening half : 55 , Barcelona ( 2012 -- 13 ) Most points in a season closing half : 52 , Real Madrid ( 2009 -- 10 ) Most points in a season ( 2 points for a win , 18 games ) : 30 , Athletic Bilbao ( 1929 -- 30 ) Most points in a season ( 2 points for a win , 22 games ) : 34 , Betis Balompié ( 1934 -- 35 ) Most points in a season ( 2 points for a win , 26 games ) : 40 , Valencia ( 1941 -- 42 ) and ( 1943 -- 44 ) Most points in a season ( 2 points for a win , 30 games ) : 52 , Real Madrid ( 1960 -- 61 ) Most points in a season ( 2 points for a win , 34 games ) : 56 , Real Madrid ( 1985 -- 86 ) Most points in a season ( 2 points for a win , 38 games ) : 62 , Real Madrid ( 1987 -- 88 ) , ( 1988 -- 89 ) and ( 1989 -- 90 ) Most points in a season ( 2 points for a win , 44 games ) : 66 , Real Madrid ( 1986 -- 87 ) Most points in a season ( 3 points for a win , 42 games ) : 92 , Real Madrid ( 1996 -- 97 ) Most points in a season ( 3 points for a win , 38 games ) : 100 , Real Madrid ( 2011 -- 12 ) and Barcelona ( 2012 -- 13 ) Fewest points in a season ( 2 points for a win ) : 9 , Celta Vigo ( 1942 -- 43 ) final record P26 W2 D5 L19 Fewest points in a season ( 3 points for a win ) : 13 , Sporting Gijón ( 1997 -- 98 ) final record P38 W2 D7 L29 Games without a loss ( edit ) Most consecutive league games without a loss : 38 , Real Sociedad ( 29 April 1979 to 4 May 1980 ) Most consecutive league games without a loss home : 121 , Real Madrid ( 17 February 1957 to 7 March 1965 ) Most consecutive league games without a loss away : 23 , Barcelona ( 14 February 2010 to 30 April 2011 ) Games without a win ( edit ) Most consecutive league games without a win : 24 , Sporting Gijón ( 22 June 1997 to 8 February 1998 ) Most consecutive league games without a win away : 72 , Hércules ( 8 December 1940 to 12 March 1967 ) Games without scoring ( edit ) Most consecutive league games without scoring : 8 , joint record : Sabadell ( 27 September 1987 to 6 December 1987 ) Castellón ( 28 October 1990 to 6 January 1991 ) Most consecutive league games without scoring Home : 7 , Athletic Bilbao ( 6 January 1996 to 7 April 1996 ) Most consecutive league games without scoring away : 12 , Deportivo ( 17 January 1965 to 4 December 1966 ) Most consecutive league games without scoring away in a single season : 11 Hércules ( 17 November 2010 to 3 April 2011 ) Games without conceding a goal ( edit ) Most consecutive league games without conceding a goal : 13 , Atlético Madrid ( 2 December 1990 to 17 March 1991 ) Most consecutive league games without conceding a goal home : 12 , Barcelona ( 23 April 2011 to 15 January 2012 ) Most consecutive league games without conceding a goal away : 7 , Barcelona ( 1 November 1986 to 7 February 1987 ) Most games without conceding a goal in a season : 26 , Deportivo ( 1993 -- 94 ) Appearances ( edit ) Most career league appearances : 622 , Andoni Zubizarreta Most career league appearances at one club : 550 , Raúl Most career league appearances by a player born outside of Spain : 466 , Donato Oldest player : Ricardo , 41 years , 5 month and 2 days ( for Osasuna v. Real Madrid , 1 June 2013 ) Oldest player under exceptional circumstances : Harry Lowe , 48 years 7 months and 12 days ( for Real Sociedad v. Valencia , 24 March 1935 ) ( Real Sociedad 's manager played due to a player down to illness , the team did not bring any substitutes to the away game for financial reasons . ) Youngest player : Sansón , 15 years , 8 months and 11 days ( for Celta Vigo v. Sevilla , 31 December 1939 ) Goals ( edit ) Team records ( edit ) Most league goals scored in a season : 121 , Real Madrid ( 2011 -- 12 ) Most home league goals scored in a season : 78 , Real Madrid ( 1989 -- 90 ) Most away league goals scored in a season : 58 , Real Madrid ( 2016 -- 17 ) Most games scored in a season : 38 , Real Madrid ( 2016 -- 17 ) Scoring in every game in a single La - Liga season : 38 out of 38 games , Real Madrid ( 2016 -- 17 ) Fewest league goals scored in a season : 15 , Logroñés ( 1994 -- 95 ) Fewest home league goals scored in a season : 8 , Granada ( 1969 -- 70 ) Fewest away league goals scored in a season : 2 , Deportivo ( 1964 -- 65 ) Most league goals conceded in a season : 134 , Lleida ( 1950 -- 51 ) Fewest league goals conceded in a season : 15 , Real Madrid ( 1931 -- 32 ) Fewest league goals conceded home in a season : 2 , joint record : Córdoba ( 1964 -- 65 ) Pontevedra ( 1968 -- 69 ) Best conceded goal quota in a season : 0.474 goals per game , Deportivo ( 1993 -- 94 ) , Atlético Madrid ( 2015 - 2016 ) ( Real Madrid 's record of 15 goals was in an 18 game season and gives a quota of 0.833 , Deportivo and Atletico Madrid 's tallies ( of 18 ) are from 38 - game seasons ) Best goal difference in a season : + 89 , Real Madrid ( 2011 -- 12 ) and Barcelona ( 2014 - 15 ) Worst goal difference in a season : -- 93 , Lleida ( 1950 -- 51 ) Most consecutive games scoring : 64 , Barcelona ( 4 February 2012 to 19 October 2013 ) Most consecutive games scoring home : 88 , Barcelona ( 10 February 1952 to 19 January 1958 ) Most consecutive games scoring away : 34 , Real Madrid ( 3 January 2016 to 14 October 2017 ) Most goals on one day : 59 goals in 8 games , ( 17 September 1950 ) Fewest goals on one day : 8 goals in 8 games , ( 18 March 1973 ) Individual records ( edit ) For more details on this topic , see Spanish football top scorers . Most career league assists : 140 , Lionel Messi Most career league goals : 361 , Lionel Messi Most goals scored in a season : 50 , Lionel Messi ( 2011 -- 12 ) Most goals scored in a calendar year : 59 , Lionel Messi ( 2012 ) Most league home goals in a season ( 38 games , 19 home games ) : 35 , Lionel Messi ( 2011 -- 12 ) Most league away goals in a season ( 38 games , 19 away games ) : 24 , Lionel Messi ( 2012 -- 13 ) Most league matches scored in a season ( 38 games ) : 27 , Lionel Messi ( 2012 -- 13 ) , Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2011 -- 12 ) Most league home matches scored in a season ( 38 games ) : 16 , Lionel Messi ( 2011 -- 12 ) Most league away matches scored in a season ( 38 games ) : 15 , Lionel Messi ( 2012 -- 13 ) Most opponents scored against in La Liga history : 35 , joint record : Raúl , Lionel Messi Most opponents scored against in a season : 19 , joint record : Ronaldo for Barcelona ( 1996 -- 97 ) ( 42 games ) Cristiano Ronaldo for Real Madrid ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( 38 games ) Lionel Messi for Barcelona ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( 38 games ) Most goals scored in a game : 7 , joint record : Agustín Sauto Arana ( for Athletic Bilbao v. Barcelona , 8 February 1931 ) László Kubala ( for Barcelona v. Sporting Gijón , 10 February 1952 ) Most consecutive league appearances scored in : 21 , Lionel Messi ( 33 goals , from matchday 11 to matchday 34 , season 2012 - 13 ) Most consecutive home league matches scored in : 18 , Mariano Martín ( 37 goals from matchday 22 season 1941 - 42 to matchday 6 season 1943 - 44 ) Most consecutive away league matches scored in : 13 , Lionel Messi ( 20 goals from matchday 8 to matchday 33 , season 2012 -- 13 ) Most hat - tricks scored in La Liga history : 32 , Cristiano Ronaldo Most league hat - tricks scored in a season : 8 , joint record : Lionel Messi ( 2011 -- 12 ) Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2014 -- 15 ) Fastest hat - trick in La Liga : Bebeto for Deportivo La Coruña vs Albacete in 1995 Most consecutive hat - tricks in one season : 3 , Isidro Lángara ( for Oviedo ( 1934 -- 35 ) Most goals from penalties in La Liga history : 56 , joint record : Cristiano Ronaldo Hugo Sánchez Fastest to 20 league goals in a single season : 12 games , Cristiano Ronaldo ( 2014 -- 15 ) Youngest goalscorer : Fabrice Olinga , 16 years and 98 days ( for Málaga v. Celta Vigo , 18 August 2012 ) Fastest 50 league goals : 37 games , Isidro Lángara ( for Oviedo ( matchday 19 , 07 / 04 / 1935 , season 1934 -- 35 ) Fastest 100 league goals : 82 games , Isidro Lángara ( for Oviedo ( matchday 2 , 28 September 1947 , season 1947 -- 48 ) Fastest 150 league goals : 140 games , Cristiano Ronaldo ( matchday 5 , 22 September 2013 , season 2013 -- 14 ) Fastest 200 league goals : Cristiano Ronaldo Fastest 250 league goals : Cristiano Ronaldo Most wins at La Liga Best Player award : 6 , Lionel Messi Most wins at La Liga Best Forward award : 7 , Lionel Messi Player to score 4 goals ( super hat - tricks ) in 2 consecutive matches in La Liga history in a single season : 2 , Luis Suárez ( matchdays 34 and 35 , season 2015 -- 16 ) Players to be involved in 7 goals in a single match in La Liga history : joint record : Agustín Sauto Arana ( for Atletic Bilbao vs Barcelona , 8 February 1931 ) Luis Suárez , ( matchday 34 , 20 April 2016 , season 2015 -- 16 ) Goalkeepers ' records ( edit ) Most Penalties Saved : 22 , Diego Alves for UD Almería and Valencia CF Most Penalties Saved in a single season : 6 , Diego Alves for Valencia CF in season 2016 - 17 Most clean sheets in a season : 26 , Francisco Liaño ( for Deportivo , 1993 -- 94 ) Best conceded goal quota in a season : 1 - 0.474 goals per game ( 18 goals in 38 matches ) , Francisco Liaño ( for Deportivo , 1993 -- 94 ) , Jan Oblak ( for Atlético Madrid , 2015 -- 16 ) 3 - 0.5 goals per game ( 16 goals in 32 matches ) , Víctor Valdés ( for Barcelona , 2010 -- 11 ) 4 - 0 , 51 goals per game ( 19 goals in 37 matches ) , Claudio Bravo ( for Barcelona , 2014 -- 15 ) Most clean sheets : 233 , Andoni Zubizarreta ( 66 for Athletic Bilbao , 123 for Barcelona and 44 for Valencia , 1981 -- 1998 ) Best clean sheets start : 754 mins by Claudio Bravo ( for Barcelona , in 2014 - 15 ) Longest goalkeeping run without conceding a goal : 1,275 minutes , Abel Resino ( for Atlético Madrid , 1990 -- 91 ) Scorelines ( edit ) Record win : Athletic Bilbao 12 -- 1 Barcelona ( 8 February 1931 ) Record away win : 0 -- 8 , on four occasions : Las Palmas 0 -- 8 Barcelona ( 25 October 1959 ) Almería 0 -- 8 Barcelona ( 20 November 2010 ) Córdoba 0 -- 8 Barcelona ( 2 May 2015 ) Deportivo 0 -- 8 Barcelona ( 20 April 2016 ) Most goals in a game : 14 , Athletic Bilbao 9 -- 5 Racing Santander ( 5 February 1933 ) Highest scoring draw : 6 -- 6 , Atlético Madrid v. Athletic Bilbao ( 29 January 1950 ) Disciplinary ( edit ) Most red cards in a single match : 6 , Espanyol ( 3 ) v. Barcelona ( 3 ) ( 13 December 2003 ) ( 2 Direct red cards and 4 double yellow cards ) Most red cards in a career ( individual ) : 18 , joint record : Xavier Aguado ( Real Zaragoza ) Pablo Alfaro ( Real Zaragoza , Racing Santander and Sevilla ) Pablo Alfaro also received 9 red cards while playing in second division for a total of 27 red cards , this is the record for all Spanish professional divisions Sergio Ramos ( Real Madrid ) Team records ( edit ) Most points in a La Liga season ( at least 90 points ) ( edit ) Rank Club Season Points Apps Real Madrid 2011 -- 12 100 38 Barcelona 2012 -- 13 100 38 Barcelona 2009 -- 10 99 38 Real Madrid 2009 -- 10 96 38 Barcelona 2010 -- 11 96 38 6 Barcelona 2014 -- 15 94 38 7 Real Madrid 2016 -- 17 93 38 8 Real Madrid 1996 -- 97 92 42 Real Madrid 2010 -- 11 92 38 Real Madrid 2014 -- 15 92 38 11 Barcelona 2011 -- 12 91 38 Barcelona 2015 -- 16 91 38 13 Barcelona 1996 -- 97 90 42 Atlético Madrid 2013 -- 14 90 38 Real Madrid 2015 -- 16 90 38 Barcelona 2016 -- 17 90 38 Most goals in a La Liga season ( at least 100 goals ) ( edit ) Rank Club Season Goals Apps Real Madrid 2011 -- 12 121 38 Real Madrid 2014 -- 15 118 38 Barcelona 2016 -- 17 116 38 Barcelona 2012 -- 13 115 38 5 Barcelona 2011 -- 12 114 38 6 Barcelona 2015 -- 16 112 38 7 Barcelona 2014 -- 15 110 38 Real Madrid 2015 -- 16 110 38 9 Real Madrid 1989 -- 90 107 38 10 Real Madrid 2016 -- 17 106 38 11 Barcelona 2008 -- 09 105 38 12 Real Madrid 2013 -- 14 104 38 13 Real Madrid 2012 -- 13 103 38 14 Real Madrid 2009 -- 10 102 38 Real Madrid 2010 -- 11 102 38 Barcelona 1996 -- 97 102 42 17 Barcelona 2013 -- 14 100 38 Most goals in a season besides Real Madrid and Barcelona : 88 in 30 appearances by Athletic Bilbao in 1950 -- 51 La Liga . Most goals in a season -- all competitions ( at least 150 goals ) ( edit ) Rank Club Season Liga Cup Europe Other Total Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Barcelona 2011 -- 12 114 38 26 9 35 12 15 5 190 64 Barcelona 2014 -- 15 110 38 34 9 31 13 0 0 175 60 Real Madrid 2011 -- 12 121 38 14 6 35 12 174 58 Real Madrid 2016 -- 17 106 38 22 6 36 13 9 173 60 Barcelona 2015 -- 16 112 38 27 9 22 10 12 5 173 62 6 Barcelona 2016 -- 17 116 38 24 9 26 10 5 171 59 7 Real Madrid 2014 -- 15 118 38 11 24 12 9 5 162 59 8 Real Madrid 2013 -- 14 104 38 15 9 41 13 0 0 160 60 9 Real Madrid 1959 -- 60 92 30 35 9 31 7 0 0 158 46 Barcelona 2008 -- 09 105 38 17 9 36 15 0 0 158 62 Barcelona 2012 -- 13 115 38 21 8 18 12 158 60 12 Real Madrid 2012 -- 13 103 38 20 9 26 12 153 61 13 Barcelona 2010 -- 11 95 38 22 9 30 13 5 152 62 First team to score at least 100 goals in a season : Valencia in 1941 -- 42 ( 111 in 34 appearances ) . It should be noted though that a number of teams managed to score over 100 goals in a season during the 1930s when the national league and cup were played alongside the regional leagues . Most prolific among those was the Athletic Bilbao team of the early 1930s scoring 126 goals in 1929 -- 30 , 137 goals in 1930 -- 31 , 127 goals in 1931 -- 32 , 127 goals in 1932 -- 33 and 115 goals in 1933 -- 34 , others include Real Oviedo scoring 114 goals in 1933 -- 34 and 110 goals in 1935 -- 36 . Most goals in a season besides Real Madrid and Barcelona : 119 in 60 appearances by Sevilla in 2014 -- 15 season . Most effective team in a La Liga season ( at least 3 goals per game ) ( edit ) Rank Club Season Goals Apps G / A Athletic Bilbao 1930 -- 31 73 18 4.06 Athletic Bilbao 1929 -- 30 63 18 3.50 Athletic Bilbao 1931 -- 32 63 18 3.50 Athletic Bilbao 1933 -- 34 61 18 3.39 5 Valencia 1941 -- 42 85 26 3.27 6 Barcelona 1958 -- 59 96 30 3.20 7 Real Madrid 2011 -- 12 121 38 3.18 8 Atlético Aviación 1940 -- 41 70 22 3.18 Sevilla 1940 -- 41 70 22 3.18 10 Real Madrid 2014 -- 15 118 38 3.10 11 Barcelona 1951 -- 52 92 30 3.07 Real Madrid 1959 -- 60 92 30 3.07 13 Barcelona 2012 -- 13 115 38 3.02 14 Barcelona 2011 -- 12 114 38 3.00 Valencia 1948 -- 49 78 26 3.00 Individual records ( edit ) Most championships won ( edit ) 12 , Francisco Gento ( all with Real Madrid ) Goalscoring ( edit ) Top 30 goalscorers , all - time ( edit ) As of matches played 1 October 2017 Players in Bold are still active . ( hide ) Rank Nat Name Years Goals Apps Ratio Lionel Messi 2004 -- 360 389 0.93 Cristiano Ronaldo 2009 -- 285 268 1.06 Telmo Zarra 1940 -- 1955 251 278 0.9 Hugo Sánchez 1981 -- 1994 234 347 0.67 5 Raúl 1994 -- 2010 228 550 0.41 6 Alfredo Di Stéfano 1953 -- 1966 227 329 0.69 7 César Rodríguez 1939 -- 1955 223 353 0.63 8 Quini 1970 -- 1987 219 448 0.49 9 Pahiño 1943 -- 1956 210 278 0.76 10 Edmundo Suárez 1939 -- 1950 195 231 0.84 11 Santillana 1970 -- 1988 186 461 0.4 12 David Villa 2003 -- 2014 185 352 0.53 13 Juan Arza 1943 -- 1959 182 349 0.52 14 Guillermo Gorostiza 1929 -- 1945 178 256 0.7 15 Samuel Eto'o 1998 -- 2009 162 280 0.58 16 Luis Aragonés 1960 -- 1974 160 360 0.44 17 Ferenc Puskás 1958 -- 1966 156 180 0.87 18 Julio Salinas 1982 -- 2000 152 417 0.36 19 Adrián Escudero 1945 -- 1958 150 287 0.52 Aritz Aduriz 2002 -- 383 0.39 21 Daniel Ruiz 1974 -- 1986 147 303 0.49 22 Raúl Tamudo 1997 -- 2013 146 407 0.36 23 Silvestre Igoa 1941 -- 1956 141 284 0.5 24 Manuel Badenes 1946 -- 1959 139 201 0.69 Juan Araújo 1945 -- 1956 207 0.67 José Mari Bakero 1980 -- 1997 483 0.29 27 László Kubala 1951 -- 1965 138 215 0.64 28 José Luis Panizo 1939 -- 1955 136 325 0.42 29 Jesús María Satrústegui 1973 -- 1986 133 297 0.45 30 Joaquín Murillo 1952 -- 1964 132 227 0.58 Top 5 goalscorers , still active ( Primera División only ) ( edit ) As of matches played 1 October 2017 Rank Nat Name Years Current club Goals Apps Ratio Lionel Messi 2004 -- Barcelona 360 389 0.93 Cristiano Ronaldo 2009 -- Real Madrid 285 268 1.06 Aritz Aduriz 2002 -- Athletic Bilbao 150 383 0.39 Karim Benzema 2009 -- Real Madrid 122 247 0.49 5 Antoine Griezmann 2010 -- Atlético Madrid 102 257 0.4 Most hat - tricks in the League ( at least 10 ) ( edit ) Three or more goals in a single match As of matches played 19 September 2017 Players in bold are still active Rank Nat Name Hat - tricks Cristiano Ronaldo 32 Lionel Messi 28 Alfredo Di Stéfano 22 Telmo Zarra 5 Edmundo Suárez 19 6 César Rodríguez 16 7 Isidro Lángara 13 8 Ferenc Puskás 12 9 László Kubala 11 Manuel Badenes Pahiño 12 Quini 10 Most goals in a La Liga season ( at least 30 goals ) ( edit ) As of matches played 21 May 2017 Bold player name denotes current season . ( hide ) Rank Nat Name Season Club Goals Apps Ratio Lionel Messi 2011 -- 12 Barcelona 50 37 1.351 Cristiano Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 Real Madrid 48 35 1.371 Lionel Messi 2012 -- 13 Barcelona 46 32 1.438 Cristiano Ronaldo 2011 -- 12 Real Madrid 38 1.211 5 Lionel Messi 2014 -- 15 Barcelona 43 38 1.132 6 Cristiano Ronaldo 2010 -- 11 Real Madrid 40 34 1.176 Luis Suárez 2015 -- 16 Barcelona 35 1.143 8 Telmo Zarra 1950 -- 51 Athletic Bilbao 38 30 1.267 Hugo Sánchez 1989 -- 90 Real Madrid 35 1.086 10 Lionel Messi 2016 -- 17 Barcelona 37 34 1.088 11 Baltazar 1988 -- 89 Atlético Madrid 35 36 0.972 Cristiano Ronaldo 2015 -- 16 Real Madrid 36 0.972 13 Cristiano Ronaldo 2012 -- 13 Real Madrid 34 34 Lionel Messi 2009 -- 10 Barcelona 35 0.971 Ronaldo 1996 -- 97 Barcelona 37 0.919 Hugo Sánchez 1986 -- 87 Real Madrid 41 0.829 17 Pruden 1940 -- 41 Atlético Aviación 33 22 1.5 Telmo Zarra 1946 -- 47 Athletic Bilbao 24 1.375 Toni Polster 1989 -- 90 Sevilla 35 0.943 20 Diego Forlán 2008 -- 09 Atlético Madrid 32 33 0.97 21 Alfredo Di Stéfano 1956 -- 57 Real Madrid 31 30 1.033 Cristiano Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 Real Madrid 30 1.033 Lionel Messi 2010 -- 11 Barcelona 33 0.939 Juan Antonio Pizzi 1995 -- 96 Tenerife 41 0.756 25 Mariano Martín 1942 -- 43 Barcelona 30 23 1.304 Romário 1993 -- 94 Barcelona 33 0.909 Samuel Eto'o 2008 -- 09 Barcelona 36 0.833 Most goals in a season -- all competitions ( at least 40 goals ) ( edit ) As of matches played 6 May 2017 Bold player name denotes current season . ( hide ) Rank Nat Name Season Club Goals Apps Ratio Lionel Messi 2011 -- 12 Barcelona 73 60 1.217 Cristiano Ronaldo 2014 -- 15 Real Madrid 61 54 1.13 Lionel Messi 2012 -- 13 Barcelona 60 50 1.2 Cristiano Ronaldo 2011 -- 12 Real Madrid 55 1.091 5 Luis Suárez 2015 -- 16 Barcelona 59 53 1.113 6 Lionel Messi 2014 -- 15 Barcelona 58 57 1.018 7 Cristiano Ronaldo 2012 -- 13 Real Madrid 55 55 8 Lionel Messi 2016 -- 17 Barcelona 54 52 1.038 9 Cristiano Ronaldo 2010 -- 11 Real Madrid 53 54 0.981 Lionel Messi 2010 -- 11 Barcelona 55 0.964 11 Cristiano Ronaldo 2013 -- 14 Real Madrid 51 47 1.085 Cristiano Ronaldo 2015 -- 16 Real Madrid 48 1.063 13 Ferenc Puskás 1959 -- 60 Real Madrid 47 38 1.237 Ronaldo 1996 -- 97 Barcelona 49 0.959 Lionel Messi 2009 -- 10 Barcelona 53 0.887 16 Telmo Zarra 1950 -- 51 Athletic Bilbao 46 36 1.278 17 Alfredo Di Stéfano 1956 -- 57 Real Madrid 43 43 18 Mariano Martín 1942 -- 43 Barcelona 42 31 1.355 Ferenc Puskás 1960 -- 61 Real Madrid 39 1.077 Hugo Sánchez 1989 -- 90 Real Madrid 45 0.933 Baltazar 1988 -- 89 Atlético Madrid 46 0.913 Cristiano Ronaldo 2016 -- 17 Real Madrid 46 0.913 21 Lionel Messi 2013 -- 14 Barcelona 41 46 0.891 Lionel Messi 2015 -- 16 Barcelona 49 0.837 Hugo Sánchez 1986 -- 87 Real Madrid 54 0.759 25 Ferenc Puskás 1961 -- 62 Real Madrid 40 40 Goalkeeping ( edit ) Top 5 longest goalkeeping runs without conceding a goal , all - time ( Primera División only ) As of matches played 23 September 2017 Rank Nat Name Season Club Minutes Abel Resino 1990 -- 91 Atlético Madrid 1275 Miguel Reina 1972 -- 73 Barcelona 824 Edgardo Madinabeytia 1965 -- 66 Atlético Madrid 793 Claudio Bravo 2013 -- 14 to 2014 -- 15 Real Sociedad , Barcelona 776 5 Luis Arconada 1979 -- 80 Real Sociedad 753 Most appearances ( edit ) Top 10 most appearances , all - time ( Primera División ) As of matches played 5 October 2017 Players in bold are still active ( hide ) Rank Nat Name Years Apps Goals Andoni Zubizarreta 1981 -- 1998 622 0 Raúl 1994 -- 2010 550 228 Eusebio Sacristán 1983 -- 2002 543 36 Francisco Buyo 1980 -- 1997 542 0 5 Manolo Sanchís 1983 -- 2001 523 32 6 Iker Casillas 1999 -- 2015 510 0 7 Xavi 1998 -- 2015 505 58 8 Miquel Soler 1983 -- 2003 504 12 9 Fernando Hierro 1987 -- 2003 497 104 10 José Mari Bakero 1980 -- 1997 483 139 Top 5 most appearances , still active ( Primera División ) As of matches played 5 October 2017 Rank Nat Name Years Current club Apps Goals Joaquín 2001 -- Betis 460 63 Andrés Iniesta 2002 -- Barcelona 418 34 Sergio Ramos 2004 -- Real Madrid 410 51 Gabi 2004 -- Atlético Madrid 401 21 5 Fernando Navarro 2000 -- Deportivo La Coruña 398 Coaches ( edit ) Coaches with most matches managed As of matches played 5 October 2017 Coaches in bold are still active in Primera Division ( hide ) Rank Nat Name Years Apps Luis Aragonés 1974 -- 2004 757 Javier Irureta 1988 -- 2008 612 Miguel Muñoz 1958 -- 1982 608 Víctor Fernández 1990 -- 2015 544 5 Javier Clemente 1981 -- 2012 511 6 Joaquín Caparrós 1999 -- 2015 495 7 Ferdinand Daučík 1950 -- 1971 488 8 John Toshack 1985 -- 2004 480 9 Marcel Domingo 1958 -- 1984 455 10 José María Maguregui 1973 -- 1990 417 Ricardo Zamora 1939 -- 1962 12 Miguel Ángel Lotina 1992 -- 2012 416 13 Lorenzo Serra Ferrer 1983 -- 2006 413 14 Gregorio Manzano 1999 -- 2013 411 15 Radomir Antić 1988 -- 2004 409 16 Luis Cid Carriega 1970 -- 1986 397 17 José Manuel Díaz Novoa 1979 -- 1998 394 18 Antonio Barrios 1949 -- 1972 380 Pasieguito 1963 -- 1982 20 Arsenio Iglesias 1971 -- 1996 363 21 Helenio Herrera 1948 -- 1981 359 22 Fernando Vázquez 1995 -- 2013 357 23 Javier Aguirre 2002 -- 2014 355 Ernesto Valverde 2003 -- 25 Roque Olsen 1962 -- 1989 345 26 Jacinto Quincoces 1942 -- 1960 337 27 Manuel Pellegrini 2004 -- 2013 332 28 Víctor Espárrago 1987 -- 2006 330 29 Unai Emery 2007 -- 2016 323 30 Vicente Miera 1975 -- 1997 321 Copa del Rey ( edit ) Records in this section refers to Copa del Rey from its founding in 1902 through to the present . Most wins : 29 , Barcelona ( 1910 , 1912 , 1913 , 1920 , 1922 , 1925 , 1926 , 1928 , 1942 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1957 , 1959 , 1963 , 1968 , 1971 , 1978 , 1981 , 1983 , 1988 , 1990 , 1997 , 1998 , 2009 , 2012 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ) Most consecutive wins : 4 , joint record : Athletic Bilbao ( 1930 , 1931 , 1932 , 1933 ) Real Madrid ( 1905 , 1906 , 1907 , 1908 ) Most finals played : 39 , joint record : Real Madrid ( 1903 , 1905 , 1906 , 1907 , 1908 , 1916 , 1917 , 1918 , 1924 , 1929 , 1930 , 1933 , 1934 , 1936 , 1940 , 1943 , 1946 , 1947 , 1958 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1968 , 1970 , 1974 , 1975 , 1979 , 1980 , 1982 , 1983 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1993 , 2002 , 2004 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 ) Barcelona ( 1910 , 1912 , 1913 , 1919 , 1920 , 1922 , 1925 , 1926 , 1928 , 1932 , 1936 , 1942 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1957 , 1959 , 1963 , 1968 , 1971 , 1974 , 1978 , 1981 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1988 , 1990 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 ) Most finals without winning : 4 , Celta Vigo ( 1908 , 1948 , 1994 , 2001 ) Most finals without losing : 2 , Deportivo ( 1995 , 2002 ) Biggest win in a final : joint record Athletic Bilbao 5 -- 0 Espanyol ( 1915 ) Real Madrid 6 -- 1 Castilla ( 1980 ) Most goals in a final : 8 , Sevilla 6 -- 2 Racing de Ferrol ( 1939 ) Most goals by a losing side : 3 , joint record : Athletic Bilbao losing 4 -- 3 against Barcelona 1942 Valencia losing 4 -- 3 against Barcelona 1971 Most consecutive rounds won : 19 , Athletic Bilbao ( 6 April 1930 to 20 April 1934 ) Biggest home win : Real Murcia 14 -- 0 Cieza Promesas ( First Round , 10 September 1991 -- 92 Copa del Rey ) Biggest away win : CD Don Benito 0 -- 13 Celta Vigo ( First Round , 10 April 1932 Copa del Rey ) . The game was played at Celta Vigo Balaídos stadium Biggest winning scoreline : Celta Vigo 22 - 0 Don Benito ( First Round 1932 Copa del Rey ) Longest penalty shootout : 28 , Joint Record : Real Ávila 12 -- 13 Real Burgos ( 29 September 1986 -- 87 Copa del Rey ) Córdoba 12 -- 13 Deportivo ( 11 September 2012 -- 13 Copa del Rey ) Copa del Rey topscorers ( top 10 ) ( edit ) ( hide ) Rank Name Nat . Pos . Years Goals Total Zarra , Telmo Telmo Zarra FW 1939 -- 1957 81 Athletic Bilbao 81 Samitier , Josep Josep Samitier MF 1919 -- 1934 65 Barcelona + 5 Real Madrid 70 Gorostiza , Guillermo Guillermo Gorostiza FW 1929 -- 1946 37 Athletic Bilbao + 25 Valencia 62 Quini , Quini FW 1968 -- 1987 38 Sporting Gijón + 17 Barcelona 55 5 Suárez , Edmundo Edmundo Suárez FW 1939 -- 1950 52 Valencia 52 6 Puskás , Ferenc Ferenc Puskás FW 1958 -- 1962 49 Real Madrid 49 7 Kubala , László László Kubala FW 1951 -- 1965 49 Barcelona 49 8 Santillana , Santillana FW 1970 -- 1988 48 Real Madrid 48 9 Rodríguez , César César Rodríguez FW 1939 -- 1960 3 Granada + 36 Barcelona + 8 Elche 47 10 Polo , Ramón Ramón Polo FW 1923 -- 1935 45 Celta Vigo 45 Individual ( edit ) Most wins : 7 , Agustín Gaínza ( Athletic Bilbao ) ( 1943 , 1944 , 1945 , 1950 , 1955 , 1956 , 1958 ) Most appearances : 104 , Andoni Zubizarreta ( Athletic Bilbao ) , ( Barcelona ) and ( Valencia CF ) Most appearances at one club : 99 , Agustín Gaínza ( Athletic Bilbao ) Most appearances in a final : 9 , Agustín Gaínza ( Athletic Bilbao ) ( 1943 , 1944 , 1945 , 1949 , 1950 , 1953 , 1955 , 1956 , 1958 ) Most goals scored : 81 , Telmo Zarra ( Athletic Bilbao ) Most goals scored in one game : 8 , Agustín Gaínza ( Athletic Bilbao ) 12 - 1 against Celta Vigo 18 May 1947 Most goals scored in one season : 21 , Josep Samitier ( Barcelona ) 1928 Most goals scored in a final : 4 , Telmo Zarra ( Athletic Bilbao ) 1950 Most goals scored in finals : 8 , Telmo Zarra ( Athletic Bilbao ) Most finals scored in : 5 , Telmo Zarra ( Athletic Bilbao ) ( 1942 , 1943 , 1944 , 1945 , 1950 ) Most consecutive finals scored in : 4 , Telmo Zarra ( Athletic Bilbao ) ( 1942 , 1943 , 1944 , 1945 ) Most successful clubs overall ( official titles , 1903 -- present ) ( edit ) The following table includes official Spanish , European and worldwide competitions organized respectively by RFEF , UEFA and FIFA since 1903 . Key ( edit ) Domestic competitions 1a La Liga CR Copa de S.M. el Rey SCE Supercopa de España CED Copa Eva Duarte ( Defunct ) CLI Copa de la Liga ( Defunct ) European competitions UCL UEFA Champions League , formerly European Champion Clubs ' Cup UCWC UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup ( Defunct ) UEL UEFA Europa League , formerly UEFA Cup ICFC Inter-Cities Fairs Cup ( Defunct ) ( Not organized by UEFA , but recognized as the unofficial predecessor to the UEL and acknowledged by FIFA as a major trophy . ) USC UEFA Super Cup UIC UEFA Intertoto Cup ( Defunct ) Worldwide competitions FCWC FIFA Club World Cup IC Intercontinental Cup ( Defunct ) ( Predecessor to FCWC ) ( Organized by UEFA and CONMEBOL ) Performance by Club ( edit ) ( Sorted by overall titles . Use sorting button to change criteria . ) ( hide ) Team Domestic titles European titles / Worldwide titles Total 1a CR SCE CED CLI Total UCL UCWC UEL ICFC USC UIC FCWC IC Total Total Barcelona 24 29 12 70 5 5 20 90 Real Madrid 33 19 10 64 12 23 87 Athletic Bilbao 8 23 34 34 Atlético Madrid 10 10 23 6 29 Valencia 6 7 15 7 22 Sevilla 5 7 5 6 13 Real Zaragoza 6 7 9 Deportivo 6 6 Real Sociedad 5 5 Espanyol Real Unión Real Betis Mallorca Villarreal Arenas Club Club Bizcaya Valladolid Celta Vigo Málaga The figures in bold represent the most times this competition has been won by a Spanish team . See also ( edit ) La Liga Copa del Rey Supercopa de España UEFA Champions League UEFA Europa League UEFA Supercup FIFA Club World Cup References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Spanish Premier Division All - Time Table '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spain - List of Champions '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . 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Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 1933 / 34 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 1935 / 36 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 1948 / 49 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 1952 / 53 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 1956 / 57 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 1958 / 59 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spain 1959 / 60 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 1962 / 63 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 1 January 2013 . 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Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 1989 - 90 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 1986 - 87 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 1996 - 97 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 1942 - 43 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 1997 - 98 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Real Sociedad match database '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid match database '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` FC Barcelona match database '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 3 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sporting de Gijón match database '' . BDFutbol . 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Jump up ^ `` Lángara , un goleador de leyenda '' . Cuadernos de Fútbol ( CIHEFE ) . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cristiano Ronaldo equals Liga penalty record '' . UEFA.com. 15 January 2017 . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top records held by Cristiano Ronaldo '' . MSN UK . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` La Liga : Real Madrid thrash Real Sociedad , Barcelona beat Mallorca - ESPN FC '' . Soccernet.espn.go.com. 24 March 2012 . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top records for Cristiano Ronaldo '' . MSN UK . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Records tumble for Cristiano Ronaldo '' . Independent UK . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Records tumble for Cristiano Ronaldo '' . MSN UK . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi beats Cristiano Ronaldo in 2014 - 15 La Liga awards '' . ESPNFC.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Lionel Messi beats Cristiano Ronaldo in 2014 - 15 La Liga awards '' . ESPNFC.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` FC Barcelona among the winners at La Liga awards FC Barcelona '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Michallik , Danny . `` Luis Suarez makes La Liga history with another 4 - goal outing '' . FOX Sports . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Diego Alves enters LaLiga history books '' . Marca . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Diego Alves : Otro penalti parado y récord '' . Sport . Retrieved 29 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5 La Liga Records That Might Never Be Broken '' . footyfair.com . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Goalkeepers records '' . fcbarcelona.com . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Entire Career data for Zubizarreta '' . Lat.weltfussball.com . Retrieved 11 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Veinte años del record de Abel Resino '' . CIHEFE . Retrieved 26 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` El día que el Barcelona sufría su mayor goleada en la Liga '' . abc.es . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` El Barcelona iguala la mayor goleada a domicilio en Liga '' . AS.com . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` San Mamés : adiós en su partido de Liga número 1.304 '' . AS.com . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Un Atlético de Madrid - Athletic espectacular con Helenio Herrera '' . futbolprimera.es . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Real Madrid captain Sergio Ramos calls for more leniency from referees '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Francisco Gento Lopez '' . realmadrid.com . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ranking Goals First Division '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking Hat Tricks First Division '' . Bdfutbol.com . Retrieved 3 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hat - tricks in La Liga history '' . sportsgoogly.com . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Veinte años del record de Abel Resino '' . CIHEFE. 1 April 2011 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ranking Played Matches First Division '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking Matches First Division '' . BDFutbol . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spain - List of Cup Finals '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spain - Cup 1915 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spain - Cup 1980 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spain - Cup 1939 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spain - Cup 1942 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spain - Cup 1971 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Una marca difícil de batir '' . Cuadernos de Fútbol ( CIHEFE ) . Retrieved 15 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Las mayores goleadas coperas '' . Cuadernos de Fútbol ( CIHEFE ) . Retrieved 14 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Córdoba y Depor igualaron la tanda de penaltis más larga de la historia copera '' . terra.es . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Athletic Club . `` Athletic Club '' . athletic - club. eus . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Super Utilisateur . `` Ficha José SAMITIER Vilalta '' . elaguanis.com . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Athletic Club . `` Athletic Club '' . athletic - club. eus . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Redacción Ciberche . `` Estadisticas de todos los jugadores del Valencia CF '' . ciberche.net . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Super Utilisateur . `` Ficha Ferenç PUSKAS Biro '' . elaguanis.com . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Super Utilisateur . `` Ficha Carlos Alonso González `` SANTILLANA '' `` . elaguanis.com . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grandes y pequeños jugadores del Celta de Vigo : RAMÓN POLO '' . yojugueenelcelta.com . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` athletic - club player statistics '' . Athletic Club . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` athletic - club player statistics '' . Athletic Club . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` athletic - club player statistics '' . Athletic Club . Retrieved 30 December 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.webdelcule.com/partidos/pa1927-28.html Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 16 July 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ For all other competitions not organized respectively by the above - mentioned bodies , please refer to the `` Honours '' section in each club 's own article . Jump up ^ Also , for a detailed discussion of official vs unofficial inter-confederation competitions please see https://secure.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/wiki/List_of_confederation_and_inter-confederation_club_competition_winners , in particular references 8 , 9 and 10 . Jump up ^ In particular , note that the UEFA Cup replaced the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , however , as the competition was not organised by UEFA , it is not counted as an official trophy for official European record purposes ( `` UEFA Cup : All - time finals '' . UEFA.com . Archived from the original on 12 April 2009 . Retrieved 13 July 2009 . ) . Still , it is generally considered the official predecessor of the UEFA Cup ( see , for example , http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/history/index.html ) and a major title ( see , for example , F.C. Barcelona 's profile at FIFA.com : http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/clubs/club=44217/ Archived 6 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ Also , note that competitions such as the Latin Cup , which was a European level competition organized by RFEF together with other national federations , but not by UEFA , do not fall under the above - mentioned criteria and are therefore not included in this table . Jump up ^ Organized by RFEF . Jump up ^ Organized by UEFA unless otherwise noted . Jump up ^ FIFA.com . `` FC Barcelona '' . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Organized by FIFA unless otherwise noted . Jump up ^ Teams which have won at least one official title are included , ranked by number of overall titles ( domestic and international ) and listed in alphabetic order in case of a tie . Jump up ^ Includes all previous denominations of the same competition organized by the RFEF , such as Copa del Generalísimo , Copa del Presidente de la República , etc . Jump up ^ Copa Eva Duarte is not listed as an official title by the UEFA , but it is considered as such by the RFEF , as it is the direct predecessor of the Supercopa de España < http://www.rfef.es/noticias/supercopa/conoce-antecedentes-supercopa > < http://www.lavanguardia.com/deportes/20150302/54427804822/cihefe-opina-que-la-copa-eva-duarte-es-un-torneo-oficial-y-tuvo-7-ganadores.html > Jump up ^ Prior to 1992 , the tournament was officially called the European Champion Clubs ' Cup but was usually referred to as simply the European Cup Jump up ^ The first competition was held in the 1960 -- 61 season -- but not recognised by the governing body of European football until two years later < http://kassiesa.net/uefafiles/uefadirect/uefadirect-100-2010-08.pdf > . In 1998 -- 99 it was absorbed by the UEFA Cup . Jump up ^ Previously called the UEFA Cup , the competition has been known as the UEFA Europa League since the 2009 -- 10 season `` UEFA Cup gets new name in revamp '' . BBC Sport. 26 September 2008 . Retrieved 26 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Although not organised by UEFA , the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is included here under `` European titles '' as it is the predecessor to the UEL and acknowledged by FIFA as a major trophy . Jump up ^ The tournament was founded in 1961 -- 62 , but was only taken over by UEFA in 1995 . Jump up ^ Although organized by UEFA and CONMEBOL , the Intercontinental Cup is included here under `` Worldwide titles '' for being the predecessor to the FCWC . Jump up ^ As of 3 June 2017 , Barcelona has 90 official trophies compared to Real Madrid 's 85 overall titles . Domestic-wise Barcelona has seven more trophies than Real Madrid , while international-wise Real Madrid leads 22 - 20 . Further reading ( edit ) Martínez Calatrava , Vicente ( 2002 ) . Historia y estadística del fúbol español . De la Olimpiada de Amberes a la Guerra Civil ( 1920 - 1939 ) . ISBN 9788460757665 Martínez Calatrava , Vicente ( 2002 ) . Historia y estadística del fútbol español . De la Guerra Civil al Mundial de Brasil ( 1939 - 1950 ) . ISBN 978 - 84 - 607 - 8817 - 1 Martínez Calatrava , Vicente ( 2002 ) . Historia y estadística del fútbol español . Del gol de Zarra al gol de Marcelino ( 1950 - 1964 ) . ISBN 978 - 84 - 609 - 2967 - 3 Martínez Calatrava , Vicente ( 2002 ) . Historia y estadística del fútbol español . Del Campeonato de Europa al Mundial de España ( 1964 - 1982 ) . ISBN 978 - 84 - 611 - 0295 - 2 Martínez Calatrava , Vicente ( 2002 ) . Historia y estadística del fútbol español . Del Mundial 82 a la final española de París ( 1982 - 2001 ) . ISBN 978 - 84 - 612 - 2007 - 6 External links ( edit ) Liga de Fútbol Profesional - Historical football data provided by the official Spanish league webpage Football in Spain AFE ANEF CTA CSD COE LFP RFEF National teams Men 's national team U-23 U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 U-15 Women 's national team U-20 U-19 U-17 League system Level 1 Primera División Level 2 Segunda División Level 3 Segunda División B ( 4 groups ) Level 4 Tercera División ( 18 groups ) Levels 5 -- 10 Divisiones Regionales ( Andalusia Aragon Asturias Balearic Basque Canary Cantabria Castile - La Mancha Castile and León Catalonia Extremadura Galicia La Rioja Madrid Murcia Navarre Valencia Ceuta , Melilla ) Women 's league system Level 1 Primera División Level 2 Segunda División ( 7 groups ) Levels 3 -- 5 Ligas Regionales ( Andalusia , Aragon , Asturias , Balearic , Basque , Canary , Cantabria , Castile - La Mancha , Castile and León , Catalonia , Extremadura , Galicia , La Rioja , Madrid , Murcia , Navarre , Valencia , Ceuta , Melilla ) Youth league system División de Honor Juvenil ( 7 groups ) Liga Nacional Juvenil ( 21 groups ) Domestic cups Copa del Rey Copa de la Liga ( defunct ) Copa Eva Duarte ( replaced ) Supercopa de España Copa Federación Spanish stage of the UEFA Regions ' Cup Women 's domestic cups Copa de la Reina Youth domestic cups Copa de Campeones Juvenil Copa del Rey Juvenil Clubs Stadiums Records Foreign players Champions Association football records AFC Australia Bahrain China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Qatar Saudi Arabia Thailand United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Yemen CAF Algeria Cameroon Cape Verde DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria South Africa Sudan Tunisia Zambia CONCACAF Honduras Mexico United States & Canada CONMEBOL Argentina Brazil Chile Uruguay UEFA Armenia Austria Belarus Bulgaria Czech Republic Croatia Denmark England Estonia Finland France Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Latvia Lithuania Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Malta Portugal Poland Republic of Ireland Romania Serbia Turkey Russia Scotland Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine Wales Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Football_records_in_Spain&oldid=808026972 '' Categories : La Liga Spanish football club statistics Association football records and statistics Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles lacking reliable references from November 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Articles needing additional references from January 2010 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from May 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano नेपाली Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 12 : 50 . 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6152214202346422617	Literacy in India	Literacy in India - Wikipedia Literacy in India Literacy rate map of India , 2011 Literacy in India is a key for socio - economic progress , and the Indian literacy rate has grown to 74 % ( 2011 Census figure ) , with recent reports of 80 % literacy approaching the world average rate of 84 % . The literacy rate at the end of British rule in 1947 was around 12 % . Despite government programmes , India 's literacy rate increased only `` sluggishly '' . The 2011 census , indicated a 2001 -- 2011 decadal literacy growth of 9.2 % , which is slower than the growth seen during the previous decade . An old 1990 study estimated that it would take until 2060 for India to achieve universal literacy at then - current rate of progress . There is a wide gender disparity in the literacy rate in India : effective literacy rates ( age 7 and above ) in 2011 were 80.9 % for men and 64.60 % for women . The low female literacy rate has had a dramatically negative impact on family planning and population stabillisation efforts in India . Studies have indicated that female literacy is a strong predictor of the use of contraception among married Indian couples , even when women do not otherwise have economic independence . The census provided a positive indication that growth in female literacy rates ( 11.8 % ) was substantially faster than in male literacy rates ( 6.9 % ) in the 2001 -- 2011 decadal period , which means the gender gap appears to be narrowing. According to the National Family and Health Survey ( NFHS - 4 ) conducted in 2015 - 16 , Jains form the wealthiest community in India . Jains have the highest literacy rate ( 87 % ) in India , in the 7 - years to oldest age group , according to its 2011 census . The Jain community also has the highest number of college graduates . Contents 1 Comparative literacy statistics on country 2 Literacy rate disparity 3 Growth of literacy 3.1 The British period 3.2 Post-Independence 4 Literacy rate variations between states 5 Lessons from state literacy efforts in India 5.1 Bihar literacy challenges 5.2 Tripura literacy success 5.3 Kerala literacy success 5.4 Himachal literacy success 5.5 Mizoram literacy success 5.6 Tamil Nadu literacy success 5.7 Rajasthan literacy success 5.8 Social commentary 6 Literacy efforts 6.1 Government efforts 6.1. 1 National Literacy Mission 6.1. 2 Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan 6.2 Non-governmental efforts 6.2. 1 Mamidipudi Venkatarangaiya Foundation 7 Definition of literacy 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Comparative literacy Statistics on country ( edit ) The table below shows the adult and youth literacy rates for India and some neighbouring countries in 2015 . Adult literacy rate is based on the 15 + years age group , while the youth literacy rate is for the 15 -- 24 years age group ( i.e. youth is a subset of adults ) . UNESCO List of countries by literacy rate ( 2015 ) Country Adult literacy rate Youth literacy rate ages 15 -- 24 China 96.4 % 99.7 % Sri Lanka 92.6 % 98.8 % Myanmar 93.1 % 96.3 % World Average 86.3 % 91.3 % India 72.1 % 95.2 % Nepal 64.7 % 86.9 % Bangladesh 61.5 % 83.2 % Pakistan 58.5 % 74.8 % Literacy rate disparity ( edit ) One of the main factors contributing to this relatively low literacy rate is usefulness of education and availability of schools in vicinity in rural areas . There is a shortage of classrooms to accommodate all the students in 2006 -- 2007 . In addition , there is no proper sanitation in most schools . The study of 188 government - run primary schools in central and northern India revealed that 59 % of the schools had no drinking water facility and 89 % no toilets . In 600,000 villages and multiplying urban slum habitats , ' free and compulsory education ' is the basic literacy instruction dispensed by barely qualified ' para teachers ' . The average Pupil Teacher Ratio for All India is 42 : 1 , implying teacher shortage . Such inadequacies resulted in a non-standardized school system where literacy rates may differ . Furthermore , the expenditure allocated to education was never above 4.3 % of the GDP from 1951 to 2002 despite the target of 6 % by the Kothari Commission . This further complicates the literacy problem in India . Severe caste disparities also exist . Discrimination of lower castes has resulted in high dropout rates and low enrollment rates . The National Sample Survey Organisation and the National Family Health Survey collected data in India on the percentage of children completing primary school which are reported to be only 36.8 % and 37.7 % respectively . On 21 February 2005 , the Prime Minister of India said that he was pained to note that `` only 47 out of 100 children enrolled in class I reach class VIII , putting the dropout rate at 52.78 per cent . '' It is estimated that at least 35 million , and possibly as many as 60 million , children aged 6 -- 14 years are not in school . Absolute poverty in India has also deterred the pursuit of formal education as education is not deemed of as the highest priority among the poor as compared to other basic necessities . The MRP - based ( mixed recall period ) poverty estimates of about 22 % of poverty in 2004 -- 05 which translated to 22 out of per 100 people are not meeting their basic needs , much less than meeting the need for education . The large proportion of illiterate females is another reason for the low literacy rate in India . Inequality based on gender differences resulted in female literacy rates being lower at 65.46 % than that of their male counterparts at 82.14 % . Due to strong stereotyping of female and male roles , Sons are thought of to be more useful and hence are educated . Females are pulled to help out on agricultural farms at home as they are increasingly replacing the males on such activities which require no formal education . Fewer than 2 % of girls who engaged in agriculture work attended school . Growth of literacy ( edit ) Literacy in India grew very slowly until independence in 1947 . An acceleration in the rate of literacy growth occurred in the 1991 -- 2001 period . Prior to the British era , education in Indian commenced under the supervision of a guru in traditional schools called gurukuls . The gurukuls were supported by public donation and were one of the earliest forms of public school offices . However these Gurukuls catered only to the Upper castes males of the Indian society and the overwhelming masses were denied any formal education . The British period ( edit ) In the colonial era , the community funded gurukul system began to decline as the centrally funded institutions promoted by the British began to gradually take over . Between 1881 -- 82 and 1946 -- 47 , the number of English primary schools grew from 82,916 to 134,866 and the number of students in English Schools grew from 2,061,541 to 10,525,943 . Literacy rates in accordance to British in India rose from an estimated 3.2 per cent in 1872 , to 16.1 per cent in 1941 . In 1944 , the Government of British India presented a plan , called the Sergeant Scheme for the educational reconstruction of India , with a goal of producing 100 % literacy in the country within 40 years , i.e. by 1984 . Although the 40 - year time - frame was derided at the time by leaders of the Indian independence movement as being too long a period to achieve universal literacy , India had only just crossed the 74 % level by the 2011 census . It should also be noted that the British India censuses identify a significant difference in literacy rates , by : sex , religion , caste and state of residence , e.g. : 1901 census -- literacy rate Male % Female % Madras 11.9 0.9 Bombay 11.6 0.9 Bengal 10.4 0.5 Berar 8.5 0.3 Assam 6.7 0.4 Punjab 6.4 0.3 United Provinces 5.7 0.2 Central Provinces 5.4 0.2 Post-independence ( edit ) The provision of universal and compulsory education for all children in the age group of 6 -- 14 was a cherished national ideal and had been given overriding priority by incorporation as a Directive Policy in Article 45 of the Constitution , but it is still to be achieved more than half a century since the Constitution was adopted in 1949 . Parliament has passed the Constitution 86th Amendment Act , 2002 , to make elementary education a Fundamental Right for children in the age group of 6 -- 14 years . In order to provide more funds for education , an education cess of 2 per cent has been imposed on all direct and indirect central taxes through the Finance ( No. 2 ) Act , 2004 . In 2000 -- 01 , there were 60,840 pre-primary and pre-basic schools , and 664,041 primary and junior basic schools . Total enrolment at the primary level has increased from 19,200,000 in 1950 -- 51 to 109,800,000 in 2001 -- 02 . The number of high schools in 2000 -- 01 was higher than the number of primary schools at the time of independence . The literacy rate grew from 18.33 per cent in 1951 , to 74.04 per cent in 2011 . During the same period , the population grew from 361 million to 1,210 million . Census of India - literacy rates ( Age 7 + ) Year Male % Female % Combined % 1872 ~ 3.25 1881 8.1 0.35 4.32 1891 8.44 0.42 4.62 1901 9.8 0.6 5.4 1911 10.6 1.0 5.9 1921 12.2 1.8 7.2 1931 15.6 2.9 9.5 1941 24.9 7.3 16.1 1951 27.16 8.86 18.33 1961 40.4 15.35 28.3 1971 45.96 21.97 34.45 1981 56.38 29.76 43.57 1991 64.13 39.29 52.21 75.26 53.67 64.83 2011 82.14 65.46 74.04 Literacy rate variations between states ( edit ) India 's literacy rate is at 74.04 % . Kerala has achieved a literacy rate of 93.91 % . Bihar is the least literate state in India , with a literacy of 63.82 % . Several other social indicators of the two states are correlated with these rates , such as life expectancy at birth ( 71.61 for males and 75 for females in Kerala , 65.66 for males and 64.79 for females in Bihar ) , infant mortality per 1,000 live births ( 10 in Kerala , 61 in Bihar ) , birth rate per 1,000 people ( 16.9 in Kerala , 30.9 in Bihar ) and death rate per 1,000 people ( 6.4 in Kerala , 7.9 in Bihar ) . Every census since 1881 had indicated rising literacy in the country , but the population growth rate had been high enough that the absolute number of illiterates rose with every decade . The 2001 -- 2011 decade is the second census period ( after the 1991 -- 2001 census period ) when the absolute number of Indian illiterates declined ( by 31,196,847 people ) , indicating that the literacy growth rate is now outstripping the population growth rate . Six Indian states account for about 70 % of all illiterates in India : Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , Madhya Pradesh , Rajasthan , Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal . Slightly less than half of all Indian illiterates ( 48.12 % ) are in the six Hindi - speaking states of Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh , Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh . Large variations in literacy exist even between contiguous states . While there are few states at the top and bottom , most states are just above or below the national average . Lessons from state literacy efforts in India ( edit ) Several states in India have executed successful programs to boost literacy rates . Over time , a set of factors have emerged as being key to success : official will to succeed , deliberate steps to engage the community in administering the programme , adequate funding for infrastructure and teachers , and provisioning additional services which are considered valuable by the community ( such as free school lunches ) . Bihar literacy Challenges ( edit ) Bihar has significantly raised the literacy rate as per the 2011 census . The literacy rate has risen from 39 % in 1991 to 47 % in 2001 to 63.8 % in 2011 . The Government of Bihar has launched several programs to boost literacy , and its Department of Adult Education even won a UNESCO award in 1981 . Extensive impoverishment , entrenched hierarchical social divisions and the lack of correlation between educational attainment and job opportunities are often cited in studies of the hurdles literacy programs face in Bihar . Children from `` lower castes '' are frequently denied school attendance and harassed when they do attend . In areas where there is no discrimination , poor funding and impoverished families means that children often can not afford textbooks and stationery . When children do get educated , the general lack of economic progress in the state means that government jobs are the only alternative to farming labor , yet these jobs , in practice , require bribes to secure -- which poorer families can not afford . This leads to educated youths working on the farms , much as uneducated ones do , and leads parents to question the investment of sending children to school in the first place . Bihar 's government schools have also faced teacher absenteeism , leading the state government to threaten to withhold of salaries of teachers who failed to conduct classes on a regular basis . To incentivise students to attend , the government announced a Rupee 1 per school - day grant to poor children who show up at school . Tripura literacy success ( edit ) Presently Tripura has the highest literacy rate in India , 94.65 percent . According to the 2011 census , literacy level was 93.91 percent in Kerala and 91.58 percent in Mizoram , among the most literate states in the country . The national literacy rate , according to the 2011 census , was 74.04 percent . The Tripura success story is attributed to the involvement of local government bodies , including gram panchayats , NGOs and local clubs under the close supervision of the State Literacy Mission Authority ( SLMA ) headed by the chief minister . Tripura attained 87.75 percent literacy in the 2011 census , from the 12th position in the 2001 census to the 4th position in the 2011 census . The Tripura Chief Minister said that efforts were underway to literate leftover 5.35 percent people and achieve complete success in a state of about 3.8 million people . The programmes were not just implemented to make the state literate but as long - term education programmes to ensure all citizens have a certain basic minimum level of education . Tripura has 45 blocks and 23 subdivisions that are served by 68 government - run schools and 30 - 40 private schools . Among projects implemented by the state government to increase literacy in the state are Total literacy drive for people aged between 15 and 50 who have lost the chance of entering formal education fold . A special program -- titled improved pace and content learning ( IPCL ) -- has been designed to provide basic education to such people . 10,000 aa gan wadi centers have 100 percent enrollment . Policy of no fail till class VIII to prevent children from dropping out . Midday meals in all schools with an eclectic menu for all days of the week to attract more students . No tuition fee in government colleges . The holistic education system , implemented with equal interest in Agartala , remote areas and the tribal autonomic areas makes sure that people in Tripura do not just become literate but educated , officials emphasized . One pointer to the government 's interest in education is the near - total absence of child labor in Tripura . Kerala literacy success ( edit ) Kerala has the second highest literacy rate ( 93.91 Percent ) among the states of India just after Tripura ( 94.65 % ) . Kerala topped the Education Development Index ( EDI ) among 21 major states in India in the year 2006 -- 2007. ( 143 ) More than 94 % of the rural population has access to a primary school within 1 km , while 98 % of the population benefits one school within a distance of 2 km . An upper primary school within a distance of 3 km is available for more than 96 % of the people , whose 98 % benefit the facility for secondary education within 8 km . The access for rural students to higher educational institutions in cities is facilitated by widely subsidized transport fares . Kerala 's educational system has been developed by institutions owned or aided by the government . In the educational system prevailed in the state , schooling is for 10 years which is subdivided into lower primary , upper primary and high school . After 10 years of secondary schooling , students typically enroll in Higher Secondary Schooling in one of the three major streams -- liberal arts , commerce or science . Upon completing the required coursework , students can enroll in general or professional undergraduate programs . Kerala undertook a `` campaign for total literacy '' in Ernakulam district in the late 1980s , with a `` fusion between the district administration headed by its Collector on one side and , on the other side , voluntary groups , social activists and others '' . On 4 February 1990 , the Government of Kerala endeavoured to replicate the initiative on a statewide level , launching the Kerala State Literacy Campaign . First , households were surveyed with door - to - door , multistage survey visits to form an accurate picture of the literacy landscape and areas that needed special focus . Then , Kala Jāthas ( cultural troupes ) and Sāksharata Pada Yātras ( Literacy Foot Marches ) were organized to generate awareness of the campaign and create a receptive social atmosphere for the program . An integrated management system was created involving state officials , prominent social figures , local - officials and senior voluntary workers to oversee the execution of the campaign . Himachal literacy success ( edit ) Strong government action and community support made Himachal Pradesh one of India 's most literate states by 2001 . Himachal Pradesh underwent a `` Schooling Revolution '' in the 1961 -- 2001 period that has been called `` even more impressive than Kerala 's . '' Kerala has led the nation in literacy rates since the 19th century and seen sustained initiatives for over 150 years , whereas Himachal Pradesh 's literacy rates in 1961 were below the national average in every age group . In the three decadal 1961 -- 1991 period , female literacy in the 15 -- 19 years age group went from 11 % to 86 % . School attendance for both boys and girls in the 6 -- 14 - year age group stood at over 97 % each when measured in the 1998 -- 99 school year . A key factor that has been credited for these advances is Himachal 's cultural background . Himachal Pradesh is a Himalayan state with lower social stratification than many other states , which enables social programmes to be carried out more smoothly . Once the Government of Himachal Pradesh was able to establish a social norm that `` schooling is an essential part of every child 's upbringing , '' literacy as a normal attribute of life was adopted very rapidly . Government efforts in expanding schools and providing teachers were sustained after the 1960s and communities often responded very collaboratively , including with constructing school rooms and providing firewood essential during the Himalayan winters . Mizoram literacy success ( edit ) Mizoram is the third most literate state in India ( 91.58 Percent ) , next to Tripura and Kerala with Serchhip and Aizawl districts being the two most literate districts in India ( literacy rate is 98.76 % and 98.50 % ) , both in Mizoram Mizoram 's literacy rate rose rapidly after independence : from 31.14 % in 1951 to 88.80 % in 2001 . As in Himachal Pradesh , Mizoram has a social structure that is relatively free of hierarchy and strong official intent to produce total literacy . The government identified illiterates and organised an administrative structure that engaged officials and community leaders , and manned by `` animators '' who were responsible for teaching five illiterates each . Mizoram established 360 continuing education centres to handle continued education beyond the initial literacy teaching and to provide an educational safety net for school drop - outs . Tamil Nadu literacy success ( edit ) One of the pioneers of the scheme is the Madras that started providing cooked meals to children in corporation schools in the Madras city in 1923 . The programme was introduced in a large scale in 1960s under the Chief Ministership of K. Kamaraj . The first major thrust came in 1982 when Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu , Dr. M.G. Ramachandran , decided to universalise the scheme for all children up to class 10 . Tamil Nadu 's midday meal programme is among the best - known in the country . Starting in 1982 , Tamil Nadu took an approach to promoting literacy based on free lunches for schoolchildren , `` ignoring cynics who said it was an electoral gimmick and economists who said it made little fiscal sense . '' The then chief minister of Tamil Nadu , MGR launched the programme , which resembled a similar initiative in 19th century Japan , because `` he had experienced as a child what it was like to go hungry to school with the family having no money to buy food '' . Eventually , the programme covered all children under the age of 15 , as well as pregnant women for the first four months of their pregnancy . Tamil Nadu 's literacy rate rose from 54.4 % in 1981 to 80.3 % in 2011 . In 2001 , the Supreme Court of India instructed all state governments to implement free school lunches in all government - funded schools , but implementation has been patchy due to corruption and social issues . Despite these hurdles , 120 million receive free lunches in Indian schools every day , making it the largest school meal program in the world . Rajasthan literacy success ( edit ) Although the decadal rise from 2001 -- 11 was only 7 % ( 60.4 % in 2001 to 67.1 % in 2011 ) Rajasthan had the biggest percentage decadal ( 1991 -- 2001 ) increase in literacy of all Indian states , from about 38 % to about 61 % , a leapfrog that has been termed `` spectacular '' by some observers . Aggressive state government action , in the form of the District Primary Education Programme , the Shiksha Karmi initiative and the Lok Jumbish programme , are credited with the rapid improvement . Virtually every village in Rajasthan now has primary school coverage . When statehood was granted to Rajasthan in 1956 , it was the least literate state in India with a literacy rate of 18 % . Social commentary ( edit ) Apart from above , the corporate sector in India has pitched in with the aim of improving literacy , primarily in villages around their factories . For example , JK group has helped so far 29,000 plus citizens of India , mostly village women , to move towards literacy -- which means being able to sign their name / read sign boards & handle money , in local languages in eight different states . TATA group claims to have added approximately 250,000 literates using their Computer Based Functional Literacy ( CBFL ) method . Literacy efforts ( edit ) The right to education is a fundamental right , and UNESCO aims at education for all by 2015 . India , along with the Arab states and sub-Saharan Africa , has a literacy level below the threshold level of 75 % , but efforts are on to achieve that level . The campaign to achieve at least the threshold literacy level represents the largest ever civil and military mobilisation in the country . International Literacy Day is celebrated each year on 8 September with the aim to highlight the importance of literacy to individuals , communities and societies . Government efforts ( edit ) National literacy Mission ( edit ) The National Literacy Mission , launched in 1988 , aimed at attaining a literacy rate of 75 per cent by 2007 . Its charter is to impart functional literacy to non-literates in the age group of 35 -- 75 years . The Total Literacy Campaign is their principal strategy for the eradication of illiteracy . The Continuing Education Scheme provides a learning continuum to the efforts of the Total Literacy and Post Literacy programmes . Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan ( edit ) The Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan ( Hindi for Total Literacy Campaign ) was launched in 2001 to ensure that all children in the 6 -- 14 - year age - group attend school and complete eight years of schooling by 2010 . An important component of the scheme is the Education Guarantee Scheme and Alternative and Innovative Education , meant primarily for children in areas with no formal school within a one kilometre radius . The centrally sponsored District Primary Education Programme , launched in 1994 , had opened more than 160,000 new schools by 2005 , including almost 84,000 alternative schools . Non-governmental efforts ( edit ) The bulk of Indian illiterates live in the country 's rural areas , where social and economic barriers play an important role in keeping the lowest strata of society illiterate . Government programmes alone , however well - intentioned , may not be able to dismantle barriers built over centuries . Major social reformation efforts are sometimes required to bring about a change in the rural scenario . Specific mention is to be made regarding the role of the People 's Science Movements ( PSMs ) in the Literacy Mission in India during the early 1990s . Several non-governmental organisations such as Pratham , ITC , Rotary Club , Lions Club have worked to improve the literacy rate in India . Manthan Sampoorna Vikas Kendra Manthan SVK is a holistic education programme initiated by Divya Jyoti Jagriti Sansthan under the guidance of His Holiness Shri Ashutosh Maharajji . This initiative , started in 2008 , has since then reached and spread education to over 5000 underprivileged children across India , with its centres spread in Delhi - NCR , Punjab and Bihar . The main aim of Manthan is to provide not just academic but also mental , physical and emotional education . Manthan has also been working for adult literacy through its Adult Literacy Centres for illiterate women . Vocational education is also given attention to , with Sewing and Stitching Centres for women . The motto of Manthan being Saakshar Bharat , Sashakt Bharat , it has been providing quality education selflessly . Mamidipudi Venkatarangaiya Foundation ( edit ) Shantha Sinha won a Magsaysay Award in 2003 in recognition of `` Her guiding the people of Andhra Pradesh to end the scourge of child labour and send all of their children to school . '' As head of an extension programme at the University of Hyderabad in 1987 , she organised a three - month - long camp to prepare children rescued from bonded labour to attend school . Later , in 1991 , she guided her family 's Mamidipudi Venkatarangaiya Foundation to take up this idea as part of its overriding mission in Andhra Pradesh . Her original transition camps grew into full - fledged residential `` bridge schools . '' The foundation 's aim is to create a social climate hostile to child labour , child marriage and other practices that deny children the right to a normal childhood . Today the MV Foundation 's bridge schools and programmes extend to 4,300 villages . Definition of literacy ( edit ) The United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organisation ( UNESCO ) has drafted a definition of literacy as the `` ability to identify , understand , interpret , create , communicate , compute and use printed and written materials associated with varying contexts . Literacy involves a continuum of learning in enabling individuals to achieve their goals , to develop their knowledge and potential , and to participate fully in their community and wider society . '' The National Literacy Mission defines literacy as acquiring the skills of reading , writing and arithmetic and the ability to apply them to one 's day - to - day life . The achievement of functional literacy implies ( i ) self - reliance in 3 R 's , ( ii ) awareness of the causes of deprivation and the ability to move towards amelioration of their condition by participating in the process of development , ( iii ) acquiring skills to improve economic status and general well being , and ( iv ) imbibing values such as national integration , conservation of environment , women 's equality , observance of small family norms . The working definition of literacy in the Indian census since 1991 is as follows : Literacy rate Also called the `` effective literacy rate '' ; the total percentage of the population of an area at a particular time aged seven years or above who can read and write with understanding . Here the denominator is the population aged seven years or more . Effective literacy rate = number of literate persons aged 7 or above population aged 7 and above × 100 ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Effective literacy rate ) ) = ( \ dfrac ( \ text ( number of literate persons aged 7 or above ) ) ( \ text ( population aged 7 and above ) ) ) \ times 100 ) Crude literacy rate The total percentage of the people of an area at a particular time who can read and write with understanding , taking the total population of the area ( including below seven years of age ) as the denominator . Crude literacy rate = number of literate persons total population × 100 ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( Crude literacy rate ) ) = ( \ dfrac ( \ text ( number of literate persons ) ) ( \ text ( total population ) ) ) \ times 100 ) See also ( edit ) Indian states ranking by literacy rate Literacy Education in India Kerala model National Literacy Mission Programme Speech on Education in India by Keshub Chandra Sen delivered at London on 24 May 1870 Ekal Vidyalaya , non-profit charity organisation dedicated to education and village development in rural India Asha for Education , a non-profit organisation bringing hope through education Pratham , an NGO with literacy programmes PlanetRead , a non-profit organisation using subtitled Bollywood film songs to increase functional literacy References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ranking of states and union territories by literacy rate : 2011 Census of India Report ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ UNESCO : Literacy , UNESCO , archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 20 Jump up ^ `` India will gain 100 % literacy in next 5 years : Javadekar '' , Hindustan Times , 5 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Census 2011 : Literacy Rate and Sex Ratio in India Since 1901 to 2011 '' . Jagranjosh.com. 2016 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Jayant Pandurang Nayaka , Syed Nurullah ( 1974 ) . A students ' history of education in India ( 1800 -- 1973 ) ( 6 ed . ) . Macmillan . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Census # India . `` Census of India '' . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` India 's literacy rate increase sluggish '' , Indiainfo.com , 1 February 2008 , archived from the original on 28 August 2009 , retrieved 20 September 2009 , ... Literacy in India is increasing at a sluggish rate of 1.5 percent per year , says a recent report of the National Sample Survey Organisation ( NSO ) ... India 's average literacy rate is pegged at 65.38 percent ... Jump up ^ How Female Literacy Affects Fertility : The Case of India ( PDF ) , Population Institute , East - West Centre , December 1990 , retrieved 2009 - 11 - 25 Jump up ^ Robert Engelman ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` The State of World Population 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ A. Dharmalingam ; S. Philip Morgan ( 1996 ) , `` Women 's work , autonomy , and birth control : evidence from two south India villages '' , Population Studies , 50 : 187 -- 201 , doi : 10.1080 / 0032472031000149296 , JSTOR 2174910 Jump up ^ Literates and Literacy Rates -- 2001 Census ( Provisional ) , National Literacy Mission , retrieved 2009 - 11 - 27 Jump up ^ Delhi and Punjab richest states , Jain wealthiest community : National survey Jump up ^ Jains have highest percentage of literates : Census 2011 , The Times of India , 31 August 2016 ^ Jump up to : List of countries by literacy rate ^ Jump up to : `` UNESCO Institute for Statistics '' . Stats.uis.unesco.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook : Sri Lanka '' . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO Institute for Statistics '' . Stats.uis.unesco.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ UNICEF . `` At a glance : Myanmar '' . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 27 . Jump up ^ UNESCO ( 2015 ) . `` Myanmar : Youth literacy rate '' . Globalis . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ ADULT AND YOUTH LITERACY UNESCO ( September 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : `` UNESCO Institute for Statistics '' . Stats.uis.unesco.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO Institute for Statistics '' . Stats.uis.unesco.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO Institute for Statistics '' . Stats.uis.unesco.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` - Human Development Reports '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` UNESCO Institute for Statistics '' . Stats.uis.unesco.org . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Educating India '' . Source : Scribd . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Basu , Kaushik ( 29 November 2004 ) . `` Educating India '' . Source : Scribd . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Challenges for India 's Education System '' ( PDF ) . Source : Chatham House . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Global campaign for education - more teachers needed '' . Source : UNICEF India . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Primary Education in India : Key Problems '' ( PDF ) . Source : Dise . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Social Exclusion of Scheduled Caste Children from Primary Education in India '' ( PDF ) . Source : UNICEF . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Analysis of poverty , openness and literacy in India '' . Source : Free Patents Online . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` India 's Literacy Panorama '' . Source : Education for all in India . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gender Inequalities and Demographic Behaviour '' ( PDF ) . Source : Snap3 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : India Talks -- Amartya Sen , MediaWeb India , retrieved 2009 - 09 - 20 , ... would make India literate in 40 years , and the nationalist leaders rightly laughed it out of court , on the grounds that India did not have the patience to remain for 40 years without Universal Literacy . Now 50 years have gone by , and the country is still half illiterate , two - thirds of the women are illiterate ... Jump up ^ Hunter , William Wilson , Sir , et al. ( 1908 ) . Imperial Gazetteer of India , 1908 - 1931 ; Clarendon Press , Oxford ^ Jump up to : India 2005 Jump up ^ Economic Survey 2004 -- 05 . ^ Jump up to : Statistical Pocket Book India 2003 Jump up ^ India 2005 published by Publications Division , Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Government of India . ^ Jump up to : `` Literacy as seen in the 2001 census '' ( PDF ) . Union Budget . Jump up ^ `` Tripura beats Kerala in literacy '' . The Times of India . 8 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` State of Literacy '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ K.R. Nayar ; Anant Kumar ( July 2005 ) , `` Health Analysis -- Kerala and Bihar : A Comparison '' , Yojana , 49 , SSRN 1354541 , ... The inter-sectoral action needs to be recognized for achieving any health improvement in Bihar . What is also needed is a ' Bihar discourse ' instead of ' Bihar bashing ' ... ^ Jump up to : `` Census 2011 : Provisional Population Tools '' ( PDF ) . The Hindu . Chennai , India . ^ Jump up to : `` Literacy Rate on the Rise , 11th Plan Targets 80 % '' , The India Post , 4 September 2008 , retrieved 2009 - 11 - 28 , ... In all the States and Union Territories the male literacy rate except Bihar ( 59.68 % ) is now over 60 % ... Jump up ^ Tom Sticht ( 7 July 2004 ) , Paradigms of Learning : The Total Literacy Campaign in India , retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 , ... I served as a member of UNESCO 's International Jury for Literacy Prizes ... in 1981 when the jury awarded a prize to the Department of Adult Education of the state of Bihar for its massive state - wide literacy campaign ... ^ Jump up to : Manoranjan Mohanty ( 2004 ) , Class , caste and gender : Volume 5 of Readings in Indian government and politics , SAGE , ISBN 0 - 7619 - 9643 - 5 , ... Dalits did not send their children to the regular school because they were humiliated ... Even when there is no overt social discrimination ... can not afford books and stationery ... can not afford the bribes , without which it is impossible to be offered a job ... ^ Jump up to : `` Bihar teachers under attendance watch '' , Bihar Times , 10 September 2009 , archived from the original on 3 January 2010 , retrieved 2009 - 11 - 30 , ... the government last month warned that salaries of teachers in government schools would not be paid if they failed to ensure at least 75 percent attendance ... Jump up ^ `` Tripura beats Kerala in literacy '' . The Times of India . 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tripura tops literacy rate with 94.65 per cent , leaves behind Kerala '' . News18. 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tripura beats Kerala in literacy chart '' . 8 September 2013 -- via The Hindu . Jump up ^ `` How Tripura became India 's top literate state '' . Governance Now . 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Tripura beats Kerala in literacy '' . The Times of India . 8 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Amita Singh ( 2005 ) , Administrative reforms : towards sustainable practices , SAGE , ISBN 0 - 7619 - 3392 - 1 , ... the social and administrative mechanism that led to the success of the campaign included several measures ... ^ Jump up to : Jean Drèze ; Amartya Sen ( 2002 ) , India : development and participation , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 925749 - 3 , ... Himachal Pradesh 's transition from mass illiteracy to near - universal elementary education has been even more impressive than Kerala 's ... taken place over a much shorter period in time in Himachal Pradesh than in Kerala , where sustained educational expansion began in the 19th century ... Jump up ^ `` Tripura beats Kerala in literacy '' . The Times of India . 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Vanlalchhawna ( 2006 ) , Higher education in North - East India : unit cost analysis , Mittal Publications , ISBN 81 - 8324 - 056 - 9 , ... from 31.14 % in 1951 to 88.8 % in 2001 , an increase of 57.7 % , whereas the all - India literacy rates ... Jump up ^ Lalit Kumar Jha ( 1997 ) , Natural Resource Management : Mizoram , APH Publishing , ISBN 81 - 7024 - 781 - 0 , ... Mizoram has certainly distinguished itself amongst the states of India ... a closely knit society ... village councils having a definite bearing on the social and administrative setups , educational facilities ... ^ Jump up to : `` Mizoram imparts a lesson in literacy to the country '' , Rediff , 22 November 1999 , retrieved 2009 - 12 - 06 , ... The Mizoram government drew up a detailed plan primed towards achieving total literacy . Each animator was given the task of teaching five persons at a time ... the Centre has laid stress on this programme , sanctioning ₹ 4567 , 000 to establish 360 Continuing Education Centres and 40 more nodal centres spread across the state ... Jump up ^ TNN , 14 May 2003 , 07.29 pm IST ( 14 May 2003 ) . `` Tamil Nadu India 's most literate state : HRD ministry -- City -- The Times of India '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` India fights illiteracy with lunch '' , Asia Times , 20 May 2008 , retrieved 2009 - 11 - 28 , ... noon - meal scheme for children was first pioneered in 1982 by iconic movie star and Tamil Nadu chief minister MG Ramachandran ( 1917 -- 1987 ) , the world 's first film hero to head a government . MGR , as he was called , started the free lunch for school children scheme , ignoring cynics who said it was an electoral gimmick and economists who said it made little fiscal sense ... Jump up ^ Geeta Gandhi Kingdon ( March 2007 ) , The progress of school education in India ( PDF ) , Global Poverty Research Group , Economic and Social Research Council , retrieved 2009 - 11 - 28 , ... In late 2001 , the Indian Supreme Court directed all states `` to implement the Mid-Day Meal Scheme by providing every child in every government and government assisted primary school with a prepared midday meal with a minimum content of 300 calories and 8 - 12 grams of protein each day of school for a minimum of 200 days . '' By 2006 , the MDM scheme was near universal in all states ... the central government provides grains , funds transportation and also pays food preparation costs , though the state government is responsible for providing the physical infrastructure for cooking the meals ... The scheme provides lunch to about 120 million children every school day and , as such , is the largest school meal scheme in the world ... ^ Jump up to : `` A spectacular march by Rajasthan '' , Frontline ( The Hindu ) , 7 December 2001 , retrieved 2009 - 11 - 28 , ... Rajasthan 's improvement ... recorded the highest percentage increase in literacy rate among Indian States ... the percentage point increase in female literacy is the highest in Rajasthan ... ^ Jump up to : Dey , Anindo ( 6 October 2008 ) , `` Rajasthan passes literacy test with flying colours '' , Times of India , retrieved 2009 - 11 - 28 , ... thanks to some public initiatives taken like the Lok Jumbish and the Shiksha Karmi ... ^ Jump up to : UNESCO , UNESCO Jump up ^ `` National Literacy Mission website '' . Nlm.nic.in . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` 2 decades on , literacy mission still short of target '' . Zee News . 2008 - 05 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 05 . Jump up ^ Thakur , D.N. ( 1 January 2004 ) . `` Primary Education And Adult Literacy ( 2Nd Edition ) '' . Deep & Deep Publications -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Shantha Sinha 's Magsaysay Award Citation '' . Rmaf.org.ph. 31 August 2003 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . Jump up ^ UNESCO Education Sector , `` The Plurality of Literacy and its implications for Policies and Programmes : Position Paper '' . Paris : United National Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organisation , 2004 , p. 13 , citing an international expert meeting in June 2003 at UNESCO . Jump up ^ Preventive and social medicine by K. Park , 19th edition ( 2007 ) , M / s Banarsidas Bhanot , Jabalpur , India External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Literacy in India . National Literacy Mission Indian Census National Literacy Policies -- India Need for literacy in India Growth of literacy in India Literacy in the context of constitution of India Find details about Literacy in India Literacy as seen in the 2001 census Frontline article Education for too few , 5 December 2003 The Hindu article Two word mantra , 1 February 2004 Times of India editorial Learn to change , 28 July 2006 The Statesman editorial Institutionalised sub literacy , 22 August 2006 Left behind by Bangladesh -- The Telegraph report on 2 October 2005 Provisional Population Totals for Census 2011 31 March 2011 India languishes in its villages : NSSO Survey India Literacy Project , a Catalyst for 100 % Literacy in India . Literacy Teaching literacy Reading education in the US Phonics Whole language Dick and Jane National Council of Teachers of English No Child Left Behind Act Family literacy Adolescent literacy Defining literacy Functional illiteracy Critical literacy Literacy internationally International Literacy Association List of countries by literacy rate Literacy in India International Literacy Day List of Chinese administrative divisions by illiteracy rate Major contributors to literacy Frank Laubach Ruth Johnson Colvin Paulo Freire Griffith Jones Marie Clay James Paul Gee Related concepts Agricultural literacy Aliteracy Asemic writing Computer literacy Cultural literacy Data literacy Dyslexia Diaspora literacy Early literacy Ecological literacy Electracy Emergent literacy Emotional literacy Financial literacy Graph literacy Health literacy Information literacy Information and media literacy Literacy test Media consumption Media literacy Mental health literacy New literacies Numeracy Oracy Orality Oral literature Postliterate society Racial literacy Scientific literacy Statistical literacy Technological literacy Transliteracy Visual literacy Writing system School education in India Ministry of Human Resource Development Boards of education ( list ) National Central Board of Secondary Education Central Tibetan School Administration Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations National Institute of Open Schooling State Andhra Pradesh ( Secondary Intermediate ) Assam ( Secondary Higher Secondary ) Bihar ( School Intermediate ) Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Karnataka ( Secondary Pre-University ) Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur ( Secondary Higher Secondary ) Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Odisha ( Secondary Higher Secondary ) Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu ( Secondary Higher Secondary ) Telangana ( Secondary Intermediate ) Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand West Bengal ( Primary Secondary Higher Secondary Open Vocational Madrasah ) Schools ( list ) ( category ) By location Bangalore Chennai Gurgaon Hisar Hyderabad Jaipur Jamshedpur Kanpur Kolkata Kollam Lucknow Mumbai Patna Ranchi Rourkela Shillong Tiruchirappalli Thiruvananthapuram Udaipur Vatakara By type Railway Schools ( list ) DAV Public School ( list ) Ramakrishna Mission ( list ) Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan ( list ) Bal Bharati Public School ( list ) Delhi Public School ( list ) Saraswati Shishu Mandir ( list ) Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan ( list ) Sainik School ( list ) Kendriya Vidyalaya ( list ) Chinmaya Vidyalayas ( list ) Atomic Energy Central School ( list ) Vivekananda Vidyalaya ( list ) Ryan International Schools ( list ) Indian Army Public Schools ( list ) Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya ( list ) Waldorf Schools ( India ) ( list ) List of boarding schools List of international schools By state Maharashtra Rajasthan Other topics All India Secondary School Examination Board examination Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation Higher Secondary Examination Literacy in India Midday Meal Scheme National Council of Educational Research and Training Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan Social issues in India Economy Brain drain Communications Famine Farmers ' suicides Labour Land reforms Debt bondage National Pension Scheme Poverty BPL Public Distribution System Remittances Reverse brain drain Slums Standard of living Street vendors Transport Urbanisation Unemployment Widening income gap Education Literacy Ragging School corporal punishment Environment Conservation Global warming Manual scavenging Natural disasters Pollution Water supply and sanitation Water disputes Family Cohabitation Divorce Domestic violence Dowry system Family planning Hindu joint family Infertility Nuclear family Polyandry Polygamy Children Abortion Child labour Child marriage Child prostitution Child trafficking Female foeticide Female infanticide Street children Women Acid throwing Bride burning Devadasi Dowry death Eve teasing Women 's health Feminism Menstrual taboo Prostitution Rape Sati Sexism Widows Caste system Caste politics Caste - 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-902526221630392378	Mass communication	Mass communication - wikipedia Mass communication This article is about the academic field of study . For the actual means of mass communication , see Mass media . Mass communication is the study of how people exchange their information through mass media to large segments of the population at the same time with an amazing speed . In other words , mass communication refers to the imparting and exchanging of information on a large scale to a wide range of people . It is usually understood for relating newspaper , magazine , and book publishing , as well as radio , television and film , even via internet as these mediums are used for disseminating information , news and advertising . Mass communication differs from the studies of other forms of communication , such as interpersonal communication or organizational communication , in that it focuses on a single source transmitting information to a large number of receivers . The study of mass communication is chiefly concerned with how the content of mass communication persuades or otherwise affects the behavior , the attitude , opinion , or emotion of the person or people receiving the information . Definition of mass communication ։ Normally , transmission of messages to many persons at a time is called Mass Communication . But in complete sense , mass communication can be defined as the process through which a message is circulated extensively among people nearby & also throughout far extending areas such as entire countries or the globe . What is Mass Communication ? Mass communication is the process of transmitting messages to a large number of scattered audiences . Through mass communication , information can be transmitted quickly to a large number of people who generally stay far away from the sources of information . Mass communication is being done through many mediums , such as radio , television , social networking , billboards , and newspapers . Contents 1 Field of study 1.1 Journalism 1.2 Public relations 2 Major theories 3 Methods of study 4 Professional organizations 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Field of study ( edit ) Mass communication is `` the process by which a person , group of people , or organization creates a message and transmits it through some type of medium to a large , anonymous , heterogeneous audience . '' This implies that the audience of mass communication are mostly made up of different cultures , behavior and belief systems . Mass communication is regularly associated with media influence or media effects , and media studies . Mass communication is a branch of social science and a subfield of communication studies or communication . The history of communication stretches from prehistoric forms of art and writing through modern communication methods such as the Internet . Mass communication began when humans could transmit messages from a single source to multiple receivers . Mass communication has moved from theories such as the hypodermic needle model ( or magic bullet theory ) through more modern theories such as computer - mediated communication . In the United States , the study of mass communication is often associated with the practical applications of journalism ( Print media ) , television and radio broadcasting , film , public relations , or advertising . With the diversification of media options , the study of communication has extended to include social media and new media , which have stronger feedback models than traditional media sources . While the field of mass communication is continually evolving , the following four fields are generally considered the major areas of study within mass communication . They exist in different forms and configurations at different schools or universities , but are ( in some form ) practiced at most institutions that study mass communication . Advertising , in relation to mass communication , refers to marketing a product or service in a persuasive manner that encourages the audience to buy the product or use the service . Because advertising generally takes place through some form of mass media , such as television , studying the effects and methods of advertising is relevant to the study of mass communication . Advertising is the paid , impersonal , one - way marketing of persuasive information from a sponsor . Through mass communication channels , the sponsor promotes the adoption of goods , services or ideas . Advertisers have full control of the message being sent to their audience . Characteristics or Features of Mass Communication Mass Communication has all the features of general communication . In addition , it offers some unique characteristics because of its specialty in nature . Large Number of Audience The foremost feature of mass communication is that it has large number of audience . No other communication gets as many receivers as it gets . Heterogeneous Audience Mass Communication is not only composed of a large number of audiences but also aims to heterogeneous audience . The heterogeneity here means that the audience may belong to different races , groups , section , cultures etc . Scattered Audience The audiences of Mass Communication are not organized in a certain area rather they are highly scattered in different geographical areas . The receivers of message of mass communication may stay any place of the country and even any place of the world . Wide Area The area of Mass Communication is wider than any other communication systems . In case of mass communication system , the message is structured , formal and standardized and that 's why it has acceptance all over the world . Use of Channel Mass Communication system uses various types of mass media channels such as - radio , television , newspapers , magazines etc . Use of Common Message Another unique characteristic of mass communication is that it sends the same message simultaneously to a large number of audiences staying far away from each other . If the audiences have the proper access to the media used by the sender they can easily get message wherever they stay in the world . No Direct Feedback Mass Communication does not produce any direct feedback . The reaction of audience can not be known quickly here . Outward Flow The flow of message in mass communication is outward , not inward . The basic objective of mass communication is also to send message to the people outside the organization who say far away . Use of Technology Mass Communication system uses modern technology in the process of production and dissemination of the message to be sent . Journalism ( edit ) Main article : Journalism Journalism , is the collection , verification , presentation , and editing of news for presentation through the media , in this sense , refers to the study of the product and production of news . The study of journalism involves looking at how news is produced , and how it is disseminated to the public through mass mediaoutlets such as newspapers , news channel , radio station , television station , and more recently , e-readers and smartphones . The information provided pertains to current events , trends , issues , and people . Public relations ( edit ) Main article : Public relations Public relations is the process of providing information to the public in order to present a specific view of a product or organization . Public relations differs from advertising in that it is less obtrusive , and aimed at providing a more comprehensive opinion to a large audience in order to shape public opinion . Unlike advertising , public relations professionals only have control until the message is related to media gatekeepers who decide where to pass the information on to the audience . Major theories ( edit ) Communication researchers have identified several major theories associated with the study of mass communication . Communication theory addresses the processes and mechanisms that allow communication to take place . Cultivation theory , developed by George Gerbner and Marshall McLuhan , discusses the long - term effects of watching television , and hypothesizes that the more television an individual consumes , the more likely that person is to believe the real world is similar to what they have seen on television . Cultivation is closely related to the idea of the mean world syndrome . Agenda setting theory centers around the idea that media outlets tell the public `` not what to think , but what to think about . '' Agenda setting hypothesizes that media have the power to influence the public discourse , and tell people what are important issues facing society . The spiral of silence , developed by Elisabeth Noelle - Neumann , hypothesizes that people are more likely to reveal their opinion in public if they believe that they are of the majority opinion , for fear that revealing an unpopular opinion would subject them to being a social outcast . This theory is relevant to mass communication because it hypothesizes that mass media have the power to shape people 's opinions , as well as relay the opinion that is believed to be the majority opinion . Media ecology hypothesizes that individuals are shaped by their interaction with media , and that communication and media profoundly affect how individuals view and interact with their environment . According to the Semiotic theory , communication characteristics such as words , images , gestures , and situations are always interpretive . All sign systems , entitled to be `` read '' or interpreted , regardless of form , may be referred to as `` texts . '' In the study of Semiotics , there is no such thing as a literal reading . Methods of study ( edit ) Communication researchers study communication through various methods that have been verified through repetitive , cumulative processes . Both quantitative and qualitative methods have been used in the study of mass communication . The main focus of mass communication research is to learn how the content of mass communication affects the attitudes , opinions , emotions , and ultimately behaviors of the people who receive the message . Several prominent methods of study are as follows : Studying cause and effect relationships in communication can only be done through an experiment . This quantitative method regularly involves exposing participants to various media content and recording their reactions . To show causation , mass communication researchers must isolate the variable they are studying , show that it occurs before the observed effect , and that it is the only variable that could cause the observed effect . Survey , another quantitative method , involves asking individuals to respond to a set of questions in order to generalize their responses to a larger population . Content analysis ( sometimes known as textual analysis ) refers to the process of identifying categorial properties of a piece of communication , such as a newspaper article , book , television program , film , or broadcast news script . This process allows researchers to see what the content of communication looks like . A qualitative method known as ethnography allows a researcher to immerse themselves into a culture to observe and record the qualities of communication that exist there . Professional organizations ( edit ) The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication is the major membership organization for academics in the field , offering regional and national conferences and refereed publications . The International Communication Association and National Communication Association ( formerly the Speech Communication Association ) are also prominent professional organizations . Each of these organizations publishes a different refereed academic journal that reflects the research that is being performed in the field of mass communication . See also ( edit ) Communication Communication studies Communication Theory as a Field History of communication Media influence Media studies Social science Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pearce 2009 , p. 624 Jump up ^ Curtis , Anthony . `` What is Advertising ? '' . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Anthony . `` What is Advertising ? '' . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gerbner , G. , Gross , L. , Morgan , M. , & Signorielli , N. ( 1986 ) . `` Living with television : The dynamics of the cultivation process '' in J. Bryant & D. Zillman ( Eds . ) , Perspectives on media effects ( pp. 17 -- 40 ) Hilldale , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Jump up ^ McCombs , Maxwell E. ; Donald L. Shaw ( 1972 ) . `` The Agenda - Setting Function of Mass Media '' . Public Opinion Quarterly 36 ( 2 ) : 176 Jump up ^ Noelle - Neumann , E. ( 1974 ) . The spiral of silence : a theory of public opinion . Journal of Communication , 24 , 43 - 51 Jump up ^ Postman , Neil . `` The Humanism of Media Ecology '' . Retrieved 9 November 2012 Jump up ^ McLuhan , M. ; Fiore Q. ; Agel J. ( 1996 ) . The medium is the massage : an inventory of effects . San Francisco : HardWired . ISBN 978 - 1 - 888869 - 02 - 6 Jump up ^ Encyclopedia of Curriculum Studies Jump up ^ Babbie , E. ( 2007 ) . The practice of social research . Thomas Higher Education : Belmont , California . ISBN 0 - 495 - 09325 - 4 Jump up ^ `` AEJMC '' . AEJMC . Jump up ^ `` International Communication Association '' . www.icahdq.org . References ( edit ) Pearce , K.J. ( 2009 ) . Media and Mass Communication Theories . In Encyclopedia of Communication Theory ( p. 624 - 628 ) . SAGE Publications . Hartley , J. : `` Mass communication '' , in O'Sullivan ; Fiske ( eds ) : Key Concepts in Communication and Cultural Studies ( Routledge , 1997 ) . Mackay , H. ; O'Sullivan T. : The Media Reader : Continuity and Transformation ( Sage , 1999 ) . McQuail , D. : McQuail 's Mass Communication Theory ( fifth edition ) ( Sage , 2005 ) . * Thompson , John B. : The Media and Modernity ( Polity , 1995 ) . Griffin , E. ( 2009 ) . A first look at communication theory . McGraw Hill : New York , NY . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 338502 - 0 Babbie , E. ( 2007 ) . The practice of social research . Thomas Higher Education : Belmont , California . ISBN 0 - 495 - 09325 - 4 Braison agesa E ' ( 2013 ) study of mass communication Communication studies Topics and terminology Biocommunication Broadcasting Communication Computer - mediated communication Conversation History of communication Information Intercultural / Interpersonal / Intrapersonal communication Journalism Mass media Meaning Media ecology Meta - communication Models of communication New media Nonverbal communication Propaganda Reading Speech Symbol Telecommunication Text and conversation theory Writing Subfields Communication design Communication theory Communicology Crisis communication Cross-cultural communication Development communication Discourse analysis Environmental communication Health communication International communication Mass communication Media studies Mediated cross-border communication Organizational communication Political communication Risk communication Science communication Technical communication Visual communication Related fields Conversation analysis Critical theory Cultural studies Digital rhetoric Film criticism Heritage interpretation Journalism photojournalism Linguistics Philosophy of language Political science Pragmatics Public relations Rhetoric Semiotics Sociolinguistics Sociology of culture Theatre Scholars Adorno Barthes Bateson Benjamin Burke Castells Chomsky Craig Fisher Flusser Gerbner Goffman Habermas Horkheimer Huxley Innis Jakobson Janis Johnson Kincaid Lippman Luhmann Marcuse McLuhan Mead Morgan Ong Packard Peirce Postman Quebral Richards Rogers Schramm Tankard Tannen Wertheimer History Journals Organizations Outline Scholars Templates GND : 4037875 - 5 NDL : 00567517 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&oldid=861469159 '' Categories : Media studies Communication studies Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Кыргызча Latviešu Limburgs Magyar मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська 中文 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2018 , at 17 : 16 ( UTC ) . 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-8969040588279206806	Age of Enlightenment	Age of Enlightenment - wikipedia Age of Enlightenment Jump to : navigation , search `` Age of Reason '' redirects here . For other uses , see Age of Reason ( disambiguation ) . History of Western philosophy Western philosophy By era Pre-Socratic Ancient Medieval Renaissance Modern Contemporary By century 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st See also Religious philosophy Buddhist Christian Hindu Islamic Jewish Sikh Eastern philosophy Chinese Indian Iranian Japanese Korean Western culture Western world Part of a series on Classicism Classical antiquity Greco - Roman world Age of Enlightenment Neoclassicism Economics Music Physics 20th - century neoclassicism Between World War I and II Ballet Economics Music Philosophy The Enlightenment ( also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason ; in French : le Siècle des Lumières , lit . ' `` the Century of Lights '' ' ; and in German : Aufklärung , `` Enlightenment '' ) was an intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated the world of ideas in Europe during the 18th century , `` The Century of Philosophy '' . The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy and came to advance ideals like liberty , progress , tolerance , fraternity , constitutional government and separation of church and state . In France , the central doctrines of the Enlightenment philosophers were individual liberty and religious tolerance in opposition to an absolute monarchy and the fixed dogmas of the Roman Catholic Church . The Enlightenment was marked by an emphasis on the scientific method and reductionism , along with increased questioning of religious orthodoxy -- an attitude captured by the phrase Sapere aude , `` Dare to know '' . French historians traditionally place the Enlightenment between 1715 ( the year that Louis XIV died ) and 1789 ( the beginning of the French Revolution ) . Some recent historians begin the period in the 1620s , with the start of the scientific revolution . Les philosophes ( French for `` the philosophers '' ) of the period widely circulated their ideas through meetings at scientific academies , Masonic lodges , literary salons , coffee houses and in printed books and pamphlets . The ideas of the Enlightenment undermined the authority of the monarchy and the Church and paved the way for the political revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries . A variety of 19th - century movements , including liberalism and neo-classicism , trace their intellectual heritage back to the Enlightenment . The Age of Enlightenment was preceded by and closely associated with the scientific revolution . Earlier philosophers whose work influenced the Enlightenment included Francis Bacon , René Descartes , John Locke and Baruch Spinoza . The major figures of the Enlightenment included Cesare Beccaria , Voltaire , Denis Diderot , Jean - Jacques Rousseau , David Hume , Adam Smith and Immanuel Kant . Some European rulers , including Catherine II of Russia , Joseph II of Austria and Frederick II of Prussia , tried to apply Enlightenment thought on religious and political tolerance , which became known as enlightened absolutism . Benjamin Franklin visited Europe repeatedly and contributed actively to the scientific and political debates there and brought the newest ideas back to Philadelphia . Thomas Jefferson closely followed European ideas and later incorporated some of the ideals of the Enlightenment into the Declaration of Independence ( 1776 ) . One of his peers , James Madison , incorporated these ideals into the United States Constitution during its framing in 1787 . The most influential publication of the Enlightenment was the Encyclopédie ( Encyclopaedia ) . Published between 1751 and 1772 in thirty - five volumes , it was compiled by Denis Diderot , Jean le Rond d'Alembert ( until 1759 ) and a team of 150 scientists and philosophers . It helped spread the ideas of the Enlightenment across Europe and beyond . Other landmark publications were Voltaire 's Dictionnaire philosophique ( Philosophical Dictionary ; 1764 ) and Letters on the English ( 1733 ) ; Rousseau 's Discourse on Inequality ( 1754 ) and The Social Contract ( 1762 ) ; Adam Smith 's The Wealth of Nations ( 1776 ) ; and Montesquieu 's The Spirit of the Laws ( 1748 ) . The ideas of the Enlightenment played a major role in inspiring the French Revolution , which began in 1789 . After the Revolution , the Enlightenment was followed by the intellectual movement known as Romanticism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Philosophy 2 Science 3 Sociology , economics and law 4 Politics 4.1 Theories of government 4.2 Enlightened absolutism 4.3 The French Revolution 5 Religion 5.1 Separation of church and state 6 National variations 6.1 England 6.1. 1 Scotland 6.1. 2 American colonies 6.2 German states 6.3 Italy 6.4 Russia 6.5 Poland 7 Historiography 7.1 Definition 7.2 Time span 7.3 Modern study 8 Society and culture 8.1 Social and cultural implications in the arts 9 Dissemination of ideas 9.1 The Republic of Letters 9.2 The book industry 9.3 Natural history 9.4 Scientific and literary journals 9.5 Encyclopedias and dictionaries 9.6 Popularization of science 9.7 Schools and universities 9.8 Learned academies 9.9 Salons 9.10 Coffeehouses 9.11 Debating societies 9.12 Masonic lodges 10 Important intellectuals 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 Reference and surveys 13.2 Specialty studies 13.3 Primary sources 14 External links Philosophy ( edit ) René Descartes ' rationalist philosophy laid the foundation for enlightenment thinking . His attempt to construct the sciences on a secure metaphysical foundation was not as successful as his method of doubt applied in philosophic areas leading to a dualistic doctrine of mind and matter . His skepticism was refined by John Locke 's Essay Concerning Human Understanding ( 1690 ) and David Hume 's writings in the 1740s . His dualism was challenged by Spinoza 's uncompromising assertion of the unity of matter in his Tractatus ( 1670 ) and Ethics ( 1677 ) . These laid down two distinct lines of Enlightenment thought : first , the moderate variety , following Descartes , Locke and Christian Wolff , which sought accommodation between reform and the traditional systems of power and faith , and second , the radical enlightenment , inspired by the philosophy of Spinoza , advocating democracy , individual liberty , freedom of expression and eradication of religious authority . The moderate variety tended to be deistic , whereas the radical tendency separated the basis of morality entirely from theology . Both lines of thought were eventually opposed by a conservative Counter-Enlightenment , which sought a return to faith . German philosopher Immanuel Kant In the mid-18th century , Paris became the center of an explosion of philosophic and scientific activity challenging traditional doctrines and dogmas . The philosophic movement was led by Voltaire and Jean - Jacques Rousseau , who argued for a society based upon reason rather than faith and Catholic doctrine , for a new civil order based on natural law , and for science based on experiments and observation . The political philosopher Montesquieu introduced the idea of a separation of powers in a government , a concept which was enthusiastically adopted by the authors of the United States Constitution . While the Philosophes of the French Enlightenment were not revolutionaries and many were members of the nobility , their ideas played an important part in undermining the legitimacy of the Old Regime and shaping the French Revolution . Francis Hutcheson , a moral philosopher , described the utilitarian and consequentialist principle that virtue is that which provides , in his words , `` the greatest happiness for the greatest numbers '' . Much of what is incorporated in the scientific method ( the nature of knowledge , evidence , experience and causation ) and some modern attitudes towards the relationship between science and religion were developed by his protégés David Hume and Adam Smith . Hume became a major figure in the skeptical philosophical and empiricist traditions of philosophy . Immanuel Kant ( 1724 -- 1804 ) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief , individual freedom and political authority , as well as map out a view of the public sphere through private and public reason . Kant 's work continued to shape German thought and indeed all of European philosophy , well into the 20th century . Mary Wollstonecraft was one of England 's earliest feminist philosophers . She argued for a society based on reason and that women as well as men should be treated as rational beings . She is best known for her work A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ( 1791 ) . Science ( edit ) Main article : Science in the Age of Enlightenment Science played an important role in Enlightenment discourse and thought . Many Enlightenment writers and thinkers had backgrounds in the sciences and associated scientific advancement with the overthrow of religion and traditional authority in favour of the development of free speech and thought . Scientific progress during the Enlightenment included the discovery of carbon dioxide ( fixed air ) by the chemist Joseph Black , the argument for deep time by the geologist James Hutton and the invention of the steam engine by James Watt . The experiments of Lavoisier were used to create the first modern chemical plants in Paris and the experiments of the Montgolfier Brothers enabled them to launch the first manned flight in a hot - air balloon on 21 November 1783 from the Château de la Muette , near the Bois de Boulogne . Broadly speaking , Enlightenment science greatly valued empiricism and rational thought and was embedded with the Enlightenment ideal of advancement and progress . The study of science , under the heading of natural philosophy , was divided into physics and a conglomerate grouping of chemistry and natural history , which included anatomy , biology , geology , mineralogy and zoology . As with most Enlightenment views , the benefits of science were not seen universally : Rousseau criticized the sciences for distancing man from nature and not operating to make people happier . Science during the Enlightenment was dominated by scientific societies and academies , which had largely replaced universities as centres of scientific research and development . Societies and academies were also the backbone of the maturation of the scientific profession . Another important development was the popularization of science among an increasingly literate population . Philosophes introduced the public to many scientific theories , most notably through the Encyclopédie and the popularization of Newtonianism by Voltaire and Émilie du Châtelet . Some historians have marked the 18th century as a drab period in the history of science . However , the century saw significant advancements in the practice of medicine , mathematics and physics ; the development of biological taxonomy ; a new understanding of magnetism and electricity ; and the maturation of chemistry as a discipline , which established the foundations of modern chemistry . Scientific academies and societies grew out of the Scientific Revolution as the creators of scientific knowledge in contrast to the scholasticism of the university . During the Enlightenment , some societies created or retained links to universities , but contemporary sources distinguished universities from scientific societies by claiming that the university 's utility was in the transmission of knowledge while societies functioned to create knowledge . As the role of universities in institutionalized science began to diminish , learned societies became the cornerstone of organized science . Official scientific societies were chartered by the state in order to provide technical expertise . Most societies were granted permission to oversee their own publications , control the election of new members and the administration of the society . After 1700 , a tremendous number of official academies and societies were founded in Europe and by 1789 there were over seventy official scientific societies . In reference to this growth , Bernard de Fontenelle coined the term `` the Age of Academies '' to describe the 18th century . The influence of science also began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment . Some poetry became infused with scientific metaphor and imagery , while other poems were written directly about scientific topics . Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian system to verse in Creation , a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books ( 1712 ) . After Newton 's death in 1727 , poems were composed in his honour for decades . James Thomson ( 1700 -- 1748 ) penned his `` Poem to the Memory of Newton '' , which mourned the loss of Newton , but also praised his science and legacy . Sociology , economics and law ( edit ) Cesare Beccaria , father of classical criminal theory ( 1738 -- 1794 ) Hume and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed a `` science of man '' , which was expressed historically in works by authors including James Burnett , Adam Ferguson , John Millar and William Robertson , all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behaved in ancient and primitive cultures with a strong awareness of the determining forces of modernity . Modern sociology largely originated from this movement and Hume 's philosophical concepts that directly influenced James Madison ( and thus the U.S. Constitution ) and as popularised by Dugald Stewart , would be the basis of classical liberalism . In 1776 , Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations , often considered the first work on modern economics as it had an immediate impact on British economic policy that continues into the 21st century . It was immediately preceded and influenced by Anne - Robert - Jacques Turgot , Baron de Laune drafts of Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Wealth ( Paris , 1766 ) . Smith acknowledged indebtedness and possibly was the original English translator . Cesare Beccaria , a jurist , criminologist , philosopher and politician and one of the great Enlightenment writers , became famous for his masterpiece Of Crimes and Punishments ( 1764 ) , later translated into 22 languages , which condemned torture and the death penalty and was a founding work in the field of penology and the Classical School of criminology by promoting criminal justice . Another prominent intellectual was Francesco Mario Pagano , who wrote important studies such as Saggi Politici ( Political Essays , 1783 ) , one of the major works of the Enlightenment in Naples ; and Considerazioni sul processo criminale ( Considerations on the criminal trial , 1787 ) , which established him as an international authority on criminal law . Politics ( edit ) The Enlightenment has long been hailed as the foundation of modern Western political and intellectual culture . The Enlightenment brought political modernization to the West , in terms of introducing democratic values and institutions and the creation of modern , liberal democracies . This thesis has been widely accepted by Anglophone scholars and has been reinforced by the large - scale studies by Robert Darnton , Roy Porter and most recently by Jonathan Israel . Theories of government ( edit ) John Locke , one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers , based his governance philosophy in social contract theory , a subject that permeated Enlightenment political thought . The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes ushered in this new debate with his work Leviathan in 1651 . Hobbes also developed some of the fundamentals of European liberal thought : the right of the individual ; the natural equality of all men ; the artificial character of the political order ( which led to the later distinction between civil society and the state ) ; the view that all legitimate political power must be `` representative '' and based on the consent of the people ; and a liberal interpretation of law which leaves people free to do whatever the law does not explicitly forbid . Like other Enlightenment philosophers , Rousseau was critical of the Atlantic slave trade Both Locke and Rousseau developed social contract theories in Two Treatises of Government and Discourse on Inequality , respectively . While quite different works , Locke , Hobbes and Rousseau agreed that a social contract , in which the government 's authority lies in the consent of the governed , is necessary for man to live in civil society . Locke defines the state of nature as a condition in which humans are rational and follow natural law , in which all men are born equal and with the right to life , liberty and property . However , when one citizen breaks the Law of Nature both the transgressor and the victim enter into a state of war , from which it is virtually impossible to break free . Therefore , Locke said that individuals enter into civil society to protect their natural rights via an `` unbiased judge '' or common authority , such as courts , to appeal to . Contrastingly , Rousseau 's conception relies on the supposition that `` civil man '' is corrupted , while `` natural man '' has no want he can not fulfill himself . Natural man is only taken out of the state of nature when the inequality associated with private property is established . Rousseau said that people join into civil society via the social contract to achieve unity while preserving individual freedom . This is embodied in the sovereignty of the general will , the moral and collective legislative body constituted by citizens . Locke is known for his statement that individuals have a right to `` Life , Liberty and Property '' and his belief that the natural right to property is derived from labor . Tutored by Locke , Anthony Ashley - Cooper , 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury wrote in 1706 : `` There is a mighty Light which spreads its self over the world especially in those two free Nations of England and Holland ; on whom the Affairs of Europe now turn '' . Locke 's theory of natural rights has influenced many political documents , including the United States Declaration of Independence and the French National Constituent Assembly 's Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen . The philosophes argued that the establishment of a contractual basis of rights would lead to the market mechanism and capitalism , the scientific method , religious tolerance and the organization of states into self - governing republics through democratic means . In this view , the tendency of the philosophes in particular to apply rationality to every problem is considered the essential change . Though much of Enlightenment political thought was dominated by social contract theorists , both David Hume and Adam Ferguson criticized this camp . Hume 's essay Of the Original Contract argues that governments derived from consent are rarely seen and civil government is grounded in a ruler 's habitual authority and force . It is precisely because of the ruler 's authority over-and - against the subject , that the subject tacitly consents and Hume says that the subjects would `` never imagine that their consent made him sovereign '' , rather the authority did so . Similarly , Ferguson did not believe citizens built the state , rather polities grew out of social development . In his 1767 An Essay on the History of Civil Society , Ferguson uses the four stages of progress , a theory that was very popular in Scotland at the time , to explain how humans advance from a hunting and gathering society to a commercial and civil society without `` signing '' a social contract . Both Rousseau and Locke 's social contract theories rest on the presupposition of natural rights , which are not a result of law or custom , but are things that all men have in pre-political societies and are therefore universal and inalienable . The most famous natural right formulation comes from John Locke in his Second Treatise , when he introduces the state of nature . For Locke , the law of nature is grounded on mutual security or the idea that one can not infringe on another 's natural rights , as every man is equal and has the same inalienable rights . These natural rights include perfect equality and freedom , as well as the right to preserve life and property . Locke also argued against slavery on the basis that enslaving yourself goes against the law of nature because you can not surrender your own rights , your freedom is absolute and no one can take it from you . Additionally , Locke argues that one person can not enslave another because it is morally reprehensible , although he introduces a caveat by saying that enslavement of a lawful captive in time of war would not go against one 's natural rights . Enlightened absolutism ( edit ) Main article : Enlightened absolutism The Marquis of Pombal , as the head of the government of Portugal , implemented sweeping socio - economic reforms ( abolished slavery , significantly weakened the Inquisition , created the basis for secular public schools and restructured the tax system ) , effectively ruling as a powerful , progressive dictator The leaders of the Enlightenment were not especially democratic , as they more often look to absolute monarchs as the key to imposing reforms designed by the intellectuals . Voltaire despised democracy and said the absolute monarch must be enlightened and must act as dictated by reason and justice -- in other words , be a `` philosopher - king '' . Denmark 's minister Johann Struensee , a social reformer , was publicly executed in 1772 In several nations , rulers welcomed leaders of the Enlightenment at court and asked them to help design laws and programs to reform the system , typically to build stronger states . These rulers are called `` enlightened despots '' by historians . They included Frederick the Great of Prussia , Catherine the Great of Russia , Leopold II of Tuscany and Joseph II of Austria . Joseph was over-enthusiastic , announcing many reforms that had little support so that revolts broke out and his regime became a comedy of errors and nearly all his programs were reversed . Senior ministers Pombal in Portugal and Johann Friedrich Struensee in Denmark also governed according to Enlightenment ideals . In Poland , the model constitution of 1791 expressed Enlightenment ideals , but was in effect for only one year before the nation was partitioned among its neighbors . More enduring were the cultural achievements , which created a nationalist spirit in Poland . Frederick the Great , the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786 , saw himself as a leader of the Enlightenment and patronized philosophers and scientists at his court in Berlin . Voltaire , who had been imprisoned and maltreated by the French government , was eager to accept Frederick 's invitation to live at his palace . Frederick explained : `` My principal occupation is to combat ignorance and prejudice ... to enlighten minds , cultivate morality , and to make people as happy as it suits human nature , and as the means at my disposal permit '' . The French Revolution ( edit ) The Enlightenment has been frequently linked to the French Revolution of 1789 . One view of the political changes that occurred during the Enlightenment is that the `` consent of the governed '' philosophy as delineated by Locke in Two Treatises of Government ( 1689 ) represented a paradigm shift from the old governance paradigm under feudalism known as the `` divine right of kings '' . In this view , the revolutions of the late 1700s and early 1800s were caused by the fact that this governance paradigm shift often could not be resolved peacefully and therefore violent revolution was the result . Clearly a governance philosophy where the king was never wrong was in direct conflict with one whereby citizens by natural law had to consent to the acts and rulings of their government . Alexis de Tocqueville described the French Revolution as the inevitable result of the radical opposition created in the 18th century between the monarchy and the men of letters of the Enlightenment . These men of letters constituted a sort of `` substitute aristocracy that was both all - powerful and without real power '' . This illusory power came from the rise of `` public opinion '' , born when absolutist centralization removed the nobility and the bourgeoisie from the political sphere . The `` literary politics '' that resulted promoted a discourse of equality and was hence in fundamental opposition to the monarchical regime . De Tocqueville `` clearly designates ... the cultural effects of transformation in the forms of the exercise of power '' . Nevertheless , it took another century before cultural approach became central to the historiography , as typified by Robert Darnton , The Business of Enlightenment : A Publishing History of the Encyclopédie , 1775 -- 1800 ( 1979 ) . Jonathan Israel asserts : `` The prevailing view about the French Revolution not being caused by books and ideas in the first place may be very widely influential , but it is also , on the basis of the detailed evidence , totally indefensible . Indeed , without referring to Radical Enlightenment nothing about the French Revolution makes the slightest sense or can even begin to be provisionally explained '' . Religion ( edit ) Enlightenment era religious commentary was a response to the preceding century of religious conflict in Europe , especially the Thirty Years ' War . Theologians of the Enlightenment wanted to reform their faith to its generally non-confrontational roots and to limit the capacity for religious controversy to spill over into politics and warfare while still maintaining a true faith in God . For moderate Christians , this meant a return to simple Scripture . John Locke abandoned the corpus of theological commentary in favor of an `` unprejudiced examination '' of the Word of God alone . He determined the essence of Christianity to be a belief in Christ the redeemer and recommended avoiding more detailed debate . In the Jefferson Bible , Thomas Jefferson went further and dropped any passages dealing with miracles , visitations of angels and the resurrection of Jesus after his death , as he tried to extract the practical Christian moral code of the New Testament . Enlightenment scholars sought to curtail the political power of organized religion and thereby prevent another age of intolerant religious war . Spinoza determined to remove politics from contemporary and historical theology ( e.g. , disregarding Judaic law ) . Moses Mendelssohn advised affording no political weight to any organized religion , but instead recommended that each person follow what they found most convincing . A good religion based in instinctive morals and a belief in God should not theoretically need force to maintain order in its believers and both Mendelssohn and Spinoza judged religion on its moral fruits , not the logic of its theology . A number of novel ideas about religion developed with the Enlightenment , including deism and talk of atheism . According to Thomas Paine , deism is the simple belief in God the Creator , with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source . Instead , the deist relies solely on personal reason to guide his creed , which was eminently agreeable to many thinkers of the time . Atheism was much discussed , but there were few proponents . Wilson and Reill note : `` In fact , very few enlightened intellectuals , even when they were vocal critics of Christianity , were true atheists . Rather , they were critics of orthodox belief , wedded rather to skepticism , deism , vitalism , or perhaps pantheism '' . Some followed Pierre Bayle and argued that atheists could indeed be moral men . Many others like Voltaire held that without belief in a God who punishes evil , the moral order of society was undermined . That is , since atheists gave themselves to no Supreme Authority and no law and had no fear of eternal consequences , they were far more likely to disrupt society . Bayle ( 1647 -- 1706 ) observed that in his day that `` prudent persons will always maintain an appearance of ( religion ) '' and he believed that even atheists could hold concepts of honor and go beyond their own self - interest to create and interact in society . Locke said that if there were no God and no divine law , the result would be moral anarchy : every individual `` could have no law but his own will , no end but himself . He would be a god to himself , and the satisfaction of his own will the sole measure and end of all his actions '' . Separation of Church and state ( edit ) Main articles : Separation of church and state and Separation of church and state in the United States The `` Radical Enlightenment '' promoted the concept of separating church and state , an idea that is often credited to English philosopher John Locke ( 1632 -- 1704 ) . According to his principle of the social contract , Locke said that the government lacked authority in the realm of individual conscience , as this was something rational people could not cede to the government for it or others to control . For Locke , this created a natural right in the liberty of conscience , which he said must therefore remain protected from any government authority . These views on religious tolerance and the importance of individual conscience , along with the social contract , became particularly influential in the American colonies and the drafting of the United States Constitution . Thomas Jefferson called for a `` wall of separation between church and state '' at the federal level . He previously had supported successful efforts to disestablish the Church of England in Virginia and authored the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom . Jefferson 's political ideals were greatly influenced by the writings of John Locke , Francis Bacon and Isaac Newton whom he considered the three greatest men that ever lived . National Variations ( edit ) Europe at the beginning of the War of the Spanish Succession , 1700 The Enlightenment took hold in most European countries , often with a specific local emphasis . For example , in France it became associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism while in Germany it reached deep into the middle classes and where it expressed a spiritualistic and nationalistic tone without threatening governments or established churches . Government responses varied widely . In France , the government was hostile and the philosophes fought against its censorship , sometimes being imprisoned or hounded into exile . The British government for the most part ignored the Enlightenment 's leaders in England and Scotland , although it did give Isaac Newton a knighthood and a very lucrative government office . England ( edit ) Further information : Georgian era § English Enlightenment The very existence of an English Enlightenment has been hotly debated by scholars . The majority of textbooks on British history make little or no mention of an English Enlightenment . Some surveys of the entire Enlightenment include England and others ignore it , but do include has enlightenment intellectuals such representative Englishmen as Newton , Locke and Jonathan Swift , although they do include coverage of such major intellectuals as Joseph Addison , Edward Gibbon , John Locke , Isaac Newton , Alexander Pope , Joshua Reynolds and Jonathan Swift . Roy Porter argues that the reason for the neglect was the assumption that the movement was primarily French - inspired , that it was largely a-religious or anti-clerical and it stood in outspoken defiance to the established order . Porter admits that after the 1720s England could claim few thinkers to equal Diderot , Voltaire or Rousseau . Indeed , its leading intellectuals such as Edward Gibbon , Edmund Burke and Samuel Johnson were all quite conservative and supported of the standing order . Porter says the reason was that Enlightenment had come early to England and had succeeded so that the culture had accepted political liberalism , philosophical empiricism and religious toleration of the sort that intellectuals on the continent had to fight for against powerful odds . Furthermore , England rejected the collectivism of the continent and emphasized the improvement of individuals as the main goal of enlightenment One leader of the Scottish Enlightenment was Adam Smith , the father of modern economic science Scotland ( edit ) In the Scottish Enlightenment , Scotland 's major cities created an intellectual infrastructure of mutually supporting institutions such as universities , reading societies , libraries , periodicals , museums and masonic lodges . The Scottish network was `` predominantly liberal Calvinist , Newtonian , and ' design ' oriented in character which played a major role in the further development of the transatlantic Enlightenment '' . In France , Voltaire said that `` we look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilization '' . The focus of the Scottish Enlightenment ranged from intellectual and economic matters to the specifically scientific as in the work of William Cullen , physician and chemist ; James Anderson , an agronomist ; Joseph Black , physicist and chemist ; and James Hutton , the first modern geologist . American colonies ( edit ) Further information : American Enlightenment John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence shows the drafting committee presenting its work to the Congress Several Americans , especially Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson , played a major role in bringing Enlightenment ideas to the New World and in influencing British and French thinkers . Franklin was influential for his political activism and for his advances in physics . The cultural exchange during the Age of Enlightenment ran in both directions across the Atlantic . Thinkers such as Paine , Locke and Rousseau all take Native American cultural practices as examples of natural freedom . The Americans closely followed English and Scottish political ideas , as well as some French thinkers such as Montesquieu . As deists , they were influenced by ideas of John Toland ( 1670 -- 1722 ) and Matthew Tindal ( 1656 -- 1733 ) . During the Enlightenment there was a great emphasis upon liberty , republicanism and religious tolerance . There was no respect for monarchy or inherited political power . Deists reconciled science and religion by rejecting prophecies , miracles and Biblical theology . Leading deists included Thomas Paine in The Age of Reason and by Thomas Jefferson in his short Jefferson Bible -- from which all supernatural aspects were removed . German states ( edit ) Further information : History of Germany § Enlightenment Prussia took the lead among the German states in sponsoring the political reforms that Enlightenment thinkers urged absolute rulers to adopt . There were important movements as well in the smaller states of Bavaria , Saxony , Hanover and the Palatinate . In each case , Enlightenment values became accepted and led to significant political and administrative reforms that laid the groundwork for the creation of modern states . The princes of Saxony , for example , carried out an impressive series of fundamental fiscal , administrative , judicial , educational , cultural and general economic reforms . The reforms were aided by the country 's strong urban structure and influential commercial groups and modernized pre-1789 Saxony along the lines of classic Enlightenment principles . Weimar 's Courtyard of the Muses , a tribute to The Enlightenment and the Weimar Classicism depicting German poets Schiller , Wieland , Herder and Goethe Before 1750 , the German upper classes looked to France for intellectual , cultural and architectural leadership , as French was the language of high society . By the mid-18th century , the Aufklärung ( The Enlightenment ) had transformed German high culture in music , philosophy , science and literature . Christian Wolff ( 1679 -- 1754 ) was the pioneer as a writer who expounded the Enlightenment to German readers and legitimized German as a philosophic language . Johann Gottfried von Herder ( 1744 -- 1803 ) broke new ground in philosophy and poetry , as a leader of the Sturm und Drang movement of proto - Romanticism . Weimar Classicism ( Weimarer Klassik ) was a cultural and literary movement based in Weimar that sought to establish a new humanism by synthesizing Romantic , classical and Enlightenment ideas . The movement ( from 1772 until 1805 ) involved Herder as well as polymath Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ( 1749 -- 1832 ) and Friedrich Schiller ( 1759 -- 1805 ) , a poet and historian . Herder argued that every folk had its own particular identity , which was expressed in its language and culture . This legitimized the promotion of German language and culture and helped shape the development of German nationalism . Schiller 's plays expressed the restless spirit of his generation , depicting the hero 's struggle against social pressures and the force of destiny . German music , sponsored by the upper classes , came of age under composers Johann Sebastian Bach ( 1685 -- 1750 ) , Joseph Haydn ( 1732 -- 1809 ) and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ( 1756 -- 1791 ) . In remote Königsberg , philosopher Immanuel Kant ( 1724 -- 1804 ) tried to reconcile rationalism and religious belief , individual freedom and political authority . Kant 's work contained basic tensions that would continue to shape German thought -- and indeed all of European philosophy -- well into the 20th century . The German Enlightenment won the support of princes , aristocrats and the middle classes and it permanently reshaped the culture . However , there was a conservatism among the elites that warned against going too far . In the 1780s , Lutheran ministers Johann Heinrich Schulz and Karl Wilhelm Brumbey got in trouble with their preaching as they were attacked and ridiculed by Immanuel Kant , Wilhelm Abraham Teller and others . In 1788 , Prussia issued an `` Edict on Religion '' that forbade preaching any sermon that undermined popular belief in the Holy Trinity and the Bible . The goal was to avoid skepticism , deism and theological disputes that might impinge on domestic tranquility . Men who doubted the value of Enlightenment favoured the measure , but so too did many supporters . German universities had created a closed elite that could debate controversial issues among themselves , but spreading them to the public was seen as too risky . This intellectual elite was favoured by the state , but that might be reversed if the process of the Enlightenment proved politically or socially destabilizing . Italy ( edit ) The Enlightenment played a distinctive , if small , role in the history of Italy . Although most of Italy was controlled by conservative Habsburgs or the pope , Tuscany had some opportunities for reform . Leopold II of Tuscany abolished the death penalty in Tuscany and reduced censorship . From Naples , Antonio Genovesi ( 1713 - 69 ) influenced a generation of southern Italian intellectuals and university students . His textbook `` Diceosina , o Sia della Filosofia del Giusto e dell'Onesto '' ( 1766 ) was a controversial attempt to mediate between the history of moral philosophy on the one hand and the specific problems encountered by 18th - century commercial society on the other . It contained the greater part of Genovesi 's political , philosophical and economic thought -- guidebook for Neapolitan economic and social development . Science flourished as Alessandro Volta and Luigi Galvani made break - through discoveries in electricity . Pietro Verri was a leading economist in Lombardy . Historian Joseph Schumpeter states he was `` the most important pre-Smithian authority on Cheapness - and - Plenty '' . The most influential scholar on the Italian Enlightenment has been Franco Venturi . Russia ( edit ) In Russia , the government began to actively encourage the proliferation of arts and sciences in the mid-18th century . This era produced the first Russian university , library , theatre , public museum and independent press . Like other enlightened despots , Catherine the Great played a key role in fostering the arts , sciences and education . She used her own interpretation of Enlightenment ideals , assisted by notable international experts such as Voltaire ( by correspondence ) and in residence world class scientists such as Leonhard Euler and Peter Simon Pallas . The national Enlightenment differed from its Western European counterpart in that it promoted further modernization of all aspects of Russian life and was concerned with attacking the institution of serfdom in Russia . The Russian enlightenment centered on the individual instead of societal enlightenment and encouraged the living of an enlightened life . A powerful element was prosveshchenie which combined religious piety , erudition and commitment to the spread of learning . However , it lacked the skeptical and critical spirit of the European Enlightenment . Poland ( edit ) Main article : Enlightenment in Poland Enlightenment ideas ( oświecenie ) emerged late in Poland , as the Polish middle class was weaker and szlachta ( nobility ) culture ( Sarmatism ) together with the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth political system ( Golden Liberty ) were in deep crisis . The political system was built on republicanism , but was unable to defend itself against powerful neighbors Russia , Prussia and Austria as they repeatedly sliced off regions until nothing was left of independent Poland . The period of Polish Enlightenment began in the 1730s -- 1740s and especially in theatre and the arts peaked in the reign of King Stanisław August Poniatowski ( second half of the 18th century ) . Warsaw was a main centre after 1750 , with an expansion of schools and educational institutions and the arts patronage held at the Royal Castle . Leaders promoted tolerance and more education . They included King Stanislaw II Poniatowski and reformers Piotr Switkowski , Antoni Poplawski , Josef Niemcewicz and Jósef Pawlinkowski , as well as Baudouin de Cortenay , a Polonized dramatist . Opponents included Florian Jaroszewicz , Gracjan Piotrowski , Karol Wyrwicz and Wojciech Skarszewski . The movement went into decline with the Third Partition of Poland ( 1795 ) -- a national tragedy inspiring a short period of sentimental writing -- and ended in 1822 , replaced by Romanticism . Historiography ( edit ) The Enlightenment has always been contested territory . According to Keith Thomas , its supporters `` hail it as the source of everything that is progressive about the modern world . For them , it stands for freedom of thought , rational inquiry , critical thinking , religious tolerance , political liberty , scientific achievement , the pursuit of happiness , and hope for the future '' . Thomas adds that its detractors accuse it of shallow rationalism , naïve optimism , unrealistic universalism and moral darkness . From the start , conservative and clerical defenders of traditional religion attacked materialism and skepticism as evil forces that encouraged immorality . By 1794 , they pointed to the Terror during the French Revolution as confirmation of their predictions . As the Enlightenment was ending , Romantic philosophers argued that excessive dependence on reason was a mistake perpetuated by the Enlightenment because it disregarded the bonds of history , myth , faith and tradition that were necessary to hold society together . Definition ( edit ) The term `` Enlightenment '' emerged in English in the later part of the 19th century , with particular reference to French philosophy , as the equivalent of the French term Lumières ( used first by Dubos in 1733 and already well established by 1751 ) . From Immanuel Kant 's 1784 essay `` Beantwortung der Frage : Was ist Aufklärung ? '' ( `` Answering the Question : What is Enlightenment ? '' ) , the German term became Aufklärung ( aufklären = to illuminate ; sich aufklären = to clear up ) . However , scholars have never agreed on a definition of the Enlightenment , or on its chronological or geographical extent . Terms like les Lumières ( French ) , illuminismo ( Italian ) , ilustración ( Spanish ) and Aufklärung ( German ) referred to partly overlapping movements . Not until the late nineteenth century did English scholars agree they were talking about `` the Enlightenment '' . If there is something you know , communicate it . If there is something you do n't know , search for it . -- An engraving from the 1772 edition of the Encyclopédie ; Truth , in the top center , is surrounded by light and unveiled by the figures to the right , Philosophy and Reason Enlightenment historiography began in the period itself , from what Enlightenment figures said about their work . A dominant element was the intellectual angle they took . D'Alembert's Preliminary Discourse of l'Encyclopédie provides a history of the Enlightenment which comprises a chronological list of developments in the realm of knowledge -- of which the Encyclopédie forms the pinnacle . In 1783 , Jewish philosopher Moses Mendelssohn referred to Enlightenment as a process by which man was educated in the use of reason . Immanuel Kant called Enlightenment `` man 's release from his self - incurred tutelage '' , tutelage being `` man 's inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another '' . `` For Kant , Enlightenment was mankind 's final coming of age , the emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance '' . The German scholar Ernst Cassirer called the Enlightenment `` a part and a special phase of that whole intellectual development through which modern philosophic thought gained its characteristic self - confidence and self - consciousness '' . According to historian Roy Porter , the liberation of the human mind from a dogmatic state of ignorance is the epitome of what the Age of Enlightenment was trying to capture . Bertrand Russell saw the Enlightenment as a phase in a progressive development which began in antiquity and that reason and challenges to the established order were constant ideals throughout that time . Russell said that the Enlightenment was ultimately born out of the Protestant reaction against the Catholic counter-reformation and that philosophical views such as affinity for democracy against monarchy originated among 16th - century Protestants to justify their desire to break away from the Catholic Church . Though many of these philosophical ideals were picked up by Catholics , Russell argues that by the 18th century the Enlightenment was the principal manifestation of the schism that began with Martin Luther . Jonathan Israel rejects the attempts of postmodern and Marxian historians to understand the revolutionary ideas of the period purely as by - products of social and economic transformations . He instead focuses on the history of ideas in the period from 1650 to the end of the 18th century and claims that it was the ideas themselves that caused the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th century and the early 19th century . Israel argues that until the 1650s Western civilization `` was based on a largely shared core of faith , tradition and authority '' . Time span ( edit ) There is little consensus on the precise beginning of the Age of Enlightenment , though the beginning of the 18th century ( 1701 ) or the middle of the 17th century ( 1650 ) are often used as epochs . French historians usually place the period , called the Siècle des Lumières ( `` Century of Enlightenments '' ) , between 1715 and 1789 , from the beginning of the reign of Louis XV until the French Revolution . If taken back to the mid-17th century , the Enlightenment would trace its origins to Descartes ' Discourse on the Method , published in 1637 . In France , many cited the publication of Isaac Newton 's Principia Mathematica in 1687 . It is argued by several historians and philosophers that the beginning of the Enlightenment is when Descartes shifted the epistemological basis from external authority to internal certainty by his cogito ergo sum published in 1637 . As to its end , most scholars use the last years of the century , often choosing the French Revolution of 1789 or the beginning of the Napoleonic Wars ( 1804 -- 1815 ) as a convenient point in time with which to date the end of the Enlightenment . Modern study ( edit ) In the 1944 book Dialectic of Enlightenment , Frankfurt School philosophers Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno argued : Enlightenment , understood in the widest sense as the advance of thought , has always aimed at liberating human beings from fear and installing them as masters . Yet the wholly enlightened earth radiates under the sign of disaster triumphant . In the 1970s , study of the Enlightenment expanded to include the ways Enlightenment ideas spread to European colonies and how they interacted with indigenous cultures and how the Enlightenment took place in formerly unstudied areas such as Italy , Greece , the Balkans , Poland , Hungary and Russia . Intellectuals such as Robert Darnton and Jürgen Habermas have focused on the social conditions of the Enlightenment . Habermas described the creation of the `` bourgeois public sphere '' in 18th - century Europe , containing the new venues and modes of communication allowing for rational exchange . Habermas said that the public sphere was bourgeois , egalitarian , rational and independent from the state , making it the ideal venue for intellectuals to critically examine contemporary politics and society , away from the interference of established authority . While the public sphere is generally an integral component of the social study of the Enlightenment , other historians have questioned whether the public sphere had these characteristics . Society and culture ( edit ) A medal minted during the reign of Joseph II , Holy Roman Emperor , commemorating his grant of religious liberty to Jews and Protestants in Hungary -- another important reform of Joseph II was the abolition of serfdom In contrast to the intellectual historiographical approach of the Enlightenment , which examines the various currents or discourses of intellectual thought within the European context during the 17th and 18th centuries , the cultural ( or social ) approach examines the changes that occurred in European society and culture . This approach studies the process of changing sociabilities and cultural practices during the Enlightenment . One of the primary elements of the culture of the Enlightenment was the rise of the public sphere , a `` realm of communication marked by new arenas of debate , more open and accessible forms of urban public space and sociability , and an explosion of print culture '' , in the late 17th century and 18th century . Elements of the public sphere included : it was egalitarian , it discussed the domain of `` common concern '' and argument was founded on reason . Habermas uses the term `` common concern '' to describe those areas of political / social knowledge and discussion that were previously the exclusive territory of the state and religious authorities , now open to critical examination by the public sphere . The values of this bourgeois public sphere included holding reason to be supreme , considering everything to be open to criticism ( the public sphere is critical ) and the opposition of secrecy of all sorts . German explorer Alexander von Humboldt showed his disgust for slavery and often criticized the colonial policies -- he always acted out of a deeply humanistic conviction , borne by the ideas of the Enlightenment The creation of the public sphere has been associated with two long - term historical trends : the rise of the modern nation state and the rise of capitalism . The modern nation state , in its consolidation of public power , created by counterpoint a private realm of society independent of the state , which allowed for the public sphere . Capitalism also increased society 's autonomy and self - awareness , as well as an increasing need for the exchange of information . As the nascent public sphere expanded , it embraced a large variety of institutions and the most commonly cited were coffee houses and cafés , salons and the literary public sphere , figuratively localized in the Republic of Letters . In France , the creation of the public sphere was helped by the aristocracy 's move from the King 's palace at Versailles to Paris in about 1720 , since their rich spending stimulated the trade in luxuries and artistic creations , especially fine paintings . The context for the rise of the public sphere was the economic and social change commonly associated with the Industrial Revolution : `` Economic expansion , increasing urbanization , rising population and improving communications in comparison to the stagnation of the previous century '' . Rising efficiency in production techniques and communication lowered the prices of consumer goods and increased the amount and variety of goods available to consumers ( including the literature essential to the public sphere ) . Meanwhile , the colonial experience ( most European states had colonial empires in the 18th century ) began to expose European society to extremely heterogeneous cultures , leading to the breaking down of `` barriers between cultural systems , religious divides , gender differences and geographical areas '' . The word `` public '' implies the highest level of inclusivity -- the public sphere by definition should be open to all . However , this sphere was only public to relative degrees . Enlightenment thinkers frequently contrasted their conception of the `` public '' with that of the people : Condorcet contrasted `` opinion '' with populace , Marmontel `` the opinion of men of letters '' with `` the opinion of the multitude '' and d'Alembert the `` truly enlightened public '' with `` the blind and noisy multitude '' . Additionally , most institutions of the public sphere excluded both women and the lower classes . Cross-class influences occurred through noble and lower class participation in areas such as the coffeehouses and the Masonic lodges . Social and cultural implications in the arts ( edit ) Because of the focus on reason over superstition , the Enlightenment cultivated the arts . Emphasis on learning , art and music became more widespread , especially with the growing middle class . Areas of study such as literature , philosophy , science and the fine arts increasingly explored subject matter that the general public in addition to the previously more segregated professionals and patrons could relate to . George Frideric Handel As musicians depended more and more on public support , public concerts became increasingly popular and helped supplement performers ' and composers ' incomes . The concerts also helped them to reach a wider audience . Handel , for example , epitomized this with his highly public musical activities in London . He gained considerable fame there with performances of his operas and oratorios . The music of Haydn and Mozart , with their Viennese Classical styles , are usually regarded as being the most in line with the Enlightenment ideals . The desire to explore , record and systematize knowledge had a meaningful impact on music publications . Jean - Jacques Rousseau 's Dictionnaire de musique ( published 1767 in Geneva and 1768 in Paris ) was a leading text in the late 18th century . This widely available dictionary gave short definitions of words like genius and taste and was clearly influenced by the Enlightenment movement . Another text influenced by Enlightenment values was Charles Burney 's A General History of Music : From the Earliest Ages to the Present Period ( 1776 ) , which was a historical survey and an attempt to rationalize elements in music systematically over time . Recently , musicologists have shown renewed interest in the ideas and consequences of the Enlightenment . For example , Rose Rosengard Subotnik 's Deconstructive Variations ( subtitled Music and Reason in Western Society ) compares Mozart 's Die Zauberflöte ( 1791 ) using the Enlightenment and Romantic perspectives and concludes that the work is `` an ideal musical representation of the Enlightenment '' . As the economy and the middle class expanded , there was an increasing number of amateur musicians . One manifestation of this involved women , who became more involved with music on a social level . Women were already engaged in professional roles as singers and increased their presence in the amateur performers ' scene , especially with keyboard music . Music publishers begin to print music that amateurs could understand and play . The majority of the works that were published were for keyboard , voice and keyboard and chamber ensemble . After these initial genres were popularized , from the mid-century on , amateur groups sang choral music , which then became a new trend for publishers to capitalize on . The increasing study of the fine arts , as well as access to amateur - friendly published works , led to more people becoming interested in reading and discussing music . Music magazines , reviews and critical works which suited amateurs as well as connoisseurs began to surface . Dissemination of ideas ( edit ) The philosophes spent a great deal of energy disseminating their ideas among educated men and women in cosmopolitan cities . They used many venues , some of them quite new . The Republic of Letters ( edit ) Main article : Republic of Letters French philosopher Pierre Bayle The term `` Republic of Letters '' was coined in 1664 by Pierre Bayle in his journal Nouvelles de la Republique des Lettres . Towards the end of the 18th century , the editor of Histoire de la République des Lettres en France , a literary survey , described the Republic of Letters as being : In the midst of all the governments that decide the fate of men ; in the bosom of so many states , the majority of them despotic ... there exists a certain realm which holds sway only over the mind ... that we honour with the name Republic , because it preserves a measure of independence , and because it is almost its essence to be free . It is the realm of talent and of thought . The Republic of Letters was the sum of a number of Enlightenment ideals : an egalitarian realm governed by knowledge that could act across political boundaries and rival state power . It was a forum that supported `` free public examination of questions regarding religion or legislation '' . Immanuel Kant considered written communication essential to his conception of the public sphere ; once everyone was a part of the `` reading public '' , then society could be said to be enlightened . The people who participated in the Republic of Letters , such as Diderot and Voltaire , are frequently known today as important Enlightenment figures . Indeed , the men who wrote Diderot 's Encyclopédie arguably formed a microcosm of the larger `` republic '' . Many women played an essential part in the French Enlightenment , due to the role they played as salonnières in Parisian salons , as the contrast to the male philosophes . The salon was the principal social institution of the republic and `` became the civil working spaces of the project of Enlightenment '' . Women , as salonnières , were `` the legitimate governors of ( the ) potentially unruly discourse '' that took place within . While women were marginalized in the public culture of the Ole Regime , the French Revolution destroyed the old cultural and economic restraints of patronage and corporatism ( guilds ) , opening French society to female participation , particularly in the literary sphere . Front page of The Gentleman 's Magazine , January 1731 In France , the established men of letters ( gens de lettres ) had fused with the elites ( les grands ) of French society by the mid-18th century . This led to the creation of an oppositional literary sphere , Grub Street , the domain of a `` multitude of versifiers and would - be authors '' . These men came to London to become authors , only to discover that the literary market simply could not support large numbers of writers , who in any case were very poorly remunerated by the publishing - bookselling guilds . The writers of Grub Street , the Grub Street Hacks , were left feeling bitter about the relative success of the men of letters and found an outlet for their literature which was typified by the libelle . Written mostly in the form of pamphlets , the libelles `` slandered the court , the Church , the aristocracy , the academies , the salons , everything elevated and respectable , including the monarchy itself '' . Le Gazetier cuirassé by Charles Théveneau de Morande was a prototype of the genre . It was Grub Street literature that was most read by the public during the Enlightenment . According to Darnton , more importantly the Grub Street hacks inherited the `` revolutionary spirit '' once displayed by the philosophes and paved the way for the French Revolution by desacralizing figures of political , moral and religious authority in France . The book industry ( edit ) ESTC data 1477 -- 1799 by decade given with a regional differentiation The increased consumption of reading materials of all sorts was one of the key features of the `` social '' Enlightenment . Developments in the Industrial Revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices , encouraging the spread of books , pamphlets , newspapers and journals -- `` media of the transmission of ideas and attitudes '' . Commercial development likewise increased the demand for information , along with rising populations and increased urbanisation . However , demand for reading material extended outside of the realm of the commercial and outside the realm of the upper and middle classes , as evidenced by the Bibliothèque Bleue . Literacy rates are difficult to gauge , but in France the rates doubled over the course of the 18th century . Reflecting the decreasing influence of religion , the number of books about science and art published in Paris doubled from 1720 to 1780 , while the number of books about religion dropped to just one - tenth of the total . Reading underwent serious changes in the 18th century . In particular , Rolf Engelsing has argued for the existence of a Reading Revolution . Until 1750 , reading was done intensively : people tended to own a small number of books and read them repeatedly , often to small audience . After 1750 , people began to read `` extensively '' , finding as many books as they could , increasingly reading them alone . This is supported by increasing literacy rates , particularly among women . The vast majority of the reading public could not afford to own a private library and while most of the state - run `` universal libraries '' set up in the 17th and 18th centuries were open to the public , they were not the only sources of reading material . On one end of the spectrum was the Bibliothèque Bleue , a collection of cheaply produced books published in Troyes , France . Intended for a largely rural and semi-literate audience these books included almanacs , retellings of medieval romances and condensed versions of popular novels , among other things . While some historians have argued against the Enlightenment 's penetration into the lower classes , the Bibliothèque Bleue represents at least a desire to participate in Enlightenment sociability . Moving up the classes , a variety of institutions offered readers access to material without needing to buy anything . Libraries that lent out their material for a small price started to appear and occasionally bookstores would offer a small lending library to their patrons . Coffee houses commonly offered books , journals and sometimes even popular novels to their customers . The Tatler and The Spectator , two influential periodicals sold from 1709 to 1714 , were closely associated with coffee house culture in London , being both read and produced in various establishments in the city . This is an example of the triple or even quadruple function of the coffee house : reading material was often obtained , read , discussed and even produced on the premises . Denis Diderot is best known as the editor of the Encyclopédie It is extremely difficult to determine what people actually read during the Enlightenment . For example , examining the catalogs of private libraries gives an image skewed in favor of the classes wealthy enough to afford libraries and also ignores censured works unlikely to be publicly acknowledged . For this reason , a study of publishing would be much more fruitful for discerning reading habits . Across continental Europe , but in France especially , booksellers and publishers had to negotiate censorship laws of varying strictness . For example , the Encyclopédie narrowly escaped seizure and had to be saved by Malesherbes , the man in charge of the French censure . Indeed , many publishing companies were conveniently located outside France so as to avoid overzealous French censors . They would smuggle their merchandise across the border , where it would then be transported to clandestine booksellers or small - time peddlers . The records of clandestine booksellers may give a better representation of what literate Frenchmen might have truly read , since their clandestine nature provided a less restrictive product choice . In one case , political books were the most popular category , primarily libels and pamphlets . Readers were more interested in sensationalist stories about criminals and political corruption than they were in political theory itself . The second most popular category , `` general works '' ( those books `` that did not have a dominant motif and that contained something to offend almost everyone in authority '' ) demonstrated a high demand for generally low - brow subversive literature . However , these works never became part of literary canon and are largely forgotten today as a result . A healthy , and legal , publishing industry existed throughout Europe , although established publishers and book sellers occasionally ran afoul of the law . For example , the Encyclopédie condemned not only by the King , but also by Clement XII , nevertheless found its way into print with the help of the aforementioned Malesherbes and creative use of French censorship law . However , many works were sold without running into any legal trouble at all . Borrowing records from libraries in England , Germany and North America indicate that more than 70 percent of books borrowed were novels . Less than 1 percent of the books were of a religious nature , indicating the general trend of declining religiosity . Natural history ( edit ) Main article : Natural History Georges Buffon is best remembered for his Histoire naturelle , a 44 volume encyclopedia describing everything known about the natural world A genre that greatly rose in importance was that of scientific literature . Natural history in particular became increasingly popular among the upper classes . Works of natural history include René - Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur 's Histoire naturelle des insectes and Jacques Gautier d'Agoty 's La Myologie complète , ou description de tous les muscles du corps humain ( 1746 ) . Outside ancien régime France , natural history was an important part of medicine and industry , encompassing the fields of botany , zoology , meteorology , hydrology and mineralogy . Students in Enlightenment universities and academies were taught these subjects to prepare them for careers as diverse as medicine and theology . As shown by Matthew Daniel Eddy , natural history in this context was a very middle class pursuit and operated as a fertile trading zone for the interdisciplinary exchange of diverse scientific ideas . The target audience of natural history was French polite society , evidenced more by the specific discourse of the genre than by the generally high prices of its works . Naturalists catered to polite society 's desire for erudition -- many texts had an explicit instructive purpose . However , natural history was often a political affair . As Emma Spary writes , the classifications used by naturalists `` slipped between the natural world and the social ... to establish not only the expertise of the naturalists over the natural , but also the dominance of the natural over the social '' . The idea of taste ( le goût ) was a social indicator : to truly be able to categorize nature , one had to have the proper taste , an ability of discretion shared by all members of polite society . In this way natural history spread many of the scientific developments of the time , but also provided a new source of legitimacy for the dominant class . From this basis , naturalists could then develop their own social ideals based on their scientific works . Scientific and literary journals ( edit ) Journal des sçavans was the earliest academic journal published in Europe The first scientific and literary journals were established during the Enlightenment . The first journal , the Parisian Journal des Sçavans , appeared in 1665 . However , it was not until 1682 that periodicals began to be more widely produced . French and Latin were the dominant languages of publication , but there was also a steady demand for material in German and Dutch . There was generally low demand for English publications on the Continent , which was echoed by England 's similar lack of desire for French works . Languages commanding less of an international market -- such as Danish , Spanish and Portuguese -- found journal success more difficult and more often than not a more international language was used instead . French slowly took over Latin 's status as the lingua franca of learned circles . This in turn gave precedence to the publishing industry in Holland , where the vast majority of these French language periodicals were produced . Jonathan Israel called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture . They shifted the attention of the `` cultivated public '' away from established authorities to novelty and innovation and instead promoted the `` enlightened '' ideals of toleration and intellectual objectivity . Being a source of knowledge derived from science and reason , they were an implicit critique of existing notions of universal truth monopolized by monarchies , parliaments and religious authorities . They also advanced Christian enlightenment that upheld `` the legitimacy of God - ordained authority '' -- the Bible -- in which there had to be agreement between the biblical and natural theories . Encyclopedias and dictionaries ( edit ) First page of the Encyclopedie , published between 1751 and 1766 Although the existence of dictionaries and encyclopedias spanned into ancient times , the texts changed from simply defining words in a long running list to far more detailed discussions of those words in 18th - century encyclopedic dictionaries . The works were part of an Enlightenment movement to systematize knowledge and provide education to a wider audience than the elite . As the 18th century progressed , the content of encyclopedias also changed according to readers ' tastes . Volumes tended to focus more strongly on secular affairs , particularly science and technology , rather than matters of theology . Along with secular matters , readers also favoured an alphabetical ordering scheme over cumbersome works arranged along thematic lines . Commenting on alphabetization , the historian Charles Porset has said that `` as the zero degree of taxonomy , alphabetical order authorizes all reading strategies ; in this respect it could be considered an emblem of the Enlightenment '' . For Porset , the avoidance of thematic and hierarchical systems thus allows free interpretation of the works and becomes an example of egalitarianism . Encyclopedias and dictionaries also became more popular during the Age of Enlightenment as the number of educated consumers who could afford such texts began to multiply . In the later half of the 18th century , the number of dictionaries and encyclopedias published by decade increased from 63 between 1760 and 1769 to approximately 148 in the decade proceeding the French Revolution ( 1780 -- 1789 ) . Along with growth in numbers , dictionaries and encyclopedias also grew in length , often having multiple print runs that sometimes included in supplemented editions . The first technical dictionary was drafted by John Harris and entitled Lexicon Technicum : Or , An Universal English Dictionary of Arts and Sciences . Harris ' book avoided theological and biographical entries and instead it concentrated on science and technology . Published in 1704 , the Lexicon technicum was the first book to be written in English that took a methodical approach to describing mathematics and commercial arithmetic along with the physical sciences and navigation . Other technical dictionaries followed Harris ' model , including Ephraim Chambers ' Cyclopaedia ( 1728 ) , which included five editions and was a substantially larger work than Harris ' . The folio edition of the work even included foldout engravings . The Cyclopaedia emphasized Newtonian theories , Lockean philosophy and contained thorough examinations of technologies , such as engraving , brewing and dyeing . `` Figurative system of human knowledge '' , the structure that the Encyclopédie organised knowledge into -- it had three main branches : memory , reason and imagination In Germany , practical reference works intended for the uneducated majority became popular in the 18th century . The Marperger Curieuses Natur - , Kunst - , Berg - , Gewerkund Handlungs - Lexicon ( 1712 ) explained terms that usefully described the trades and scientific and commercial education . Jablonksi Allgemeines Lexicon ( 1721 ) was better known than the Handlungs - Lexicon and underscored technical subjects rather than scientific theory . For example , over five columns of text were dedicated to wine while geometry and logic were allocated only twenty - two and seventeen lines , respectively . The first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica ( 1771 ) was modelled along the same lines as the German lexicons . However , the prime example of reference works that systematized scientific knowledge in the age of Enlightenment were universal encyclopedias rather than technical dictionaries . It was the goal of universal encyclopedias to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work . The most well - known of these works is Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert 's Encyclopédie , ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences , des arts et des métiers . The work , which began publication in 1751 , was composed of thirty - five volumes and over 71 000 separate entries . A great number of the entries were dedicated to describing the sciences and crafts in detail and provided intellectuals across Europe with a high - quality survey of human knowledge . In d'Alembert's Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot , the work 's goal to record the extent of human knowledge in the arts and sciences is outlined : `` As an Encyclopédie , it is to set forth as well as possible the order and connection of the parts of human knowledge . As a Reasoned Dictionary of the Sciences , Arts , and Trades , it is to contain the general principles that form the basis of each science and each art , liberal or mechanical , and the most essential facts that make up the body and substance of each . '' The massive work was arranged according to a `` tree of knowledge '' . The tree reflected the marked division between the arts and sciences , which was largely a result of the rise of empiricism . Both areas of knowledge were united by philosophy , or the trunk of the tree of knowledge . The Enlightenment 's desacrilization of religion was pronounced in the tree 's design , particularly where theology accounted for a peripheral branch , with black magic as a close neighbour . As the Encyclopédie gained popularity , it was published in quarto and octavo editions after 1777 . The quarto and octavo editions were much less expensive than previous editions , making the Encyclopédie more accessible to the non-elite . Robert Darnton estimates that there were approximately 25 000 copies of the Encyclopédie in circulation throughout France and Europe before the French Revolution . The extensive , yet affordable encyclopedia came to represent the transmission of Enlightenment and scientific education to an expanding audience . Popularization of science ( edit ) One of the most important developments that the Enlightenment era brought to the discipline of science was its popularization . An increasingly literate population seeking knowledge and education in both the arts and the sciences drove the expansion of print culture and the dissemination of scientific learning . The new literate population was due to a high rise in the availability of food . This enabled many people to rise out of poverty , and instead of paying more for food , they had money for education . Popularization was generally part of an overarching Enlightenment ideal that endeavoured `` to make information available to the greatest number of people '' . As public interest in natural philosophy grew during the 18th century , public lecture courses and the publication of popular texts opened up new roads to money and fame for amateurs and scientists who remained on the periphery of universities and academies . More formal works included explanations of scientific theories for individuals lacking the educational background to comprehend the original scientific text . Sir Isaac Newton 's celebrated Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica was published in Latin and remained inaccessible to readers without education in the classics until Enlightenment writers began to translate and analyze the text in the vernacular . A portrait of Bernard de Fontenelle The first significant work that expressed scientific theory and knowledge expressly for the laity , in the vernacular and with the entertainment of readers in mind , was Bernard de Fontenelle 's Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds ( 1686 ) . The book was produced specifically for women with an interest in scientific writing and inspired a variety of similar works . These popular works were written in a discursive style , which was laid out much more clearly for the reader than the complicated articles , treatises and books published by the academies and scientists . Charles Leadbetter 's Astronomy ( 1727 ) was advertised as `` a Work entirely New '' that would include `` short and easie ( sic ) Rules and Astronomical Tables '' . The first French introduction to Newtonianism and the Principia was Eléments de la philosophie de Newton , published by Voltaire in 1738 . Émilie du Châtelet 's translation of the Principia , published after her death in 1756 , also helped to spread Newton 's theories beyond scientific academies and the university . Writing for a growing female audience , Francesco Algarotti published Il Newtonianism per le dame , which was a tremendously popular work and was translated from Italian into English by Elizabeth Carter . A similar introduction to Newtonianism for women was produced by Henry Pemberton . His A View of Sir Isaac Newton 's Philosophy was published by subscription . Extant records of subscribers show that women from a wide range of social standings purchased the book , indicating the growing number of scientifically inclined female readers among the middling class . During the Enlightenment , women also began producing popular scientific works themselves . Sarah Trimmer wrote a successful natural history textbook for children titled The Easy Introduction to the Knowledge of Nature ( 1782 ) , which was published for many years after in eleven editions . Schools and universities ( edit ) Main article : Education in the Age of Enlightenment Most work on the Enlightenment emphasizes the ideals discussed by intellectuals , rather than the actual state of education at the time . Leading educational theorists like England 's John Locke and Switzerland 's Jean Jacques Rousseau both emphasized the importance of shaping young minds early . By the late Enlightenment , there was a rising demand for a more universal approach to education , particularly after the American and French Revolutions . The predominant educational psychology from the 1750s onward , especially in northern European countries was associationism , the notion that the mind associates or dissociates ideas through repeated routines . In addition to being conducive to Enlightenment ideologies of liberty , self - determination and personal responsibility , it offered a practical theory of the mind that allowed teachers to transform longstanding forms of print and manuscript culture into effective graphic tools of learning for the lower and middle orders of society . Children were taught to memorize facts through oral and graphic methods that originated during the Renaissance . Many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles were located in northern Europe , with the most renowned being the universities of Leiden , Göttingen , Halle , Montpellier , Uppsala and Edinburgh . These universities , especially Edinburgh , produced professors whose ideas had a significant impact on Britain 's North American colonies and later the American Republic . Within the natural sciences , Edinburgh 's medical also led the way in chemistry , anatomy and pharmacology . In other parts of Europe , the universities and schools of France and most of Europe were bastions of traditionalism and were not hospitable to the Enlightenment . In France , the major exception was the medical university at Montpellier . Learned academies ( edit ) Louis XIV visiting the Académie des sciences in 1671 : `` It is widely accepted that ' modern science ' arose in the Europe of the 17th century , introducing a new understanding of the natural world '' -- Peter Barrett The history of Academies in France during the Enlightenment begins with the Academy of Science , founded in 1635 in Paris . It was closely tied to the French state , acting as an extension of a government seriously lacking in scientists . It helped promote and organize new disciplines and it trained new scientists . It also contributed to the enhancement of scientists ' social status , considering them to be the `` most useful of all citizens '' . Academies demonstrate the rising interest in science along with its increasing secularization , as evidenced by the small number of clerics who were members ( 13 percent ) . The presence of the French academies in the public sphere can not be attributed to their membership , as although the majority of their members were bourgeois , the exclusive institution was only open to elite Parisian scholars . They perceived themselves as `` interpreters of the sciences for the people '' . For example , it was with this in mind that academicians took it upon themselves to disprove the popular pseudo-science of mesmerism . The strongest contribution of the French Academies to the public sphere comes from the concours académiques ( roughly translated as `` academic contests '' ) they sponsored throughout France . These academic contests were perhaps the most public of any institution during the Enlightenment . The practice of contests dated back to the Middle Ages and was revived in the mid-17th century . The subject matter had previously been generally religious and / or monarchical , featuring essays , poetry and painting . However , by roughly 1725 this subject matter had radically expanded and diversified , including `` royal propaganda , philosophical battles , and critical ruminations on the social and political institutions of the Old Regime '' . Topics of public controversy were also discussed such as the theories of Newton and Descartes , the slave trade , women 's education and justice in France . Antoine Lavoisier conducting an experiment related to combustion generated by amplified sun light More importantly , the contests were open to all and the enforced anonymity of each submission guaranteed that neither gender nor social rank would determine the judging . Indeed , although the `` vast majority '' of participants belonged to the wealthier strata of society ( `` the liberal arts , the clergy , the judiciary and the medical profession '' ) , there were some cases of the popular classes submitting essays and even winning . Similarly , a significant number of women participated -- and won -- the competitions . Of a total of 2,300 prize competitions offered in France , women won 49 -- perhaps a small number by modern standards , but very significant in an age in which most women did not have any academic training . Indeed , the majority of the winning entries were for poetry competitions , a genre commonly stressed in women 's education . In England , the Royal Society of London also played a significant role in the public sphere and the spread of Enlightenment ideas . It was founded by a group of independent scientists and given a royal charter in 1662 . The Society played a large role in spreading Robert Boyle 's experimental philosophy around Europe and acted as a clearinghouse for intellectual correspondence and exchange . Boyle was `` a founder of the experimental world in which scientists now live and operate '' and his method based knowledge on experimentation , which had to be witnessed to provide proper empirical legitimacy . This is where the Royal Society came into play : witnessing had to be a `` collective act '' and the Royal Society 's assembly rooms were ideal locations for relatively public demonstrations . However , not just any witness was considered to be credible : `` Oxford professors were accounted more reliable witnesses than Oxfordshire peasants '' . Two factors were taken into account : a witness 's knowledge in the area and a witness 's `` moral constitution '' . In other words , only civil society were considered for Boyle 's public . Salons ( edit ) Main article : Historiography of the salon Coffeehouses ( edit ) Main articles : coffeehouse and English coffeehouses in the 17th and 18th centuries Coffeehouses were especially important to the spread of knowledge during the Enlightenment because they created a unique environment in which people from many different walks of life gathered and shared ideas . They were frequently criticized by nobles who feared the possibility of an environment in which class and its accompanying titles and privileges were disregarded . Such an environment was especially intimidating to monarchs who derived much of their power from the disparity between classes of people . If classes were to join together under the influence of Enlightenment thinking , they might recognize the all - encompassing oppression and abuses of their monarchs and because of their size might be able to carry out successful revolts . Monarchs also resented the idea of their subjects convening as one to discuss political matters , especially those concerning foreign affairs -- rulers thought political affairs to be their business only , a result of their supposed divine right to rule . Coffeehouses represent a turning point in history during which people discovered that they could have enjoyable social lives within their communities . Coffeeshops became homes away from home for many who sought , for the first time , to engage in discourse with their neighbors and discuss intriguing and thought - provoking matters , especially those regarding philosophy to politics . Coffeehouses were essential to the Enlightenment , for they were centers of free - thinking and self - discovery . Although many coffeehouse patrons were scholars , a great deal were not . Coffeehouses attracted a diverse set of people , including not only the educated wealthy but also members of the bourgeoisie and the lower class . While it may seem positive that patrons , being doctors , lawyers , merchants , etc. represented almost all classes , the coffeeshop environment sparked fear in those who sought to preserve class distinction . One of the most popular critiques of the coffeehouse claimed that it `` allowed promiscuous association among people from different rungs of the social ladder , from the artisan to the aristocrat '' and was therefore compared to Noah 's Ark , receiving all types of animals , clean or unclean . This unique culture served as a catalyst for journalism when Joseph Addison and Richard Steele recognized its potential as an audience . Together , Steele and Addison published The Spectator ( 1711 ) , a daily publication which aimed , through fictional narrator Mr. Spectator , both to entertain and to provoke discussion regarding serious philosophical matters . The first English coffeehouse opened in Oxford in 1650 . Brian Cowan said that Oxford coffeehouses developed into `` penny universities '' , offering a locus of learning that was less formal than structured institutions . These penny universities occupied a significant position in Oxford academic life , as they were frequented by those consequently referred to as the virtuosi , who conducted their research on some of the resulting premises . According to Cowan , `` the coffeehouse was a place for like - minded scholars to congregate , to read , as well as learn from and to debate with each other , but was emphatically not a university institution , and the discourse there was of a far different order than any university tutorial '' . The Café Procope was established in Paris in 1686 and by the 1720s there were around 400 cafés in the city . The Café Procope in particular became a center of Enlightenment , welcoming such celebrities as Voltaire and Rousseau . The Café Procope was where Diderot and D'Alembert decided to create the Encyclopédie . The cafés were one of the various `` nerve centers '' for bruits publics , public noise or rumour . These bruits were allegedly a much better source of information than were the actual newspapers available at the time . Debating societies ( edit ) Main article : London Debating Societies The debating societies are an example of the public sphere during the Enlightenment . Their origins include : Clubs of fifty or more men who , at the beginning of the 18th century , met in pubs to discuss religious issues and affairs of state . Mooting clubs , set up by law students to practice rhetoric . Spouting clubs , established to help actors train for theatrical roles . John Henley 's Oratory , which mixed outrageous sermons with even more absurd questions , like `` Whether Scotland be anywhere in the world ? '' . An example of a French salon In the late 1770s , popular debating societies began to move into more `` genteel '' rooms , a change which helped establish a new standard of sociability . The backdrop to these developments was `` an explosion of interest in the theory and practice of public elocution '' . The debating societies were commercial enterprises that responded to this demand , sometimes very successfully . Some societies welcomed from 800 to 1,200 spectators a night . The debating societies discussed an extremely wide range of topics . Before the Enlightenment , most intellectual debates revolved around `` confessional '' -- that is , Catholic , Lutheran , Reformed ( Calvinist ) or Anglican issues and the main aim of these debates was to establish which bloc of faith ought to have the `` monopoly of truth and a God - given title to authority '' . After this date , everything thus previously rooted in tradition was questioned and often replaced by new concepts in the light of philosophical reason . After the second half of the 17th century and during the 18th century , a `` general process of rationalization and secularization set in '' and confessional disputes were reduced to a secondary status in favor of the `` escalating contest between faith and incredulity '' . In addition to debates on religion , societies discussed issues such as politics and the role of women . However , it is important to note that the critical subject matter of these debates did not necessarily translate into opposition to the government . In other words , the results of the debate quite frequently upheld the status quo . From a historical standpoint , one of the most important features of the debating society was their openness to the public , as women attended and even participated in almost every debating society , which were likewise open to all classes providing they could pay the entrance fee . Once inside , spectators were able to participate in a largely egalitarian form of sociability that helped spread Enlightenment ideas . Masonic lodges ( edit ) Masonic initiation ceremony Historians have long debated the extent to which the secret network of Freemasonry was a main factor in the Enlightenment . The leaders of the Enlightenment included Freemasons such as Diderot , Montesquieu , Voltaire , Lessing , Pope , Horace Walpole , Sir Robert Walpole , Mozart , Goethe , Frederick the Great , Benjamin Franklin and George Washington . Norman Davies said that Freemasonry was a powerful force on behalf of liberalism in Europe from about 1700 to the twentieth century . It expanded rapidly during the Age of Enlightenment , reaching practically every country in Europe . It was especially attractive to powerful aristocrats and politicians as well as intellectuals , artists and political activists . During the Age of Enlightenment , Freemasons comprised an international network of like - minded men , often meeting in secret in ritualistic programs at their lodges . They promoted the ideals of the Enlightenment and helped diffuse these values across Britain and France and other places . Freemasonry as a systematic creed with its own myths , values and set of rituals originated in Scotland around 1600 and spread first to England and then across the Continent in the eighteenth century . They fostered new codes of conduct -- including a communal understanding of liberty and equality inherited from guild sociability -- `` liberty , fraternity and equality '' . Scottish soldiers and Jacobite Scots brought to the Continent ideals of fraternity which reflected not the local system of Scottish customs but the institutions and ideals originating in the English Revolution against royal absolutism . Freemasonry was particularly prevalent in France -- by 1789 , there were perhaps as many as 100,000 French Masons , making Freemasonry the most popular of all Enlightenment associations . The Freemasons displayed a passion for secrecy and created new degrees and ceremonies . Similar societies , partially imitating Freemasonry , emerged in France , Germany , Sweden and Russia . One example was the Illuminati founded in Bavaria in 1776 , which was copied after the Freemasons , but was never part of the movement . The Illuminati was an overtly political group , which most Masonic lodges decidedly were not . Masonic lodges created a private model for public affairs . They `` reconstituted the polity and established a constitutional form of self - government , complete with constitutions and laws , elections and representatives '' . In other words , the micro-society set up within the lodges constituted a normative model for society as a whole . This was especially true on the continent : when the first lodges began to appear in the 1730s , their embodiment of British values was often seen as threatening by state authorities . For example , the Parisian lodge that met in the mid 1720s was composed of English Jacobite exiles . Furthermore , freemasons all across Europe explicitly linked themselves to the Enlightenment as a whole . For example , in French lodges the line `` As the means to be enlightened I search for the enlightened '' was a part of their initiation rites . British lodges assigned themselves the duty to `` initiate the unenlightened '' . This did not necessarily link lodges to the irreligious , but neither did this exclude them from the occasional heresy . In fact , many lodges praised the Grand Architect , the masonic terminology for the deistic divine being who created a scientifically ordered universe . German historian Reinhart Koselleck claimed : `` On the Continent there were two social structures that left a decisive imprint on the Age of Enlightenment : the Republic of Letters and the Masonic lodges '' . Scottish professor Thomas Munck argues that `` although the Masons did promote international and cross-social contacts which were essentially non-religious and broadly in agreement with enlightened values , they can hardly be described as a major radical or reformist network in their own right '' . Many of the Masons values seemed to greatly appeal to Enlightenment values and thinkers . Diderot discusses the link between Freemason ideals and the enlightenment in D'Alembert's Dream , exploring masonry as a way of spreading enlightenment beliefs . Historian Margaret Jacob stresses the importance of the Masons in indirectly inspiring enlightened political thought . On the negative side , Daniel Roche contests claims that Masonry promoted egalitarianism and he argues that the lodges only attracted men of similar social backgrounds . The presence of noble women in the French `` lodges of adoption '' that formed in the 1780s was largely due to the close ties shared between these lodges and aristocratic society . The major opponent of Freemasonry was the Roman Catholic Church so that in countries with a large Catholic element , such as France , Italy , Spain and Mexico , much of the ferocity of the political battles involve the confrontation between what Davies calls the reactionary Church and enlightened Freemasonry . Even in France , Masons did not act as a group . American historians , while noting that Benjamin Franklin and George Washington were indeed active Masons , have downplayed the importance of Freemasonry in causing the American Revolution because the Masonic order was non-political and included both Patriots and their enemy the Loyalists . Important intellectuals ( edit ) Main article : List of intellectuals of the Enlightenment See also ( edit ) 1755 Lisbon earthquake Atlantic Revolutions ( American Revolution , French Revolution , Latin American Revolutions , etc . ) Dark Enlightenment Education in the Age of Enlightenment European and American voyages of scientific exploration Regional Enlightenments : American Enlightenment Haskalah , `` Jewish Enlightenment '' Modern Greek Enlightenment Polish Enlightenment Russian Enlightenment Scottish Enlightenment Spanish Enlightenment References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Roberson , Rusty ( 2016 ) , `` Enlightened Piety during the Age of Benevolence : The Christian Knowledge Movement in the British Atlantic World '' , Church History , 85 ( 2 ) : 246 , doi : 10.1017 / S0009640716000391 Jump up ^ `` Enlightenment '' , Encyclopædia Britannica , Encyclopædia Britannica Online , Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. , 2016 , retrieved 13 June 2016 Jump up ^ `` The Age of Enlightenment : A History From Beginning to End : Chapter 3 '' . publishinghau5.com . 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See also Alexis de Tocqueville , L'Ancien Régime et la Révolution , 1850 , Book Three , Chapter One . Jump up ^ Chartier , 13 . Jump up ^ Israel 2010 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Margaret C. Jacob , ed . The Enlightenment : Brief History with Documents , Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's , 2001 , Introduction , pp. 1 -- 72 . Jump up ^ Locke , John ( 1695 ) . Reasonableness of Christianity . `` Preface '' The Reasonableness of Christianity , as delivered in the Scriptures . Jump up ^ R.B. Bernstein ( 2003 ) . Thomas Jefferson . Oxford University Press . p. 179 . ISBN 9780199758449 . Jump up ^ Ole Peter Grell ; Roy Porter ( 2000 ) . Toleration in Enlightenment Europe . Cambridge University Press . pp. 1 -- 68 . ISBN 9780521651967 . Jump up ^ Baruch Spinoza , Theologico - Political Treatise , `` Preface , '' 1677 , gutenberg.com Jump up ^ Mendelssohn , Moses ( 1783 ) . `` Jerusalem : Or on Religious Power and Judaism '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Willi Goetschel ( 2004 ) . Spinoza 's Modernity : Mendelssohn , Lessing , and Heine . Univ of Wisconsin Press . p. 126 . ISBN 9780299190835 . Jump up ^ Thomas Paine , Of the Religion of Deism Compared with the Christian Religion , 1804 , Internet History Sourcebook Jump up ^ Ellen Judy Wilson ; Peter Hanns Reill ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia Of The Enlightenment . Infobase Publishing . p. 148 . ISBN 9781438110219 . Jump up ^ Wilson and Reill ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia Of The Enlightenment . Infobase Publishing . p. 26 . ISBN 9781438110219 . Jump up ^ Anthony Pagden ( 2013 ) . The Enlightenment : And Why it Still Matters . Oxford University Press . p. 100 . ISBN 9780199660933 . Jump up ^ Stuart Brown ( 2003 ) . British Philosophy and the Age of Enlightenment : Routledge History of Philosophy . Taylor & Francis . p. 256 . ISBN 9780415308779 . Jump up ^ Pierre Bayle ( 1741 ) . A general dictionary : historical and critical : in which a new and accurate translation of that of the celebrated Mr. Bayle , with the corrections and observations printed in the late edition at Paris , is included ; and interspersed with several thousand lives never before published . The whole containing the history of the most illustrious persons of all ages and nations particularly those of Great Britain and Ireland , distinguished by their rank , actions , learning and other accomplishments . With reflections on such passages of Bayle , as seem to favor scepticism and the Manichee system . p. 778 . Jump up ^ ENR / / AgencyND / / University of Notre Dame . `` God , Locke and Equality : Christian Foundations of Locke 's Political Thought '' . nd.edu . Jump up ^ Israel 2011 , pp. 11 . Jump up ^ Israel 2010 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Israel 2010 , pp. vii -- viii . Jump up ^ Feldman , Noah ( 2005 ) . Divided by God . Farrar , Straus and Giroux , p. 29 ( `` It took John Locke to translate the demand for liberty of conscience into a systematic argument for distinguishing the realm of government from the realm of religion . '' ) Jump up ^ Feldman , Noah ( 2005 ) . Divided by God . Farrar , Straus and Giroux , p. 29 Jump up ^ Ferling , 2000 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Mayer , 1994 p. 76 Jump up ^ Hayes , 2008 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Cogliano , 2003 , p. 14 Jump up ^ David N. Livingstone and Charles W.J. Withers , Geography and Enlightenment ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Peter Gay , ed . The Enlightenment : A comprehensive anthology ( 1973 ) p 14 Jump up ^ Roy Porter , `` England '' in Alan Charles Kors , ed. , Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment ( 2003 ) 1 : 409 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Karen O'Brien , `` English Enlightenment Histories , 1750 -- c. 1815 '' in José Rabasa , ed. ( 2012 ) . The Oxford History of Historical Writing : Volume 3 : 1400 - 1800 . OUP Oxford . p. 518 -- 35 . ISBN 9780199219179 . Jump up ^ Roy Porter , The creation of the modern world : the untold story of the British Enlightenment ( 2000 ) , pp 1 -- 12 , 482 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Israel 2011 , pp. 248 -- 49 . Jump up ^ A. Herman , How the Scots Invented the Modern World ( Crown Publishing Group , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Harrison , Lawrence E. ( 2012 ) . Jews , Confucians , and Protestants : Cultural Capital and the End of Multiculturalism . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 92 . ISBN 9781442219649 . Jump up ^ J. Repcheck , The Man Who Found Time : James Hutton and the Discovery of the Earth 's Antiquity ( Basic Books , 2003 ) , pp. 117 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Henry F. May , The Enlightenment in America ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Michael Atiyah , `` Benjamin Franklin and the Edinburgh Enlightenment , '' Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society ( Dec 2006 ) 150 # 4 pp. 591 -- 606 . Jump up ^ Jack Fruchtman , Jr. , Atlantic Cousins : Benjamin Franklin and His Visionary Friends ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Charles C. Mann , 1491 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Paul M. Spurlin , Montesquieu in America , 1760 -- 1801 ( 1941 ) Jump up ^ `` The Founding Fathers , Deism , and Christianity '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Charles W. Ingrao , `` A Pre-Revolutionary Sonderweg . '' German History 20 # 3 ( 2002 ) , pp 279 - 286 . Jump up ^ Katrin Keller , `` Saxony : Rétablissement and Enlightened Absolutism . '' German History 20.3 ( 2002 ) : 309 - 331 . Jump up ^ Gagliardo , John G. ( 1991 ) . Germany under the Old Regime , 1600 -- 1790 . pp. 217 -- 34 , 375 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Richter , Simon J. , ed. ( 2005 ) , The Literature of Weimar Classicism Jump up ^ Owens , Samantha ; Reul , Barbara M. ; Stockigt , Janice B. , eds. ( 2011 ) . Music at German Courts , 1715 -- 1760 : Changing Artistic Priorities . Jump up ^ Kuehn , Manfred ( 2001 ) . Kant : A Biography . Jump up ^ Van Dulmen , Richard ; Williams , Anthony , eds. ( 1992 ) . The Society of the Enlightenment : The Rise of the Middle Class and Enlightenment Culture in Germany . Jump up ^ Thomas P. Saine , The Problem of Being Modern , or the German Pursuit of Enlightenment from Leibniz to the French Revolution ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Michael J. Sauter , `` The Enlightenment on trial : state service and social discipline in eighteenth - century Germany 's public sphere . '' Modern Intellectual History 5.2 ( 2008 ) : 195 - 223 . Jump up ^ Dino Carpanetto and Giuseppe Ricuperati , Italy in the Age of Reason , 1685 - 1789 ( 1987 ) . Jump up ^ Burr Litchfield , `` Italy '' in Kors , ed. , Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment ( 2003 ) 2 : 270 - 76 Jump up ^ Niccolò Guasti , `` Antonio genovesi 's Diceosina : Source of the Neapolitan Enlightenment . '' History of European ideas 32.4 ( 2006 ) : 385 - 405 . Jump up ^ Pier Luigi Porta , `` Lombard enlightenment and classical political economy . '' The European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 18.4 ( 2011 ) : 521 - 550 . Jump up ^ Franco Venturi , Italy and the Enlightenment : studies in a cosmopolitan century ( 1972 ) online Jump up ^ Anna Maria Rao , `` Enlightenment and reform : an overview of culture and politics in Enlightenment Italy . '' Journal of Modern Italian Studies 10.2 ( 2005 ) : 142 - 167 . Jump up ^ Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter , `` Thoughts on the Enlightenment and Enlightenment in Russia '' , Modern Russian History & Historiography , 2009 , Vol. 2 Issue 2 , pp. 1 -- 26 Jump up ^ Israel 2011 , pp. 609 -- 632 . Jump up ^ Colum Leckey , `` What is Prosveshchenie ? Nikolai Novikov 's Historical Dictionary of Russian Writers Revisited . '' Russian History 37.4 ( 2010 ) : 360 - 377 . Jump up ^ Maciej Janowski , `` Warsaw and Its Intelligentsia : Urban Space and Social Change , 1750 - 1831 . '' Acta Poloniae Historica 100 ( 2009 ) : 57 - 77 . Jump up ^ Richard Butterwick , `` What is Enlightenment ( oświecenie ) ? Some Polish Answers , 1765 -- 1820 . '' Central Europe 3.1 ( 2005 ) : 19 - 37 . online Jump up ^ Jerzy Snopek , `` The Polish Literature of the Enlightenment . '' ( PDF 122 KB ) Poland.pl . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Keith Thomas , `` The Great Fight Over the Enlightenment , '' The New York Review April 3 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Thomas , 2014 Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , 3rd Edn ( revised ) Jump up ^ Lough , John ( 1985 ) . `` Reflections on Enlightenment and Lumieres '' . Journal for Eighteenth - Century Studies . Journal for Eighteenth - Century Studies . 8 # 1 : 1 -- 15 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1754 - 0208.1985. tb00093. x . Jump up ^ Jean le Rond d'Alembert , Discours préliminaire de l'Encyclopédie Jump up ^ Outram , 1 . The past tense is used deliberately as whether man would educate himself or be educated by certain exemplary figures was a common issue at the time . D'Alembert's introduction to l'Encyclopédie , for example , along with Immanuel Kant 's essay response ( the `` independent thinkers '' ) , both support the later model . Jump up ^ Immanuel Kant , `` What is Enlightenment ? '' , 1 . Jump up ^ Porter 2001 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Ernst Cassirer , The Philosophy of the Enlightenment , ( 1951 ) , p. vi Jump up ^ Porter 2001 , p. 70 ^ Jump up to : Russell , Bertrand . A History of Western Philosophy . pp. 492 -- 94 Jump up ^ Israel 2010 , pp. 49 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Israel 2006 , pp. v -- viii . Jump up ^ Israel 2001 , pp. 3 . Jump up ^ J.B. Shank , The Newton Wars and the Beginning of the French Enlightenment ( 2008 ) , `` Introduction '' Jump up ^ Martin Heidegger ( 1938 ) ( 2002 ) The Age of the World Picture quotation : For up to Descartes ... a particular sub-iectum ... lies at the foundation of its own fixed qualities and changing circumstances . The superiority of a sub-iectum ... arises out of the claim of man to a ... self - supported , unshakeable foundation of truth , in the sense of certainty . Why and how does this claim acquire its decisive authority ? The claim originates in that emancipation of man in which he frees himself from obligation to Christian revelational truth and Church doctrine to a legislating for himself that takes its stand upon itself . Jump up ^ Ingraffia , Brian D. ( 1995 ) Postmodern theory and biblical theology : vanquishing God 's shadow p. 126 Jump up ^ Norman K. Swazo ( 2002 ) Crisis theory and world order : Heideggerian reflections pp. 97 -- 99 Jump up ^ Frost , Martin ( 2008 ) , The age of Enlightenment , archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 10 , retrieved 2008 - 01 - 18 Jump up ^ Theodor W. Adorno ; Max Horkheimer ( 1947 ) . `` The Concept of Enlightenment '' . In G.S. Noerr . Dialectic of Enlightenment : Philosophical Fragments . Translated by E. Jephcott . Stanford : Stanford University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 9781859841549 . Jump up ^ Outram , 6 . See also , A. Owen Alridge ( ed . ) , The Ibero - American Enlightenment ( 1971 ). , Franco Venturi , The End of the Old Regime in Europe 1768 -- 1776 : The First Crisis . Jump up ^ For example , Robert Darnton , Roger Chartier , Brian Cowan , Donna T. Andrew . Jump up ^ James Van Horn Melton , The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe ( 2001 ) , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Jürgen Habermas , The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere , ( 1989 ) , pp. 36 , 37 . Jump up ^ Melton , 8 . Jump up ^ Nicolaas A. Rupke ( 2008 ) . `` Alexander Von Humboldt : A Metabiography '' . University of Chicago Press . p. 138 ISBN 0 - 226 - 73149 - 9 Jump up ^ Melton , 4 , 5 . Habermas , 14 -- 26 . Jump up ^ Daniel Brewer , ed. ( 2014 ) . The Cambridge Companion to the French Enlightenment . Cambridge UP . pp. 91ff . ISBN 9781316194324 . Jump up ^ Outram , Dorinda . The Enlightenment ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge University Press , 2005 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Outram 2005 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Chartier , 27 . Jump up ^ Mona Ozouf , `` ' Public Opinion ' at the End of the Old Regime Jump up ^ David Beard and Kenneth Gloag , Musicology , The Key Concepts ( New York : Routledge , 2005 ) , 58 . Jump up ^ J. Peter Burkholder , Donald J. Grout and Claude V. Palisca , A History of Western Music , Seventh Edition , ( New York : W.W. Norton & Company , Inc. , 2006 ) , 475 . ^ Jump up to : Beard and Gloag , Musicology , 59 . ^ Jump up to : Beard and Gloag , Musicology , 60 . ^ Jump up to : Burkholder , Grout and Palisca , A History of Western Music , 475 . ^ Jump up to : Outram , 21 . Jump up ^ Chartier , 26 . Jump up ^ Chartier , 26 , 26 . Kant , `` What is Enlightenment ? '' Jump up ^ Outram , 23 . Jump up ^ Goodman , 3 . Jump up ^ Dena Goodman , The Republic of Letters : A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment ( 1994 ) , 53 . Jump up ^ Carla Hesse , The Other Enlightenment : How French Women Became Modern ( 2001 ) , 42 . Jump up ^ Crébillon fils , quoted from Darnton , The Literary Underground , 17 . Jump up ^ Darnton , The Literary Underground , 19 , 20 . Jump up ^ Darnton , `` The Literary Underground '' , 21 , 23 . Jump up ^ Darnton , The Literary Underground , 29 Jump up ^ Outram , 22 . Jump up ^ Darnton , The Literary Underground , 35 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Outram , 17 , 20 . Jump up ^ Darnton , `` The Literary Underground '' , 16 . Jump up ^ from Outram , 19 . See Rolf Engelsing , `` Die Perioden der Lesergeschichte in der Neuzeit . Das statische Ausmass und die soziokulturelle Bedeutung der Lektüre '' , Archiv für Geschichte des Buchwesens , 10 ( 1969 ) , cols. 944 -- 1002 and Der Bürger als Leser : Lesergeschichte in Deutschland , 1500 -- 1800 ( Stuttgart , 1974 ) . Jump up ^ `` history of publishing : : Developments in the 18th century '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ Outram , 27 -- 29 Jump up ^ Erin Mackie , The Commerce of Everyday Life : Selections from The Tatler and The Spectator ( Boston : Bedford / St. Martin 's , 1998 ) , 16 . Jump up ^ See Mackie , Darnton , An Early Information Society Jump up ^ In particular , see Chapter 6 , `` Reading , Writing and Publishing '' Jump up ^ See Darnton , The Literary Underground , 184 . ^ Jump up to : Darnton , The Literary Underground , 135 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Darnton , The Business of Enlightenment , 12 , 13 . For a more detailed description of French censorship laws , see Darnton , The Literary Underground Jump up ^ Eddy , Matthew Daniel ( 2008 ) . The Language of Mineralogy : John Walker , Chemistry and the Edinburgh Medical School , 1750 -- 1800 . Ashgate . Jump up ^ Emma Spary , `` The ' Nature ' of Enlightenment '' in The Sciences in Enlightened Europe , William Clark , Jan Golinski , and Steven Schaffer , eds . ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1999 ) , 281 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Spary , 289 -- 93 . Jump up ^ See Thomas Laqueur , Making sex : body and gender from the Greeks to Freud ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Israel 2001 , pp. 143 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Israel 2001 , pp. 142 . Jump up ^ Israel 2001 , pp. 150 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Headrick , ( 2000 ) , p. 144 . ^ Jump up to : Headrick , ( 2000 ) , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Porter , ( 2003 ) , pp. 249 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Headrick , ( 2000 ) , p. 168 ) Jump up ^ Headrick , ( 2000 ) , pp. 150 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Headrick , ( 2000 ) , p. 153 . Jump up ^ d'Alembert , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Darnton , ( 1979 ) , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Darnton , ( 1979 ) , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Darnton , ( 1979 ) , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Jacob , ( 1988 ) , p. 191 ; Melton , ( 2001 ) , pp. 82 -- 83 Jump up ^ Headrick , ( 2000 ) , p. 15 Jump up ^ Headrick , ( 2000 ) , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Phillips , ( 1991 ) , pp. 85 , 90 Jump up ^ Phillips , ( 1991 ) , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Porter , ( 2003 ) , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Porter , ( 2003 ) , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Phillips , ( 1991 ) , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Phillips , ( 1991 ) , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Eddy , Matthew Daniel ( 2013 ) . `` The Shape of Knowledge : Children and the Visual Culture of Literacy and Numeracy '' . Science in Context. 26 ( 2 ) : 215 -- 245 . doi : 10.1017 / s0269889713000045 . Jump up ^ Hotson , Howard ( 2007 ) . Commonplace Learning : Ramism and Its German Ramifications 1543 -- 1630 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Eddy , Matthew Daniel ( 2008 ) . The Language of Mineralogy : John Walker , Chemistry and the Edinburgh Medical School , 1750 -- 1800 . Aldershot : Ashgate . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Williams , A Cultural History of Medical Vitalism in Enlightenment Montpellier ( 2003 ) p. 50 Jump up ^ Peter Barrett ( 2004 ) , Science and Theology Since Copernicus : The Search for Understanding , p. 14 , Continuum International Publishing Group , ISBN 0 - 567 - 08969 - X Jump up ^ Daniel Roche , France in the Enlightenment , ( 1998 ) , 420 . Jump up ^ Roche , 515 , 516 . Jump up ^ Caradonna JL . Annales , `` Prendre part au siècle des Lumières : Le concours académique et la culture intellectuelle au XVIIIe siècle '' Jump up ^ Jeremy L. Caradonna , `` Prendre part au siècle des Lumières : Le concours académique et la culture intellectuelle au XVIIIe siècle '' , Annales . Histoire , Sciences sociales , vol. 64 ( mai - juin 2009 ) , n. 3 , 633 -- 62 . Jump up ^ Caradonna , 634 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Caradonna , 653 -- 54 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Charters '' . royalsociety.org . Jump up ^ Steven Shapin , A Social History of Truth : Civility and Science in Seventeenth - Century England , Chicago ; London : University of Chicago Press , 1994 . Jump up ^ Steven Shapin and Simon Schaffer , Leviathan and the Air - Pump : Hobbes , Boyle , and the Experimental Life ( Princeton : Princeton University Press , 1985 ) , 5 , 56 , 57 . This same desire for multiple witnesses led to attempts at replication in other locations and a complex iconography and literary technology developed to provide visual and written proof of experimentation . See pp. 59 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Shapin and Schaffer , 58 , 59 . Jump up ^ Klein , Lawrence E. ( 1 January 1996 ) . `` Coffeehouse Civility , 1660 - 1714 : An Aspect of Post-Courtly Culture in England '' . Huntington Library Quarterly . 59 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 51 . doi : 10.2307 / 3817904 . JSTOR 3817904 -- via JSTOR . Jump up ^ Klein , 35 . Jump up ^ Cowan , 90 , 91 . Jump up ^ Colin Jones , Paris : Biography of a City ( New York : Viking , 2004 ) , 188 , 189 . Jump up ^ Darnton , Robert ( 2000 ) . `` An Early Information Society : News and the Media in Eighteenth - Century Paris '' . 105 # 1 . American Historical Review : 1 -- 35 . JSTOR 2652433 . Jump up ^ Donna T. Andrew , `` Popular Culture and Public Debate : London 1780 '' , This Historical Journal , Vol. 39 , No. 2 . ( June 1996 ) , pp. 405 -- 423 . Jump up ^ Andrew , 406 . Andrew gives the name as `` William Henley '' , which must be a lapse of writing . Jump up ^ Andrew , 408 . Jump up ^ Andrew , 406 -- 08 , 411 . ^ Jump up to : Israel 2001 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Andrew , 412 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Andrew , 422 . Jump up ^ Maynard Mack , Alexander Pope : A Life , Yale University Press , 1985 pages 437 - 440 . Pope , a Catholic , was a Freemason in 1730 , eight years before membership was prohibited by the Catholic Church ( 1738 ) . Pope 's name is on the membership list of the Goat Tavern Lodge ( p. 439 ) . Pope 's name appears on a 1723 list and a 1730 list . Jump up ^ J.A. Leo Lemay ( 2013 ) . The Life of Benjamin Franklin , Volume 2 : Printer and Publisher , 1730 -- 1747 . University of Pennsylvania Press . pp. 83 -- 92 . ISBN 9780812209297 . Jump up ^ Bullock , Steven C. ( 1996 ) . `` Initiating the Enlightenment ? : Recent Scholarship on European Freemasonry '' . Eighteenth - Century Life . 20 ( 1 ) : 81 . Jump up ^ Norman Davies , Europe : A History ( 1996 ) pp. 634 -- 35 Jump up ^ Margaret C. Jacob 's seminal work on Enlightenment freemasonry , Margaret C. Jacob , Living the Enlightenment : Free masonry and Politics in Eighteenth - Century Europe ( Oxford University Press , 1991 ) p. 49 . Jump up ^ Margaret C. Jacob , `` Polite worlds of Enlightenment , '' in Martin Fitzpatrick and Peter Jones , eds . The Enlightenment World ( Routledge , 2004 ) pp. 272 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Roche , 436 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick and Jones , eds . The Enlightenment World p. 281 Jump up ^ Jacob , pp. 20 , 73 , 89 . Jump up ^ Jacob , 145 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Reinhart Koselleck , Critique and Crisis , p. 62 , ( The MIT Press , 1988 ) Jump up ^ Thomas Munck , 1994 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Denis Diderot ( 1769 ) . `` D'Alembert's Dream '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Margaret C. Jacob , Living the Enlightenment : Freemasonry and politics in eighteenth - century Europe ( Oxford University Press , 1991 . ) Jump up ^ Roche , 437 . Jump up ^ Jacob , 139 . See also Janet M. Burke , `` Freemasonry , Friendship and Noblewomen : The Role of the Secret Society in Bringing Enlightenment Thought to Pre-Revolutionary Women Elites '' , History of European Ideas 10 no . 3 ( 1989 ) : 283 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Davies , Europe : A History ( 1996 ) pp. 634 -- 35 Jump up ^ Richard Weisberger et al. , eds. , Freemasonry on both sides of the Atlantic : essays concerning the craft in the British Isles , Europe , the United States , and Mexico ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ Robert R. Palmer , The Age of the Democratic Revolution : The struggle ( 1970 ) p. 53 Jump up ^ Neil L. York , `` Freemasons and the American Revolution '' , The Historian Volume : 55 . Issue : 2 . 1993 , pp. 315 + . Further reading ( edit ) Reference and surveys ( edit ) Becker , Carl L. The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth - Century Philosophers. ( 1932 ) , a famous short classic Bronner , Stephen . The Great Divide : The Enlightenment and its Critics ( 1995 ) Burns , William . Science in the Enlightenment : An Encyclopædia ( 2003 ) 353pp Chisick , Harvey . Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment. 2005 . 512 pp . Delon , Michel . Encyclopædia of the Enlightenment ( 2001 ) 1480 pp . Dupre , Louis . The Enlightenment & the Intellectual Foundations of Modern Culture 2004 Gay , Peter . The Enlightenment : The Rise of Modern Paganism ( 1966 , 2nd ed. 1995 ) , 952 pp. excerpt and text search vol 1 ; The Enlightenment : The Science of Freedom , ( 1969 2nd ed. 1995 ) , a highly influential study excerpt and text search vol 2 ; Greensides F , Hyland P , Gomez O ( ed . ) . The Enlightenment ( 2002 ) Fitzpatrick , Martin et al. , eds . The Enlightenment World . ( 2004 ) . 714 pp. 39 essays by scholars Hampson , Norman . The Enlightenment ( 1981 ) online Hazard , Paul . European thought in the 18th century : From Montesquieu to Lessing ( 1965 ) Himmelfarb , Gertrude . The Roads to Modernity : The British , French , and American Enlightenments ( 2004 ) excerpt and text search Israel , Jonathan I. ( 2010 ) . A Revolution of the Mind : Radical Enlightenment and the Intellectual Origins of Modern Democracy . Princeton . Jacob , Margaret Enlightenment : A Brief History with Documents 2000 Kors , Alan Charles . Encyclopædia of the Enlightenment ( 4 vol. 1990 ; 2nd ed. 2003 ) , 1984 pp. excerpt and text search Munck , Thomas . Enlightenment : A Comparative Social History , 1721 -- 1794 England . ( 1994 ) Outram , Dorinda . The Enlightenment ( 1995 ) 157 pp. excerpt and text search ; also online Outram , Dorinda . Panorama of the Enlightenment ( 2006 ) , emphasis on Germany ; heavily illustrated Porter , Roy ( 2001 ) , The Enlightenment ( 2nd ed . ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 333 - 94505 - 6 Petitfils , Jean - Christian ( 2005 ) . Louis XVI . Perrin . ISBN 2 - 7441 - 9130 - 2 . Sarmant , Thierry ( 2012 ) . Histoire de Paris : Politique , urbanisme , civilisation . Editions Jean - Paul Gisserot . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7558 - 0330 - 3 . Reill , Peter Hanns , and Wilson , Ellen Judy . Encyclopædia of the Enlightenment . ( 2nd ed. 2004 ) . 670 pp . Warman , Caroline ; et al. ( 2016 ) , Tolerance : The Beacon of the Englightenment , ISBN 9781783742035 Yolton , John W. et al . The Blackwell Companion to the Enlightenment. ( 1992 ) . 581 pp . Specialty studies ( edit ) Aldridge , A. Owen ( ed . ) . The Ibero - American Enlightenment ( 1971 ) . Andrew , Donna T. `` Popular Culture and Public Debate : London 1780 '' . The Historical Journal , Vol. 39 , No. 2 . ( June 1996 ) , pp. 405 -- 23 . in JSTOR Artz , Frederick B . The Enlightenment in France ( 1998 ) online Brewer , Daniel . The Enlightenment Past : reconstructing 18th - century French thought . ( 2008 ) . Broadie , Alexander . The Scottish Enlightenment : The Historical Age of the Historical Nation ( 2007 ) Broadie , Alexander . The Cambridge Companion to the Scottish Enlightenment ( 2003 ) excerpt and text search Bronner , Stephen . Reclaiming the Enlightenment : Toward a Politics of Radical Engagement , 2004 Brown , Stuart , ed . British Philosophy in the Age of Enlightenment ( 2002 ) Buchan , James . Crowded with Genius : The Scottish Enlightenment : Edinburgh 's Moment of the Mind ( 2004 ) excerpt and text search Campbell , R.S. and Skinner , A.S. , ( eds . ) The Origins and Nature of the Scottish Enlightenment , Edinburgh , 1982 Cassirer , Ernst . The Philosophy of the Enlightenment. 1955 . a highly influential study by a neoKantian philosopher excerpt and text search Chartier , Roger . The Cultural Origins of the French Revolution . Translated by Lydia G. Cochrane . Duke University Press , 1991 . Cowan , Brian , The Social Life of Coffee : The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse . New Haven : Yale University Press , 2005 Darnton , Robert . The Literary Underground of the Old Regime. ( 1982 ) . Europe in the age of enlightenment and revolution . New York : The Metropolitan Museum of Art . 1989 . ISBN 0 - 87099 - 451 - 4 . Edelstein , Dan . The Enlightenment : A Genealogy ( University of Chicago Press ; 2010 ) 209 pp . Golinski , Jan ( 2011 ) . `` Science in the Enlightenment , Revisited '' . History of Science . 49 ( 2 ) : 217 -- 231 . Bibcode : 2011HisSc ... 49 ... 217G . Goodman , Dena . The Republic of Letters : A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment. ( 1994 ) . Hesse , Carla . The Other Enlightenment : How French Women Became Modern . Princeton : Princeton University Press , 2001 . Hankins , Thomas L. Science and the Enlightenment ( 1985 ) . Israel , Jonathan I. ( 2001 ) . Radical Enlightenment ; Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1650 -- 1750 . Oxford University Press . Israel , Jonathan I. ( 2006 ) . Enlightenment Contested . Oxford University Press . Israel , Jonathan I. ( 2011 ) . Democratic Enlightenment : Philosophy , Revolution , and Human Rights 1750 -- 1790 . Oxford University Press . May , Henry F. The Enlightenment in America . 1976 . 419 pp . Melton , James Van Horn . The Rise of the Public in Enlightenment Europe . ( 2001 ) . Porter , Roy . The Creation of the Modern World : The Untold Story of the British Enlightenment. 2000 . 608 pp. excerpt and text search Redkop , Benjamin . The Enlightenment and Community , 1999 Reid - Maroney , Nina . Philadelphia 's Enlightenment , 1740 -- 1800 : Kingdom of Christ , Empire of Reason . 2001 . 199 pp . Roche , Daniel . France in the Enlightenment. ( 1998 ) . Schmidt , James . `` Inventing the Enlightenment : Anti-Jacobins , British Hegelians , and the ' Oxford English Dictionary ' '' . Journal of the History of Ideas. 64 ( 3 ) : 421 -- 443 . JSTOR 3654234 . Sorkin , David . The Religious Enlightenment : Protestants , Jews , and Catholics from London to Vienna ( 2008 ) Staloff , Darren. Hamilton , Adams , Jefferson : The Politics of Enlightenment and the American Founding . 2005 . 419 pp. excerpt and text search Till , Nicholas . Mozart and the Enlightenment : Truth , Virtue , and Beauty in Mozart 's Operas. 1993 . 384 pp . Tunstall , Kate E. Blindness and Enlightenment . An Essay . With a new translation of Diderot 's Letter on the Blind ( Continuum , 2011 ) Venturi , Franco . Utopia and Reform in the Enlightenment . George Macaulay Trevelyan Lecture , ( 1971 ) Venturi , Franco . Italy and the Enlightenment : studies in a cosmopolitan century ( 1972 ) online Wills , Garry . Cincinnatus : George Washington and the Enlightenment ( 1984 ) online Primary sources ( edit ) Broadie , Alexander , ed . The Scottish Enlightenment : An Anthology ( 2001 ) excerpt and text search Diderot , Denis . Rameau 's Nephew and other Works '' ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search . Diderot , Denis . `` Letter on the Blind '' in Tunstall , Kate E. Blindness and Enlightenment . An Essay . With a new translation of Diderot 's Letter on the Blind ( Continuum , 2011 ) Diderot , Denis . The Encyclopédie of Diderot and D'Alembert : Selected Articles ( 1969 ) excerpt and text search Collaborative Translation Project of the University of Michigan Gay , Peter , ed . The Enlightenment : A Comprehensive Anthology ( 1973 ) ( 1 ) Gomez , Olga , et al. eds . The Enlightenment : A Sourcebook and Reader ( 2001 ) excerpt and text search Kramnick , Issac , ed . The Portable Enlightenment Reader ( 1995 ) excerpt and text search Manuel , Frank Edward , ed . The Enlightenment ( 1965 ) online , excerpts Schmidt , James , ed . What is Enlightenment ? : Eighteenth - Century Answers and Twentieth - Century Questions ( 1996 ) excerpt and text search External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAge of Enlightenmentat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Zalta , Edward N. ( ed . ) . `` Enlightenment '' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Age of Enlightenment at PhilPapers Age of Enlightenment at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project Judith Still ; John Marks ; Rebecca Ford . `` Enlightenment '' . Words of the World . Brady Haran ( University of Nottingham ) . The Age of Enlightenment Topics Atheism Capitalism Civil liberties Counter-Enlightenment Critical thinking Deism Democracy Empiricism Encyclopédistes Enlightened absolutism Free markets Haskalah Humanism Human rights Liberalism Liberté , égalité , fraternité Methodological skepticism Nationalism Natural philosophy Objectivity Rationality Rationalism Reason Reductionism Sapere aude Science Scientific method Socialism Universality Weimar Classicism Thinkers France Jean le Rond d'Alembert Étienne Bonnot de Condillac Marquis de Condorcet Denis Diderot Claude Adrien Helvétius Baron d'Holbach Georges - Louis Leclerc Montesquieu François Quesnay Jean - Jacques Rousseau Marquis de Sade Voltaire Germany Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Georg Hamann Johann Gottfried von Herder Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi Immanuel Kant Gotthold Ephraim Lessing Moses Mendelssohn Friedrich Schiller Thomas Wizenmann Greece Neophytos Doukas Theoklitos Farmakidis Rigas Feraios Theophilos Kairis Adamantios Korais Ireland Robert Boyle Edmund Burke Italy Cesare Beccaria Gaetano Filangieri Antonio Genovesi Pietro Verri Poland Tadeusz Czacki Hugo Kołłątaj Stanisław Konarski Ignacy Krasicki Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz Stanisław August Poniatowski Jędrzej Śniadecki Stanisław Staszic Józef Wybicki Andrzej Stanisław Załuski Józef Andrzej Załuski Portugal Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo Russia Catherine II Spain Charles III Benito Jerónimo Feijóo y Montenegro United Kingdom ( Scotland ) Francis Bacon Jeremy Bentham Joseph Black James Boswell Adam Ferguson Edward Gibbon Robert Hooke David Hume Francis Hutcheson Samuel Johnson John Locke Isaac Newton Thomas Reid Adam Smith Mary Wollstonecraft United States Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson James Madison George Mason Thomas Paine LCCN : sh85044032 GND : 4003524 - 4 BNF : cb119405660 ( data ) HDS : 17433 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Age_of_Enlightenment&oldid=812215472 '' Categories : 18th century 18th - century philosophy Age of Enlightenment Historical eras History of philosophy History of Europe by period Philosophical movements Scientific revolution Secularism Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles containing Latin - language text Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Ladino ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Mirandés Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Rumantsch Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 17 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how have world politics and society been affected by the ideas of the enlightenment	[]	[]
-966202743410033352	Don't Matter to Me	Do n't Matter to Me - wikipedia Do n't Matter to Me `` Do n't Matter to Me '' Single by Drake and Michael Jackson from the album Scorpion Released July 6 , 2018 Recorded 1983 ( original demo ) 2017 -- 2018 ( reworked ) Studio Sandra Gale , Yolo Estate , CA Genre R&B Length 4 : 05 Label Young Money Cash Money Songwriter ( s ) Aubrey Graham Michael Jackson Paul Anka Noah Shebib Paul Jefferies Nana Rogues Negin Djafari Producer ( s ) 40 Nineteen85 Drake singles chronology `` Bigger Than You '' ( 2018 ) Bigger Than You2018 `` Do n't Matter to Me '' ( 2018 ) Do n't Matter to Me2018 `` In My Feelings '' ( 2018 ) In My Feelings 2018 Michael Jackson singles chronology `` Blood on the Dance Floor x Dangerous '' ( 2017 ) Blood on the Dance Floor x Dangerous 2017 `` Do n't Matter to Me '' ( 2018 ) Do n't Matter to Me2018 `` Do n't Matter to Me '' is a song by Canadian musician Drake from his fifth studio album Scorpion ( 2018 ) . It was sent to British contemporary hit radio on July 6 , 2018 as the album 's fourth single . The song was set to be released to US rhythmic radio on July 10 , 2018 alongside `` In My Feelings '' . However , its release in the country was canceled when Republic Records decided to solely push `` In My Feelings '' to rhythmic and contemporary hit radio stations in the US . Commercially , the song has reached number one in Sweden as well as the top 10 in Australia , Canada , the Czech Republic , Ireland , the Netherlands , New Zealand , Norway , Portugal , Slovakia , Switzerland , the United Kingdom , and the United States . The song contains posthumous vocals from Michael Jackson , taken from part of an unreleased 1983 session between Jackson and Canadian singer - songwriter Paul Anka . `` Love Never Felt So Good '' , released on Xscape , and `` This Is It '' , also came from the same session ; Anka is therefore credited as a songwriter on all three songs . Contents 1 Background 2 Critical reception 3 Commercial performance 4 Personnel 5 Charts 6 Certifications 7 Release history 8 References Background ( edit ) First worked on as a demo , Jackson co-wrote the song during a 1983 recording session with Paul Anka . Critical reception ( edit ) Brendan Klinkenberg of Rolling Stone said , `` ( the song ) opens like most Drake songs , with gloomy , atmospheric synths and Drake singing sweetly to an ex-lover . Then Jackson comes in ; even with some digital quivering added to his vocals , he 's unmistakeable . While the `` featuring Michael Jackson '' billing would feel like an unnecessary flourish in almost any scenario , it 's close to earned here . '' Larry Fitzmaurice of Entertainment Weekly thought `` ( the song ) makes great melodic hay out of a headline - grabbing posthumous Michael Jackson feature . '' Roisin O'Connor of The Independent deemed it `` hauntingly beautiful '' , however , she felt Jackson 's voice `` is controversially auto - tuned to the point that it sounds more like one of his biggest imitators , The Weeknd . '' NME 's Luke Morgan described the song as `` a clear - cut power move , rather than artistic posthumous collaboration , '' and considered it as an example of `` cases of Drake doing things because he can , rather than because he should . '' The Hollywood Reporter 's Jonny Coleman felt the song `` is as unsettling as a Tupac hologram , but ultimately not as offensive . It sounds like a Weeknd B - side but is weird enough to break up some of the exhaustion of listening to ( Scorpion ) in one sitting . '' Dean Van Nguyen of The Irish Times said , `` Jackson 's segment is lovely , his vocal loop floating over the warm ' n ' woozy orchestration which comes off as a kind of downbeat version of `` Liberian Girl '' . Unfortunately , Drake is the worst thing about the song , his depressed coos sounding formless and without conviction . '' Commercial performance ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , `` Do n't Matter to Me '' debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart on the chart dated July 12 , 2018 , behind George Ezra 's `` Shotgun '' . It serves as Drake 's 15th top - ten song and Michael Jackson 's 44th top ten on the chart . In the United States , the song debuted at number nine on the US Billboard Hot 100 , making it Drake 's 31st top - ten song and Jackson 's 30th top ten on the chart . It stands as Jackson 's second posthumous top - ten entry , tying the peak of his duet with Justin Timberlake , `` Love Never Felt So Good '' ( 2014 ) . Personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the album 's liner notes and Tidal . Noel Cadastre -- recording Noah `` 40 '' Shebib -- production , recording Noel `` Gadget '' Campbell -- mixing Harley Arsenault -- mixing assistance Greg Moffet -- mixing assistance Ronald Moonoo -- mixing assistance Michael Jackson -- vocals Nineteen85 -- production Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 18 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 33 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 37 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) 50 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 6 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 11 France ( SNEP ) 19 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 16 Greece ( IFPI ) 17 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 23 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 13 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 6 Norway ( VG - lista ) Portugal ( AFP ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 33 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 33 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 8 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 36 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Gold 35,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Single release Region Date Format Label ( s ) Ref . United Kingdom July 6 , 2018 Contemporary hit radio Young Money Cash Money Republic Canceled single release Region Date Format Label ( s ) Ref . United States July 10 , 2018 Rhythmic contemporary Young Money Cash Money Republic References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson returns posthumously on Drake album '' . Deccan Herald . June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's new album ' Scorpion ' - release date , tracklist , tour dates and everything we know so far - NME '' . NME. 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Reveals ' Scorpion ' Features , Including Michael Jackson & Jay - Z '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC -- Radio 1 -- Playlist '' . BBC Radio 1 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 - Rhythmic Future Releases '' . All Access . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's `` Do n't Matter to Me '' Scrapped as a Single in Favor of `` In My Feelings '' `` . Hiphopnmore . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 - Rhythmic Future Releases '' . All Access . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 - Mainstream Future Releases '' . All Access . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's ' Scorpion ' Features Michael Jackson Vocal , References Newborn Son '' . Variety . June 28 , 2018 . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` How Paul Anka brought Michael Jackson to Drake 's new album Scorpion '' . CBC . Jun 29 , 2018 . Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's Favorite Collaborators are Ghosts '' . Rollings Stone . Jump up ^ `` On Scorpion , Drake loses sight of his own essence '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Drake , Scorpion album review : Lacks a sting in the tail '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Britton , Luke Morgan ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` Drake -- ' Scorpion ' review '' . NME . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Coleman , Jonny ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Critic 's Notebook : Drake Overplays His Hand on Bloated Double Album ' Scorpion ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Van Nguyen , Dean ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Drake : Scorpion review -- A painfully dull barrage of lifeless tunes '' . The Irish Times . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Official Chart history '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Jackson Official Chart history '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Claims 7 of Hot 100 's Top 10 , Breaking the Beatles ' Record , As ' Nice For What ' Returns to No. 1 For Eighth Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scorpion ( CD liner notes ) . Drake . Republic Records . 2018 . 86318 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Scorpion / Drake TIDAL '' . Tidal . Retrieved July 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . July 9 , 2018 . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Drake feat . Michael Jackson -- Do n't Matter to Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Drake feat . Michael Jackson -- Do n't Matter to Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Drake feat . Michael Jackson -- Do n't Matter to Me '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201827 into search . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 28 , 2018 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved July 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake : Do n't Matter to Me ( Feat . Michael Jackson ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNEP Top Singles : Week 27 ( 2018 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . July 6 , 2018 . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Drake feat . Michael Jackson -- Do n't Matter to Me '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI -- Greek Charts '' . IFPI . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved July 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singoli -- Classifica settimanale WK 27 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 29 , 2018 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved July 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Drake feat . Michael Jackson -- Do n't Matter to Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . July 16 , 2018 . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 20 Single uke 28 , 2018 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Drake -- Do n't Matter to Me ( Feat . Michael Jackson ) '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved July 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201828 into search . Retrieved July 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Canciones -- Semana 27 : del 29.06. 2018 al 05.07. 2018 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved July 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Drake feat . Michael Jackson -- Do n't Matter to Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . August 13 , 2018 . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Drake ft Michael Jackson -- Do n't Matter to Me '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Enter Do n't Matter to Me in the search field and then press Enter . Drake songs Discography Comeback Season `` Replacement Girl '' So Far Gone `` Successful '' `` Best I Ever Had '' `` I 'm Goin ' In '' We Are Young Money `` Every Girl '' `` BedRock '' Thank Me Later `` Fireworks '' `` Over '' `` Up All Night '' `` Fancy '' `` Miss Me '' `` Find Your Love '' `` 9AM in Dallas '' Take Care `` Over My Dead Body '' `` Headlines '' `` Crew Love '' `` Take Care '' `` Marvins Room '' `` We 'll Be Fine '' `` Make Me Proud '' `` Lord Knows '' `` HYFR ( Hell Ya Fucking Right ) '' `` The Motto '' Nothing Was the Same `` Tuscan Leather '' `` Furthest Thing '' `` Started from the Bottom '' `` Wu - Tang Forever '' `` Worst Behavior '' `` From Time '' `` Hold On , We 're Going Home '' `` The Language '' `` Too Much '' `` Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2 '' `` All Me '' If You 're Reading This It 's Too Late `` Energy '' `` Preach '' What a Time to Be Alive `` Jumpman '' Views `` Controlla '' `` One Dance '' `` Pop Style '' `` Too Good '' `` Hotline Bling '' More Life `` Free Smoke '' `` No Long Talk '' `` Passionfruit '' `` Get It Together '' `` Madiba Riddim '' `` Blem '' `` Gyalchester '' `` Portland '' `` Sacrifices '' `` Teenage Fever '' `` KMT '' `` Glow '' `` Since Way Back '' `` Fake Love '' `` Ice Melts '' Scary Hours / Scorpion `` God 's Plan / Diplomatic Immunity '' `` Nonstop '' `` Emotionless '' `` I 'm Upset '' `` Nice for What '' `` In My Feelings '' `` Do n't Matter to Me '' Other singles `` Forever '' `` 0 to 100 / The Catch Up '' `` Charged Up '' `` Back to Back '' `` Right Hand '' `` Summer Sixteen '' `` Sneakin ' '' `` Two Birds , One Stone '' `` No Frauds '' `` Signs '' `` Yes Indeed '' As featured artist `` 100 '' `` 4 My Town ( Play Ball ) '' `` Amen '' `` Aston Martin Music '' `` Back on Road '' `` Believe Me '' `` Big Amount '' `` Blessings '' `` Both '' `` Cabaret '' `` Champion '' `` Come and See Me '' `` Come Closer '' `` Deuces ( Remix ) '' `` Diced Pineapples '' `` Digital Girl ( Remix ) '' `` Enough Said '' `` Fall for Your Type '' `` Fed Up '' `` Feel Love '' `` For Free '' `` Fuckin ' Problems '' `` Gonorrhea '' `` I Do It '' `` I Invented Sex '' `` I 'm on One '' `` In the Morning '' `` It 's Good '' `` Know Bout Me '' `` Lemon ( Remix ) '' `` Live For '' `` Look Alive '' `` Love Me '' `` Loving You No More '' `` Mine '' `` Moment 4 Life '' `` Money to Blow '' `` Mr. Wrong '' `` No Complaints '' `` No Guns Allowed '' `` No Lie '' `` No New Friends '' `` No Shopping '' `` Odio '' `` Only '' `` Poetic Justice '' `` Pop That '' `` R.I.C.O. '' `` Recognize '' `` Right Above It '' `` Right Here '' `` Round of Applause '' `` Say Something '' `` She Will '' `` Stay Schemin ' '' `` Still Got It '' `` The One '' `` The Zone '' `` Throw It in the Bag ( Remix ) '' `` To the Max '' `` Trophies '' `` Truffle Butter '' `` Tuesday '' `` Un-Thinkable ( I 'm Ready ) ( Remix ) '' `` Unusual '' `` Used to This '' `` Walk It Talk It '' `` Wavin ' Flag ( Haiti Mix ) '' `` We in This Bitch 1.5 '' `` What 's My Name ? '' `` What Up '' `` Where Ya At '' `` Who Do You Love ? '' `` Why You Always Hatin ? '' `` Work '' Michael Jackson songs Discography 1970s `` Got to Be There '' `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` I Wanna Be Where You Are '' `` Rockin ' Robin '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Ben '' `` Everybody 's Somebody 's Fool '' `` My Girl '' `` Shoo - Be-Doo - Be-Doo - Da - Day '' `` We 've Got a Good Thing Going '' `` With a Child 's Heart '' `` Morning Glow '' `` All the Things You Are '' `` Happy '' `` Too Young '' `` Doggin ' Around '' `` Music and Me '' `` We 're Almost There '' `` One Day in Your Life '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' `` You Ca n't Win '' `` Ease on Down the Road '' `` A Brand New Day '' `` Do n't Stop ' Til You Get Enough '' `` Rock with You '' `` Working Day and Night '' `` Off the Wall '' `` Girlfriend '' `` She 's Out of My Life '' `` It 's the Falling in Love '' 1980s `` The Girl Is Mine '' `` Wanna Be Startin ' Somethin ' '' `` Thriller '' `` Beat It '' `` Billie Jean '' `` Human Nature '' `` P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) '' `` You 've Really Got a Hold on Me '' `` Here I Am ( Come and Take Me ) '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' `` Lonely Teardrops '' `` That 's What Love Is Made Of '' `` I Was Made to Love Her '' `` I Just Ca n't Stop Loving You '' `` Bad '' `` The Way You Make Me Feel '' `` Speed Demon '' `` Liberian Girl '' `` Just Good Friends '' `` Another Part of Me '' `` Man in the Mirror '' `` Dirty Diana '' `` Smooth Criminal '' `` Leave Me Alone '' `` Twenty - Five Miles '' 1990s `` Black or White '' `` Jam '' `` In the Closet '' `` Remember the Time '' `` Ca n't Let Her Get Away '' `` Heal the World '' `` Who Is It '' `` Give In to Me '' `` Will You Be There '' `` Gone Too Soon '' `` Dangerous '' `` Come Together '' `` Someone Put Your Hand Out '' `` Scream '' `` Childhood '' `` They Do n't Care About Us '' `` Stranger in Moscow '' `` This Time Around '' `` Earth Song '' `` D.S. '' `` You Are Not Alone '' `` Tabloid Junkie '' `` HIStory '' `` Smile '' `` Mind Is the Magic '' `` Blood on the Dance Floor '' `` Ghosts '' `` Is It Scary '' `` On the Line '' 2000s `` Speechless '' `` You Rock My World '' `` Heaven Can Wait '' `` Butterflies '' `` Cry '' `` One More Chance '' `` Cheater '' `` The Way You Love Me '' `` Fall Again '' `` This Is It '' 2010s `` Breaking News '' `` Hold My Hand '' `` Hollywood Tonight '' `` Monster '' `` ( I Ca n't Make It ) Another Day '' `` Behind the Mask '' `` Do n't Be Messin ' ' Round '' `` Price of Fame '' `` Love Never Felt So Good '' `` Chicago '' `` Loving You '' `` A Place with No Name '' `` Slave to the Rhythm '' `` Blue Gangsta '' Other `` We Are the World '' `` What More Can I Give / Toro Para Ti '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' Featured `` Night Time Lover '' `` Papa Was a Rollin ' Stone '' `` State of Independence '' `` Muscles '' `` Say Say Say '' `` Somebody 's Watching Me '' `` Do n't Stand Another Chance '' `` Centipede '' `` Tell Me I 'm Not Dreamin ' ( Too Good to Be True ) '' `` Eaten Alive '' `` Get It '' `` 2300 Jackson Street '' `` Do the Bartman '' `` Whatzupwitu '' `` Why '' `` I Need You '' `` Girls , Girls , Girls ( Part 2 ) '' `` All Eyez on Me '' `` All in Your Name '' `` There Must Be More To Life Than This '' `` Low '' `` Do n't Matter to Me '' Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don%27t_Matter_to_Me&oldid=854624642 '' Categories : 2018 songs 2018 singles Drake ( musician ) songs Michael Jackson songs Song recordings produced by Nineteen85 Songs written by Drake ( musician ) Songs written by Michael Jackson Songs written by Paul Anka UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Sweden Vocal duets Songs released posthumously Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Views Contents About Wikipedia Español Հայերեն Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 18 : 08 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did michael record dont matter to me	[ "The song contains posthumous vocals from Michael Jackson,[9] taken from part of an unreleased 1983 session between Jackson and Canadian singer-songwriter Paul Anka. \"Love Never Felt So Good\", released on Xscape, and \"This Is It\", also came from the same session; Anka is therefore credited as a songwriter on all three songs. \n" ]	[ "1983" ]
-5818719172800405776	Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church	Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church - wikipedia Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church Jump to : navigation , search `` Extreme Unction '' , part of The Seven Sacraments , by Rogier van der Weyden ( 1445 ) . Anointing of the Sick is a sacrament of the Catholic Church that is administered to a Catholic `` who , having reached the age of reason , begins to be in danger due to sickness or old age '' , except in the case of those who `` persevere obstinately in manifest grave sin '' . Proximate danger of death , the occasion for the administration of Viaticum , is not required , but only the onset of a medical condition considered to be any serious illness or injury that has been sustained , or a condition that could be a possible prelude to death . The sacrament is also referred to as Unction , and in the past as Extreme Unction , and it is one of the three sacraments that constitute the last rites ( together with the Sacrament of Penance and Viaticum ) . The sacrament is administered by a priest , who uses olive oil or another pure plant oil to anoint the patient 's forehead and perhaps other parts of the body while reciting certain prayers . It is believed to give comfort , peace , courage and , if the sick person is unable to make a confession , even forgiveness of sins . Several other churches and ecclesial communities have similar ceremonies ( see Anointing of the Sick for a more general discussion ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Introduction 1.1 Sacramental graces 1.2 Biblical references 1.3 Names for the sacrament 2 Administration 2.1 Relationship with the `` Last Rites '' 2.2 Established form 3 Eastern Catholic churches 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography Introduction ( edit ) Sacramental graces ( edit ) The Catholic Church sees the effects of the sacrament as follows : As the sacrament of Marriage gives grace for the married state , the sacrament of Anointing of the Sick gives grace for the state into which people enter through sickness . Through the sacrament a gift of the Holy Spirit is given , that renews confidence and faith in God and strengthens against temptations to discouragement , despair and anguish at the thought of death and the struggle of death ; it prevents the believer from losing Christian hope in God 's justice , truth and salvation . Because one of the effects of the sacrament is to absolve the recipient of any sins not previously absolved through the sacrament of penance , only an ordained priest or bishop may administer the sacrament . `` The special grace of the sacrament of the Anointing of the Sick has as its effects : the uniting of the sick person to the passion of Christ , for his own good and that of the whole Church ; the strengthening , peace , and courage to endure in a Christian manner the sufferings of illness or old age ; the forgiveness of sins , if the sick person was not able to obtain it through the sacrament of penance ; the restoration of health , if it is conducive to the salvation of his soul ; the preparation for passing over to eternal life . '' An extensive account of the teaching of the Catholic Church on Anointing of the Sick is given in Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1499 -- 1532 . Biblical references ( edit ) The chief Biblical text concerning anointing of the sick is James 5 : 14 -- 15 : `` Is any man sick among you ? Let him bring in the priests of the church and let them pray over him , anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord . And the prayer of faith shall save the sick man . And the Lord shall raise him up : and if he be in sins , they shall be forgiven him . '' Matthew 10 : 8 , Luke 10 : 8 -- 9 and Mark 6 : 13 are also quoted in this regard . Names for the sacrament ( edit ) In the past , the usual name of the sacrament in official documents of the Catholic Church was Extreme Unction ( meaning , Final Anointing ) , a name attached to it when it was administered as one of the `` Last Rites '' . Peter Lombard ( died 1160 ) is the first writer known to have used the term , which did not become the usual name in the West till towards the end of the twelfth century , and never became current in the East . The word `` extreme '' ( final ) indicated either that it was the last of the sacramental unctions ( after the anointings at Baptism , Confirmation and , if received , Holy Orders ) or because at that time it was normally administered only when a patient was in extremis . In the early 1970s the official name was changed to Anointing of the Sick to reflect Church teaching , which had been present in the past . `` Extreme Unction '' continues in popular use among those who prefer to keep the terminology that was customary before the Second Vatican Council ( see Traditionalist Catholic ) . The sacrament has also been known by various other names in Western Christianity throughout the years , including : the holy oil or unction of the sick ; the unction or blessing of consecrated oil ; the unction of God ; the office of the unction . In the Eastern Church it is technically known as euchelaion ( i.e. , prayer - oil ) ; other names used include : elaion hagion ( holy ) , elaion , elaiou Chrisis , chrisma , or hegismenon ( consecrated ) . Administration ( edit ) In the Catholic Code of Canon Law , Canon 1004 states who may receive the sacrament : `` The anointing of the sick can be administered to a member of the faithful who , having reached the use of reason , begins to be in danger due to sickness or old age . '' When new illness develops or first illness relapses or worsens , the patient may receive the sacrament a further time . Anointing of the Sick may also be given numerous times in the case of old age or chronic illness based on the pastoral judgment of the priest . The sacrament , as any sacrament , can only be given to someone who is alive ; however , as the moment when the soul is entirely separated from the body ( the traditional definition of death ) is not known with precision , people can also be anointed conditionally ( the sacramental formula preceded by `` if thou art alive '' ) during a brief time after already considered dead in the medicinal sense . The sacrament of anointing can be administered to an individual whether at home , in a hospital or institution , or in church . Several sick persons may be anointed within the rite , especially if the celebration takes place in a church or hospital . The celebration may also take place during a Catholic Mass . Relationship with the `` Last Rites '' ( edit ) Anointing of the Sick is one of , and often administered during , the rituals known as the Last Rites . However , the term `` Last Rites '' is not equivalent to `` Anointing of the Sick '' , since it refers also to two other distinct rites : the sacraments of Reconciliation and Communion , the last of which is known as `` Viaticum '' ( Latin : `` provision for the journey '' ) when administered to the dying . The normal order of administration of the rites is : first Reconciliation ( if the dying person is physically unable to confess , absolution is given conditionally on the existence of contrition ) , then Anointing , then Viaticum . Of the Last Rites , only a priest or bishop can administer the Sacraments of Reconciliation and Anointing of the Sick . In the absence of a priest these sacraments can not be administered , but a lay person may give a dying person Holy Communion , which in this case is `` Viaticum , the Last Sacrament of the Christian '' . Established form ( edit ) The oil used in the sacrament is usually olive oil , though other oils may also be used . It is blessed by the bishop of the diocese at the Chrism Mass he celebrates on Holy Thursday or on a day close to it . In case of necessity , the priest administering the sacrament may bless the oil within the framework of the celebration . In the Roman Rite of the Latin Church , the priest anoints the sick person 's forehead and hands with oil ( usually in the form of a cross ) , saying : `` Through this holy anointing , may the Lord in his love and mercy help you with the grace of the Holy Spirit . May the Lord who frees you from sin save you and raise you up . '' He may also , in accordance with local culture and traditions , and the needs of the sick person , anoint other parts of the body , but without repeating the sacramental formula . This is the form established for the Roman Rite through the papal document Sacram unctionem infirmorum of 1972 . The form used in the Roman Rite in the preceding period included anointing of seven parts of the body ( though that of the loins was generally omitted in English - speaking countries ) , while saying ( in Latin ) : `` Through this holy anointing , may the Lord pardon you whatever sins / faults you have committed by ... '' The sense in question was then mentioned : sight , hearing , smell , taste , touch , walking , carnal delectation . Eastern Catholic churches ( edit ) In the Eastern Catholic churches , the sacrament ( or `` sacred mystery '' ) of Anointing the Sick is administered using various liturgies often identical with forms used by non-Catholic Eastern churches . Adaptation or development of the liturgical forms used in the Eastern Catholic churches is overseen by the Congregation for the Oriental Churches , part of the Roman Curia . See also ( edit ) Catholicism portal Anointing of the Sick References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Code of Canon Law , canon 1004 '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Code of Canon Law , canon 1007 '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1514 '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Seven Sacraments of the Church Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church , 319 '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Anointing of the Sick '' . Catholic Answers . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Sacrament Of Anointing Of The Sick '' . Papalencyclicals.net . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1516 '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Last Rites explanation '' . Beliefnet.com. 2011 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1532 '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church ( Oxford University Press 2005 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280290 - 3 ) , article `` unction '' ^ Jump up to : Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1913 ) : article `` Extreme Unction '' Jump up ^ http://www.copiosa.org/liguori_sermons/liguori_sermon_38.htm whereby the sacrament is to be conferred on those who are `` dangerously ill '' Jump up ^ canon 997 of the Code of Canon Law ; cf . apostolic constitution Sacram Unctionem Infirmorum of 30 November 1972 ; and Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1512 - 1513 Jump up ^ ( Rite of Anointing of the Sick , 102 ) Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1524 - 1525 '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Catechism of the Catholic Church , 1513 '' . Vatican.va. 1972 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Code of Canon Law , canon 999 '' . Vatican.va . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ Extreme Unction , `` Actual rite of administration '' . Old Catholic Encyclopedia . < < http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05716a.htm > > Bibliography ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anointing of the Sick ( Catholic Church ) . Poschmann Bernhard SJ ( 1963 ) . Penance and the Anointing of the Sick . The Herder History of Dogma . Fr . Courtney SJ ( transl. from German ) . Freiburg - London : Herder - Burns & Oates . p. 257 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where can the anointing of the sick be received	[ "The sacrament of anointing can be administered to an individual whether at home, in a hospital or institution, or in church. Several sick persons may be anointed within the rite, especially if the celebration takes place in a church or hospital. The celebration may also take place during a Catholic Mass.", "The sacrament of anointing can be administered to an individual whether at home, in a hospital or institution, or in church. Several sick persons may be anointed within the rite, especially if the celebration takes place in a church or hospital. The celebration may also take place during a Catholic Mass.", "The sacrament of anointing can be administered to an individual whether at home, in a hospital or institution, or in church. Several sick persons may be anointed within the rite, especially if the celebration takes place in a church or hospital. The celebration may also take place during a Catholic Mass." ]	[ "home", "hospital or institution", "church" ]
-2745862934576926230	Early hominin expansions out of Africa	Early hominin expansions out of Africa - wikipedia Early hominin expansions out of Africa Jump to : navigation , search This article is about early humans . For migrations of modern humans , see Recent African origin of modern humans . Human timeline view discuss edit - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- Human - like apes Nakalipithecus Ouranopithecus Sahelanthropus Orrorin Ardipithecus Australopithecus Homo habilis Homo erectus Neanderthal Homo sapiens ← Earlier apes ← Separation from gorillas ← Possibly bipedal ← Separation from chimpanzees ← Earliest bipedal ← Earliest stone tools ← Earliest exit from Africa ← Earliest fire use ← Earliest in Europe ← Earliest cooking ← Earliest clothes ← Modern speech ← Modern humans l i s o n l i o n i o n o m i n i d s Axis scale : millions of years ago . Also see : Life timeline and Nature timeline In palaeoanthropology , hominins carried out several early expansions out of Africa ( known as Out of Africa I ) and into Eurasia between 1.8 million and 500,000 years ago . Shortly before , in Africa , Homo erectus had descended from the woodland - restricted Homo habilis and adapted to the open grounds of the savannahs and arid landscapes . These pre-modern hominins moved out of Africa in at least three waves . Primitive chopper producers moved out by c . 1.8 Ma , followed by early Acheulean industries c . 1.4 Ma , and various cleaver - producing Acheulean groups around 0.8 Ma . According to the recent African origin of modern humans hypothesis ( Out of Africa II ) , anatomically modern humans started moving into Eurasia and replacing earlier humans c. 100,000 years ago . The phrase Out of Africa used alone generally means Out of Africa II , the expansion of modern humans into Eurasia . Until the early 1980s , hominins were thought to have been restricted to the African continent in the Early Pleistocene , or until about 0.8 Ma ; thus , early archaeological efforts focused disproportionately on ( East ) Africa . Further , hominin migrations out of East Africa were probably rare in the Early Pleistocene , leaving a record of events broken in space and time . In general , archeological evidence does not fit simple theories of where the migrations took place and is insufficient to support elaborate conjectures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Sites 2 Routes out of Africa 2.1 Sinai Peninsula 2.2 Bab - el - Mandeb 2.3 Strait of Gibraltar 2.4 Strait of Sicily 3 Crossing straits 4 Causes for hominin dispersals 4.1 Climate change and hominin flexibility 4.2 Chasing fauna 4.3 Coevolved zoonotic diseases 4.4 Hominin biology 4.4. 1 Brain thermoregulation 5 References 6 Further reading Sites ( edit ) The oldest hominin sites are in East Africa . The earliest known retouched tools were found in Lomekwi , Kenya , and date back to 3.3 Ma , in the late Pliocene . They might be the product of Australopithecus garhi or Paranthropus aethiopicus , the two known hominins contemporary with the tools . Homo habilis is the first member of the Homo line and could have descended from the Australopithecus as early as 2.3 Ma ; it is first attested in Lake Turkana , Kenya . Homo erectus seems to have appeared later , its earliest remains dating back to c . 1.9 -- 1.6 Ma at Koobi Fora , Kenya . The two species would have lived face to face in East Africa for nearly half a million years . Well before Homo habilis disappeared ( c . 1.4 Ma ) , Homo erectus had made it into Eurasia . The earliest well - dated Eurasian site is Dmanisi in Georgia , securely dated to 1.81 Ma . A skull found at Dmanisi is evidence for caring for the old . The skull shows that this Homo erectus was advanced in age and had lost all but one tooth years before death , and it is perhaps unlikely that this hominid would have survived alone . It is not certain , however , that this is sufficient proof for caring -- a partially paralysed chimpanzee at the Gombe reserve survived for years without help . Early Pleistocene sites in North Africa , the geographical intermediate of East Africa and Georgia , are in poor stratigraphic context . The earliest of the dated is Ain Hanech in northern Algeria ( c . 1.8 -- 1.2 Ma ) , an Oldowan grade layer . These sites attest that early hominins have crossed the North African tracts , which are usually hot and dry . Hominins were part of the East African biome , and a flux in climate could have briefly expanded their environment , giving them the chance to move north . There is little time between Homo erectus ' apparent arrival in South Caucasus around 1.81 Ma , and its probable arrival in East and Southeast Asia . There is evidence of hominins in Yuanmou , China , dating to 1.7 Ma and in Sangiran , on Java , Indonesia , from 1.66 Ma . It appears hominins took longer to move into Europe , the earliest site being Barranco León in southeastern Spain dated to 1.4 Ma and a controversial Pirro Nord in Southern Italy , allegedly from 1.7 -- 1.3 Ma . In any case , by 1 Ma , hominins had settled in most of the Old World . It is hard to say , however , whether settlement was continuous in Western Europe , or if successive waves repopulated the territory in glacial interludes . Early Acheulean tools at Ubeidiya from 1.4 Ma is some evidence for a continuous settlement in the West , as successive waves out of Africa after then would likely have brought Acheulean technology to Western Europe . Routes out of Africa ( edit ) Sinai Peninsula ( edit ) The Sinai Peninsula is the simplest African exit route , being since the Pliocene the only land bridge between the two continents of the Old World . Unless one argues for boats on behalf of Homo erectus , it is surely the only way out . However , it was hard to access until the Middle Pleistocene . The Nile was a much smaller river and followed a different course . There are two Eurasian entryways that take advantage of the Sinai . First , the Levantine corridor , which moves north along the Eastern Mediterranean . Second , down the eastern bank of the Red Sea . Archaeological efforts in Arabia are limited , and attention is usually given to the Levantine corridor . Bab - el - Mandeb ( edit ) The Bab - el - Mandeb is a 30 km strait between East Africa and the Arabian Peninsula , with a small island , Perim , 3 km off the Arabian bank . The strait has a major appeal in the study of Eurasian expansion in that it brings East Africa in direct proximity with Eurasia . It does not require hopping from one water body to the next across the North African desert . The land connection with Arabia disappeared in the Pliocene , and though it may have briefly reformed , the evaporation of the Red Sea and associated increase in salinity would have left traces in the fossil record after just 200 years and evaporite deposits after 600 years . Neither have been detected . A strong current flows from the Red Sea into the Indian Ocean and crossing would have been difficult without a land connection . Oldowan grade tools are reported from Perim Island , implying that the strait could have been crossed in the Early Pleistocene , but these finds have yet to be confirmed . Strait of Gibraltar ( edit ) The Strait of Gibraltar is the Atlantic entryway to the Mediterranean , where Spanish and Moroccan banks are only 14 km apart . A decrease in sea levels in the Pleistocene due to glaciation would not have brought this down to less than 10 km . Deep currents push westwards , and surface water flows strongly back into the Mediterranean . The current would likely lose a swimmer or an unsteered raft . Entrance into Eurasia across the strait of Gibraltar could explain the hominin remains at Barranco León in southeastern Spain ( 1.4 Ma ) and Sima del Elefante in northern Spain ( 1.2 Ma ) . But the site of Pirro Nord in southern Italy , allegedly from 1.3 -- 1.7 Ma , suggests a possible arrival from the East . Resolution is insufficient to settle the matter . Strait of Sicily ( edit ) The modern Strait of Sicily separates Tunisia and Sicily by 145 km , but is shallow and would have been much narrower in glacial maxima . We have a poor understanding of plate tectonics of this area for the greater part of the Pleistocene . But while plate tectonics could have made the strait narrower than predicted by the lowering of sea levels alone , contrast of Pleistocene fauna strongly argues against an actual land bridge . Since the strait is only 400 km away from the North African hominin site of Ain Hanech in Algeria ( 1.8 Ma or 1.2 Ma ) it remains a plausible route for Early Pleistocene expansion into Eurasia . But there is close to no evidence for a hominin passage . Alimen based most of her argument in favour of such a migration on Bianchini 's discovery of Sicilian Oldowan grade tools . Radiometric dates , however , have not been produced , and the artefacts might as well be from the Middle Pleistocene . Crossing straits ( edit ) Presence of hominin remains in Indonesian islands is good evidence for seafaring by Homo erectus late in the Early Pleistocene . Bednarik suggests that navigation had appeared by 1 Ma , possibly to exploit offshore fishing grounds . He has reproduced a primitive dirigible raft to demonstrate the feasibility of faring across the Lombok Strait on such a device , which he believes to have been done before 850 ka . The strait has maintained a width of at least 20 km for the whole of the Pleistocene . Such an achievement by Homo erectus in the Early Pleistocene offers some strength to the suggested water routes out of Africa , as the Gibraltar , Sicilian , and Bab - el - Mandeb exit routes are harder to consider if boats are deemed beyond the capacities of Homo erectus . It is unlikely that hominins populated Eurasia after a one - off event getting a few hominins across a strait ( such as a Homo erectus family drifting on flood debris and landing on a Eurasian bank ) . There are biological constraints to the minimum size a population must maintain to avoid extinction . That is to say , if less than 50 hominins at once made it into Eurasia and lost contact with African hominins , the population would likely undergo an extinction vortex , in part due to inbreeding . Causes for hominin Dispersals ( edit ) Climate change and hominin flexibility ( edit ) For a given species in a given environment , available resources will limit the number of individuals that can survive indefinitely . This is the carrying capacity . Upon reaching this threshold , individuals may find it easier to gather resources in the poorer yet less exploited peripheral environment than in the preferred habitat . Homo habilis could have developed some baseline behavioural flexibility prior to its expansion into the peripheries ( such as encroaching into the predatory guild ) . This flexibility could then have been positively selected and amplified , leading to Homo erectus ' adaptation to the peripheral open habitats . A new and environmentally flexible hominin population could have come back to the old niche and replace the ancestral population . Moreover , some step-wise shrinking of the woodland and the associated reduction of hominin carrying capacity in the woods around 1.8 Ma , 1.2 Ma , and 0.6 Ma would have stressed the carrying capacity 's pressure for adapting to the open grounds . With Homo erectus ' new environmental flexibility , favourable climate fluxes likely opened it the way to the Levantine corridor , perhaps sporadically , in the Early Pleistocene . Chasing fauna ( edit ) Lithic analysis implies that Oldowan hominins were not predators . However , Homo erectus appears to have followed animal migrations to the north during wetter periods , likely as a source of scavenged food . The sabre - tooth cat Megantereon was an apex predator of the Early and Middle Pleistocene ( before MIS 12 ) . It became extinct in Africa c . 1.5 Ma , but had already moved out through the Sinai , and is among the faunal remains of the Levantine hominin site of Ubeidiya , c . 1.4 Ma . It could not break bone marrow and its kills were likely an important food source for hominins , especially in glacial periods . In colder Eurasian times , the hominin diet would have to be principally meat - based and Acheulean hunters must have competed with cats . Coevolved zoonotic diseases ( edit ) Bar - Yosef and Cohen suggest that the success of hominins within Eurasia once out of Africa is in part due to the absence of zoonotic diseases outside their original habitat . Zoonotic diseases are those that are transmitted from animals to humans . While a disease specific to hominins must keep its human host alive long enough to transmit itself , zoonotic diseases will not necessarily do so as they can complete their life cycle without humans . Still , these infections are well accustomed to human presence , having evolved alongside them . The higher an African ape 's population density , the better a disease fares . 55 % of chimps at the Gombe reserve die of disease , most of them zoonotic . The majority of these diseases are still restricted to hot and damp African environments . Once hominins had moved out into drier and colder habitats of higher latitudes , one major limiting factor in population growth was out of the equation . Hominin biology ( edit ) Homo habilis artistic interpretation While Homo habilis was certainly bipedal , its long arms are indicative of an arboreal adaptation . Homo erectus had longer legs and shorter arms , revealing a transition to obligate terrestriality , though it remains unclear how this change in relative leg length might have been an advantage . Sheer body size , on the other hand , seems to have allowed for better walking energy efficiency and endurance . A larger Homo erectus would also dehydrate more slowly and could thus cover greater distances before facing thermoregulatory limitations . The ability for prolonged walking at a normal pace would have been a decisive factor for effective colonisation of Eurasia . Brain thermoregulation ( edit ) Homo erectus artistic interpretation Thermoregulation and dehydration are major problems that need to be dealt with to move into the open grasslands . In particular , vascularisation of the brain is crucial in maintaining it in the narrow frame of tolerable temperatures . Bones of the higher cranium grow in response to expansion of cerebral mass , in such a way that brain tissue and blood vessels mold the inner brain case . Endocranial casts of fossil skulls allow approximating brain vascularisation . Dean Falk noticed that a single large vessel , the occipital marginal sinus , was responsible for irrigating most of the brain in early australopiths ( Australopithecus afarensis , Paranthropus robustus and boisei ) . The vessel grew smaller with time to be progressively replaced by a network of small veins in later hominins , starting with Homo habilis and continuing well into Eurasia . She interprets the change as an adaptation to cool the brain , which she uses to advance her `` radiator theory '' for accelerated encephalisation from Homo habilis onwards . To Falk , bipedalism , which predates large brains , favoured a rewiring of cerebral blood vessels into a gravity - assisted irrigation network , itself allowing the cool down needed for encephalisation . Endocranial casts of Homo habilis and Homo erectus differ in the organisation of the frontal lobe , in particular in the prefrontal cortex where higher mental functions of consciousness and abstraction occur . By themselves , mental capacities have likely played a role in the success of Eurasian colonisation . They would have allowed for greater social complexity , predation and sharing prey , and an overall higher quality diet . If we are to believe Bednarik and his seafaring Indonesian Homo erectus , then the brain must have played a role in crossing channels . According to Wheeler , loss of functional body hair would have helped prevent hyperthermia , since hair will obstruct air flow over the skin and restrict cooling by evaporation . He further suggests that body cooling due to hair loss has relieved a thermal constraint on brain size ( but in a response to Falk 's radiator hypothesis , Ralph Holloway maintains that there is no evidence for a temperature constraint on brain size ) . However , differences in body hair between Homo habilis and Homo erectus are impossible to test , and it will remain unclear whether hair loss was part of the hominin adaptation or preadaptation to Eurasia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dennell , Robin ( 2010 ) , `` ' Out of Africa I ' : Current Problems and Future Prospects '' , in John G. Fleagle et al. ( eds ) , Out of Africa I : The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia , Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series , Dordrecht : Springer , pp. 247 -- 74 , doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 90 - 481 - 9036 - 2_15 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 9035 - 5 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 9036 - 2 ( online ) . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Bar - Yosef , O. ; Belfer - Cohen , A. ( 2001 ) . `` From Africa to Eurasia -- early dispersals '' . 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( 1986 ) . `` Evolution of cranial blood drainage in hominids : enlarged occipital / marginal sinuses and emissary foramina '' . American Journal of Physical Anthropology , 70 ( 3 ) , 311 -- 24 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 1330700306 Jump up ^ Falk , D. ( 1988 ) . `` Enlarged occipital / marginal sinuses and emissary foramina : Their significance in hominid evolution '' . In : The evolutionary history of the `` robust '' australopithecines ( eds . F. Grine . Aldine ) . Jump up ^ Falk , D. ( 1990 ) . `` Brain evolution in Homo : The ' radiator ' theory '' . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 13 ( 2 ) , 333 -- 381 . doi : 10.1017 / S0140525X00078973 Jump up ^ Holloway , R.L. , Sherwood , C.C. , Hof , P.R. , & Rilling , J.K. ( 2009 ) . `` Evolution of the Brain in Humans -- Paleoneurology '' . In Encyclopedia of Neuroscience , 1326 - 1338 . Jump up ^ O'Connell J.F. , Hawkes , K. , & Jones , N.G.B. ( 1999 ) . `` Grandmothering and the evolution of Homo erectus '' . 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Further reading ( edit ) Antón , Susan C. ; Swisher , Carl C. , III ( 2004 ) , `` Early Dispersals of Homo from Africa '' , Annual Review of Anthropology , 33 : 271 -- 96 , doi : 10.1146 / annurev. anthro. 33.070203. 144024 . Eudald Carbonell ; Marina Mosquera ; Xosé Pedro Rodríguez ; José María Bermúdez de Castro ; Francesc Burjachs ; Jordi Rosell ; Robert Sala ; Josep Vallverdú ( 2008 ) , ( subscription required ) , `` Eurasian Gates : The Earliest Human Dispersals '' , Journal of Anthropological Research , 64 ( 2 ) : 195 -- 228 , JSTOR 20371223 . Ciochon , Russell L. ( 2010 ) , `` Divorcing Hominins from the Stegodon -- Ailuropoda Fauna : New Views on the Antiquity of Hominins in Asia '' , in John G. Fleagle et al. ( eds ) , Out of Africa I : The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia , Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series , Dordrecht : Springer , pp. 111 -- 26 , doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 90 - 481 - 9036 - 2_8 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 9035 - 5 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 9036 - 2 ( online ) . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Dennell , Robin ( 2009 ) , The Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia , Cambridge World Archaeology , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 84866 - 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 61310 - 1 ( paperback ) . Dennell , Robin ( 2010 ) , `` ' Out of Africa I ' : Current Problems and Future Prospects '' , in John G. Fleagle et al. ( eds ) , Out of Africa I : The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia , Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series , Dordrecht : Springer , pp. 247 -- 74 , doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 90 - 481 - 9036 - 2_15 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 9035 - 5 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 9036 - 2 ( online ) . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Rabett , Ryan J. ( 2012 ) , Human Adaptation in the Asian Palaeolithic : Hominin Dispersal and Behaviour during the Late Quaternary , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 01829 - 7 . Zaim , Yahdi ( 2010 ) , `` Geological Evidence for the Earliest Appearance of Hominins in Indonesia '' , in John G. Fleagle et al. ( eds ) , Out of Africa I : The First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia , Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology Series , Dordrecht : Springer , pp. 97 -- 110 , doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 90 - 481 - 9036 - 2_7 , ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 9035 - 5 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 9036 - 2 ( online ) . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Anthropology portal Evolutionary biology portal Science portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Early_hominin_expansions_out_of_Africa&oldid=809472765 '' Categories : Human migration Recent African origin of modern humans Paleolithic Human evolution Demographic history by country or region Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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5781588030229545432	History of Easter Island	History of Easter island - wikipedia History of Easter island Geologically one of the youngest inhabited territories on Earth , Easter Island , located in the mid-Pacific Ocean , was , for most of its history , one of the most isolated . Its inhabitants , the Rapa Nui , have endured famines , epidemics of disease and cannibalism , civil war , environmental collapse , slave raids , various colonial contacts , and have seen their population crash on more than one occasion . The ensuing cultural legacy has brought the island notoriety out of proportion to the number of its inhabitants . Location of Easter Island in the South Pacific Ocean Contents 1 First settlers 2 South American links 3 Pre-European society 4 The `` statue - toppling '' 5 European contacts 6 Destruction of society and population 7 1878 -- 1888 8 Annexation to Chile 8.1 1914 9 Today 9.1 21st century 9.2 Indigenous rights movement 10 References 11 External links First settlers ( edit ) Early European visitors to Easter Island recorded the local oral traditions about the original settlers . In these traditions , Easter Islanders claimed that a chief Hotu Matu'a arrived on the island in one or two large canoes with his wife and extended family . They are believed to have been Polynesian . There is considerable uncertainty about the accuracy of this legend as well as the date of settlement . Published literature suggests the island was settled around 300 -- 400 CE , or at about the time of the arrival of the earliest settlers in Hawaii . Some scientists say that Easter Island was not inhabited until 700 -- 800 CE . This date range is based on glottochronological calculations and on three radiocarbon dates from charcoal that appears to have been produced during forest clearance activities . Moreover , a recent study which included radiocarbon dates from what is thought to be very early material suggests that the island was settled as recently as 1200 CE . This seems to be supported by a 2006 study of the island 's deforestation , which could have started around the same time . A large now extinct palm , Paschalococos disperta , related to the Chilean wine palm ( Jubaea chilensis ) , was one of the dominant trees as attested by fossil evidence ; this species , whose sole occurrence was Easter Island , became extinct due to deforestation by the early settlers . The Austronesian Polynesians , who first settled the island , are likely to have arrived from the Marquesas Islands from the west . These settlers brought bananas , taro , sugarcane , and paper mulberry , as well as chickens and Polynesian rats . The island at one time supported a relatively advanced and complex civilization . It is suggested that the reason settlers sought an isolated island was because of high levels of Ciguatera fish poisoning in their then current surrounding area . South American links ( edit ) See also : Pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact § Possible Polynesian trans - oceanic contact The Norwegian botanist and explorer Thor Heyerdahl ( and many others ) has documented that cultural similarities exist between Easter Island and South American Indian cultures . He has suggested that this most likely came from some settlers arriving from the continent . According to local legends , a group of people called hanau epe ( meaning either `` long eared '' or `` stocky '' people ) came into conflict with another group called the hanau momoko ( either `` short eared '' or `` slim '' people ) . After mutual suspicions erupted in a violent clash , the hanau epe were overthrown and nearly exterminated , leaving only one survivor . Various interpretations of this story have been made -- that it represents a struggle between natives and incoming migrants ; that it recalls inter-clan warfare ; or that represents a class conflict . Traditionally the sweet potato has been cited as evidence of contact between the two cultures : this staple of the pre-contact Polynesian diet is of South American origin . Although recent evidence suggests the sweet potatoes grown by Polynesians diverged from American sweet potatoes long before Polynesia was inhabited , leaving natural long - distance dispersal as the most plausible explanation for the presence of sweet potatoes , but not necessarily excluding the possibility of pre-historic contact . It is hypothesized that Polynesians traveled to South America and back , or South American balsa rafts drifted to Polynesia , possibly unable to make a return trip because of their less developed navigational skills and more fragile boats . Polynesian connections in South America have been claimed to exist among the Mapuches in central and southern Chile . The Polynesian name for the small islet of Sala y Gómez ( Manu Motu Motiro Hiva , `` Bird 's islet on the way to a far away land '' ) east of Easter Island has also been seen as a hint that South America was known before European contacts . Further complicating the situation is that the word Hiva ( `` far away land '' ) was also the name of the islanders ' legendary home country . Inexplicable insistence on an eastern origin for the first inhabitants was unanimous among the islanders in all early accounts . Jacob Roggeveen 's expedition of 1722 gives us our first description of the islanders . They were `` of all shades of colour , yellow , white and brown '' and they distended their ear lobes so greatly with large disks that when they took them out they could `` hitch the rim of the lobe over the top of the ear '' . Roggeveen also noted how some of the islanders were `` generally large in stature '' . Islanders ' tallness was also witnessed by the Spanish who visited the island in 1770 , measuring heights of 196 and 199 cm . DNA sequence analysis of Easter Island 's current inhabitants indicates that the 36 people living on Rapa Nui who survived the devastating internecine wars , slave raids and epidemics of the 19th century and had any offspring , were Polynesian . Furthermore , examination of skeletons offers evidence of only Polynesian origins for Rapa Nui living on the island after 1680 . Pre-european society ( edit ) Ahu Tongariki near Rano Raraku , a 15 - moai ahu excavated and restored in the 1990s According to legends recorded by the missionaries in the 1860s , the island originally had a very clear class system , with an ariki , king , wielding absolute God - like power ever since Hotu Matua had arrived on the island . The most visible element in the culture was production of massive moai that were part of the ancestral worship . With a strictly unified appearance , moai were erected along most of the coastline , indicating a homogeneous culture and centralized governance . In addition to the royal family , the island 's habitation consisted of priests , soldiers and commoners . The ariki mau , Kai Mako'i ' Iti , along with his grandson Mau Rata , died in the 1860s while serving as an indentured servant in Peru . Motu Nui islet , part of the Birdman Cult ceremony For unknown reasons , a coup by military leaders called matatoa had brought a new cult based around a previously unexceptional God Make - make . In the cult of the birdman ( Rapa Nui : tangata manu ) , a competition was established in which every year a representative of each clan , chosen by the leaders , would swim across shark - infested waters to Motu Nui , a nearby islet , to search for the season 's first egg laid by a manutara ( sooty tern ) . The first swimmer to return with an egg and successfully climb back up the cliff to Orongo would be named `` Birdman of the year '' and secure control over distribution of the island 's resources for his clan for the year . The tradition was still in existence at the time of first contact by Europeans but was suppressed by Christian missionaries in the 1860s . The `` statue - toppling '' ( edit ) European accounts in 1722 ( Dutch ) and 1770 ( Spanish ) reported seeing only standing statues , but by James Cook 's visit in 1774 many were reported toppled . The huri mo'ai -- the `` statue - toppling '' -- continued into the 1830s as a part of internal conflicts among islanders . By 1838 , the only standing moai were on the slopes of Rano Raraku and Hoa Hakananai'a at Orongo . In about 60 years , islanders had for some reason ( possibly civil struggle between tribes ) deliberately damaged this part of their ancestors ' heritage . In modern times , moai have been restored at Anakena , Ahu Tongariki , Ahu Akivi and Hanga Roa . European contacts ( edit ) 1770 González de Ahedo expedition 's North - down map of Easter Island ( Isla de San Carlos ) 1786 La Pérouse map Map of traditional clan districts The first - recorded European contact with the island took place on 5 April ( Easter Sunday ) 1722 when Dutch navigator Jacob Roggeveen visited for a week and estimated there were 2,000 to 3,000 inhabitants on the island . This was an estimate , not a census , and archaeologists estimate the population may have been as high as 10,000 to 12,000 a few decades earlier . His party reported `` remarkable , tall , stone figures , a good 30 feet in height '' , the island had rich soil and a good climate and `` all the country was under cultivation '' . Fossil - pollen analysis shows that the main trees on the island had gone 72 years earlier in 1650 . The Dutch reported that a fight broke out in which they killed ten or twelve islanders . The next foreign visitors arrived on 15 November 1770 : two Spanish ships , San Lorenzo and Santa Rosalia , sent by the Viceroy of Peru , Manuel de Amat , and commanded by Felipe González de Ahedo . They spent five days on the island , performing a very thorough survey of its coast , and named it Isla de San Carlos , taking possession on behalf of King Charles III of Spain , and ceremoniously erected three wooden crosses on top of three small hills on Poike . Four years later , in mid-March 1774 , British explorer James Cook visited Easter Island . Cook himself was too sick to walk far , but a small group explored the island . They reported the statues as being neglected with some having fallen down ; no sign of the three crosses and his botanist described it as `` a poor land '' . He had a Tahitian interpreter who could partially understand the language . Other than in counting , though , the language was unintelligible . Cook later estimated that there were about 700 people on the island . He saw only three or four canoes , all unseaworthy . Parts of the island were cultivated with banana , sugarcane , and sweet potatoes , while other parts looked like they had once been cultivated but had fallen into disuse . Georg Forster reported in his account that he saw no trees over ten feet tall on the island . On 10 April 1786 the French explorer Jean François de Galaup La Pérouse visited and made a detailed map of Easter Island . He described the island as one - tenth cultivated and estimated that the population of the island was around two thousand . In 1804 the Russian ship Neva visited under the command of Yuri Lisyansky . In 1816 the Russian ship Rurik visited under the command of Otto von Kotzebue . In 1825 the British ship HMS Blossom visited Destruction of society and population ( edit ) A series of devastating events killed almost the entire population of Easter Island in the 1860s . Such devastating events that contributed to the downfall and collapse of the Easter Island society can be attributed to the rapid deforestation during the time of moai - construction . The Easter Island palm was used by settlers for means of constructing agricultural tools for their society and aiding in the transport of the Island 's statues . It is likely the decline of the palm and the rapid deforestation that took place on the island caused the islanders to start to decline in population while those who survived were forced to completely adapt to their changing environment . In December 1862 , Peruvian slave raiders struck Easter Island . Violent abductions continued for several months , eventually capturing or killing around 1500 men and women , about half of the island 's population . International protests erupted , escalated by Bishop Florentin - Étienne Jaussen of Tahiti . The slaves were finally freed in autumn , 1863 , but by then most of them had already died of tuberculosis , smallpox and dysentery . Finally , a dozen islanders managed to return from the horrors of Peru , but brought with them smallpox and started an epidemic , which reduced the island 's population to the point where some of the dead were not even buried . The first Christian missionary , Eugène Eyraud , arrived in January 1864 and spent most of that year on the island ; but mass conversion of the Rapa Nui only came after his return in 1866 with Father Hippolyte Roussel . Two other missionaries arrived with Captain Jean - Baptiste Dutrou - Bornier . Eyraud contracted tuberculosis during the 1867 island epidemic , which took a quarter of the island 's remaining population of 1,200 , with only 930 Rapanui remaining . The dead included the last ariki mau , the last East Polynesia royal first - born son , the 13 - year - old Manu Rangi . Eyraud died of tuberculosis in August 1868 , by which time almost the entire Rapa Nui population had become Roman Catholic . Dutrou - Bornier bought up all of the island apart from the missionaries ' area around Hanga Roa and moved a couple hundred Rapa Nui to Tahiti to work for his backers . In 1871 the missionaries , having fallen out with Dutrou - Bornier , evacuated 275 Rapa Nui to Mangareva and Tahiti , leaving only 230 on the island . Those who remained were mostly older men . Six years later , there were just 111 people living on Easter Island , and only 36 of them had any offspring . `` Queen Mother '' Koreto with her daughters `` Queen '' Caroline and Harriette in 1877 In 1876 Dutrou - Bornier was murdered in an argument over a dress , though his kidnapping of pubescent girls may also have motivated his killers . Neither his first wife back in France , who was heir under French law , nor his second wife on the island , who briefly installed their daughter Caroline as Queen , were to keep much from his estate . But to this day much of the island is a ranch controlled from off - island and for more than a century real power on the island was usually exercised by resident non-Rapa Nui living at Mataveri . An unusual number of shipwrecks had left the island better supplied with wood than for many generations , whilst legal wrangles over Dutrou - Bornier 's land deals were to complicate the island 's history for decades to come 1878 -- 1888 ( edit ) Alexander Salmon , Jr was the brother of the Queen of Tahiti , the son of an English merchant adventurer , and a member of the mercantile dynasty that had bankrolled Dutrou - Bornier . He arrived on the island in 1878 with some fellow Tahitians and returning Rapa Nui and ran the island for a decade . As well as producing wool he encouraged the manufacture of Rapa Nui artworks , a trade that thrives to this day . It was this era of peace and recovery that saw the linguistic change from old Rapa Nui to the Tahitian - influenced modern Rapa Nui language , and some changes to the island 's myths and culture to accommodate other Polynesian and Christian influences ( notably , Ure , the old Rapa Nui word for `` penis '' , was dropped from many people 's names ) . This era saw archaeological and ethnographic studies , one in 1882 by the Germans on the gunboat SMS Hyäne , and again in 1886 by the American sloop USS Mohican , whose crew excavated Ahu Vinapu with dynamite . Father Roussel made a number of pastoral visits in the decade , but the only permanent representatives of the church were Rapa Nui catechists including , from 1884 , Angata , one of the Rapa Nui who had left with the missionaries in 1871 . Despite the lack of a resident priest to celebrate mass regularly , the Rapa Nui had returned to Roman Catholicism , but there remained some tension between temporal and spiritual power as Father Roussel disapproved of Salmon because of his Jewish paternity . Annexation to Chile ( edit ) On 8 March 1837 , under the command of Teniente de Marina Leoncio Señoret , the ship of the Chilean Navy Colo Colo sailed off from Valparaíso bound for Australia . Thus , the Colo Colo was the first Chilean ship to visit the Easter Island . Easter Island was annexed by Chile on 9 September 1888 by Policarpo Toro , by means of the `` Treaty of Annexation of the island '' ( Tratado de Anexión de la isla ) , that the government of Chile signed with the Rapa Nui people . Until the 1960s , the surviving Rapa Nui were confined to the settlement of Hanga Roa and the rest of the island was rented to the Williamson - Balfour Company as a sheep farm until 1953 . The island was then managed by the Chilean Navy until 1966 and at that point the rest of the island was reopened . 1914 ( edit ) See also : Mana Expedition to Easter Island 1914 was an eventful year for the 250 residents of Easter Island . In March , the Routledge Expedition landed and began a 17 - month archaeological and ethnographic survey of the island . In October , the German East Asia Squadron including the Scharnhorst , Dresden , Leipzig and Gneisenau assembled off Hanga Roa before sailing on to Coronel and the Falklands . In December another German warship , the commerce raider Prinz Eitel Friedrich , visited and released 48 British and French merchant seamen onto the island , supplying much needed labour for the archaeologists . Today ( edit ) Until the 1960s the surviving Rapanui were confined to Hanga Roa . The rest of the island was rented to the Williamson - Balfour Company as a sheep farm until 1953 . The island was then managed by the Chilean Navy until 1966 , at which point the island was reopened in its entirety . In 1966 the Rapanui were given Chilean citizenship . Mataveri International Airport General Pinochet posing with a native Rapa Nui woman Following the 1973 Chilean coup d'état that brought Augusto Pinochet to power , Easter Island was placed under martial law . Tourism slowed down and private property was `` restored '' . During his time in power , Pinochet visited Easter Island on three occasions . The military built a number of new military facilities and a new city hall . As a result of an agreement in 1985 between Chile and the United States , the runway at Mataveri International Airport was extended by 423 metres ( 1,388 ft ) , reaching 3,353 metres ( 11,001 ft ) , and was re-opened in 1987 . Pinochet is reported to have refused to attend the opening ceremony in protest against pressures from the United States to address human rights cases . 21st century ( edit ) On 30 July 2007 , a constitutional reform gave Easter Island and the Juan Fernández Islands ( also known as Robinson Crusoe Island ) the status of `` special territories '' of Chile . Pending the enactment of a special charter , the island continued to be governed as a province of the V Region of Valparaíso . A total solar eclipse visible from Easter Island occurred for the first time in over 1300 years on 11 July 2010 , at 18 : 15 : 15 . Species of fish were collected in Easter Island for one month in different habitats including shallow lava pools , depths of 43 meters , and deep waters . Within these habitats , two holotypes and paratypes , Antennarius randalli and Antennarius moai , were discovered . These are considered frog - fish because of their characteristics : `` 12 dorsal rays , last two or three branched ; bony part of first dorsal spine slightly shorter than second dorsal spine ; body without bold zebra - like markings ; caudal peduncle short , but distinct ; last pelvic ray divided ; pectoral rays 11 or 12 '' . Indigenous rights movement ( edit ) Starting in August 2010 , members of the indigenous Hitorangi clan occupied the Hangaroa Eco Village and Spa . The occupiers allege that the hotel was bought from the Pinochet government , in violation of a Chilean agreement with the indigenous Rapa Nui , in the 1990s . The occupiers say their ancestors had been cheated into giving up the land . According to a BBC report , on 3 December 2010 , at least 25 people were injured when Chilean police using pellet guns attempted to evict from these buildings a group of Rapa Nui who had claimed that the land the buildings stood on had been illegally taken from their ancestors . In January 2011 , the UN 's Special Rapporteur on Indigenous People , James Anaya , expressed concern about the treatment of the indigenous Rapa Nui by the Chilean government , urging Chile to `` make every effort to conduct a dialogue in good faith with representatives of the Rapa Nui people to solve , as soon as possible the real underlying problems that explain the current situation '' . The incident ended in February 2011 , when up to 50 armed police broke into the hotel to remove the final five occupiers . They were arrested by the government and no injuries were reported . Since being given Chilean citizenship in 1966 , the Rapa Nui have re-embraced their ancient culture , or what could be reconstructed of it . Mataveri International Airport is the island 's only airport . In the 1980s , its runway was lengthened by the U.S. space program to 3,318 m ( 10,885 ft ) so that it could serve as an emergency landing site for the space shuttle . This enabled regular wide body jet services and a consequent increase of tourism on the island , coupled with migration of people from mainland Chile which threatens to alter the Polynesian identity of the island . Land disputes have created political tensions since the 1980s , with part of the native Rapa Nui opposed to private property and in favor of traditional communal property . On 26 March 2015 , local minority group Rapa Nui Parliament took control over large parts of the island , throwing out the CONAF park rangers in a non-violent revolution . Their main goal is to obtain independence from Chile . The situation has not yet been resolved . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Guns , Germs , and Steel : The Fates of Human Societies by Jared Diamond Jump up ^ Collapse : How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed by Jared Diamond Jump up ^ Resemblance of the name to an early Mangarevan founder god Atu Motua ( `` Father Lord '' ) has made some historians suspect that Hotu Matua was added to Easter Island mythology only in the 1860s , along with adopting the Mangarevan language . The `` real '' founder would have been Tu'u ko Iho , who became just a supporting character in Hotu Matu'a centric legends . See Steven Fischer ( 1994 ) . Rapanui 's Tu'u ko Iho Versus Mangareva 's ' Atu Motua . Evidence for Multiple Reanalysis and Replacement in Rapanui Settlement Traditions , Easter Island . The Journal of Pacific History , 29 ( 1 ) , 3 -- 18 . See also Rapa Nui / Geography , History and Religion . Peter H. Buck , Vikings of the Pacific , University of Chicago Press , 1938 . pp. 228 -- 236 . Online version . Jump up ^ Summary of Thomas S. Barthel 's version of Hotu Matu'a's arrival to Easter Island . Jump up ^ Diamond , Jared . Collapse : How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed . Penguin Books : 2005 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303655 - 6 . Chapter 2 : Twilight at Easter pp. 79 -- 119 . See page 89 . Jump up ^ Hunt , T.L. , Lipo , C.P. , 2006 . Science , 1121879 . See also `` Late Colonization of Easter Island '' in Science Magazine . Entire article Archived 2008 - 08 - 29 at the Wayback Machine. is also hosted by the Department of Anthropology of the University of Hawaii . Jump up ^ Hunt , Terry L. ( 2006 ) . `` Rethinking the Fall of Easter Island '' . American Scientist. 94 ( 5 ) : 412 -- 419 . doi : 10.1511 / 2006.61. 412 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Terry ; Lipo , Carl ( 2011 ) . The Statues that Walked : Unraveling the Mystery of Easter Island . Free Press . ISBN 1 - 4391 - 5031 - 1 . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan ( 2008 ) Chilean Wine Palm : Jubaea chilensis , GlobalTwitcher.com , ed . N. Stromberg Archived 2012 - 10 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Did fish poisoning drive Polynesian colonization of the Pacific ? '' . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Heyderdahl , Thor . Easter Island -- The Mystery Solved . Random House New York 1989 . Jump up ^ Sebastian Englert 's Rapa Nui dictionary with original Spanish translated to English . Jump up ^ The `` Hanau Eepe '' , their Immigration and Extermination . Jump up ^ John Flenley , Paul G. Bahn , The Enigmas of Easter Island : Island on the Edge , Oxford University Press , 2003 , pp. 76 ; 154 . Jump up ^ Terry L. Jones and Kathryn A. Klar ( Jul 2005 ) . `` Diffusionism Reconsidered : Linguistic and Archaeological Evidence for Prehistoric Polynesian Contact with Southern California '' . American Antiquity ( JSTOR ) format = requires url = ( help ) . American Antiquity , Vol. 70 , No. 3 . 70 ( 3 ) : 457 -- 484 . doi : 10.2307 / 40035309 . JSTOR 40035309 . Jump up ^ Muñoz - Rodríguez , Pablo ; Carruthers , Tom ; Wood , John R.I. ; Williams , Bethany R.M. ; Weitemier , Kevin ; Kronmiller , Brent ; Ellis , David ; Anglin , Noelle L. ; Longway , Lucas ; Harris , Stephen A. ; Rausher , Mark D. ; Kelly , Steven ; Liston , Aaron ; Scotland , Robert W. ( 2018 ) . `` Reconciling Conflicting Phylogenies in the Origin of Sweet Potato and Dispersal to Polynesia '' . Current Biology . 28 ( 8 ) : 1246 -- 1256. e12 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2018.03. 020 . ISSN 0960 - 9822 . Jump up ^ Mapuche Indians and Polynesian connections . Jump up ^ This was recorded e.g. by the British B.F. Clark in 1877 . See Heyerdahl . Jump up ^ ROUTLEDGE , Katherine . 1919 . The Mystery of Easter Island. The story of an expedition . London. page 201 Jump up ^ See Heyerdahl . ^ Jump up to : `` Rapa Nui - Untergang einer einmaligen Kultur '' . Retrieved 15 November 2016 . Jump up ^ VAN TILBURG , Jo Anne . 1994 . Easter Island : Archaeology , Ecology and Culture . Washington D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press. page 104464 skeletons -- definitely Polynesian ^ Jump up to : Fischer , Steven ( 2005 ) . Island at the End of the World . London : Reaktion Books Ltd . pp. 86 -- 91 . ISBN 9781861892829 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Steven Roger . Island at the end of the World -- The Turbulent History of Easter Island . Reaktion Books Ltd. 2005 . ISBN 1 - 86189 - 282 - 9 . See page 64 . Jump up ^ Salmond , Anne ( 2010 ) . Aphrodite 's Island . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 238 . ISBN 9780520261143 . Jump up ^ Jo Anne Van Tilburg . `` Easter Island , Archaeology , Ecology and Culture '' . British Museum Press , London , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 7141 - 2504 - 0 ^ Jump up to : Pelta , Kathy ( 2001 ) . Rediscovering Easter Island . Minneapolis : Lerner Publications . ISBN 0 - 8225 - 4890 - 9 . Retrieved 29 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Cook , James ( 1777 ) . `` A Voyage Towards the South Pole and Round the World '' . Book 2 , Chapters 7 -- 8 . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Furgeson , Thomas ; Gill , George W ( 2016 ) . Stefan , Vincent H ; Gill , George W , eds . Skeletal Biology of the Ancient Rapanui ( Easter Islanders ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 02366 - 6 . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Barratt , Glynn ( 1981 ) . Russia in Pacific waters , 1715 -- 1825 a survey of the origins of Russia 's naval presence in the North and South Pacific . Vancouver : University of British Columbia Press . p. 118 . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0117 - 4 . Retrieved 30 March 2016 . Jump up ^ von Kotzebue , Otto ( 1821 ) . A Voyage of Discovery , Into the South Sea and Beering 's Straits , for the Purpose of Exploring a North - east Passage , Undertaken in the Years 1815 -- 1818 , at the Expense of His Highness the Chancellor of the Empire , Count Romanzoff , in the Ship Rurick. 3 . London . pp. 224 -- 227 . Jump up ^ de la Croix , David ; Dottori , Davide ( 2008 ) . `` Easter Island 's collapse : A tale of a population race '' . Journal of Economic Growth . 13 : 27 . doi : 10.1007 / s10887 - 007 - 9025 - z . Jump up ^ Brandt , Gunnar ; Merico , Agostino ( 2015 ) . `` The slow demise of Easter Island : Insights from a modeling investigation '' . Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 3 . doi : 10.3389 / fevo. 2015.00013 . Jump up ^ Steven R Fischer The island at the end of the world . Reaktion Books 2005 ISBN 1 - 86189 - 282 - 9 Jump up ^ Steven R Fischer ( 2005 ) The island at the end of the world Reaktion Books ISBN 1 - 86189 - 282 - 9 p. 113 . Katherine Routledge The Mystery of Easter Island p. 208 put the number remaining on the island at 171 . Jump up ^ Steven R Fischer The Island at the End of the World . Reaktion Books 2005 ISBN 1 - 86189 - 282 - 9 page 120 Jump up ^ Steven R Fischer The island at the end of the world . Reaktion Books 2005 ISBN 1 - 86189 - 282 - 9 pages 106 -- 122 Jump up ^ Steven R Fischer The island at the end of the world . Reaktion Books 2005 ISBN 1 - 86189 - 282 - 9 pages 123 -- 131 Jump up ^ Steven R Fischer The island at the end of the world . Reaktion Books 2005 ISBN 1 - 86189 - 282 - 9 page 124 Jump up ^ Marcos Moncada Astudillo in La tradición naval respecto del primer buque chileno en Isla de Pascua , retrieved on 5 January 2013 Jump up ^ `` Annexation by Chile '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Diamond 2005 , p. 112 Jump up ^ Lewis , Raymond J. ( 1994 ) `` Review of Rapanui ; Tradition and Survival on Easter Island . Jump up ^ Délano , Manuel ( 17 August 1987 ) Pinochet no asiste a la inauguración de la pista de la isla de Pascua . El Pais . Jump up ^ Chilean Law 20,193 , National Congress of Chile Jump up ^ `` Eclipse fever focuses on remote Easter Island '' . MSNBC . Jump up ^ Allen , Gerald R. ( 1970 ) . `` Two New Species of Frogfishes ( Antennaridae ) from Easter Island '' . Pacific Science . 24 ( 4 ) : 521 . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Police evict Rapa Nui clan from Easter Island hotel '' . BBC . 6 February 2011 . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rapanui : Protests Continue Against The Hotel Hanga Roa '' . IPIR. 17 April 2012 . Retrieved 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Law.org '' . Congressman Faleomavaega to Visit Rapa Nui . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Hinto , Santi . `` Giving Care to the Motherland : conflicting narratives of Rapanui '' . Save Rapanui . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Easter Island land dispute clashes leave dozens injured '' . BBC . 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Jared ( 2005 ) , Collapse : How societies choose to fail or survive , page 112 . Jump up ^ `` Easter Island closed down by Rapa Nui Parliament '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Easter Island . Easter Island travel guide from Wikivoyage Easter Island -- The Statues and Rock Art of Rapa Nui -- Bradshaw Foundation / Dr Georgia Lee Chile Cultural Society -- Easter Island Rapa Nui Digital Media Archive -- Creative Commons -- licensed photos , laser scans , panoramas , focused in the area around Rano Raraku and Ahu Te Pito Kura with data from an Autodesk / CyArk research partnership Mystery of Easter Island -- PBS Nova program Description of island and discussion of dating controversies `` Easter Island -- Mysteries & Myths '' . Joseph Rosendo 's Travelscope. 2011 . Retrieved 24 April 2011 . 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Provinces of Chile Aysén Antártica Chilena Antofagasta Arauco Arica Bío Bío Cachapoal Capitán Prat Cardenal Caro Cauquenes Cautín Chacabuco Chañaral Chiloé Choapa Coyhaique Colchagua Concepción Copiapó Cordillera Curicó Diguillín El Loa Elqui General Carrera Huasco Iquique Itata Isla de Pascua Limarí Linares Llanquihue Los Andes Magallanes Maipo Malleco Marga Marga Melipilla Osorno Palena Parinacota Petorca Punilla Quillota Ranco San Antonio San Felipe de Aconcagua Santiago Talagante Talca Tamarugal Tierra del Fuego Tocopilla Última Esperanza Valdivia Valparaíso < Communes and municipalities in Valparaíso Region > Petorca Cabildo La Ligua Papudo Petorca Zapallar Los Andes Calle Larga Los Andes Rinconada San Esteban San Felipe de Aconcagua Catemu Llay - Llay Panquehue Putaendo San Felipe Santa María Quillota Hijuelas La Calera La Cruz Nogales Quillota Valparaíso Casablanca Concón Juan Fernández Puchuncaví Quintero Valparaíso Viña del Mar San Antonio Algarrobo Cartagena El Quisco El Tabo San Antonio Santo Domingo Isla de Pascua Isla de Pascua Marga Marga Limache Olmué Quilpué Villa Alemana Countries and territories of Oceania Sovereign states Entire Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu In part Chile Easter Island Juan Fernández Islands Indonesia West Papua Papua Japan Bonin Islands Minami - Tori - Shima United States Hawaii Palmyra Atoll Associated states of New Zealand Niue Cook Islands Dependencies and other territories Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands Coral Sea Islands Norfolk Island United States American Samoa Baker Island Guam Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Atoll Northern Mariana Islands Wake Island New Zealand Tokelau France French Polynesia New Caledonia Wallis and Futuna United Kingdom Pitcairn Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Easter_Island&oldid=865567956 '' Categories : History of Easter Island Prehistoric Oceania 1722 in the Dutch Empire Maritime history of the Dutch Republic Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with format and no URL Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Español Français Հայերեն Polski Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 18 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the original inhabitants of easter island come from	[ "The Austronesian Polynesians, who first settled the island, are likely to have arrived from the Marquesas Islands from the west. These settlers brought bananas, taro, sugarcane, and paper mulberry, as well as chickens and Polynesian rats. The island at one time supported a relatively advanced and complex civilization.\n" ]	[ "the Marquesas Islands from the west" ]
9199342952767906457	Kermit the Frog	Kermit the Frog - wikipedia Kermit the Frog This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 12 December 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Muppet . For the frog species called `` kermit frog '' , see Hyalinobatrachium dianae . Kermit the Frog The Muppet Show , Sesame Street , Sam and Friends character First appearance Sam and Friends ( 1955 ) Created by Jim Henson Voiced by Jim Henson ( 1961 - 1990 ) Steve Whitmire ( 1990 - 2016 ) Matt Vogel ( 2017 - present ) Frank Welker ( Muppet Babies , animated segments in Little Muppet Monsters , Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ) Performed by Jim Henson ( 1955 -- 1990 ) Steve Whitmire ( 1990 -- 2016 ) Matt Vogel ( 2017 -- present ) Information Species Muppet frog Muppet lizard ( Sam and Friends ) Gender Male Occupation Entertainer , stage manager , show producer Family Robin the Frog ( nephew ) Nationality American Kermit the Frog is a Muppet character and Jim Henson 's most well - known creation . Introduced in 1955 , Kermit serves as the straight man protagonist of numerous Muppet productions , most notably Sesame Street and The Muppet Show , as well as in movies , specials , and public service announcements through the years . Henson originally performed Kermit until his death in 1990 ; Steve Whitmire performed Kermit from that time up until his dismissal from the role in 2016 . Kermit is currently performed by Matt Vogel . He was also voiced by Frank Welker in Muppet Babies and occasionally in other animation projects . Kermit performed the hit singles `` Bein ' Green '' in 1970 and `` The Rainbow Connection '' in 1979 for The Muppet Movie , the first feature - length film featuring the Muppets . The latter song reached No. 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Kermit 's iconic look and voice have been recognizable worldwide since , and in 2006 , the character was credited as the author of Before You Leap : A Frog 's Eye View of Life 's Greatest Lessons , which is an `` autobiography '' told from the perspective of the character himself . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Naming 1.2 Performers 1.3 Character biography 2 Career 2.1 Sesame Street 2.2 With the Muppets 2.3 Filmography 3 Cultural impact 3.1 Awards and commemorations 3.2 Guest television appearances 3.3 Merchandising 3.4 Kermit in Internet culture 4 References 5 External links Development The earliest trace of Kermit first appeared in 1955 on WRC - TV 's Sam and Friends . This prototype Kermit was created from a discarded spring coat belonging to Henson 's mother and two ping pong ball halves for eyes . Initially , Kermit was a lizard - like creature . He subsequently made a number of television appearances before his status as a frog was established . His collar was added at the time to make him seem more frog - like and to conceal the seam between his head and body . Naming The origin of Kermit 's name is a subject of some debate . It is often claimed that Kermit was named after Henson 's childhood friend Kermit Scott , from Leland , Mississippi . However , Karen Falk , head archivist and board of directors member for the Jim Henson Legacy organization , denies this claim on the Jim Henson Company 's website : While Jim Henson did have a childhood acquaintance named Kermit , it was not an uncommon name at the time , and Jim always said that the Frog was NOT named after this child from his elementary school . Joy DiMenna , the only daughter of Kermit Kalman Cohen who worked as a sound engineer at WBAL - TV during Jim Henson 's time with Sam and Friends , recalls that the puppet was named after her father . According to Kermit Cohen 's obituary , as well as DiMenna and Lenny Levin , a colleague of Mr. Cohen 's at WBAL : The late puppeteer had been the host of a show , `` Sam and Friends , '' at WRC - TV in Washington when he was invited to tour WBAL 's studios . Both were NBC affiliates then , and WBAL carried the show , Mr. Levin said . Mr. Henson was introduced to members of the sound and camera crew , including Mr. Cohen . `` When he heard his name , Jim turned around , snapped his fingers and said to his wife , ' That 's what we call the frog -- Kermit . ' Another common belief is that Kermit was named for Kermit Love , who worked with Henson in designing and constructing Muppets , particularly on Sesame Street but Love 's association with Henson did not begin until well after Kermit 's creation and naming , and he always denied any connection between his name and that of the character . As Sesame Street is localized for some different markets that speak languages other than English , Kermit is often renamed . In Portugal , he is called Cocas , o Sapo ( sapo means `` toad '' ) , and in Brazil , his name is similar : Caco , o Sapo . In most of Hispanic America , his name is la rana René ( René the Frog ) , while in Spain , he is named Gustavo . In the Arabic version , he is known as Kamel , which is a common Arabic male name that means `` perfect '' . In Hungary , he is called Breki ( onomatopoetic ) . Performers Jim Henson originated the character in 1955 on his local television series , Sam and Friends . Brian Henson described his father 's performance as Kermit as `` coming out of his own personality -- was a wry intelligence , a little bit of a naughtiness , but Kermit always loved everyone around and also loved a good prank . '' He continued to perform the character until his death in 1990 . Henson 's last known performance as Kermit was for an appearance on The Arsenio Hall Show to promote The Muppets at Walt Disney World . Henson died twelve days after that appearance . Following Henson 's death , veteran Muppet performer Steve Whitmire was named Kermit 's new performer . In 2017 , Whitmire seemed to imply in a blog post that Jim Henson had asked him to assume the role before he died , though Jim 's daughter Cheryl Henson claimed Brian had selected him after Jim 's death . Whitmire 's first public performance as Kermit was at the end of the television special The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson in 1990 . He remained Kermit 's principal performer until 2016 . Disney announced that Matt Vogel would be taking over as the performer and voice for Kermit on July 10 , 2017 . Whitmire later revealed that he had not chosen to voluntarily leave the role , but rather , had been recast by Muppet Studios in October 2016 . In an interview with The Hollywood Reporter later in July 2017 , Whitmire elaborated he was fired for two reasons : long - term creative disagreements over Kermit 's characterization and prolonged labor union negotiations that delayed his involvement in Muppet - related productions . For a brief demonstration at MuppetFest ( a 2001 Muppet fan convention ) , Muppet performer John Kennedy performed Kermit opposite Whitmire 's performance of young Kermit ( from Kermit 's Swamp Years ) . Kennedy also performed Kermit for Muppets Ahoy ! , a 2006 Disney Cruise Line stage show ( though Whitmire performed Kermit for the first few shows ) . Muppet performer Artie Esposito briefly performed Kermit in 2009 for a few personal appearances ( an appearance on America 's Got Talent , an appearance at the MTV Video Music Awards , and at the 2009 D23 Expo with Rowlf the Dog as part of a tribute to Jim Henson ) . Voice actor Frank Welker provided the voice of Baby Kermit on the animated Saturday morning cartoon , Muppet Babies . He also provided the voice of an adult Kermit for a short - lived spin - off , Little Muppet Monsters . Character biography A biography has been developed for Kermit the Frog as if he was an actual living performer rather than a puppet character . According to this fictional biography , he was born in Leland , Mississippi alongside approximately 2,353 siblings , though a 2011 `` interview '' on The Ellen DeGeneres Show has him state that he was from the swamps of Louisiana . As portrayed in the 2002 film Kermit 's Swamp Years , at the age of 12 , he was the first of his siblings to leave the swamp , and one of the first frogs to talk to humans . He is shown in the film encountering a 12 - year - old Jim Henson ( played by Christian Kriebel ) for the first time . According to The Muppet Movie , Kermit returned to the swamp , where a passing agent ( Dom DeLuise ) noted he had talent and , thus inspired , he headed to Hollywood , encountering the rest of the Muppets along the way . Together , they were given a standard `` rich and famous '' contract by Lew Lord ( Orson Welles ) of Wide World Studios and began their showbiz careers . In Before You Leap , Kermit again references encountering Jim Henson sometime after the events depicted in the course of The Muppet Movie and details their friendship and their partnership in the entertainment industry , crediting Henson as being the individual to whom he owes his fame . At some point after the events of The Muppet Movie , Kermit and the other Muppets begin The Muppet Show , and the characters remain together as a group , before starring in the other Muppet films and Muppets Tonight , with Kermit usually at the core of the stories as the lead protagonist . Kermit is shown in The Muppet Movie as stating that the events of the film are `` approximate to how it happened '' when asked by his nephew Robin about how the Muppets got started . Fozzie Bear is portrayed as Kermit 's best friend -- a fact reiterated by Kermit in Before You Leap -- and the two were frequently seen together during sketches on The Muppet Show and in other Muppet - related media and merchandise . On August 4 , 2015 , Kermit the Frog and Miss Piggy `` announced '' that they had ended their romantic relationship . On September 2 , 2015 , Kermit was stated to have found a new girlfriend , a pig named Denise , but around February 2016 , Denise supposedly broke up with Kermit after almost six months together . Career Kermit 's earliest incarnation on Sam and Friends Kermit has been featured prominently on both The Muppet Show and Sesame Street . However , he had a prominent career before Sesame Street 's debut in 1969 , as he starred in Sam and Friends , and numerous Muppets made guest appearances on Today from 1961 and The Ed Sullivan Show from 1966 . Sesame Street Kermit was one of the original main Muppet characters on Sesame Street . Closely identified with the show , Kermit usually appeared as a lecturer on simple topics , a straight man to another Muppet ( usually Grover , Herry Monster or Cookie Monster ) , or a news reporter interviewing storybook characters for Sesame Street News . He sang many songs on the show , including Bein ' Green , and appeared in the 1998 video The Best of Kermit on Sesame Street . Unlike the rest of the show 's Muppets , Kermit was never any property of Sesame Workshop and has rarely been a part of the show 's merchandise . When Sesame Workshop bought full ownership of its characters from the Jim Henson Company for $180 million , Kermit was not included in the deal . The character now belongs to The Muppets Studio , a division of the Walt Disney Company . His first Sesame Street appearance since Disney - ownership was in the show 's 40th - season premiere on November 10 , 2009 . With the Muppets In The Muppet Show television series , Kermit was the central character , the showrunner , and the long - suffering stage manager of the theater show , trying to keep order amidst the chaos created by the other Muppets . Jim Henson once claimed that Kermit 's job on the Muppet Show was much like his own : `` trying to get a bunch of crazies to actually get the job done . '' It was on this show that the running gag of Kermit being pursued by leading lady Miss Piggy developed . On Muppets Tonight , Kermit was still a main character , although he was the producer rather than frontman . He appeared in many parody sketches such as NYPD Green , City Schtickers , Flippers , and The Muppet Odd Squad , as well as in the Psychiatrist 's Office sketch . Kermit also served as the mascot for The Jim Henson Company , until the sale of the Muppet characters to Disney . A Kermit puppet can be seen at the National Museum of American History . Kermit appears in Muppet * Vision 3D , an attraction that opened in 1991 at Disney 's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World in Lake Buena Vista , Florida . The character was formerly featured at the attraction version in Disney California Adventure Park , at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim , California , until its closure in 2014 . He also appeared in two parades ; Disney Stars and Motor Cars Parade held at Disney 's Hollywood Studios until 2008 and Disney 's Honorary VoluntEars Cavalcade that was held during 2010 at the Magic Kingdom and Disneyland . Filmography Kermit the Frog has appeared in almost every Muppet production , as well as making guest appearances in other shows and movies . Below is a list of his more well - known appearances : Sam and Friends ( 1955 -- 1961 ) ( TV ) Sesame Street ( 1969 -- 1990 , 1996 -- 2001 , and 2009 ) ( TV ) Hey , Cinderella ! ( 1969 ) ( TV ) The Muppets on Puppets ( 1970 ) ( TV ) The Frog Prince ( 1971 ) ( TV ) The Muppets Valentine Show ( 1974 ) ( TV ) The Muppet Show : Sex and Violence ( 1975 ) ( TV ) The Muppet Show ( 1976 -- 1981 ) ( TV ) Emmet Otter 's Jug - Band Christmas ( 1977 ) ( TV ) The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) The Great Muppet Caper ( 1981 ) The Muppets Take Manhattan ( 1984 ) Muppet Babies ( 1984 -- 1991 ) ( TV ) Sesame Street Presents Follow That Bird ( 1985 ) The Muppets : A Celebration of 30 Years ( 1986 ) ( TV ) The Christmas Toy ( 1986 ) ( TV ) A Muppet Family Christmas ( 1987 ) ( TV ) The Jim Henson Hour ( 1989 ) ( TV ) Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ) ( TV ) The Muppets at Walt Disney World ( 1990 ) ( TV ) The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson ( 1990 ) ( TV ) The Muppet Christmas Carol ( 1992 ) -- Appearance as Bob Cratchit Muppet Classic Theater ( 1994 ) ( Direct - to - Video ) - Appearance as King Midas and the King in Rumpelstiltskin . Muppet Treasure Island ( 1996 ) -- Appearance as Captain Abraham Smollett Muppets Tonight ( 1996 -- 1998 ) ( TV ) Muppets from Space ( 1999 ) Kermit 's Swamp Years ( 2002 ) ( Direct - to - Video ) It 's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie ( 2002 ) ( TV ) Saturday Night Live ( 2004 , 2011 ) ( TV ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) ( TV ) -- Appearance as Himself and The Scarecrow Mr. Magorium 's Wonder Emporium ( 2007 ) ( cameo ) Studio DC : Almost Live ( 2008 ) ( TV ) A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa ( 2008 ) ( TV ) The Muppets ( 2011 ) Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular ( 2013 ) ( TV ) Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) The Muppets ( 2015 - 2016 ) ( TV ) Cultural impact Awards and commemorations Kermit 's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame Kermit was awarded an honorary doctorate of Amphibious Letters on May 19 , 1996 , at Southampton College , New York , where he also gave a commencement speech . He is also the only `` amphibian '' to have had the honor of addressing the Oxford Union . A statue of Henson and Kermit was erected on the campus of Henson 's alma mater , the University of Maryland , College Park in 2003 . Kermit was also given the honor of being the Grand Marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade in 1996 . The Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade has featured a Kermit balloon since 1977 . On November 14 , 2002 , Kermit the Frog received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . The star is located at 6801 Hollywood Blvd . On Kermit 's 50th birthday in 2005 , the United States Postal Service released a set of new stamps with photos of Kermit and some of his fellow Muppets on them . The background of the stamp sheet features a photo of a silhouetted Henson sitting in a window well , with Kermit sitting in his lap looking at him . In 2006 , while Kermit was on his international tour , Kermit , Texas was taken over by the frog during their homecoming week , ending with Kermit himself crowning the homecoming queen . The city of Kermit 's main water tower was then painted with the face and signature of the frog . The voice actor used for Kermit at this time was Tanner Martin ( 13 ) of Frackville Pennsylvania . He was selected for the contest , which had over 100,000 entries . Kermit was also the grand marshal for Michigan State University 's homecoming parade in 2006 . In 2013 , the original Kermit puppet from Sam and Friends was donated to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington , D.C. for display in the pop culture gallery . In 2015 , the Leland Chamber of Commerce in Leland , Mississippi opened a small museum containing puppets and memorabilia dedicated to Kermit . Kermit 's legacy is also deeply entrenched in the science community . One of the famous WP - 3D Orion research platforms flown by the NOAA Hurricane Hunters is named after Kermit . The other is named after Miss Piggy . In 2015 , the discovery of the Costa Rican glass frog Hyalinobatrachium dianae also attracted viral media attention due to the creature 's perceived resemblance to Kermit , with researcher Brian Kubicki quoted as saying `` I am glad that this species has ended up getting so much international attention , and in doing so it is highlighting the amazing amphibians that are native to Costa Rica and the need to continue exploring and studying the country 's amazing tropical forests . '' Guest television appearances Kermit has made numerous guest appearances on popular television shows , including co-hosting individual episodes of a number of long - running talk shows . On April 2 , 1979 , Kermit guest - hosted The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson to promote The Muppet Movie . From 1983 to 1995 , the French political satire show Le Bébête Show used copies of various Muppets to parody key political figures , and Kermit renamed `` Kermitterrand '' , embodied President François Mitterrand . As an April Fool 's joke , Kermit hosted CNN 's Larry King Live in 1994 and interviewed Hulk Hogan . Kermit was also a semi-regular during various incarnations of Hollywood Squares , with other Muppets such as Big Bird and Oscar the Grouch also making appearances on the original Hollywood Squares . Merchandising Jim Henson 's characters , including the Muppets , have inspired merchandise internationally , with Chris Bensch , chief curator of Rochester , New York 's The Strong National Museum of Play , reporting `` There seems to have been a particular craze for Kermit the Frog in Japan , '' likely due to the `` cuteness appeal . '' Baby Kermit plush toys became popular in the 1980s after the success of Muppet Babies . In 1991 , one year after Jim Henson died , merchandise featuring Kermit and other Muppet characters was being sold at Disney theme parks , causing Henson Associates to file a lawsuit against Disney for copyright infringement . Henson alleged that the `` counterfeit merchandise '' falsely indicated that the characters belonged to Disney , although the latter company had the right to exercise use of the characters due to an earlier licensing agreement . The Henson Associates highlighted a T - shirt displaying Kermit , the Disney brand , and a copyright symbol . Disney representative Erwin Okun said the lawsuit was `` outrageous '' and `` an unfortunate break with the legacy of a fine relationship with Disney that Jim Henson left behind '' . Disney later acquired the Muppets , and thusly , clothes , toys and souvenirs depicting Kermit and the Muppets continued to be sold at Disney theme parks and stores . The Leland Chamber of Commerce 's small Kermit - themed museum set out to preserve some of the dolls and merchandise . In 2016 , The New Zealand Herald reported a hat featuring Kermit sipping Lipton tea , associated with the `` But That 's None Of My Business '' Internet meme , became a popular seller after basketball player LeBron James drew attention for wearing one . Kermit in Internet culture In March 2007 , Sad Kermit , an unofficial parody , was uploaded to the website YouTube , showing a store - bought Kermit puppet performing a version of the Nine Inch Nails song `` Hurt '' in a style similar to Johnny Cash 's famous cover version . In contrast to the real Kermit character 's usual family - friendly antics , the video shows the puppet engaging in drug abuse , smoking , alcoholism , performing oral sex on Rowlf the Dog , smashing a picture of Miss Piggy ( with a breast exposed ) and attempting suicide . The video became an Internet meme . The Victoria Times Colonist called it an `` online sensation '' . The Chicago Sun - Times said it `` puts the high in ' Hi - ho ! ' '' The London Free Press said `` Sad Kermit is in a world of pain '' . The Houston Press described it as the `` world 's most revolting web phenomenon '' . SF Weekly described the unauthorized video as `` ironic slandering . '' Clips have been featured on the Canadian television series The Hour , where host George Stroumboulopoulos speculated that the Kermit version of `` Hurt '' was inspired by the Cash version rather than that of Nine Inch Nails . Kermit has also appeared in a popular meme in which he is shown sipping tea , `` one used when you sassily point something out , and then slyly back away , claiming that it 's not ( your ) business . '' The photo is taken from `` Be More Kermit , '' a Lipton advertisement that aired in 2014 , and was adapted into the `` But That 's None Of My Business '' meme by African American comedians on the Tumblr blog Kermit the Snitch , making appearances on Twitter , Instagram and Facebook . Charles Pulliam - Moore of the TV station Fusion praised `` But That 's None Of My Business '' as `` a symbol for the comedic brilliance born out of black communities on the internet , '' but Stephanie Hayes of Bustle magazine slammed the memes as racist and obscene . In 2016 , a Good Morning America post on Twitter referred to `` But That 's None Of My Business '' as `` Tea Lizard , '' becoming the subject of viral online derision . New York magazine replied that , `` Kermit is a frog . A frog is an amphibian . A lizard is a reptile . It 's just so insulting . Beyond a frog and a lizard both being clearly ectothermic , they could n't be any more different . Not all green things are the same , you ignorant bastards . '' Popular Science also addressed the misnomer , writing `` Frogs , which are amphibians , have quite a few significant differences from reptiles in how they breathe , their life cycles , whether they have scales or not ... there 's a lot to absorb here . '' In November 2016 , a new meme surfaced of Kermit talking to a hooded version of himself which represents the self and its dark inner thoughts . It involves captioning of a screenshot taken from the Muppets Most Wanted movie of Kermit and Constantine looking at each other . References ^ Jump up to : Shemin , Craig ( 2014 ) . Disney 's The Muppets Character Encyclopedia . New York : DK Publishing . p. 98 . ISBN 9781465417480 . ^ Jump up to : Parker , Ryan ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Longtime Kermit the Frog Voice Actor Replaced After 27 Years '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . 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June 22 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 -- via Bloomberg L.P. Jump up ^ `` LeBron James Wears Ultimate Warrior Shirt , ' Kermit Sipping Tea ' Hat Upon Arrival In Cleveland '' . CBS Boston . June 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sad Kermit ' bares his soul online '' . Times Colonist . December 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Davenport , Misha ( September 30 , 2007 ) . `` Parody video puts the high in ' Hi - ho ! ' : : CHICAGO SUN - TIMES : : Entertainment '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Brown , Dan ( April 12 , 2007 ) . `` Sad Kermit is hurting '' . The London Free Press . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Westhoff , Ben ( May 24 , 2007 ) . `` The Sad Kermit Video '' . Houston Press . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maerz , Jennifer ( June 20 , 2007 ) . `` It 's so easy being green : Jim Henson 's lasting music legacy '' . SF Weekly . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stroumboulopoulos , George ( 4 April 2007 ) . The Hour . CBC Television . ^ Jump up to : Browne , Rembert ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` The Real Reason GMA 's ' Tea Lizard ' Tweet Was Problematic '' . New York Magazine . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Good Morning America ' calling a popular Kermit the Frog meme ' Tea Lizard ' whitewashes its origin '' . Fusion . June 21 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2016 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hayes , Stephanie ( June 24 , 2014 ) . `` # Kermit the Frog # ButThatsNoneofMyBusinessTho Memes Are Annoyingly Taking Over the Internet '' . www.bustle.com . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , G. Clay ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Why # TeaLizard Kermit The Frog Is Not a Lizard '' . Popular Science . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2016 . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Purdom , Clayton ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` Evil Kermit is the shithead inside us all '' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2016 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . External links Muppets portal Fictional characters portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kermit the Frog . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Kermit the Frog Kermit the Frog 's character profile at Disney.com Kermit 's commencement address at Southampton College in 1996 Birthplace of the Frog : An Exhibit of Jim Henson 's Delta Boyhood Kermit the Frog on IMDb ( as himself ) Kermit the Frog on IMDb ( as a character ) The Muppets The Muppets Studio Characters Kermit the Frog Miss Piggy Fozzie Bear Gonzo Rowlf the Dog Scooter Pepe the King Prawn Rizzo the Rat Animal Walter Sam Eagle Dr. Bunsen Honeydew Beaker Swedish Chef Statler and Waldorf Dr. Teeth and The Electric Mayhem Muppet performers Pam Arciero Bill Barretta Fran Brill Julianne Buescher Tyler Bunch Kevin Carlson Leslie Carrara - Rudolph Kevin Clash Stephanie D'Abruzzo Alice Dinnean - Vernon Dave Goelz Louise Gold Brian Henson Jane Henson Jim Henson John Henson Richard Hunt Eric Jacobson Jerry Juhl John Kennedy Tim Lagasse Peter Linz Noel MacNeal Drew Massey Joey Mazzarino Brian Muehl Kathryn Mullen James Murray Jerry Nelson Frank Oz Eren Ozker Bob Payne Karen Prell Mike Quinn David Rudman Martin P. Robinson Michelan Sisti Caroll Spinney John Tartaglia Allan Trautman Matt Vogel Steve Whitmire Victor Yerrid Television Series Sam and Friends ( 1955 -- 1961 ) The Muppet Show ( 1976 -- 1981 ) Muppet Babies ( 1984 -- 1991 ) Little Muppet Monsters ( 1985 ) The Jim Henson Hour ( 1989 ) Muppets Tonight ( 1996 -- 1998 ) The Muppets ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Muppet Babies ( TBA 2018 ) Segments The Jimmy Dean Show ( `` Rowlf the Dog '' , 1963 -- 65 ) The Mike Douglas Show ( 1966 -- 79 ) The Ed Sullivan Show ( including The Great Santa Claus Switch , 1966 -- 71 ) Saturday Night Live ( The Land of Gorch , 1975 -- 76 ) Specials Hey , Cinderella ! ( 1969 ) The Muppets on Puppets ( 1970 ) The Great Santa Claus Switch ( 1970 ) The Frog Prince ( 1971 ) The Muppet Musicians of Bremen ( 1972 ) The Muppets Valentine Show ( 1974 ) The Muppet Show : Sex and Violence ( 1975 ) John Denver and the Muppets : A Christmas Together ( 1979 ) The Muppets Go Hollywood ( 1979 ) The Muppets Go to the Movies ( 1981 ) The Fantastic Miss Piggy Show ( 1982 ) Rocky Mountain Holiday ( 1983 ) The Muppets : A Celebration of 30 Years ( 1986 ) A Muppet Family Christmas ( 1987 ) Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( 1990 ) The Earth Day Special ( 1990 ) The Muppets at Walt Disney World ( 1990 ) The Muppets Celebrate Jim Henson ( 1990 ) Mr. Willowby 's Christmas Tree ( 1995 ) Elmo Saves Christmas ( 1996 ) Studio DC : Almost Live ( 2008 ) A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa ( 2008 ) Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular ( 2013 ) Films Feature The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) The Great Muppet Caper ( 1981 ) The Muppets Take Manhattan ( 1984 ) The Muppet Christmas Carol ( 1992 ) Muppet Treasure Island ( 1996 ) Muppets from Space ( 1999 ) The Muppets ( 2011 ) Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) Television The Christmas Toy ( 1986 ) It 's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie ( 2002 ) The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) Direct - to - video Muppet Classic Theater ( 1994 ) Kermit 's Swamp Years ( 2002 ) Music Albums The Muppet Show ( 1977 ) The Muppet Show 2 ( 1978 ) The Muppet Movie : Original Soundtrack Recording ( 1979 ) John Denver and the Muppets : A Christmas Together ( 1979 ) The Great Muppet Caper : The Original Soundtrack ( 1981 ) The Muppets Take Manhattan : The Original Soundtrack ( 1984 ) The Muppet Christmas Carol : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 1992 ) Ol ' Brown Ears is Back ( 1993 ) Muppet Beach Party ( 1993 ) Muppet Hits ( 1993 ) Muppet Hits Take 2 ( 1994 ) Kermit Unpigged ( 1994 ) The Muppet Treasure Island : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( 1996 ) The Muppet Show : Music , Mayhem , and More ( 2002 ) Best of the Muppets featuring The Muppets ' Wizard of Oz ( 2005 ) The Muppets : A Green and Red Christmas ( 2006 ) A Muppets Christmas : Letters to Santa ( 2008 ) Muppets : The Green Album ( 2011 ) The Muppets ( 2011 ) Muppets Most Wanted ( 2014 ) Songs `` The Muppet Show Theme '' `` Rainbow Connection '' `` Bein ' Green '' `` Mahna Mahna '' `` When the River Meets the Sea '' `` Never Before , Never Again '' `` I Hope That Somethin ' Better Comes Along '' `` I 'm Going to Go Back There Someday '' `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' `` Man or Muppet '' Web series Statler and Waldorf : From the Balcony ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Muppets Kitchen with Cat Cora ( 2010 ) Video games Muppet Adventure : Chaos at the Carnival ( 1989 ) Muppets Inside ( 1996 ) Muppet RaceMania ( 2000 ) Muppet Monster Adventure ( 2000 ) Spy Muppets : License to Croak ( 2003 ) Muppets Party Cruise ( 2003 ) Disney Universe ( 2011 ) The Muppets Movie Adventures ( 2014 ) Other media Muppet * Vision 3D ( 1991 -- present ) Muppet Mobile Lab ( 2007 -- present ) The Muppets Present ... Great Moments in American History ( 2016 -- present ) Comics series Before You Leap Puppet Heap The Jim Henson Company Creature Shop Fraggle Rock characters Sesame Workshop Sesame Street Muppets Muppets portal Sesame Street characters Muppets of Sesame Street Abby Cadabby Barkley The Bear family Bert and Ernie Bert Ernie Big Bird Cookie Monster Count von Count Don Music Elmo Granny Bird Grover Grouches Grundgetta Guy Smiley Herry Monster Honkers Hoots the Owl Irvine Julia Kermit the Frog Mr. Johnson Mrs. Grouch Murray Monster Natasha Oscar the Grouch Prairie Dawn Roosevelt Franklin Rosita Roxie Marie Sherlock Hemlock Slimey the Worm Mr. Snuffleupagus Telly Monster Two - Headed Monster Yip Yips Zoe Human characters Alan Bob Johnson Chris Robinson Gordon Robinson David Gabi Rodriguez Gina Jefferson Hiroshi Linda Luis Rodriguez Maria Rodriguez Miles Robinson Mr. Hooper Mr. Noodle Natalie Olivia Robinson The Number Painter Susan Robinson Trash Gordon Animated characters Teeny Little Super Guy International co-production characters Abelardo the Dragon Basil Chaos Don Pimpón Espinete Kami Kippi Ben Kippod Moishe Oofnik Pong Pagong VIAF : 301255461 LCCN : no2013055922 MusicBrainz : 992a7ea8 - 96c1 - 4058 - ba96 - f811c8d01c77 IATH : w62k71qs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kermit_the_Frog&oldid=815003938 '' Categories : Corporate mascots Fictional characters from Mississippi Fictional characters introduced in 1955 Fictional frogs and toads Fictional producers Fictional reporters Frog mascots Kermit the Frog Sesame Street Muppet characters The Muppets characters Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) Use mdy dates from May 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Winaray ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 , at 04 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who owns the rights to kermit the frog	[ "Jim Henson's characters, including the Muppets, have inspired merchandise internationally, with Chris Bensch, chief curator of Rochester, New York's The Strong National Museum of Play, reporting \"There seems to have been a particular craze for Kermit the Frog in Japan,\" likely due to the \"cuteness appeal.\"[57] Baby Kermit plush toys became popular in the 1980s after the success of Muppet Babies.[58] In 1991, one year after Jim Henson died, merchandise featuring Kermit and other Muppet characters was being sold at Disney theme parks, causing Henson Associates to file a lawsuit against Disney for copyright infringement. Henson alleged that the \"counterfeit merchandise\" falsely indicated that the characters belonged to Disney, although the latter company had the right to exercise use of the characters due to an earlier licensing agreement.[37] The Henson Associates highlighted a T-shirt displaying Kermit, the Disney brand, and a copyright symbol. Disney representative Erwin Okun said the lawsuit was \"outrageous\" and \"an unfortunate break with the legacy of a fine relationship with Disney that Jim Henson left behind\".[59] Disney later acquired the Muppets, and thusly, clothes, toys and souvenirs depicting Kermit and the Muppets continued to be sold at Disney theme parks and stores.[60]" ]	[ "Henson Associates" ]
-1256729396152787688	Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956	Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 - wikipedia Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 Other short titles Highway Construction Act National Interstate and Defense Highways Act Long title An act to amend and supplement the Federal Aid Road Act approved July 11 , 1916 , to authorize appropriations for continuing the construction of highways ; to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 to provide additional revenue from taxes on motor fuel , tires , and trucks and buses ; and for other purposes . Acronyms ( colloquial ) FAHA Nicknames Highway Revenue Act of 1956 Enacted by the 84th United States Congress Effective June 29 , 1956 Citations Public law 84 - 627 Statutes at Large 70 Stat. 374 Codification Titles amended 16 U.S.C. : Conservation 23 U.S.C. : Highways U.S.C. sections created 16 U.S.C. ch. 2 , subch . I § 503 23 U.S.C. ch. 1 Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 10660 by George Fallon ( D -- MD ) on April 19 , 1956 Passed the House on April 27 , 1956 ( 388 -- 19 ) Passed the Senate on May 29 , 1956 ( 41 -- 39 ) Reported by the joint conference committee on June 22 , 1956 ; agreed to by the House on June 22 , 1956 ( adopted ) and by the Senate on June 22 , 1956 ( 89 -- 1 ) Signed into law by President Dwight Eisenhower on June 29 , 1956 The Federal - Aid Highway Act of 1956 , popularly known as the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act ( Public Law 84 - 627 ) , was enacted on June 29 , 1956 , when President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the bill into law . With an original authorization of $25 billion for the construction of 41,000 miles ( 66,000 km ) of the Interstate Highway System supposedly over a 10 - year period , it was the largest public works project in American history through that time . The addition of the term `` defense '' in the act 's title was for two reasons : First , some of the original cost was diverted from defense funds . Secondly , most U.S. Air Force bases have a direct link to the system . One of the stated purposes was to provide access in order to defend the United States during an attack . All of these links were in the original plans , although some , such as Wright Patterson were not connected up in the 1950s , but only somewhat later . The money for the Interstate Highway and Defense Highways was handled in a Highway Trust Fund that paid for 90 percent of highway construction costs with the states required to pay the remaining 10 percent . It was expected that the money would be generated through new taxes on fuel , automobiles , trucks , and tires . As a matter of practice , the federal portion of the cost of the Interstate Highway System has been paid for by taxes on gasoline and diesel fuel . Historical background of the Interstate Highway System ( edit ) U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower . Eisenhower 's support of the Federal - Aid Highway Act of 1956 can be directly attributed to his experiences in 1919 as a participant in the U.S. Army 's first Transcontinental Motor Convoy across the United States on the historic Lincoln Highway , which was the first road across America . The highly publicized 1919 convoy was intended , in part , to dramatize the need for better main highways and continued federal aid . The convoy left the Ellipse south of the White House in Washington , D.C. , on July 7 , 1919 , and headed for Gettysburg , Pennsylvania . From there , it followed the Lincoln Highway to San Francisco . Bridges cracked and were rebuilt , vehicles became stuck in mud and equipment broke , but the convoy was greeted warmly by communities across the country . The convoy reached San Francisco on September 6 , 1919 . The convoy was memorable enough for a young Army officer , 28 - year - old Lieutenant Colonel Dwight David Eisenhower , to include a chapter about the trip , titled `` Through Darkest America With Truck and Tank , '' in his book At Ease : Stories I Tell to Friends ( Doubleday and Company , Inc. , 1967 ) . `` The trip had been difficult , tiring and fun , '' he said . That experience on the Lincoln Highway , plus his observations of the German autobahn network during World War II , convinced him to support construction of the Interstate System when he became president . `` The old convoy had started me thinking about good , two - lane highways , but Germany had made me see the wisdom of broader ribbons across the land . '' His `` Grand Plan '' for highways , announced in 1954 , led to the 1956 legislative breakthrough that created the Highway Trust Fund to accelerate construction of the Interstate System . Eisenhower advocated for the highways for the purpose of national defense . In the event of a ground invasion by a foreign power , the U.S. Army would need good highways to be able to transport troops across the country efficiently . Following completion of the highways the cross-country journey that took the convoy two months in 1919 was cut down to five days . Tollways ( edit ) Many limited - access toll highways that had been built prior to the Interstate Highway Act were incorporated into the Interstate system ( for example , the Ohio Turnpike carries portions of Interstate 76 , I - 80 and I - 90 ) . For major turnpikes in New York , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Kansas , Oklahoma , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , Maine and West Virginia , tolls continue to be collected , even though the turnpikes have long since been paid for . The money collected is used for highway maintenance , turnpike improvement projects and states ' general funds . ( That is not the case in Massachusetts , where the state constitution requires the money be used for transportation . ) In addition , there are several major toll bridges and toll tunnels included in the interstate highways , including four bridges in the San Francisco Bay Area , ones linking Delaware with New Jersey , New Jersey with New York , New Jersey with Pennsylvania , the Upper and Lower Peninsulas of Michigan and , and between Indiana and Kentucky . Tolls collected on Interstate Highways remain on segments of I - 95 , I - 94 , I - 90 , I - 88 , I - 87 , I - 80 , I - 77 , I - 76 , I - 64 , I - 44 , I - 294 , I - 355 and several others . In addition , some states have built tolled express lanes within existing freeways . Toll turnpikes in the following states have been declared paid off , and those highways have become standard freeways with the removal of toll barriers : Connecticut ( I - 95 ) , Kentucky ( part of I - 65 ) , Maryland ( part of I - 95 ) , Texas ( part of I - 30 ) , Virginia ( the part of I - 95 between Richmond and Petersburg ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weingroff , Richard F. ( Summer 1996 ) . `` Federal - Aid Highway Act of 1956 , Creating the Interstate System '' . Public Roads . Federal Highway Administration . 60 ( 1 ) . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Federal Highway Administration ( September 15 , 1999 ) . `` Financing Federal - Aid Highways '' . Federal Highway Administration . FHWA - PL - 99 - 015 . Retrieved September 10 , 2008 . The Greatest Decade 1956 -- 1966 Part 1 Essential to the National Interest at United States Department of Transportation -- Federal Highway Administration History of the Interstate Highway System at United States Department of Transportation -- Federal Highway Administration Federal Highway Act of 1956 Major highway federal statutes in the United States Federal - Aid Highway Acts ( 1916 -- 1987 ) National Interstate and Defense Highways Act ( 1956 ) Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 ( 1982 ) Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act ( 1987 ) Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act ( 1991 ) National Highway System Designation Act ( 1995 ) Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century ( 1998 ) Safe , Accountable , Flexible , Efficient Transportation Equity Act : A Legacy for Users ( 2005 ) Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act ( 2012 ) Fixing America 's Surface Transportation Act ( 2015 ) LCCN : no2011167448 VIAF : 187415871 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Federal_Aid_Highway_Act_of_1956&oldid=841944594 '' Categories : 1956 in law 84th United States Congress United States federal transportation legislation Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk About Wikipedia 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 May 2018 , at 04 : 04 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which of the following was the purpose of the interstate highway act	[]	[]
-8720029539471632581	Test cricket	Test cricket - wikipedia Test cricket Jump to : navigation , search ICC Test Championship Rank Team Matches Points Rating India 36 4,493 125 South Africa 34 3,767 111 England 43 4,497 105 New Zealand 32 3,114 97 5 Australia 34 3,294 97 6 Sri Lanka 39 3,658 94 7 Pakistan 34 2,988 88 8 West Indies 30 2,260 75 9 Bangladesh 23 1,651 72 10 Zimbabwe 10 0 0 Reference : ICC Rankings , 10 October 2017 `` Matches '' is no. matches + no. series played in the 12 -- 24 months since the May before last , plus half the number in the 24 months before that . A Test match between South Africa and England in January 2005 . The two men wearing black trousers are the umpires . Test cricket is played in traditional white clothes and usually with a red ball -- a pink ball in Day / Night Tests . Test cricket is the longest form of the sport of cricket and is considered its highest standard . Test matches are played between national representative teams with `` Test status '' , as determined and conferred by the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) . The two teams of 11 players play a four - innings match , which may last up to five days ( or longer in some historical cases ) . It is generally considered the most complete examination of teams ' playing ability and endurance . The name Test stems from the long , gruelling match being a `` test '' of the relative strengths of the two sides . The first officially recognised Test match began on 15 March 1877 and ended on 19 March 1877 and was played between England and Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground ( MCG ) , where Australia won by 45 runs . A Test match to celebrate 100 years of Test cricket was held in Melbourne from 12 to 17 March 1977 , in which Australia beat England by 45 runs -- the same margin as that first Test . In October 2012 , the International Cricket Council recast the playing conditions for Test matches , permitting day / night Test matches . The first day / night game took place between Australia and New Zealand at the Adelaide Oval , Adelaide , on 27 November 2015 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Test status 2 Test cricket playing teams 3 Conduct of the game 3.1 Playing time 3.2 Play 4 Competitions 5 Early history 6 Perpetual trophies 7 See also 8 Notes & References 8.1 Notes 8.2 References 8.3 Bibliography 9 External links Test status ( edit ) Test matches are the highest level of cricket , although , statistically , their data forms part of first - class cricket . Matches are played between national representative teams with `` Test status '' , as determined by the International Cricket Council . As of June 2017 , twelve national teams have Test status , the most recently promoted being Afghanistan and Ireland on 22 June 2017 . Zimbabwe 's Test status was voluntarily suspended , because of poor performances between 2006 and 2011 ; it returned to competition in August 2011 . In January 2014 , during an ICC meeting in Dubai , the pathway for new potential Test nations was laid out with the winners of the next round of the ICC Intercontinental Cup playing a 5 - day match against the bottom ranked Test nation . If the Associate team defeats the Test nation , then they could be added as the new Test country and granted full membership . A list of matches , defined as `` Tests '' , was first drawn up by Australian Clarence Moody in the mid-1890s . Representative matches played by simultaneous England touring sides of 1891 -- 92 ( in Australia and South Africa ) and 1929 -- 30 ( in the West Indies and New Zealand ) are deemed to have `` Test status '' . In 1970 , a series of five `` Test matches '' was played in England between England and a Rest of the World XI . These matches , originally scheduled between England and South Africa , were amended after South Africa was suspended from international cricket because of their government 's policy of apartheid . Although initially given Test status ( and included as Test matches in some record books , including Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack ) , this was later withdrawn and a principle was established that official Test matches can only be between nations ( although the geographically and demographically small countries of the West Indies have since 1928 been permitted to field a coalition side ) . Despite this , in 2005 , the ICC ruled that the six - day Super Series match that took place in October 2005 , between Australia and a World XI , was an official Test match . Some cricket writers and statisticians , including Bill Frindall , ignored the ICC 's ruling and excluded the 2005 match from their records . The series of `` Test matches '' played in Australia between Australia and a World XI in 1971 / 72 do not have Test status . The commercial `` Supertests '' organised by Kerry Packer as part of his World Series Cricket enterprise and played between `` WSC Australia '' , `` WSC World XI '' and `` WSC West Indies '' from 1977 to 1979 have never been regarded as official Test matches . Test cricket playing teams ( edit ) There are currently twelve Test - playing men 's teams , representing individual nations except for England , the West Indies and Ireland . Test status is conferred upon a country or group of countries by the International Cricket Council . Teams that do not have Test status can play in the ICC Intercontinental Cup , specifically designed to allow non-Test teams to play under conditions similar to Tests . The teams are listed below with the date of each team 's Test debut : Order Team Date of first Test match Number of matches before first win Notes = 1 Australia 15 March 1877 0 = 1 England 15 March 1877 At the time represented all of Britain , but now officially represents England and Wales . South Africa 12 March 1889 11 Did not participate in international cricket between 10 March 1970 and 10 November 1991 after the International Cricket Conference suspended South Africa in response to the South African Government 's policy of apartheid . West Indies 23 June 1928 5 Consists of players from 10 Caribbean nations and 5 dependencies . 5 New Zealand 10 January 1930 42 6 India 25 June 1932 24 Before partition of India in 1947 , included territory that now forms Pakistan and Bangladesh . 7 Pakistan 16 October 1952 Before Bangladeshi independence in 1971 , included territory that is now Bangladesh . 8 Sri Lanka 17 February 1982 13 9 Zimbabwe 18 October 1992 10 Voluntarily suspended from Test cricket between 10 June 2004 and 6 January 2005 , and from 18 January 2006 until 3 August 2011 10 Bangladesh 10 November 2000 34 = 11 Afghanistan = 11 Ireland 11 May 2018 The team represents all of Ireland In May 2016 , the ICC announced that it is contemplating the idea of two tiers in Test match cricket . ICC hopes that this will help them draw more crowd and generate more revenue from the matches played between top tier teams . Promotion and relegation could be introduced into Test cricket as early as 2019 . This will give opportunities to more countries to play Test cricket . On 7 September 2016 , the ICC withdrew the proposal for a two - tier system . In October 2016 , ICC started contemplating a different kind of Two - Tier system for Test match cricket . This structure will be similar to that of North American professional sports , featuring two conferences of six teams each . Each team will play against all teams in their conference over a period of two years , with a Test Championship play - off between the top nations of both conferences at the end of the defined period . In the ICC 's annual conference held on 22 June 2017 , Afghanistan and Ireland were awarded Test status to become the 11th and 12th full members of the International Cricket Council . Ireland are scheduled to play their first Test against Pakistan in May 2018 . Conduct of the game ( edit ) Playing time ( edit ) See also : Playing time ( cricket ) A standard day of Test cricket consists of 3 sessions of 2 hours each , the breaks between sessions being 40 minutes for lunch , and 20 minutes for tea . However the times of sessions and intervals may be altered in certain circumstances : if bad weather or a change of innings occurs close to a scheduled break , the break may be taken immediately ; if there has been a loss of playing time , for example because of bad weather , the session times may be adjusted to make up the lost time ; if the batting side is nine wickets down at the scheduled tea break , then the interval may be delayed until either 30 minutes has elapsed or the team is all out ; the final session may be extended by up to 30 minutes if 90 or more overs have not been bowled in that day 's play ( subject to any reduction for adverse weather ) ; the final session may be extended by 30 minutes ( except on the 5th day ) if the umpires believe the result can be decided within that time . Today , Test matches are scheduled to be played across five consecutive days . However , in the early days of Test cricket , matches were played for three or four days . Until the 1980s , it was usual to include a ' rest day , ' often a Sunday . There have also been ' Timeless Tests ' , which did not end after a predetermined maximum time . In 2005 , Australia played a match scheduled for six days against a World XI , which the ICC sanctioned as an official Test match , though the match reached a conclusion on the fourth day . In October 2017 , the ICC approved a request for a four - day Test match , between South Africa and Zimbabwe , scheduled to start on 26 December 2017 . The ICC will trial the four - day Test format until the 2019 Cricket World Cup . There have been attempts by the ICC , the sport 's governing body , to introduce day - night Test matches . In 2012 , The International Cricket Council passed playing conditions that allowed for the staging of day - night Test matches . The first day - night Test took place during New Zealand 's tour to Australia in November 2015 . Play ( edit ) Further information : Cricket § Rules and game - play Test cricket is played in innings ( the word denotes both the singular and the plural ) . In each innings , one team bats and the other bowls ( or fields ) . Ordinarily four innings are played in a Test match , and each team bats twice and bowls twice . Before the start of play on the first day , the two team captains and the match referee toss a coin ; the captain who wins the toss decides whether his team will bat or bowl first . In the following scenarios , the team that bats first is referred to as Team A and their opponents as Team B . Usually the teams will alternate at the completion of each innings . Thus , Team A will bat ( and Team B will bowl ) until its innings ends , and then Team B will bat and Team A will bowl . When Team B 's innings ends , Team A begin their second innings , and this is followed by Team B 's second innings . The winning team is the one that scores more runs in their two innings . A team 's innings ends in one of the following ways : The team is `` all out '' . This typically occurs when a team has lost ten wickets ( ten of the eleven batsmen having been dismissed ) and are `` bowled out '' . It may occasionally occur with the loss of fewer wickets if one or more batsmen are unavailable to bat ( through injury , for example ) . The team 's captain declares the innings closed , usually because they believe they have enough runs . A declaration before the innings starts is called an innings forfeiture . The team batting fourth score the required number of runs to win . The prescribed time for the match expires . If , at the completion of its first innings , Team B 's first innings total is 200 or more fewer than Team A 's , the captain of Team A may ( but is not required to ) order Team B to have their second innings next . This is called enforcing the follow on . In this case , the usual order of the third and fourth innings is reversed : Team A will bat in the fourth innings . It is rare for a team forced to follow on to win the match . In Test cricket it has only happened three times , although over 285 follow - ons have been enforced : Australia was the losing team on each occasion , twice to England , in 1894 and in 1981 , and once to India in 2001 . If the whole of the first day 's play of a Test match has been lost because of bad weather or other reasons like bad light , then Team A may enforce the follow on if Team B 's first innings total is 150 or more fewer than Team A 's . During the 2nd Test between England and New Zealand at Headingley in 2013 , England batted first after the first day was lost because of rain . New Zealand , batting second , scored 180 runs fewer than England , meaning England could have enforced the follow on , though chose not to . This is similar to four - day first - class cricket , where the follow on can be enforced if the difference is 150 runs or fewer . If the Test is 2 days or fewer then the `` follow - on '' value is 100 runs . After 80 overs , the captain of the bowling side may take a new ball , although this is not required . The captain will usually take the new ball : being harder and smoother than an old ball , a new ball generally favours faster bowlers who can make it bounce more variably . The roughened , softer surface of an old ball can be more conducive to spin bowlers , or those using reverse swing . The captain may delay the decision to take the new ball if he wishes to continue with his spinners ( because the pitch favours spin ) . After a new ball has been taken , should an innings last a further 80 overs , then the captain will have the option to take another new ball . A Test match may end in one of six results : All four innings are complete . The team batting fourth are all out before overtaking the other team , usually before matching the other team 's score . The team that batted third are the winners by a margin equal to the difference in the aggregate runs scored by the two teams ( for example , `` Team A won by 95 runs '' ) . Very rarely ( in over 2,000 Test matches played , it has only happened twice ) the scores can end level , resulting in a tie . The team batting in the fourth innings overtakes the opposing team 's run total . The match ends , and the team batting fourth is the winner by a margin equal to the number of wickets still to fall in the innings ( for example , `` Team B won by five wickets '' ) . The third innings concludes with the team that batted twice still trailing the team that batted once . The match ends without playing a fourth innings . The team that batted only once is the winner by a margin equal to `` an innings '' plus the difference in aggregate run totals of the teams ( for example , `` Team B won by an innings and 26 runs '' ) . Time for the match expires without a result being reached . This usually occurs at the end of the last day of the match . The result is a draw : there is no winner , no matter how superior the position of one of the sides . Rain causing a loss of playing time is a common factor in drawn matches , although matches may be drawn even without interference from the weather : usually as a result of poor time management or an intentional effort on the part of one team to avoid losing . The match is abandoned because the ground is declared unfit for play . This has occurred three times , resulting each time in a draw being declared : England v Australia at Headingley , Leeds , 1975 ( vandalism ) ; West Indies v England at Sabina Park , Kingston , Jamaica , 1998 ( dangerous ground ) ; West Indies v England at Sir Vivian Richards Stadium , Antigua , 2009 ( dangerous ground ) . The match is awarded through a forfeiture . If a team refuses to take the field of play , the umpires may award the match to the opposing team . This has only happened once in Test cricket , in the 2006 Fourth Test between England and Pakistan . Competitions ( edit ) Test cricket is almost always played as a series of matches between two countries , with all matches in the series taking place in the same country ( the host ) . Often there is a perpetual trophy that is awarded to the winner , the most famous of which is the Ashes contested between England and Australia . There have been two exceptions to the bilateral nature of Test cricket : the 1912 Triangular Tournament , a three - way competition between England , Australia and South Africa ( hosted by England ) , and the Asian Test Championship , an event held in 1998 -- 99 and 2001 -- 02 . The number of matches in Test series has varied from one to seven . Up until the early 1990s , Test series between international teams were organised between the two national cricket organisations with umpires provided by the home team . With the entry of more countries into Test cricket , and a wish by the ICC to maintain public interest in Tests in the face of the popularity of one - day cricket , a rotation system was introduced that sees all ten Test teams playing each other over a six - year cycle , and an official ranking system ( with a trophy held by the highest - ranked team ) . In this system , umpires are provided by the ICC . An elite panel of eleven umpires has been established , and the panel is supplemented by an additional International Panel that includes three umpires named by each Test - playing country . The elite umpires officiate almost all Test matches ( usually not a Test involving their home country ) ; the International Panel is only employed when the cricketing calendar is filled with activity , or for one - day internationals ( ODIs ) . Early history ( edit ) Main articles : History of cricket , History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883 , History of Test cricket from 1884 to 1889 , and History of Test cricket from 1890 to 1900 Sides designated as `` England '' began to play in the late 18th century , but these teams were not truly representative . Early international cricket was disrupted by the French Revolution and the American Civil War . The earliest international cricket match was between USA and Canada , on 24 and 25 September 1844 . This has never been officially considered a `` Test match '' . Tours of national English sides abroad took place , particularly to the USA , Australia and New Zealand . The Australian Aborigines team became the first organised overseas cricketers to tour England in 1868 . Two rival English tours of Australia were proposed in the early months of 1877 , with James Lillywhite campaigning for a professional tour and Fred Grace for an amateur one . Grace 's tour fell through and it was Lillywhite 's team that toured New Zealand and Australia in 1876 -- 77 . Two matches against a combined Australian XI were later classified as the first official Test matches . The first match was won by Australia , by 45 runs , and the second by England . After reciprocal tours established a pattern of international cricket , The Ashes was established as an ongoing competition during the Australian tour of England in 1882 . Surprisingly beaten , a mock obituary of English cricket was published in the Sporting Times the following day : the phrase `` The body shall be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia '' prompted the subsequent creation of the Ashes urn . The series of 1884 -- 85 was the first to be held over five matches : Shaw , writing in 1901 , considered the side to be `` the best ever to have left England '' . South Africa became the third team to play Test cricket in 1888 -- 89 , when they hosted a tour by an under - strength England side . Perpetual trophies ( edit ) The following are the perpetual trophies in Test Cricket . Name of trophy Team 1 Team 2 First contested Remarks The Ashes England Australia 1882 -- 83 Anthony De Mello Trophy India England 1951 For series played in India Frank Worrell Trophy West Indies Australia 1960 -- 61 Wisden Trophy West Indies England 1963 Trans - Tasman Trophy New Zealand Australia 1985 -- 86 Border -- Gavaskar Trophy India Australia 1996 -- 97 Southern Cross Trophy Australia Zimbabwe 1999 -- 2000 Sir Vivian Richards Trophy West Indies South Africa 2000 -- 01 Clive Lloyd Trophy West Indies Zimbabwe Basil D'Oliveira Trophy South Africa England 2004 -- 05 Pataudi Trophy India England 2007 For series played in England Warne -- Muralidaran Trophy Sri Lanka Australia 2007 -- 08 Freedom Trophy India South Africa 2015 -- 16 Sobers -- Tissera Trophy West Indies Sri Lanka 2015 -- 16 Ganguly -- Durjoy Trophy India Bangladesh 2017 See also ( edit ) Cricket portal Toss ( cricket ) ICC Test Championship List of Test cricket grounds List of Test cricket records List of Test cricketers One Day International Twenty20 International Notes & references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anguilla , Antigua and Barbuda , Barbados , British Virgin Islands , Dominica , Grenada , Guyana , Jamaica , Montserrat , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Sint Maarten , Trinidad and Tobago and U.S. Virgin Islands . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bond , David ( 29 July 2013 ) . `` Test cricket : Does the oldest form of the game have a future ? '' . BBC . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Adam Gilchrist 's Cowdrey Lecture , 2009 '' . ESPN CricInfo. 24 June 2009 . Retrieved 21 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Lifeless pitches should not be accepted , The Telegraph . Retrieved 1 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Knight 's return to proving ground , Retrieved 1 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Adam Gilchrist 's Cowdrey Lecture , 2009 , ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 1 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Rundell , Michael ( 2006 ) . Dictionary of Cricket . London : A&C Black Publishers Ltd. p. 336 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7136 - 7915 - 1 . Retrieved 17 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Australia v England 1st Test 1876 / 1877 -- ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ Australia v England Centenary Test -- ESPNcricinfo . ^ Jump up to : `` ICC paves way for Day - Night Tests '' . Wisden India . 29 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` First day - night Test for Adelaide Oval '' . ESPNCricinfo . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ireland & Afghanistan awarded Test status by International Cricket Council '' . BBC News . 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 22 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Zimbabwe Cricket Side Resume International Test Play After Six Year Break -- Voice of America . Jump up ^ `` Ireland and Scotland to get Test chance as ICC approves play - off '' . BBC Sport . BBC . 10 April 2014 . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ICC planning two Test divisions amid major overhaul '' . ESPNcricinfo. 1 June 2016 . Retrieved 10 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two - tier proposal shelved at ICC meeting '' . ESPNcricinfo. 7 September 2016 . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball - style conference structure proposed for Tests '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ireland confirm Pakistan as first Test opponents '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan Confirmed as Ireland 's First Test Opponents '' . Cricket Ireland . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Laws of Cricket -- Law 15.8 '' . Lords.org . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ICC Standard Test Match Playing Conditions ( '' Playing Conditions `` ) cl 16.1. 1 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Playing Conditions cl 16.2 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Test , ODI leagues approved by ICC Board '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa to play Zimbawe in inaugural four - day Test '' . ESPN Cricinfo . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lord 's could host first day night Test in May 2010 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Laws of Cricket -- Law 12 '' . Lords.org . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Laws of Cricket -- Law 13 '' . Lords.org . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` HowSTAT ! Winning after Following - On '' . Howstat.com . Retrieved 23 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Test : England v New Zealand at Leeds , May 24 -- 28 , 2013 Cricket Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ The Laws of Cricket -- Law 5 ; Playing Conditions cl 5.4 Jump up ^ `` On This Day : 19 August '' . BBC News . Retrieved 18 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 1st Test : West Indies v England at Kingston , Jan 29 -- Feb 2 , 1998 Cricket Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Test : West Indies v England at North Sound , Feb 13 -- 17 , 2009 Cricket Scorecard '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Laws of Cricket -- Law 21.3 '' . Lords.org . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` England awarded abandoned Oval Test ' win ' '' . The Guardian . London . 1 February 2009 . Retrieved 27 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Test abandoned after ball dispute '' . BBC News . 20 August 2006 . Retrieved 27 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Australia v England , Seventh Test , 1970 -- 71 '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Rajesh , S. ( 16 April 2011 ) . `` Neutral umpires '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 30 March 2012 . Jump up ^ United States of America v Canada 1844 -- ESPNcricinfo . Jump up ^ `` India - England series played for Anthony De Mello trophy : BCCI '' . 6 November 2012 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Cross Trophy , 1999 / 00 '' . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics / Statsguru / Test matches / Team records '' . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Test trophy to be named after Clive Lloyd '' . 28 July 2001 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Note : Proposed name `` India vs Bangladesh 2016 Test series to be named Ganguly - Durjoy Trophy '' . 26 May 2016 . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Bibliography ( edit ) Ground Rules -- A Celebration of Test Cricket , Barney Spender & David Gower , Dakini Books Ltd ( Nov 2003 ) , ISBN 0 - 9537032 - 6 - 6 The Wisden Book of Test Cricket , Sir Donald Bradman ( Foreword ) , Bill Frindall ( Editor ) , Headline Book Publishing ( 1995 ) , ISBN 0 - 7472 - 1118 - 3 Marylebone Cricket Club ( 2003 ) , The Laws of Cricket . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 30 . International Cricket Council ( 2008 ) , Standard Test Match Playing Conditions . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Origin of the name `` Test '' USA v Canada -- The oldest international sporting fixture Forms of cricket International Test cricket One Day International Twenty20 International Domestic First - class cricket Limited overs cricket List A cricket Twenty20 Club cricket Indoor Indoor cricket Indoor cricket ( UK variant ) Others Single Wicket Double Wicket French cricket Backyard or street cricket Kwik cricket Blind cricket Deaf cricket Kilikiti Trobriand cricket Short form cricket Tape ball cricket Tennis ball cricket Beach cricket Ice cricket Windball cricket Team sports Sport Governing bodies Sportspeople National sport Basket sports Basketball beach deaf 3x3 water wheelchair Cestoball Korfball Netball Fast5 indoor wheelchair Rezball Ringball Slamball Football codes Association football amputee beach freestyle Futsal indoor Jorkyball paralympic powerchair roller street walking Australian rules football Lightning football Metro footy Nine - a-side Rec footy Gaelic football Ladies ' Circle rules football Gridiron codes American football eight - man flag nine - man six - man sprint touch wheelchair Canadian football Indoor American football Arena football Hybrid codes Austus Eton wall game International rules football Samoa rules Speedball Swedish football Universal football Volata Medieval football codes Ba game Caid Calcio fiorentino Camping Cnapan Cornish hurling Cuju Harpastum Kemari Ki - o - rahi Jegichagi La soule Lelo burti Marn grook Pasuckuakohowog Royal Shrovetide Uppies and downies Yubi lakpi Rugby codes Beach Rugby league masters mod nines sevens tag wheelchair Rugby union American flag mini sevens snow tag touch tens Touch Wheelchair Bat - and - ball games Baseball Brännboll British baseball Corkball Cricket One Day Test Twenty20 Danish longball Indoor cricket Kickball Lapta Matball Oină Over-the - line Pesäpallo Rounders Softball Fastpitch Stickball Stoolball Town ball Vigoro Wiffle ball Wireball Stick and ball sports Bando Cammag Hurling Camogie Super11s Shinty -- Hurling Indigenous North American stickball Iomain Knattleikr Knotty Lacrosse box / indoor field intercrosse women 's Ritinis Shinty Shinty -- Hurling Hockey sports Ball hockey Bandy rink Broomball Moscow Field hockey indoor Floor hockey Floorball Ice hockey pond power ice sledge underwater Ringette Rinkball Roller hockey in - line quad Rossall hockey Shinny Street hockey Underwater hockey Unicycle hockey Polo sports Auto polo Cowboy polo Cycle polo Elephant polo Horseball Motoball Pato Polo Arena polo chovgan snow polo Polocrosse Segway polo Yak polo Net sports Ball badminton Beach tennis Biribol Bossaball Fistball Footbag net Football tennis Footvolley Jianzi Jokgu Newcomb ball Peteca Sepak takraw Throwball Volleyball beach paralympic Other sports Airsoft Angleball Balle à la main Ballon au poing Basque pelota frontenis jai alai xare Bo - taoshi Boules Bocce Bocce volo Boccia Bowls Jeu provençal Pétanque Raffa Buzkashi Combat ( juggling ) Curling wheelchair Cycle ball Digor Dodgeball Flickerball Gateball Goalball Guts Handball beach Czech field Hornussen Ice stock sport Jereed Kabaddi indoor beach Kho kho Kin - Ball Lagori Longue paume Mesoamerican ballgame Paintball Pelota mixteca Prisonball Pushball Quidditch Rollball Roller derby Slahal Snow snake Synchronized skating Synchronized swimming Tamburello Tchoukball beach Tejo Tug of war Ulama Ultimate Underwater football Underwater rugby Valencian pilota Llargues Water polo canoe inner tube beach Waboba Whirlyball Woodball Yukigassen Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Test_cricket&oldid=807361976 '' Categories : Test cricket Cricket terminology Sports originating in Australia Hidden categories : Use British English from December 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use dmy dates from August 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский සිංහල Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 13 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first test cricket match played	[ "The first officially recognised Test match began on 15 March 1877 and ended on 19 March 1877 and was played between England and Australia at the Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG), where Australia won by 45 runs.[7] A Test match to celebrate 100 years of Test cricket was held in Melbourne from 12 to 17 March 1977, in which Australia beat England by 45 runs—the same margin as that first Test.[8]" ]	[ "began on 15 March 1877 and ended on 19 March 1877" ]
-8517685644074990867	Antibacterial soap	Antibacterial soap - wikipedia Antibacterial soap Jump to : navigation , search Antibacterial soap is a type of cleaning product which contain chemical ingredients that purportedly assist in killing bacteria . Such chemicals frequently include triclosan , triclocarban , and chloroxylenol . The effectiveness of products branded as being antibacterial has been disputed , with studies finding that these chemicals are no more effective at deactivating viruses than any other kind of soap or detergent . The U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) also asserted that products which contain triclosan do not show that they reduce the transmission of respiratory or gastrointestinal infections . In September 2016 , the FDA banned the use of nineteen chemicals frequently used in such products due to this and insufficient information on the long - term health effects of their use . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ingredients 2 Effectiveness 3 See also 4 References Ingredients ( edit ) Triclosan and triclocarban are the most common compounds used as antibacterials in soaps , however several other compounds are also common . Effectiveness ( edit ) Studies have examined the purported benefits of antibacterial soap without clear consensus about the results . Some studies have concluded that simply washing thoroughly with plain soap is sufficient to reduce bacteria and , further , is effective against viruses . Other studies have found that soaps containing antimicrobial active ingredients remove more bacteria than simply washing with plain soap and water . A study by Dr. Elaine Larson of Columbia University 's School of Nursing found that the use of antibacterial products had no noticeable effects over a 48 - week period . The U.S. Food and Drug Administration published reports that question the use of antibacterial soap and hand sanitizers saying that it found no medical studies that showed a link between a specific consumer antibacterial product and a decline in infection rates . Stuart Levy , a microbiologist at Tufts University , cited these studies to compare antibacterial action with antibiotic resistance : `` Dousing everything we touch with antibacterial soaps and taking antibiotic medications at the first sign of a cold can upset the natural balance of microorganisms in and around us , leaving behind only the ' superbugs ' . '' It has since been shown that the laboratory method used by Levy was not effective in predicting bacterial resistance for biocides like triclosan . At least seven peer - reviewed and published studies have been conducted demonstrating that triclosan is not significantly associated with bacterial resistance over the short term , including one study coauthored by Levy . Recent research from Levy 's lab concludes that `` The results from our study do not implicate the use of antibacterial cleaning and hygiene products as an influential factor in carriage of antimicrobial drug - resistant bacteria on the hands of household members . '' However , a more recent literature review performed by Levy concluded that `` The lack of an additional health benefit associated with the use of triclosan - containing consumer soaps over regular soap , coupled with laboratory data demonstrating a potential risk of selecting for drug resistance , warrants further evaluation by governmental regulators regarding antibacterial product claims and advertising . '' The paper 's authors called for continued research in this area . On September 2 , 2016 , the U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned the use of 19 chemicals frequently used in `` antibacterial '' soaps and washes , including triclosan and triclocarban . The FDA states that there is no scientific evidence that these chemicals have any antibacterial effect , nor that antibacterial soaps are more effective than standard soap . The agency also asserted that despite requests for such information , the FDA did not receive sufficient data for manufacturers on the long - term health effects of these chemicals . This ban does not apply to hand sanitizer . See also ( edit ) Book : Soap Antisepsis Disinfectant Hygiene hypothesis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` FDA Taking Closer Look at ' Antibacterial ' Soap '' . U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Retrieved 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Five Reasons Why You Should Probably Stop Using Antibacterial Soap '' . Smithonian Magazine . 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` FDA bans common ingredients in antibacterial soaps and body washes '' . Washington Post . 2 September 2016 . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Lucet , JC ; Rigaud MP ; Mentre F ; Kassis N ; Deblangy C ; Andremont A ; Bouvet E ( April 2002 ) . `` Hand contamination before and after different hand hygiene techniques : a randomized clinical trial '' . Journal of Hospital Infection . 50 ( 4 ) : 276 -- 280 . PMID 12014900 . doi : 10.1053 / jhin. 2002.1202 . Jump up ^ Gibson , LL ; Rose JB ; Haas CN ; Gerba CP ; Rusin PA ( May 2002 ) . `` Quantitative assessment of risk reduction from hand washing with antibacterial soaps '' . Journal of Applied Microbiology. 92 : 136S -- 143S . PMID 12000622 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2672.92. 5s1. 17. x . Jump up ^ `` Germs , Germs Everywhere . Are You Worried ? Get Over It . '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 3 September 2016 . Jump up ^ FDA questions use of antibacterial soaps ( Tuesday , October 18 , 2005 ) By Jane Zhang , The Wall Street Journal Jump up ^ McBain AJ , Bartolo RG , Catrenich CE , et al. ( 2003 ) . `` Exposure of sink drain microcosms to triclosan : population dynamics and antimicrobial susceptibility '' . Appl . Environ . Microbiol. 69 ( 9 ) : 5433 -- 42 . PMC 194980 . PMID 12957932 . doi : 10.1128 / AEM. 69.9. 5433 - 5442.2003 . Jump up ^ Aiello AE , Marshall B , Levy SB , Della - Latta P , Larson E ( 2004 ) . `` Relationship between triclosan and susceptibilities of bacteria isolated from hands in the community '' . Antimicrob . Agents Chemother. 48 ( 8 ) : 2973 -- 9 . PMC 478530 . PMID 15273108 . doi : 10.1128 / AAC. 48.8. 2973 - 2979.2004 . Jump up ^ Aiello AE , Marshall B , Levy SB , Della - Latta P , Lin SX , Larson E. ( 2005 ) , Antibacterial cleaning products and drug resistance . Emerg Infect Dis. , Oct ; 11 ( 10 ) : 1565 - 70 Jump up ^ Aiello AE , Larson EL , Levy SB. ( 2007 ) , Consumer antibacterial soaps : effective or just risky ? Clin Infect Dis. , Sep 1 ; 45 Suppl 2 : S137 - 47 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antibacterial_soap&oldid=802590950 '' Categories : Bacteria and humans Soaps Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 27 September 2017 , at 04 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how do i know if soap is antibacterial	[ "Triclosan and triclocarban are the most common compounds used as antibacterials in soaps, however several other compounds are also common.[3]" ]	[ "Triclosan and triclocarban are the most common compounds used as antibacterials in soaps" ]
-3519627578683272704	First Mass in the Philippines	First mass in the Philippines - wikipedia First mass in the Philippines First Mass in the Philippines A detail of Carlos V. Francisco 's First Mass in the Philippines painting Date 31 March 1521 ( Easter Sunday ) Location Mazaua , Southern Leyte The first Catholic Mass in the Philippines was held on March 31 , 1521 , Easter Sunday . It was said by Father Pedro de Valderrama along the shores of what was referred to in the journals of Antonio Pigafetta as `` Mazaua '' . Today , this site is widely believed by many to be Limasawa at the tip of Southern Leyte , though this is contested by some who assert that the first mass was instead held at Masao , Butuan . Contents 1 Landing on Philippine shores 1.1 Blood compact 1.2 First mass 1.3 Planting of the cross 2 Proclamation of the national shrine 3 Historical controversies 3.1 Masao 3.2 Bolinao 4 Notes 5 Bibliography Landing on Philippine shores ( edit ) When Ferdinand Magellan and his European crew sailed from San Lucar de Barrameda for an expedition to search for spices , these explorers landed on the Philippines after their voyage from other proximate areas . On March 28 , 1521 , while at sea , they saw a bonfire which turned out to be Mazaua ( believed to be today 's Limasawa ) where they anchored . Blood compact ( edit ) The island 's sovereign ruler was Rajah Siaiu . When Magellan and comrades set foot on the grounds of Mazaua , he befriended the Rajah together with his brother Rajah Kulambu of Butuan . In those days , it was customary among the indigenous -- and in most of southeast Asia -- to seal friendship with a blood compact . On instigation of Magellan who had heard the Malayan term for it , casi casi , the new friends performed the ritual . This was the first recorded blood compact between Filipinos and Spaniards . Gifts were exchanged by the two parties when the celebration had ended . First mass ( edit ) On March 31 , 1521 , an Easter Sunday , Magellan ordered a mass to be celebrated which was officiated by Father Pedro Valderrama , the Andalusion chaplain of the fleet , the only priest then . Conducted near the shores of the island , the Holy First Mass marked the birth of Roman Catholicism in the Philippines . Colambu and Siaiu were the first natives of the archipelago , which was not yet named `` Philippines '' until the expedition of Ruy Lopez de Villalobos in 1543 , to attend the mass among other native inhabitants . Planting of the cross ( edit ) In the afternoon of the same day , Magellan instructed his comrades to plant a large wooden cross on the top of the hill overlooking the sea . Magellan 's chronicler , Antonio Pigafetta , who recorded the event said : `` After the cross was erected in position , each of us repeated a Pater Noster and an Ave Maria , and adored the cross ; and the kings ( Colambu and Siaiu ) did the same . '' Magellan then took ownership of the islands where he had landed in the name of King Charles V which he had named earlier on March 16 Archipelago of Saint Lazarus because it was the day of the saint when the Armada reached the archipelago . Proclamation of the National shrine ( edit ) On June 19 , 1960 , Republic Act No. 2733 , called the Limasawa Law , was enacted without being signed by the President of the Philippines . The legislative fiat declared The site in Magallanes , Limasawa Island in the Province of Leyte , where the first Mass in the Philippines was held is hereby declared a national shrine to commemorate the birth of Christianity in the Philippines . Magallanes is east of the island of Limasawa . In 1984 Imelda Marcos had a multi-million pesos Shrine of the First Holy Mass built , an edifice made of steel , bricks and polished concrete , and erected on top of a hill overlooking barangay Magallanes , Limasawa . A super typhoon completely wiped this out just a few months later . Another shrine was inaugurated in 2005 . Limasawa celebrates the historic and religious coming of the Spaniards every March 31 with a cultural presentation and anniversary program dubbed as Sinugdan , meaning `` beginning . '' . Yet this has no reference at all to a Catholic mass being held on March 31 , 1521 . Historical controversies ( edit ) Masao ( edit ) Some Filipino historians have long contested the idea that Limasawa was the site of the first Catholic mass in the country . Historian Sonia Zaide identified Masao ( also Mazaua ) in Butuan as the location of the first Christian mass . The basis of Zaide 's claim is the diary of Antonio Pigafetta , chronicler of Magellan 's voyage . In 1995 then Congresswoman Ching Plaza of Agusan del Norte - Butuan City filed a bill in Congress contesting the Limasawa hypothesis and asserting the `` site of the first mass '' was Butuan . The Philippine Congress referred the matter to the National Historical Institute for it to study the issue and recommend a historical finding . Then NHI chair Dr. Samuel K. Tan reaffirmed Limasawa as the site of the first mass . Bolinao ( edit ) Odoric of Pordenone , an Italian and Franciscan friar and missiona ry explorer , is heartily believed by many Pangasinenses to have celebrated the first mass in Pangasinan in around 1324 that would have predated the mass held in 1521 by Ferdinand Magellan , which is generally regarded as the first mass in the Philippines . A marker in front of Bolinao Church states that the first Mass on Philippine soil was celebrated in Bolinao Bay in 1324 by a Franciscan missionary , Blessed Odorico . However , the National Historical Institute led by its chair Ambeth Ocampo recognized the historical records of Limasawa in Southern Leyte as the venue of the first Mass , held on March 31 , 1521 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Valencia , Linda B. `` Limasawa : Site of the First Mass '' . Philippines News Agency . Ops.gov.ph . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 15 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Limasawa first mass not a ' hoax ' -- experts '' . CBCP News . June 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A short Philippine History before the 1898 Revolution '' . Newsletter of the District of Asia . Sspxasia.com. 2001 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Agoncillo , Teodoro A. ( 1974 ) . Introduction to Filipino History . Quezon City , Philippines : GAROTECH Publishing . ISBN 971 - 10 - 2409 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mercado , Monina A. ( Editor ) ( 1985 ) . Dioramas : a visual history of the Philippines . Metro Manila , Philippines : Ayala Museum . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Agoncillo , Teodoro A. ( 1962 by Del Carmen Juliana ) . Philippine History . Manila , Philippines : Inang Wika Publishing Co . Check date values in : year = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Halili 2004 , pp. 73 Jump up ^ Pigfetta , Antonio ( ca . 1525 ) . Helen , Emma ; Robinson , James Alexander , eds . The Philippine Islands 1493 - 1898 . BiblioBazaar , LLC ( published c. 1905 ) . p. 129 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4264 - 6706 - 6 . Check date values in : year = , publication - date = ( help ) ISBN 1 - 4264 - 6706 - 0 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4264 - 6706 - 6 Jump up ^ `` REPUBLIC ACT NO . 2733 - AN ACT TO DECLARE THE SITE IN MAGALLANES , LIMASAWA ISLAND IN THE PROVINCE OF LEYTE , WHERE THE FIRST MASS IN THE PHILIPPINES WAS HELD AS A NATIONAL SHRINE , TO PROVIDE FOR THE PRESERVATION OF HISTORICAL MONUMENTS AND LANDMARKS THEREAT , AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES '' . Chanrobles Law Library . June 19 , 1960 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Borrinaga , Rolando O. ( 2007 - 04 - 14 ) . `` The right place for disputed first Mass in Limasawa '' . Inquirer Visayas . Inquirer.net . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Leyte Is Famous For ... '' Wow Philippines . Tourism.gov.ph . Archived from the original on 2008 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Butuan to pursue claim it was site of First Mass in RP , 485 years age '' . The Philippine Star . April 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Ben Serrano ( April 4 , 2006 ) . `` Butuan reclaims part as first mass venue '' . sunstar.com.ph . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 13 . Jump up ^ Isagani Medina ( 1981 ) . An Evaluation of the Controversy on the First Mass in the Philippines . Manila : National Historical Institute . pp. 31 -- 35 . ISSN 0115 - 3927 . Jump up ^ Fuertes , Yolanda ( 17 Nov 2007 ) . `` Bolinao stakes claim to Mass held in 1324 '' . Inquirer.net . Northern Luzon Bureau . Retrieved 23 Dec 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Was First Mass held in Limasawa or Butuan ? Church urged to help settle controversy '' . interaksyon.com. April 3 , 2012 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Bibliography ( edit ) Halili , M.C. ( 2004 ) . Philippine History . Rex Bookstore , Inc . pp. 72 -- 73 . ISBN 978 - 971 - 23 - 3934 - 9 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the first catholic mass takes place in the philippines	[ "The first Catholic Mass in the Philippines was held on March 31, 1521, Easter Sunday. It was said by Father Pedro de Valderrama along the shores of what was referred to in the journals of Antonio Pigafetta as \"Mazaua\".\n" ]	[ "March 31, 1521" ]
6807481307093017020	List of Pokémon: Sun & Moon episodes	List of Pokémon : Sun & Moon episodes - wikipedia List of Pokémon : Sun & Moon episodes Pokémon : Sun & Moon Pokémon : Sun & Moon logo ( Japanese ) ( top ) International logo ( bottom ) Country of origin Japan No. of episodes 43 Release Original network TV Tokyo Original release November 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) -- September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) Season chronology ← Previous XY & Z Next → Ultra Adventures The twentieth season of the long running Pokémon animated series is known as Pocket Monsters : Sun & Moon ( ポケットモンスターサン & ムーン , Poketto Monsutā : San & Mūn ) in Japan and internationally as Pokémon : Sun and Moon ( advertised as Pokémon the Series : Sun & Moon ) . This season follows the continuing adventures of Ash Ketchum and Pikachu as they travel to the Alola region , go to Pokémon school , participate in the island trials , and learn how to use the power of Z - moves . The season premiered in Japan on November 17 , 2016 on TV Tokyo . The season premiered in the United States on May 12 , 2017 on Disney XD . This is after a preview of the first two episodes on December 5 , 2016 on Disney XD . This is the first season to air on Disney XD . The sneak peek of the first two episodes of the season premiered in the UK on CITV on November 20 , 2016 . Episodes 3 to 8 premiered in April 2017 as part of the Easter holiday lineup . The season premiered in Canada on Teletoon on March 17 , 2017 . The season premiered in Australia on 9Go ! on July 17 , 2017 . The Japanese opening song is `` Alola ! ! '' ( アローラ ! ! , Arōra ! ! ) by Rica Matsumoto with Ikue Otani . The Japanese opening song was `` Aim to Be a Pokémon Master ( 20th Anniversary ) '' ( めざせポケモンマスター ( 20th Anniversary ) , Mezase Pokémon Master ( 20th Anniversary ) ) by Rica Matsumoto for episodes 30 through 43 . The opening song for the English dub is `` Under the Alolan Sun '' by Jannel Candrice and The Sad Truth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Season 20 : Sun & Moon ( 2016 -- 2017 ) 2 Notes 3 References 4 External links Season 20 : Sun & Moon ( 2016 -- 2017 ) ( edit ) The English episode numbers are based on their first airing in the United States in syndication on Disney XD . Other English - speaking nations largely follow either this order or the Japanese order . EP # English title Japanese title Air date J# E# Japan United States 942 936 `` Alola to New Adventure ! '' ( Alola ! New Islands , New Pokémon ! ! ) `` Arōra ! Hajimete no shima , hajimete no Pokemon - tachi ! ! '' ( アローラ ! はじめての島、はじめてのポケモンたち ! ! ) November 17 , 2016 May 12 , 2017 Ash , his mother , Mimey , and Pikachu arrive at Melemele Island in the Alola region on vacation to deliver a Pokémon egg to Professor Oak 's cousin , Samson Oak . While exploring for new Pokémon , Ash and Pikachu stumble upon the Pokémon school , of which Samson is the principal , and meets three students : Mallow , Lilie and Sophocles , and Professor Kukui . While helping defend the school from a group of Team Skull grunts , Ash witnesses another student , Kiawe , perform a powerful Z - Move with his Pokémon to drive the grunts away . The night before Ash and his mother are due to return home , the Melemele Island guardian Pokémon Tapu Koko , who has been watching Ash , appears to him and gives him a Z - Ring that will enable him to perform his own Z - Moves . With his mother 's permission , Ash decides to stay in Alola and enroll in the Pokémon school to learn more about Alolan Pokémon . 943 937 `` The Guardian 's Challenge ! '' ( Enter the Guardian Deity Kapu - Kokeko ! Let Us Attempt to Master Our Z - Move ! ! ) `` Mamorigami Kapu Kokeko tōjō ! Chōsen , ore - tachi no Z - waza ! ! '' ( 守り神カプ・コケコ登場 ! 挑戦、オレたちの Z ワザ ! ! ) November 17 , 2016 May 12 , 2017 On Ash 's first day at Pokémon school , Professor Kukui and the other students host a surprise welcome party for him , which includes contests against the other students ' Pokémon . Soon after , Tapu Koko appears and battles Ash and Pikachu in order to test their ability to use the Z - Ring . Ash and Pikachu manage to unleash the Z - Move `` Gigavolt Havoc '' , but the Z - Crystal shatters after Pikachu 's immense release of power . In order to regain the power of Z - Moves , Ash decides to undergo the island challenge . 944 938 `` Loading the Dex ! '' ( Good Rotomorning , I Am the Rotom Zukan Roto ! ) `` Yorotoshiku , boku , Rotomu Zukan roto '' ( よロトしく、ボク、ロトム図鑑ロト ! ) November 24 , 2016 May 13 , 2017 Professor Kukui gives Ash a `` Rotom - Dex '' , which is an intelligent Pokédex that is capable of human speech and powered by a Rotom . Ash goes to search for and catch his first Pokémon in Alola , finding a wild Mimikyu . He is interrupted by Team Rocket , who have arrived on the island under their own orders to acquire new Pokémon for Giovanni ; Mimikyu , who despises Pikachu , willingly sides with Team Rocket to battle Ash 's Pokémon . Before the battle can be decided , Team Rocket are carried off by a wild Bewear . 945 939 `` First Catch in Alola , Ketchum - style ! '' ( Enter Mokuroh ! I Got a Pokémon in Alola ! ! ) `` Mokurō tōjō ! Arōra de Pokemon getto da ze '' ( モクロー登場 ! アローラでポケモンゲットだぜ ! ! ) November 24 , 2016 May 14 , 2017 After Ash fails to capture a Grubbin , he encounters a Rowlet that lives in a Toucannon nest with a flock of Pikipek and Trumbeak . After Ash feeds the starving Rowlet , it returns the favor by helping him fight off Team Rocket . Afterwards , Rowlet chooses to go with Ash . Ash catches Rowlet as his first Pokémon in Alola . 946 940 `` Yo , Ho , Ho ! Go , Popplio ! '' ( Ashimari , Do Your Balloonest ! ) `` Ashimari , ganbarūn ! '' ( シマリ、がんバルーン ! ) December 1 , 2016 May 15 , 2017 Ash helps Lana train her Popplio to blow a water balloon large enough to enable undersea travel for people . During a school fishing trip , the class 's Ride Pokémon are stolen by Team Rocket . Pikachu 's Iron Tail frees all the Ride Pokémon , while Popplio manages to blow a massive water balloon to save them from falling onto the rocks . 947 941 `` A Shocking Grocery Run ! '' ( Zing Zap Togedemaru ! ) `` Biribiri chikuchiku Togedemaru ! '' ( びりびりちくちくトゲデマル ! ) December 8 , 2016 May 16 , 2017 Ash and Sophocles are separated from their Pokémon during a visit to the local shopping mall when Team Rocket accidentally activates the mall 's security system . Pikachu , Rotom - Dex , and Togedemaru are trapped inside with Team Rocket , while Sophocles inadvertently reveals his greatest fear . A wild race through the mall ends in a roof - top battle . 948 942 `` That 's Why the Litten Is a Scamp ! '' ( Nyabby , The Marketplace Wanderer ! ) `` Ichiba no fūraibō Nyabī ! '' ( 市場の風来坊ニャビー ! ) December 15 , 2016 May 17 , 2017 A stray Litten that Ash has encountered before continues to give him trouble . When he decides to catch it , he learns why it steals food from people . Later , Ash helps Litten deal with a mean Alolan Persian . 949 943 `` Lillie 's Egg - xhilarating Challenge ! '' ( Who 's in Charge of the Egg ? ) `` Tamago - gakari wa dāre da ? '' ( タマゴ係はだ ~ れだ ? ) December 22 , 2016 May 18 , 2017 Ash 's class is assigned to look after a newly discovered Alolan Pokémon egg . When the class deliberates who will bring the egg home for the night , Lillie agrees to take care of the egg in order to overcome her fear of handling Pokémon . When she and Ash bring it home , a Salandit follows them . While Ash and Lillie 's butler , Hobbes , are having a practice battle , the Salandit attacks Lillie and the egg . 950 944 `` To Top a Totem '' ( The Leader Pokémon Is Dekagoos ! ) `` Nushi Pokemon wa Dekagūsu ! '' ( ぬしポケモンはデカグース ! ) January 5 , 2017 May 19 , 2017 Ash meets Hala , the Kahuna of Melemele Island , who created his Z - Ring . As part of Ash 's first Island Trial Challenge , Hala tasks him with finding a solution to an infestation of Rattata and Raticate without fighting them . Thanks to his friends ' suggestion , Ash decides to recruit the local Yungoos and Gumshoos . However , Ash must defeat their leader , the Totem Pokémon Gumshoos , in battle in order to earn their cooperation , with Tapu Koko secretly observing . 951 945 `` Trial and Tribulation ! '' ( Will the Z - Move Work ? ! Challenging the Grand Trial ! ! ) `` Deru ka Z - waza ! Daishiren e no chōsen ! ! '' ( 出るか Z ワザ ! 大試練への挑戦 ! ! ) January 12 , 2017 May 20 , 2017 The time has come for Ash to confront Hala in order to win his first Island Grand Trial Challenge in Alola using the Z - Crystal he obtained from the Totem Gumshoos . After the battle , Hala rewards Ash with a Fightinium Z , but Tapu - Koko intervenes and replaces it with Electrium Z . 952 946 `` Young Kiawe Had a Farm ! '' ( Satoshi Visits Kaki ! ) `` Satoshi , kaki n chi ni iku ! '' ( サトシ、カキんちに行く ! ) January 19 , 2017 May 27 , 2017 Ash and Pikachu visit Akala Island with Kiawe , where Kiawe 's family runs a dairy farm . The Team Skull grunts interfere when Ash and Kiawe are on their way with a special delivery . 953 947 `` The Sun , the Scare , the Secret Lair ! '' ( The Extracurricular Lesson is on Hidoide ? ! ) `` Kagai jugyō wa Hidoide ! ? '' ( 課外授業はヒドイデ ! ? ) January 26 , 2017 June 3 , 2017 Professor Kukui takes Ash and the other students to the beach for a special lesson . After encountering a bunch of Mareanie , the group splits up to find and observe Pokémon . Ash , Pikachu , and Rotom - Dex are searching for Pokémon to observe when they run into Team Rocket , who are under pressure from their boss to catch new Pokémon in the Alola region . One Mareanie causes trouble for Ash and his Pokémon when it decides to help Team Rocket , especially James . 954 948 `` Racing to a Big Event ! '' ( The Great Alola Pancake Race ! ) `` Arōra Pankēki dai rēsu ! '' ( アローラパンケーキ大レース ! ) February 2 , 2017 June 10 , 2017 Mallow tells Ash about the Pokémon Pancake Race and suggests that he join in . Ash agrees and finds his main rival to be the Pancake waitress Nina , who has an Alolan Raichu and is also the race 's previous champion . During the race , Team Rocket , who want the grand prize of a year 's supply of free pancakes , enter both Mimikyu and a mechanical Bewear powered by Meowth and Wobbuffet . Mimikyu is disqualified for using a Pokémon attack against Pikachu that also eliminates Bounsweet and Popplio . The mechanical Bewear later self - destructs , and Team Rocket is carried off once again by the real Bewear . With Pikachu and Raichu distracted , the Principal 's Komala wins the race at the last moment . Pikachu and Raichu tie for second place . Later at the Pokémon School , Lillie 's egg begins to hatch . 955 949 `` Getting to Know You ! '' ( The Fruit of Courage : Lilie and Rokon ! ) `` Yūki no kesshō , Rīrie to Rokon ! '' ( 勇気の結晶、リーリエとロコン ! ) February 9 , 2017 June 17 , 2017 Lillie 's egg , which she had named `` Snowy '' in the previous episode , hatches into an Alolan Vulpix and the principal 's egg into a normal Vulpix . The fire - type Vulpix starts playing with Pikachu , Togedemaru , Popplio , and the others , while Snowy ( an ice - type ) ignores the others . Finally , it decides to accept Lillie as its trainer and enters Lillie 's Pokéball on its own . Lillie decides to spend some time alone with her newfound partner and takes a walk with Snowy , while being followed secretly by Mallow and Ash . Team Rocket also starts following them and soon corners Lillie and Snowy . Although Lillie tries to put up a fight with Snowy using Powder Snow , Team Rocket dominates her in battle . She and Snowy are saved by Ash and Mallow . Lillie finally is able to touch a Pokémon , although she is only able to touch Snowy for now . 956 950 `` Rocking Clawmark Hill ! '' ( Scratchmark Hill , Iwanko and Lugarugan ! ! ) `` Tsumeato no oka , Iwanko to Rugarugan ! ! '' ( 爪あとの丘、イワンコとルガルガン ! ! ) February 23 , 2017 June 24 , 2017 Ash and Professor Kukui notice that the Rockruff that lives with Professor Kukui is disappearing at night and returning the next morning badly injured . Following it , they find out that Rockruff is participating in a secret Pokémon training ground . Ash decides to help Rockruff train , and Rockruff learns to use Rock Throw . After Rockruff defeats a Magmar that previously defeated it , Professor Kukui decides to leave Rockruff in Ash 's care . 957 951 `` They Might Not Be Giants ! '' ( Three Little Pokémon , One Big Adventure ! ! ) `` Chiisana san - biki , ōkina bōken ! ! '' ( 小さな三匹、大きな冒険 ! ! ) March 2 , 2017 July 1 , 2017 While training on a beach , Lana 's Popplio and Ash 's Rowlet are caught inside one of Popplio 's balloons , which is blown away by a strong wind . Rowlet bursts the balloon open , and they both crash into Team Rocket 's secret base . Meowth and Mareanie chase after them , but they are rescued by Litten . While Ash , Lana , and Mallow search for the missing pair , Litten takes them to where it has been staying with the old Stoutland . Stoutland asks Litten to help them find their trainers , but Team Rocket is also hunting them . 958 952 `` Crystal - Clear Sleuthing ! '' ( Alola Detective Rotom ! The Mystery of the Lost Crystal ! ! ) `` Arōra tantei Rotomu ! Kieta kurisutaru no nazo ! ! '' ( アローラ探偵ロトム ! 消えたクリスタルの謎 ! ! ) March 9 , 2017 July 1 , 2017 Ash 's Electrium Z - crystal is missing . Rotom , who is a big fan of an Alolan detective TV show , is prompted to try and find it with Pikachu as his assistant , getting a new video camera function in the course of the story . In the meantime , Ash and the other students are all desperate to keep Kiawe , the only other Z - ring wearer , from finding out about the missing Z - crystal out of fear of his anger . 959 953 `` A Seasoned Search ! '' ( Really ? Mao 's Great Culinary Plan ! ) `` Majii ! ? Mao no oryōri dai sakusen ! ! '' ( マジィ ! ? マオのお料理大作戦 ! ! ) March 16 , 2017 July 1 , 2017 Mallow invites her classmates to her restaurant to taste her version of Alola 's legendary stew . Unfortunately , her use of Pikachu 's electric shock to cook it does not go over so well . It turns out that she is missing an important ingredient known as the rare Yellow Nectar . Ash and Pikachu decide to help Mallow gather some nectar . Their plan is to use an Oricorio to find it , but finding one is not so easy . Meanwhile , Ash 's Rowlet seems to have developed feelings for Mallow 's Bounsweet , but the feelings are not reciprocated . Team Rocket turns up once again , but this time instead of stealing Pikachu they plan to steal all of the nectar . However , their interference causes Bounsweet to evolve into a Steenee with a devastating slap attack . 960 954 `` A Guardian Rematch ! '' ( Intense Electric Shock Training ! A Rematch with Kapu - Kokeko ! ! ) `` Dengeki mō tokkun ! Kapu Kokeko to no saisen ! ! '' ( 電撃猛特訓 ! カプ・コケコとの再戦 ! ! ) March 23 , 2017 July 1 , 2017 Ash begins training for a possible rematch against Tapu Koko . Sophocles helps out with scientific methods that yields surprising results . Naturally , this arouses Tapu Koko 's interest . Tapu Koko challenges Ash and Pikachu with the whole Pokémon school looking on . 961 955 `` Partner Promises ! '' ( The Promise Between Satoshi and Pikachu ) `` Satoshi to Pikachū , futari no yakusoku '' ( サトシとピカチュウ、二人の約束 ) April 6 , 2017 July 1 , 2017 On the advice of a local shopkeeper , Ash and Pikachu kayak to Treasure Island , where there are lots of wild Pokémon . After watching a group of Crabrawler , following a Cutiefly to a meadow full of friendly bug Pokémon and having fun with a group of Alolan Exeggutor , they are overrun by a school of Wimpod who try to steal their snacks . Preparing to return home , they find a Wimpod trapped inside a blocked cave . With the help of one of the Exeggutor from earlier , they manage to reach and free Wimpod , who thanks Ash before returning to its school . Ash and Pikachu see another Island Guardian , Tapu Lele , who heals Ash 's bruised hands . 962 956 `` One Journey Ends , Another Begins ... '' ( It 's Time for Nyabby to Move On ) `` Nyabī , tabidachi no toki ! '' ( ニャビー、旅立ちの時 ! ) April 6 , 2017 July 1 , 2017 Ash and Pikachu run into Litten again , but this time something 's very wrong with its friend , the old Stoutland . Ash carries Stoutland to the Pokémon Center , where Ash , Pikachu , and Rotom learn that while Stoutland is n't seriously ill , it is getting very old and there is nothing Nurse Joy can do to help it . Litten and Stoutland escape from the Pokémon Center and return to their riverside den , where Stoutland passes away in the night . After realizing what has happened , Litten is heart - broken and refuses to be comforted by anyone . After Litten finally comes to terms with the loss of its friend , Ash asks Litten to join him , and Litten decides to test him by battling against Pikachu . When the battle ends in a draw , Litten chooses to become one of Ash 's Pokémon . Team Rocket 's Meowth , who for reasons of his own has been secretly watching everything , seems pleased by the outcome . 963 957 `` A Shivering Shovel Search ! '' ( Beware of Shovels ! ! ! ) `` Sukoppu ni yōchūi ! ! ! '' ( スコップに要注意 ! ! ! ) April 13 , 2017 July 8 , 2017 While training Litten , who is having trouble mastering Fire Fang , Ash accidentally incurs the wrath of an unfriendly Sandygast when Rockruff 's Rock Throw knocks the shovel off its head . Ash 's attempt to temporarily replace it with Rotom - Dex only makes things worse . In a rage , Sandygast evolves into Palossand and swallows up Ash and also Litten when it tries to rescue him . With both Litten and Rotom - Dex affected by Palossand 's energy drain , it is up to the rest of Ash 's classmates to save them . 964 958 `` Getting the Band Back Together ! '' ( Shocking ! A Dugtrio Split - Up ? ! ) `` Shōgeki ! Dagutorio kaisan ? ! '' ( 衝撃 ! ダグトリオ解散 ! ? ) April 20 , 2017 July 15 , 2017 Ash and his classmates are excited to see DJ Leo , a popular local musician and old friend of Professor Kukui 's who plays music with his Alolan Dugtrio . After a dancing Alolan Diglett joins the group , the Dugtrio start quarreling among themselves as to which of them should take center stage . Amid the threat of a split - up , Team Rocket steps in to try and steal Dugtrio . 965 959 `` Alolan Open House ! '' ( Alola ! The First Visitors Day ! ! ) `` Arōra ! Hajimete no jugyō sankan ! ! '' ( アローラ ! はじめての授業参観 ! ! ) April 27 , 2017 July 22 , 2017 When the Pokémon School announces a special Visitors Day , Ash 's mother Delia and Mimey come for a visit . Delia charms everyone , including all of Ash 's Alolan Pokémon ( especially Litten ) . Meanwhile , Ash is reluctantly trying to prepare a report he has to give in front of his classmates , the school visitors and his own mother . When the Team Skull grunts crash the festivities on Tauros and start causing mayhem , Ash , Delia and Ash 's Pokémon team up to drive them off . 966 960 `` A Team - on - Team Tussle ! '' ( The Battle for the Crystal ! Rocket Gang VS Skull Gang ! ! ) `` Kurisutaru sōdatsu - sen ! Roketto - dan tai Sukaru - dan ! ! '' ( クリスタル争奪戦 ! ロケット団対スカル団 ! ! ) May 4 , 2017 July 29 , 2017 When Team Rocket see Ash and Kiawe demonstrating Z - moves , they plot to find Z - crystals for themselves . While searching , Team Rocket run into Team Skull . Both gangs spot a Darkinium Z - crystal embedded in a large rock . The problem is , the rock is the current lair of the Raticate and Rattata infestation from earlier . The two gangs compete to acquire the Z - crystal . Team Rocket emerges the winners , but find out that having the Z - crystal in their possession is one thing , but figuring out how to use it is another . 967 961 `` So Long , Sophocles ! '' ( Goodbye , Māmane ! ) `` Sayonara Māmane ! '' ( さよならマーマネ ! ) May 11 , 2017 August 5 , 2017 Sophocles and his family may be moving away , so Sophocles will have to leave the Pokémon school and all his friends . Even though he tries to keep the news from his classmates , they can see that both he and Togedemaru are very upset . Ash and his friends work together to cheer up Sophocles with a farewell party . However , when Sophocles finds out he 's made a mistake , he finds it very hard to tell his friends . 968 962 `` A Glaring Rivalry ! '' ( Come Forth ! The Crimson Glare of Lugarugan ! ! ) `` Ide yo ! Akaki manazashi Rugarugan ! ! '' ( 出でよ ! 紅き眼差しルガルガン ! ! ) May 18 , 2017 August 19 , 2017 A trainer named Gladion , dressed in black , battling with a powerful fiery - eyed Lycanroc and wearing a Z - ring , has appeared on Melemele Island . After seeing them in action , Ash naturally wants to battle Gladion . However , he 's totally shocked when Lillie appears and calls Gladion her brother . Gladion seems cold towards Lillie and at first refuses Ash 's challenge , but then learns that Ash got his Z - ring from Tapu Koko and has actually battled the Island Guardian . That night , Gladion 's Umbreon delivers a note to Ash agreeing to battle . It 's Ash 's Rockruff versus Gladion 's Lycanroc ! However , Team Rocket , who saw Gladion defeat the Team Skull grunts earlier , ca n't resist getting involved . Ash and Gladion must work together to rescue Pikachu and Lycanroc . 969 963 `` Pulling Out the Pokémon Base Pepper ! '' ( The Fierce Pokébase Match ! Go for a Tide - Turning Home Run ! ! ) `` Nettō Pokebēsu ! Nerae gyakuten hōmuran ! ! '' ( 熱闘ポケベース ! ねらえ逆転ホームラン ! ! ) May 25 , 2017 August 26 , 2017 Pokémon Base , a version of baseball in which both humans and Pokémon are players , is extremely popular in the Alolan Islands , and naturally Ash and his friends are big fans . Professor Kukui , Principal Oak , and human Pokémon Base star Olu'olu act as judges in a spirited game between the students ( Ash , Pikachu , Sophocles , Togedemaru , Lana and Popplio vs. Kiawe , Turtonator , Mallow , Steenee , Lillie and Snowy ) . After Team Rocket 's Meowth gets beaned by Lana 's home run ball , Jessie , who has a crush on Olu'olu , drags Team Rocket into a game against the students with Olu'olu's autograph as the prize . It 's Ash , Pikachu , Rockruff , Kiawe , Olu'olu , and his Snorlax against James , Mareanie , Jessie , Wobbuffet , Mimikkyu , and Meowth . 970 964 `` Lulled to La - La Land ! '' ( Are You Going to Sleep in the Nemashu Forest Too ? ) `` Nemashu no mori de anata mo nemashu ? '' ( ネマシュの森であなたも寝ましゅ ? ) June 8 , 2017 September 2 , 2017 Ash and his classmates go on a camping trip in the forest . The trip does not start out well when Lana scares them all with a ghost story about a traveler who had all his energy drained from him , while he was asleep . However , they have no idea that they are being spied on by a mysterious Pokémon . One by one , the gang except for Lillie is attacked , knocked out , and their energy drained from them . The culprit turns out to be a hungry Morelull . Ash figures out a way that the Morelull can get all the energy it needs from him , and later the gang finds out why the Morelull need so much energy . 971 965 `` The Ol ' Raise and Switch ! '' ( Lilie , Take Good Care of Pikachu ) `` Rīrie , Pikachū o kawaigatte agete ne '' ( リーリエ、ピカチュウをかわいがってあげてね ) June 15 , 2017 September 9 , 2017 As part of a class assignment , each of the students must take care of each other 's Pokémon partner for the weekend . Pikachu gets to stay with Lillie at her mansion , and Lillie is determined to try and overcome her fear of getting close to Pokémon , so she uses Ash 's methods to gain Pikachu 's trust . At Lana 's home , Turtonator is having trouble with her twin sisters , while Mallow also has problems with Togedemaru while working at her family restaurant . Sophocles 's experiments with Steenee do n't work out well , but he finds that Steenee can be a great night - time comfort . At his family 's dairy farm , Kiawe assigns Popplio to work with his younger sister Mimo , but later finds the water Pokémon to be a great problem - solver with the farm 's Tauros . Snowy keeps giving Ash the cold shoulder but finally warms up to him when Ash includes Snowy in his Pokémon 's training sessions . 972 966 `` The Island Whisperer ! '' ( Lychee Appears ! Laugh and Cry , Island Queen ! ! ) `` Raichi tōjō ! Naitewaratte , shima kuīn ! ! '' ( ライチ登場 ! 泣いて笑って、島クイーン ! ! ) June 22 , 2017 September 16 , 2017 Olivia , the Akala Island Kahuna , and her Lycanroc appear at the school just in time to stop a fight between Kiawe 's Charizard and a Tauros . She completely wins over everybody 's Pokémon , including Litten . The class and Professor Kukui will be traveling to Akala Island for a special practical class under Olivia 's supervision . On the way , they encounter various types of Sea Pokémon . After Ash and Pikachu join Olivia in an underwater swim , they find a Wailmer trapped in a rock crevice by a vicious Bruxish . Now they have to help the Wailmer and fend off the Bruxish at the same time . 973 967 `` Treasure Hunt , Akala Style ! '' ( Finding the Treasure ! Mooland Searching ! ! ) `` Otakara hakken ! Mūrando sāchi ! ! '' ( お宝発見 ! ムーランドサーチ ! ! ) June 29 , 2017 September 23 , 2017 As part of Olivia 's practical lesson on Akala Island , the gang are sent on treasure hunts across the island mounted on Stoutland , each of which reacts differently to its rider : Ash 's Stoutland is extremely friendly and enthusiastic , Lana 's Stoutland does not seem to like her , and Lillie has trouble even getting close to her Stoutland . In the first round , Ash finds three gemstones , Mallow finds giant mushrooms , Kiawe finds a large fossil , Lana and Sophocles find nothing and Lillie is still trying to approach her Stoutland . In the second round , Lana and Popplio run into a hostile Pokémon which is fought off by her Stoutland , an Alolan Geodude Ash mistakes for a fossil gets away when he tries to catch it , Mallow finds a giant fruit , Kiawe finds another fossil , Sophocles uses technology to find a piece of meteorite , and Lana finds a lump of metal that can be made into a Z - ring , making her the winner . At last , Lillie uses her experiences with Snowy and Pikachu to finally get close to her Stoutland . 974 968 `` Big Sky , Small Fry ! '' ( The Mighty Yowashi , Totem of the Lake ! ) `` Yowashi tsuyoshi , ike no nushi ! '' ( ヨワシ強し、池のぬし ! ) July 6 , 2017 September 30 , 2017 With no class today , Ash and Lana go Pokémon - fishing , but they may end up catching more than they bargained for since the lagoon they 're fishing in may contain a water - type Totem Pokémon . If there is , then Lana is determined to battle it . Meanwhile , Kiawe takes the rest of the gang to visit his family 's dairy farm ( where they 're more interested in sampling the produce then in helping him ) , and Team Rocket does n't have much luck with their own Totem Pokémon - fishing , especially when it 's interrupted by Bewear . 975 969 `` A Crowning Moment of Truth ! '' ( A Fiery Battle ! Garagara Appears ! ! ) `` Honō no batoru ! Garagara arawaru ! ! '' ( 炎のバトル ! ガラガラあらわる ! ! ) July 20 , 2017 October 7 , 2017 Ash and his friends go to the Wela Volcano Festival , where an Alolan Marowak appears and takes the `` Wela Crown '' , which supposedly has the power to make Pokémon stronger . Ash and Kiawe chase after it , which leads to a fierce battle between Marowak and Kiawe 's Turtonator in which , even when using a Z - move , Turtonator is defeated . Kiawe is devastated and disheartened by the loss , but Ash and Turtonator encourage him . The next day , Kiawe and Turtonator face Marowak in a rematch , but this time Turtonator wins . Marowak not only returns the crown but also decides to join Kiawe as one of his Pokémon , in the process developing a rivalry with Turtonator . 976 970 `` Currying Favor and Flavor ! '' ( Curry - ficent Battle ! The Lalantes Dance ! ! ) `` Karē - na batoru ! Rarantesu no mai ! ! '' ( カレーなバトル ! ラランテスの舞 ! ! ) July 27 , 2017 October 14 , 2017 Olivia and Professor Kukui send the class out to find ingredients for Akalan Curry in groups of two . The team of Ash and Mallow find their task more challenging than expected , especially in getting past angry Fomantis , Parasect and Alolan Digletts . Their search for the final ingredient brings them face - to - face with a Totem Lurantis . Ash and his Pokémon must now battle Lurantis and its partner Castform , but there may be more to this than meets the eye . 977 971 `` Trials and Determinations ! '' ( Lychee 's Grand Trial ! The Hardest Pokémon Match ! ! ) `` Raichi no dai shiren ! Ichiban hādona Pokemon shōbu ! ! '' ( ライチの大試練 ! 一番ハードなポケモン勝負 ! ! ) August 3 , 2017 October 21 , 2017 The time has come for Ash , now armed with his new Grassium Z - crystal , to face Olivia in the Akala Island Grand Trial Challenge , and Rockruff wants to battle Lycanroc even before the Trial gets underway . This will be a Double Battle ; Olivia brings out a Probopass to partner her Lycanroc , and Ash chooses Rowlet to partner Rockruff . The battle is intense , with both Olivia and Ash using Z - moves . With Ash 's new Grassium Z - move Bloom Doom , Rowlet defeats Probopass , but then the unthinkable happens : Rockruff wants to battle Lycanroc so fiercely that it attacks Rowlet without thinking when Ash orders Rowlet to help Rockruff . Rockruff is horrified by what it 's done , but Ash forgives and encourages his Pokémon , and Rockruff goes on to defeat Lycanroc . Olivia presents Ash with a Rockium Z - crystal and tells him that Rockruff may evolve soon . Tapu - Lele appears to honor Ash and Rockruff . 978 972 `` Rising from the Ruins ! '' ( Iwanko and the Guardian Deity of the Ruins of Life ! ) `` Iwanko to inochi no iseki no mamorigami ! '' ( イワンコといのちの遺跡の守り神 ! ) August 10 , 2017 October 28 , 2017 Rockruff , now close to evolving , goes off on its own during the night and encounters Akala Island guardian Tapu Lele . Rockruff battles Tapu Lele but is easily defeated . Concerned for Rockruff , Ash and Pikachu chase after and find Rockruff , but Rockruff attacks Ash and , immediately ashamed , runs away . The next day , everyone else joins in the search for Rockruff , including Olivia 's Lycanroc . Rockruff , injured after falling into a river , is found by both Olivia 's and Gladion 's Lycanroc and brought to the Ruins of Life . Ash arrives with Olivia and Professor Kukui in time to stop the Island Guardian from battling the two Lycanroc . Using energy from Ash and both Lycanroc , Tapu Lele heals Rockruff , who then evolves into Dusk Form Lycanroc . 979 973 `` Mimikyu Unmasked ! '' ( Mimikkyu 's Disguise ! ) `` Mimikkyu no bake no kawa '' ( ミミッキュのばけのかわ ! ) August 17 , 2017 November 4 , 2017 Ash and his friends have returned to Melemele Island , but Team Rocket is there to welcome them by trying to steal Pikachu once again ! When Ash 's new Z - move Continental Crush fails , Kiawe 's Z - move sends Team Rocket blasting off . However , Bewear fails to appear and Team Rocket crashes separately , with Jessie and Mimikyu landing in a shopping mall . Mimikyu 's disguise has been badly damaged , so Jessie first devises a temporary disguise from a paper bag and then tries to find something new . While James , Mewoth , and Wobbuffet search for their missing partner , Ash and Lycanroc try to master Continental Crush . Jessie eventually repairs Mimikyu 's Pikachu disguise , but it is stolen by a flock of Murkrow who were actually after Jessie 's donut . James , Meowth , and Wobbuffet catch up to Jessie just as she retrieves both disguise and donut . The angry Murkrow return in force , but Mimikyu resumes its Pikachu disguise and drives them off . Full of confidence in their closer bond , Jessie and Mimikyu challenge Ash again . However , Ash and Lycanroc have mastered Continental Crush and send Team Rocket blasting off again , but this time Bewear rescues them . 980 974 `` Mallow and the Forest Teacher ! '' ( Mao 's Runaway from Home and Yareyuutan ! ) `` Iede no Mao to Yareyūtan '' ( 家出のマオとヤレユータン ! ) August 24 , 2017 November 11 , 2017 A television crew has come to Mallow 's family restaurant , outside of which Team Rocket has set up an unsuccessful competing food truck . However , when Mallow 's father overworks her and appears unappreciative of her efforts , she loses her temper and runs off with Steenee in pursuit . Naturally , Team Rocket sees an opportunity and chases after them . When Mallow knocks herself out in a fall , she is found and cared for by a Oranguru . While Mallow 's remorseful father and the gang search for Mallow , Team Rocket captures Steenee . Oranguru 's psychic powers free Steenee , and the two combined prove more than a match for Team Rocket . Bewear appears , but it and Oranguru refuse to fight each other , and Team Rocket is once again carried off . When Mallow 's father and the gang arrive , Mallow 's father recognizes Oranguru as his cooking teacher , and he and Mallow reconcile . 981 975 `` Balloons , Brionne , and Belligerence ! '' ( Ashimari , Osyamari , and the Anch - gry Dadarin ! ) `` Ashimari , Oshamari , ikari no Dadarin ! '' ( アシマリ、オシャマリ、いかりのダダリン ! ) August 31 , 2017 November 18 , 2017 Lana and Popplio have been practicing the Z - move Hydro Vortex , but so far with no success , and Lana is feeling discouraged . Ash , Lana , and Mallow meet a performing Brionne and its trainer Ida who possesses a Z - ring with a Waterium Z - crystal and can perform Hydro Vortex . Lana begs Ida to teach her . Ida and Brionne are helping her boyfriend , Kanoa , to search for a mysterious Mystic Water that may be located in the wreck of a sunken ship , and Ash , Lana , Mallow and their Pokémon join in to help . When Team Rocket try to steal the Mystic Water , they anger a Dhelmise that 's been living on the wreck and trick it into attacking Kanoa 's boat . When Brionne is knocked out and Dhelmise creates a deadly whirlpool , Lana and Popplio are able to use Hydro Vortex to defeat Dhelmise . With everyone safe , Kanoa finds the Mystic Water and gives it to Ida . 982 976 `` Mounting an Electrifying Charge ! '' ( Dash ! Dendimushi ) `` Dasshu ! Dendimushi '' ( ダッシュ ! デンヂムシ ) September 7 , 2017 November 25 , 2017 Sophocles enters a special race with a miniature car powered by his Charjabug against other Charjabug - cars . Ash and Kiawe are keen to help , with Ash acting as track partner and Kiawe as mechanic . The problem is that Charjabug ca n't seem to generate enough power to make its car run very fast , but it gets stronger and faster with all three Trainers ' help . On the day of the race , they find that they have a rival team with a flashy Charjabug - car and a very arrogant attitude . Team Rocket has also entered the race , with James as track partner , Jessie as track spotter , Wobbuffet / Mareanie supposedly as mechanic , and a fake Charjabug - car run by Meowth inside it . The race has three stages : 1 ) a rocky terrain , 2 ) a desert terrain , and 3 ) an urban area , each with obstacles powered by a Pokémon . However , with Sophocles as track spotter , some unorthodox moves and teamwork and Team Rocket 's cheating exposed , Team Sophocles puts up a good fight . Ash is knocked unconscious in the urban area , but Sophocles takes over as track partner , and he and Charjabug bring in the victory . 983 977 `` Alola , Kanto ! '' ( Kanto , Alola ! Takeshi and Kasumi ! ! ) `` Kantō de Arōra ! Takeshi to Kasumi ! ! '' ( カントーでアローラ ! タケシとカスミ ! ! ) September 14 , 2017 November 25 , 2017 Ash returns to Kanto with his friends , their Pokémon , Professor Kukui and Principal Oak as part of a special school project about the differences between Kanto and Alolan Pokémon . Misty and Brock are waiting for him at the airport , and Brock shows he has n't changed as he first cares for Lillie 's Snowy and then chases after a pretty flight attendant . The gang from Alola have a grand time with their Pokémon seeing and interacting with their Kanto counterparts at Professor Oak 's lab . Ash 's herd of Tauros naturally stampede on him , and he happily reunites with his Bulbasaur and Muk . Kiawe races a Rapidash on his Ride Charizard and then rides it . Mallow and Steenee have an unfortunate interaction with a Kanto Vileplume . Sophocles and Togedemaru meet a Kanto Raichu with shocking results . Snowy meets a Kanto Ninetales . Lana and Popplio meet a Kanto Dewgong and then swim with Misty and other Water Pokémon . As Ash , Misty , and Brock remember old times , it 's great to see that some things have n't changed ( Misty is still terrified of Bug Pokémon ) . Team Rocket have also returned to Kanto on orders , and their latest ( and old - school ) plot to steal everyone 's Pokémon using a giant mecha reunites the original trio as battling partners including Ash 's Lycanroc , Misty 's Staryu , and Brock 's Crobat . However , the battle is once again interrupted by Bewear ( wearing a jet - pack ! ) , and another old acquaintance , Jigglypuff , finishes things off in its usual fashion . The day ends with a magnificent outdoor feast prepared by Delia and Mr. Mime , spied upon by Mew ! 984 978 `` When Regions Collide ! '' ( Gym Battle ! Z - Move VS Mega Evolution ! ! ) `` Jimu batoru ! Z - Waza tai Mega Shinka ! ! '' ( ジムバトル ! Z ワザ対メガシンカ ! ! ) September 21 , 2017 December 9 , 2017 The previous day was all fun , but the next day brings more interesting things for Ash and the Alolan visitors as they and their Pokémon travel to Misty 's Gym in Cerulean City . After explaining about Gym Battles and Pokémon Leagues , Professor Kukui announces that the class will be engaging in Gym Battles against Brock and Misty . After two practice battles ( Mallow , Steenee , Lana and Popplio vs. Misty and Psyduck and Lillie , Snowy , Sophocles and Togedemaru vs. Brock and Geodude ) , real Gym Battles will now be fought : Kiawe vs. Brock and Ash vs. Misty , but each battle is taken to a new level with Brock and Misty both revealing they have Key Stones and using Mega-Evolution . Kiawe 's Z - Move Inferno Overdrive proves useless against Brock 's Mega-Evolved Steelix and Turtonator is defeated , but Ash and Pikachu 's unorthodox strategy and his Z - move Gigavolt Havoc defeat Misty 's Mega-Evolved Gyarados . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The English episode numbers are based on their first airing in the United States in syndication on Disney XD . Other English - speaking nations largely follow either this order or the Japanese order . ^ Jump up to : These episodes were broadcast in the United States on December 5 , 2016 as a sneak peek at the upcoming season , which had recently begun being broadcast in Japan . Previous sequences were broadcast on March 17 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` テレビ東京・あにてれポケットモンスターサン & ムーン '' . TV Tokyo . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pokémon Moves to Disney XD with a Big Movie Debut '' . Pokemon.com . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the Debut of the New Pokémon Movie '' . Pokemon.com/UK . November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CITV on Twitter '' . April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teletoon on Twitter '' . March 15 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` テレビ東京・あにてれポケットモンスターサン & ムーン '' . Pokémon . External links ( edit ) hide Pokémon Nintendo Game Freak Satoshi Tajiri Ken Sugimori Junichi Masuda Creatures Inc . The Pokémon Company Video games ( Video games list ) Main series Red and Blue Yellow Gold , Silver , and Crystal Ruby and Sapphire Emerald Diamond and Pearl Platinum Black and White Black 2 and White 2 X and Y Sun and Moon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon Remakes FireRed and LeafGreen HeartGold and SoulSilver Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire Let 's Go , Pikachu ! and Let 's Go , Eevee ! Other Snap Stadium Stadium 2 Colosseum XD : Gale of Darkness Battle Revolution Pokkén Tournament Quest Go Mystery Dungeon TCG Online Shuffle Duel Detective Pikachu Television series ( seasons 1 -- 13 , 14 -- current ) Original Indigo League `` Pokémon , I Choose You ! '' Adventures on the Orange Islands The Johto Journeys Johto League Champions Master Quest Advanced Generation Advanced Advanced Challenge Advanced Battle Battle Frontier Diamond and Pearl Diamond and Pearl DP : Battle Dimension DP : Galactic Battles DP : Sinnoh League Victors Best Wishes Black & White BW : Rival Destinies BW : Adventures in Unova BW : Adventures in Unova and Beyond XY XY Kalos Quest XY & Z Sun and Moon Sun and Moon Ultra Adventures Specials Mewtwo Returns Chronicles The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon Origins Generations Films Original The First Movie 2000 4Ever Heroes Advanced Generation Jirachi -- Wish Maker Destiny Deoxys Lucario and the Mystery of Mew Ranger and the Temple of the Sea Diamond and Pearl The Rise of Darkrai Giratina and the Sky Warrior Arceus and the Jewel of Life Zoroark : Master of Illusions Best Wishes Black -- Victini and Reshiram & White -- Victini and Zekrom Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice Genesect and the Legend Awakened XY Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction Hoopa and the Clash of Ages Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel Reboot series I Choose You ! Everyone 's Story Live - action Detective Pikachu Manga series ( volume list ) Pocket Monsters Pokémon Adventures Magical Pokémon Journey The Electric Tale of Pikachu Battle Frontier Ginji 's Rescue Team Pokémon Diamond and Pearl Adventure ! Pocket Monsters RéBURST Pokémon Black and White Characters TV series Ash Ketchum Pikachu Brock Misty Others Pokémon Adventures Pokémon species Controversies Burger King recall Black and Blue Controversial episodes `` Dennō Senshi Porygon '' Fandom Pokémon Apokélypse Pokémon Sage Pokémon Uranium Twitch Plays Pokémon Other Gameplay of Pokémon Pikachu ( sculpture ) Pokémon Live ! Trading Card Game Trading Figure Game Universe Theme songs `` Pokémon Theme '' Lavender Town Play ! Pokémon Poképark Pokémon : Tenth Anniversary Pokémon Junior Super Smash Bros . Pokémon : Symphonic Evolutions `` Gotta Catch ' Em All '' World Championships 2014 2015 2016 Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= List_of_Pokémon : _Sun_ % 26_Moon_episodes&oldid = 840285637 '' Categories : 2016 Japanese television seasons 2017 Japanese television seasons Lists of Pokémon episodes Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 8 May 2018 , at 22 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is the next season of pokemon sun and moon coming out	[]	[]
7175288315921525422	Upstream (petroleum industry)	Upstream ( petroleum industry ) - wikipedia Upstream ( petroleum industry ) For other uses , see Upstream ( disambiguation ) . The oil and gas industry is usually divided into three major sectors : upstream ( or exploration and production - E&P ) , midstream and downstream . The upstream sector includes searching for potential underground or underwater crude oil and natural gas fields , drilling exploratory wells , and subsequently drilling and operating the wells that recover and bring the crude oil or raw natural gas to the surface . There has been a significant shift toward including unconventional gas as a part of the upstream sector , and corresponding developments in liquefied natural gas ( LNG ) processing and transport . Upstream Industry has traditionally experienced the highest number of Mergers , Acquisitions and Divestitures . M&A activity for upstream oil and gas deals in 2012 totaled $254 billion in 679 deals . A large chunk of this M&A , 33 % in 2012 , was driven by the unconventional / shale boom especially in the US followed by the Russian Federation and Canada . The aggregate value of Upstream E&P assets available for sale ( Deals in Play ) reached a record - high of $135 billion in Q3 - 2013 . The value of Deals in Play doubled from $46 billion in 2009 to $90 billion in 2010 . With ongoing M&A activity the level remained almost the same reaching $85 billion in Dec - 2012 . However , the first half of 2013 saw approximately $48 billion of net new assets coming on the market . Remarkably , the total value of Deals in Play in Q3 - 2013 nearly tripled over 2009 at $46 billion , in less than four years . Contents 1 Business 2 Upstream in ISO 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Business ( edit ) This categorization comes from value chain concepts , even before formal development Value Chain Management . Integrated Oil & Gas Company : A company that has upstream as well as downstream operations . Examples include ExxonMobil , BP , Royal Dutch Shell and ChevronTexaco . Independent Oil & Gas Company : A company that has either upstream or downstream operations , but not both . Examples include Anadarko , Sunoco , Phillips 66 , ConocoPhillips , and Murphy . Oil Service Company : A company that provides products and / or services to the oil and gas industry . Usually a combination of labor , equipment , and / or other support services . Examples include Baker Hughes , a GE Company , Haliburton , and Schlumberger . Oil Equipment Manufacturer : A company that specializes in the sale and distribution of equipment to the oil and gas industry . Security Many major security companies take part in securing the industry . Other : Any other oil and gas related business not defined above . Upstream in iso ( edit ) ISO 20815 defines `` Upstream '' in its definition section as : 3.1. 48 upstream business category of the petroleum industry involving exploration and production . Example : Offshore oil / gas production facilities , Drilling rigs , intervention vessel . See also ( edit ) Coal bed methane Downstream ( petroleum industry ) Extraction of petroleum Gas field Hydrocarbon exploration Midstream Natural Gas Natural gas condensate Natural - gas processing Petroleum Oil production plant Oil refinery Oil well List of oil exploration and production companies References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Upstream , midstream & downstream Archived 2014 - 01 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Industry Overview Archived 2017 - 05 - 08 at the Wayback Machine . from the website of the Petroleum Services Association of Canada ( PSAC ) Jump up ^ Coalbed Methane Basic Information Archived 2012 - 12 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : American Petroleum Institute Archived 2011 - 11 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Definition Of Upstream Company and description Jump up ^ `` Eyal Mesika - Security Issues in the Upstream Oil Industry - OilVoice '' . www.oilvoice.com . Archived from the original on 2017 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ ISO 20815 Petroleum industry Petroleum Primary energy Benchmarks Argus Sour Bonny Light Brent Dubai Indian Basket Indonesian Isthmus - 34 Light Japan Cocktail OPEC Reference Basket Tapis Urals West Texas Intermediate Western Canadian Select Data Natural gas Consumption Production Reserves Imports Exports Price Petroleum Consumption Production Reserves Imports Exports Price ( of gasoline and diesel ) Posted price Exploration Core sampling Geophysics Integrated asset modelling Petroleum engineering Reservoir simulation Seismic to simulation Petroleum geology Petrophysics Reflection seismology ( Seismic inversion ) Seismic source Drilling Blowout Completion ( Squeeze job ) Differential sticking Directional drilling ( Geosteering ) Drilling engineering Drilling fluid ( invasion ) Drill stem test Lost circulation Measurement Tracers Shale oil extraction Ljungström method Underbalanced drilling Well logging Production Petroleum fiscal regime Concessions Production sharing agreements Artificial lift Pumpjack Submersible pump ( ESP ) Gas lift Downstream Enhanced oil recovery ( EOR ) Steam injection Gas reinjection Midstream Petroleum product Pipeline transport Refining Upstream Water injection Well intervention XT History 1967 Oil Embargo 1973 oil crisis 1979 energy crisis 1980s oil glut 1990 oil price shock 2000s energy crisis 2010s oil glut Founders History of the petroleum industry Nationalization OPEC GECF Seven Sisters Standard Oil Oil market timelines Petroleum industry in Iraq Provinces and fields List of natural gas fields List of oil fields Caspian Sea East Midlands Oil Province East Texas Gulf of Mexico Niger Delta North Sea Permian Basin Persian Gulf Prudhoe Bay Oil Field Russia Venezuela Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin Other topics Acronyms Oil shale gas Peak oil mitigation timing People Petrocurrency Petrodollar recycling Shale band Shale gas Swing producer Unconventional oil heavy crude oil sands oil shale Companies and organisations Major petroleum companies Supermajors BP Chevron Eni ExxonMobil Royal Dutch Shell Total National oil companies ADNOC ( UAE ) CNOOC ( China ) CNPC ( China ) Ecopetrol ( Colombia ) Equinor ( Norway ) Gazprom ( Russia ) Iraq National Oil Company Indian Oil Corporation KazMunayGas ( Kazakhstan ) Kuwait Petroleum Corporation Lotos ( Poland ) Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation NIOC ( Iran ) NISOC ( Iran ) OGDCL ( Pakistan ) ONGC ( India ) PDVSA ( Venezuela ) PKN Orlen ( Poland ) Pemex ( Mexico ) Pertamina ( Indonesia ) PetroBangla ( Bangladesh ) Petrobras ( Brazil ) PetroChina Petronas ( Malaysia ) Petrovietnam PTT ( Thailand ) Qatar Petroleum Rosneft ( Russia ) Saudi Aramco ( Saudi Arabia ) Sinopec ( China ) SOCAR ( Azerbaijan ) Sonangol ( Angola ) Sonatrach ( Algeria ) TPAO ( Turkey ) YPF ( Argentina ) Energy trading Glencore Gunvor Mercuria Naftiran Intertrade Trafigura Vitol Other Anadarko Apache BG Group Cenovus Energy Compañía Española de Petróleos ConocoPhillips Devon Galp Energia Hess Husky Energy Imperial Oil JXTG Holdings Lukoil Marathon Oil Occidental OMV Port Harcourt Refining Company Reliance Industries Repsol Suncor Energy Surgutneftegas TNK - BP Tullow Oil Tüpraş Major services companies Amec Foster Wheeler Baker Hughes Cameron CGG CH2M Hill Chicago Bridge & Iron Company China Oilfield Services Enbridge Ensco GE Oil & Gas Halliburton Nabors Industries Naftiran Intertrade National Oilwell Varco Petrofac Saipem Schlumberger Snam Subsea 7 TransCanada Transocean Weatherford Wood Group Other International Association of Oil & Gas Producers International Energy Agency International Petroleum Exchange OPEC Society of Petroleum Engineers World Petroleum Council Commons External links ( edit ) Upstream innovations Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upstream_(petroleum_industry)&oldid=844980824 '' Categories : Natural gas Petroleum production Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Italiano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Suomi Türkçe 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 June 2018 , at 14 : 17 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	define upstream downstream and midstream in oil and gas	[]	[]
-3070696734511122592	Chipper Jones	Chipper Jones - wikipedia Chipper Jones Jump to : navigation , search Chipper Jones Jones with the Braves in 2012 Third baseman / Left fielder Born : ( 1972 - 04 - 24 ) April 24 , 1972 ( age 46 ) DeLand , Florida Batted : Switch Threw : Right MLB debut September 11 , 1993 , for the Atlanta Braves Last MLB appearance October 3 , 2012 , for the Atlanta Braves MLB statistics Batting average . 303 Hits 2,726 Home runs 468 Runs batted in 1,623 Teams Atlanta Braves ( 1993 , 1995 -- 2012 ) Career highlights and awards 8 × All - Star ( 1996 -- 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2008 , 2011 , 2012 ) World Series champion ( 1995 ) NL MVP ( 1999 ) 2 × Silver Slugger Award ( 1999 , 2000 ) MLB batting champion ( 2008 ) Atlanta Braves No. 10 retired Incoming Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Induction 2018 Vote 97.2 % ( first ballot ) Larry Wayne `` Chipper '' Jones Jr. ( born April 24 , 1972 ) is an American former Major League Baseball ( MLB ) player . Jones was the Atlanta Braves ' number one overall pick in the 1990 MLB draft and their primary third baseman from 1995 to 2012 . An eight - time All - Star , Jones won the 1999 National League ( NL ) Most Valuable Player Award and the 1999 and 2000 NL Silver Slugger Award for third basemen . He was the MLB batting champion in 2008 after hitting . 364 . Jones ended his career in 2012 with a . 303 career batting average , 468 home runs , and 1,623 RBI . He has the most career RBI for a third baseman and holds the Braves team record for career on - base percentage (. 402 ) ; Jones ranks third on the Braves career home run list . He spent his entire 19 - year MLB career and all 23 years as a professional baseball player in the Atlanta organization . Among switch hitters , Jones ranks second behind Eddie Murray for career RBI , and he is the only switch hitter in MLB history with a career batting average of at least . 300 and 400 or more home runs . He was the 18th player in MLB history to accumulate 5,000 at bats and finish with at least a . 300 batting average , . 400 on - base percentage , and . 500 slugging percentage -- and the only switch hitter to reach all of these milestones . On June 28 , 2013 , the Braves retired Jones ' number 10 and inducted him into the team 's Hall of Fame . On January 24 , 2018 , he was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 1.1 High school 2 Professional career 2.1 Draft 2.2 Minor leagues ( 1991 -- 93 ) 2.3 Major league career ( 1993 -- 2012 ) 2.3. 1 1993 -- 98 2.3. 2 1999 : MVP season 2.3. 3 2000 -- 05 2.3. 4 2006 -- 07 2.3. 5 2008 -- 11 2.3. 6 2012 : Final season 3 Post-baseball 4 Personal life 5 Career highlights 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Chipper Jones was born in DeLand , Florida on April 24 , 1972 . His father , Larry Wayne Jones , Sr. , was a teacher and coach at T. DeWitt Taylor High School in Pierson , the same high school Jones would later attend and play baseball . His mother is Lynne Jones . Jones received the nickname `` Chipper '' from his father and other family members , who saw the younger Larry as a `` chip off the old block . '' He showed an early love for baseball predominantly because of his father 's position as coach , and began to play Little League teams at age 7 . High School ( edit ) During his freshman year , Jones was a starting pitcher and shortstop for Taylor High School . During the same year , he also played on a local American Legion Baseball team in right field . Following his freshman year , Jones was enrolled at the Bolles School in Jacksonville , Florida . In his three seasons at Bolles , the team went 65 - 19 and won a state double - A championship . Jones batted . 483 in his senior season and also pitched well enough for a 7 - 3 record and . 987 earned run average , striking out 100 batters and walking only 25 . Jones 's team reached the state championship again during his senior year ; however , they lost during the final innings of the game . Professional career ( edit ) Draft ( edit ) The Atlanta Braves selected Jones as the first pick overall in the 1990 Major League Baseball draft and signed him to a contract with a $275,000 signing bonus . Atlanta expressed a desire to select pitcher Todd Van Poppel as the first pick ; however , Van Poppel explicitly stated that he would not sign with the Braves . Atlanta then selected Jones , who played shortstop at the time . Minor leagues ( 1991 -- 93 ) ( edit ) In 1991 , Jones played with the Macon Braves , Atlanta 's class - A minor league affiliate . His average was . 326 following 473 at bats , with 24 doubles , 11 triples , 15 home runs , 40 steals , 69 walks , and 79 strikeouts ; however , he received criticism after making 56 errors at the shortstop position . Jones moved up to the Durham Bulls , the Braves ' class A-advanced minor league team , in 1992 . Jones 's average was . 277 after 70 games ; he was then moved to double - A Greenville Braves where he cut his error total from 56 in the previous season to only 32 . Following a successful season , Jones played with the triple - A Richmond Braves , where he played 139 games before being called to Atlanta for his major league debut . During his time in the Braves ' minor league system , Jones was involved in a bench clearing brawl with future Major League stars Manny Ramirez and Jim Thome . Thome and Jones would eventually go on to develop a good friendship over the years . He also changed his position from shortstop to third base , following the guidance of the Braves organization . Major League career ( 1993 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) 1993 -- 98 ( edit ) Chipper Jones debuted on September 11 , 1993 , as the youngest player in the league . In 1994 , he was expected to compete for the starting left field job after veteran Ron Gant broke his leg during an offseason dirt bike accident . However , Jones suffered an ACL tear in his left knee in spring training . As a result , he spent the entire strike shortened 1994 season on the disabled list . In 1995 , Jones led all major league rookies in RBIs ( 86 ) , games played ( 145 ) , games started ( 123 ) , plate appearances ( 602 ) , at bats ( 524 ) , and runs scored ( 87 ) . That year , he finished second in the Baseball Writers ' Rookie of the Year balloting behind Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher Hideo Nomo . In addition to achieving a level of personal success , Jones participated in the 1995 World Series , in which the Braves won in six games over the Cleveland Indians . He also participated in the 1996 World Series , in which the Braves lost to the New York Yankees in six games . Jones recorded the last official hit at Atlanta -- Fulton County Stadium before its demolition in 1997 , as well as the first hit in Turner Field history . In 1998 , Jones came in ninth in the voting for NL MVP , as he scored 123 runs and had 96 walks ( both fourth best in the league ) . 1999 : MVP season ( edit ) In 1999 , Jones won the National League MVP award after becoming the first player ever to hit over . 300 (. 319 ) while slugging 40 or more home runs ( 45 ; 3rd in the NL ) and doubles ( 41 ) , drawing 100 or more walks ( 126 ; 3rd in the league ) , notching 100 or more RBI ( 110 ) and runs scored ( 116 ) , and stealing 20 or more bases ( 25 ) . Ironically , Jones was not selected for the MLB All - Star game that year . He was also walked intentionally 18 times ; 2nd in the league , and his . 633 slugging percentage was 4th best in the NL . A major factor in his selection as MVP was his performance against the Braves ' chief competitors , the New York Mets . The Braves led the National League East by only one game as they entered a three - game September series against the Mets , the team that was right on their heels . Atlanta swept the series at Turner Field , though , largely thanks to Jones , who hit four home runs and drove in seven of the thirteen runs that the Braves scored . For the season , he hit . 319 with a . 510 on - base percentage , a 1.000 slugging percentage , and seven home runs against the Mets . During the 1999 NLCS , Jones drew the ire of Mets fans by saying , `` Now , all the Mets fans can go home and put their Yankees ' stuff on . '' In the playoffs , Jones led the Braves to the World Series against the New York Yankees , in which the Braves were swept . He did , however , hit their only home run in the series , against Yankees ' starter Orlando Hernández . 2000 -- 05 ( edit ) Jones signed a six - year , $90 million deal in 2000 . Jones batted . 330 in 2001 , 5th best in the league , and led the league with a . 349 road batting average . On his 29th birthday , he hit two home runs . On defense , however , his range factor of 2.14 placed him last among the regular major league third basemen who qualified for the fielding ranking . In 2001 , a season of flux for the Braves who had won consecutive division titles since their 1995 World Series victory without winning again , Jones was involved in a public `` lingering feud '' with former teammate John Rocker . Rocker referred to Jones on the radio by saying `` Chip 's white trash '' and `` as two - faced as they came . '' By late June , the two claimed the feud had been put to bed . Before the start of the 2002 season , Jones announced his willingness to move from third base to left field , to make room for the incoming Vinny Castilla . Jones proved adequate in left field , but following two more early playoff exits in 2002 and 2003 , a hamstring pull in the early 2004 season and then 3rd baseman Mark DeRosa 's struggles , he moved back to his regular position of third base . In 2002 , he batted . 327 , again 5th best in the NL . Jones was 3rd in the league with a . 435 on - base percentage . On August 16 , 2004 , he hit the 300th home run of his career in a 5 -- 4 victory over the San Diego Padres . Following the 2005 season , Jones reworked his contract with the Braves -- freeing up money for the Braves to pursue elite free agents , while virtually assuring he would end his career in Atlanta . The revamped deal gave the Braves $15 million over the course of the next three years , as well as $6 million to use in 2006 . The new deal also converted two final team option years to guaranteed contracts . 2006 -- 07 ( edit ) Jones was selected to play in the inaugural 2006 World Baseball Classic ( along with Braves teammates Jeff Francoeur and Brian McCann ) . He hit a home run in his first at bat of the Classic against Mexico off of Atlanta Braves teammate Óscar Villarreal , who was with the team from 2006 to 2007 . Jones went 6 -- 17 with a double and two home runs in the tournament . The 2006 season was one of numerous milestones for Jones . On June 10 , he became the Atlanta Braves ' all - time RBI leader when he drove in his 1,144 th run against the Houston Astros at Minute Maid Park , passing former outfielder Dale Murphy and placing Jones third on the franchise 's all - time list ( including Braves teams based in Boston and Milwaukee ) , behind Hank Aaron ( 2,202 ) and Eddie Mathews ( 1,388 ) . On July 15 , 2006 , Jones recorded his 1,902 nd career hit , to become the Atlanta Braves ' all - time hits leader , passing Hank Aaron . The next day he hit a home run to extend his extra-base hitting streak to 14 games , matching the Major League record set by Pittsburgh 's Paul Waner in 1927 . A month later , on August 14 , Jones had his first career three home run game . Jones homered in his final three at bats in the Braves ' 10 -- 4 win over the Washington Nationals , finishing the night 4 - for - 5 with 5 RBI . ESPN named Chipper Jones the Burger King ' King of the Night ' for this performance . Despite successes at the plate , injuries dogged Jones throughout the season and for the first time in his career , the Braves failed to qualify for postseason play . Jones playing third base in 2007 . Jones performed well both offensively and defensively during the 2007 season . On June 16 , he hit a single in the second inning against the Cleveland Indians for his 2,000 th career hit . On July 5 , Jones tied and passed Braves legend Dale Murphy for first on the all - time Atlanta Braves home run list when he hit his 371st and 372nd home runs against the Los Angeles Dodgers at Dodger Stadium . This game was also the first time he hit homers from both sides of the plate since 2000 . The next day , he had his 400th career double in the ninth inning against San Diego Padres pitcher Kevin Cameron , who had previously only allowed one extra-base hit all year . On July 29 , Jones matched a career - high with 5 RBIs as the Braves shut out the Arizona Diamondbacks 14 -- 0 . He accomplished the feat again on August 23 against the Cincinnati Reds . In the fifth inning of an August 9 game at Shea Stadium , Jones hit a towering three - run homer to right field off Mets starter John Maine . It would later be measured at 470 feet ( 140 m ) . Jones finished the season 1st in the NL in times reached base on an error ( 14 ) and in OPS ( 1.029 ) , 2nd in batting average (. 337 ) , and 3rd in OBP (. 425 ) and SLG (. 604 ) . He was also sixth in MVP voting , his highest finish since winning the award in 1999 . Jones with the Braves in 2008 While the Braves enjoyed some early successes , injuries to the pitching staff spoiled the ample contributions from Atlanta 's potent offense . While the Braves posted a winning record , they finished third in the National League East , and sat out the postseason . He opened the Chipper Jones 's 10th Inning Baseball Academy in Suwanee , Georgia , in late 2007 . 2008 -- 11 ( edit ) Jones began the 2008 season where he left off in 2007 , hitting over . 400 in April while slugging 7 home runs . He also had back - to - back games in which he hit two home runs . Despite these accomplishments , he ultimately lost the NL Player of the Month award in April to Chase Utley . On June 13 , Jones was hitting . 414 with 15 home runs , but his average dropped to . 393 by June 22 . He hit his 400th career home run on June 5 off Ricky Nolasco of the Florida Marlins , and he was named NL Player of the Week for the week of June 2 -- 8 . He was picked to start in the 2008 Major League Baseball All - Star Game , receiving the most votes by fans , managers , and other players of any NL third basemen . Jones won his first batting title at age 36 , the oldest switch - hitter to win a batting title . Jones hit . 364 during 2008 , one point off the all - time switch - hitter high for a season of . 365 , set by Mickey Mantle . In 2008 , Jones tied a MLB record for most consecutive 20 + home run seasons to start a career ( 14 ) . Jones during a game against the San Diego Padres in 2009 In December 2008 , Jones accepted an invitation to play for the USA team in the 2009 World Baseball Classic . He played alongside teammate Brian McCann . Jones was scratched from an elimination game in the 2009 World Baseball Classic after straining his right oblique muscle , while playing for team USA . The announcement came an hour before the game was to be played against team Netherlands . As reported by CBC News on March 13 , 2009 , Jones criticized Toronto and the play schedule of the World Baseball Classic . On March 31 , 2009 , Jones agreed to a three - year $42 million contract extension with the Braves ; the deal includes an option that could become worth up to $61 million over four seasons . On May 28 , against the Giants and Cy Young winner Tim Lincecum , Jones struck out four times in one game for the first time in his career . In 2009 , he was ranked # 10 on the Sporting News ' list of the 50 greatest current players in baseball . A panel of 100 baseball people , many of them members of the Baseball Hall of Fame and winners of major baseball awards , were polled to compile at the list . In 2009 , Jones led all major league third basemen in errors , with 22 , and had the lowest fielding percentage of any starting major league third baseman (. 930 ) . Jones got off to a poor start in 2010 and met with Atlanta Braves management in June to discuss possible retirement at the end of the season , but his performance improved as the season progressed . Jones 's season came to an end after he was injured in a game against the Houston Astros on August 10 , 2010 ; injury reports indicated that he had torn the ACL in his left knee , which would require surgery . In an August 13 press conference , he stated that he would not retire , and that `` I do n't want the fans ' final image of me to be one of me hurt on the field '' . During the off - season , Atlanta Braves general manager Frank Wren told David O'Brien of The Atlanta Journal Constitution that Jones would likely be ready for Opening Day stating `` I think he 's progressed very well . He had a setback earlier in the winter when he was away for a week -- I think he was actually on a hunting trip -- and he was not doing the ( leg ) lifts . But as soon as he got back on his weights , he was fine . Right now , talking to the trainers , he should not have any restrictions coming into spring training . '' Jones before a Spring training game in 2011 . Jones made great progress with his rehab and took part in spring training . He was in the Braves ' opening day lineup against the Nationals , getting the first hit and scoring the first run of the 2011 Major League Baseball season . On April 8 , 2011 , Jones hit his 2,500 th base hit in the Braves ' home opener versus the Philadelphia Phillies . His former manager Bobby Cox was in attendance . On April 13 , 2011 , he recorded his 1500th RBI against the Florida Marlins , with a solo home run off Randy Choate . On April 26 , 2011 , Chipper recorded his 500th double against the San Diego Padres . He also tied Mickey Mantle for second most RBIs all time by a switch hitter ; Jones passed Mantle for sole possession of second place all - time on April 27 , 2011 ( with 1,512 RBI ) after a 3 - run stand up triple , helping the Braves beat the San Diego Padres 7 -- 0 . Jones suffered from a torn meniscus in his right knee for much of the first half of the 2011 season , and received Cortisone shots in an attempt to manage the pain . When this became ineffective , he elected to undergo arthroscopic surgery and was placed on the disabled list on July 9 , 2011 . He returned to the lineup on July 25 . On August 12 , 2011 , Jones hit a three - run homer against the Chicago Cubs for his 1000th extra base hit . On August 19 , 2011 , Jones confirmed that he would return for the 2012 season , the final year on his contract , thus ending ongoing speculation about his possible retirement . On August 31 , 2011 , Jones hit his 450th career home run off John Lannan of the Washington Nationals . 2012 : final season ( edit ) On March 22 , 2012 , the Braves announced that Jones would retire following the 2012 season , after 19 major league seasons with the team . Following the announcement , a fan tribute song called `` The Chipper Jones Song '' was featured in a number of sports blogs . Jones opened the 2012 season on the disabled list , following surgery on March 26 , 2012 to repair a torn meniscus in his left knee . He was activated from the disabled list and was in the lineup on April 10 , as the Braves faced the Houston Astros ; he went 2 - 4 with a single and a two - run home run , helping the Braves to their first win of the season . On April 24 , Jones was in the lineup against the Los Angeles Dodgers on his 40th birthday . He hit a solo home run in Atlanta 's 4 - 3 win , ending up with a career record of . 429 ( 21 - for - 49 ) with five home runs on his birthday . The next day , in the final regular season at - bat at Dodger Stadium of his career , Jones knocked in the winning run in the top of the 9th inning . On May 2 , Jones capped off a wild extra-inning contest with the Philadelphia Phillies by hitting a 2 - run walk - off homer in the bottom of the 11th . He referred to the game - winning home run as one of the best individual moments of his career , as it finished a 15 - 13 Braves win that saw the team rally from two deficits of five runs or more . During a May 18 game at Tampa Bay , Jones was hit by a ground ball and suffered a severe contusion to his left leg . On May 25 , he was placed on the DL after it became clear that the injury would require more time to heal . Jones returned to the Braves ' lineup on June 10 . Jones hit his 460th home run off Trevor Cahill of the Arizona Diamondbacks on June 27 , 2012 , putting Jones in 33rd position on the list of top 300 Major League Baseball home run hitters . Jones is also in 33rd position on the list of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders , passing Lou Gehrig 's record for doubles during the same series with Arizona on June 29 , 2012 . On July 3 , 2012 , Jones was named to the NL All - Star team as a replacement for the injured Matt Kemp . That same day , he had his third career five - hit game and the first since 2002 . He made it known that he wished the National League would win the All - Star game in his pregame address to his NL teammates : We got an opportunity to ( continue the NL winning streak ) . And I am not going out losing my last one ... -- Chipper Jones Jones salutes the crowd at Turner Field prior to his final regular season game During the All - Star game ( the only time in his 19 - year career that he played in Kansas City ) , Jones hit a single into right field at his first ( and only ) at bat during the game , and the National League won 8 -- 0 . At the All - Star Game break after July 8 , Jones was hitting . 318 with 6 home runs and 33 RBIs . On August 16 , 2012 , Jones hit two home runs and collected his 2,700 th hit . On September 12 , 2012 , Jones recorded his 1,500 th walk in a game against the Milwaukee Brewers , becoming the first switch hitter in Major League Baseball history to obtain at least 2,500 hits , 1,500 RBIs , 1,500 runs and 1,500 walks . Jones also joined Stan Musial , Babe Ruth , Ted Williams , and Lou Gehrig as the only players in Major League history to record at least 2,500 hits , 1,500 walks , 1,500 runs , 500 doubles , 450 home runs , and 1,500 RBIs while hitting . 300 with a . 400 on - base percentage and . 500 slugging percentage . Jones ended his career hitting over . 300 from each side of home plate . Among switch - hitters with at least 5,000 career at - bats , the only other player to do so is Frankie Frisch . He and Mickey Mantle are the only two switch - hitters in MLB history to have an on - base percentage of . 400 , slugging percentage of . 500 , and 400 homers in their careers . Jones also has the most RBIs of any player who was primarily a third baseman . The final game of his career was the 2012 National League Wild Card Playoff ( dubbed the `` infield fly rule game '' following a controversial call by umpire Sam Holbrook ) , in which the Braves lost 6 -- 3 . In his final at - bat , Jones hit a broken bat single for an infield base hit , with two outs in the bottom of the ninth . Post-baseball ( edit ) Chipper Jones 's number 10 was retired by the Atlanta Braves in 2013 . In February 2013 , the Atlanta Braves announced that they would induct Jones into the Braves Hall of Fame and retire his number , 10 . Jones 's Braves Hall of Fame induction ceremony took place on June 28 during a luncheon at the Atlanta Marriott Marquis and featured speeches from former Braves players , including Hank Aaron . Jones 's number retirement ceremony also took place on June 28 prior to the Braves ' game against the Arizona Diamondbacks . Jones , who approached the podium as his former walk - up song ( `` Crazy Train '' by Ozzy Osbourne ) played in the background , was joined onstage by former Braves owner Ted Turner , Braves franchise president John Schuerholz , former Braves player Dale Murphy , then - current Braves player Dan Uggla , and former Braves manager Bobby Cox , as well as his parents and children . During his speech , Jones also recognized his former Braves teammates Martín Prado , Randall Delgado , and Eric Hinske , who were all traded to or signed by the Diamondbacks during that offseason . His number 10 is the eleventh number retired by the Braves franchise . Later that same year Chipper Jones 's number 10 jersey was also retired by the Durham Bulls on August 20 . During a 2014 winter storm , Jones rescued former teammate and current Atlanta Brave , Freddie Freeman . Freeman was stuck in a traffic jam for hours . Jones came to the rescue on his ATV , and pulled Freeman out of the jam . At the start of the new year in 2016 , the Atlanta Braves announced a `` Chipper Rescues Freddie '' bobblehead night for the upcoming season to honor the rescue . He returned to the Braves as an adviser for the 2016 season . Jones was announced as one of the four inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame on January 24 , 2018 . Personal life ( edit ) Jones met his first wife , Karin Fulford , while he was playing with the Braves class A affiliate in Macon , Georgia . The couple married in 1992 and later divorced after it was revealed that Jones had an 18 - month extramarital affair with a Hooters waitress that produced a son , Matthew , born in 1998 . He married Sharon Logonov in March 2000 in Pierson , Florida . They have three sons : Larry Wayne III ( Trey ) , Tristen , and Shea , named after Shea Stadium because of Jones 's great success in the stadium . As of June 14 , 2012 , Jones and his wife Sharon had separated . Their divorce was finalized in November of the same year . Soon after , Jones began dating former Playboy model Taylor Higgins . Jones and Higgins were married on June 14 , 2015 . On June 21 , 2016 Jones and Higgins announced via Twitter that they were expecting a baby in January 2017 . Their son , Cutler Ridge Jones was born on January 11 , 2017 in Atlanta . Jones enjoys deer hunting . Jones was a co-owner of Outdoor Channel 's hunting show Buck Commander with friends and pro athletes Adam LaRoche , Ryan Langerhans , Tom Martin , and Willie Robertson . Currently , he is co-owner and co-host of the television show Major League Bowhunter airing on CarbonTV and the Sportsman Channel , alongside friends Matt Duff and Jeff Danker . In 2008 , Jones released a charity wine called `` Chipper Chardonnay '' , with a portion of the proceeds supporting the Miracle League , an organization serving children with disabilities . Career highlights ( edit ) Award / Honor Time ( s ) Date ( s ) NL All - Star 8 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2001 , 2008 , 2011 , 2012 NL Player of the Week April 13 -- 19 , 1998 ; July 29 -- August 4 , 2002 ; June 26 -- July 2 , 2006 ; June 2 -- 8 , 2008 NL Silver Slugger Award ( 3B ) 1999 , 2000 NL Batting Champion 2008 NL Most Valuable Player 1999 NL Sporting News Rookie of the Year Award ( 3B ) 1995 World Series champion 1995 First overall draft pick See also ( edit ) Biography portal Baseball portal List of Major League Baseball home run records List of Major League Baseball batting champions List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders List of Major League Baseball players who spent their entire career with one franchise References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Chipper Jones Stats Baseball-Reference.com '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Mark ( July 21 , 2012 ) . `` Chipper sets RBI record for third basemen '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved July 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Player Statistics . Major League Baseball Jump up ^ Schlueter , Roger ( September 17 , 2012 ) . `` Rare coup in Chipper 's reach '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Braves to retire No. 10 in honor of Jones '' . Yahoo ! Sports . February 19 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Braves retire Chipper Jones 's No. 10 jersey '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 28 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David . `` Chipper Jones elected to Baseball Hall of Fame '' . ajc . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : About Chipper Archived February 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . at chipperjones.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rogers Walton , Carroll . `` Chipper Jones plans move back to Atlanta '' . myAJC ( Atlanta Journal - Constitution ) . Cox Media Group . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Zaldivar , Gabe ( 2011 ) . `` Chipper Jones : How Did Larry Get His Famous Nickname ? '' . Bleacher Report . Jump up ^ Freeman , Scott . `` Old Timer '' . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . At 23 , Chipper Jones is the kind of vintage baseball player that disenchanted fans have craved -- a scrapper , full of hustle , plays like he actually loves the game Jump up ^ `` No. 1 Pick In Draft Gets $400,000 Deal '' . The Seattle Times . Associated Press . June 5 , 1990 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Phil ( June 4 , 1990 ) . `` The Class of ' 90 : TO EARN OR TO LEARN '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Braves Select Jones , a Shortstop , With the First Pick of the Draft '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . June 5 , 1990 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Sickels , John ( July 11 , 2012 ) . `` Prospect Retrospective : Chipper Jones , 3B , Atlanta Braves '' . SB Nation . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Chipper Jones Statistics . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Olney , Buster . `` MLB : Chipper Jones is mimicking the path of old pal Jim Thome '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hargis , Stephen ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Chipper Jones is featured speaker at Best of Preps '' . Times Free Press . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , I.J. ( May 29 , 2015 ) . `` Dirt - bike accident put an end to Gant 's Braves career '' . Atlanta Journal Constitution . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Armour , Mark L. ; Levitt , Daniel R. ( 2004 ) . Paths to Glory . Potomac Books . ISBN 9781612342818 . Jump up ^ `` Chipper Jones has torn ACL '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . August 13 , 2010 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 ROY Voting '' . Retrieved May 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ McCartney , Cory ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` First hit at Turner Field holds special place for Chipper Jones '' . Fox Sports . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Mark ( April 4 , 2016 ) . `` Chipper fondly recalls inaugural Turner opener '' . MLB.com . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1998 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chipper Jones # 10 3B '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Costa , Brian ( March 22 , 2012 ) . `` Mets Will Not Miss ' Larry ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baseball Almanac page on 1999 World Series , Note home run mentioned in text and Composite Hitting Statistics table Jump up ^ `` Chipper [email protected] '' . Everything2.com . February 14 , 2003 . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Jones parks a pair , but Braves stumble '' . The Gainesville Sun . April 25 , 2001 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jones apologizes to Rocker '' . CBC News . June 28 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Alaspa , Bryan ( May 1 , 2012 ) . `` Chipper Jones Chipping Away at 500 Club '' . 500 Home Run Club . Retrieved July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chipper Jones from the Chronology '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Newberry , Paul ( October 1 , 2007 ) . `` Braves have new streak going after missing playoffs for second straight year '' . USA TODAY . Associated Press . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chipper Jones gets 2,000 th hit '' . ESPN . Associated Press . June 18 , 2007 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Atlanta Braves at Los Angeles Dodgers game recap , AP , July 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball -- Atlanta vs. San Diego '' . USA TODAY . July 7 , 2007 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chipper Jones 2007 Batting Gamelog '' . Baseball - Reference . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chipper Drives In 5 In Blowout '' . Spartanburg Herald - Journal . Associated Press . July 29 , 2007 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reds 9 , Braves 7 , 12 innings '' . Kentucky New Era . Associated Press . August 23 , 2007 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Braves vs. New York Mets -- Recap '' . ESPN . August 9 , 2007 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 National League Team Statistics and Standings '' . Baseball Reference . Baseball Reference . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Mark ( September 24 , 2009 ) . `` Chipper on verge of historical feat '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Canadian , Press ( March 18 , 2009 ) . `` Chipper Jones blasts Toronto , WBC '' . CBC News . Retrieved April 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jones , Braves Agree to Extension '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . March 31 , 2009 . Retrieved April 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Braun makes greatest list -- JSOnline '' . Jsonline.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ MLB Player Fielding Stats -- As 3b -- 2009 , ESPN . Retrieved October 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Curtright , Guy . `` Chipper optimistic he 'll be ready Opening Day '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ David O'Brien ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Updates on Chipper , Prado , Kawakami '' . Blogs.ajc.com . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2011 . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta shuts out Washington in Fredi González 's debut with Braves '' . ESPN . March 31 , 2011 . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A milestone for Chipper : Hit No . 2,500 '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ BERNIE WILSON , AP ( April 28 , 2011 ) . `` Jones ' 3 RBIs help Braves beat Latos , Padres 7 -- 0 '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Carroll Rogers ( July 9 , 2011 ) . `` Braves place Jones on DL , scheduled for surgery today '' . Blogs.ajc.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2011 . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chris Vivlamore ( July 25 , 2011 ) . `` Jones activated from disabled list , Ramirez optioned '' . Blogs.ajc.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` Streaking Uggla homers twice as Braves pound Cubs '' . Ajc.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ David O'Brien ( August 19 , 2011 ) . `` Chipper ends speculation : `` I 'm playing next year '' `` . Blogs.ajc.com . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chipper Jones hits 450th home run in Braves ' win over Nats '' . ESPN . August 31 , 2011 . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chipper announces he 'll retire at end of season '' . Major League Baseball . March 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chipper Jones announces 2012 season will be his last '' . ESPN Jump up ^ Kaduk , Kevin ( March 22 , 2012 ) . `` Listen : ' The Chipper Jones Song ' '' . Big League Stew . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chipper Jones faces sixth knee surgery '' . Fox Sports South . March 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chipper Jones homers in return as Braves notch season 's first win '' . ESPN . April 10 , 2012 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Homer helps Chipper celebrate 40th with bang '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chipper Jones drives in go - ahead run as Braves rally past Dodgers '' . ESPN . April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` Braves beat Phillies in 11 on Chipper 's walk - off HR '' . blogs.ajc.com . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2012 . Retrieved July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chipper headed to DL with bruised leg '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Braves place Chipper Jones on DL '' . ESPN . May 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chris Vivlamore ( May 27 , 2012 ) . `` Chipper undergoes surgery to help left leg contusion '' . Blogs.ajc.com . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Mark . `` Big fifth inning helps end Braves ' win streak '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jones ' 2 - run HR helps Braves beat Arizona 6 - 4 '' . Associated Press . June 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta Braves -- TeamReport '' . Chicago Tribune . June 29 , 2012 . Retrieved July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chipper Jones has 5 hits , 4 RBIs as Braves top Cubs '' . ESPN . July 3 , 2012 . Retrieved July 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Boeck , Scott ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Chipper Jones ' ai n't going out ' a loser '' . USA TODAY . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Mark ( July 11 , 2012 ) . `` Atlanta Braves : One final bow for Chipper '' . Rome News - Tribune . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2013 . Retrieved July 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( August 16 , 2012 ) . `` Chipper Jones homers twice in Braves ' win over Padres '' . ESPN . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Mark ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Chipper notches 1,500 th career RBI in style '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Murray statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chipper Jones Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schelling , Jordan ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Chipper joins Ruth , Gehrig in elite club '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved September 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Stark , Jayson ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` The many feats of Chipper Jones '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Cardinals vs. Atlanta Braves -- Box Score -- October 5 , 2012 '' . ESPN . October 5 , 2012 . Retrieved October 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , David ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` Braves retire Chipper Jones 's No. 10 jersey '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chipper 's speech at Turner Field '' . MLB.com . MLB . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls to Retire Chipper Jones 's Number on August 20 '' . Durham Bulls . June 25 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chipper Jones aids Braves ' Freeman '' . ESPN . ESPN . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Braves are giving away a ' Chipper Rescues Freddie ' bobblehead '' . CBS Sports . Jump up ^ Bowman , Mark ( December 17 , 2015 ) . `` Chipper back with Braves as special assistant '' . MLB.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bowman , Mark ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` Head of the Class : Chipper elected to Hall '' . MLB.com . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chipper Jones , Jim Thome , Vladimir Guerrero , Trevor Hoffman elected to Hall of Fame '' . Newsday . January 24 , 2018 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tom Verducci ( October 4 , 1999 ) . `` Switched On ! '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Maese , Rick ( March 4 , 2005 ) . `` Feeling just Chipper : Despite his youthful persona , the popular Braves star acknowledges his advancing years '' . Orlando Sentinel . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2007 . Retrieved April 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Zack , Bill ( October 22 , 1998 ) . `` Chipper Jones admits to fathering illegitimate child 10 / 22 / 8 '' . Savannah Morning News . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tresniowski , Alex ( April 29 , 2002 ) . `` Golden Again '' . People . Retrieved December 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ESPN news services ( August 31 , 2004 ) . `` Jones has 17 home runs at Shea Stadium '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ Rubin , Adam ( July 14 , 2008 ) . `` Chipper Jones is sad to see Shea Stadium go after this season '' . Daily News . New York . Jump up ^ `` Chipper , wife separate after 12 years '' . MLB.com . June 14 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 -- via The Chattanoogan and WXIA - TV . Jump up ^ Davidson , Kavitha A. ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Chipper Jones 's New Girlfriend Is Playboy Model Lexi Ray , Aka Taylor Higgins '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zaldivar , Gabe ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Chipper Jones Heads into Retirement on Arm of Playboy Model Taylor Higgins '' . bleacherreport.com . Jump up ^ Hendricks , Jaclyn ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Chipper Jones trying not to strike out with third wife '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ `` Chipper Jones on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Chipper Jones is a dad again '' . AJC.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Jones , Chipper ( June 25 , 2011 ) . `` Chipper Jones : ' In hunting , we all have the same goal ' '' . Atlanta Journal Constitution . Retrieved October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Watch the best outdoor shows for free on CarbonTV '' . CarbonTV . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Koplowitz , Howard ( March 22 , 2012 ) . `` Chipper Jones To Retire : His Real Name And 4 Other Things To Know About Atlanta Brave '' . International Business Times . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Heckert , Justin ( May 20 , 2008 ) . `` Reporting from ... the Atlanta Braves ' wine cellar '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Matthew ( April 2 , 2008 ) . `` Buy me some peanuts and ... Cabernet ? '' . Fortune . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1996 MLB All - Star Rosters '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1997 MLB All - Star Rosters '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 MLB All - Star Rosters '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 MLB All - Star Rosters '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2001 MLB All - Star Rosters '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 MLB All - Star Rosters '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 MLB All - Star Rosters '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 MLB All - Star Rosters '' . ESPN . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jones hits 9th homer of season '' . Rome News - Tribune . Associated Press . April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jones ' two homers lead Braves past Cardinals '' . The Mount Airy News . Associated Press . August 4 , 2002 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Player of the Week winners '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Player of the Week winners '' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Louisville Slugger -- The Silver Slugger Awards '' . Louisville Slugger . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2013 . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 National League Batting Leaders '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1999 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie of the Year Award by The Sporting News '' . Baseball Almanac . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1995 World Series '' . WorldSeries.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MLB First Round Draft picks -- 1990 '' . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chipper Jones . Official website Official Major League Bowhunter Channel on CarbonTV Career statistics and player information from MLB , or ESPN , or Baseball - Reference , or Fangraphs , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) Chipper Jones ' 10th Inning Baseball Academy Chipper Jones Awards and achievements Preceded by Raúl Mondesí Sporting News NL Rookie of the Year 1995 Succeeded by Jason Kendall Preceded by Raúl Mondesí Players Choice NL Most Outstanding Rookie 1995 Succeeded by Todd Hollandsworth Preceded by Jose Oliva Topps Rookie All - Star Third Baseman 1995 Succeeded by Joe Randa Major League Baseball number one overall draft picks 1965 : Rick Monday 1966 : Steve Chilcott 1967 : Ron Blomberg 1968 : Tim Foli 1969 : Jeff Burroughs 1970 : Mike Ivie 1971 : Danny Goodwin 1972 : Dave Roberts 1973 : David Clyde 1974 : Bill Almon 1975 : Danny Goodwin 1976 : Floyd Bannister 1977 : Harold Baines 1978 : Bob Horner 1979 : Al Chambers 1980 : Darryl Strawberry 1981 : Mike Moore 1982 : Shawon Dunston 1983 : Tim Belcher 1984 : Shawn Abner 1985 : B.J. Surhoff 1986 : Jeff King 1987 : Ken Griffey Jr . 1988 : Andy Benes 1989 : Ben McDonald 1990 : Chipper Jones 1991 : Brien Taylor 1992 : Phil Nevin 1993 : Alex Rodriguez 1994 : Paul Wilson 1995 : Darin Erstad 1996 : Kris Benson 1997 : Matt Anderson 1998 : Pat Burrell 1999 : Josh Hamilton 2000 : Adrian Gonzalez 2001 : Joe Mauer 2002 : Bryan Bullington 2003 : Delmon Young 2004 : Matt Bush 2005 : Justin Upton 2006 : Luke Hochevar 2007 : David Price 2008 : Tim Beckham 2009 : Stephen Strasburg 2010 : Bryce Harper 2011 : Gerrit Cole 2012 : Carlos Correa 2013 : Mark Appel 2014 : Brady Aiken 2015 : Dansby Swanson 2016 : Mickey Moniak 2017 : Royce Lewis 1990 Major League Baseball Draft First Round Selections Chipper Jones Tony Clark Mike Lieberthal Alex Fernandez Kurt Miller Marc Newfield Dan Wilson Tim Costo Ronnie Walden Carl Everett Shane Andrews Todd Ritchie Donovan Osborne Todd Van Poppel Adam Hyzdu Dan Smith Jeromy Burnitz Aaron Holbert Eric Christopherson Mike Mussina Thomas Nevers Steve Karsay Lance Dickson Rondell White Robbie Beckett Donald Peters Mike Zimmerman Gabe White Midre Cummings Paul Ellis Brian Williams Scott Sanders Marcus Jensen Dave Zancanaro Stan Spencer Kirk Dressendorfer Ben Van Ryn Tony Manahan Samuel Hence Stan Robertson Atlanta Braves first - round draft picks 1965 : Grant 1966 : Santorini 1967 : Finlay 1968 : Moore 1969 : Holbert 1970 : Broaddus 1971 : Duncan 1972 : Hanna 1973 : Rockett 1974 : Murphy 1975 : Young 1976 : Smith 1977 : Cole 1978 : Horner 1979 : Komminsk 1980 : Dayley , Acker 1981 : Roberts 1982 : Ward 1983 : None 1984 : Denson 1985 : Greene 1986 : Mercker 1987 : Lilliquist 1988 : Avery 1989 : Houston 1990 : C. Jones 1991 : Kelly 1992 : Arnold 1993 : None 1994 : Shumate 1995 : Hutchinson 1996 : Zapp , Marquis 1997 : Cameron 1998 : None 1999 : None 2000 : Wainwright , Thorman , K. Johnson , Herr 2001 : McBride , Burrus , Lewis 2002 : Francoeur , Meyer 2003 : Atilano , Saltalamacchia 2004 : None 2005 : Devine , B. Jones 2006 : C. Johnson , Rasmus , Evarts 2007 : Heyward , Gilmore 2008 : DeVall 2009 : Minor 2010 : Lipka 2011 : Gilmartin 2012 : Sims 2013 : Hursh 2014 : Davidson 2015 : Allard , Soroka 2016 : Anderson 2017 : Wright National League Third Baseman Silver Slugger Award 1980 : Schmidt 1981 : Schmidt 1982 : Schmidt 1983 : Schmidt 1984 : Schmidt 1985 : Wallach 1986 : Schmidt 1987 : Wallach 1988 : Bonilla 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Williams 1991 : Johnson 1992 : Sheffield 1993 : Williams 1994 : Williams 1995 : Castilla 1996 : Caminiti 1997 : Castilla 1998 : Castilla 1999 : Jones 2000 : Jones 2001 : Pujols 2002 : Rolen 2003 : Lowell 2004 : Beltré 2005 : Ensberg 2006 : Cabrera 2007 : Wright 2008 : Wright 2009 : Zimmerman 2010 : Zimmerman 2011 : Ramírez 2012 : Headley 2013 : Álvarez 2014 : Rendon 2015 : Arenado 2016 : Arenado 2017 : Arenado National League MVP Award 1931 : Frisch 1932 : Klein 1933 : Hubbell 1934 : Dean 1935 : Hartnett 1936 : Hubbell 1937 : Medwick 1938 : Lombardi 1939 : Walters 1940 : McCormick 1941 : Camilli 1942 : Cooper 1943 : Musial 1944 : Marion 1945 : Cavarretta 1946 : Musial 1947 : Elliott 1948 : Musial 1949 : J. Robinson 1950 : Konstanty 1951 : Campanella 1952 : Sauer 1953 : Campanella 1954 : Mays 1955 : Campanella 1956 : Newcombe 1957 : Aaron 1958 : Banks 1959 : Banks 1960 : Groat 1961 : F. Robinson 1962 : Wills 1963 : Koufax 1964 : Boyer 1965 : Mays 1966 : Clemente 1967 : Cepeda 1968 : B. Gibson 1969 : McCovey 1970 : Bench 1971 : Torre 1972 : Bench 1973 : Rose 1974 : Garvey 1975 : Morgan 1976 : Morgan 1977 : Foster 1978 : Parker 1979 : Hernandez & Stargell 1980 : Schmidt 1981 : Schmidt 1982 : Murphy 1983 : Murphy 1984 : Sandberg 1985 : McGee 1986 : Schmidt 1987 : Dawson 1988 : K. Gibson 1989 : Mitchell 1990 : Bonds 1991 : Pendleton 1992 : Bonds 1993 : Bonds 1994 : Bagwell 1995 : Larkin 1996 : Caminiti 1997 : Walker 1998 : Sosa 1999 : Jones 2000 : Kent 2001 : Bonds 2002 : Bonds 2003 : Bonds 2004 : Bonds 2005 : Pujols 2006 : Howard 2007 : Rollins 2008 : Pujols 2009 : Pujols 2010 : Votto 2011 : Braun 2012 : Posey 2013 : McCutchen 2014 : Kershaw 2015 : Harper 2016 : Bryant 2017 : Stanton Marvin Miller Man of the Year Award 1997 : McGwire 1998 : Molitor 1999 : Sosa 2000 : Davis 2001 : Thome 2002 : Smoltz 2003 : Smoltz 2004 : Thome 2005 : Sweeney 2006 : Pujols 2007 : Hunter 2008 : Young 2009 : Granderson 2010 : Inge 2011 : Young 2012 : C. Jones 2013 : Rivera 2014 : Kershaw 2015 : A. Jones 2016 : Granderson National League batting champions 1876 : Barnes 1877 : White 1878 : Hines 1879 : Hines 1880 : Gore 1881 : Anson 1882 : Brouthers 1883 : Brouthers 1884 : Kelly 1885 : Connor 1886 : Kelly 1887 : Thompson 1888 : Anson 1889 : Brouthers 1890 : Glasscock 1891 : Hamilton 1892 : Brouthers 1893 : Hamilton 1894 : Duffy 1895 : Burkett 1896 : Burkett 1897 : Keeler 1898 : Keeler 1899 : Delahanty 1900 : Wagner 1901 : Burkett 1902 : Beaumont 1903 : Wagner 1904 : Wagner 1905 : Seymour 1906 : Wagner 1907 : Wagner 1908 : Wagner 1909 : Wagner 1910 : Magee 1911 : Wagner 1912 : Zimmerman 1913 : Daubert 1914 : Daubert 1915 : Doyle 1916 : Chase 1917 : Roush 1918 : Wheat 1919 : Roush 1920 : Hornsby 1921 : Hornsby 1922 : Hornsby 1923 : Hornsby 1924 : Hornsby 1925 : Hornsby 1926 : Hargrave 1927 : Waner 1928 : Hornsby 1929 : O'Doul 1930 : Terry 1931 : Hafey 1932 : O'Doul 1933 : Klein 1934 : Waner 1935 : Vaughan 1936 : Waner 1937 : Medwick 1938 : Lombardi 1939 : Mize 1940 : Garms 1941 : Reiser 1942 : Lombardi 1943 : Musial 1944 : D. Walker 1945 : Cavarretta 1946 : Musial 1947 : H. Walker 1948 : Musial 1949 : Robinson 1950 : Musial 1951 : Musial 1952 : Musial 1953 : Furillo 1954 : Mays 1955 : Ashburn 1956 : Aaron 1957 : Musial 1958 : Ashburn 1959 : Aaron 1960 : Groat 1961 : Clemente 1962 : Davis 1963 : Davis 1964 : Clemente 1965 : Clemente 1966 : Alou 1967 : Clemente 1968 : Rose 1969 : Rose 1970 : Carty 1971 : Torre 1972 : Williams 1973 : Rose 1974 : Garr 1975 : Madlock 1976 : Madlock 1977 : Parker 1978 : Parker 1979 : Hernandez 1980 : Buckner 1981 : Madlock 1982 : Oliver 1983 : Madlock 1984 : Gwynn 1985 : McGee 1986 : Raines 1987 : Gwynn 1988 : Gwynn 1989 : Gwynn 1990 : McGee 1991 : Pendleton 1992 : Sheffield 1993 : Galarraga 1994 : Gwynn 1995 : Gwynn 1996 : Gwynn 1997 : Gwynn 1998 : L. Walker 1999 : L. Walker 2000 : Helton 2001 : L. Walker 2002 : Bonds 2003 : Pujols 2004 : Bonds 2005 : Lee 2006 : Sanchez 2007 : Holliday 2008 : Jones 2009 : Ramírez 2010 : González 2011 : Reyes 2012 : Posey 2013 : Cuddyer 2014 : Morneau 2015 : Gordon 2016 : LeMahieu 2017 : Blackmon Atlanta Braves 1995 World Series champions 2 Rafael Belliard 4 Jeff Blauser 7 Dwight Smith 8 Javy López 9 Marquis Grissom 10 Chipper Jones 11 Charlie O'Brien 12 Eddie Pérez 16 Mike Mordecai 17 Luis Polonia 18 Ryan Klesko 20 Mark Lemke 23 David Justice 24 Mike Devereaux ( NLCS MVP ) 26 Alejandro Peña 27 Fred McGriff 29 John Smoltz 30 Ed Giovanola 31 Greg Maddux 33 Steve Avery 38 Greg McMichael 43 Mark Wohlers 47 Tom Glavine ( World Series MVP ) 50 Kent Mercker 51 Pedro Borbón , Jr . 52 Brad Clontz Manager 6 Bobby Cox Coaches Third Base Coach 22 Jimy Williams Bench Coach 26 Jim Beauchamp Hitting Coach 28 Clarence Jones First Base Coach 39 Pat Corrales Bullpen Coach 42 Ned Yost Pitching Coach 54 Leo Mazzone Coach 59 Frank Fultz Regular season National League Division Series National League Championship Series Atlanta Braves retired numbers 3 Dale Murphy 6 Bobby Cox 10 Chipper Jones 21 Warren Spahn 29 John Smoltz 31 Greg Maddux 35 Phil Niekro 41 Eddie Mathews 44 Hank Aaron 47 Tom Glavine United States roster -- 2006 World Baseball Classic -- 8th place 1 Michael Young 2 Derek Jeter 3 Ken Griffey Jr . 5 Matt Holliday 6 Vernon Wells 7 Jeff Francoeur 8 Michael Barrett 10 Chipper Jones 13 Alex Rodriguez 18 Johnny Damon 19 Al Leiter 20 Huston Street 21 Randy Winn 22 Roger Clemens 23 Mark Teixeira 24 Brian Schneider 25 Derrek Lee 26 Chase Utley 32 Chad Cordero 33 Jason Varitek 35 Dontrelle Willis 36 Joe Nathan 38 Gary Majewski 39 Dan Wheeler 40 Brian Fuentes 45 Jake Peavy 50 Mike Timlin 54 Brad Lidge 59 Todd Jones 62 Scot Shields Manager 31 Buck Martinez United States roster -- 2009 World Baseball Classic -- 4th place 1 Jimmy Rollins 2 Derek Jeter 4 David Wright 6 Brian Roberts 7 Mark DeRosa 10 Chipper Jones 13 Evan Longoria 15 Dustin Pedroia 16 Brian McCann 17 Adam Dunn 18 Ryan Braun 21 Kevin Youkilis 22 Jake Peavy 23 J.J. Putz 26 Chris Iannetta 28 Curtis Granderson 29 Matt Lindstrom 31 Brad Ziegler 33 Ted Lilly 34 John Grabow 37 Matt Thornton 38 Joel Hanrahan 39 J.P. Howell 42 LaTroy Hawkins 44 Roy Oswalt 46 Jeremy Guthrie 50 Shane Victorino 51 Jonathan Broxton 62 Scot Shields 99 Heath Bell Manager 5 Davey Johnson Batting Coach 8 Reggie Smith Pitching Coach 27 Marcel Lachemann Coach 11 Barry Larkin Coach 3 Billy Ripken Coach 20 Mike Schmidt Bullpen Coach 30 Mel Stottlemyre Members of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Pitchers Alexander Bender Blyleven M. Brown R. Brown Bunning Carlton Chesbro Clarkson Cooper Coveleski Cummings Day Dean Dihigo Drysdale Eckersley Faber Feller Fingers Ford B. Foster Galvin B. Gibson Glavine Gomez Gossage Grimes Grove Haines Hoffman Hoyt Hubbell Hunter Jenkins R. Johnson W. Johnson Joss Keefe Koufax Lemon Lyons Maddux Marichal Marquard Martínez Mathewson McGinnity Méndez Morris Newhouser Nichols Niekro Paige Palmer Pennock Perry Plank Radbourn Rixey Roberts Rogan Ruffing Rusie Ryan Seaver H. Smith Smoltz Spahn Sutter Sutton Vance Waddell Walsh Welch Wilhelm J. Williams Willis Wynn Young Catchers Bench Berra Bresnahan Campanella Carter Cochrane Dickey Ewing Ferrell Fisk J. Gibson Hartnett Lombardi Mackey Piazza Rodríguez Santop Schalk First basemen Anson Bagwell Beckley Bottomley Brouthers Cepeda Chance Connor Foxx Gehrig Greenberg G. Kelly Killebrew Leonard McCovey Mize Murray Pérez Sisler Suttles Taylor Terry Thomas Thome Second basemen Alomar Biggio Carew E. Collins Doerr Evers Fox Frisch Gehringer Gordon Grant Herman Hornsby Lajoie Lazzeri Mazeroski McPhee Morgan J. Robinson Sandberg Schoendienst Third basemen Baker Boggs Brett J. Collins Dandridge J. Johnson Jones Kell Lindstrom Mathews Molitor B. Robinson Santo Schmidt Traynor J. Wilson D. White Shortstops Aparicio Appling Bancroft Banks Boudreau Cronin Davis T. Jackson Jennings Larkin Lloyd Maranville Reese Ripken Jr . Rizzuto Sewell O. Smith Tinker Trammell Vaughan Wagner Wallace Ward Wells Yount Outfielders Aaron Ashburn Averill Bell Brock W. Brown Burkett Carey Charleston Clarke Clemente Cobb Combs Crawford Cuyler Dawson Delahanty DiMaggio Doby Duffy Flick Goslin Griffey Jr . Guerrero Gwynn Hafey Hamilton Heilmann Henderson Hill Hooper Irvin R. Jackson Kaline Keeler Kelley K. Kelly Kiner Klein Mantle Manush Mays T. McCarthy Medwick Musial O'Rourke Ott Puckett Raines J. Rice S. Rice F. Robinson Roush Ruth Simmons Slaughter Snider Speaker Stargell Stearnes Thompson Torriente L. Waner P. Waner Wheat B. Williams T. Williams H. Wilson Winfield Yastrzemski Youngs Managers Alston Anderson Cox Durocher Hanlon Harris Herzog Huggins La Russa Lasorda López Mack J. McCarthy McGraw McKechnie W. Robinson Selee Southworth Stengel Torre Weaver D. Williams Executives / pioneers Barrow Bulkeley Cartwright Chadwick Chandler Comiskey Dreyfuss R. Foster Frick Giles Gillick Griffith Harridge Hulbert B. Johnson Kuhn Landis La . MacPhail Le . MacPhail Manley O'Malley Pompez Posey Rickey Ruppert Schuerholz Selig Spalding Veeck Weiss S. White Wilkinson G. Wright H. Wright Yawkey Umpires Barlick Chylak Conlan Connolly Evans Harvey Hubbard Klem McGowan O'Day Baseball Hall of Fame Class of 2018 BBWAA Vote Vladimir Guerrero Trevor Hoffman Chipper Jones Jim Thome Modern Baseball Committee Jack Morris Alan Trammell J.G. Taylor Spink Award Sheldon Ocker Ford C. Frick Award Bob Costas LCCN : no97064630 VIAF : 78387572 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chipper_Jones&oldid=842932983 '' Categories : 1972 births 2006 World Baseball Classic players 2009 World Baseball Classic players Living people American hunters Atlanta Braves players Atlanta Braves scouts Baseball players from Florida Durham Bulls players Greenville Braves players Gulf Coast Braves players Macon Braves players Major League Baseball players with retired numbers Major League Baseball third basemen Mississippi Braves players National League All - Stars National League batting champions National League Most Valuable Player Award winners People from DeLand , Florida Richmond Braves players Rome Braves players Silver Slugger Award winners Sportspeople from Atlanta Sportspeople from Jacksonville , Florida Bolles School alumni Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Use mdy dates from January 2015 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Suomi 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 17 : 36 . 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2385669093564241980	Fancy (Iggy Azalea song)	Fancy ( Iggy Azalea song ) - wikipedia Fancy ( Iggy Azalea song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Fancy '' Single by Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX from the album The New Classic Released 17 February 2014 Format Digital download Recorded 2013 Studio Grove Studios ( London ) ; Conway Studios ( Los Angeles ) Genre Electro - hop Length 3 : 19 Label Def Jam Virgin EMI Songwriter ( s ) Amethyst Amelia Kelly Charlotte Aitchison George Astasio Jason Pebworth Jonathan Christopher Shave Kurtis McKenzie Producer ( s ) The Invisible Men The Arcade Iggy Azalea singles chronology `` Change Your Life '' ( 2013 ) `` Fancy '' ( 2014 ) `` Problem '' ( 2014 ) `` Change Your Life '' ( 2013 ) `` Fancy '' ( 2014 ) `` Problem '' ( 2014 ) Charli XCX singles chronology `` SuperLove '' ( 2013 ) SuperLove 2013 `` Fancy '' ( 2014 ) Fancy2014 `` Boom Clap '' ( 2014 ) Boom Clap 2014 Music video `` Fancy '' on YouTube `` Fancy '' is a song by Australian rapper Iggy Azalea featuring British singer Charli XCX , taken from the former 's debut studio album , The New Classic ( 2014 ) . It was released on 17 February 2014 by Def Jam Recordings as the fourth single from the album . `` Fancy '' was described as an electro - hop song . It was written by Azalea and XCX , and composed and produced by production team the Invisible Men , alongside additional producers The Arcade . It was leaked under the title `` Leave It '' in December 2013 . `` Fancy '' reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming both Azalea 's and XCX 's first number - one on that chart . It held the spot for seven consecutive weeks . It also topped the charts in Canada and New Zealand and had general chart success around the world . It reached the top ten in several countries such as Azalea 's native country Australia and the United Kingdom . It is XCX 's second top - ten single , after her guest spot on Icona Pop 's `` I Love It '' in 2013 . `` Fancy '' was named Billboard 's Song of the Summer for 2014 , as well as the most - streamed song on Spotify and most - watched music video on Vevo in 2014 . It won the Top Rap Song category at the 2015 Billboard Music Awards and was nominated for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo / Group Performance at the 57th Grammy Awards . It is one of the best - selling singles worldwide , with combined sales and track - equivalent streams of 9.1 million units according to IFPI . In 2017 , Billboard named `` Fancy '' as the biggest hit by a female rapper in history , followed by Nicki Minaj with `` Super Bass '' and Missy Elliott with `` Work It '' . The accompanying music video for `` Fancy '' was directed by Director X and released in March 2014 . The visuals are inspired by 1995 American comedy film Clueless , with Azalea playing Beverly Hills socialite Cher Horowitz and XCX as Tai Frasier . The music video was nominated for four awards at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards , although it did not win any of them . The song was performed by Azalea and XCX on Good Morning America , Jimmy Kimmel Live and the 2014 Billboard Music Awards . `` Fancy '' was also covered by many artists , such as Anna Kendrick on the 39th season of Saturday Night Live , and received remix versions by rappers such as Da Brat and Lil ' Kim . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Release 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 5.1 Background 5.2 Synopsis 5.3 Reception 6 Use in popular culture 7 Live performances 8 Covers 9 Track listing 10 Credits and personnel 11 Charts 11.1 Weekly charts 11.2 Year - end charts 12 Certifications 13 Release history 14 See also 15 References 16 External links Composition ( edit ) `` Fancy '' A 19 - second sample of `` Fancy '' , an electro - hop number . Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` Fancy '' is a three - minute and 19 - second electro - hop number , which was written by Iggy Azalea and Charli XCX . The song was also composed and co-produced by the Invisible Men ( Jason Pebworth , George Astasio and Jon Shave ) and the Arcade ( Kurtis Mckenzie ) . The song is played in the key of C minor without any chord progression followed , and Charli XCX 's vocals range from G to C. It is in common time and is played at a tempo of 95 beats per minute . Stabby synths , hip hop chants , and finger snaps are heard in the original mix . Release ( edit ) On 5 December 2013 , an unfinished song by Azalea , which surfaced with the title `` Leave It '' was leaked online . Azalea later revealed the song was produced by the Invisible Men and the Arcade , whom she collaborated with on her entire album . On 5 February 2014 , Azalea announced that she would be releasing a new single titled `` Fancy '' , featuring English singer - songwriter Charli XCX , later that week . The song was premiered on BBC Radio 1 Xtra the evening of 6 February 2014 . After the song 's premiere , it was revealed `` Fancy '' was the song that had leaked titled `` Leave It '' . On 17 February 2014 , the song was serviced to urban contemporary radio in the United Kingdom as the album 's fourth single . Critical reception ( edit ) The guest appearance of Charli XCX on `` Fancy '' was well received by critics . `` Fancy '' received overall positive reception from music critics . Brad Stern of MTV Buzzworthy remarked , `` Not since Fergie 's `` Glamorous '' has there been such a spectacularly sass - filled ode to the glam life , '' praising their chemistry , calling it `` a match made in heaven that we never would 've expected . '' Chris Tomas of Hip Hop Wired wrote that the song `` could be the hit record Iggy Azalea has been looking for , '' noting that `` Charli XCX also provides a very potent chorus that women will be chanting in their clubs , cars , and the like . '' Mike Wass of Idolator claimed the track is `` the duet we 've all been waiting for '' and `` a swag - drenched hip hop / pop delight . '' Janice Llamoca of Hip Hop DX defined it as `` a hip hop - slash - pop party anthem in which the emcee lyrically displays her confidence . '' Joe Gross of Rolling Stone gave the song a mixed score of 3 out of 5 stars , writing that Azalea `` deftly handles the ratchet beat while Charli XCX 's earworm hook holds it all down , '' writing that the song `` ( does n't ) bring ' 88 back ( but ) they can swing on chandeliers with the best of them '' . Jamie Parmenter of Renowned for Sound noted that the song showed the influence of Missy Elliott , and that `` Iggy is almost playing a character or parody of herself like Eminem is renowned for , '' praising Charli XCX for `` nicely breaking up the song , sounding like an edgy Gwen Stefani , matching with Iggy 's rebel style . '' Bill Lamb of About.com , like Jake Gross , gave a mixed response , but echoed the same thought as Parmenter , praising `` Charli XCX 's Gwen Stefani styled vocals on the chorus '' and noting that its lyrics has been done even better by Stefani nearly 10 years ago on ' Luxurious ' . '' However , Lamb also stated that the entire song seemed `` a bit too recycled '' and had a `` tiresome obsession with material culture delivered with a straight face . '' The track was placed at number nineteen on Rolling Stones 's 50 Best Songs of 2014 list . It was named iTunes ' best song of 2014 on Apple 's annual Best - Ofs . `` Fancy '' was also placed at number one on MTV 's Best Songs of 2014 . The Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop annual critics ' poll listed `` Fancy '' at number 26 on their poll for the best music of 2014 , along with Ariana Grande 's `` Problem '' , on which Azalea was featured . Chart performance ( edit ) Azalea performing during the ACL Music Festival in November 2014 . In the United States , `` Fancy '' has peaked at number 1 , becoming Azalea 's first song to chart on the top of the Billboard Hot 100 . The song is Charli XCX 's second top 10 as a featured artist on the Hot 100 -- the first being `` I Love It '' -- and her first number 1 . On the issue - date 17 May 2014 `` Fancy '' reached number two of the Billboard Digital Songs chart , selling 222,000 units ( up 104 % ) , occupying simultaneously the top two slots of the chart as `` Problem '' by Ariana Grande , in which Azalea features , debuted at the summit of Digital Songs chart . With this achievement , Azalea becomes only the sixth artist to occupy the top two position and the first to do so since Taylor Swift with the singles `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' and `` Ronan '' in 2012 . Azalea also became just the third female artist to place her first two Hot 100 hits in the top five simultaneously , first two being Ashanti and Mariah Carey . It also marked Azalea as the first female rapper ever to have two songs concurrently in the top five of the Hot 100 chart . Moreover , Azalea passed Lil ' Kim as the female rapper with the longest - leading No. 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 and moves into a tie for fifth place among lead women who have scored the longest commands on the Hot 100 this decade. The song led the chart for seven weeks , before being succeeded by MAGIC 's hit reggae / pop song , `` Rude . '' `` Fancy '' remained in the top ten for 17 consecutive weeks . On the following week , Azalea became only the second artist in the nearly 10 - year history of the Hot Digital Songs chart to have the top two songs concurrently for two weeks and , eventually , for three consecutive weeks . On the week - ending 31 May 2014 the song ascended to number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 , selling 234,000 units , topped the Streaming Songs chart with 8.4 million impressions and continued to dominate the On - Demand Songs chart for a third week . As it led the Streaming Songs chart for a 13th week it tied Miley Cyrus ' `` Wrecking Ball '' for the most weeks tallied at No. 1 . `` Fancy '' also reached number 1 on Billboard 's Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs and Hot Rap Songs , where it remained for 16 and 18 weeks respectively making it the longest running No. 1 on these charts . Additionally , she is the first female Australian artist to top the Hot 100 since Olivia Newton - John reached the summit in 1981 with `` Physical '' . Along with `` Problem '' , Azalea has the distinction of being the first act to have its first two Hot 100 - charting singles at No. 1 and 2 at the same time since The Beatles , as `` Fancy '' and `` Problem '' did , respectively . She is also only the second female artist to have the top 2 singles for multiple weeks , with the first being Ashanti . Azalea also became the fourth female rapper to top the Mainstream Top 40 chart . The song set new single - week records on Spotify 's U.S. streaming service for four consecutive weeks . On 3 September 2014 , `` Fancy '' was named Billboard 's top Song of the Summer for 2014 having led their weekly Songs of the Summer chart from start to finish . `` Fancy '' was also named the most streamed song on Spotify in America in 2014 . The song became the fifth best - selling song of 2014 in the United States with 3.97 million copies sold for the year . By 5 February 2015 , the song had sold 4,100,000 copies . In the United Kingdom , `` Fancy '' became her highest charting single as a lead artist at the time , debuting at number five on the UK Singles Chart and selling 38,320 copies in its first week . In Australia , the song has been certified quadruple platinum for sales of over 280,000 copies . In its ninth week on the New Zealand Singles Chart , the song climbed from number three to the top position , giving Azalea her second number - one single there , after Ariana Grande 's `` Problem '' , having replaced herself at the top , and first number - one there as a lead artist . It also marks Charli XCX 's second top - ten single , after Icona Pop 's `` I Love It '' , and first number - one single in New Zealand . It has also been certified Platinum in New Zealand . The track had sold over 7 million copies worldwide , as of October 2014 , making it one of the best - selling singles worldwide . On 23 December 2014 , it was certified Triple Platinum in Canada after peaking at number one on the Canadian Hot 100 , with 346,000 copies sold digitally throughout 2014 . According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) , `` Fancy '' has achieved global sales of 10 million of units ( as of 2016 ) , and ranked as the seventh best - selling single of 2014 . Music video ( edit ) Background ( edit ) The music video for the song was shot in February 2014 in Los Angeles and premiered on 4 March 2014 , on Vevo . Directed by Director X , the visuals are inspired by the 1995 American coming - of - age comedy film Clueless , with Azalea playing Beverly Hills socialite Cher Horowitz and XCX as Tai Frasier ( as well as a redheaded rival filling in as Amber , and the brief character appearance of Dionne and Murray lookalikes ) in a remake of the cult classic originally starring Alicia Silverstone , Stacey Dash , Elisa Donovan and Brittany Murphy . On 4 March , behind the scenes footage for `` Fancy '' was released shortly before the music video premiere . Over 250 extras were individually styled , taking over two weeks to prepare the styling for the video . The video shoot was the very first time Azalea and XCX met in person . Synopsis ( edit ) Azalea and XCX in a scene from the clip which pays homage to the 1995 film Clueless . Many scenes in the video are remakes of key Clueless scenes , with outfits designed to channel the look of the film 's clothing , but with a slight update . Like Clueless , the music video for `` Fancy '' was shot in Los Angeles ' Grant High School . The video opens with Azalea in her wardrobe finding the perfect outfit for a speech at school , using a tablet computer , similar to the protagonist of Clueless Cher Horowitz . After a scene with some cheerleaders , the video moves in the schoolyard ; there , Charli XCX and Azalea are sitting on a table , with the former singing the hook . The video later includes a tennis lesson , with Azalea and others dancing close to a chain - link fence . Azalea with two other characters are seen driving in the highway ; the characters of the best friend and her boyfriend are inspired by the role of Dionne Davenport and her boyfriend Murray . The video shifts to a modern version of the Christmas `` Val party '' from the movie , where the two protagonists arrive with their convertible . The video ends with Azalea and XCX in the school . Reception ( edit ) Chanel Parks of The Huffington Post wrote : `` While it might be a little , dare we say it , sacrilegious to replicate this cult classic -- we were wondering when there was going to be a music video homage to our favorite movie of all time . So props to you , Iggy . '' Brent Taalur Ramsey of Paste magazine praised the video , writing that `` Azalea combined a quintessential 90s culture moment with her hip - hop vibes ( ... ) this young Aussie brought it all together with some major beats and classic outfits -- a sound and look that will be totally trending in the music world of 2014 . '' It was named one of the 24 most iconic fashion moments in music videos by Harper 's Bazaar . Amy Heckerling , the director of Clueless , reacted to Azalea and the video in an interview saying , `` It looked like they had more money for the video than I had for the movie . But I was extremely flattered and I thought she was amazing . '' Original actors from the movie including Silverstone , Dash , Donovan and Donald Faison also complimented the homage . The music video was nominated for four awards at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards for Video of the Year , Best Female Video , Best Pop Video and Best Art Direction . On 19 June , the music video surpassed the 100 million view benchmark , making it Azalea 's first Vevo Certified music video . `` Fancy '' was named the most - watched music video of 2014 on Vevo in America . It was the most - watched video in 2014 on YouTube in Australia . It has amassed over 830 million views as of October 2017 . Entertainment Weekly named it the best music video of 2014 saying , `` A detail - obsessed ode to Clueless -- that highway scene ! Those knee socks ! -- that made everybody fall butt - crazy in love with Iggy . The nostalgia trip probably fueled a lot of the popularity of `` Fancy , '' but do n't get it twisted : Azalea is a star , and all she needed was the right role to convince the world that was true . '' In January 2015 , Billboard named it the fifth best music video of the 2010s so far . Use in popular culture ( edit ) Azalea and XCX appeared on an ad for Samsung 's Milk Music streaming service performing the single . On 5 April 2014 , Anna Kendrick covered the song on the 39th season of Saturday Night Live . American rock band The Killers covered `` Fancy '' during their headlining show in Montreal on 10 July 2014 , as an intro to one of their original songs . Many artists including American rock band The Killers ( pictured ) covered the song . On 17 July 2014 , English actor Gary Oldman covered the song on Capital FM . English rock band Kasabian also covered `` Fancy '' on BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge on 1 September 2014 . On 24 January 2015 , Ed Sheeran covered the song during a show for VH1 at Whelan 's in Dublin , and on 1 February 2015 , Nick Jonas also covered it during a live segment on Capital FM in London . American cover band Postmodern Jukebox performed the track during live shows in 2015 . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic parodied the song as `` Handy '' for his 2014 album Mandatory Fun . The parody 's music video was released on 17 July 2014 through Yahoo ! Screen 's `` Sketchy '' channel . On 7 July 2014 , host Jimmy Fallon covered the song in the manner and appearance of Neil Young on The Tonight Show , backed up by the real Crosby , Stills and Nash . On 2 September 2014 , he did an impression of the track while singing `` Old McDonald Had a Farm '' as a part of The Tonight Show 's `` Musical Impressions Generator '' segment . On 28 April 2014 , Jimmy Fallon lip synched the song in a `` Lip Sync Battle '' against actress Emma Stone on The Tonight Show . On 15 May 2014 , `` Fancy '' was the featured song on Jimmy Kimmel Live 's `` New Lyrics for Old People '' skit , featuring host Jimmy Kimmel and Iggy Azalea . In August 2015 , gin brand Tanqueray used a 1920s jazz version of the track for their `` Tonight We Tanqueray '' campaign . Jazz fusion and funk band The New Mastersounds featured a reggae cover of the song on their 2015 album Made for Pleasure . It was sampled on Jidenna 's 2015 song `` Classic Man . '' `` Fancy '' has been featured in TV series such as Revenge and The Mindy Project in 2014 , and on the comedy films Get Hard ( 2015 ) and Ride Along 2 ( 2016 ) . A cover version by Tristan Prettyman appeared on the season 12 premiere of Grey 's Anatomy . The song also appears in video games Dance Central Spotlight ( as DLC ) and Just Dance 2016 . Live performances ( edit ) Azalea performing at the 2014 ESPY Awards . `` Fancy '' was first performed at the mtvU Woodie Awards during the SXSW Festival in Austin on 13 March 2014 . Azalea and XCX also performed `` Fancy '' on Late Night with Seth Meyers on 17 March 2014 . On 22 April 2014 , the pair recreated the Clueless - inspired video once again during another televised live performance on Good Morning America for the release of Azalea 's debut album The New Classic . They performed the song on Jimmy Kimmel Live on 16 May 2014 , at the 2014 Billboard Music Awards on 18 May 2014 and on the season 18 finale of Dancing with the Stars on 20 May 2014 . Azalea performed the song alone on the stage of the 2014 BET Awards on 29 June 2014 and at the 2014 ESPY Awards on 16 July 2014 . On 8 August 2014 , Azalea performed `` Fancy '' on The Today Show as part of the Toyota concert series in Rockefeller Center , New York City . The song was also included in the setlist of her 2014 The New Classic Tour of North America and Europe , and also XCX 's 2014 Girl Power North America Tour . The track was included on Azalea 's medley performances on Saturday Night Live on 25 October 2014 , and at the 2014 American Music Awards on 23 November 2014 , with XCX joining her on stage for the latter . On 31 December 2014 , Azalea and XCX performed the song on Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve . Covers ( edit ) `` Fancy '' has been performed on various reality television singing competitions . It was covered by Rising Star contestant Egypt Dixon on the second week of the show . Reagan James performed `` Fancy '' on The Voice season 7 . Mitch Miller performed a jazz - inspired version of the track on The Voice UK season 4 's auditions , while Joey Cook performed her rendition of the song on season 14 of American Idol . On 7 August 2014 , English band Rizzle Kicks did a mashup of the song with Ed Sheeran 's `` Sing '' on BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge . Da Brat released a remix of the song in April 2014 . Lil ' Kim released a remix of the track on 28 August 2014 . On 29 November 2015 , The X Factor contestants 4th Impact performed the song as a mash - up with Gwen Stefani 's `` Rich Girl '' . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Fancy '' ( featuring Charli XCX ) -- 3 : 19 Remix single `` Fancy '' ( featuring Charli XCX ) ( Yellow Claw Remix ) -- 3 : 36 Remixes EP `` Fancy '' ( featuring Charli XCX ) ( Riddim Commission Remix ) -- 4 : 43 `` Fancy '' ( featuring Charli XCX ) ( Massappeals Remix ) -- 3 : 42 `` Fancy '' ( featuring Charli XCX ) ( Dabin & Apashe Remix ) -- 3 : 55 `` Fancy '' ( featuring Charli XCX ) ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 24 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from The New Classic liner notes . Locations Recorded at : Grove Studios , London and Conway Studios , Los Angeles Mixed at : The Mix Spot , Los Angeles Personnel Songwriting -- Iggy Azalea , Charli XCX , George Astasio , Jason Pebworth , Jon Turner , Jon Shave , Kurtis McKenzie Production -- The Invisible Men , The Arcade Vocals -- Iggy Azalea , Charli XCX Drums and programming -- Kurtis Mckenzie , George Astasio , Jon Shave Keyboards -- Kurtis Mckenzie , Jason Pebworth , Sean Momberger Vocal engineering -- Eric Weaver Mixing -- Anthony Kilhoffer Mixing assistance -- Kyle Ross Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 -- 15 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 5 Australian Urban ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 46 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) 9 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 25 Belgium Urban ( Ultratop Flanders ) 10 Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 81 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) 18 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 61 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 11 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 36 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 18 France ( SNEP ) 21 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 51 Germany ( Deutsche Black Charts ) 10 Ireland ( IRMA ) 12 Israel ( Media Forest ) 14 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 94 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 29 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Poland ( Polish Airplay New ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 5 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 48 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 16 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 23 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 47 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 5 UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 21 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 12 Australian Urban ( ARIA ) Belgium Urban ( Ultratop Flanders ) 29 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 11 Germany ( Deutsche Black Charts ) 68 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 71 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 14 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 31 US Billboard Hot 100 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 42 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 18 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 9 Chart ( 2015 ) Position Australian Urban ( ARIA ) 36 US R&B / Hip - Hop Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 50 US Rap Streaming Songs ( Billboard ) 25 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 4 × Platinum 346,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 30,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 15,000 Sweden ( GLF ) 2 × Platinum 80,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 7 × Platinum 7,000,000 Streaming Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 4,000,000 Summaries Worldwide ( IFPI ) 12,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label United Kingdom 17 February 2014 Urban contemporary radio Virgin EMI Records United States 3 March 2014 Digital download Island Records Australia 7 March 2014 Universal Music United States 11 March 2014 Rhythmic contemporary radio Island Records United Kingdom 6 April 2014 Digital download Virgin EMI Italy Digital download Universal Music 2 May 2014 Contemporary hit radio See also ( edit ) List of best - selling singles in Australia List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 2014 List of Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles of 2014 List of number - one dance singles of 2014 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rap Songs '' . 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Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Vevo/status/479680659275800576 Jump up ^ `` Vevo Unveils Top 10 Most - Watched Music Videos of 2014 : Iggy Azalea Is No. 1 '' . The Wrap . thewrap.com . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iggy Azalea and Sia among the most watched videos on YouTube in 2014 '' . The Age . theage.com.au . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 5 best music videos of 2014 '' . Entertainment Weekly . ew.com . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 Best Music Videos of the 2010s ( So Far ) '' . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Hammp , Andrew . `` Samsung 's Milk Music Claims 2M Downloads , Brings Out Iggy Azalea , Chromeo to Celebrate '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Lee , Christina ( 6 April 2014 ) . `` Anna Kendrick Raps To Iggy Azalea On ' SNL ' : Watch '' . Idolator . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.radio1045.com/onair/off-the-air-stephen-38350/the-killers-cover-iggy-azaleas-fancy-12563868/ Jump up ^ `` Gary Oldman Covers Iggy Azalea 's ' Fancy ' '' . Capital FM . 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Rettig , James ( 2 September 2014 ) . `` Watch Kasabian Cover Iggy Azalea 's `` Fancy '' `` . Stereogum . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran covers Iggy Azalea and she likes it ! '' . rte.ie. 25 January 2015 . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Jonas RAPS Over ' I Like Big Butts ' And Iggy Azalea - And Has Skills ! '' . capitalfm.com. 25 January 2015 . Retrieved 3 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` REVIEW : Postmodern Jukebox off the charts with energetic , retro fun '' . mcall.com. 13 November 2015 . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Payne , Chris ( 17 July 2014 ) . `` ' Weird Al ' Yankovic Gets ' Handy ' in Parody of Iggy Azalea & Charli XCX 's ' Fancy ' ( Watch ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iggy Azalea approves Jimmy Fallon 's Fancy cover '' . The New Zealand Herald . 9 July 2014 . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/FallonTonight/status/507146281928884224 Jump up ^ Schuth , Louie ( 29 April 2014 ) . `` Watch Emma Stone , Jimmy Fallon compete in hilarious Lip Sync Battle '' . Hypable . Retrieved 12 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iggy Azalea Performs On ' Jimmy Kimmel Live ' '' . rap-up.com. 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Swift , James ( 3 August 2015 ) . `` Tanqueray re-works Iggy Azalea 's ' Fancy ' '' . campaignlive.co.uk . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Abigail , Darlington ( 28 October 2015 ) . `` Best of clubs : The New Mastersounds , Joe Russo 's Almost Dead & Gad Gods '' . charlestonscene.com . Jump up ^ Tharpe , Frazier ( 15 July 2015 ) . `` Jidenna 's `` Classic Man '' Samples Iggy Azalea 's `` Fancy '' `` . complex.com . Jump up ^ `` Music from Revenge - Season 4 Episode 1 '' . tunefind.com. 28 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Mindy Project Recap : A Kiss to Build a Scheme on '' . tvline.com. 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Get Hard ( 2015 ) - Soundtrack '' . soundtrack.net. 27 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ride Along 2 ( 2016 ) - Soundtrack '' . imdb.com. 27 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` You 'll Love These Pretty Pop Song Covers From the Grey 's Premiere '' . popsugar.com. 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Iggy Azalea & Charli XCX Perform `` Fancy '' Live for the First Time `` . Idolator.com . Retrieved 17 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Iggy Azalea & Charli XCX Get ' Fancy ' On `` Late Night with Seth Meyers '' `` . rap-up.com. 18 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iggy Azalea Performs ' Fancy ' On ' GMA ' '' . rap-up.com. 25 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande , Iggy Azalea to Perform on 2014 Billboard Music Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved 13 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scoop : DANCING WITH THE STARS on ABC - Tuesday , May 20 , 2014 '' . BrodwayWorld.com. 16 May 2014 . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BET Awards 2014 : Iggy Azalea Performs ' No Mediocre ' with T.I. , Gets ' Fancy ' '' . Billboard. 29 June 2014 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 28 July 2014 . Retrieved 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Hines , Ree ( 8 August 2014 ) . `` Iggy Azalea gets ' Fancy , ' performs record - breaking , life - changing hit on TODAY '' . Today.com . Retrieved 8 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iggy Azalea Performs On ' SNL ' '' . Rap-Up.com. 25 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iggy Azalea Performs ' Fancy ' And ' Beg For It ' At AMAs '' . Rap-Up.com. 23 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( 1 January 2015 ) . `` New Year 's Rockin ' Eve Concerts : 7 Memorable Moments '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Voice UK : Mitch Miller STUNS Rita Ora with his jazz - inspired performance , but what did he perform ? '' . unrealitytv.co.uk. 21 February 2015 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` American Idol : You 've Never Heard Iggy Azalea 's ' Fancy ' Like This '' . unrealitytv.co.uk. 12 March 2015 . Retrieved 13 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rizzle Kicks cover Fancy and Sing in the Live Lounge '' . BBC . 7 August 2014 . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Da Brat - Fancy ( Remix ) '' . HotNewHipHop. 26 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Music : Lil ' Kim - ' Fancy ( Remix ) ' '' . Rap-Up.com . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Fancy ( feat . Charli XCX ) -- Single by Iggy Azalea '' . United States : iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Fancy ( Yellow Claw Remix ) ( feat . Charli XCX ) -- Single by Iggy Azalea '' . United States : iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes -- Music -- Fancy ( Remixes ) ( feat . Charli XCX& ) -- EP by Iggy Azalea '' . United Kingdom : iTunes Store . Apple Inc . Archived from the original on 2 January 2015 . Jump up ^ The New Classic ( Liner notes ) . Iggy Azalea . Island Records . 2014 . 3781892 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Iggy Azalea feat . Charli XCX -- Fancy '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 15 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 40 Urban Singles Chart '' . ARIA Charts. 5 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2014 . Retrieved 3 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Iggy Azalea feat . Charli XCX -- Fancy '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Iggy Azalea feat . Charli XCX -- Fancy '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Iggy Azalea feat . Charli XCX -- Fancy '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 5 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Iggy Azalea feat . Charli XCX -- Fancy '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop Urban . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Billboard Brasil - weekly '' . Billboard Brasil. 12 October 2014 . Archived from the original on 6 January 2015 . Retrieved 12 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iggy Azalea Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 12 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iggy Azalea Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iggy Azalea Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201424 into search . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201423 into search . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Iggy Azalea feat . Charli XCX -- Fancy '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Iggy Azalea : Fancy '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Iggy Azalea feat . Charli XCX -- Fancy '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Iggy Azalea feat . Charli XCX -- Fancy '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved 24 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Deutsche Black Charts : KW 17 '' . Trendcharts . Media Control . Archived from the original on 27 October 2008 . Retrieved 16 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 23 , 2014 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iggy Azalea -- Fancy Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iggy Azalea Chart History ( Japan Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Iggy Azalea feat . Charli XCX -- Fancy '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Iggy Azalea feat . Charli XCX -- Fancy '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay New . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201423 into search . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201429 into search . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Iggy Azalea feat . Charli XCX -- Fancy '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Iggy Azalea feat . Charli XCX -- Fancy '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 24 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iggy Azalea Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iggy Azalea Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iggy Azalea Chart History ( Hot Rap Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iggy Azalea Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 17 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iggy Azalea Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iggy Azalea Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iggy Azalea Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' Billboard . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts -- ARIA Top 100 Singles 2014 '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 9 January 2015 . Retrieved 2 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 50 Urban Singles 2014 '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 27 February 2015 . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JAAROVERZICHTEN 2014 : Urban '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Archived from the original on 2 February 2015 . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Year End Charts - Canadian Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Deutsche Black Charts '' . Trendcharts . Media Control . Archived from the original on 27 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` JAAROVERZICHTEN - SINGLE 2014 '' ( in Dutch ) . dutchcharts.nl . Archived from the original on 12 January 2015 . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2014 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 30 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Top 100 Biggest Songs of 2014 revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 31 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Year End Charts - Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Year End Charts - Dance Club Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Year End Charts - Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Year End Charts - Rap Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Year End Charts - Rhythmic Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Year End Charts - Rhythmic Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Top 50 Urban Singles 2014 '' . ARIA Charts . Australian Recording Industry Association . Archived from the original on 27 February 2015 . Retrieved 14 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Year End Charts -- R&B / Hip - Hop Digital Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Year End Charts -- Rap Streaming Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Certificeringer '' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 28 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Iggy Azalea -- Fancy '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sverige Topplistan '' . Sverigetopplistan. 6 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 26 December 2015 . Retrieved 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Iggy Azalea -- Fancy '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Enter Fancy in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` RIAA Gold , Platinum and Multi - Platinum Awards from 1 / 1 / 2015 to 1 / 31 / 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of America . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 13 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Streaming -- Semana 43 : del 20.10. 2014 al 26.10. 2014 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . PROMUSICAE . Retrieved 1 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Fancy ( feat . Charli XCX ) - Single by Iggy Azalea '' . Itunes.apple.com. 3 March 2014 . Retrieved 3 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Fancy ( feat . Charli XCX ) - Single by Iggy Azalea '' . Itunes.apple.com. 7 April 2014 . Retrieved 7 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Industry News , Music Industry Updates , Nielsen Ratings , Music News and more ! '' . FMQB . Archived from the original on 10 October 2011 . Retrieved 13 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fancy -- Single by Iggy Azalea '' . iTunes Store ( GB ) . Archived from the original on 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fancy : Iggy Azalea : Amazon.it : Musica Digitale '' . Amazon.it. 6 April 2014 . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Iggy Azalea - Fancy ( feat . Charli XCX ) ( Radio Date ) '' . Earone. 28 April 2014 . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . External links ( edit ) `` Fancy '' music video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Iggy Azalea Discography Videography Awards and nominations Songs Studio albums The New Classic Reclassified EPs Glory Mixtapes Ignorant Art TrapGold Singles `` Work '' `` Bounce '' `` Change Your Life '' `` Fancy '' `` Black Widow '' `` Beg for It '' `` Trouble '' `` Team '' `` Mo Bounce '' Featured singles `` Beat Down '' `` Problem '' `` No Mediocre '' `` Booty '' `` Pretty Girls '' Other songs `` Pussy '' `` Impossible Is Nothing '' `` Iggy SZN '' `` Heavy Crown '' `` Go Hard or Go Home '' `` All Hands on Deck ( Remix ) '' Concert tours The New Classic Tour The Great Escape Tour Book Charli XCX Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums True Romance Sucker Mixtapes Number 1 Angel Pop 2 Extended plays You 're the One Vroom Vroom Concert tours As headliner Girl Power North America Tour Charli and Jack Do America Tour As supporting act Show Us Yours Tour Mylo Xyloto Tour The Self - Titled Tour The Lonely Hearts Club Tour Prismatic World Tour Hopeless Fountain Kingdom World Tour Nostalgic for the Present Tour Clueless Media Film Novels TV series Episodes Miscellaneous Characters Emma `` Fancy '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fancy_(Iggy_Azalea_song)&oldid=811812726 '' Categories : 2014 singles 2014 songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Rap Songs number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Charli XCX songs Iggy Azalea songs Island Records singles Music videos directed by Director X Number - one singles in New Zealand Songs written by Iggy Azalea Songs written by Charli XCX Songs written by George Astasio Songs written by Jon Shave Songs written by Jason Pebworth Song recordings produced by The Invisible Men Songs written by Kurtis Mckenzie Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use dmy dates from August 2017 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Flanders Urban Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardjapanhot100 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrapsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Scots Simple English Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 24 November 2017 , at 04 : 10 . 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About Wikipedia	who wrote the song i'm so fancy	[ "\n\n\"Fancy\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX\n\n\nfrom the album The New Classic\n\n\nReleased\n17 February 2014\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2013\n\n\nStudio\nGrove Studios (London); Conway Studios (Los Angeles)\n\n\nGenre\nElectro-hop\n\n\nLength\n3:19\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nDef Jam\nVirgin EMI\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nAmethyst Amelia Kelly\nCharlotte Aitchison\nGeorge Astasio\nJason Pebworth\nJonathan Christopher Shave\nKurtis McKenzie\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nThe Invisible Men\nThe Arcade\n\n\n\n\n\nIggy Azalea singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Change Your Life\"\n(2013)\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014)\n\"Problem\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Change Your Life\"\n(2013)\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014)\n\"Problem\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCharli XCX singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"SuperLove\"\n(2013) SuperLove2013\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014) Fancy2014\n\"Boom Clap\"\n(2014) Boom Clap2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Fancy\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"Fancy\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX\n\n\nfrom the album The New Classic\n\n\nReleased\n17 February 2014\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2013\n\n\nStudio\nGrove Studios (London); Conway Studios (Los Angeles)\n\n\nGenre\nElectro-hop\n\n\nLength\n3:19\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nDef Jam\nVirgin EMI\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nAmethyst Amelia Kelly\nCharlotte Aitchison\nGeorge Astasio\nJason Pebworth\nJonathan Christopher Shave\nKurtis McKenzie\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nThe Invisible Men\nThe Arcade\n\n\n\n\n\nIggy Azalea singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Change Your Life\"\n(2013)\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014)\n\"Problem\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Change Your Life\"\n(2013)\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014)\n\"Problem\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCharli XCX singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"SuperLove\"\n(2013) SuperLove2013\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014) Fancy2014\n\"Boom Clap\"\n(2014) Boom Clap2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Fancy\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"Fancy\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX\n\n\nfrom the album The New Classic\n\n\nReleased\n17 February 2014\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2013\n\n\nStudio\nGrove Studios (London); Conway Studios (Los Angeles)\n\n\nGenre\nElectro-hop\n\n\nLength\n3:19\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nDef Jam\nVirgin EMI\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nAmethyst Amelia Kelly\nCharlotte Aitchison\nGeorge Astasio\nJason Pebworth\nJonathan Christopher Shave\nKurtis McKenzie\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nThe Invisible Men\nThe Arcade\n\n\n\n\n\nIggy Azalea singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Change Your Life\"\n(2013)\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014)\n\"Problem\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Change Your Life\"\n(2013)\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014)\n\"Problem\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCharli XCX singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"SuperLove\"\n(2013) SuperLove2013\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014) Fancy2014\n\"Boom Clap\"\n(2014) Boom Clap2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Fancy\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"Fancy\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX\n\n\nfrom the album The New Classic\n\n\nReleased\n17 February 2014\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2013\n\n\nStudio\nGrove Studios (London); Conway Studios (Los Angeles)\n\n\nGenre\nElectro-hop\n\n\nLength\n3:19\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nDef Jam\nVirgin EMI\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nAmethyst Amelia Kelly\nCharlotte Aitchison\nGeorge Astasio\nJason Pebworth\nJonathan Christopher Shave\nKurtis McKenzie\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nThe Invisible Men\nThe Arcade\n\n\n\n\n\nIggy Azalea singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Change Your Life\"\n(2013)\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014)\n\"Problem\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Change Your Life\"\n(2013)\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014)\n\"Problem\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCharli XCX singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"SuperLove\"\n(2013) SuperLove2013\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014) Fancy2014\n\"Boom Clap\"\n(2014) Boom Clap2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Fancy\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"Fancy\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX\n\n\nfrom the album The New Classic\n\n\nReleased\n17 February 2014\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2013\n\n\nStudio\nGrove Studios (London); Conway Studios (Los Angeles)\n\n\nGenre\nElectro-hop\n\n\nLength\n3:19\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nDef Jam\nVirgin EMI\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nAmethyst Amelia Kelly\nCharlotte Aitchison\nGeorge Astasio\nJason Pebworth\nJonathan Christopher Shave\nKurtis McKenzie\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nThe Invisible Men\nThe Arcade\n\n\n\n\n\nIggy Azalea singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Change Your Life\"\n(2013)\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014)\n\"Problem\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Change Your Life\"\n(2013)\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014)\n\"Problem\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCharli XCX singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"SuperLove\"\n(2013) SuperLove2013\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014) Fancy2014\n\"Boom Clap\"\n(2014) Boom Clap2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Fancy\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n", "\n\n\"Fancy\"\n\n\n\n\n\nSingle by Iggy Azalea featuring Charli XCX\n\n\nfrom the album The New Classic\n\n\nReleased\n17 February 2014\n\n\nFormat\nDigital download\n\n\nRecorded\n2013\n\n\nStudio\nGrove Studios (London); Conway Studios (Los Angeles)\n\n\nGenre\nElectro-hop\n\n\nLength\n3:19\n\n\nLabel\n\n\n\nDef Jam\nVirgin EMI\n\n\n\n\n\nSongwriter(s)\n\n\n\nAmethyst Amelia Kelly\nCharlotte Aitchison\nGeorge Astasio\nJason Pebworth\nJonathan Christopher Shave\nKurtis McKenzie\n\n\n\n\n\nProducer(s)\n\n\n\nThe Invisible Men\nThe Arcade\n\n\n\n\n\nIggy Azalea singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Change Your Life\"\n(2013)\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014)\n\"Problem\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Change Your Life\"\n(2013)\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014)\n\"Problem\"\n(2014)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCharli XCX singles chronology\n\n\n\n\n\n\"SuperLove\"\n(2013) SuperLove2013\n\"Fancy\"\n(2014) Fancy2014\n\"Boom Clap\"\n(2014) Boom Clap2014\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nMusic video\n\n\n\"Fancy\" on YouTube\n\n\n\n\n" ]	[ "Amethyst Amelia Kelly", "Charlotte Aitchison", "George Astasio", "Jason Pebworth", "Jonathan Christopher Shave", "Kurtis McKenzie" ]
324525573347431324	Jet engine	Jet engine - wikipedia Jet engine Jump to : navigation , search For a general overview of aircraft engines , see Aircraft engine . A Pratt & Whitney F100 turbofan engine for the F - 15 Eagle being tested in the hush house at Florida Air National Guard base . The tunnel behind the engine muffles noise and allows exhaust to escape . U.S. Air Force F - 15E Strike Eagles Simulation of a low - bypass turbofan 's airflow Jet engine airflow during take - off ( Germanwings Airbus A320 ) A jet engine is a reaction engine discharging a fast - moving jet that generates thrust by jet propulsion . This broad definition includes airbreathing jet engines ( turbojets , turbofans , ramjets , and pulse jets ) and non-airbreathing jet engines ( such as rocket engines ) . In general , jet engines are combustion engines . In common parlance , the term jet engine loosely refers to an internal combustion airbreathing jet engine . These typically feature a rotating air compressor powered by a turbine , with the leftover power providing thrust via a propelling nozzle -- this process is known as the Brayton thermodynamic cycle . Jet aircraft use such engines for long - distance travel . Early jet aircraft used turbojet engines which were relatively inefficient for subsonic flight . Modern subsonic jet aircraft usually use more complex high - bypass turbofan engines . These engines offer high speed and greater fuel efficiency than piston and propeller aeroengines over long distances . The thrust of a typical jetliner engine went from 5,000 lbf ( 22,000 N ) ( de Havilland Ghost turbojet ) in the 1950s to 115,000 lbf ( 510,000 N ) ( General Electric GE90 turbofan ) in the 1990s , and their reliability went from 40 in - flight shutdowns per 100,000 engine flight hours to less than one in the late 1990s . This , combined with greatly decreased fuel consumption , permitted routine transatlantic flight by twin - engined airliners by the turn of the century , where before a similar journey would have required multiple fuel stops . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Uses 3 Types 3.1 Airbreathing 3.1. 1 Turbine powered 3.1. 1.1 Turbojet 3.1. 1.2 Turbofan 3.1. 1.3 Turboprop and turboshaft 3.1. 1.4 Propfan 3.1. 2 Ram powered 3.1. 2.1 Ramjet 3.1. 2.2 Scramjet 3.1. 3 Non-continuous combustion 3.2 Rocket 3.3 Hybrid 3.4 Water jet 4 General physical principles 4.1 Propelling nozzle 4.2 Thrust 4.2. 1 Origin of engine thrust 4.2. 2 Transferring thrust to the aircraft 4.2. 3 Rotor thrust 4.2. 4 Thrust calculation 4.2. 5 Thrust augmentation 4.3 Energy efficiency relating to aircraft jet engines 4.4 Consumption of fuel or propellant 4.5 Thrust - to - weight ratio 4.6 Comparison of types 4.7 Altitude and speed 4.8 Noise 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Bibliography 7 External links History Main article : History of the jet engine See also : Timeline of jet power Jet engines date back to the invention of the aeolipile before the first century AD . This device directed steam power through two nozzles to cause a sphere to spin rapidly on its axis . So far as is known , it did not supply mechanical power and the potential practical applications of this invention did not receive recognition . Instead , it was seen as a curiosity . Jet propulsion only gained practical applications with the invention of the gunpowder - powered rocket by the Chinese in the 13th century as a type of firework , and gradually progressed to propel formidable weaponry . However , although very powerful , at reasonable flight speeds rockets are very inefficient and so jet propulsion technology stalled for hundreds of years . The earliest attempts at airbreathing jet engines were hybrid designs in which an external power source first compressed air , which was then mixed with fuel and burned for jet thrust . In one such system , called a thermojet by Secondo Campini but more commonly , motorjet , the air was compressed by a fan driven by a conventional piston engine . Examples of this type of design were the Caproni Campini N. 1 , and the Japanese Tsu - 11 engine intended to power Ohka kamikaze planes towards the end of World War II . None were entirely successful and the N. 1 ended up being slower than the same design with a traditional engine and propeller combination . Albert Fonó 's ramjet - cannonball from 1915 Even before the start of World War II , engineers were beginning to realize that engines driving propellers were self - limiting in terms of the maximum performance which could be attained ; the limit was due to issues related to propeller efficiency , which declined as blade tips approached the speed of sound . If aircraft performance were ever to increase beyond such a barrier , a way would have to be found to use a different propulsion mechanism . This was the motivation behind the development of the gas turbine engine , commonly called a `` jet '' engine . The key to a practical jet engine was the gas turbine , used to extract energy from the engine itself to drive the compressor . The gas turbine was not an idea developed in the 1930s : the patent for a stationary turbine was granted to John Barber in England in 1791 . The first gas turbine to successfully run self - sustaining was built in 1903 by Norwegian engineer Ægidius Elling . Limitations in design and practical engineering and metallurgy prevented such engines reaching manufacture . The main problems were safety , reliability , weight and , especially , sustained operation . The first patent for using a gas turbine to power an aircraft was filed in 1921 by Frenchman Maxime Guillaume . His engine was an axial - flow turbojet , but was never constructed , as it would have required considerable advances over the state of the art in compressors . Alan Arnold Griffith published An Aerodynamic Theory of Turbine Design in 1926 leading to experimental work at the RAE . The Whittle W. 2 / 700 engine flew in the Gloster E. 28 / 39 , the first British aircraft to fly with a turbojet engine , and the Gloster Meteor In 1928 , RAF College Cranwell cadet Frank Whittle formally submitted his ideas for a turbojet to his superiors . In October 1929 he developed his ideas further . On 16 January 1930 in England , Whittle submitted his first patent ( granted in 1932 ) . The patent showed a two - stage axial compressor feeding a single - sided centrifugal compressor . Practical axial compressors were made possible by ideas from A.A. Griffith in a seminal paper in 1926 ( `` An Aerodynamic Theory of Turbine Design '' ) . Whittle would later concentrate on the simpler centrifugal compressor only , for a variety of practical reasons . Whittle had his first engine running in April 1937 . It was liquid - fuelled , and included a self - contained fuel pump . Whittle 's team experienced near - panic when the engine would not stop , accelerating even after the fuel was switched off . It turned out that fuel had leaked into the engine and accumulated in pools , so the engine would not stop until all the leaked fuel had burned off . Whittle was unable to interest the government in his invention , and development continued at a slow pace . Heinkel He 178 , the world 's first aircraft to fly purely on turbojet power In 1935 Hans von Ohain started work on a similar design in Germany , both compressor and turbine being radial , on opposite sides of same disc , initially unaware of Whittle 's work . Von Ohain 's first device was strictly experimental and could run only under external power , but he was able to demonstrate the basic concept . Ohain was then introduced to Ernst Heinkel , one of the larger aircraft industrialists of the day , who immediately saw the promise of the design . Heinkel had recently purchased the Hirth engine company , and Ohain and his master machinist Max Hahn were set up there as a new division of the Hirth company . They had their first HeS 1 centrifugal engine running by September 1937 . Unlike Whittle 's design , Ohain used hydrogen as fuel , supplied under external pressure . Their subsequent designs culminated in the gasoline - fuelled HeS 3 of 5 kN ( 1,100 lbf ) , which was fitted to Heinkel 's simple and compact He 178 airframe and flown by Erich Warsitz in the early morning of August 27 , 1939 , from Rostock - Marienehe aerodrome , an impressively short time for development . The He 178 was the world 's first jet plane. . Heinkel applied for a US patent covering the Aircraft Power Plant by Hans Joachim Pabst von Ohain in May 31 , 1939 ; patent number US2256198 , with M Hahn referenced as inventor . A cutaway of the Junkers Jumo 004 engine Austrian Anselm Franz of Junkers ' engine division ( Junkers Motoren or `` Jumo '' ) introduced the axial - flow compressor in their jet engine . Jumo was assigned the next engine number in the RLM 109 - 0xx numbering sequence for gas turbine aircraft powerplants , `` 004 '' , and the result was the Jumo 004 engine . After many lesser technical difficulties were solved , mass production of this engine started in 1944 as a powerplant for the world 's first jet - fighter aircraft , the Messerschmitt Me 262 ( and later the world 's first jet - bomber aircraft , the Arado Ar 234 ) . A variety of reasons conspired to delay the engine 's availability , causing the fighter to arrive too late to improve Germany 's position in World War II , however this was the first jet engine to be used in service . Gloster Meteor F. 3s . The Gloster Meteor was the first British jet fighter and the Allies ' only jet aircraft to achieve combat operations during World War II . Meanwhile , in Britain the Gloster E28 / 39 had its maiden flight on 15 May 1941 and the Gloster Meteor finally entered service with the RAF in July 1944 . These were powered by turbojet engines from Power Jets Ltd. , set up by Frank Whittle . The first two operational turbojet aircraft , the Messerschmitt Me 262 and then the Gloster Meteor entered service within three months of each other in 1944 . Following the end of the war the German jet aircraft and jet engines were extensively studied by the victorious allies and contributed to work on early Soviet and US jet fighters . The legacy of the axial - flow engine is seen in the fact that practically all jet engines on fixed - wing aircraft have had some inspiration from this design . By the 1950s the jet engine was almost universal in combat aircraft , with the exception of cargo , liaison and other specialty types . By this point some of the British designs were already cleared for civilian use , and had appeared on early models like the de Havilland Comet and Avro Canada Jetliner . By the 1960s all large civilian aircraft were also jet powered , leaving the piston engine in low - cost niche roles such as cargo flights . The efficiency of turbojet engines was still rather worse than piston engines , but by the 1970s , with the advent of high - bypass turbofan jet engines ( an innovation not foreseen by the early commentators such as Edgar Buckingham , at high speeds and high altitudes that seemed absurd to them ) , fuel efficiency was about the same as the best piston and propeller engines . Uses A JT9D turbofan jet engine installed on a Boeing 747 aircraft . Jet engines power jet aircraft , cruise missiles and unmanned aerial vehicles . In the form of rocket engines they power fireworks , model rocketry , spaceflight , and military missiles . Jet engines have propelled high speed cars , particularly drag racers , with the all - time record held by a rocket car . A turbofan powered car , ThrustSSC , currently holds the land speed record . Jet engine designs are frequently modified for non-aircraft applications , as industrial gas turbines or marine powerplants . These are used in electrical power generation , for powering water , natural gas , or oil pumps , and providing propulsion for ships and locomotives . Industrial gas turbines can create up to 50,000 shaft horsepower . Many of these engines are derived from older military turbojets such as the Pratt & Whitney J57 and J75 models . There is also a derivative of the P&W JT8D low - bypass turbofan that creates up to 35,000 HP . Jet engines are also sometimes developed into , or share certain components such as engine cores , with turboshaft and turboprop engines , which are forms of gas turbine engines that are typically used to power helicopters and some propeller - driven aircraft . Types There are a large number of different types of jet engines , all of which achieve forward thrust from the principle of jet propulsion . Airbreathing Main article : Airbreathing jet engine Commonly aircraft are propelled by airbreathing jet engines . Most airbreathing jet engines that are in use are turbofan jet engines , which give good efficiency at speeds just below the speed of sound . Turbine powered Main article : Gas turbine Gas turbines are rotary engines that extract energy from a flow of combustion gas . They have an upstream compressor coupled to a downstream turbine with a combustion chamber in - between . In aircraft engines , those three core components are often called the `` gas generator . '' There are many different variations of gas turbines , but they all use a gas generator system of some type . Turbojet Main article : Turbojet Turbojet engine A turbojet engine is a gas turbine engine that works by compressing air with an inlet and a compressor ( axial , centrifugal , or both ) , mixing fuel with the compressed air , burning the mixture in the combustor , and then passing the hot , high pressure air through a turbine and a nozzle . The compressor is powered by the turbine , which extracts energy from the expanding gas passing through it . The engine converts internal energy in the fuel to kinetic energy in the exhaust , producing thrust . All the air ingested by the inlet is passed through the compressor , combustor , and turbine , unlike the turbofan engine described below . Turbofan Schematic diagram illustrating the operation of a low - bypass turbofan engine . Main article : Turbofan Turbofans differ from turbojets in that they have an additional fan at the front of the engine , which accelerates air in a duct bypassing the core gas turbine engine . Compared to a turbojet of identical thrust , a turbofan has a much larger air mass flow rate . Turbofans are the dominant engine type for medium and long - range airliners . The comparatively large frontal fan has several effects . The main effect is that the output of the engine as a whole has a much higher mass per second , and therefore generates much more thrust , despite not having ignited much of its airflow . Also , because the additional air has not been ignited , no extra fuel is needed to provide this thrust . The slower average velocity of the mixed exhaust air ( low specific thrust ) is also less wasteful of energy for subsonic flight , and allows the engine to be more efficient and much quieter , while the fan also allows greater thrust to be available at slow speeds . Together , the thrust produced by the fan and core are much more fuel efficient , and provides a much higher output , than could be produced by the core alone . Turbofans are usually more efficient than turbojets at subsonic speeds , but their large frontal area also generates more drag . Therefore , in supersonic flight , and in military and other aircraft where absolute performance , weight , and drag have a higher priority than fuel efficiency , engines tend to either have smaller fans ( or multiple smaller fans ) or use other engine designs entirely . Typically , turbofans in civilian aircraft usually have a pronounced large front area to accommodate a very large fan , as their design involves a much larger mass of air bypassing the core so they can benefit from these effects , while in military aircraft , where noise and efficiency are less important compared to performance and drag , a smaller amount of air typically bypasses the core . Turbofans designed for subsonic civilian aircraft also usually have a just a single front fan , because their additional thrust is generated by a large additional mass of air which is only moderately compressed , rather than a smaller amount of air which is greatly compressed . Because of these distinctions , turbofan engine designs are often categorized as low - bypass or high - bypass , depending upon the amount of air which bypasses the core of the engine . Low - bypass turbofans have a bypass ratio of around 2 : 1 or less , meaning that for each kilogram of air that passes through the core of the engine , two kilograms or less of air bypass the core . Low - bypass turbofans often use a mixed exhaust nozzle meaning that the bypassed flow and the core flow exit from the same nozzle . High - bypass turbofans often have ratios from 4 : 1 up to 8 : 1 , with the Rolls - Royce Trent XWB approaching 10 : 1 . Turboprop and turboshaft Main articles : Turboprop and Turboshaft Turboprop engine Turboprop engines are jet engine derivatives , still gas turbines , that extract work from the hot - exhaust jet to turn a rotating shaft , which is then used to produce thrust by some other means . While not strictly jet engines in that they rely on an auxiliary mechanism to produce thrust , turboprops are very similar to other turbine - based jet engines , and are often described as such . In turboprop engines , a portion of the engine 's thrust is produced by spinning a propeller , rather than relying solely on high - speed jet exhaust . As their jet thrust is augmented by a propeller , turboprops are occasionally referred to as a type of hybrid jet engine . They are quite similar to turbofans in many respects , except that they use a traditional propeller to provide the majority of thrust , rather than a ducted fan . Both fans and propellers are powered the same way , although most turboprops use gear - reduction between the turbine and the propeller ( geared turbofans also feature gear reduction ) . While many turboprops generate the majority of their thrust with the propeller , the hot - jet exhaust is an important design point , and maximum thrust is obtained by matching thrust contributions of the propeller to the hot jet . Turboprops generally have better performance than turbojets or turbofans at low speeds where propeller efficiency is high , but become increasingly noisy and inefficient at high speeds . Turboshaft engines are very similar to turboprops , differing in that nearly all energy in the exhaust is extracted to spin the rotating shaft , which is used to power machinery rather than a propeller , they therefore generate little to no jet thrust and are often used to power helicopters . Propfan Main article : Propfan A propfan engine A propfan engine ( also called `` unducted fan '' , `` open rotor '' , or `` ultra-high bypass '' ) is a jet engine that uses its gas generator to power an exposed fan , similar to turboprop engines . Like turboprop engines , propfans generate most of their thrust from the propeller and not the exhaust jet . The primary difference between turboprop and propfan design is that the propeller blades on a propfan are highly swept to allow them to operate at speeds around Mach 0.8 , which is competitive with modern commercial turbofans . These engines have the fuel efficiency advantages of turboprops with the performance capability of commercial turbofans . While significant research and testing ( including flight testing ) has been conducted on propfans , none have entered production . Ram powered Ram powered jet engines are airbreathing engines similar to gas turbine engines and they both follow the Brayton cycle . Gas turbine and ram powered engines differ , however , in how they compress the incoming airflow . Whereas gas turbine engines use axial or centrifugal compressors to compress incoming air , ram engines rely only on air compressed through the inlet or diffuser . Ram powered engines are considered the most simple type of air breathing jet engine because they can contain no moving parts . Ramjet Main article : Ramjet A schematic of a ramjet engine , where `` M '' is the Mach number of the airflow . Ramjets are the most basic type of ram powered jet engines . They consist of three sections ; an inlet to compress incoming air , a combustor to inject and combust fuel , and a nozzle to expel the hot gases and produce thrust . Ramjets require a relatively high speed to efficiently compress the incoming air , so ramjets can not operate at a standstill and they are most efficient at supersonic speeds . A key trait of ramjet engines is that combustion is done at subsonic speeds . The supersonic incoming air is dramatically slowed through the inlet , where it is then combusted at the much slower , subsonic , speeds . The faster the incoming air is , however , the less efficient it becomes to slow it to subsonic speeds . Therefore , ramjet engines are limited to approximately Mach 5 . Scramjet Main article : Scramjet Scramjet engine operation Scramjets are mechanically very similar to ramjets . Like a ramjet , they consist of an inlet , a combustor , and a nozzle . The primary difference between ramjets and scramjets is that scramjets do not slow the oncoming airflow to subsonic speeds for combustion , they use supersonic combustion instead . The name `` scramjet '' comes from `` Supersonic Combusting Ramjet . '' Since scramjets use supersonic combustion they can operate at speeds above Mach 6 where traditional ramjets are too inefficient . Another difference between ramjets and scramjets comes from how each type of engine compresses the oncoming airflow : while the inlet provides most of the compression for ramjets , the high speeds at which scramjets operate allow them to take advantage of the compression generated by shock waves , primarily oblique shocks . Very few scramjet engines have ever been built and flown . In May 2010 the Boeing X-51 set the endurance record for the longest scramjet burn at over 200 seconds . Non-continuous combustion Type Description Advantages Disadvantages Motorjet Obsolete type that worked like a turbojet but instead of a turbine driving the compressor a piston engine drives it . Higher exhaust velocity than a propeller , offering better thrust at high speed Heavy , inefficient and underpowered . Example : Caproni Campini N. 1 . Pulsejet Air is compressed and combusted intermittently instead of continuously . Some designs use valves . Very simple design , commonly used on model aircraft Noisy , inefficient ( low compression ratio ) , works poorly on a large scale , valves on valved designs wear out quickly Pulse detonation engine Similar to a pulsejet , but combustion occurs as a detonation instead of a deflagration , may or may not need valves Maximum theoretical engine efficiency Extremely noisy , parts subject to extreme mechanical fatigue , hard to start detonation , not practical for current use Rocket Main article : Rocket engine Rocket engine propulsion The rocket engine uses the same basic physical principles as the jet engine for propulsion via thrust , but is distinct in that it does not require atmospheric air to provide oxygen ; the rocket carries all components of the reaction mass . This allows them to operate at arbitrary altitudes and in space . This type of engine is used for launching satellites , space exploration and manned access , and permitted landing on the moon in 1969 . Rocket engines are used for high altitude flights , or anywhere where very high accelerations are needed since rocket engines themselves have a very high thrust - to - weight ratio . However , the high exhaust speed and the heavier , oxidizer - rich propellant results in far more propellant use than turbofans . Even so , at extremely high speeds they become energy - efficient . An approximate equation for the net thrust of a rocket engine is : F N = m _̇ g 0 I s p − v a c − A e p ( \ displaystyle F_ ( N ) = ( \ dot ( m ) ) \ , g_ ( 0 ) \ , I_ ( sp - vac ) - A_ ( e ) \ , p \ ; ) Where F N ( \ displaystyle F_ ( N ) ) is the net thrust , I s p ( v a c ) ( \ displaystyle I_ ( sp ( vac ) ) ) is the specific impulse , g 0 ( \ displaystyle g_ ( 0 ) ) is a standard gravity , m _̇ ( \ displaystyle ( \ dot ( m ) ) ) is the propellant flow in kg / s , A e ( \ displaystyle A_ ( e ) ) is the cross-sectional area at the exit of the exhaust nozzle , and p ( \ displaystyle p ) is the atmospheric pressure . Type Description Advantages Disadvantages Rocket Carries all propellants and oxidants on board , emits jet for propulsion Very few moving parts . Mach 0 to Mach 25 + ; efficient at very high speed ( > Mach 5.0 or so ) . Thrust / weight ratio over 100 . No complex air inlet . High compression ratio . Very high - speed ( hypersonic ) exhaust . Good cost / thrust ratio . Fairly easy to test . Works in a vacuum ; indeed , works best outside the atmosphere , which is kinder on vehicle structure at high speed . Fairly small surface area to keep cool , and no turbine in hot exhaust stream . Very high - temperature combustion and high expansion - ratio nozzle gives very high efficiency , at very high speeds . Needs lots of propellant . Very low specific impulse -- typically 100 -- 450 seconds . Extreme thermal stresses of combustion chamber can make reuse harder . Typically requires carrying oxidizer on - board which increases risks . Extraordinarily noisy . Hybrid Combined cycle engines simultaneously use 2 or more different jet engine operating principles . Type Description Advantages Disadvantages Turborocket A turbojet where an additional oxidizer such as oxygen is added to the airstream to increase maximum altitude Very close to existing designs , operates in very high altitude , wide range of altitude and airspeed Airspeed limited to same range as turbojet engine , carrying oxidizer like LOX can be dangerous . Much heavier than simple rockets . Air - augmented rocket Essentially a ramjet where intake air is compressed and burnt with the exhaust from a rocket Mach 0 to Mach 4.5 + ( can also run exoatmospheric ) , good efficiency at Mach 2 to 4 Similar efficiency to rockets at low speed or exoatmospheric , inlet difficulties , a relatively undeveloped and unexplored type , cooling difficulties , very noisy , thrust / weight ratio is similar to ramjets . Precooled jets / LACE Intake air is chilled to very low temperatures at inlet in a heat exchanger before passing through a ramjet and / or turbojet and / or rocket engine . Easily tested on ground . Very high thrust / weight ratios are possible ( ~ 14 ) together with good fuel efficiency over a wide range of airspeeds , Mach 0 - 5.5 + ; this combination of efficiencies may permit launching to orbit , single stage , or very rapid , very long distance intercontinental travel . Exists only at the lab prototyping stage . Examples include RB545 , Reaction Engines SABRE , ATREX . Requires liquid hydrogen fuel which has very low density and requires heavily insulated tankage . Water jet Main article : Pump - jet A water jet , or pump jet , is a marine propulsion system that utilizes a jet of water . The mechanical arrangement may be a ducted propeller with nozzle , or a centrifugal compressor and nozzle . A pump jet schematic . Type Description Advantages Disadvantages Water jet For propelling water rockets and jetboats ; squirts water out the back through a nozzle In boats , can run in shallow water , high acceleration , no risk of engine overload ( unlike propellers ) , less noise and vibration , highly maneuverable at all boat speeds , high speed efficiency , less vulnerable to damage from debris , very reliable , more load flexibility , less harmful to wildlife Can be less efficient than a propeller at low speed , more expensive , higher weight in boat due to entrained water , will not perform well if boat is heavier than the jet is sized for General physical principles All jet engines are reaction engines that generate thrust by emitting a jet of fluid rearwards at relatively high speed . The forces on the inside of the engine needed to create this jet give a strong thrust on the engine which pushes the craft forwards . Jet engines make their jet from propellant from tankage that is attached to the engine ( as in a ' rocket ' ) as well as in duct engines ( those commonly used on aircraft ) by ingesting an external fluid ( very typically air ) and expelling it at higher speed . Propelling nozzle Main article : Propelling nozzle The propelling nozzle is the key component of all jet engines as it creates the exhaust jet . Propelling nozzles turn internal and pressure energy into high velocity kinetic energy . The total pressure and temperature do n't change through the nozzle but their static values drop as the gas speeds up . The velocity of the air entering the nozzle is low , about Mach 0.4 , a prerequisite for minimizing pressure losses in the duct leading to the nozzle . The temperature entering the nozzle may be as low as sea level ambient for a fan nozzle in the cold air at cruise altitudes . It may be as high as the 1000K exhaust gas temperature for a supersonic afterburning engine or 2200K with afterburner lit . The pressure entering the nozzle may vary from 1.5 times the pressure outside the nozzle , for a single stage fan , to 30 times for the fastest manned aircraft at mach 3 + . The velocity of the gas leaving a convergent nozzle may be subsonic or sonic ( Mach 1 ) at low flight speeds or supersonic ( Mach 3.0 at SR - 71 cruise ) for a con - di nozzle at higher speeds where the nozzle pressure ratio is increased with the intake ram . The nozzle thrust is highest if the static pressure of the gas reaches the ambient value as it leaves the nozzle . This only happens if the nozzle exit area is the correct value for the nozzle pressure ratio ( npr ) . Since the npr changes with engine thrust setting and flight speed this is seldom the case . Also at supersonic speeds the divergent area is less than required to give complete internal expansion to ambient pressure as a trade - off with external body drag . Whitford gives the F - 16 as an example . Other underexpanded examples were the XB - 70 and SR - 71 . The nozzle size , together with the area of the turbine nozzles , determines the operating pressure of the compressor . Thrust Main article : Thrust Origin of engine thrust The familiar explanation for jet thrust is a `` black box '' description which only looks at what goes into the engine , air and fuel , and what comes out , exhaust gas and an unbalanced force . This force , called thrust , is the sum of the momentum difference between entry and exit and any unbalanced pressure force between entry and exit , as explained in `` Thrust calculation '' . As an example , an early turbojet , the Bristol Olympus Mk. 101 , had a momentum thrust of 9300 lb. and a pressure thrust of 1800 lb . giving a total of 11,100 lb . Looking inside the `` black box '' shows that the thrust results from all the unbalanced momentum and pressure forces created within the engine itself . These forces , some forwards and some rearwards , are across all the internal parts , both stationary and rotating , such as ducts , compressors , etc. , which are in the primary gas flow which flows through the engine from front to rear . The algebraic sum of all these forces is delivered to the airframe for propulsion . `` Flight '' gives examples of these internal forces for two early jet engines , the Rolls - Royce Avon Ra. 14 and the de Havilland Goblin Transferring thrust to the aircraft The engine thrust acts along the engine centreline . The aircraft `` holds '' the engine on the outer casing of the engine at some distance from the engine centreline ( at the engine mounts ) . This arrangement causes the engine casing to bend ( known as backbone bending ) and the round rotor casings to distort ( ovalization ) . Distortion of the engine structure has to be controlled with suitable mount locations to maintain acceptable rotor and seal clearances and prevent rubbing . A well - publicized example of excessive structural deformation occurred with the original Pratt & Whitney JT9D engine installation in the Boeing 747 aircraft . The engine mounting arrangement had to be revised with the addition of an extra thrust frame to reduce the casing deflections to an acceptable amount . Rotor thrust The rotor thrust on a thrust bearing is not related to the engine thrust . It may even change direction at some RPM . The bearing load is determined by bearing life considerations . Although the aerodynamic loads on the compressor and turbine blades contribute to the rotor thrust they are small compared to cavity loads inside the rotor which result from the secondary air system pressures and sealing diameters on discs , etc . To keep the load within the bearing specification seal diameters are chosen accordingly as , many years ago , on the backface of the impeller in the de Havilland Ghost engine . Sometimes an extra disc known as a balance piston has to be added inside the rotor . An early turbojet example with a balance piston was the Rolls - Royce Avon . Thrust calculation The net thrust ( F ) of a turbojet is given by : F N = ( m _̇ a i r + m _̇ f u e l ) v e − m _̇ a i r v ( \ displaystyle F_ ( N ) = ( ( \ dot ( m ) ) _ ( air ) + ( \ dot ( m ) ) _ ( fuel ) ) v_ ( e ) - ( \ dot ( m ) ) _ ( air ) v ) where : ṁ = the mass rate of air flow through the engine ṁ = the mass rate of fuel flow entering the engine = the velocity of the jet ( the exhaust plume ) and is assumed to be less than sonic velocity = the velocity of the air intake = the true airspeed of the aircraft ( ṁ + ṁ ) v = the nozzle gross thrust ( F ) ṁ v = the ram drag of the intake air The above equation applies only for air - breathing jet engines . It does not apply to rocket engines . Most types of jet engine have an air intake , which provides the bulk of the fluid exiting the exhaust . Conventional rocket engines , however , do not have an intake , the oxidizer and fuel both being carried within the vehicle . Therefore , rocket engines do not have ram drag and the gross thrust of the rocket engine nozzle is the net thrust of the engine . Consequently , the thrust characteristics of a rocket motor are different from that of an air breathing jet engine , and thrust is independent of velocity . If the velocity of the jet from a jet engine is equal to sonic velocity , the jet engine 's nozzle is said to be choked . If the nozzle is choked , the pressure at the nozzle exit plane is greater than atmospheric pressure , and extra terms must be added to the above equation to account for the pressure thrust . The rate of flow of fuel entering the engine is very small compared with the rate of flow of air . If the contribution of fuel to the nozzle gross thrust is ignored , the net thrust is : F N = m _̇ a i r ( v e − v ) ( \ displaystyle F_ ( N ) = ( \ dot ( m ) ) _ ( air ) ( v_ ( e ) - v ) ) The velocity of the jet ( v ) must exceed the true airspeed of the aircraft ( v ) if there is to be a net forward thrust on the aircraft . The velocity ( v ) can be calculated thermodynamically based on adiabatic expansion . Thrust augmentation Thrust augmentation has taken many forms , most commonly to supplement inadequate take - off thrust . Some early jet aircraft needed rocket assistance to take off from high altitude airfields or when the day temperature was high . A more recent aircraft , the Tupolev Tu - 22 supersonic bomber , was fitted with four SPRD - 63 boosters for take - off . Possibly the most extreme requirement needing rocket assistance , and which was short - lived , was zero - length launching . Almost as extreme , but very common , is catapult assistance from aircraft carriers . Rocket assistance has also been used during flight . The SEPR 841 booster engine was used on the Dassault Mirage for high altitude interception . Early aft - fan arrangements which added bypass airflow to a turbojet were known as thrust augmentors . The aft - fan fitted to the General Electric CJ805 - 3 turbojet augmented the take - off thrust from 11,650 lb to 16,100 lb . Water , or other coolant , injection into the compressor or combustion chamber and fuel injection into the jetpipe ( afterburning / reheat ) became standard ways to increase thrust , known as ' wet ' thrust to differentiate with the no - augmentation ' dry ' thrust . Coolant injection ( pre-compressor cooling ) has been used , together with afterburning , to increase thrust at supersonic speeds . The ' Skyburner ' McDonnell Douglas F - 4 Phantom II set a world speed record using water injection in front of the engine . At high Mach numbers afterburners supply progressively more of the engine thrust as the thrust from the turbomachine drops off towards zero at which speed the engine pressure ratio ( epr ) has fallen to 1.0 and all the engine thrust comes from the afterburner . The afterburner also has to make up for the pressure loss across the turbomachine which is a drag item at higher speeds where the epr will be less than 1.0 . Thrust augmentation of existing afterburning engine installations for special short - duration tasks has been the subject of studies for launching small payloads into low earth orbits using aircraft such as McDonnell Douglas F - 4 Phantom II , McDonnell Douglas F - 15 Eagle , Dassault Rafale and Mikoyan MiG - 31 , and also for carrying experimental packages to high altitudes using a Lockheed SR - 71 . In the first case an increase in the existing maximum speed capability is required for orbital launches . In the second case an increase in thrust within the existing speed capability is required . Compressor inlet cooling is used in the first case . A compressor map shows that the airflow reduces with increasing compressor inlet temperature although the compressor is still running at maximum RPM ( but reduced aerodynamic speed ) . Compressor inlet cooling increases the aerodynamic speed and flow and thrust . In the second case a small increase in the maximum mechanical speed and turbine temperature were allowed , together with nitrous oxide injection into the afterburner and simultaneous increase in afterburner fuel flow . Energy efficiency relating to aircraft jet engines This overview highlights where energy losses occur in complete jet aircraft powerplants or engine installations . A jet engine at rest , as on a test stand , sucks in fuel and tries to thrust itself forward . How well it does this is judged by how much fuel it uses and what force is required to restrain it . This is a measure of its efficiency . If something deteriorates inside the engine ( known as performance deterioration ) it will be less efficient and this will show when the fuel produces less thrust . If a change is made to an internal part which allows the air / combustion gases to flow more smoothly the engine will be more efficient and use less fuel . A standard definition is used to assess how different things change engine efficiency and also to allow comparisons to be made between different engines . This definition is called specific fuel consumption , or how much fuel is needed to produce one unit of thrust . For example , it will be known for a particular engine design that if some bumps in a bypass duct are smoothed out the air will flow more smoothly giving a pressure loss reduction of x % and y % less fuel will be needed to get the take - off thrust , for example . This understanding comes under the engineering discipline Jet engine performance . How efficiency is affected by forward speed and by supplying energy to aircraft systems is mentioned later . The efficiency of the engine is controlled primarily by the operating conditions inside the engine which are the pressure produced by the compressor and the temperature of the combustion gases at the first set of rotating turbine blades . The pressure is the highest air pressure in the engine . The turbine rotor temperature is not the highest in the engine but is the highest at which energy transfer takes place ( higher temperatures occur in the combustor ) . The above pressure and temperature are shown on a Thermodynamic cycle diagram . The efficiency is further modified by how smoothly the air and the combustion gases flow through the engine , how well the flow is aligned ( known as incidence angle ) with the moving and stationary passages in the compressors and turbines . Non-optimum angles , as well as non-optimum passage and blade shapes can cause thickening and separation of Boundary layers and formation of Shock waves . It is important to slow the flow ( lower speed means less pressure losses or Pressure drop ) when it travels through ducts connecting the different parts . How well the individual components contribute to turning fuel into thrust is quantified by measures like efficiencies for the compressors , turbines and combustor and pressure losses for the ducts . These are shown as lines on a Thermodynamic cycle diagram . The engine efficiency , or thermal efficiency , known as η t h ( \ displaystyle \ eta _ ( th ) ) . is dependent on the Thermodynamic cycle parameters , maximum pressure and temperature , and on component efficiencies , η c o m p r e s s o r ( \ displaystyle \ eta _ ( compressor ) ) , η c o m b u s t i o n ( \ displaystyle \ eta _ ( combustion ) ) and η t u r b i n e ( \ displaystyle \ eta _ ( turbine ) ) and duct pressure losses . The engine needs compressed air for itself just to run successfully . This air comes from its own compressor and is called secondary air . It does not contribute to making thrust so makes the engine less efficient . It is used to preserve the mechanical integrity of the engine , to stop parts overheating and to prevent oil escaping from bearings for example . Only some of this air taken from the compressors returns to the turbine flow to contribute to thrust production . Any reduction in the amount needed improves the engine efficiency . Again , it will be known for a particular engine design that a reduced requirement for cooling flow of x % will reduce the specific fuel consumption by y % . In other words , less fuel will be required to give take - off thrust , for example . The engine is more efficient . All of the above considerations are basic to the engine running on its own and , at the same time , doing nothing useful , i.e. it is not moving an aircraft or supplying energy for the aircraft 's electrical , hydraulic and air systems . In the aircraft the engine gives away some of its thrust - producing potential , or fuel , to power these systems . These requirements , which cause installation losses , reduce its efficiency . It is using some fuel that does not contribute to the engine 's thrust . Finally , when the aircraft is flying the propelling jet itself contains wasted kinetic energy after it has left the engine . This is quantified by the term propulsive , or Froude , efficiency η p ( \ displaystyle \ eta _ ( p ) ) and may be reduced by redesigning the engine to give it bypass flow and a lower speed for the propelling jet , for example as a turboprop or turbofan engine . At the same time forward speed increases the η t h ( \ displaystyle \ eta _ ( th ) ) by increasing the Overall pressure ratio . The overall efficiency of the engine at flight speed is defined as η o = η p η t h ( \ displaystyle \ eta _ ( o ) = \ eta _ ( p ) \ eta _ ( th ) ) . The η o ( \ displaystyle \ eta _ ( o ) ) at flight speed depends on how well the intake compresses the air before it is handed over to the engine compressors . The intake compression ratio , which can be as high as 32 : 1 at Mach 3 , adds to that of the engine compressor to give the Overall pressure ratio and η t h ( \ displaystyle \ eta _ ( th ) ) for the Thermodynamic cycle . How well it does this is defined by its pressure recovery or measure of the losses in the intake . Mach 3 manned flight has provided an interesting illustration of how these losses can increase dramatically in an instant . The North American XB - 70 Valkyrie and Lockheed SR - 71 Blackbird at Mach 3 each had pressure recoveries of about 0.8 , due to relatively low losses during the compression process , i.e. through systems of multiple shocks . During an ' unstart ' the efficient shock system would be replaced by a very inefficient single shock beyond the inlet and an intake pressure recovery of about 0.3 and a correspondingly low pressure ratio . The propelling nozzle at speeds above about Mach 2 usually has extra internal thrust losses because the exit area is not big enough as a trade - off with external afterbody drag . Although a bypass engine improves propulsive efficiency it incurs losses of its own inside the engine itself . Machinery has to be added to transfer energy from the gas generator to a bypass airflow . The low loss from the propelling nozzle of a turbojet is added to with extra losses due to inefficiencies in the added turbine and fan . These may be included in a transmission , or transfer , efficiency η T ( \ displaystyle \ eta _ ( T ) ) . However , these losses are more than made up by the improvement in propulsive efficiency . There are also extra pressure losses in the bypass duct and an extra propelling nozzle . With the advent of turbofans with their loss - making machinery what goes on inside the engine has been separated by Bennett , for example , between gas generator and transfer machinery giving η o = η p η t h η T ( \ displaystyle \ eta _ ( o ) = \ eta _ ( p ) \ eta _ ( th ) \ eta _ ( T ) ) . Dependence of propulsion efficiency ( η ) upon the vehicle speed / exhaust velocity ratio ( v / v ) for air - breathing jet and rocket engines . The energy efficiency ( η o ( \ displaystyle \ eta _ ( o ) ) ) of jet engines installed in vehicles has two main components : propulsive efficiency ( η p ( \ displaystyle \ eta _ ( p ) ) ) : how much of the energy of the jet ends up in the vehicle body rather than being carried away as kinetic energy of the jet . cycle efficiency ( η t h ( \ displaystyle \ eta _ ( th ) ) ) : how efficiently the engine can accelerate the jet Even though overall energy efficiency η o ( \ displaystyle \ eta _ ( o ) ) is : η o = η p η t h ( \ displaystyle \ eta _ ( o ) = \ eta _ ( p ) \ eta _ ( th ) ) for all jet engines the propulsive efficiency is highest as the exhaust jet velocity gets closer to the vehicle speed as this gives the smallest residual kinetic energy . For an airbreathing engine an exhaust velocity equal to the vehicle velocity , or a η p ( \ displaystyle \ eta _ ( p ) ) equal to one , gives zero thrust with no net momentum change . The formula for air - breathing engines moving at speed v ( \ displaystyle v ) with an exhaust velocity v e ( \ displaystyle v_ ( e ) ) , and neglecting fuel flow , is : η p = 2 1 + v e v ( \ displaystyle \ eta _ ( p ) = ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 1 + ( \ frac ( v_ ( e ) ) ( v ) ) ) ) ) And for a rocket : η p = 2 ( v v e ) 1 + ( v v e ) 2 ( \ displaystyle \ eta _ ( p ) = ( \ frac ( 2 \ , ( ( \ frac ( v ) ( v_ ( e ) ) ) ) ) ( 1 + ( ( \ frac ( v ) ( v_ ( e ) ) ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) In addition to propulsive efficiency , another factor is cycle efficiency ; a jet engine is a form of heat engine . Heat engine efficiency is determined by the ratio of temperatures reached in the engine to that exhausted at the nozzle . This has improved constantly over time as new materials have been introduced to allow higher maximum cycle temperatures . For example , composite materials , combining metals with ceramics , have been developed for HP turbine blades , which run at the maximum cycle temperature . The efficiency is also limited by the overall pressure ratio that can be achieved . Cycle efficiency is highest in rocket engines ( ~ 60 + % ) , as they can achieve extremely high combustion temperatures . Cycle efficiency in turbojet and similar is nearer to 30 % , due to much lower peak cycle temperatures . Typical combustion efficiency of an aircraft gas turbine over the operational range . Typical combustion stability limits of an aircraft gas turbine . The combustion efficiency of most aircraft gas turbine engines at sea level takeoff conditions is almost 100 % . It decreases nonlinearly to 98 % at altitude cruise conditions . Air - fuel ratio ranges from 50 : 1 to 130 : 1 . For any type of combustion chamber there is a rich and weak limit to the air - fuel ratio , beyond which the flame is extinguished . The range of air - fuel ratio between the rich and weak limits is reduced with an increase of air velocity . If the increasing air mass flow reduces the fuel ratio below certain value , flame extinction occurs . Specific impulse as a function of speed for different jet types with kerosene fuel ( hydrogen I would be about twice as high ) . Although efficiency plummets with speed , greater distances are covered . Efficiency per unit distance ( per km or mile ) is roughly independent of speed for jet engines as a group ; however , airframes become inefficient at supersonic speeds . Consumption of fuel or propellant A closely related ( but different ) concept to energy efficiency is the rate of consumption of propellant mass . Propellant consumption in jet engines is measured by Specific Fuel Consumption , Specific impulse or Effective exhaust velocity . They all measure the same thing . Specific impulse and effective exhaust velocity are strictly proportional , whereas specific fuel consumption is inversely proportional to the others . For airbreathing engines such as turbojets , energy efficiency and propellant ( fuel ) efficiency are much the same thing , since the propellant is a fuel and the source of energy . In rocketry , the propellant is also the exhaust , and this means that a high energy propellant gives better propellant efficiency but can in some cases actually give lower energy efficiency . It can be seen in the table ( just below ) that the subsonic turbofans such as General Electric 's CF6 turbofan use a lot less fuel to generate thrust for a second than did the Concorde 's Rolls - Royce / Snecma Olympus 593 turbojet . However , since energy is force times distance and the distance per second was greater for Concorde , the actual power generated by the engine for the same amount of fuel was higher for Concorde at Mach 2 than the CF6 . Thus , the Concorde 's engines were more efficient in terms of energy per mile . Specific fuel consumption ( SFC ) , specific impulse , and effective exhaust velocity numbers for various rocket and jet engines . Engine type Scenario Spec . fuel cons . Specific impulse ( s ) Effective exhaust velocity ( m / s ) ( lb / lbf h ) ( g / kN s ) NK - 33 rocket engine Vacuum 10.9 308 331 3250 SSME rocket engine Space shuttle vacuum 7.95 225 453 4440 Ramjet Mach 1 4.5 130 800 7800 J - 58 turbojet SR - 71 at Mach 3.2 ( Wet ) 1.9 54 1900 19000 Eurojet EJ200 Reheat 1.66 -- 1.73 47 -- 49 2080 -- 2170 20400 -- 21300 Rolls - Royce / Snecma Olympus 593 turbojet Concorde Mach 2 cruise ( Dry ) 1.195 33.8 3010 29500 Eurojet EJ200 Dry 0.74 -- 0.81 21 -- 23 4400 -- 4900 44000 -- 48000 CF6 - 80C2B1F turbofan Boeing 747 - 400 cruise 0.605 17.1 5950 58400 General Electric CF6 turbofan Sea level 0.307 8.7 11700 115000 Thrust - to - weight ratio Main article : Thrust - to - weight ratio The thrust - to - weight ratio of jet engines with similar configurations varies with scale , but is mostly a function of engine construction technology . For a given engine , the lighter the engine , the better the thrust - to - weight is , the less fuel is used to compensate for drag due to the lift needed to carry the engine weight , or to accelerate the mass of the engine . As can be seen in the following table , rocket engines generally achieve much higher thrust - to - weight ratios than duct engines such as turbojet and turbofan engines . This is primarily because rockets almost universally use dense liquid or solid reaction mass which gives a much smaller volume and hence the pressurization system that supplies the nozzle is much smaller and lighter for the same performance . Duct engines have to deal with air which is two to three orders of magnitude less dense and this gives pressures over much larger areas , which in turn results in more engineering materials being needed to hold the engine together and for the air compressor . Jet or rocket engine Mass Thrust ( vacuum ) Thrust - to - weight ratio ( kg ) ( lb ) ( kN ) ( lbf ) RD - 0410 nuclear rocket engine 2,000 4,400 35.2 7,900 1.8 J58 jet engine ( SR - 71 Blackbird ) 2,722 6,001 150 34,000 5.2 Rolls - Royce / Snecma Olympus 593 turbojet with reheat ( Concorde ) 3,175 7,000 169.2 38,000 5.4 Pratt & Whitney F119 1,800 3,900 91 20,500 7.95 RD - 0750 rocket engine , three - propellant mode 4,621 10,188 1,413 318,000 31.2 RD - 0146 rocket engine 260 570 98 22,000 38.4 Space Shuttle Main Engine 3,177 7,004 2,278 512,000 73.1 RD - 180 rocket engine 5,393 11,890 4,152 933,000 78.5 RD - 170 rocket engine 9,750 21,500 7,887 1,773,000 82.5 F - 1 ( Saturn V first stage ) 8,391 18,499 7,740.5 1,740,100 94.1 NK - 33 rocket engine 1,222 2,694 1,638 368,000 136.7 Merlin 1D rocket engine , full - thrust version 467 1,030 825 185,000 180.1 Comparison of types Propulsive efficiency comparison for various gas turbine engine configurations Propeller engines handle larger air mass flows , and give them smaller acceleration , than jet engines . Since the increase in air speed is small , at high flight speeds the thrust available to propeller - driven aeroplanes is small . However , at low speeds , these engines benefit from relatively high propulsive efficiency . On the other hand , turbojets accelerate a much smaller mass flow of intake air and burned fuel , but they then reject it at very high speed . When a de Laval nozzle is used to accelerate a hot engine exhaust , the outlet velocity may be locally supersonic . Turbojets are particularly suitable for aircraft travelling at very high speeds . Turbofans have a mixed exhaust consisting of the bypass air and the hot combustion product gas from the core engine . The amount of air that bypasses the core engine compared to the amount flowing into the engine determines what is called a turbofan 's bypass ratio ( BPR ) . While a turbojet engine uses all of the engine 's output to produce thrust in the form of a hot high - velocity exhaust gas jet , a turbofan 's cool low - velocity bypass air yields between 30 % and 70 % of the total thrust produced by a turbofan system . The net thrust ( F ) generated by a turbofan is : F N = m _̇ e v e − m _̇ o v o + B P R ( m _̇ c v f ) ( \ displaystyle F_ ( N ) = ( \ dot ( m ) ) _ ( e ) v_ ( e ) - ( \ dot ( m ) ) _ ( o ) v_ ( o ) + BPR \ , ( ( \ dot ( m ) ) _ ( c ) v_ ( f ) ) ) where : ṁ = the mass rate of hot combustion exhaust flow from the core engine ṁ = the mass rate of total air flow entering the turbofan = ṁ + ṁ ṁ = the mass rate of intake air that flows to the core engine ṁ = the mass rate of intake air that bypasses the core engine = the velocity of the air flow bypassed around the core engine = the velocity of the hot exhaust gas from the core engine = the velocity of the total air intake = the true airspeed of the aircraft BPR = Bypass Ratio Rocket engines have extremely high exhaust velocity and thus are best suited for high speeds ( hypersonic ) and great altitudes . At any given throttle , the thrust and efficiency of a rocket motor improves slightly with increasing altitude ( because the back - pressure falls thus increasing net thrust at the nozzle exit plane ) , whereas with a turbojet ( or turbofan ) the falling density of the air entering the intake ( and the hot gases leaving the nozzle ) causes the net thrust to decrease with increasing altitude . Rocket engines are more efficient than even scramjets above roughly Mach 15 . Altitude and speed With the exception of scramjets , jet engines , deprived of their inlet systems can only accept air at around half the speed of sound . The inlet system 's job for transonic and supersonic aircraft is to slow the air and perform some of the compression . The limit on maximum altitude for engines is set by flammability - at very high altitudes the air becomes too thin to burn , or after compression , too hot . For turbojet engines altitudes of about 40 km appear to be possible , whereas for ramjet engines 55 km may be achievable . Scramjets may theoretically manage 75 km . Rocket engines of course have no upper limit . At more modest altitudes , flying faster compresses the air at the front of the engine , and this greatly heats the air . The upper limit is usually thought to be about Mach 5 - 8 , as above about Mach 5.5 , the atmospheric nitrogen tends to react due to the high temperatures at the inlet and this consumes significant energy . The exception to this is scramjets which may be able to achieve about Mach 15 or more , as they avoid slowing the air , and rockets again have no particular speed limit . Noise The noise emitted by a jet engine has many sources . These include , in the case of gas turbine engines , the fan , compressor , combustor , turbine and propelling jet / s . The propelling jet produces jet noise which is caused by the violent mixing action of the high speed jet with the surrounding air . In the subsonic case the noise is produced by eddies and in the supersonic case by Mach waves . The sound power radiated from a jet varies with the jet velocity raised to the eighth power for velocities up to 2,000 ft / sec and varies with the velocity cubed above 2,000 ft / sec . Thus , the lower speed exhaust jets emitted from engines such as high bypass turbofans are the quietest , whereas the fastest jets , such as rockets , turbojets , and ramjets , are the loudest . For commercial jet aircraft the jet noise has reduced from the turbojet through bypass engines to turbofans as a result of a progressive reduction in propelling jet velocities . For example , the JT8D , a bypass engine , has a jet velocity of 1450 ft / sec whereas the JT9D , a turbofan , has jet velocities of 885 ft / sec ( cold ) and 1190 ft / sec ( hot ) . The advent of the turbofan replaced the very distinctive jet noise with another sound known as `` buzz saw '' noise . The origin is the shockwaves originating at the supersonic fan blades at takeoff thrust . See also Air turboramjet Balancing machine Components of jet engines Gas turbine Jet engine performance Jetboat Pulsejet Rocket engine nozzle Rocket turbine engine Spacecraft propulsion Thrust reversal Turbofan Turbojet Turbojet development at the RAE Turboprop Turboshaft Variable cycle engine Water injection ( engine ) References Notes Jump up ^ `` Flight Operations Briefing Notes - Supplementary Techniques : Handling Engine Malfunctions '' ( PDF ) . Airbus . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ propeller efficiency Archived May 25 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Centenary of the First Gas Turbine to Give Net Power Output : A Tribute to Ægidius Elling '' . The American Society of Mechanical Engineers . 14 June 2004 . 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Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 16 . Figure 22 Inlet Pressure Recovery Jump up ^ B - 70 Aircraft Study Final Report Volume IV , SD 72 - SH - 0003 April 1972 , L.J. Taube , Space Division North American Rockwell , p. IV - 11 Jump up ^ `` Design For Air Combat '' ray Whitford , Jane 's Publishing Company Limited 1987 , ISBN 0 7106 0426 2 , p. 203 ' Area ratio for optimum expansion ' Jump up ^ Gas Turbine Performance ' Second Edition , Walsh and Fletcher , Blackwell Science Ltd. , ISBN 0 - 632 - 06535 - 4 , p. 305 Jump up ^ Aero engine development for the future , Bennett , Proc Instn Mech Engrs Vol 197A , IMechE July 1983 , Fig. 5 Overall spectrum of engine losses Jump up ^ Gas Turbine Theory Second Edition , Cohen , Rogers and Saravanamuttoo , Longman Group Limited 1972 , ISBN 0 582 44927 8 , p . 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Jump up ^ Encyclopedia Astronautica : F - 1 Jump up ^ Astronautix NK - 33 entry Jump up ^ Mueller , Thomas ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Is SpaceX 's Merlin 1D 's thrust - to - weight ratio of 150 + believable ? '' . Retrieved July 9 , 2015 . The Merlin 1D weighs 1030 pounds , including the hydraulic steering ( TVC ) actuators . It makes 162,500 pounds of thrust in vacuum . that is nearly 158 thrust / weight . The new full thrust variant weighs the same and makes about 185,500 lbs force in vacuum . Jump up ^ Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) ( 2004 ) . FAA - H - 8083 - 3B Airplane Flying Handbook Handbook ( PDF ) . Federal Aviation Administration . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 09 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Turbofan Thrust '' . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft PowerPoint - KTHhigspeed08. ppt '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Scramjet '' . Orbitalvector.com. 2002 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Softly , softly towards the quiet jet '' Michael J.T. Smith New Scientist 19 February 1970 p350 Jump up ^ `` Silencing the sources of jet noise '' Dr David Crighton New Scientist 27 July 1972 p185 Jump up ^ `` Noise '' I.C. Cheeseman Flight International 16 April 1970 p639 Jump up ^ `` The Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine and its operation '' United Technologies Pratt & Whitney Part No . P&W 182408 December 1982 Sea level static internal pressures and temperatures p219 / 220 Jump up ^ ' Quietening a Quiet Engine - The RB211 Demonstrator Programme '' M.J.T. Smith SAE paper 760897 `` Intake Noise Suppression '' p5 Bibliography Brooks , David S. ( 1997 ) . Vikings at Waterloo : Wartime Work on the Whittle Jet Engine by the Rover Company . Rolls - Royce Heritage Trust . ISBN 1 - 872922 - 08 - 2 . Golley , John ( 1997 ) . Genesis of the Jet : Frank Whittle and the Invention of the Jet Engine . Crowood Press . ISBN 1 - 85310 - 860 - X . Hill , Philip ; Peterson , Carl ( 1992 ) , Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion ( 2nd ed . ) , New York : Addison - Wesley , ISBN 0 - 201 - 14659 - 2 Kerrebrock , Jack L. ( 1992 ) . Aircraft Engines and Gas Turbines ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge , MA : The MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 11162 - 1 . External links Look up rocket in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Look up duct engine in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Look up jet engine in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jet engines . Media about jet engines from Rolls - Royce How Stuff Works article on how a Gas Turbine Engine works Influence of the Jet Engine on the Aerospace Industry An Overview of Military Jet Engine History , Appendix B , pp. 97 -- 120 , in Military Jet Engine Acquisition ( Rand Corp. , 24 pgs , PDF ) Basic jet engine tutorial ( QuickTime Video ) Jet engines and aircraft gas turbines Gas turbines and jet propulsion Types Propfan Turbofan Turbojet Turboprop Turboshaft Ramjet Rocket Mechanical components Accessory drive Air intake Afterburner ( reheat ) Axial compressor Centrifugal compressor Combustor Constant speed drive Propelling nozzle Turbine blade Principles Aircraft engine starting Bleed air Brayton cycle Bypass ratio Compressor stall Engine pressure ratio ( EPR ) Flameout Jet engine performance Overall pressure ratio Propulsive efficiency Specific impulse Thrust Thrust lapse Thrust specific fuel consumption Thrust to weight ratio Variable cycle engine Windmill restart Propellers Components Propeller governor Propeller speed reduction unit Principles Autofeather Blade pitch Constant - speed Contra - rotating Counter-rotating Proprotor Scimitar Variable - pitch Engine instruments Annunciator panel Electronic centralised aircraft monitor ( ECAM ) Electronic flight instrument system ( EFIS ) Engine - indicating and crew - alerting system ( EICAS ) Flight data recorder Glass cockpit Engine controls Autothrottle Full Authority Digital Engine / Electronics ( FADEC ) Thrust lever Thrust reversal Fuel and induction systems Jet fuel Other systems Air - start system Auxiliary power unit ( APU ) Bleed air system Hydraulic system Ice protection system Heat engines Carnot engine Fluidyne Gas turbine Hot air Jet Minto wheel Photo - Carnot engine Piston Pistonless ( Rotary ) Rijke tube Rocket Split - single Steam ( reciprocating ) Steam turbine Stirling Thermoacoustic Beale number West number Timeline of heat engine technology Thermodynamic cycle GND : 4128278 - 4 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jet_engine&oldid=835153862 '' Categories : Energy conversion Gas turbines Jet engines Gas compressors Turbomachinery Engineering thermodynamics Fluid dynamics Aerodynamics English inventions Discovery and invention controversies Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use British English Oxford spelling from September 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2010 All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Polski Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 57 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 21 : 55 . 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-3115150514672675977	Abuja	Abuja - Wikipedia Abuja Municipality in Federal Capital Territory , Nigeria Abuja Municipality Federal Capital City ( FCC ) Abuja Municipal Area From top ( L -- R ) : View of a street in Maitama District , Abuja National Mosque , Zuma Rock , fountain in Millennium Park , Central Bank headquarters , and skyline of CBD at night Abuja Location of Abuja in Nigeria Coordinates : 9 ° 4 ′ N 7 ° 29 ′ E / 9.067 ° N 7.483 ° E / 9.067 ; 7.483 Coordinates : 9 ° 4 ′ N 7 ° 29 ′ E / 9.067 ° N 7.483 ° E / 9.067 ; 7.483 Country Nigeria Territory Federal Capital Territory LGA ( s ) Abuja Municipal Area Council ( AMAC ) Settled 1828 Incorporated 1 October 1984 Declared capital 12 December 1991 Government City Planner Federal Capital Development Authority ( FCDA ) City Management Abuja Metropolitan Management Council ( AMMC ) Area Municipality 1,769 km ( 683 sq mi ) Land 1,728 km ( 667 sq mi ) Water 41 km ( 16 sq mi ) Urban 713 km ( 275 sq mi ) Elevation 840 m ( 2,760 ft ) Population ( 2011 estimate ) Municipality 1,235,880 Rank 7th Density 700 / km ( 1,800 / sq mi ) Urban 2,440,000 Urban density 3,423 / km ( 8,870 / sq mi ) Metro 6,000,000 ( estimated ) Time zone WAT ( UTC + 1 ) Postal codes 900211 -- 900288 Climate Aw Website www.fcta.gov.ng Abuja ( / əˈbuːdʒə / ) is the capital city of Nigeria located in the centre of the country within the Federal Capital Territory ( FCT ) . It is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s , replacing the country 's most populous city of Lagos as the capital on 12 December 1991 . Abuja 's geography is defined by Aso Rock , a 400 - metre ( 1,300 ft ) monolith left by water erosion . The Presidential Complex , National Assembly , Supreme Court and much of the city extend to the south of the rock . Zuma Rock , a 792 - metre ( 2,598 ft ) monolith , lies just north of the city on the expressway to Kaduna . At the 2006 census , the city of Abuja had a population of 776,298 , making it one of the ten most populous cities in Nigeria . According to the United Nations , Abuja grew by 139.7 % between 2000 and 2010 , making it the fastest growing city in the world . As of 2015 , the city is experiencing an annual growth of at least 35 % , retaining its position as the fastest - growing city on the African continent and one of the fastest - growing in the world . As at 2016 , the metropolitan area of Abuja is estimated at six million persons , placing it behind only Lagos , as the most populous metro area in Nigeria . Major religious sites include the Nigerian National Mosque and the Nigerian National Christian Centre . The city is served by the Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport . Abuja is known for being one of the few purpose - built capital cities in Africa , as well as being one of the wealthiest . Abuja is Nigeria 's administrative and political centre . It is also a key capital on the African continent due to Nigeria 's geo - political influence in regional affairs . Abuja is also a conference centre and hosts various meetings annually , such as the 2003 Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting and the 2014 World Economic Forum ( Africa ) meetings . Contents 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 2.2 Vegetation 3 Administration 3.1 Abuja Municipal Area Council 3.2 Federal Capital Territory 3.3 Districts 4 Cityscape 4.1 Parks and open areas 4.1. 1 Bush Bars 4.2 Central Business District 4.3 Garki District 4.4 Wuse District 4.5 Maitama District 4.6 Asokoro District 4.7 Gwarimpa District 4.8 Durumi District 5 Demographics 5.1 Conurbation 6 Economy and infrastructure 6.1 Postal system 6.2 Transportation 6.2. 1 Airport 6.2. 2 Highways 6.2. 3 Rail 7 Education 7.1 Universities 7.2 International schools 8 Twin towns -- sister cities 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Nigeria 's National Assembly in Abuja `` Abuja '' was in the earlier 20th century the name of the nearby town now called Suleja . The indigenous inhabitants of Abuja are the Gbagyi ( Gwari ) as the major language , Bassa , Gwandara , Gade , Ganagana , Koro etc . In light of the ethnic and religious divisions of Nigeria , plans had been devised since Nigeria 's independence to have its capital in a place deemed neutral to all major ethnic parties , and also in close proximity to all the regions of Nigeria . The location was eventually designated in the centre of the country in the early 1970s as it signified neutrality and national unity . Another impetus for Abuja came because of Lagos ' population boom that made that city overcrowded and conditions squalid . As Lagos was already undergoing rapid economic development , the Nigerian regime felt the need to expand the economy towards the inner part of the country , and hence decided to move its capital to Abuja . The logic used was similar to the way Brazil planned its capital , Brasília . The decision to move to Abuja was made by General Murtala Mohammed in 1976 . Construction started in the late 1970s but , due to economic and political instability , the initial stages of the city were not complete until the late 1980s . The master plan for Abuja and the Federal Capital Territory ( FCT ) was developed by International Planning Associates ( IPA ) , a consortium of three American firms : Planning Research Corporation ; Wallace , McHarg , Roberts and Todd ; and Archisystems , a division of the Hughes Organization . The master plan for Abuja defined the general structure and major design elements of the city that are visible in its current form . More detailed design of the central areas of the capital , particularly its monumental core , was accomplished by Japanese architect Kenzo Tange , with his team of city planners at Kenzo Tange and Urtec company . Most countries relocated their embassies to Abuja , and many maintain their former embassies as consulates in Lagos , the commercial capital of Nigeria . Abuja is the headquarters of the Economic Community of West African States ( ECOWAS ) and the regional headquarters of OPEC . Abuja and the FCT have experienced huge population growth ; it has been reported that some areas around Abuja have been growing at 20 % to 30 % per year . Squatter settlements and towns have spread rapidly in and outside the city limits . Tens of thousands of people have been evicted since former FCT minister Nasir Ahmad el - Rufai started a demolition campaign in 2003 . Geography ( edit ) Climate ( edit ) Abuja under Köppen climate classification features a tropical wet and dry climate ( Köppen : Aw ) . The FCT experiences three weather conditions annually . This includes a warm , humid rainy season and a blistering dry season . In between the two , there is a brief interlude of harmattan occasioned by the northeast trade wind , with the main feature of dust haze and dryness . The rainy season begins from April and ends in October , when daytime temperatures reach 28 ° C ( 82.4 ° F ) to 30 ° C ( 86.0 ° F ) and nighttime lows hover around 22 ° C ( 71.6 ° F ) to 23 ° C ( 73.4 ° F ) . In the dry season , daytime temperatures can soar as high as 40 ° C ( 104.0 ° F ) and nighttime temperatures can dip to 12 ° C ( 53.6 ° F ) . Even the chilliest nights can be followed by daytime temperatures well above 30 ° C ( 86.0 ° F ) . The high altitudes and undulating terrain of the FCT act as a moderating influence on the weather of the territory . The city 's inland location causes the diurnal temperature variation to be much larger than coastal cities with similar climates such as Lagos . Rainfall in the FCT reflects the territory 's location on the windward side of the Jos Plateau and the zone of rising air masses with the city receiving frequent rainfall during the rainy season from April to October every year . hide Climate data for Abuja Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 34.7 ( 94.5 ) 36.8 ( 98.2 ) 36.9 ( 98.4 ) 35.6 ( 96.1 ) 32.7 ( 90.9 ) 30.6 ( 87.1 ) 29.1 ( 84.4 ) 28.9 ( 84 ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 34.4 ( 93.9 ) 34.6 ( 94.3 ) 33 ( 91.5 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 25.5 ( 77.9 ) 24.3 ( 75.7 ) 24.7 ( 76.5 ) 19.5 ( 67.1 ) 18.3 ( 64.9 ) 21.9 ( 71.4 ) 17.7 ( 63.9 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 21.4 ( 70.5 ) 15.7 ( 60.3 ) 15.5 ( 59.9 ) 20.2 ( 68.4 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 1.7 ( 0.067 ) 5.4 ( 0.213 ) 11.3 ( 0.445 ) 62.8 ( 2.472 ) 134.1 ( 5.28 ) 164.2 ( 6.465 ) 217.5 ( 8.563 ) 262.7 ( 10.343 ) 253.4 ( 9.976 ) 103.2 ( 4.063 ) 3.7 ( 0.146 ) ( 0.047 ) 1,221.2 ( 48.08 ) Average rainy days 0.1 0.2 1.3 4.2 9.4 12.3 14.0 16.2 15.9 8.0 0.3 0.1 82 Source : World Meteorological Organization . Vegetation ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The FCT falls within the Guinean forest - savanna mosaic zone of the West African sub-region . Patches of rain forest , however , occur in the Gwagwa plains , especially in the rugged terrain to the southeastern parts of the territory , where a landscape of gullies and rough terrain is found . These areas of the Federal Capital Territory ( FCT ) form one of the few surviving occurrences of the mature forest vegetation in Nigeria . Administration ( edit ) Abuja city is run by the Abuja Municipal Area Council . In addition to the civic administration the city is the location for the federal government of Nigeria , and likewise the Federal Capital Territory Administration which is responsible for the encompassing Federal Capital Territory . Abuja Municipal Area Council ( edit ) The Abuja Municipal Area Council is the local government responsible for administration of the city . Coucillorship and chairmanship elections are held regularly . The People 's Democratic Party won the 2013 election , as it had in 2010 . Federal Capital Territory ( edit ) Main article : Federal Capital Territory , Nigeria The FCT is headed by the FCT Minister , currently Malam Muhammad Bello , who is appointed by central government . The FCT Minister appoints members to the Abuja Metropolitan Management Council ( AMMC ) The FCT 's ministers have been as follows : Mobolaji Ajose - Adeogun 1976 -- 1979 John Jatau Kadiya , 1979 -- 1982 Iro Abubakar Dan Musa , 1982 -- 1983 Haliru Dantoro , 1983 -- 1984 Mamman Jiya Vatsa , 1984 -- December 1985 Hamza Abdullahi , 1986 -- 1989 Gado Nasko , 1989 -- 1993 Jeremiah Timbut Useni , 1993 -- 1998 Mamman Kontagora , 1998 -- 1999 Ibrahim Bunu , 1999 -- 2001 Mohammed Abba Gana , 2001 -- 2003 Nasir Ahmad el - Rufai , 2003 -- May 2007 Aliyu Modibo , 2007 -- 2008 Adamu Aliero , 2008 -- 2010 Bala Abdulkadir Mohammed , 2010 -- 2015 Mohammed Bello , 2015 -- Present Districts ( edit ) The Millennium tower is still under construction . A view of the Central Bank of Nigeria headquarters Ceddi Plaza is one of the shopping malls in the Abuja Central Area . Grand Square is another shopping centre in the Central Area . Sahad Stores is a large department store popular with shoppers . National Christian Centre For ease and co-ordination of developmental efforts , the city was divided into ' Phases ' by its planners , with the city 's development taking a concentric form with Phase 1 , which consists of the city 's inner districts - Central Area , Maitama , Asokoro , Wuse , Wuse II , Garki , Garki II , Guzape and Guzape II - at its core spreading out from the foot of Aso Rock , while Phase 5 , consisting of the newly created Kyami District covering the vicinity of the Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport and the permanent campus of the University of Abuja , over 40 kilometres west of Aso Rock . Each Phase is separated from the other by an expressway ( some still under construction ) ; for example , Phases 1 and 2 are separated from each other by the Nnamdi Azikiwe expressway , while the entirety of the city proper ( Phases 1 - 5 ) are enclosed by the Murtala Muhammed ( Outer Northern - ONEX and Outer Southern - OSEX ) expressways as well as the Federal A2 highway which traverses the Federal Capital Territory on its way to Kaduna ( north - bound ) and Lokoja ( south - bound ) . Thus there is an integration of the city 's road network with the Federal highway network , providing access to the immediate outlying countryside and the surrounding states of the country i.e. Niger State to the west , Kaduna State to the north , Nasarawa State to the east and Kogi State to the south . The Phase 1 area of the city is divided into ten districts known as cadastral zones . Central Cadastral Zone A00 Garki I District Cadastral Zone A01 Wuse 1 District Cadastral Zone A02 Garki II District Cadastral Zone A03 Asokoro Cadastral Zone A04 Maitama District Cadastral Zone A05 & A06 Wuse II Districts ( Cadastral Zone A07 & Cadastral Zone A08 ) Guzape District Cadastral Zone A09 There are also sixteen districts in Phase 2 . Kukwuaba Cadastral Zone B00 Gudu Cadastral Zone B01 Durumi Cadastral Zone B02 Wuye Cadastral Zone B03 Jabi Cadastral Zone B04 Utako Cadastral Zone B05 Mabuchi Cadastral Zone B06 Jahi Cadastral Zone B08 Kado Cadastral Zone B09 Dakibiyu Cadastral Zone B10 Kaura Cadastral Zone B11 Duboyi Cadastral Zone B12 Gaduwa Cadastral Zone B13 Dutse Cadastral Zone B14 Katampe Ext Cadastral Zone B19 A street in the Katampe ( Diplomatic ) extension neighbourhood . There are eleven districts in Phase 3 . Institution and Research Cadastral Zone C00 Karmo Cadastral Zone C01 Gwarimpa Cadastral Zone C02 Dape Cadastral Zone C04 Kafe Cadastral Zone C05 Nbora Cadastral Zone C06 Galadimawa Cadastral Zone C07 Dakwo Cadastral Zone C08 Lokogoma Cadastral Zone C09 Wumba Cadastral Zone C10 Idu Industrial Cadastral Zone C16 There are five suburban districts : Nyanya , Karu , Gwagwalada , Kubwa , and Jukwoyi . Along the Airport Road ( Now Umaru Musa Yar'Adua Express Way ) are clusters of satellite settlements , namely Lugbe , Chika , Kuchigworo and Pyakassa . Other satellite settlements are Idu ( the main industrial zone ) , Mpape , Karimu , Gwagwa , Dei - Dei ( housing the International Livestock market and also International Building materials market ) . Cityscape ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Spectators at a football match held in the Abuja National Stadium The Abuja skyline is made up of mostly mid-range and a few tall buildings . Only recently have tall buildings begun to appear . Most of the buildings are modern , reflecting that it is a new city . Plans were made to build skyscrapers such as the Millennium Tower which is partly completed as work has stalled for the last few years . This structure looms 170 metres ( 560 ft ) above the city . The tower is part of a huge cultural development complex called the Nigeria National Complex including the Nigeria Cultural Centre , a 120,000 m ( 1,300,000 sq ft ) structure dedicated to the art and culture of Nigeria . The Cultural Centre and the Millennium Tower have been designed by the Italian architect Manfredi Nicoletti . Landmarks include the Millennium Tower , the Central Bank of Nigeria headquarters , the Nigerian Presidential Complex , the Ship House , the National Stadium , which was the main venue of the 2003 All Africa Games and some games , including the final , of the 2009 FIFA Under - 17 World Cup , National Mosque , the National Church , Aso Rock and Zuma Rock . Abuja City Gate Zuma rock Abuja National Mosque The National Cenotaph houses the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier and hosts Armed Forces Remembrance Day ceremonies on 15 January annually . The Federal Ministry of Transportation headquarters . The grounds of Eagle Square shown here being readied for a church event . A view of the Millenium tower as seen from the Federal Secretariat just before sunset . The Federal Ministry of Finance Headquarters . The Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Headquarters of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation ( NNPC ) . INCAR Plaza . SEC Tower , home of the Securities and Exchange Commission . Parks and open areas ( edit ) Jabi lake Abuja is home to several parks and green areas with the largest one being Millennium Park . Millennium Park was designed by architect Manfredi Nicoletti and was officially opened by the United Kingdom 's Elizabeth II in December 2003 . Another open area park is located in Lifecamp Gwarimpa ; near the residence of the Minister of the Federal Capital Territory . The park is located on a slightly raised hilltop which contains sport facilities like Basketball and Badminton courts another park is the city park , it is located in wuse 2 and is home to numerous outdoor and indoor attractions such as a 4D cinema , astro - turf , lawn tennis court , paintball arena and a variety of restaurants . Bush bars ( edit ) Abuja has a variety of informal spaces known as `` Bush Bars '' that usually , though not always , include a covered area with tables and chairs where people can sit and have drinks ( alcoholic and non-alcoholic ) and sometimes there are snacks such as suya , grilled catfish , pounded yam , egusi soup and other small items available for purchase and they are located all over Abuja . Central business District ( edit ) Abuja 's Central District , also called Central Area , is a strip of land stretching from Aso Rock in the east to the National stadium and the Old City gate in the West.It is like the city 's spinal cord , dividing it into the northern sector with Maitama and Wuse , and the southern sector with Garki and Asokoro . While each district has its own clearly demarcated commercial and residential sectors , the Central District is the city 's principal Business Zone , where practically all parastatals and multinational corporations have their offices . An attractive area in the Central District is the region known as the Three Arms Zone , so called because it houses the administrative offices of the executive , legislative and judicial arms of the federal government . A few of the other sites worth seeing in the area are the federal secretariats alongside Shehu Shagari Way , Aso Hill , the Abuja Plant Nursery , Eagle Square ( which has important historic significance , as it was in this grounds that the present democratic dispensation had its origin on 29 May 1999 ) and in which all subsequent Presidential Inauguration ceremonies have taken place . The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is situated across Shehu Shagari Way facing the Eagle Square . This section is usually closed to traffic during the annual Armed Forces Remembrance Day ceremonies that is observed on 15 January . The National Mosque and National Church of Nigeria are opposite each other on either side of Independence Avenue . A well - known government office is the Ministry of Defense , colloquially nicknamed `` Ship House '' . Also located here is the yet - to - be-completed National Square , Millennium tower and Nigeria Cultural Centre multi-functional complex . Garki District ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The NICON Luxury hotel is located in Area 11 . The Garki District is the area in the southwest corner of the city , having the Central District to the north and the Asokoro District to the east . The district is subdivided into units called `` Areas '' . Garki uses a distinctive naming convention of `` Area '' to refer to parts of Garki . These are designated as Areas 1 to 11 . Garki II is used to differentiate the area from Garki Area 2 . Visitors may find this system confusing . Garki is presently the principal business and administrative district of Abuja . Numerous buildings of interest are in this area . Some of them include the General Post Office , Abuja International Conference Centre along the busy Herbert Maculay Way , Nicon Luxury Hotel ( formally known as Abuja Sofitel Hotel and Le Meridian ) , Agura Hotel and Old Federal Secretariat Complex Buildings ( Area 1 ) . A new five - star hotel , Hawthorn Suites Abuja , is in Garki . Area 2 is mainly used for residential purposes , although a zoological garden as well as a small shopping Centre are to be found here as well . Several banks and other commercial offices are located along Moshood Abiola Way in Area 7 . The headquarters of the Nigerian Armed Forces -- Army , Airforce and Navy -- is located on Muhammadu Buhari Way in the Garki District . The tallest building in this district is the Radio House located at the Area 11 sector , which houses the Federal Ministry of Information and Communications , the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria ( FRCN ) and Voice of Nigeria ( VON ) . The Nigerian Television Authority ( NTA ) stations and corporate headquarters are also in Garki . The Federal Capital Development Authority ( FCDA ) which oversees and runs the Administration of the Federal Capital Territory has its offices in Garki . The Office of the Minister of the Federal Capital Territory , Abuja is in Area 11 . This is the location of the Federal Capital Development Authority and other administrative buildings . A popular sub-neighbourhood here is found in the vicinity of Gimbiya street , because it has the unique characteristic of being a purely administrative zone on weekdays , while transforming into a purely entertainment zone on weeknights and weekends . A view of Gimbiya Street in Area 11 of Garki The ' City Centre ' is a new community mall located along Gimbiya street in Area 11 . Other places of note include the Cyprian Ekwensi Arts & Culture Centre and The Nigerian Police Mobile Force CID ( Criminal Investigation Department ) headquarters in Area 10 . The Abuja Municipal Area Council , which is the local government administration has its headquarters in Area 10 . The new United States Embassy is in the Diplomatic Zone which adjoins Garki . Wuse District ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wuse District is the northwestern part of the city , with the Maitama District to its north and the Central District to its south . The District is numbered Zones 1 -- 6 . The Wuse Market is Abuja 's principal market . The second most important post office in the city is here . This district houses the Sheraton Hotel and Towers ( Zone 4 ) , Grand Ibro International hotel , the Federal Road Safety Corps Headquarters ( Zone 3 ) , Nigerian Customs Services Headquarters , Federal Civil Service Commission ( Zone 3 ) , National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration ( NAFDAC ) ( Zone 7 ) , Wuse General Hospital , and the Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation . Just as Garki District has Garki II , Wuse has Wuse II . This is distinct from Wuse Zone 2 . Maitama District ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Millennium Park in Maitama District Maitama District is to the north of the city , with the Wuse and Central Districts lying to its southwest and southeast respectively . This area is home to the top bracket sections of society and business , and has the reputation of being very exclusive and very expensive . Interesting buildings include the Transcorp Hilton Hotel , Nigerian Communications Commission Headquarters ( NCC ) , National Universities Commission ( NUC ) , Soil Conservation Complex , and Independent National Electoral Commission ( INEC ) . The British High Commission is located along Aguiyi Ironsi Way , in Maitama . Also , the Maitama District Hospital is another notable building in Maitama . Maitama District is home to many of the European and Asian embassies . Asokoro District ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Asokoro District , the doyen of the districts , houses all of the state 's lodges / guest houses . The ECOWAS secretariat is a focal point of interest . Asokoro is to the east of Garki District and south of Central District . It is one of the most exclusive districts of Abuja and houses virtually all of the federal cabinet ministers as well as most of the diplomatic community in the city ; in addition , the Presidential Palace ( commonly referred to as the Aso Rock ) is in Asokoro District . By virtue of this fact , Asokoro is the most secure area of the city . Gwarimpa District ( edit ) Gwarimpa is the last district in the Abuja Municipal Area Council . It is a 20 - kilometre ( 12 mi ) drive from the central district and contains the largest single housing estate in Nigeria , the Gwarimpa Housing Estate . The estate was built by the administration of General Sani Abacha and is the largest of its kind in Africa . It provides residence for the majority of the civil servants in federal ministries and government parastatals . The ECOWAS Court has an official quarters for the President and Members of the Court in Gwarimpa . Durumi District ( edit ) Durumi District is located southwest of Abuja and is bordered by Garki Districts I and II to the northeast . Its borders are the Oladipo Diya Road to the southwest , the Nnamdi Azikiwe Express Way to the northeast , and Ahmadu Bello Way to the southeast . The American International School of Abuja is located in the Durumi District . Demographics ( edit ) At the 2006 census , the city of Abuja had a population of 776,298 , making it then the eighth most populous city in Nigeria . United Nations figures showed that Abuja grew by 139.7 % between 2000 and 2010 , making it the fastest growing city in the world . As of 2015 , the city is experiencing an annual growth of at least 35 % , retaining its position as the fastest - growing city on the African continent and one of the fastest - growing in the world . Conurbation ( edit ) Abuja has witnessed a huge influx of people into the city ; the growth has led to the emergence of satellite towns , such as Karu Urban Area , Suleja , Gwagwalada , Lugbe , Kuje and smaller settlements towards which the planned city is sprawling . The urban agglomeration centred upon Abuja had a population estimated at 2,440,000 in 2014 . The metropolitan area of Abuja was estimated in 2016 as six million persons , the country 's second most populous metro area . The city has a large and growing immigrant community consisting mainly of nationals from the ECOWAS sub-region . The city has been undergoing a rapid pace of physical development over the last fifteen years . Economy and infrastructure ( edit ) Postal system ( edit ) Abuja is served by the Nigerian Postal Service which maintains postal codes , street names and zones . Transportation ( edit ) Airport ( edit ) Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport is the main airport serving Abuja and the surrounding capital region . It was named after Nigeria 's first president , Nnamdi Azikiwe . The airport has international and domestic terminals . Highways ( edit ) A view of a section of the Outer Northern Expressway , ONEX ( Maitama Avenue intersection ) , with the IBB International Golf course to the right and the Nigerian Army Resource centre and Aso Rock to the left . Abuja is also linked to Nasarawa , Plateau , Benue and Northeast Nigeria by the A234 Federal Highway , which starts from the city as the Goodluck Jonathan expressway , some portions of which are still under construction . A direct highway link to Minna in Niger State is still under construction . The A2 expressway links Abuja with Kaduna in the north and Lokoja in the south . There are also other highway links with the outlying region , such as that linking the suburb of Dutse Alhaji with the Lower Usuma and Gurara Dams , which supply water to the city . Rail ( edit ) Abuja is on the route of the planned Lagos -- Kano Standard Gauge Railway , which has been completed between Abuja and Kaduna . Trains for Kaduna depart from the Idu Railway Station in Abuja . There is a car park at the train station for passengers traveling to the city centre . A light rail system is now under construction , including a station at Idu . Education ( edit ) Universities ( edit ) African Institute of Science and Technology Baze University Nigerian Turkish Nile University University of Abuja Veritas University National Open University of Nigeria Nile University International schools ( edit ) Whiteplains British School , Jabi American International School of Abuja Twin towns -- sister cities ( edit ) Toronto , Canada Buffalo , United States See also ( edit ) Centenary City Nigeria portal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Capital Territory ( Nigeria ) '' . City Population . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jaiyeola , Andrews . `` FCT Minister Harps on Development of Satellite Towns '' . ^ Jump up to : Demographia ( January 2015 ) . Demographia World Urban Areas ( PDF ) ( 11th ed . ) . Retrieved 2 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Define Abuja 's at Dictionary.com '' . dictionary.com . Random House , Inc . Retrieved 14 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life of poverty in Abuja 's wealth '' . news.bbc.co.uk . BBC News , Tuesday , 13 February 2007 . 2007 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Legal Notice on Publication of 2006 Census Final Results '' ( PDF ) . Policy and Legal Advocacy Centre . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 March 2013 . Retrieved 10 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` World 's Fastest Growing Cities are in Asia and Africa '' . Euromonitor. 2 March 2010 . Archived from the original on October 2015 . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 5 Cities To Do Business In Nigeria . ABUJA Is 2nd '' . Abuja Facts. 22 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 4 February 2016 . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Murray , Senan . `` Life of poverty in Abuja 's wealth . '' BBC . Tuesday 13 February 2007 . Retrieved on 12 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The New Federal Capital '' . fcda.gov.ng. 2018 . Jump up ^ Yusuf , Omotayo ( 1 October 2015 ) . `` # NigeriaAt55 : Top 5 Reasons Nigeria 's Capital Was Moved From Lagos To Abuja ( PHOTOS ) '' . Jump up ^ Yusuf , Omotayo ( 1 October 2015 ) . `` Why The Capital Was Moved From Lagos To Abuja '' . Naija.ng - Nigeria news . Jump up ^ Elleh , Nnamdi . Abuja , the single most ambitious urban design project of the 20th century . Jump up ^ `` World Bank Conference : African Regional Roundtable on Upgrading Low - income Settlements '' ( PDF ) . www.citiesalliance.org . World Bank , 3 -- 5 October 2000 , Johannesburg , South Africa , p. 16 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 10 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Resettlement Issues , Squatter Settlements and the Problems of Land Administration in Abuja , Nigeria 's Federal Capital '' ( PDF ) . fig.net . 5th FIG Regional Conference Accra , Ghana , 8 -- 11 March 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Polgreen , Lydia ( 13 December 2006 ) . `` In a Dream City , a Nightmare for the Common Man '' . nyt.com . New York Times , 13 December 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Abuja Nigeria Tourist Information '' . Touristlink.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ World Weather Information Service - Abuja , World Meteorological Organization . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FCT Poll : Pdp Wins 5 of 6 Area Councils '' . Nigerian Voice. 18 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How Nigeria is shared under Jonathan '' . Vanguard News . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Contact Us '' . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeremy . `` Sunday , August 27 , 2006 Abuja bush bars '' . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nigerian Suya Recipe : For Nigerians in Diaspora '' . Copyright © 2013 allnigerianrecipes.com -- All Rights Reserved . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Independence Avenue '' . Wikimapia.org. 2012 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Ship House '' . Wikimapia.org. 2012 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Durumi ( Abuja ) Nigeria / Abuja Federal Capital Territory / Zubo / Abuja '' . wikimapia.org/ . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Abuja F.C.C. Developed Districts '' . Nairaland.com . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American International School '' . Google+ . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American International School , Abuja '' . American International School of Abuja . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome To Nigerian Postal Service ! '' . Nipost.gov.ng . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Agabi , Chris ( 23 June 2016 ) . `` NRC begins Abuja - Kaduna daily free train service '' . Daily Trust . External links ( edit ) Media related to Abuja at Wikimedia Commons Abuja official website Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Abuja . Articles related to Abuja Abuja Districts Central District Garki District Wuse District Maitama District Asokoro District Gwarimpa DIstrict Phase 1 : Central Garki I Wuse I Wuse II Garki II Asokoro Maitama Guzape Phase 2 : Kukwuaba Gudu Durumi Wuye Jabi Utako Mabuchi Jahi Kado Dakibiyu Kaura Duboyi Gaduwa Dutse Katampe Phase 3 : Institution and Research Karmo Gwarimpa Dape Kafe Nbora Galadimawa Dakwo Lokogoma Wumba Idu Industrial Suburban districts : Nyanya Karu Gwagwalada Kubwa Jukwoyi Landmarks Aso Rock Presidential Complex National Assembly Supreme Court Abuja National Mosque Nigerian National Christian Centre Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport Zuma Rock Millennium Tower CBN headquarters , NNPC towers Abuja International Conference Centre Nigerian Communications Commission building National Library of Nigeria Castle of Law National Ecumenical Centre of Nigeria Abuja Stadium Ecowas Secretariat Ladi Kwali Pottery Centre National Arbotetum I.B.B. Golf Club Pedam Dam The World Trade Centre Universities University of Abuja Nigerian Turkish Nile University Baze University The African University of Science and Technology Primary and secondary schools École Française Marcel Pagnol German School Abuja American International School of Abuja Whiteplains British School Capitals of African states Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics Abuja , Nigeria Accra , Ghana Addis Ababa , Ethiopia Algiers , Algeria Antananarivo , Madagascar Asmara , Eritrea Bamako , Mali Bangui , Central African Republic Banjul , Gambia Bissau , Guinea - Bissau Brazzaville , Rep. of the Congo Bujumbura , Burundi Cairo , Egypt Conakry , Guinea Dakar , Senegal Djibouti , Djibouti Dodoma , Tanzania El Aaiún ( claimed ) / Tifariti ( factual ) , Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Freetown , Sierra Leone Funchal , Madeira Gaborone , Botswana Harare , Zimbabwe Hargeisa , Somaliland Jamestown , St Helena , Ascension & Tristan da Cunha Juba , South Sudan Kampala , Uganda Khartoum , Sudan Kigali , Rwanda Kinshasa , D.R. Congo Libreville , Gabon Lilongwe , Malawi Lomé , Togo Luanda , Angola Lusaka , Zambia Malabo , Equatorial Guinea Mamoudzou , Mayotte Maputo , Mozambique Maseru , Lesotho Mbabane ( executive ) Lobamba ( legislative ) , Swaziland Mogadishu , Somalia Monrovia , Liberia Moroni , Comoros Nairobi , Kenya N'Djamena , Chad Niamey , Niger Nouakchott , Mauritania Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso Port Louis , Mauritius Porto - Novo , Benin Praia , Cape Verde Pretoria ( executive ) Cape Town ( legislative ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ) , South Africa Rabat , Morocco Saint - Denis , Réunion Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas , Canary Islands São Tomé , São Tomé and Príncipe Tripoli , Libya Tunis , Tunisia Victoria , Seychelles Windhoek , Namibia Yamoussoukro ( political ) Abidjan ( economic ) , Ivory Coast Yaoundé , Cameroon An unrecognised or partially - recognised nation British Overseas Territory Overseas region of France Autonomous region of Portugal Autonomous community of Spain All - Africa Games host cities 1965 : Brazzaville 1973 : Lagos 1978 : Algiers 1987 : Nairobi 1991 : Cairo 1995 : Harare 1999 : Johannesburg 2003 : Abuja 2007 : Algiers 2011 : Maputo 2015 : Brazzaville 2019 : Luanda Federal Capital Territory Territory capital : Abuja Local Government Areas Abaji Abuja Municipal Bwari Gwagwalada Kuje Kwali hide Largest cities in Nigeria Aba Abakaliki Abeokuta Abuja Ado Ekiti Akure Asaba Awka Bauchi Benin City Birnin Kebbi Calabar Dutse Eket Enugu Gombe Gusau Ibadan Ife Ikeja Ikot - Abasi Ikot Ekpene Ikoyi Ilorin Iseyin Iwo Jalingo Jimeta Jos Kaduna Kano Katsina Lafia Lagos Lokoja Maiduguri Makurdi Minna Nnewi Nsukka Ogbomosho Okene Onitsha Ondo City Oron Osogbo Owerri Owo Oyo Port Harcourt Potiskum Sokoto Suleja Umuahia Uyo Warri Wukari Yenagoa Yola Zaria GND : 4365226 - 8 LCCN : n82129670 VIAF : 243839696 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abuja&oldid=854266631 '' Categories : Abuja Capitals in Africa Federal Capital Territory ( Nigeria ) Local Government Areas in the Federal Capital Territory ( Nigeria ) Planned capitals Populated places in the Federal Capital Territory ( Nigeria ) Populated places established in the 1970s Cities in Nigeria Planned cities in Nigeria 1970s establishments in Nigeria Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2013 Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from May 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikivoyage Acèh Afrikaans Akan አማርኛ Arpetan Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego Gĩkũyũ 客家語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Igbo Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Ирон IsiXhosa Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Kongo Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Lingála Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Patois Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Kabɩyɛ Lingua Franca Nova 131 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 03 : 00 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the capital of nigeria moved to abuja	[ "Abuja (/əˈbuːdʒə/)[4] is the capital city of Nigeria located in the centre of the country within the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). It is a planned city and was built mainly in the 1980s,[5] replacing the country's most populous city of Lagos as the capital on 12 December 1991. Abuja's geography is defined by Aso Rock, a 400-metre (1,300 ft) monolith left by water erosion. The Presidential Complex, National Assembly, Supreme Court and much of the city extend to the south of the rock. Zuma Rock, a 792-metre (2,598 ft) monolith, lies just north of the city on the expressway to Kaduna.\n" ]	[ "12 December 1991" ]
6148022669973646492	Barney Rubble	Barney Rubble - wikipedia Barney Rubble This article is about the character from The Flintstones . For the song by The Twang , see Barney Rubble ( song ) . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Barney Rubble The Flintstones character First appearance The Flagstones ( 1959 ) Created by Hanna - Barbera Portrayed by Rick Moranis ( 1994 film ) Stephen Baldwin ( 2000 film ) Voiced by Daws Butler ( Pilot , 1959 , 1961 ) Mel Blanc ( 1960 -- 1989 ) Hamilton Camp ( The Flintstone Kids ) Frank Welker ( 1990 -- 2006 ) Jeff Bergman ( 1990 -- 2009 ) Kevin Michael Richardson ( 2001 -- present ) Scott Innes ( Toshiba commercial ) Brad Abrell ( 2011 commercials ) Stephen Stanton / Dave Coulier ( Robot Chicken ) Information Species Caveman Gender Male Occupation Unknown ( original series ) Police officer Crane operator Family Robert `` Bob '' Rubble ( father ) Flo Rubble ( mother ) Mr. Slate ( uncle ( ? ) ) Roxy Rubble ( adoptive granddaughter ) Chip Rubble ( adoptive grandson ) Dusty Rubble ( brother ) Pebbles Flintstone ( goddaughter / adoptive daughter - in - law ) Spouse ( s ) Betty Rubble ( wife ) Children Bamm - Bamm Rubble ( adopted son ) Barney Rubble is a fictional character who appears in the television animated series The Flintstones . He is the diminutive , blond - haired caveman husband of Betty Rubble and adoptive father of Bamm - Bamm Rubble . His best friend is his next door neighbor , Fred . Barney 's personality was based on that of Ed Norton on the 1950s television series The Honeymooners , played by Art Carney . Like Ralph Kramden on The Honeymooners , Fred was constantly on the lookout for get - rich - quick schemes , while Barney , like Norton , found life satisfactory as it was , but participated in said schemes because Fred was his friend . Usually after Fred had hatched one of his plans , Barney showed his agreement by laughing and saying , `` uh hee hee hee ... OK , Fred ! '' or `` hee hee hee ... whatever you say , Fred ! '' In early episodes , Barney had a New Jersey accent , but was soon changed to a deeper , more chuckle - like voice . In `` On the Rocks '' and the late 2000s his Jersey accent returns . Barney 's interests included bowling , playing pool , poker , tinkering around in Fred 's garage , and playing golf ( though in some episodes , Barney did not know how to play golf ) . He , like Fred , was also a member of the Loyal Order of Water Buffaloes lodge and its predecessor in earlier episodes , the Loyal Order of Dinosaurs . He is also a talented pianist and drummer . In the first episode of the original series , he was an inventor of a human - powered helicopter . Although clearly depicted as being in better shape than Fred , he is not shown to be quite as enthusiastic a sportsman as Fred is . This distinction can be attributed to Fred 's fondness for food , though Barney is shown to be almost as capable of excessive appetite on a number of occasions . Contents 1 Biography 2 Animated media 2.1 Television shows 2.2 Films and Specials 3 Portrayal 4 Appearances 5 References 6 External links Biography ( edit ) While the mid-1980s spinoff series The Flintstone Kids depicts Barney as a child , the series seems to be mostly apocryphal due to its presenting Barney as a childhood friend of Wilma and Betty ( versus the original series ' assertion that they first met as young adults ) . Still , the series ' assertions that Barney has at least one younger brother , Dusty , was a childhood friend of Fred , and was the son of artist Flo Rubble and car dealer Robert `` Honest Bob '' Rubble might be taken as valid . It is suggested in the original series that Barney grew up at 142 Boulder Avenue in Granitetown . The original series also suggested in one episode that Barney was the nephew of Fred 's boss , Mr. Slate , though subsequent episodes and spinoffs do not seem to support this claim . As young adults , Barney and Fred worked as bellhops at a resort , where they first met Wilma and Betty , who were working as cigarette girls . Eventually , Barney married Betty ( as Fred did Wilma ) . Several episodes and spinoffs suggest that Barney , along with Fred , spent some time in the army early in their marriages , though said references may be to Barney and Fred 's military service in the first - season episode `` The Astr'nuts . '' While the subject of Barney 's occupation ( or even if he had one ) was never given during the original series , the majority of subsequent spinoffs suggest at some point after the original series , Barney went to work at the Slate Rock and Gravel Company quarry alongside Fred as a fellow dino - crane operator . An early episode of the original series does have a brief scene of Barney working at the Granite Building . When speaking to an upper - crust snob in another episode , Betty declares Barney is in `` top - secret '' work , but that might have been a cover for a low - level job or unemployment , or perhaps an in - joke meaning that Barney 's job was unknown even to the show 's writers . It could also be possible that both Fred and Barney work at the quarry , but may work in different sections of it , under different bosses . In one episode , Barney 's boss tells him to `` put down his broom '' , which implies some sort of janitorial work is involved . Also , in season one , the first fifteen episodes or so , Barney 's voice , done by Mel Blanc sounded similar to Elmer Fudd . Later that season , Barney 's smart alecky personality was slowly toned down and Barney 's voice at times was like Elmer Fudd and other times in the same episode was Mel Blanc 's real voice . At the end of the first season , Mel Blanc nearly died in a car crash so for the first episodes made in the 61 - 62 season ( season 2 ) , Barney sounds more like Yogi Bear as he is voiced by Daws Butler . When Mel Blanc resumed the role , Barney 's voice was deeper as Mel used his actual voice from there on in . During the fourth season of the original series , Betty and Barney found an abandoned infant on their doorstep , by the name of `` Bam - Bam '' . A court battle ensued between the couple and a wealthy man who also had wanted to adopt Bam - Bam . Barney and Betty were successful in their efforts to adopt Bam - Bam because the wealthy man gave up ( after winning the case ) upon learning his wife became pregnant , after which he became a staple character on the series . For the next nine episodes ( though Bam - Bam aired on `` Kleptomaniac Pebbles '' in the opening scene teaser but not in the body of the episode but would return two episodes later ) after Bam - Bam 's debut , no sign of him is seen on the show . This was because , while `` Little Bam Bam '' was made after these episodes , it aired before . Once more episodes were made Bam - Bam aired regularly . In the fifth season , the family buys a pet hopparoo ( a combination of a kangaroo and dinosaur ) named Hoppy . When Bam - Bam grows into a teenager , Barney joined the Bedrock police force with Fred for a period of time as part - time officers . Both characters were paired with the Shmoo from Li'l Abner . He later became grandfather to Pebbles 's and Bam - Bam 's children , Chip and Roxy . Although Fred and Barney are best friends , Barney loses his patience with Fred occasionally . The best example comes in `` I Yabba - Dabba Do ! '' : after losing his patience with Fred for ruining Pebbles 's and Bam - Bam 's wedding , Barney decides to leave Bedrock . He changes his mind after Fred apologizes . Fred is often annoyed by Barney 's inveterate cheerfulness , but he does truly care for him . In the series ' original episodes until the end of season 5 , Barney 's eyes are drawn as ovals or ( occasionally ) dark circular outlines ( similar to Little Orphan Annie in her comics ) . In other episodes , and on all the season 6 ones , they are solid black , similar to Wilma 's eyes . On three occasions we see the whites of his eyes : in `` The Engagement Ring '' , `` Ventriloquist Barney '' , and `` A Haunted House Is Not a Home '' . In `` The Engagement Ring '' , we see Barney 's whites when Fred suggests that he spar with a fearsome boxer to earn enough money to buy Betty a belated engagement ring . In `` Ventriloquist Barney '' , he describes the terrifying facial features of wrestler Bronto Crushrock . In `` A Haunted House Is Not a Home '' , Barney frightens Fred by gargling in the bathroom too loudly , provoking Fred to hit Barney on the head . Animated media ( edit ) Television shows ( edit ) The Flagstones ( 1959 ) The Flintstones ( 1960 -- 1966 ) The Pebbles and Bamm - Bamm Show ( 1971 -- 1972 ) The Flintstone Comedy Hour ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Scooby 's All - Star Laff - A-Lympics ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Fred Flintstone and Friends ( 1977 -- 1978 ) The New Fred and Barney Show ( 1979 ) Fred and Barney Meet The Thing ( 1979 ) Fred and Barney Meet the Shmoo ( 1979 -- 1980 ) The Flintstone Comedy Show ( 1980 -- 1982 ) The Flintstone Funnies ( 1982 -- 1984 ) The Flintstone Kids ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Films and Specials ( edit ) Alice in Wonderland or What 's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This ? ( 1966 ) The Man Called Flintstone ( 1966 ) The Flintstones on Ice ( 1973 ) A Flintstone Christmas ( 1977 ) Hanna - Barbera 's All - Star Comedy Ice Revue ( 1978 ) The Flintstones : Little Big League ( 1978 ) Hanna - Barbera Educational Filmstrips -- featuring Bamm - Bamm Tackles a Term Paper , A Weighty Problem , Fire Alarm , Fire Escape and Driving Guide ( 1978 -- 1980 ) The Flintstones ' New Neighbors ( 1980 ) The Flintstones Meet Rockula and Frankenstone ( 1980 ) The Flintstones : Fred 's Final Fling ( 1980 ) The Flintstones : Wind - Up Wilma ( 1981 ) The Flintstones : Jogging Fever ( 1981 ) Yogi Bear 's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper ( 1982 ) The Flintstones ' 25th Anniversary Celebration ( 1986 ) The Jetsons Meet the Flintstones ( 1987 ) The Flintstone Kids ' `` Just Say No '' Special ( 1988 ) A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration : 50 Years of Hanna - Barbera ( 1989 ) I Yabba - Dabba Do ! ( 1993 ) Hollyrock - a-Bye Baby ( 1993 ) A Flintstone Family Christmas ( 1993 ) The Flintstones ( 1994 ) ( portrayed by Rick Moranis ) A Flintstones Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) ( playing as Bob Cragit ) The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas ( 2000 ) ( portrayed by Stephen Baldwin ) The Flintstones : On the Rocks ( 2001 ) ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) The Flintstones & WWE : Stone Age SmackDown ! ( 2015 ) Portrayal ( edit ) Mel Blanc was the principal voice of Barney Rubble , although Daws Butler ( who previously voiced Ned Morton , a mouse version of Ed Norton -- the inspiration for Barney Rubble -- in the Looney Tunes short The Honey - Mousers ) briefly assumed the role while Blanc recovered from a car wreck . Since Blanc 's death , Frank Welker , Jeff Bergman , Stephen Stanton , Kevin Michael Richardson , Brad Abrell , and Scott Innes have all performed the role . Hamilton Camp voiced Barney in The Flintstone Kids . In the 1994 live - action Flintstones movie , Barney was portrayed by Rick Moranis . In the 2000 prequel , The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas , he was portrayed by Stephen Baldwin . In a Toshiba commercial , he was voiced by Scott Innes . Appearances ( edit ) Barney has made cameo appearances on the show Dexter 's Laboratory , Family Guy , and Saturday Night Live , and in the movie Better Off Dead . In The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy episode `` A Grim Prophecy '' , Grim is shown as a child in the Stone Age , just starting his job as the Grim Reaper . He has a list of living things to reap , and visible on the list is `` B. Rubble '' , which could be either Barney or Betty . During the credits of Billy & Mandy 's Big Boogey Adventure it reveals what happened to some of the characters afterwards . In the picture shown when it says `` Creeper made a fortune selling time traveling pants , '' Creeper is shown warping into the Stone Age , appearing in front of three Neanderthals . They are apelike versions of Fred Flintstone , Wilma Flintstone , and Barney Rubble . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The Flintstone Comedy Show , 1980 - 82 , NBC Jump up ^ The Jetsons Meet the Flintstones , 1987 , syndication Jump up ^ A Flintstone Christmas Carol , 1994 , syndication ^ Jump up to : The Flintstone Kids , 1986 - 88 , ABC ^ Jump up to : Hollyrock - a-Bye Baby , A Flintstone Family Christmas , 1993 , ABC Jump up ^ Gitlin , Martin ( 7 November 2013 ) . `` The Greatest Sitcoms of All Time '' . Scarecrow Press . Retrieved 20 December 2016 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Hot Lips Hannigan , '' The Flintstones , season 1 Jump up ^ `` Fred 's New Boss , '' The Flintstones , season 3 Jump up ^ `` Bachelor Daze , '' The Flintstones , season 4 Jump up ^ `` The Babysitters , '' The Flintstones , season 1 Jump up ^ `` Little Bam - Bam , '' The Flintstones , season 4 Jump up ^ Mel Blanc Archived December 5 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) In `` The Flintstones '' what was Barney Rubble 's job ? The Flintstones Characters The Flintstones Fred Flintstone Wilma Flintstone Pebbles Flintstone Dino The Rubbles Barney Rubble Betty Rubble Bamm - Bamm Rubble Other characters Pearl Slaghoople Captain Caveman The Frankenstones The Great Gazoo The Gruesomes The Shmoo Locations Bedrock Television series The Flintstones ( 1960 -- 1966 ) The Pebbles and Bamm - Bamm Show ( 1971 -- 1972 ) The Flintstone Comedy Hour / The Flintstone Comedy Show ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Fred Flintstone and Friends ( 1977 -- 1978 ) The New Fred and Barney Show ( 1979 ) Fred and Barney Meet The Thing ( 1979 ) Fred and Barney Meet the Shmoo ( 1979 -- 1980 ) The Flintstone Comedy Show ( 1980 -- 1982 ) The Flintstone Funnies ( 1982 -- 1984 ) The Flintstone Kids ( 1986 -- 1988 ) Dino : Stay Out ! ( 1995 , part of The What a Cartoon ! Show ) Cave Kids ( 1996 ) Dino : The Great Egg - Scape ( 1997 , part of The What a Cartoon ! Show ) Yabba - Dabba Dinosaurs ! ( 2019 ) Television specials and films Alice in Wonderland or What 's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This ? ( 1966 ) The Flintstones on Ice ( 1973 ) Energy : A National Issue ( 1977 ) A Flintstone Christmas ( 1977 ) Hanna - Barbera 's All - Star Comedy Ice Revue ( 1978 ) The Flintstones : Little Big League ( 1978 ) The Flintstones Meet Rockula and Frankenstone ( 1980 ) The Flintstone Primetime Specials The Flintstones ' New Neighbors ( 1980 ) Fred 's Final Fling ( 1980 ) Wind - Up Wilma ( 1981 ) Jogging Fever ( 1981 ) Yogi 's First Christmas ( 1980 ) Yogi Bear 's All Star Comedy Christmas Caper ( 1982 ) The Flintstones ' 25th Anniversary Celebration ( 1986 ) The Jetsons Meet the Flintstones ( 1987 ) The Flintstone Kids ' `` Just Say No '' Special ( 1988 ) Hanna - Barbera 's 50th : A Yabba Dabba Doo Celebration ( 1989 ) I Yabba - Dabba Do ! ( 1993 ) Hollyrock - a-Bye Baby ( 1993 ) A Flintstone Family Christmas ( 1993 ) A Flintstones Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) The Flintstones : On the Rocks ( 2001 ) Theatrical films Animated The Man Called Flintstone ( 1966 ) Live - action The Flintstones ( 1994 ) The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas ( 2000 ) Direct - to - video films The Flintstones & WWE : Stone Age SmackDown ! ( 2015 ) Video games The Flintstones ( 1988 ) The Flintstones : The Rescue of Dino & Hoppy ( 1991 ) The Flintstones ( 1993 ) The Flintstones : Surprise at Dinosaur Peak ( 1993 ) The Flintstones : The Treasure of Sierra Madrock ( 1994 ) The Flintstones ( 1994 / 1995 ) The Flintstones : Bedrock Bowling ( 2000 ) Comics The Flintstones ( 2016 ) Other media Meet the Flintstones Pinball Pebbles cereal Flintstones Chewable Vitamins The Funtastic World of Hanna - Barbera ( 1990 ) See also The Jetsons Hanna - Barbera Founders William Hanna Joseph Barbera Original productions The Atom Ant / Secret Squirrel Show Birdman and the Galaxy Trio Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels CB Bears The Flintstones The Funky Phantom Grape Ape Hong Kong Phooey Huckleberry Hound Jabberjaw The Jetsons Jonny Quest Loopy De Loop Magilla Gorilla The Hanna - Barbera New Cartoon Series Peter Potamus Quick Draw McGraw The Ruff and Reddy Show Scooby - Doo Smurfs Snorks Space Ghost Tom and Jerry Top Cat Yogi Bear Wacky Races Amusement attractions Hanna -- Barbera Land The Funtastic World of Hanna - Barbera Comics Hanna - Barbera Beyond Other media Films Video games See also Characters List of Scooby - Doo media Flintstones family tree Zeke Flintstone Ed Flintstone Edna Hardrock Flintstone Ricky Slaghoople Pearl Pebble Slaghoople Frederick Joseph `` Fred '' Flintstone Wilma Pebbles Flintstone ( nee Slaghoople ) Barney Rubble Betty Jean Rubble ( nee McBricker ) Pebbles Flintstone Bamm - Bamm Rubble Roxy Rubble Chip Rubble Notes : ^ Jump up to : `` World 's Largest List of Flintstones Characters '' . TheCorporateCounsel.net . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Edna Flintstone -- The Flintstone Kids '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Inyxception Enterprises , Inc . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barney_Rubble&oldid=863812892 '' Categories : The Flintstones characters Cereal advertising characters Television sidekicks Fictional characters introduced in 1959 Fictional police officers Animated human characters Male characters in animation Tobacco advertising characters Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from August 2018 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Português Română Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 13 October 2018 , at 06 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who did the voice of fred flintstone and barney rubble	[]	[]
-3659750446200118512	Cold-pressed juice	Cold - pressed juice - wikipedia Cold - pressed juice Cold - pressed juices Cold - pressed juice refers to juice that uses a hydraulic press to extract juice from fruit and vegetables , as opposed to other methods such as centrifugal or single auger . Without pasteurization or high - pressure processing ( HPP ) , cold - pressed juices can be stored in a refrigerator for up to five days , depending on the acidity of the juice and other factors . This type of juice has been commercially produced for decades , but has gained public popularity since 2013 . In general , these juices are more expensive than other types of juices , as they are made from 100 % fruit and vegetables without any added ingredients . It has been reported that a 12 - ounce bottle could cost as much as US $12 . Contents 1 History 2 Manufacturing process 3 Industry 4 High cost 5 Laws and regulations 6 See also 7 References History ( edit ) Cold - pressed juices have been in production for several decades , but started to gain popularity in the late 2000s as a way to support juice cleanses . Celebrities such as Gwyneth Paltrow and Kim Kardashian bolstered its popularity . The initial use of cold - pressed juices for juice cleanses evolved into mainstream use , and the industry rapidly expanded in the early to mid-2010s . Manufacturing process ( edit ) Making cold - pressed juice is a two - step process . The first stage is to shred the fruits and vegetables into a pulp . Typically the shredding process uses a steel rotating disc . Produce is loaded into a large hopper feeding tube and typically falls into a filter bag . The second process is the hydraulic press ; this exposes the shredded produce to extreme pressures between two plates . The pressure causes the juice and water content from the produce to drip into a collection tray ( gastronorm ) below , leaving behind the fibre content in the filter bag . The fibre left behind is generally composted , recycled in food products or discarded . The industry standard hydraulic cold - press technology with vertical pressing layers was invented by Dale E. Wettlaufer in 1983 . Vertical press layers with open - top cloth bags allow for faster loading and emptying of the press , compared to the classic rack - and - cloth method which involved wrapping layers of ground fruit in cloth . After extracting juice from fruits and vegetables , the juice may be consumed raw , or the manufacturer may choose to put the juice through a preservation method such as HPP in order to extend shelf life and kill potentially harmful microorganisms . The HPP process allows the juice to be stored for about 30 days . Industry ( edit ) Starting with Liquiteria in 1996 , cold - pressed juice bars first emerged in New York City and have since spread internationally . Though the size of the cold - pressed juice industry is not independently tracked , the 2013 estimates ranged from US $1.6 billion to US $3.4 billion . High cost ( edit ) Cold - pressed juices could cost US $10 for a 16 - ounce bottle , and as high as US $12 for a 12 - ounce bottle . The high cost has been attributed to the manufacturing process which uses an HPP machine that may cost from US $800,000 to over US $2 million . Alternatively , the incremental cost of toll processing could range from US $0.25 -- US $0.45 per bottle , not including transport . Laws and regulations ( edit ) There are laws and regulations governing the production and distribution of raw juice that vary widely by region . In the United States , the US Food and Drug Administration prohibits wholesale distribution of raw juice , stating that it may only be sold directly to consumers . In order to sell juice wholesale , the juice must undergo a process that achieves a `` 5 log reduction in bacterial plate count . '' The process must reduce the amount of microorganisms by 100,000 times . There are several processes available that can achieve a 5 - log reduction including heat pasteurization and ultraviolet light filtering , but the most common process in the cold - pressed juice industry is HPP . Juice manufacturers may also have to organize an approved HACCP ( Hazard Analyses Critical Control Points ) plan . In a HACCP plan , the manufacturer must identify at which points in the manufacturing process the juice may become contaminated , and how to regularly test and confirm that the juice is not being contaminated . The manufacturer must keep log books available for health inspectors if requested . Nutritional labeling requirements must be followed in some regions , including the US , where the nutrition facts label must state nutritional content , ingredients and the manufacturer . See also ( edit ) Fruit press Pascalization References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Amidor , Toby ( 8 August 2014 ) . `` Cold - Pressed Juice : Is it Worth the Hype ? '' . U.S. News & World Report LP . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why Your Cold - Pressed Juice Is So Expensive '' . TheHuffingtonPost.com , Inc. 7 March 2014 . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gordinier , Jeff ( 16 April 2013 ) . `` The Juice - Bar Brawl '' . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hallock , Betty ( 15 June 2013 ) . `` Cold - pressed juice , hot in L.A. '' Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 29 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Latif , Ray ( 12 September 2013 ) . `` The Juice Uprising '' . BevNET.com . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Wettlaufer , Dale E. , `` Method and press for pressing liquid from thin layers of liquid containing masses '' Jump up ^ Goodnature Products , Inc. ( 2016 - 12 - 16 ) , Goodnature 40th Anniversary Video , retrieved 2017 - 01 - 21 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) , Wettlaufer , Dale E. , `` Method and press for pressing liquid from thin layers of liquid containing masses '' Jump up ^ Colao , J.J. ( 22 January 2014 ) . `` Suja Juice : The Unlikely Team That 's Building The Country 's Fastest Growing Beverage Company '' . Forbes . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fresh Fast Food Juice Beverages Offer Healthy Drink Options - QSR magazine '' . Qsrmagazine.com . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nutrition , Center for Food Safety and Applied . `` Juice - Guidance for Industry : The Juice HACCP Regulation - Questions & Answers '' . www.fda.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Nutrition , Center for Food Safety and Applied . `` Juice - Guidance for Industry : The Juice HACCP Regulation - Questions & Answers '' . www.fda.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Nutrition , Center for Food Safety and Applied . `` Juice - Guidance for Industry : Juice HACCP Hazards and Controls Guidance First Edition ; Final Guidance '' . www.fda.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Goodnature ( 2014 - 07 - 16 ) . `` HACCP and SSOP example for cold pressed juice - Goodnature '' . Goodnature . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Nutrition , Center for Food Safety and Applied . `` Labeling & Nutrition - Food Labeling Guide '' . www.fda.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 21 . Juice List of juices Fruit juice Apple Coconut Cranberry Cucumber Grape Grapefruit Lemon ( Lemonade ) Orange Pineapple Pomegranate Raspberry Tomato Vegetable juice Carrot Turnip Turmeric Vegetable Animal juice Clam juice See also Cold - pressed juice Hemp juice Wheatgrass Juice fasting Juicer fruit press Juicing Smoothie Juice portal Category : Fruit juice Category : Vegetable juice Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold-pressed_juice&oldid=863727649 '' Categories : Juice Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2018 , at 16 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the meaning of cold pressed juice	[]	[]
768675520948963380	List of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory characters	List of Charlie and the Chocolate factory characters - wikipedia List of Charlie and the Chocolate factory characters Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following is a list of characters in the Roald Dahl book Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator , and the former 's film adaptations , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Willy Wonka 2 Charlie Bucket 3 Grandpa Joe 4 Augustus Gloop 5 Violet Beauregarde 6 Veruca Salt 7 Mike Teavee 8 Arthur Slugworth 9 Mr. Turkentine 10 Prince Pondicherry 11 Oompa - Loompas 12 Vermicious Knids 13 Other characters 13.1 Portrayed in other media 14 References Willy Wonka ( edit ) Willy Wonka First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Gene Wilder ( 1971 ) Johnny Depp ( 2005 ) Voiced by James Arnold Taylor ( 2005 video game ) JP Karliak ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male Main article : Willy Wonka In the novels and films , Willy Wonka is the odd owner of an extremely prosperous chocolates factory . The inciting action of the story occurs when Wonka holds a contest , hiding five Golden Tickets within the wrappers of confectionery bars , promising their discoverers a tour of his factory and a lifelong supply of his creations . Implications stand in all three versions that he allows four of his five finalists to disgrace themselves , in hope that one does not . In the book , Wonka is described by Roald Dahl as having a goatee and `` marvelously '' bright eyes , a high and `` flutey '' voice , a face `` alight of fun and laughter '' , and quick little jerky movements `` like a squirrel '' . He is enthusiastic , eccentric , charming , talkative , and friendly , but at times insensitive , and has been given to glossing criticisms of himself . In the 1971 film Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory , he is portrayed by Gene Wilder . While his personality remains generally the same as in the original , he is more melancholy here , and frequently quotes books and poems , including William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet ( `` Is it my soul that calls upon my name ? '' ) or John Masefield 's `` Sea Fever '' ( `` All I ask is a tall ship and a star to steer her by '' ) , and the famous `` Candy is dandy , but liquor is quicker '' from `` Reflections on Ice Breaking '' by Ogden Nash , among many others . Toward the end of the film , he tests protagonist Charlie 's conscience by pretending to deny him any reward , but assumes an almost paternal role when Charlie proves honest . And as Charlie places the gobstopper on Wonka 's desk , Wonka declares Charlie the winner and apologies for his anger and tell him to meet his assistant Mr. Wilkinson ( known earlier as `` Slugworth '' ) . He explains they had to test him and Charlie passed . As they go to the Wonkavator , Wonka tells Charlie that the real grand prize is the entire chocolate factory and makes Charlie Bucket the new owner of the Willy Wonka Chocolate factory ( as Willy Wonka retires ) , and the entire family can move in and live there . Wonka also reminds Charlie not to forget about the man who suddenly gets everything he ever wanted : he lives happily ever after . In the 2005 film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , he is portrayed by Johnny Depp . In this version , a back - story was added that Willy Wonka 's father ( being a dentist ) would not let him eat sweets because of the potential risk to his teeth , and that the young Wonka left home to become a chocolatier . The conflict was so bad on young Wonka ( portrayed by Blair Dunlop ) , that he took no interest in the kids when they arrived and could n't even say the word `` parent '' . He later gains a soft spot for Charlie and offers him a spoon from the chocolate river . Toward the end of the film , Charlie reconciles the two . Charlie Bucket ( edit ) Charlie Bucket Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Peter Ostrum ( 1971 ) Freddie Highmore ( 2005 ) Voiced by Freddie Highmore ( 2005 video game ) Lincoln Melcher ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male Family Joe Bucket ( grandfather ) Josephine Bucket ( grandmother ) Nathan Bucket ( father ) Hellen Bucket ( mother ) George Bucketass ( grandfather ) Georgina Bucketass ( grandmother ) Charlie Bucket is a title character and the protagonist of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , its sequel Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator , and the film adaptations of these books . He is depicted as a kind - hearted , nice , selfless , sweet , brave , but poor boy that lives with his mother , father and his four grandparents . In 1971 , he has a newspaper route after school . He and his family follow the progress of the hunt for the Golden Tickets in newspapers , in films , and on television . Unlike the first four finalists , Charlie is honest and generous . In the 1971 film , Charlie was portrayed by Peter Ostrum , in his only film appearance . His nationality is never explicitly stated , but in the 1971 film , he speaks with an American accent , and in the 2005 film , he speaks with an English accent . The filmmakers have stated that it was their intention that Charlie 's hometown be kept ambiguous . In the novel , at the end of the tour , Wonka declares Charlie heir to the factory for his refusal of vice , and Charlie 's family are permitted to move into the factory . In the 1971 film , Charlie wins the factory when he returns an Everlasting Gobstopper given to him by Wonka , thereby passing Wonka 's moral test . In the 2005 film , Wonka initially refuses to allow Charlie 's family to join them in the factory , and Charlie rejects Wonka 's offer . When Charlie helps Wonka reconcile with his father , the family move into the factory and Charlie becomes Wonka 's partner . Grandpa Joe ( edit ) Grandpa Joe Bucket Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Jack Albertson ( 1971 ) David Kelly ( 2005 ) Nigel Planer , Barry James ( 2013 ) John Rubinstein ( 2017 ) Voiced by David Kelly ( 2005 video game ) Jess Harnell ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male Family Josephine Bucket ( wife ) Nathan Bucket ( son ) Hellen Bucket ( daughter - in - law ) Charlie Bucket ( grandson ) Grandpa Joe is one of Charlie 's four bed - ridden grandparents . He is usually stubborn , senile , and paranoid , but still kind , caring , grandfatherly , excitable , and supportive . He tells Charlie ( and the reader ) the story of Willy Wonka 's chocolate factory and the mystery of the secret workers . When Charlie finds the Golden Ticket , Grandpa Joe leaps out of bed in joy , and later accompanies Charlie on the factory tour . In the sequel book , Grandpa Joe accompanies Charlie , Willy Wonka , and all members of Charlie 's family in the Great Glass Elevator and assists the rescue of the Commuter Capsule from the Vermicious Knids . Grandpa Joe 's age is given as `` ninety - six and a half '' in `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory '' , making him the eldest of Charlie 's grandparents , but in the musical , it is stated he is almost ninety and a half . The character was played by Jack Albertson in the 1971 film adaptation Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory . In this film , he is often excitable , paranoid , stubborn and appears anxious that Charlie won the contest , and becomes angry when Charlie is dismissed without reward , despite the fact that they both violated the rules by stealing Fizzy Lifting Drinks and not following the tour , which indicated that Charlie violated the contract , unaware that Wonka had found out what they had done . He tells Charlie that he expects him to find all five Golden Tickets and most certainly expects Charlie to find one when he receives a Wonka Bar for his birthday . The character was played by David Kelly in the 2005 film adaptation , Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . Veteran actor Gregory Peck was originally selected to play the role , but he died in 2003 before filming began . This version of the character is written as more calm than the 1971 version . An original backstory to Grandpa Joe 's past was added to Tim Burton 's film , wherein it is said that Joe worked for Wonka until the latter fired all his workers from his factory due to constant corporate espionage by rival confectionery manufacturers . When he returns to the factory with Charlie for the tour , Wonka asks if he was a spy working for a competing factory before he humbly welcomes him back . Augustus Gloop ( edit ) Augustus Gloop Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Michael Bollner ( 1971 ) Philip Wiegratz ( 2005 ) Voiced by Philip Wiegratz ( 2005 video game ) Rachel Butera ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male Family Gretta Gloop ( mother ) Harold Gloop ( father ) Nationality German Augustus Gloop is an obese , greedy , gluttonous boy , the first person to find a Golden Ticket and one of the four main antagonists of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . He hails from fictitious Dusselheim , Germany in the 1971 film , and Düsseldorf , Germany in the 2005 film . His mother takes great pride in his gluttonous eating and seems to enjoy the attention of the media . In the novel and both films , he is portrayed as `` enormously fat '' . Augustus is the first to be removed from the tour : while drinking from the Chocolate Room 's Chocolate River , he accidentally falls into the river and is drawn through a pipe to the factory 's Fudge Room . His parents are summoned to retrieve him from the mixing - machine . In the book , he is depicted leaving the factory , having lost most of his weight , and covered in melted chocolate . In the 1971 film , despite eating constantly , he has decent table manners , is not as obese as he is in the book , and is polite to Charlie and the other finalists . He is portrayed by Michael Bollner in this film . Since Bollner could not speak fluent English at the time of the film 's production , the 1971 Augustus has fewer lines and less screen time . In the 2005 film , Augustus is always shown consuming chocolate . He has a binge eating disorder and often has food smeared on his face . He is a bully towards Charlie in the one instance when they interact , as Augustus offers Charlie a bite of his Wonka Bar and then retracts it , saying Charlie should have brought some himself . As in the book , he is shown leaving the factory toward the end of the story ; but in this version , he is his normal size , licking his fingers to remove the adherent chocolate he is still coated in . The actor , Philip Wiegratz , wore a fat suit for the production . In the book , both of Augustus 's parents accompany him to the factory . Both film versions contradict this , however , and have only his mother go with him . In the 2013 London musical , Augustus Gloop is known as `` the Bavarian Beefcake '' in his Alpine community . His mother and father indulge his eating habits with sweets and pieces of sausage of which they ( and sometimes Augustus ) butcher themselves . In his number , `` More of Him to Love '' , Frau Gloop reveals that she had vital organs removed to retrieve Augustus from the womb . They arrive at the factory wearing traditional Eastern European clothing , with Augustus in a red , argyle sweater and green shorts . When Augustus falls into the chocolate river Wonka summons the diversionary pumping system to divert the flow , while Oompa Loompas dressed in red boiler suits sing , `` Auf Wiedersehen Augustus Gloop '' , as they prepare the chocolate , while Augustus travels through the main industrial pipe , occasionally getting stuck . Violet Beauregarde ( edit ) Violet Beauregarde Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Denise Nickerson ( 1971 ) AnnaSophia Robb ( 2005 ) Voiced by AnnaSophia Robb ( 2005 video game ) Dallas Lovato ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Female Family Scarlett Beauregarde ( mother ) Sam Beauregarde ( father ) Nationality American Violet Beauregarde is the third person to find a Golden Ticket , and one of the four main antagonists of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . She is the vain , self - centered , snobby , and gum - obsessed child . Violet chews gum obsessively and boasts that she has been chewing the same piece `` for three months solid '' , a world record which Violet proclaims was previously held by her best friend Cornelia Prinzmetel . She is also aggressively competitive , prideful and has won trophies for gum chewing . In the 1971 film , she is shown to be from Miles City , Montana , while in the 2005 film , she is from Atlanta , Georgia . When Wonka shows the group around the Inventing Room , he stops to display a new type of gum he is working on . The gum doubles as a three - course meal which is composed of tomato soup , roast beef and baked potato , and blueberry pie and ice cream . Violet is intrigued and , despite Wonka 's protests , snatches and chews the gum . She is delighted by its effects but , when she reaches the dessert , blueberry pie , her skin starts turning a somewhat blue color and her body begins to swell up , filling with juice . Eventually , Violet 's head , legs , and arms get sucked into her gigantic body , but she is still mobile and is able to waddle . When her swelling stops , she resembles a round blueberry , causing Wonka to have the Oompa - Loompas roll her to the Juicing Room to have the juice squeezed out of her in fear she may explode . She is last seen leaving the factory with the other children , restored to her normal size but with indigo skin like of a blueberry . Wonka says there is nothing that can be done to change Violet 's skin back to its original pigment . In the 1971 film , Violet is impatient , arrogant , self - centered , vain , and impulsive . She is accompanied by her father , Sam Beauregarde , a fast - talking car salesman who tries to advertise his business during Violet 's television interview . She demeans Cornelia Prinzmetel more than she did in the book . She was polite to everyone , except for Veruca . She has a notable rivalry with Veruca Salt , with whom she persistently argues . Her blueberry form is relatively small , and her hair color remains unchanged . Violet is informed that she must be juiced immediately before she explodes and is last seen en route to the Juicing Room , with her father following her . In the 2005 film , Violet has a rude , impatient and competitive personality . Aside from gum - chewing , she also has many other interests that reflect her obsession with always winning , such as karate . She is accompanied by her single mother , Scarlett Beauregarde ( a former baton champion herself ) whose own competitive personality appears to have had an influence on her daughter , as Scarlett expresses pride over Violet 's 263 trophies and medals . Cornelia Prinzmetel was not mentioned in this film . Violet is also shown to be anti-social and bullying when she briefly insults Charlie , snatching a piece of confectionery from his hand and calling him a loser when he tries to interact with her . She turns blue , although her lips remain red , and swells up into a 10 - foot blueberry before being rolled off to the Juicing Room by the Oompa Loompas to prevent her from bursting . Violet is shown leaving the factory gymnastically cartwheeling as a consequence of her increased flexibility , which she is actually happy about , although her mother is less than pleased with her daughter 's permanently indigo color . In the 2013 Sam Mendes London musical , Violet Beauregarde is portrayed as an African - American , Californian fame - hungry wan na - be , with her agent / father Eugene Beauregarde parlaying her mundane talent of gum chewing into celebrity status , with multitude of endorsements including her own TV show , line of perfume , and a clothing boutique franchise . Her theme is called `` The Double - Bubble Duchess '' . It is revealed that Violet 's chewing `` skill '' was picked up when she was a baby and her mom tried to get her to stop talking all the time . Violet and her father are escorted by an entourage to the factory entrance . Violet comes dressed in a sparkly purple and pink disco jumper and a pink backpack . Upon swelling in the influence of the experimental gum ( which consisted of tomato soup , roast chicken , potatoes and gravy , Fizzy Orange , cheese and crackers and blueberry pie ) , she panics and runs away as the Oompa Loompas break into an disco number , `` Juicy '' , and roller skate along the stage as Violet lifts into the air , resembling a giant purple disco - ball . Mr. Beauregarde phones his lawyer excitedly , with intent to profit from Violet 's new size , until Violet explodes . Wonka 's only reassurance of her survival is the prospect of rescuing the pieces and de-juicing them . In the Broadway version , the song `` Juicy '' is cut out ( the only child - exit song to be cut from the London version ) , and Violet instead becomes a blueberry and explodes in the background while Wonka explains how he met the Ooompa - Loompas to the group . Veruca Salt ( edit ) Veruca Salt Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Julie Dawn Cole ( 1971 ) Julia Winter ( 2005 ) Voiced by Julia Winter ( 2005 video game ) Emily O'Brien ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Female Family Diane Salt ( mother ) Robert Salt ( father ) Nationality British Veruca Salt is a greedy , demanding , manipulative and stingy brat and one of the four main antagonists of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . She demands every single thing she wants ( and more ) , the second person to find a Golden Ticket , the third eliminated from the tour . A selfish , rotten brat who shows her wealthy family no mercy and has absolutely no regard for other people 's property , Veruca frequently pesters her parents to purchase a variety of different objects for her . In the 2005 film , it is revealed that she owns a pony , two dogs , four cats , six rabbits , two parakeets , three canaries , a parrot , a turtle , and a hamster , totalling up to 21 pets . But when she interferes with the trained squirrels used by Willy Wonka to select the best nuts to bake into chocolate bars , she is judged as a `` bad nut '' by the squirrels and discarded into the adjacent ' garbage chute ' and her parents follow . All three are later seen leaving the factory `` covered in garbage '' . Her nationality was never specified in Dahl 's novel , but she hails from an upper - class family in the United Kingdom in both films . In the 1971 film adaptation , Veruca has a fiery temper , rudely demands various desires nonstop , brags about her wealth , and chastises anyone who questions her . In this film it is not squirrels but geese that lay special golden chocolate - filled eggs for Easter , one of which she demands as a new pet . She and Violet , in this film , bicker on two occasions . Veruca is eliminated at the end of her musical number in the film ( `` I Want it Now '' ) after climbing a machine designed to tell whether or not the geese 's eggs are `` good '' or `` bad '' eggs , and it judges her as a bad one . Her father then follows and is also deemed bad . In the Tom and Jerry version of the 1971 film , Veruca and her father manage to escape the furnace right before it ignites while trapping Tom inside . Veruca demands to be taken home and have her father make her a different chocolate factory , but Mr. Salt finally decides to discipline her as the near - death experience seems to have finally gotten to him . In the 2005 film adaptation , Veruca 's elimination remains virtually the same as in the book , with only a few changes made . Her demeanor is less vehement , but more obnoxious , compared to the 1971 version . When she leaves the factory ( covered in trash ) , she demands a facsimile of the Great Glass Elevator . However , her father , having learned a good parenting lesson from the Oompa - Loompas and finally realizing how much he has spoiled her , sternly tells her that she will only be getting a bath that day instead , and shoots her a fierce glare for trying to argue any further . In the 2013 Sam Mendes London musical , Veruca Salt is a British billionaire 's daughter , dressed in a pink ballerina tutu and baby seal fur coat - `` clubbed and tickled pink '' . Her father , Sir Robert Salt , is portrayed as a spineless dolt for giving his daughter her wishes . In the Nut Sorting Room , Veruca runs foul of the nut - testing squirrels who deem her a ' bad nut ' when she tries to steal one . This summons oversized squirrels with Oompa Loompas riding on their backs . They sing a nightmarish ballet `` Veruca 's Nutcracker Sweet '' that concludes with Veruca and her father sent down the garbage chute . In the Broadway version , Veruca 's nationality is changed to Russian , and the squirrels tear her apart limb by limb , but Wonka assures the group that the Ooompa - Loompas will be able to put her back together . Mike Teavee ( edit ) Mike Teavee Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Paris Themmen ( 1971 ) Jordan Fry ( 2005 ) Voiced by Jordan Fry ( 2005 video game ) Lauren Weisman ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male Family Paloma Teavee ( mother ) Norman Teavee ( father ) Nationality American Mike Teavee , a boy that does nothing but watch television , the fourth Golden Ticket finder , and one of the four main antagonists of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory . He was described as adorned with eighteen toy pistols that he ' fires ' while watching gangsters on TV . He is bad - tempered , slothful but also intelligent . How he found his Golden Ticket is never explained in the book or 1971 film as he is too absorbed in his television viewing to talk to the press about it . In the 2005 film , he does have an explanation on how he found the Golden Ticket : he used an algorithm to find it as an intellectual exercise . In the book , both of Mike 's parents tour the factory with him . During a display of miniaturization technology , used to transport chocolate , Mike shrinks himself to a tiny size , Willy Wonka has an Oompa - Loompa take the Teavee family to the Gum - Stretcher Room to get Mike stretched back to normal . Mike is last seen exiting the factory , now 10 ft ( 3 m ) tall because the Oompa - Loompas overstretched him . After he got shrunk when his parents lament that he wo n't be able to attend school , Mike happily says he can continue watching TV . His angry father then blames the TV for Mike 's poor behavior and decides to unplug it and throw it out the window when they get home , much to Mike 's displeasure . In the 1971 film , Mike is played by Paris Themmen and his surname is spelled `` Teevee '' in the credits . Mike is nine years old and accompanied to the factory by his high - strung mother . He 's from Arizona , enjoys Western films and wears cowboy attire . He makes constant references to television shows throughout the factory tour and comes across as somewhat of a know - it - all . Although easily annoyed , he does not have any major anger issues and gets along relatively well with the other kids . In the 2005 film , 13 - year - old Mike 's ( portrayed by Jordan Fry ) interests are updated to the Internet and video games ( especially gory first - person shooters ) , in addition to television viewing . In this version , he is from Denver , Colorado , and is portrayed as more disrespectful . Whenever he says something critical of Wonka 's company , or his ideas , Wonka reacts as if Mike is mumbling , even though he does not . He is able to find the Golden Ticket by using math and logic , though he admits he does not even like chocolate . When Mike demands to know why candy is pointless , Charlie tries to reason with him , saying candy does n't have to have a point . After the incident in the Television Chocolate room , Willy Wonka has an Oompa - Loompa take Mr. Teavee and Mike to the Taffy - Puller Room to have Mike stretched back to normal . When Mike and his father are later seen leaving the factory , Mike is 10 ft ( 3 m ) tall as well as incredibly thin and flat . In the 2013 Sam Mendes London musical , Mike Teavee ( now age 10 ) lives in a suburban neighborhood with his disinterested father Norman Teavee and neurotic , alcoholic mother , Doris Teavee . Their opening number , `` It 's Teavee Time ! '' has Mrs. Teavee presenting her family as a normal , functioning household , downplaying Mike 's violent tendencies like setting a cat on fire , chloroforming a nurse , and stealing a German tank . In the Department of the Future , where Wonka transmits chocolate by television , Mike anxiously jumps into the machine and transmits himself , much to his mother 's horror . Wonka summons the monitors to see on which channel Mike has ended , as the Oompa Loompas rave around the room , singing , ' Vidiots ' . Near the end , Mrs. Teavee joins the rave , as they conclude that Mike still has a future on ' Mike.com ' . When Mike is shrunk as a result of the transporter , Mrs. Teavee happily takes him home as he can no longer cause trouble and she can take care of him like when he was a baby . In the Broadway version of the musical , lyrics in Mike 's song and some of Mike 's mannerisms reference president Donald Trump . Arthur Slugworth ( edit ) Arthur Slugworth Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Günter Meisner ( 1971 ) Phil Philmar ( 2005 ) Voiced by Mick Wingert ( Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory ) Information Gender Male In the book , Arthur Slugworth is one of Willy Wonka 's rival chocolatiers . Slugworth , along with Wonka 's other rivals Mr. Fickelgruber and Mr. Prodnose , sent in spies to steal the secret recipes to Wonka 's treats , which he plagiarized , nearly ruining Wonka 's factory . After Wonka re-opens his factory ( operated exclusively by Oompa - Loompas ) , Slugworth is never heard from again , but it is stated that Fickelgruber would give each of his front teeth to enter Wonka 's inventing room ( laboratory / chocolate room in the book ) for three minutes . Slugworth has a much larger role as an enigmatic villain in the 1971 film . Inside Bill 's Candy Shop , Wonka 's products and signs are the most visible ; but Slugworth 's Sizzlers are also prominent , and one is even sold to a child . Also seen are signs for Fickelgruber 's candy . Grandpa Joe describes Slugworth as the worst of Wonka 's rivals . As each Golden Ticket is found , a sinister man approaches the finder and whispers something into his or her ear . After Charlie finds the last ticket , the same man approaches Charlie as well , introduces himself as Arthur Slugworth , and bribes the child to bring him one piece of the newly invented ' Everlasting Gobstopper ' , allowing him to plagiarize the formula and prevent the future invention from ruining his business . Two of the children ( Veruca and Mike ) respond to Slugworth 's bribe ; but Charlie , when tempted , returns the Everlasting Gobstopper to Wonka . Wonka eventually reveals that the tempter is not Slugworth , but his own employee Mr. Wilkinson , and that his offer was a moral test of character . Slugworth / Wilkinson was played by Günter Meisner , a West German actor . Slugworth only makes a split - second appearance in Tim Burton 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory where he alongside Mr. Ficklegruber and Mr. Prodnose are sending spies to steal ingredients from Wonka 's factory . He is here played by Philip Philmar . In the Tom and Jerry version of the 1971 film , Slugworth is the main antagonist , instead of an enigmatic villain . When he first meets Charlie , he sings a cover of Veruca 's song , `` I Want it Now ! '' and also sings it as a duet with Veruca during her downfall . He teams up with Spike to steal a Gobstopper from the factory , but the two are thwarted by Charlie , Tom , and Jerry . Despite being more emphasized as a villain , he is still revealed to be Wonka 's employee Mr. Wilkinson much to Tom & Jerry 's dismay . Nevertheless , the cat and mouse get the last word on Slugworth / Wilkinson ( and Spike ) by shrinking them with the Wonkavision tech . Mr. Turkentine ( edit ) Mr. Turkentine is Charlie Bucket 's school teacher and appears in the first film in 1971 , but not in the book or the 2005 film . He has an odd sense of humor , which he uses to express knowledge . He asks Charlie to assist him in making a medicine using several scientific elements for the class but the project is interrupted due to the frantic golden ticket search for Willy Wonka . Mr. Turkentine when hearing the news about the golden tickets during the project dismisses the class and runs out . Later when it is revealed that all the tickets have supposedly been found ending with a Paraguayan millionaire he decides to use Wonka bars as an example to teach his class about percentages . He uses a few students as examples for the class , including Charlie . Charlie however reveals that he only opened two Wonka bars during the search and so to help make it easier for his class , he decides to pretend Charlie opened 200 . Mr. Turkentine is played by British actor David Battley . Prince Pondicherry ( edit ) Prince Pondicherry Charlie and the Chocolate Factory character First appearance Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Created by Roald Dahl Portrayed by Nitin Ganatra ( 2005 ) Information Gender Male Prince Pondicherry is a prince who lives in India . He appears in the third chapter of the novel when Grandpa Joe is telling Charlie a story . In the story , Willy Wonka makes him a chocolate palace in India , that melts in the hot weather , as he had rejected Willy Wonka 's advice to eat it before it melted in the heat . His name derives from the city of Pondicherry ( officially spelled Puducherry since 2006 ) in southeastern India . He is absent from the 1971 film version , but makes a brief appearance in Tim Burton 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , where he is played by Nitin Ganatra . His story here matches that in the book , except in depicting his wife ( Shelley Conn ) and stating that the Prince demanded a second palace , but was refused . Oompa - Loompas ( edit ) Oompa - Loompas are small humans who would end up being preyed upon by the various predators that also reside in Loompaland before Wonka invited them to work at his factory and are paid in their favorite food , cocoa beans , which were extremely rare on their island . The Oompa - Loompas are also mischievous , loving practical jokes and singing songs which , according to Wonka , they are very good at improvising . They sing at the end of each child 's demise . In early editions of the novel , the Oompa - Loompas ( originally called `` Whipple - Scrumpets '' before publication ) are shown as African pygmies before Dahl rewrote them to be white - skinned and golden haired . In both editions , despite working in the factory , Oompa - Loompas insist on maintaining their native clothing : men wear skins , women wear leaves , and children wear nothing . In the 1971 film , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory , they were written to be played by actors with dwarfism and are portrayed as orange - skinned , green - haired men in striped shirts and baggy lederhosen - like pants . Prominent portrayers : Angelo Muscat , Rusty Goffe , George Claydon , Rudy Borgstaller , Jo Kilkenny , Andy Wilday , Malcolm Dixon , Ismed Hassan , Norman Mcglen , Pepe Poupee , Marcus Powell , and Albert Wilkinson . In the 2005 film , the Oompa - Loompas are all played by Deep Roy and are virtually identical . They wear their tribal clothing during their time in Loompaland , and typical factory worker uniforms in Wonka 's Factory . Some of the female Oompa - Loompas , like Doris , work in the administration offices . Vermicious Knids ( edit ) Vermicious Knids are a fictional species of amorphous aliens that invade the Space Hotel `` U.S.A. '' in Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator . They are also mentioned in the 1971 feature film adaptation , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory , but here are mentioned only as predators of the Oompa - Loompas . In the book , Vermicious Knids are huge , dark , egg - shaped predators who swallow their victims whole , and are capable of surviving , operating , and traveling faster than light , in the vacuum of space . Although normally oviform , they can assume any shape at will , while retaining their native texture and features . They originate ( according to Mr. Wonka ) on the planet Vermes , a fictional planet located ( in dialogue ) 184,270,000,000 miles ( 2.9655 × 10 kilometres ) from Earth ( 52 times Pluto 's distance ) . In the presence of victims , they can not resist shaping themselves to spell the word `` SCRAM '' ( the only word they know ) before they attack . In Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator , a swarm of Knids take possession of the new Space Hotel `` U.S.A. '' . When the transport capsule brings the staff to the Space Hotel , the Knids consume some of the staff , and the survivors retreat to the capsule . There , the Knids bludgeon the capsule with their own bodies , until its retro - rockets are useless ; whereupon Wonka , Charlie , and Grandpa Joe connect the capsule to the Elevator , in hope of towing it to Earth , and one Knid wraps itself around the Elevator while the others form a chain , intending to draw the Elevator and capsule to their home planet . The Elevator then returns to Earth , and the Knids are incinerated in Earth 's atmosphere . When Nestle created their interpretation of Wonka 's world to sell chocolate bars under the name `` Wonka '' , they released a number of downloadable flash games , wherein Knids seem to have entered the factory and have the appearance of flying green blobs with single red eyes . The etymology of the name was not provided by Dahl . Pronunciation of Knid is said in the book to approximate adding a schwa between the `` K '' and `` nid '' , or in Dahl 's words , `` K'nid '' . Cnidaria is the name of the taxonomic phylum containing stinging aquatic invertebrates such as jellyfish and coral , itself derived from the classical Greek word for nettle , κνίδη . Vermicious is a real word , meaning `` worm like '' . The Vermicious Knids are also mentioned in other Dahl stories , including James and the Giant Peach ( where the New York Police Department misidentify Miss Spider as one ) and The Minpins . Other characters ( edit ) Portrayed in other media ( edit ) Name 1971 film 2005 film Mrs. ( Hellen ) Bucket Diana Sowle Helena Bonham Carter Mr. ( Nathan ) Bucket Deceased Noah Taylor Mrs. ( Gretta ) Gloop Ursula Reit Franziska Troegner Mr. ( Harold ) Gloop Kurt Großkurth ( uncredited ) Harry Taylor Mrs. ( Paloma ) Teavee Dodo Denney Cameo ( uncredited ) Mr. ( Norman ) Teavee Michael Goodliffe Adam Godley Mrs. ( Scarlett ) Beauregarde Cameo ( uncredited ) Missi Pyle Mr. ( Sam ) Beauregarde Leonard Stone Absent Mrs. ( Diane ) Salt Pat Coombs ( uncredited ) Francesca Hunt Mr. ( Robert ) Salt Roy Kinnear James Fox Grandma Josephine Franziska Liebing ( uncredited ) Eileen Essell Grandma Georgina Dora Altmann ( uncredited ) Liz Smith Grandpa George Ernst Ziegler ( uncredited ) David Morris Shopkeeper Aubrey Woods Oscar James Dr. Wilbur Wonka Absent Christopher Lee Winkelmann Peter Stuart Absent Newscaster Steve Dunne ( uncredited ) Todd Boyce Tinker Peter Capell Absent Mr. Joepack Werner Heyking Absent Computer Scientist Tim Brooke - Taylor ( uncredited ) Absent Auctioneer Frank Delfino ( uncredited ) Absent Prodnose Absent Criss Cresswell Ficklegruber Absent Tony Kirwood Young Willy Wonka Absent Blair Dunlop Princess Pondicherry Absent Shelley Conn Narrator Absent Geoffrey Holder References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Siddique , Haroon ( 13 September 2017 ) . `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory hero ' was originally black ' '' . Theguardian.com . Jump up ^ Kelly , Helen ( 25 January 2016 ) . `` You wo n't believe what Charlie and the Chocolate Factory 's Mike Teavee looks like now ... '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Chryl Corbin . `` Deconstructing Willy Wonka 's Chocolate Factory : Race , Labor , and the Changing Depictions of the Oompa - Loompas '' ( PDF ) . Ourenvironment , berkely.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Hephzibah . `` The dark side of Roald Dahl '' . Bbc.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Slate , Jeff . `` CHARLIE AND THE CHOCOLATE FACTORY 50 YEARS LATER '' . Esquire . Retrieved 16 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Goffe , Rusty ( 27 July 2005 ) . `` My life as an Oompa Loompa : ' Willy Wonka was my first and favourite film ' '' . Theguardian.com . ( hide ) Roald Dahl 's Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Books Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator Films Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory Charlie and the Chocolate Factory soundtrack Tom and Jerry : Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory Characters Willy Wonka Theater Roald Dahl 's Willy Wonka ( 2004 musical ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2013 musical ) The Golden Ticket Music Charlie and the Chocolate Factory : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Pure Imagination '' `` The Candy Man '' Miscellaneous The Ride Video games Wonka Bar Everlasting Gobstopper Primus & the Chocolate Factory with the Fungi Ensemble The Willy Wonka Candy Company Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory_characters&oldid=842406563 '' Categories : Willy Wonka characters Lists of literary characters Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from September 2016 All articles needing rewrite Articles with multiple maintenance issues Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 22 May 2018 , at 07 : 25 . 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About Wikipedia	who is the little boy in charlie and the chocolate factory	[ "\n\nCharlie Bucket\n\n\nCharlie and the Chocolate Factory character\n\n\nFirst appearance\nCharlie and the Chocolate Factory\n\n\nCreated by\nRoald Dahl\n\n\nPortrayed by\nPeter Ostrum (1971)\nFreddie Highmore (2005)\n\n\nVoiced by\nFreddie Highmore (2005 video game)\nLincoln Melcher (Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory)\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nGender\nMale\n\n\nFamily\nJoe Bucket (grandfather) Josephine Bucket (grandmother) Nathan Bucket (father) Hellen Bucket (mother) George Bucketass (grandfather) Georgina Bucketass (grandmother)\n\n", "\n\nCharlie Bucket\n\n\nCharlie and the Chocolate Factory character\n\n\nFirst appearance\nCharlie and the Chocolate Factory\n\n\nCreated by\nRoald Dahl\n\n\nPortrayed by\nPeter Ostrum (1971)\nFreddie Highmore (2005)\n\n\nVoiced by\nFreddie Highmore (2005 video game)\nLincoln Melcher (Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory)\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nGender\nMale\n\n\nFamily\nJoe Bucket (grandfather) Josephine Bucket (grandmother) Nathan Bucket (father) Hellen Bucket (mother) George Bucketass (grandfather) Georgina Bucketass (grandmother)\n\n" ]	[ "Peter Ostrum", "Freddie Highmore" ]
-2487039497046266390	Benzodiazepine	Benzodiazepine - wikipedia Benzodiazepine `` Benzo '' redirects here . For the derivative drug of benzofuran , see Benzofury . Benzodiazepines The core structure of benzodiazepines . `` R '' labels denote common locations of side chains , which give different benzodiazepines their unique properties . Pronunciation : / ˌbɛnzoʊdaɪˈæzəpiːn / Benzodiazepine List of benzodiazepines Benzodiazepine overdose Benzodiazepine dependence Benzodiazepine misuse Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome Effects of long - term benzodiazepine use Benzodiazepines ( BZD , BZs ) , sometimes called `` benzos '' , are a class of psychoactive drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring . The first such drug , chlordiazepoxide ( Librium ) , was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955 , and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann -- La Roche , which , since 1963 , has also marketed the benzodiazepine diazepam ( Valium ) . In 1977 benzodiazepines were globally the most prescribed medications . They are in the family of drugs commonly known as minor tranquilizers . Benzodiazepines enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma - aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) at the GABA receptor , resulting in sedative , hypnotic ( sleep - inducing ) , anxiolytic ( anti-anxiety ) , anticonvulsant , and muscle relaxant properties . High doses of many shorter - acting benzodiazepines may also cause anterograde amnesia and dissociation . These properties make benzodiazepines useful in treating anxiety , insomnia , agitation , seizures , muscle spasms , alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures . Benzodiazepines are categorized as either short - , intermediate - , or long - acting . Short - and intermediate - acting benzodiazepines are preferred for the treatment of insomnia ; longer - acting benzodiazepines are recommended for the treatment of anxiety . Benzodiazepines are generally viewed as safe and effective for short - term use , although cognitive impairment and paradoxical effects such as aggression or behavioral disinhibition occasionally occur . A minority of people can have paradoxical reactions such as worsened agitation or panic . Benzodiazepines are also associated with increased risk of suicide . Long - term use is controversial because of concerns about adverse psychological and physical effects , decreasing effectiveness , and physical dependence and withdrawal . As a result of adverse effects associated with the long - term use of benzodiazepines , withdrawal from benzodiazepines often leads to improved physical and mental health . The elderly are at an increased risk of suffering from both short - and long - term adverse effects , and as a result , all benzodiazepines are listed in the Beers List of inappropriate medications for older adults . There is controversy concerning the safety of benzodiazepines in pregnancy . While they are not major teratogens , uncertainty remains as to whether they cause cleft palate in a small number of babies and whether neurobehavioural effects occur as a result of prenatal exposure ; they are known to cause withdrawal symptoms in the newborn . Benzodiazepines can be taken in overdoses and can cause dangerous deep unconsciousness . However , they are less toxic than their predecessors , the barbiturates , and death rarely results when a benzodiazepine is the only drug taken . When combined with other central nervous system ( CNS ) depressants such as alcoholic drinks and opioids , the potential for toxicity and fatal overdose increases . Benzodiazepines are commonly misused and taken in combination with other drugs of abuse . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical uses 1.1 Panic disorder 1.2 Generalized anxiety disorder 1.3 Insomnia 1.4 Seizures 1.5 Alcohol withdrawal 1.6 Anxiety 1.7 Other indications 2 Contraindications 2.1 Pregnancy 2.2 Elderly 3 Adverse effects 3.1 Cognitive effects 3.2 Paradoxical effects 3.3 Long - term worsening of psychiatric symptoms 3.4 Reinforcement disorders 3.4. 1 Tolerance 3.4. 2 Withdrawal symptoms and management 3.5 Controversial associations 3.5. 1 Dementia 3.5. 2 Infections 3.5. 3 Cancer 3.5. 4 Pancreatitis 4 Overdose 5 Interactions 6 Pharmacology 6.1 Mechanism of action 6.2 Pharmacokinetics 7 Chemistry 7.1 Common types 8 History 9 Society and culture 9.1 Legal status 9.2 Recreational use 10 Veterinary use 11 References 12 External links Medical uses ( edit ) Midazolam 1 & 5 mg / mL injections ( US ) See also : List of benzodiazepines Benzodiazepines possess sedative , hypnotic , anxiolytic , anticonvulsant , muscle relaxant , and amnesic actions , which are useful in a variety of indications such as alcohol dependence , seizures , anxiety disorders , panic , agitation , and insomnia . Most are administered orally ; however , they can also be given intravenously , intramuscularly , or rectally . In general , benzodiazepines are well - tolerated and are safe and effective drugs in the short term for a wide range of conditions . Tolerance can develop to their effects and there is also a risk of dependence , and upon discontinuation a withdrawal syndrome may occur . These factors , combined with other possible secondary effects after prolonged use such as psychomotor , cognitive , or memory impairments , limit their long - term applicability . The effects of long - term use or misuse include the tendency to cause or worsen cognitive deficits , depression , and anxiety . The College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia recommends discontinuing the usage of benzodiazepines in those on opioids and those who have used them long term . Benzodiazepines can have serious adverse health outcomes , and these findings support clinical and regulatory efforts to reduce usage , especially in combination with non-benzodiazepine receptor agonists . Panic disorder ( edit ) Because of their effectiveness , tolerability , and rapid onset of anxiolytic action , benzodiazepines are frequently used for the treatment of anxiety associated with panic disorder . However , there is disagreement among expert bodies regarding the long - term use of benzodiazepines for panic disorder . The views range from those that hold that benzodiazepines are not effective long - term and that they should be reserved for treatment - resistant cases to those that hold that they are as effective in the long term as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors . The American Psychiatric Association ( APA ) guidelines note that , in general , benzodiazepines are well tolerated , and their use for the initial treatment for panic disorder is strongly supported by numerous controlled trials . APA states that there is insufficient evidence to recommend any of the established panic disorder treatments over another . The choice of treatment between benzodiazepines , SSRIs , serotonin -- norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors , tricyclic antidepressants , and psychotherapy should be based on the patient 's history , preference , and other individual characteristics . Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are likely to be the best choice of pharmacotherapy for many patients with panic disorder , but benzodiazepines are also often used , and some studies suggest that these medications are still used with greater frequency than the SSRIs . One advantage of benzodiazepines is that they alleviate the anxiety symptoms much faster than antidepressants , and therefore may be preferred in patients for whom rapid symptom control is critical . However , this advantage is offset by the possibility of developing benzodiazepine dependence . APA does not recommend benzodiazepines for persons with depressive symptoms or a recent history of substance abuse . The APA guidelines state that , in general , pharmacotherapy of panic disorder should be continued for at least a year , and that clinical experience support continuing benzodiazepine treatment to prevent recurrence . Although major concerns about benzodiazepine tolerance and withdrawal have been raised , there is no evidence for significant dose escalation in patients using benzodiazepines long - term . For many such patients stable doses of benzodiazepines retain their efficacy over several years . Guidelines issued by the UK - based National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ( NICE ) , carried out a systematic review using different methodology and came to a different conclusion . They questioned the accuracy of studies that were not placebo - controlled . And , based on the findings of placebo - controlled studies , they do not recommend use of benzodiazepines beyond two to four weeks , as tolerance and physical dependence develop rapidly , with withdrawal symptoms including rebound anxiety occurring after six weeks or more of use . Nevertheless , benzodiazepines are still prescribed for long - term treatment of anxiety disorders , although specific antidepressants and psychological therapies are recommended as the first - line treatment options with the anticonvulsant drug pregabalin indicated as a second - or third - line treatment and suitable for long - term use . NICE stated that long - term use of benzodiazepines for panic disorder with or without agoraphobia is an unlicensed indication , does not have long - term efficacy , and is , therefore , not recommended by clinical guidelines . Psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy are recommended as a first - line therapy for panic disorder ; benzodiazepine use has been found to interfere with therapeutic gains from these therapies . Benzodiazepines are usually administered orally ; however , very occasionally lorazepam or diazepam may be given intravenously for the treatment of panic attacks . Generalized anxiety disorder ( edit ) Benzodiazepines have robust efficacy in the short - term management of generalized anxiety disorder ( GAD ) , but were not shown effective in producing long - term improvement overall . According to National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ( NICE ) , benzodiazepines can be used in the immediate management of GAD , if necessary . However , they should not usually be given for longer than 2 -- 4 weeks . The only medications NICE recommends for the longer term management of GAD are antidepressants . Likewise , Canadian Psychiatric Association ( CPA ) recommends benzodiazepines alprazolam , bromazepam , lorazepam , and diazepam only as a second - line choice , if the treatment with two different antidepressants was unsuccessful . Although they are second - line agents , benzodiazepines can be used for a limited time to relieve severe anxiety and agitation . CPA guidelines note that after 4 -- 6 weeks the effect of benzodiazepines may decrease to the level of placebo , and that benzodiazepines are less effective than antidepressants in alleviating ruminative worry , the core symptom of GAD . However , in some cases , a prolonged treatment with benzodiazepines as the add - on to an antidepressant may be justified . A 2015 review found a larger effect with medications than talk therapy . Medications with benefit include serotonin - noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors , benzodiazepines , and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors . Insomnia ( edit ) Temazepam ( Normison ) 10 mg tablets Benzodiazepines can be useful for short - term treatment of insomnia . Their use beyond 2 to 4 weeks is not recommended due to the risk of dependence . The Committee on Safety of Medicines report recommended that where long - term use of benzodiazepines for insomnia is indicated then treatment should be intermittent wherever possible . It is preferred that benzodiazepines be taken intermittently and at the lowest effective dose . They improve sleep - related problems by shortening the time spent in bed before falling asleep , prolonging the sleep time , and , in general , reducing wakefulness . However , they worsen sleep quality by increasing light sleep and decreasing deep sleep . Other drawbacks of hypnotics , including benzodiazepines , are possible tolerance to their effects , rebound insomnia , and reduced slow - wave sleep and a withdrawal period typified by rebound insomnia and a prolonged period of anxiety and agitation . The list of benzodiazepines approved for the treatment of insomnia is fairly similar among most countries , but which benzodiazepines are officially designated as first - line hypnotics prescribed for the treatment of insomnia varies between countries . Longer - acting benzodiazepines such as nitrazepam and diazepam have residual effects that may persist into the next day and are , in general , not recommended . Since the release of nonbenzodiazepines in 1992 in response to safety concerns , individuals with insomnia and other sleep disorders have increasingly been prescribed nonbenzodiazepines ( 2.3 % in 1993 to 13.7 % of Americans in 2010 ) , less often prescribed benzodiazepines ( 23.5 % in 1993 to 10.8 % in 2010 ) . It is not clear as to whether the new nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics ( Z - drugs ) are better than the short - acting benzodiazepines . The efficacy of these two groups of medications is similar . According to the US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality , indirect comparison indicates that side - effects from benzodiazepines may be about twice as frequent as from nonbenzodiazepines . Some experts suggest using nonbenzodiazepines preferentially as a first - line long - term treatment of insomnia . However , the UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence did not find any convincing evidence in favor of Z - drugs . NICE review pointed out that short - acting Z - drugs were inappropriately compared in clinical trials with long - acting benzodiazepines . There have been no trials comparing short - acting Z - drugs with appropriate doses of short - acting benzodiazepines . Based on this , NICE recommended choosing the hypnotic based on cost and the patient 's preference . Older adults should not use benzodiazepines to treat insomnia unless other treatments have failed . When benzodiazepines are used , patients , their caretakers , and their physician should discuss the increased risk of harms , including evidence that shows twice the incidence of traffic collisions among driving patients , and falls and hip fracture for older patients . Seizures ( edit ) Prolonged convulsive epileptic seizures are a medical emergency that can usually be dealt with effectively by administering fast - acting benzodiazepines , which are potent anticonvulsants . In a hospital environment , intravenous clonazepam , lorazepam , and diazepam are first - line choices . In the community , intravenous administration is not practical and so rectal diazepam or buccal midazolam are used , with a preference for midazolam as its administration is easier and more socially acceptable . When benzodiazepines were first introduced , they were enthusiastically adopted for treating all forms of epilepsy . However , drowsiness and tolerance become problems with continued use and none are now considered first - line choices for long - term epilepsy therapy . Clobazam is widely used by specialist epilepsy clinics worldwide and clonazepam is popular in the Netherlands , Belgium and France . Clobazam was approved for use in the United States in 2011 . In the UK , both clobazam and clonazepam are second - line choices for treating many forms of epilepsy . Clobazam also has a useful role for very short - term seizure prophylaxis and in catamenial epilepsy . Discontinuation after long - term use in epilepsy requires additional caution because of the risks of rebound seizures . Therefore , the dose is slowly tapered over a period of up to six months or longer . Alcohol withdrawal ( edit ) Chlordiazepoxide is the most commonly used benzodiazepine for alcohol detoxification , but diazepam may be used as an alternative . Both are used in the detoxification of individuals who are motivated to stop drinking , and are prescribed for a short period of time to reduce the risks of developing tolerance and dependence to the benzodiazepine medication itself . The benzodiazepines with a longer half - life make detoxification more tolerable , and dangerous ( and potentially lethal ) alcohol withdrawal effects are less likely to occur . On the other hand , short - acting benzodiazepines may lead to breakthrough seizures , and are , therefore , not recommended for detoxification in an outpatient setting . Oxazepam and lorazepam are often used in patients at risk of drug accumulation , in particular , the elderly and those with cirrhosis , because they are metabolized differently from other benzodiazepines , through conjugation . Benzodiazepines are the preferred choice in the management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome , in particular , for the prevention and treatment of the dangerous complication of seizures and in subduing severe delirium . Lorazepam is the only benzodiazepine with predictable intramuscular absorption and it is the most effective in preventing and controlling acute seizures . Anxiety ( edit ) Benzodiazepines are sometimes used in the treatment of acute anxiety , as they bring about rapid and marked or moderate relief of symptoms in most individuals ; however , they are not recommended beyond 2 -- 4 weeks of use due to risks of tolerance and dependence and a lack of long - term effectiveness . As for insomnia , they may also be used on an irregular / `` as - needed '' basis , such as in cases where said anxiety is at its worst . Compared to other pharmacological treatments , benzodiazepines are twice as likely to lead to a relapse of the underlying condition upon discontinuation . Psychological therapies and other pharmacological therapies are recommended for the long - term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder . Antidepressants have higher remission rates and are , in general , safe and effective in the short and long term . Other indications ( edit ) Benzodiazepines are often prescribed for a wide range of conditions : They can be very useful in intensive care to sedate patients receiving mechanical ventilation or those in extreme distress . Caution is exercised in this situation due to the occasional occurrence of respiratory depression , and it is recommended that benzodiazepine overdose treatment facilities should be available . Benzodiazepines are effective as medication given a couple of hours before surgery to relieve anxiety . They also produce amnesia , which can be useful , as patients may not remember unpleasantness from the procedure . They are also used in patients with dental phobia as well as some ophthalmic procedures like refractive surgery ; although such use is controversial and only recommended for those who are very anxious . Midazolam is the most commonly prescribed for this use because of its strong sedative actions and fast recovery time , as well as its water solubility , which reduces pain upon injection . Diazepam and lorazepam are sometimes used . Lorazepam has particularly marked amnesic properties that may make it more effective when amnesia is the desired effect . Benzodiazepines are well known for their strong muscle - relaxing properties and can be useful in the treatment of muscle spasms , although tolerance often develops to their muscle relaxant effects . Baclofen or tizanidine are sometimes used as an alternative to benzodiazepines . Tizanidine has been found to have superior tolerability compared to diazepam and baclofen . Benzodiazepines are also used to treat the acute panic caused by hallucinogen intoxication . Benzodiazepines are also used to calm the acutely agitated individual and can , if required , be given via an intramuscular injection . They can sometimes be effective in the short - term treatment of psychiatric emergencies such as acute psychosis as in schizophrenia or mania , bringing about rapid tranquillization and sedation until the effects of lithium or neuroleptics ( antipsychotics ) take effect . Lorazepam is most commonly used but clonazepam is sometimes prescribed for acute psychosis or mania ; their long - term use is not recommended due to risks of dependence . Further research investigating the use of benzodiazepines alone and in combination with antipsychotic medications for treating acute psychosis is warranted . Clonazepam , a benzodiazepine is used to treat many forms of parasomnia . Rapid eye movement behavior disorder responds well to low doses of clonazepam . Restless legs syndrome can be treated using clonazepam as a third line treatment option as the use of clonazepam is still investigational . Benzodiazepines are sometimes used for obsessive -- compulsive disorder ( OCD ) , although they are generally believed ineffective for this indication . Effectiveness was , however , found in one small study . Benzodiazepines can be considered as a treatment option in treatment resistant cases . Antipsychotics are generally a first - line treatment for delirium ; however , when delirium is caused by alcohol or sedative hypnotic withdrawal , benzodiazepines are a first - line treatment . There is some evidence that low doses of benzodiazepines reduce adverse effects of electroconvulsive therapy . Contraindications ( edit ) Because of their muscle relaxant action , benzodiazepines may cause respiratory depression in susceptible individuals . For that reason , they are contraindicated in people with myasthenia gravis , sleep apnea , bronchitis , and COPD . Caution is required when benzodiazepines are used in people with personality disorders or intellectual disability because of frequent paradoxical reactions . In major depression , they may precipitate suicidal tendencies and are sometimes used for suicidal overdoses . Individuals with a history of alcohol , opioid and barbiturate abuse should avoid benzodiazepines , as there is a risk of life - threatening interactions with these drugs . Pregnancy ( edit ) See also : Effects of benzodiazepines on newborns In the United States , the Food and Drug Administration has categorized benzodiazepines into either category D or X meaning potential for harm in the unborn has been demonstrated . Exposure to benzodiazepines during pregnancy has been associated with a slightly increased ( from 0.06 to 0.07 % ) risk of cleft palate in newborns , a controversial conclusion as some studies find no association between benzodiazepines and cleft palate . Their use by expectant mothers shortly before the delivery may result in a floppy infant syndrome , with the newborns suffering from hypotonia , hypothermia , lethargy , and breathing and feeding difficulties . Cases of neonatal withdrawal syndrome have been described in infants chronically exposed to benzodiazepines in utero . This syndrome may be hard to recognize , as it starts several days after delivery , for example , as late as 21 days for chlordiazepoxide . The symptoms include tremors , hypertonia , hyperreflexia , hyperactivity , and vomiting and may last for up to three to six months . Tapering down the dose during pregnancy may lessen its severity . If used in pregnancy , those benzodiazepines with a better and longer safety record , such as diazepam or chlordiazepoxide , are recommended over potentially more harmful benzodiazepines , such as temazepam or triazolam . Using the lowest effective dose for the shortest period of time minimizes the risks to the unborn child . Elderly ( edit ) The benefits of benzodiazepines are least and the risks are greatest in the elderly . The elderly are at an increased risk of dependence and are more sensitive to the adverse effects such as memory problems , daytime sedation , impaired motor coordination , and increased risk of motor vehicle accidents and falls , and an increased risk of hip fractures . The long - term effects of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine dependence in the elderly can resemble dementia , depression , or anxiety syndromes , and progressively worsens over time . Adverse effects on cognition can be mistaken for the effects of old age . The benefits of withdrawal include improved cognition , alertness , mobility , reduced risk incontinence , and a reduced risk of falls and fractures . The success of gradual - tapering benzodiazepines is as great in the elderly as in younger people . Benzodiazepines should be prescribed to the elderly only with caution and only for a short period at low doses . Short to intermediate - acting benzodiazepines are preferred in the elderly such as oxazepam and temazepam . The high potency benzodiazepines alprazolam and triazolam and long - acting benzodiazepines are not recommended in the elderly due to increased adverse effects . Nonbenzodiazepines such as zaleplon and zolpidem and low doses of sedating antidepressants are sometimes used as alternatives to benzodiazepines . Long - term use of benzodiazepines has been associated with increased risk of cognitive impairment , but its relationship with dementia remains inconclusive . The association of a past history of benzodiazepine use and cognitive decline is unclear , with some studies reporting a lower risk of cognitive decline in former users , some finding no association and some indicating an increased risk of cognitive decline . Benzodiazepines are sometimes prescribed to treat behavioral symptoms of dementia . However , like antidepressants , they have little evidence of effectiveness , although antipsychotics have shown some benefit . Cognitive impairing effects of benzodiazepines that occur frequently in the elderly can also worsen dementia . Adverse effects ( edit ) Addiction experts in psychiatry , chemistry , pharmacology , forensic science , epidemiology , and the police and legal services engaged in delphic analysis regarding 20 popular recreational drugs . Benzodiazepines were ranked in this graph 7th in dependence , physical harm , and social harm . See also : Long - term effects of benzodiazepines , Paradoxical reaction § Benzodiazepines , and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome The most common side - effects of benzodiazepines are related to their sedating and muscle - relaxing action . They include drowsiness , dizziness , and decreased alertness and concentration . Lack of coordination may result in falls and injuries , in particular , in the elderly . Another result is impairment of driving skills and increased likelihood of road traffic accidents . Decreased libido and erection problems are a common side effect . Depression and disinhibition may emerge . Hypotension and suppressed breathing ( hypoventilation ) may be encountered with intravenous use . Less common side effects include nausea and changes in appetite , blurred vision , confusion , euphoria , depersonalization and nightmares . Cases of liver toxicity have been described but are very rare . The long - term effects of benzodiazepine use can include cognitive impairment as well as affective and behavioural problems . Feelings of turmoil , difficulty in thinking constructively , loss of sex - drive , agoraphobia and social phobia , increasing anxiety and depression , loss of interest in leisure pursuits and interests , and an inability to experience or express feelings can also occur . Not everyone , however , experiences problems with long - term use . Additionally , an altered perception of self , environment and relationships may occur . Compared to other sedative - hypnotics , visits to the hospital involving benzodiazepines had a 66 % greater odds of a serious adverse health outcome . This included hospitalization , patient transfer , or death , and visits involving a combination of benzodiazepines and non-benzodiapine receptor agonists had almost four - times increased odds of a serious health outcome . Cognitive effects ( edit ) The short - term use of benzodiazepines adversely affects multiple areas of cognition , the most notable one being that it interferes with the formation and consolidation of memories of new material and may induce complete anterograde amnesia . However , researchers hold contrary opinions regarding the effects of long - term administration . One view is that many of the short - term effects continue into the long - term and may even worsen , and are not resolved after stopping benzodiazepine usage . Another view maintains that cognitive deficits in chronic benzodiazepine users occur only for a short period after the dose , or that the anxiety disorder is the cause of these deficits . While the definitive studies are lacking , the former view received support from a 2004 meta - analysis of 13 small studies . This meta - analysis found that long - term use of benzodiazepines was associated with moderate to large adverse effects on all areas of cognition , with visuospatial memory being the most commonly detected impairment . Some of the other impairments reported were decreased IQ , visiomotor coordination , information processing , verbal learning and concentration . The authors of the meta - analysis and a later reviewer noted that the applicability of this meta - analysis is limited because the subjects were taken mostly from withdrawal clinics ; the coexisting drug , alcohol use , and psychiatric disorders were not defined ; and several of the included studies conducted the cognitive measurements during the withdrawal period . Paradoxical effects ( edit ) Paradoxical reactions , such as increased seizures in epileptics , aggression , violence , impulsivity , irritability and suicidal behavior sometimes occur . These reactions have been explained as consequences of disinhibition and the subsequent loss of control over socially unacceptable behavior . Paradoxical reactions are rare in the general population , with an incidence rate below 1 % and similar to placebo . However , they occur with greater frequency in recreational abusers , individuals with borderline personality disorder , children , and patients on high - dosage regimes . In these groups , impulse control problems are perhaps the most important risk factor for disinhibition ; learning disabilities and neurological disorders are also significant risks . Most reports of disinhibition involve high doses of high - potency benzodiazepines . Paradoxical effects may also appear after chronic use of benzodiazepines . Long - term worsening of Psychiatric symptoms ( edit ) While benzodiazepines may have short - term benefits for anxiety , sleep and agitation in some patients , long - term ( i.e. , greater than 2 -- 4 weeks ) use can result in a worsening of the very symptoms the medications are meant to treat . Potential explanations include exacerbating cognitive problems that are already common in anxiety disorders , causing or worsening depression and suicidality , disrupting sleep architecture by inhibiting deep stage sleep , withdrawal symptoms or rebound symptoms in between doses mimicking or exacerbating underlying anxiety or sleep disorders , inhibiting the benefits of psychotherapy by inhibiting memory consolidation and reducing fear extinction , and reducing coping with trauma / stress and increasing vulnerability to future stress . Anxiety , insomnia and irritability may be temporarily exacerbated during withdrawal , but psychiatric symptoms after discontinuation are usually less than even while taking benzodiazepines . Fortunately , for those with benzodiazepine - induced problems , functioning significantly improves within 1 year of discontinuation . Reinforcement disorders ( edit ) Diazepam 2 mg and 5 mg diazepam tablets , which are commonly used in the treatment of benzodiazepine withdrawal . Main articles : Benzodiazepine dependence , Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome , and post-acute withdrawal syndrome Tolerance ( edit ) The main problem of the chronic use of benzodiazepines is the development of tolerance and dependence . Tolerance manifests itself as diminished pharmacological effect and develops relatively quickly to the sedative , hypnotic , anticonvulsant , and muscle relaxant actions of benzodiazepines . Tolerance to anti-anxiety effects develops more slowly with little evidence of continued effectiveness beyond four to six months of continued use . In general , tolerance to the amnesic effects does not occur . However , controversy exists as to tolerance to the anxiolytic effects with some evidence that benzodiazepines retain efficacy and opposing evidence from a systematic review of the literature that tolerance frequently occurs and some evidence that anxiety may worsen with long - term use . The question of tolerance to the amnesic effects of benzodiazepines is , likewise , unclear . Some evidence suggests that partial tolerance does develop , and that , `` memory impairment is limited to a narrow window within 90 minutes after each dose '' . A major disadvantage of benzodiazepines that tolerance to therapeutic effects develops relatively quickly while many adverse effects persist . Tolerance develops to hypnotic and myorelexant effects within days to weeks , and to anticonvulsant and anxiolytic effects within weeks to months . Therefore , benzodiazepines are unlikely to be effective long - term treatments for sleep and anxiety . While BZD therapeutic effects disappear with tolerance , depression and impulsivity with high suicidal risk commonly persist . Several studies have confirmed that long - term benzodiazepines are not significantly different from placebo for sleep or anxiety . This may explain why patients commonly increase doses over time and many eventually take more than one type of benzodiazepine after the first loses effectiveness . Additionally , because tolerance to benzodiazepine sedating effects develops more quickly than does tolerance to brainstem depressant effects , those taking more benzodiazepines to achieve desired effects may suffer sudden respiratory depression , hypotension or death . Most patients with anxiety disorders and PTSD have symptoms that persist for at least several months , making tolerance to therapeutic effects a distinct problem for them and necessitating the need for more effective long - term treatment ( e.g. , psychotherapy , serotonergic antidepressants ) . Withdrawal symptoms and management ( edit ) Chlordiazepoxide 5 mg capsules , which are sometimes used as an alternative to diazepam for benzodiazepine withdrawal . Like diazepam it has a long elimination half - life and long - acting active metabolites . Discontinuation of benzodiazepines or abrupt reduction of the dose , even after a relatively short course of treatment ( three to four weeks ) , may result in two groups of symptoms -- rebound and withdrawal . Rebound symptoms are the return of the symptoms for which the patient was treated but worse than before . Withdrawal symptoms are the new symptoms that occur when the benzodiazepine is stopped . They are the main sign of physical dependence . The most frequent symptoms of withdrawal from benzodiazepines are insomnia , gastric problems , tremors , agitation , fearfulness , and muscle spasms . The less frequent effects are irritability , sweating , depersonalization , derealization , hypersensitivity to stimuli , depression , suicidal behavior , psychosis , seizures , and delirium tremens . Severe symptoms usually occur as a result of abrupt or over-rapid withdrawal . Abrupt withdrawal can be dangerous , therefore a gradual reduction regimen is recommended . Symptoms may also occur during a gradual dosage reduction , but are typically less severe and may persist as part of a protracted withdrawal syndrome for months after cessation of benzodiazepines . Approximately 10 % of patients experience a notable protracted withdrawal syndrome , which can persist for many months or in some cases a year or longer . Protracted symptoms tend to resemble those seen during the first couple of months of withdrawal but usually are of a sub-acute level of severity . Such symptoms do gradually lessen over time , eventually disappearing altogether . Benzodiazepines have a reputation with patients and doctors for causing a severe and traumatic withdrawal ; however , this is in large part due to the withdrawal process being poorly managed . Over-rapid withdrawal from benzodiazepines increases the severity of the withdrawal syndrome and increases the failure rate . A slow and gradual withdrawal customised to the individual and , if indicated , psychological support is the most effective way of managing the withdrawal . Opinion as to the time needed to complete withdrawal ranges from four weeks to several years . A goal of less than six months has been suggested , but due to factors such as dosage and type of benzodiazepine , reasons for prescription , lifestyle , personality , environmental stresses , and amount of available support , a year or more may be needed to withdraw . Withdrawal is best managed by transferring the physically dependent patient to an equivalent dose of diazepam because it has the longest half - life of all of the benzodiazepines , is metabolised into long - acting active metabolites and is available in low - potency tablets , which can be quartered for smaller doses . A further benefit is that it is available in liquid form , which allows for even smaller reductions . Chlordiazepoxide , which also has a long half - life and long - acting active metabolites , can be used as an alternative . Nonbenzodiazepines are contraindicated during benzodiazepine withdrawal as they are cross tolerant with benzodiazepines and can induce dependence . Alcohol is also cross tolerant with benzodiazepines and more toxic and thus caution is needed to avoid replacing one dependence with another . During withdrawal , fluoroquinolone - based antibiotics are best avoided if possible ; they displace benzodiazepines from their binding site and reduce GABA function and , thus , may aggravate withdrawal symptoms . Antipsychotics are not recommended for benzodiazepine withdrawal ( or other CNS depressant withdrawal states ) especially clozapine , olanzapine or low potency phenothiazines e.g. chlorpromazine as they lower the seizure threshold and can worsen withdrawal effects ; if used extreme caution is required . Withdrawal from long term benzodiazepines is beneficial for most individuals . Withdrawal of benzodiazepines from long - term users , in general , leads to improved physical and mental health particularly in the elderly ; although some long term users report continued benefit from taking benzodiazepines , this may be the result of suppression of withdrawal effects . Controversial associations ( edit ) Beyond the well established link between benzodiazepines and psychomotor impairment resulting in motor vehicle accidents and falls leading to fracture ; research in the 2000s and 2010s has raised the association between benzodiazepines ( and Z - Drugs ) and other , as of yet unproven , adverse effects including dementia , cancer , infections , pancreatitis and respiratory disease exacerbations . Dementia ( edit ) A number of studies have drawn an association between long - term benzodiazepine use and neuro - degenerative disease , particularly Alzheimer 's disease . However , most of these studies have been retrospective and observational thus limiting the confidence in causal inference . Expert critics of this body of research have consistently speculated that the association may be attributable to protopathic bias or confounding by indication , whereby individuals experiencing early stages of dementia ( or who have been previously diagnosed ) are prescribed benzodiazepines to manage agitation and behavioral disturbance . Further evidence from a large prospective study of long follow - up duration along with neuro - pharmacological research is needed to confirm or refute this association . Infections ( edit ) Some observational studies have detected significant associations between benzodiazepines and respiratory infections such as pneumonia where others have not . A large meta - analysis of pre-marketing randomized controlled trials on the pharmacologically related Z - Drugs suggest a small increase in infection risk as well . An immunodeficiency effect from the action of benzodiazepines on GABA - A receptors has been postulated from animal studies . Cancer ( edit ) A Meta - analysis of observational studies has determined an association between benzodiazepine use and cancer , though the risk across different agents and different cancers varied significantly . Furthermore , most of these studies were unable to control for confounding variables that may have influenced the relationship such as lifestyle exposures ( i.e. tobacco , alcohol ) . In terms of experimental basic science evidence , an analysis of carcinogenetic and genotoxicity data for various benzodiazepines has suggested a small possibility of carcinogenesis for a small number of benzodiazepines . A large , properly designed randomized controlled trial with appropriate follow - up in addition to further pharmacologic / toxicologic investigation is needed to confirm these preliminary findings . Pancreatitis ( edit ) The evidence suggesting a link between benzodiazepines ( and Z - Drugs ) and pancreatic inflammation is very sparse and limited to a few observational studies from Taiwan . A criticism of confounding can be applied to these findings as with the other controversial associations above . Further well - designed research from other populations as well as a biologically plausible mechanism is required to confirm this association . Overdose ( edit ) US yearly overdose deaths involving benzodiazepines . Red line represents the number of benzodiazepine deaths that also involved opioids in the US , and the purple line represents benzodiazepine deaths that did not involve opioids . The use of flumazenil is controversial following benzodiazepine overdose . Main article : Benzodiazepine overdose Although benzodiazepines are much safer in overdose than their predecessors , the barbiturates , they can still cause problems in overdose . Taken alone , they rarely cause severe complications in overdose ; statistics in England showed that benzodiazepines were responsible for 3.8 % of all deaths by poisoning from a single drug . However , combining these drugs with alcohol , opiates or tricyclic antidepressants markedly raises the toxicity . The elderly are more sensitive to the side effects of benzodiazepines , and poisoning may even occur from their long - term use . The various benzodiazepines differ in their toxicity ; temazepam appears most toxic in overdose and when used with other drugs . The symptoms of a benzodiazepine overdose may include ; drowsiness , slurred speech , nystagmus , hypotension , ataxia , coma , respiratory depression , and cardiorespiratory arrest . A reversal agent for benzodiazepines exists , flumazenil ( Anexate ) . Its use as an antidote is not routinely recommended because of the high risk of resedation and seizures . In a double - blind , placebo - controlled trial of 326 people , 4 people had serious adverse events and 61 % became resedated following the use of flumazenil . Numerous contraindications to its use exist . It is contraindicated in people with a history of long - term use of benzodiazepines , those having ingested a substance that lowers the seizure threshold or may cause an arrhythmia , and in those with abnormal vital signs . One study found that only 10 % of the people presenting with a benzodiazepine overdose are suitable candidates for treatment with flumazenil . Interactions ( edit ) Individual benzodiazepines may have different interactions with certain drugs . Depending on their metabolism pathway , benzodiazepines can be divided roughly into two groups . The largest group consists of those that are metabolized by cytochrome P450 ( CYP450 ) enzymes and possess significant potential for interactions with other drugs . The other group comprises those that are metabolized through glucuronidation , such as lorazepam , oxazepam , and temazepam , and , in general , have few drug interactions . Many drugs , including oral contraceptives , some antibiotics , antidepressants , and antifungal agents , inhibit cytochrome enzymes in the liver . They reduce the rate of elimination of the benzodiazepines that are metabolized by CYP450 , leading to possibly excessive drug accumulation and increased side - effects . In contrast , drugs that induce cytochrome P450 enzymes , such as St John 's wort , the antibiotic rifampicin , and the anticonvulsants carbamazepine and phenytoin , accelerate elimination of many benzodiazepines and decrease their action . Taking benzodiazepines with alcohol , opioids and other central nervous system depressants potentiates their action . This often results in increased sedation , impaired motor coordination , suppressed breathing , and other adverse effects that have potential to be lethal . Antacids can slow down absorption of some benzodiazepines ; however , this effect is marginal and inconsistent . Pharmacology ( edit ) Mechanism of action ( edit ) Schematic diagram of the ( α1 ) ( β2 ) ( γ2 ) GABA receptor complex that depicts the five - protein subunits that form the receptor , the chloride ( Cl ) ion channel pore at the center , the two GABA active binding sites at the α1 and β2 interfaces and the benzodiazepine ( BZD ) allosteric binding site at the α1 and γ2 interface . Benzodiazepines work by increasing the efficiency of a natural brain chemical , GABA , to decrease the excitability of neurons . This reduces the communication between neurons and , therefore , has a calming effect on many of the functions of the brain . GABA controls the excitability of neurons by binding to the GABA receptor . The GABA receptor is a protein complex located in the synapses of neurons . All GABA receptors contain an ion channel that conducts chloride ions across neuronal cell membranes and two binding sites for the neurotransmitter gamma - aminobutyric acid ( GABA ) , while a subset of GABA receptor complexes also contain a single binding site for benzodiazepines . Binding of benzodiazepines to this receptor complex does not alter binding of GABA . Unlike other positive allosteric modulators that increases ligand binding , benzodiazepine binding acts as a positive allosteric modulator by increasing the total conduction of chloride ions across the neuronal cell membrane when GABA is already bound to its receptor . This increased chloride ion influx hyperpolarizes the neuron 's membrane potential . As a result , the difference between resting potential and threshold potential is increased and firing is less likely . Different GABA receptor subtypes have varying distributions within different regions of the brain and , therefore , control distinct neuronal circuits . Hence , activation of different GABA receptor subtypes by benzodiazepines may result in distinct pharmacological actions . In terms of the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines , their similarities are too great to separate them into individual categories such as anxiolytic or hypnotic . For example , a hypnotic administered in low doses produces anxiety - relieving effects , whereas a benzodiazepine marketed as an anti-anxiety drug at higher doses induces sleep . The subset of GABA receptors that also bind benzodiazepines are referred to as benzodiazepine receptors ( BzR ) . The GABA receptor is a heteromer composed of five subunits , the most common ones being two αs , two βs , and one γ ( α β γ ) . For each subunit , many subtypes exist ( α , β , and γ ) . GABA receptors that are made up of different combinations of subunit subtypes have different properties , different distributions in the brain and different activities relative to pharmacological and clinical effects . Benzodiazepines bind at the interface of the α and γ subunits on the GABA receptor . Binding also requires that alpha subunits contain a histidine amino acid residue , ( i.e. , α , α , α , and α containing GABA receptors ) . For this reason , benzodiazepines show no affinity for GABA receptors containing α and α subunits with an arginine instead of a histidine residue . Once bound to the benzodiazepine receptor , the benzodiazepine ligand locks the benzodiazepine receptor into a conformation in which it has a greater affinity for the GABA neurotransmitter . This increases the frequency of the opening of the associated chloride ion channel and hyperpolarizes the membrane of the associated neuron . The inhibitory effect of the available GABA is potentiated , leading to sedative and anxiolytic effects . For instance , those ligands with high activity at the α are associated with stronger hypnotic effects , whereas those with higher affinity for GABA receptors containing α and / or α subunits have good anti-anxiety activity . The benzodiazepine class of drugs also interact with peripheral benzodiazepine receptors . Peripheral benzodiazepine receptors are present in peripheral nervous system tissues , glial cells , and to a lesser extent the central nervous system . These peripheral receptors are not structurally related or coupled to GABA receptors . They modulate the immune system and are involved in the body response to injury . Benzodiazepines also function as weak adenosine reuptake inhibitors . It has been suggested that some of their anticonvulsant , anxiolytic , and muscle relaxant effects may be in part mediated by this action . Pharmacokinetics ( edit ) This section needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2015 ) Benzodiazepine Half - life ( range , hours ) Speed of Onset Alprazolam 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 -- 15 Intermediate Flunitrazepam 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 - 26 Fast Chlordiazepoxide 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 -- 30 Intermediate Clonazepam 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 -- 60 Slow Diazepam 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 -- 80 Fast Lorazepam 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 -- 20 Intermediate Midazolam 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 - 2.5 Fast Oxazepam 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 -- 10 Slow Prazepam 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 -- 200 Slow A benzodiazepine can be placed into one of three groups by its elimination half - life , or time it takes for the body to eliminate half of the dose . Some benzodiazepines have long - acting active metabolites , such as diazepam and chlordiazepoxide , which are metabolised into desmethyldiazepam . Desmethyldiazepam has a half - life of 36 -- 200 hours , and flurazepam , with the main active metabolite of desalkylflurazepam , with a half - life of 40 -- 250 hours . These long - acting metabolites are partial agonists . Short - acting compounds have a median half - life of 1 -- 12 hours . They have few residual effects if taken before bedtime , rebound insomnia may occur upon discontinuation , and they might cause daytime withdrawal symptoms such as next day rebound anxiety with prolonged usage . Examples are brotizolam , midazolam , and triazolam . Intermediate - acting compounds have a median half - life of 12 -- 40 hours . They may have some residual effects in the first half of the day if used as a hypnotic . Rebound insomnia , however , is more common upon discontinuation of intermediate - acting benzodiazepines than longer - acting benzodiazepines . Examples are alprazolam , estazolam , flunitrazepam , clonazepam , lormetazepam , lorazepam , nitrazepam , and temazepam . Long - acting compounds have a half - life of 40 -- 250 hours . They have a risk of accumulation in the elderly and in individuals with severely impaired liver function , but they have a reduced severity of rebound effects and withdrawal . Examples are diazepam , clorazepate , chlordiazepoxide , and flurazepam . Chemistry ( edit ) Left : The 1 , 4 - benzodiazepine ring system . Right : 5 - phenyl - 1H - benzo ( e ) ( 1 , 4 ) diazepin - 2 ( 3H ) - one forms the skeleton of many of the most common benzodiazepine pharmaceuticals , such as diazepam ( 7 - chloro - 1 - methyl substituted ) . A pharmacophore model of the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA receptor . White sticks represent the carbon atoms of the benzodiazepine diazepam , while green represents carbon atoms of the nonbenzodiazepine CGS - 9896 . Red and blue sticks are oxygen and nitrogen atoms that are present in both structures . The red spheres labeled H1 and H2 / A3 are , respectively , hydrogen bond donating and accepting sites in the receptor , while L1 , L2 , and L3 denote lipophilic binding sites . Benzodiazepines share a similar chemical structure , and their effects in humans are mainly produced by the allosteric modification of a specific kind of neurotransmitter receptor , the GABA receptor , which increases the overall conductance of these inhibitory channels ; this results in the various therapeutic effects as well as adverse effects of benzodiazepines . Other less important mechanisms of action are also known . The term benzodiazepine is the chemical name for the heterocyclic ring system ( see figure to the right ) , which is a fusion between the benzene and diazepine ring systems . Under Hantzsch -- Widman nomenclature , a diazepine is a heterocycle with two nitrogen atoms , five carbon atom and the maximum possible number of cumulative double bonds . The `` benzo '' prefix indicates the benzene ring fused onto the diazepine ring . Benzodiazepine drugs are substituted 1 , 4 - benzodiazepines , although the chemical term can refer to many other compounds that do not have useful pharmacological properties . Different benzodiazepine drugs have different side groups attached to this central structure . The different side groups affect the binding of the molecule to the GABA receptor and so modulate the pharmacological properties . Many of the pharmacologically active `` classical '' benzodiazepine drugs contain the 5 - phenyl - 1H - benzo ( e ) ( 1 , 4 ) diazepin - 2 ( 3H ) - one substructure ( see figure to the right ) . Benzodiazepines have been found to mimic protein reverse turns structurally , which enable them with their biological activity in many cases . Nonbenzodiazepines also bind to the benzodiazepine binding site on the GABA receptor and possess similar pharmacological properties . While the nonbenzodiazepines are by definition structurally unrelated to the benzodiazepines , both classes of drugs possess a common pharmacophore ( see figure to the lower - right ) , which explains their binding to a common receptor site . Common types ( edit ) 2 - keto compounds : clorazepate , diazepam , flurazepam , halazepam , prazepam , and others . 3 - hydroxy compounds : lorazepam , lormetazepam , oxazepam , temazepam 7 - nitro compounds : clonazepam , flunitrazepam , nimetazepam , nitrazepam Triazolo compounds : adinazolam , alprazolam , estazolam , triazolam Imidazo compounds climazolam , loprazolam , midazolam History ( edit ) The molecular structure of chlordiazepoxide , the first benzodiazepine . It was marketed by Hoffmann -- La Roche from 1960 branded as Librium . The first benzodiazepine , chlordiazepoxide ( Librium ) , was synthesized in 1955 by Leo Sternbach while working at Hoffmann -- La Roche on the development of tranquilizers . The pharmacological properties of the compounds prepared initially were disappointing , and Sternbach abandoned the project . Two years later , in April 1957 , co-worker Earl Reeder noticed a `` nicely crystalline '' compound left over from the discontinued project while spring - cleaning in the lab . This compound , later named chlordiazepoxide , had not been tested in 1955 because of Sternbach 's focus on other issues . Expecting pharmacology results to be negative , and hoping to publish the chemistry - related findings , researchers submitted it for a standard battery of animal tests . However , the compound showed very strong sedative , anticonvulsant , and muscle relaxant effects . These impressive clinical findings led to its speedy introduction throughout the world in 1960 under the brand name Librium . Following chlordiazepoxide , diazepam marketed by Hoffmann -- La Roche under the brand name Valium in 1963 , and for a while the two were the most commercially successful drugs . The introduction of benzodiazepines led to a decrease in the prescription of barbiturates , and by the 1970s they had largely replaced the older drugs for sedative and hypnotic uses . The new group of drugs was initially greeted with optimism by the medical profession , but gradually concerns arose ; in particular , the risk of dependence became evident in the 1980s . Benzodiazepines have a unique history in that they were responsible for the largest - ever class - action lawsuit against drug manufacturers in the United Kingdom , involving 14,000 patients and 1,800 law firms that alleged the manufacturers knew of the dependence potential but intentionally withheld this information from doctors . At the same time , 117 general practitioners and 50 health authorities were sued by patients to recover damages for the harmful effects of dependence and withdrawal . This led some doctors to require a signed consent form from their patients and to recommend that all patients be adequately warned of the risks of dependence and withdrawal before starting treatment with benzodiazepines . The court case against the drug manufacturers never reached a verdict ; legal aid had been withdrawn and there were allegations that the consultant psychiatrists , the expert witnesses , had a conflict of interest . This litigation led to changes in the British law , making class action lawsuits more difficult . Although antidepressants with anxiolytic properties have been introduced , and there is increasing awareness of the adverse effects of benzodiazepines , prescriptions for short - term anxiety relief have not significantly dropped . For treatment of insomnia , benzodiazepines are now less popular than nonbenzodiazepines , which include zolpidem , zaleplon and eszopiclone . Nonbenzodiazepines are molecularly distinct , but nonetheless , they work on the same benzodiazepine receptors and produce similar sedative effects . Society and culture ( edit ) Legal status ( edit ) In the United States , benzodiazepines are Schedule IV drugs under the Federal Controlled Substances Act , even when not on the market ( for example , nitrazepam and bromazepam ) . Flunitrazepam is subject to more stringent regulations in certain states and temazepam prescriptions require specially coded pads in certain states . In Canada , possession of benzodiazepines is legal for personal use . All benzodiazepines are categorized as Schedule IV substances under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act . Since 2000 , benzodiazepines have been classed as targeted substances , meaning that additional regulations exist especially affecting pharmacists ' records . Since approximately 2014 , Health Canada , the Canadian Medical Association and provincial Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons have been issuing progressively stricter guidelines for the prescription of benzodiazepines , especially for the elderly ( e.g. College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia ) . Unfortunately , many of these guidelines are not readily available to the public . In the United Kingdom , the benzodiazepines are Class C controlled drugs , carrying the maximum penalty of 7 years imprisonment , an unlimited fine or both for possession and a maximum penalty of 14 years imprisonment an unlimited fine or both for supplying benzodiazepines to others . In the Netherlands , since October 1993 , benzodiazepines , including formulations containing less than 20 mg of temazepam , are all placed on List 2 of the Opium Law . A prescription is needed for possession of all benzodiazepines . Temazepam formulations containing 20 mg or greater of the drug are placed on List 1 , thus requiring doctors to write prescriptions in the List 1 format . In East Asia and Southeast Asia , temazepam and nimetazepam are often heavily controlled and restricted . In certain countries , triazolam , flunitrazepam , flutoprazepam and midazolam are also restricted or controlled to certain degrees . In Hong Kong , all benzodiazepines are regulated under Schedule 1 of Hong Kong 's Chapter 134 Dangerous Drugs Ordinance . Previously only brotizolam , flunitrazepam and triazolam were classed as dangerous drugs . Internationally , benzodiazepines are categorized as Schedule IV controlled drugs , apart from flunitrazepam , which is a Schedule III drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances . Recreational use ( edit ) Xanax ( alprazolam ) 2 mg tri-score tablets Main articles : Benzodiazepine drug misuse and Drug - related crime Benzodiazepines are considered major drugs of abuse . Benzodiazepine abuse is mostly limited to individuals who abuse other drugs , i.e. , poly - drug abusers . On the international scene , benzodiazepines are categorized as Schedule IV controlled drugs by the INCB , apart from flunitrazepam , which is a Schedule III drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances . Some variation in drug scheduling exists in individual countries ; for example , in the United Kingdom , midazolam and temazepam are Schedule III controlled drugs . This section needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the section and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) British law requires that temazepam ( but not midazolam ) be stored in safe custody . Safe custody requirements ensures that pharmacists and doctors holding stock of temazepam must store it in securely fixed double - locked steel safety cabinets and maintain a written register , which must be bound and contain separate entries for temazepam and must be written in ink with no use of correction fluid ( although a written register is not required for temazepam in the United Kingdom ) . Disposal of expired stock must be witnessed by a designated inspector ( either a local drug - enforcement police officer or official from health authority ) . Benzodiazepine abuse ranges from occasional binges on large doses , to chronic and compulsive drug abuse of high doses . Benzodiazepines are used recreationally and by problematic drug misusers . Mortality is higher among poly - drug misusers that also use benzodiazepines . Heavy alcohol use also increases mortality among poly - drug users . Dependence and tolerance , often coupled with dosage escalation , to benzodiazepines can develop rapidly among drug misusers ; withdrawal syndrome may appear after as little as three weeks of continuous use . Long - term use has the potential to cause both physical and psychological dependence and severe withdrawal symptoms such as depression , anxiety ( often to the point of panic attacks ) , and agoraphobia . Benzodiazepines and , in particular , temazepam are sometimes used intravenously , which , if done incorrectly or in an unsterile manner , can lead to medical complications including abscesses , cellulitis , thrombophlebitis , arterial puncture , deep vein thrombosis , and gangrene . Sharing syringes and needles for this purpose also brings up the possibility of transmission of hepatitis , HIV , and other diseases . Benzodiazepines are also misused intranasally , which may have additional health consequences . Once benzodiazepine dependence has been established , a clinician usually converts the patient to an equivalent dose of diazepam before beginning a gradual reduction program . A 1999 -- 2005 Australian police survey of detainees reported preliminary findings that self - reported users of benzodiazepines were less likely than non-user detainees to work full - time and more likely to receive government benefits , use methamphetamine or heroin , and be arrested or imprisoned . Benzodiazepines are sometimes used for criminal purposes ; they serve to incapacitate a victim in cases of drug assisted rape or robbery . Overall , anecdotal evidence suggests that temazepam may be the most psychologically habit - forming ( addictive ) benzodiazepine . Temazepam abuse reached epidemic proportions in some parts of the world , in particular , in Europe and Australia , and is a major drug of abuse in many Southeast Asian countries . This led authorities of various countries to place temazepam under a more restrictive legal status . Some countries , such as Sweden , banned the drug outright . Temazepam also has certain pharmacokinetic properties of absorption , distribution , elimination , and clearance that make it more apt to abuse compared to many other benzodiazepines . Veterinary use ( edit ) Benzodiazepines are used in veterinary practice in the treatment of various disorders and conditions . As in humans , they are used in the first - line management of seizures , status epilepticus , and tetanus , and as maintenance therapy in epilepsy ( in particular , in cats ) . They are widely used in small and large animals ( including horses , swine , cattle and exotic and wild animals ) for their anxiolytic and sedative effects , as pre-medication before surgery , for induction of anesthesia and as adjuncts to anesthesia . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Shorter E ( 2005 ) . `` Benzodiazepines '' . 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Iowa State University Press . pp. 325 -- 33 . ISBN 0 - 8138 - 1743 - 9 . External links ( edit ) National Institute on Drug Abuse : `` NIDA for Teens : Prescription Depressant Medications ''. * Ashton CH ( 2002 ) . Benzodiazepines : how they work & how to withdraw ( aka The Ashton Manual ) . The Ashton Manual . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 09 . Ashton CH ( 2007 ) . `` Benzodiazepine equivalence table '' . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 09 . Fruchtengarten L ( April 1998 ) . Ruse M , ed . `` Benzodiazepines '' . Poisons Information Monograph ( Group monograph ) G008 . IPCS INCHEM . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 09 . Longo LP , Johnson B ( April 2000 ) . `` Addiction : Part I. Benzodiazepines -- side effects , abuse risk and alternatives '' . American Family Physician. 61 ( 7 ) : 2121 -- 8 . PMID 10779253 . `` The complete story of the benzodiazepines '' . The Eaton T. Fores Research Center . 2005 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 09 . `` Benzodiazepines '' . Drugs.com . Benzodiazepines -- information from mental health charity The Royal College of Psychiatrists `` Benzodiazepines '' . RxList . `` benzodiazepines - oral '' at medicinenet.com pharmacy portal Benzodiazepines 1 , 4 - Benzodiazepines 2 - Oxoquazepam 3 - Hydroxyphenazepam Bromazepam Camazepam Carburazepam Chlordiazepoxide Cinazepam Cinolazepam Clonazepam Cloniprazepam Clorazepate Cyprazepam Delorazepam Demoxepam Desmethylflunitrazepam Devazepide * Diazepam Diclazepam Doxefazepam Elfazepam Ethyl carfluzepate Ethyl dirazepate Ethyl loflazepate Flubromazepam Fletazepam Fludiazepam Flunitrazepam Flurazepam Flutemazepam Flutoprazepam Fosazepam Gidazepam Halazepam Iclazepam Irazepine Kenazepine Ketazolam Lorazepam Lormetazepam Lufuradom * Meclonazepam Medazepam Menitrazepam Metaclazepam Motrazepam N - Desalkylflurazepam Nifoxipam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Nitrazepate Nordazepam Nortetrazepam Oxazepam Phenazepam Pinazepam Pivoxazepam Prazepam Proflazepam Quazepam QH - II - 66 Reclazepam RO4491533 * Ro5 - 4864 * Sulazepam Temazepam Tetrazepam Tifluadom * Tolufazepam Triflunordazepam Tuclazepam Uldazepam 1 , 5 - Benzodiazepines Arfendazam Clobazam CP - 1414S Lofendazam Triflubazam 2 , 3 - Benzodiazepines * Girisopam GYKI - 52466 GYKI - 52895 Nerisopam Talampanel Tofisopam Triazolobenzodiazepines Adinazolam Alprazolam Clonazolam Estazolam Flubromazolam Flunitrazolam Nitrazolam Pyrazolam Triazolam Imidazobenzodiazepines Bretazenil Climazolam EVT - 201 FG - 8205 Flumazenil Imidazenil I - Iomazenil L - 655,708 Loprazolam Midazolam PWZ - 029 Remimazolam Ro15 - 4513 Ro48 - 6791 Ro48 - 8684 Ro4938581 Sarmazenil SH - 053 - R - CH3 - 2 ′ F Oxazolobenzodiazepines Cloxazolam Flutazolam Haloxazolam Mexazolam Oxazolam Thienodiazepines Bentazepam Clotiazepam Thienotriazolodiazepines Brotizolam Ciclotizolam Deschloroetizolam Etizolam Israpafant * JQ1 * Metizolam Thienobenzodiazepines * Olanzapine Telenzepine ∗ Clonazolam Pyridodiazepines Lopirazepam Pyridotriazolodiazepines Zapizolam Pyrazolodiazepines Razobazam * Ripazepam Zolazepam Zomebazam Zometapine * Pyrrolodiazepines Premazepam Tetrahydroisoquinobenzodiazepines Clazolam Pyrrolobenzodiazepines * Anthramycin Benzodiazepine prodrugs Avizafone Rilmazafone * atypical activity profile ( not GABA receptor ligands ) Treatment of drug dependence ( N07B ) Nicotine dependence Bupropion Cytisine Lobeline Mecamylamine Varenicline AA ( Clonidine ) Alcohol dependence AD inhibitor ( Disulfiram Calcium carbimide Hydrogen cyanamide ) Acamprosate Opioid antagonists ( Naltrexone Nalmefene ) Topiramate AA ( Clonidine ) Baclofen Metadoxine Phenibut Opioid dependence AA ( Clonidine Lofexidine ) Ibogaine Opioids Buprenorphine ( + naloxone ) Levacetylmethadol Methadone Dihydrocodeine Dihydroetorphine Hydromorphone ( extended - release ) Morphine ( extended - release ) Opioid antagonists ( Naltrexone Nalmefene ) Benzodiazepine dependence AA ( Clonidine ) Benzodiazepines ( Diazepam Lorazepam Chlordiazepoxide Oxazepam ) Barbiturates ( Phenobarbital ) Research Salvia divinorum Anticonvulsants ( N03 ) GABAergics GABA R PAMs Barbiturates : Barbexaclone Metharbital Methylphenobarbital Pentobarbital Phenobarbital Primidone ; Carbamates : Felbamate ; Benzodiazepines : Clobazam Clonazepam Clorazepate Diazepam Lorazepam Midazolam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Temazepam ; Others : Bromide ( potassium bromide , sodium bromide ) Imepitoin Paraldehyde Stiripentol GABA - T inhibitors Fatty acids ( and related ) : Valproate Valpromide Valproate pivoxil Vigabatrin Others GABAR agonists : Progabide ; GAT - 1 inhibitors : Tiagabine Channel modulators Sodium blockers Hydantoins : Ethotoin Fosphenytoin Mephenytoin Phenytoin ; Ureides : Acetylpheneturide Chlorphenacemide Phenacemide Pheneturide ; Fatty acids : Valproate Valpromide Valproate pivoxil ; Carboxamides : Carbamazepine Eslicarbazepine acetate Oxcarbazepine ; Others : Lacosamide Lamotrigine Rufinamide Topiramate Zonisamide Calcium blockers Oxazolidinediones : Ethadione Paramethadione Trimethadione ; Succinimides : Ethosuximide Mesuximide Phensuximide ; Gabapentinoids : Gabapentin Pregabalin ; Others : Imepitoin Lamotrigine Topiramate Zonisamide Potassium openers Retigabine Others CA inhibitors Sulfonamides : Acetazolamide Ethoxzolamide Sultiame Topiramate Zonisamide Others Albutoin Beclamide Brivaracetam Cannabidiol Etiracetam Levetiracetam Perampanel WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Anxiolytics ( N05B ) 5 - HT R agonists Buspirone Gepirone Tandospirone GABA R PAMs Benzodiazepines : Adinazolam Alprazolam Bromazepam Camazepam Chlordiazepoxide Clobazam Clonazepam Clorazepate Clotiazepam Cloxazolam Diazepam Ethyl loflazepate Etizolam Fludiazepam Halazepam Ketazolam Lorazepam Medazepam Nordazepam Oxazepam Pinazepam Prazepam ; Others : Alpidem Barbiturates ( e.g. , phenobarbital ) Carbamates ( e.g. , meprobamate ) Chlormezanone Ethanol ( alcohol ) Etifoxine Imepitoin ; Herbs : Kava Skullcap Valerian Gabapentinoids ( α δ VDCC blockers ) Gabapentin Gabapentin enacarbil Phenibut Pregabalin Antidepressants SSRIs ( e.g. , escitalopram ) SNRIs ( e.g. , duloxetine ) SARIs ( e.g. , trazodone ) TCAs ( e.g. , clomipramine ) TeCAs ( e.g. , mirtazapine ) MAOIs ( e.g. , phenelzine ) ; Others : Agomelatine Bupropion Tianeptine Vilazodone Vortioxetine Sympatholytics ( Antiadrenergics ) Alpha - 1 blockers ( e.g. , prazosin ) Alpha - 2 agonists ( e.g. , clonidine , dexmedetomidine , guanfacine ) Beta blockers ( e.g. , propranolol ) Others Benzoctamine Cannabidiol Cycloserine Fabomotizole Hydroxyzine Kanna Lavender Lorpiprazole Mebicar Mepiprazole Nicotine Opipramol Oxaflozane Phenaglycodol Phenibut Picamilon Selank Tiagabine Tofisopam Validolum WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Hypnotics / sedatives ( N05C ) GABA Alcohols 2M2B Chloralodol Ethanol ( alcohol ) Ethchlorvynol Methylpentynol Trichloroethanol Barbiturates Allobarbital Amobarbital Aprobarbital Barbital Butabarbital Butobarbital Cyclobarbital Ethallobarbital Heptabarb Hexobarbital Mephobarbital Methohexital Narcobarbital Pentobarbital Phenallymal Phenobarbital Propylbarbital Proxibarbal Reposal Secobarbital Talbutal Thiamylal Thiopental Thiotetrabarbital Vinbarbital Vinylbital Benzodiazepines Brotizolam Cinolazepam Climazolam Doxefazepam Estazolam Flunitrazepam Flurazepam Flutoprazepam Lorazepam Loprazolam Lormetazepam Midazolam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Phenazepam Quazepam Temazepam Triazolam Carbamates Carisoprodol Emylcamate Ethinamate Hexapropymate Meprobamate Methocarbamol Phenprobamate Procymate Tybamate Imidazoles Etomidate Metomidate Propoxate Monoureides Acecarbromal Apronal ( apronalide ) Bromisoval Capuride Carbromal Ectylurea Neuroactive steroids Acebrochol Allopregnanolone Alphadolone Alphaxolone Eltanolone Hydroxydione Minaxolone Progesterone Nonbenzodiazepines Eszopiclone Indiplon Lirequinil Necopidem Pazinaclone Saripidem Suproclone Suriclone Zaleplon Zolpidem Zopiclone Phenols Propofol Piperidinediones Glutethimide Methyprylon Pyrithyldione Piperidione Quinazolinones Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone Others Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Bromide compounds Lithium bromide Potassium bromide Sodium bromide Centalun Chloral betaine Chloral hydrate Chloralose Clomethiazole Dichloralphenazone Gaboxadol Kavalactones Loreclezole Paraldehyde Petrichloral Sulfonylalkanes Sulfonmethane ( sulfonal ) Tetronal Trional Triclofos Sesquiterpene Isovaleramide Isovaleric acid Valerenic acid GABA 1 , 4 - Butanediol 4 - Fluorophenibut Aceburic acid Baclofen GABOB GHB ( sodium oxybate ) GBL GVL Phenibut Tolibut Antihistamines Captodiame Cyproheptadine Diphenhydramine Doxylamine Hydroxyzine Methapyrilene Perlapine Pheniramine Promethazine Propiomazine Antidepressants Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors Etoperidone Nefazodone Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline Doxepin Trimipramine , etc . Tetracyclic antidepressants Mianserin Mirtazapine , etc . Antipsychotics Typical antipsychotics Chlorpromazine Thioridazine , etc . Atypical antipsychotics Olanzapine Quetiapine Risperidone , etc . α - Adrenergic Clonidine Detomidine Dexmedetomidine Lofexidine Medetomidine Romifidine Tizanidine Xylazine 5 - HT Antidepressants Trazodone Tricyclic antidepressants Amitriptyline Doxepin Trimipramine , etc . Tetracyclic antidepressants Mianserin Mirtazapine , etc . Antipsychotics Typical antipsychotics Chlorpromazine Thioridazine , etc . Atypical antipsychotics Olanzapine Quetiapine Risperidone , etc . Others Niaprazine Melatonin Agomelatine Melatonin Ramelteon Tasimelteon Orexin Almorexant Filorexant Suvorexant α δ VDCC Gabapentin Gabapentin enacarbil Mirogabalin Phenibut Pregabalin Others Cannabidiol Cannabis Chlorophenylalkyldiols Fenpentadiol Metaglycodol Phenaglycodol Diethylpropanediol Evoxine Fenadiazole Guaifenesin - related muscle relaxants Chlorphenesin Mephenesin Mephenoxalone Metaxalone Methocarbamol Opioids ( e.g. , morphine ) Passion flower Scopolamine Trazodone UMB68 Valnoctamide Insomnia pharmacotherapies GABA R PAMs Benzodiazepines : Brotizolam Cinolazepam Climazolam Clorazepate Doxefazepam Estazolam Etizolam Flunitrazepam Flurazepam Flutoprazepam Haloxazolam Loprazolam Lormetazepam Midazolam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Quazepam Temazepam Triazolam ; Nonbenzodiazepines / Z - drugs : Eszopiclone Zaleplon Zolpidem Zopiclone ; Others : Alcohols ( e.g. , ethchlorvynol , amylene hydrate , ethanol ) Barbiturates ( e.g. , amobarbital , pentobarbital , phenobarbital , secobarbital ) Bromides ( e.g. , potassium bromide , sodium bromide ) Carbamates ( e.g. , meprobamate ) Chloral hydrate Clomethiazole Kava Paraldehyde Piperidinediones ( e.g. , glutethimide ) Quinazolinones ( e.g. , methaqualone ) Sulfonmethane Valerian Antihistamines ( H R inverse agonists ) Alimemazine Captodiame Dimenhydrinate Diphenhydramine Doxylamine Etodroxizine Hydroxyzine Meclizine Methapyrilene Pheniramine Phenyltoloxamine Pimethixene Promethazine Propiomazine Pyrilamine TCAs ( e.g. , amitriptyline , doxepin , trimipramine ) TeCAs ( e.g. , mirtazapine ) Triprolidine OXR antagonists Almorexant Filorexant Lemborexant Suvorexant MTR agonists Agomelatine Melatonin Ramelteon Tasimelteon Miscellaneous Antipsychotics ( e.g. , quetiapine , olanzapine , chlorpromazine ) Ashwagandha Benzoctamine Cannabinoids ( e.g. , cannabis , dronabinol ( THC ) , nabilone ) Chamomile Fenadiazole Gabapentinoids ( e.g. , gabapentin , pregabalin , phenibut ) Hops Lavender Menthyl isovalerate Niaprazine Opioids ( e.g. , hydrocodone , oxycodone , morphine ) Passion flower Scopolamine Serotonin precursors ( tryptophan , 5 - HTP ) Sodium oxybate ( GHB ) Sympatholytics ( e.g. , clonidine , guanfacine ) TCAs ( e.g. , amitriptyline , doxepin , trimipramine ) TeCAs ( e.g. , mirtazapine ) Theanine Trazodone Valnoctamide GABA receptor positive modulators Alcohols Brometone Butanol Chloralodol Chlorobutanol ( cloretone ) Ethanol ( alcohol ) ( alcoholic drink ) Ethchlorvynol Isobutanol Isopropanol Menthol Methanol Methylpentynol Pentanol Petrichloral Propanol tert - Butanol ( 2M2P ) tert - Pentanol ( 2M2B ) Tribromoethanol Trichloroethanol Triclofos Trifluoroethanol Barbiturates ( - ) - DMBB Allobarbital Alphenal Amobarbital Aprobarbital Barbexaclone Barbital Benzobarbital Benzylbutylbarbiturate Brallobarbital Brophebarbital Butabarbital / Secbutabarbital Butalbital Buthalital Butobarbital Butallylonal Carbubarb Crotylbarbital Cyclobarbital Cyclopentobarbital Difebarbamate Enallylpropymal Ethallobarbital Eterobarb Febarbamate Heptabarb Heptobarbital Hexethal Hexobarbital Metharbital Methitural Methohexital Methylphenobarbital Narcobarbital Nealbarbital Pentobarbital Phenallymal Phenobarbital Phetharbital Primidone Probarbital Propallylonal Propylbarbital Proxibarbital Reposal Secobarbital Sigmodal Spirobarbital Talbutal Tetrabamate Tetrabarbital Thialbarbital Thiamylal Thiobarbital Thiobutabarbital Thiopental Thiotetrabarbital Valofane Vinbarbital Vinylbital Benzodiazepines 2 - Oxoquazepam 3 - Hydroxyphenazepam Adinazolam Alprazolam Arfendazam Avizafone Bentazepam Bretazenil Bromazepam Brotizolam Camazepam Carburazepam Chlordiazepoxide Ciclotizolam Cinazepam Cinolazepam Clazolam Climazolam Clobazam Clonazepam Clonazolam Cloniprazepam Clorazepate Clotiazepam Cloxazolam CP - 1414S Cyprazepam Delorazepam Demoxepam Diazepam Diclazepam Doxefazepam Elfazepam Estazolam Ethyl carfluzepate Ethyl dirazepate Ethyl loflazepate Etizolam EVT - 201 FG - 8205 Fletazepam Flubromazepam Flubromazolam Fludiazepam Flunitrazepam Flunitrazolam Flurazepam Flutazolam Flutemazepam Flutoprazepam Fosazepam Gidazepam Halazepam Haloxazolam Iclazepam Imidazenil Irazepine Ketazolam Lofendazam Lopirazepam Loprazolam Lorazepam Lormetazepam Meclonazepam Medazepam Menitrazepam Metaclazepam Mexazolam Midazolam Motrazepam N - Desalkylflurazepam Nifoxipam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Nitrazepate Nitrazolam Nordazepam Nortetrazepam Oxazepam Oxazolam Phenazepam Pinazepam Pivoxazepam Prazepam Premazepam Proflazepam Pyrazolam QH - II - 66 Quazepam Reclazepam Remimazolam Rilmazafone Ripazepam Ro48 - 6791 Ro48 - 8684 SH - 053 - R - CH3 - 2 ′ F Sulazepam Temazepam Tetrazepam Tolufazepam Triazolam Triflubazam Triflunordazepam ( Ro5 - 2904 ) Tuclazepam Uldazepam Zapizolam Zolazepam Zomebazam Carbamates Carisbamate Carisoprodol Clocental Cyclarbamate Difebarbamate Emylcamate Ethinamate Febarbamate Felbamate Hexapropymate Lorbamate Mebutamate Meprobamate Nisobamate Pentabamate Phenprobamate Procymate Styramate Tetrabamate Tybamate Flavonoids 6 - Methylapigenin Ampelopsin ( dihydromyricetin ) Apigenin Baicalein Baicalin Catechin EGC EGCG Hispidulin Linarin Luteolin Rc - OMe Skullcap constituents ( e.g. , baicalin ) Wogonin Imidazoles Etomidate Metomidate Propoxate Kava constituents 10 - Methoxyyangonin 11 - Methoxyyangonin 11 - Hydroxyyangonin Desmethoxyyangonin 11 - Methoxy - 12 - hydroxydehydrokavain 7 , 8 - Dihydroyangonin Kavain 5 - Hydroxykavain 5 , 6 - Dihydroyangonin 7 , 8 - Dihydrokavain 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - Tetrahydroyangonin 5 , 6 - Dehydromethysticin Methysticin 7 , 8 - Dihydromethysticin Yangonin Monoureides Acecarbromal Apronal ( apronalide ) Bromisoval Carbromal Capuride Ectylurea Neuroactive steroids Acebrochol Allopregnanolone ( brexanolone ) Alfadolone Alfaxalone 3α - Androstanediol Androstenol Androsterone Certain anabolic - androgenic steroids Cholesterol DHDOC 3α - DHP 5α - DHP 5β - DHP DHT Etiocholanolone Ganaxolone Hydroxydione Minaxolone ORG - 20599 ORG - 21465 P1 - 185 Pregnanolone ( eltanolone ) Progesterone Renanolone SAGE - 105 SAGE - 217 SAGE - 324 SAGE - 516 SAGE - 689 SAGE - 872 Testosterone THDOC Nonbenzodiazepines β - Carbolines : Abecarnil Gedocarnil Harmane SL - 651,498 ZK - 93423 Cyclopyrrolones : Eszopiclone Pagoclone Pazinaclone Suproclone Suriclone Zopiclone Imidazopyridines : Alpidem DS - 1 Necopidem Saripidem Zolpidem Pyrazolopyrimidines : Divaplon Fasiplon Indiplon Lorediplon Ocinaplon Panadiplon Taniplon Zaleplon Others : Adipiplon CGS - 8216 CGS - 9896 CGS - 13767 CGS - 20625 CL - 218,872 CP - 615,003 CTP - 354 ELB - 139 GBLD - 345 Imepitoin JM - 1232 L - 838,417 Lirequinil ( Ro41 - 3696 ) NS - 2664 NS - 2710 NS - 11394 Pipequaline ROD - 188 RWJ - 51204 SB - 205,384 SX - 3228 TGSC01AA TP - 003 TPA - 023 TP - 13 U-89843A U-90042 Viqualine Y - 23684 Phenols Fospropofol Propofol Thymol Piperidinediones Glutethimide Methyprylon Piperidione Pyrithyldione Pyrazolopyridines Cartazolate Etazolate ICI - 190,622 Tracazolate Quinazolinones Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone SL - 164 Volatiles / gases Acetone Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Aliflurane Benzene Butane Butylene Centalun Chloral Chloral betaine Chloral hydrate Chloroform Cryofluorane Desflurane Dichloralphenazone Dichloromethane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethyl chloride Ethylene Fluroxene Gasoline Halopropane Halothane Isoflurane Kerosine Methoxyflurane Methoxypropane Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Norflurane Paraldehyde Propane Propylene Roflurane Sevoflurane Synthane Teflurane Toluene Trichloroethane ( methyl chloroform ) Trichloroethylene Vinyl ether Others / unsorted 3 - Hydroxybutanal α - EMTBL AA - 29504 Avermectins ( e.g. , ivermectin ) Bromide compounds ( e.g. , lithium bromide , potassium bromide , sodium bromide ) Carbamazepine Chloralose Chlormezanone Clomethiazole DEABL Dihydroergolines ( e.g. , dihydroergocryptine , dihydroergosine , dihydroergotamine , ergoloid ( dihydroergotoxine ) ) DS2 Efavirenz Etazepine Etifoxine Fenamates ( e.g. , flufenamic acid , mefenamic acid , niflumic acid , tolfenamic acid ) Fluoxetine Flupirtine Hopantenic acid Lanthanum Lavender oil Lignans ( e.g. , 4 - O - methylhonokiol , honokiol , magnolol , obovatol ) Loreclezole Menthyl isovalerate ( validolum ) Monastrol Niacin Nicotinamide ( niacinamide ) Org 25,435 Phenytoin Propanidid Retigabine ( ezogabine ) Safranal Seproxetine Stiripentol Sulfonylalkanes ( e.g. , sulfonmethane ( sulfonal ) , tetronal , trional ) Terpenoids ( e.g. , borneol ) Topiramate Valerian constituents ( e.g. , isovaleric acid , isovaleramide , valerenic acid , valerenol ) Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators : α - Pinene MRK - 409 ( MK - 0343 ) TCS - 1105 TCS - 1205 See also : Receptor / signaling modulators GABA receptor modulators GABA metabolism / transport modulators BNE : XX529163 BNF : cb120015571 ( data ) GND : 4005552 - 8 LCCN : sh85013239 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benzodiazepine&oldid=846851922 '' Categories : Benzodiazepines Chemical classes of psychoactive drugs GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators Glycine receptor antagonists Sedatives Hypnotics Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Articles with inconsistent citation formats Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Webarchive template wayback links Good articles Articles needing additional medical references from May 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional medical references from August 2016 Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kurdî Latina Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 37 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 June 2018 , at 08 : 12 ( UTC ) . 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8961912863506990562	Mayflower Compact	Mayflower Compact - wikipedia Mayflower Compact Jump to : navigation , search Signing the Mayflower Compact 1620 , a painting by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris 1899 The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony . It was written by the male passengers of the Mayflower , consisting of separatist Puritans , adventurers , and tradesmen . The Puritans were fleeing from religious persecution by King James of England . The Mayflower Compact was signed aboard ship on November 11 , 1620 . They used the Julian Calendar , also known as Old Style dates , which was ten days behind the Gregorian Calendar . Signing the covenant were 41 of the ship 's 101 passengers while the Mayflower was anchored in Provincetown Harbor within the hook at the northern tip of Cape Cod . Contents ( hide ) 1 Reasons for the Compact 2 Text 3 Signers 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Reasons for the Compact The Mayflower was originally bound for the Colony of Virginia , financed by the Company of Merchant Adventurers of London . Storms forced them to anchor at the hook of Cape Cod in Massachusetts , as it was unwise to continue with provisions running short . This inspired some of the Strangers to proclaim that , since the settlement would not be made in the agreed - upon Virginia territory , they `` would use their own liberty ; for none had power to command them . '' To prevent this , the Pilgrims chose to establish a government . The Mayflower Compact was based simultaneously upon a majoritarian model ( taking into account that women and children could not vote ) and the settlers ' allegiance to the king . It was in essence a social contract in which the settlers consented to follow the compact 's rules and regulations for the sake of order and survival . The Pilgrims had lived for some years in Leiden , a city in the Dutch Republic . `` Just as a spiritual covenant had marked the beginning of their congregation in Leiden , a civil covenant would provide the basis for a secular government in America . '' Text Bradford 's transcription of the Compact The original document has been lost , but three versions exist from the 17th century : printed in Mourt 's Relation ( 1622 ) , which was reprinted in Purchas his Pilgrimes ( 1625 ) ; hand - written by William Bradford in his journal Of Plimoth Plantation ( 1646 ) ; and printed by Bradford 's nephew Nathaniel Morton in New - Englands Memorial ( 1669 ) . The three versions differ slightly in wording and significantly in spelling , capitalization , and punctuation . William Bradford wrote the first part of Mourt 's Relation , including its version of the compact , so he wrote two of the three versions . The wording of those two versions is indeed quite similar , unlike that of Morton . Bradford 's handwritten manuscript is kept in a vault at the State Library of Massachusetts . Modern version IN THE NAME OF GOD , AMEN . We , whose names are underwritten , the Loyal Subjects of our dread Sovereign Lord King James , by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , France , and Ireland , King , Defender of the Faith , &c . Having undertaken for the Glory of God , and Advancement of the Christian Faith , and the Honour of our King and Country , a Voyage to plant the first Colony in the northern Parts of Virginia ; Do by these Presents , solemnly and mutually , in the Presence of God and one another , covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil Body Politick , for our better Ordering and Preservation , and Furtherance of the Ends aforesaid : And by Virtue hereof do enact , constitute , and frame , such just and equal Laws , Ordinances , Acts , Constitutions , and Officers , from time to time , as shall be thought most meet and convenient for the general Good of the Colony ; unto which we promise all due Submission and Obedience . IN WITNESS whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names at Cape - Cod the eleventh of November , in the Reign of our Sovereign Lord King James , of England , France , and Ireland , the eighteenth , and of Scotland the fifty - fourth , Anno Domini ; 1620 . The document was signed under the Old Style Julian calendar , since England did not adopt the Gregorian calendar until 1752 . The Gregorian date would be November 21 . Signers A list of 41 male passengers who signed the document was supplied by Bradford 's nephew Nathaniel Morton in his 1669 New England 's Memorial . Thomas Prince first numbered the names in his 1736 A Chronological History of New - England in the form of Annals . The original document has been lost , so Morton is the sole source for the signers . He probably had access to the original document , but he could not have known the actual order in which it was signed simply by inspecting it . Morton 's arrangement of names might not have been the arrangement on the original document , and the names on the original may not have been arranged in any orderly fashion . Prince 's numbers are based solely on Morton , as he himself stated . Morton 's list of names was unnumbered and untitled in all six editions ( 1669 -- 1855 ) , although their order changed with successive editions . In his original 1669 edition , the names were placed on two successive pages ( 15 -- 16 ) forming six short columns , three columns of seven names each ( headed Carver , Samuel Fuller , and Edward Tilley ) on the first page and three columns of seven , seven , and six names each ( headed Turner , Priest , and Clarke ) on the next page . In the second ( 1721 ) and third ( 1772 ) editions , the six short columns were joined into three long columns of 14 , 14 , and 13 names each on a single page ( 20 ) . The first and fourth short columns were joined into the first long column ( headed Carver with Turner halfway down ) , the second and fifth short columns were joined into the second long column ( headed Samuel Fuller with Priest halfway down ) , and the third and sixth short columns were joined into the third long column ( headed Edward Tilley with Clarke halfway down ) , changing their order . In the fifth ( 1826 ) and sixth ( 1855 ) editions , the names were also in three long columns of 14 , 14 , and 13 names each on one page ( 1826 : 38 , 1855 : 26 ) , but now they were placed in their original 1669 order . The first and second short columns formed the first long column ( headed Carver with Samuel Fuller halfway down ) , the third and fourth short columns formed the second long column ( headed Edward Tilley with Turner halfway down ) , and the fifth and sixth short columns formed the third long column ( headed Priest with Clarke halfway down ) . Both long column orders appear in modern lists of unnumbered signers . Prince numbered the names in their original 1669 Morton order ( the same as the 1826 / 55 Morton order ) on successive pages ( 85 -- 86 ) , two columns of eight names each on one page ( headed 1 Carver and 9 Martin ) and two columns of 13 and 12 names each on the next page ( headed 17 Cooke and 30 Williams ) . The third ( 1852 ) edition placed these numbered names in two columns ( the first column headed 1 Carver with 8 Samuel Fuller and 15 Edward Tilley below , and the second column headed 22 Turner with 29 Priest and 36 Clarke below ) on a single page ( 172 ) . He added titles ( Mr. or Capt . ) to 11 names that were given those titles by William Bradford in the list of passengers at the end of his manuscript . He attributed the lack of Mr. Bradford to Bradford 's modesty . Prince 's numbered order of signers is now used to identify ancestors in genealogical charts . The following list of signers is organized into the six short columns of Morton ( 1669 ) with the numbers and titles of Prince . The names are given their modern spelling according to Morison . Use the numbers given for the order used by genealogists and half of unnumbered lists ( Samuel Fuller will be the eighth name ) , but merge the half columns vertically into full columns for the order used by the other half of unnumbered lists ( John Turner will be the eighth name ) . Mr. John Carver William Bradford Mr. Edward Winslow Mr. William Brewster Mr. Isaac Allerton Capt . Myles Standish John Alden Mr. Samuel Fuller Mr. Christopher Martin Mr. William Mullins Mr. William White Mr. Richard Warren John Howland Mr. Stephen Hopkins Edward Tilley John Tilley Francis Cooke Thomas Rogers Thomas Tinker John Rigsdale Edward Fuller John Turner Francis Eaton James Chilton John Crackstone John Billington Moses Fletcher John Goodman Degory Priest Thomas Williams Gilbert Winslow Edmund Margeson Peter Browne Richard Britteridge George Soule Richard Clarke Richard Gardiner John Allerton Thomas English Edward Doty Edward Leister See also Fundamental Orders of Connecticut ( 1638 ) Instrument of Government ( 1653 ) List of Mayflower passengers List of Mayflower passengers who died in the winter of 1620 -- 1621 Mayflower Mayflower Compact signatories Mayflower passengers who died at sea November / December 1620 References ^ Jump up to : Thomas Prince , A chronological history of New England in the form of annals ( 1736 ) Chronology 73 , 84 -- 86 . Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Bradford listed 104 passengers , including : William Button , a servant of Samuel Fuller who died five days before landfall ; Oceanus Hopkins , born at sea ; Perigrine White , born two weeks after landfall ; and seamen William Trevor and someone named Ely , both hired for one year . If the two seamen and Perigrine White are ignored ( William Button 's death is offset by Oceanus Hopkins ' birth ) , one is left with the `` 101 who sail 'd from Plimouth in England , and just as many arriv 'd in Cape Cod Harbour '' as listed by Prince . Jump up ^ Young , Alexander ( 1841 ) . Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers of the Colony of Plymouth from 1602 to 1625 . pp. 117 -- 124 . Jump up ^ Bradford , William ( 1898 ) . `` Book 2 , Anno 1620 '' . In Hildebrandt , Ted . Bradford 's History `` Of Plimoth Plantation '' ( PDF ) . Boston : Wright & Potter . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Young 1841 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick ( 2006 ) , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community , and War , Penguin Book , New York , N.Y. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311197 - 9 , p. 41 ^ Jump up to : George Ernest Bowman , The Mayflower Compact and its signers ( Boston : Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants , 1920 ) . Photocopies of the 1622 , 1646 and 1669 versions of the document . Jump up ^ William Bradford , Edward Winslow ( printer G. Mourt ( George Morton ) , Relation or Iournall of the beginning and proceedings of the English Plantation setled at Plimoth in New England , Early English Books Online , p. 4 ^ Jump up to : Henry Martyn Dexter , ( G. Mourt = George Morton ) , Mourt 's Relation or Journal of the Plantation at Plymouth , 1865 , pp. 6 -- 7 , a reprint using original typeface , paragraphs , punctuation , spelling and embellishments , but not pagination . Jump up ^ Samuel Purchas , Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas His Pilgrimes , Vol . XIX ( Glasgow : James Maclehose , 1906 ) 313 -- 314 . Reprint of 1625 edition except that letters i , j , u , and v are used according to modern custom , contracted letters extended , printers ' errors corrected , and repaginated from original four volumes to twenty volumes ( I. xxvi ) . ^ Jump up to : William Bradford , Bradford 's History `` Of Plimoth Plantation '' from the original manuscript ( Boston : 1901 ) page 110 ( photocopy of manuscript page follows ) . Passengers listed on pages 530 -- 540 . No annotations . Official printing by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . This printing of the compact is identical to the 1856 version by the Massachusetts Historical Society . Spelling and contractions follow manuscript except for modern usage . Capitalization and punctuation differ from manuscript . A faithful transcription is at Mayflower Compact ( 1620 ) Archived 2009 - 03 - 03 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ History of Plimoth Plantation : manuscript , 1630 -- 1650 . State Library of Massachusetts Catalog Jump up ^ `` Mayflower Compact : 1620 . Agreement Between the Settlers at New Plymouth : 1620 '' . Avalon Project , Yale Law School . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Source : The Federal and State Constitutions Colonial Charters , and Other Organic Laws of the States , Territories , and Colonies Now or Heretofore Forming the United States of America Compiled and Edited Under the Act of Congress of June 30 , 1906 by Francis Newton Thorpe Washington , DC : Government Printing Office , 1909 . Jump up ^ Samuel Eliot Morison , Of Plymouth Plantation 1620 -- 1647 by William Bradford ( New York : Alfed A. Knopf , 1966 ) 441 -- 3 . Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` plimoth '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mayflower Compact . The Mayflower Compact -- Society of Mayflower Descendants in the State of North Carolina ( hide ) Mayflower passengers and related topics General Mayflower List of Mayflower passengers Captain Christopher Jones Mayflower passengers who died at sea November / December 1620 Mayflower passengers who died in the winter of 1620 -- 21 The More family Cole 's Hill Mayflower Compact signatories Pilgrims Plymouth Colony Of Plymouth Plantation Mourt 's Relation Separatists Priscilla ( Mullins ) Alden Isaac Allerton Mary Allerton William Bradford Dorothy Bradford Love Brewster William Brewster Peter Browne William Butten John Carver ( Plymouth Colony governor ) James Chilton Mary Chilton Francis Cooke Humility Cooper John Crackston Edward Doty Moses Fletcher Edward Fuller Samuel Fuller John Howland Degory Priest Thomas Rogers Henry Samson George Soule Edward Tilley John Tilley Thomas Tinker John Turner William White Resolved White Peregrine White Edward Winslow Other passengers John Alden John Billington Francis Eaton Constance Hopkins Elizabeth Hopkins Oceanus Hopkins Stephen Hopkins Christopher Martin Elinor More Jasper More Mary More Richard More William Mullins Myles Standish Richard Warren Native American associates Squanto Samoset Hobbamock Massasoit Corbitant Related Speedwell Fortune passengers The Anne and Little James passengers Plymouth Rock The Mayflower Society Mayflower House Museum Pilgrim Hall Museum Mayflower II Harwich Mayflower Project National Monument to the Forefathers Pilgrim Monument American colonial documents Writings and documents related to British America prior to the American Revolution Richard Hakluyt Discourse Concerning Western Planting ( 1584 ) Mayflower Mayflower Compact ( 1620 ) Plymouth Colony Of Plymouth Plantation ( 1630 - 1651 ) Connecticut Colony Fundamental Orders of Connecticut ( 1638 ) VIAF : 179018306 LCCN : n50021216 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mayflower_Compact&oldid=827281632 '' Categories : 1620 in the Thirteen Colonies American political philosophy literature History of the Thirteen Colonies Mayflower Modern philosophical literature Plymouth Colony Political charters United States historical documents Provincetown , Massachusetts Thirteen Colonies documents Hidden categories : Pages with reference errors Pages with incorrect ref formatting Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 February 2018 , at 20 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who created a set of rules called the mayflower compact in early colonial america	[ "The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was written by the male passengers of the Mayflower, consisting of separatist Puritans, adventurers, and tradesmen. The Puritans were fleeing from religious persecution by King James of England." ]	[ "the male passengers of the Mayflower" ]
-4828537719318257863	Minnesota Twins	Minnesota Twins - wikipedia Minnesota Twins Minnesota Twins 2018 Minnesota Twins season Established in 1901 Based in Minnesota since 1961 Team logo Cap insignia Major league affiliations American League ( 1901 -- present ) Central Division ( 1994 -- present ) West Division ( 1969 -- 1993 ) Current uniform Retired numbers 6 10 14 28 29 34 42 Colors Navy blue , scarlet red , Minnesota Kasota gold , white Name Minnesota Twins ( 1961 -- present ) Washington Senators ( 1901 -- 1960 ) Other nicknames Twinkies Ballpark Target Field ( 2010 -- present ) Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( 1982 -- 2009 ) Metropolitan Stadium ( 1961 -- 1981 ) Griffith Stadium ( 1911 -- 1960 ) a.k.a. National Park ( 1911 -- 1920 ) National Park ( 1904 -- 1910 ) American League Park ( 1901 -- 1903 ) Major league titles World Series titles ( 3 ) 1924 1991 AL Pennants ( 6 ) 1924 1925 1933 1965 1991 Central Division titles ( 6 ) 2002 2003 2006 2009 West Division titles ( 4 ) 1969 1970 1991 Wild card berths ( 1 ) 2017 Front office Owner ( s ) Jim Pohlad Manager Paul Molitor General Manager Thad Levine President of Baseball Operations Derek Falvey The Minnesota Twins are an American professional baseball team based in Minneapolis , Minnesota . The Twins compete in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) as a member club of the American League ( AL ) Central division . The team is named after the Twin Cities area comprising Minneapolis and St. Paul . They played in Metropolitan Stadium from 1961 to 1981 and the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome from 1982 to 2009 . They played their inaugural game at the newly completed Target Field on April 12 , 2010 . The team was founded in Washington , D.C. in 1901 as one of the eight original teams of the American League , named the Washington Senators or Washington Nationals . Although the Washington team endured long bouts of mediocrity ( immortalized in the 1955 Broadway musical Damn Yankees ) , they had a period of prolonged success in the 1920s and 1930s , led by Baseball Hall of Fame members Bucky Harris , Goose Goslin , Sam Rice , Heinie Manush , Joe Cronin , and Walter Johnson . Manager Clark Griffith joined the team in 1912 and became the team 's owner in 1920 . The franchise remained under Griffith family ownership until 1984 . In 1960 , Major League Baseball granted the city of Minneapolis an expansion team . Washington owner Calvin Griffith , Clark 's nephew and adopted son , requested that he be allowed to move his team to Minneapolis - St. Paul and instead give Washington the expansion team . Upon league approval , the team moved to Minnesota after the 1960 season , setting up shop in Metropolitan Stadium , while Washington fielded a brand new `` Washington Senators '' ( which later became the Texas Rangers prior to the 1972 season ) . Success came quickly to the team in Minnesota . Sluggers Harmon Killebrew and Bob Allison , who had already been stars in Washington , were joined by Tony Oliva and Zoilo Versalles , and later second baseman Rod Carew and pitchers Jim Kaat and Jim Perry , winning the American League pennant in 1965 . A second wave of success came in the late 1980s and early 1990s under manager Tom Kelly , led by Kent Hrbek , Bert Blyleven , Frank Viola , and Kirby Puckett , winning the franchise 's second and third World Series ( and first and second in Minnesota ) . Through the 2017 season , the franchise has won three World Series championships ( 1924 , 1987 , and 1991 ) , and has fielded 18 American League batting champions . The team has hosted five All - Star Games ( 1937 , 1956 , 1965 , 1985 and 2014 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Team history 1.1 Washington Nationals / Senators : 1901 -- 1960 1.1. 1 Team nickname 1.2 Minnesota Twins : 1961 to present 1.2. 1 1960s 1.2. 2 1970s 1.2. 3 1980s -- 90s 1.2. 4 2000s 1.2. 4.1 2006 1.2. 4.2 2008 1.2. 4.3 2009 1.2. 4.4 2010 1.2. 4.5 2011 1.2. 4.6 2012 -- 2016 1.3 Threatened contraction or relocation of the team 1.4 Target Field 2 Current roster 3 Minor league affiliates 4 Achievements 4.1 Baseball Hall of Famers 4.2 Ford C. Frick Award recipients 4.3 Team captains 4.4 Twins Hall of Fame 5 Retired numbers 6 Awards 7 Team records 8 Team seasons 9 Radio and television 10 Community activities 11 Team and franchise traditions 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Team history ( edit ) Main article : History of the Minnesota Twins Washington Nationals / Senators : 1901 -- 1960 ( edit ) Main article : History of the Washington Senators Washington 's Bucky Harris scores on his home run in the fourth inning of Game 7 of the 1924 World Series . The Washington Senators spent the first decade of their existence finishing near the bottom of the American League standings . Their fortunes began to improve with the arrival of 19 - year - old pitcher , Walter Johnson , in 1907 . Johnson blossomed in 1911 with 25 victories , although the Senators still finished the season in seventh place . In 1912 , the Senators improved dramatically , as their pitching staff led the league in team earned run average and in strikeouts . Johnson won 33 games while teammate Bob Groom added another 24 wins to help the Senators finish the season in second place . The Senators continued to perform respectably in 1913 with Johnson posting a career - high 35 victories , as the team once again finished in second place . The Senators then fell into another period of decline for the next decade . After a string of mediocre seasons , a rejuvenated Johnson rebounded in 1924 to win 23 games with the help of his catcher , Muddy Ruel , as the Senators won the American League pennant for the first time in the history of the franchise . The Senators faced John McGraw 's heavily favored New York Giants in the 1924 World Series . The two teams traded wins back and forth until the series reached the seventh and deciding game . The Senators trailed the Giants 3 to 1 in the eighth inning of Game 7 , when Bucky Harris hit a routine ground ball to third which hit a pebble and took a bad hop over Giants third baseman Freddie Lindstrom . Two runners scored on the play , tying the score at three . An aging Walter Johnson then came in to pitch the ninth inning , and held the Giants scoreless into extra innings . In the bottom of the twelfth inning with Ruel at bat , he hit a high , foul ball directly over home plate . The Giants ' catcher , Hank Gowdy , dropped his protective mask to field the ball but , failing to toss the mask aside , stumbled over it and dropped the ball , thus giving Ruel another chance to bat . On the next pitch , Ruel hit a double and proceeded to score the winning run when Earl McNeely hit a ground ball that took another bad hop over Lindstrom 's head . This would mark the only World Series triumph for the franchise during their 60 - year tenure in Washington . The following season they repeated as American League champions but ultimately lost the 1925 World Series to the Pittsburgh Pirates . After Walter Johnson 's retirement in 1927 , he was hired as manager of the Senators . After enduring a few losing seasons , the team returned to contention in 1930 . In 1933 , Senators owner Clark Griffith returned to the formula that worked for him nine years prior : 26 - year - old shortstop Joe Cronin became player - manager . The Senators posted a 99 -- 53 record and cruised to the pennant seven games ahead of the New York Yankees , but in the 1933 World Series the Giants exacted their revenge winning in five games . Following the loss , the Senators sank all the way to seventh place in 1934 and attendance began to fall . Despite the return of Harris as manager from 1935 -- 42 and again from 1950 -- 54 , Washington was mostly a losing ball club for the next 25 years contending for the pennant only during World War II . Washington came to be known as `` first in war , first in peace , and last in the American League '' , with their hard luck being crucial to the plot of the musical and film Damn Yankees . Cecil Travis , Buddy Myer ( 1935 A.L. batting champion ) , Roy Sievers , Mickey Vernon ( batting champion in 1946 and 1953 ) , and Eddie Yost were notable Senators players whose careers were spent in obscurity due to the team 's lack of success . In 1954 , the Senators signed future Hall of Fame member Harmon Killebrew . By 1959 he was the Senators ' regular third baseman and led the league with 42 home runs earning him a starting spot on the American League All - Star team . President Calvin Coolidge ( left ) and Washington Senators pitcher Walter Johnson ( right ) shake hands following the Senators ' 1924 championship . After Griffith 's death in 1955 , his nephew and adopted son Calvin took over the team presidency . Calvin sold Griffith Stadium to the city of Washington and leased it back leading to speculation that the team was planning to move as the Boston Braves , St. Louis Browns and Philadelphia Athletics had all done in the early 1950s . By 1957 , after an early flirtation with San Francisco ( where the New York Giants would eventually move after that season ended ) , Griffith began courting Minneapolis -- St. Paul , a prolonged process that resulted in his rejecting the Twin Cities ' first offer before agreeing to relocate . The American League opposed the move at first , but in 1960 a deal was reached : The Senators would move and would be replaced with an expansion Senators team for 1961 . Thus , the old Washington Senators became the Minnesota Twins . Team nickname ( edit ) The Washington franchise was known as both `` Senators '' and `` Nationals '' at various times , and sometimes at the same time . In 1905 , the team changed its official name to the `` Washington Nationals . '' The name `` Nationals '' appeared on uniforms for only two seasons , and was then replaced with the `` W '' logo for the next 52 years . The media often shortened the nickname to `` Nats . '' Many fans and newspapers ( especially out - of - town papers ) persisted in using the `` Senators '' nickname , because of potential confusion caused by an American League team using the `` Nationals '' name . Over time , `` Nationals '' faded as a nickname , and `` Senators '' became dominant . Baseball guides listed the club 's nickname as `` Nationals or Senators '' , acknowledging the dual - nickname situation . The team name was officially changed to Washington Senators around the time of Clark Griffith 's death . It was not until 1959 that the word `` Senators '' first appeared on team shirts . `` Nats '' continued to be used by space - saving headline writers , even for the 1961 expansion team , which was never officially known as `` Nationals . '' The current `` Nationals '' and `` Nats '' names were revived in 2005 , when the Montreal Expos relocated to Washington to become the Nationals . Minnesota Twins : 1961 to present ( edit ) The name `` Twins '' was derived from the popular name of the region , the Twin Cities . The NBA 's Minneapolis Lakers had relocated to Los Angeles in 1960 due to poor attendance which was believed to have been caused in part by the reluctance of fans in St. Paul to support the team . Griffith was determined not to alienate fans in either city by naming the team after one city or the other , so his desire was to name the team the `` Twin Cities Twins '' , however MLB objected . Griffith therefore named the team the Minnesota Twins . However , the team was allowed to keep its original `` TC '' ( for Twin Cities ) insignia for its caps . The team 's logo shows two men , one in a Minneapolis Millers uniform and one in a St. Paul Saints uniform , shaking hands across the Mississippi River within an outline of the state of Minnesota . The `` TC '' remained on the Twins ' caps until 1987 , when they adopted new uniforms . By this time , the team felt it was established enough to put an `` M '' on its cap without having St. Paul fans think it stood for Minneapolis . The `` TC '' logo was moved to a sleeve on the jerseys , and occasionally appeared as an alternate cap design . Both the `` TC '' and `` Minnie & Paul '' logos remain the team 's primary insignia . As of 2010 , the `` TC '' logo has been reinstated on the cap as their logo . 1960s ( edit ) The Twins were eagerly greeted in Minnesota when they arrived in 1961 . They brought a nucleus of talented players : Harmon Killebrew , Bob Allison , Camilo Pascual , Zoilo Versalles , Jim Kaat , Earl Battey , and Lenny Green . Tony Oliva , who would go on to win American League batting championships in 1964 , 1965 and 1971 , made his major league debut in 1962 . That year , the Twins won 91 games , the most by the franchise since 1933 . Behind Mudcat Grant 's 21 victories , Versalles ' A.L. MVP season and Oliva 's batting title , the Twins won 102 games and the American League Pennant in 1965 , but they were defeated in the World Series by the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games ( behind the Series MVP , Sandy Koufax , who compiled a 2 -- 1 record , including winning the seventh game ) . Heading into the final weekend of the 1967 season , when Rod Carew was named the A.L. Rookie of the Year , the Twins , Boston Red Sox , Chicago White Sox , and Detroit Tigers all had a shot at clinching the American League championship . The Twins and the Red Sox started the weekend tied for 1st place and played against each other in Boston for the final three games of the season . The Red Sox won two out of the three games , seizing their first pennant since 1946 with a 92 -- 70 record . The Twins and Tigers both finished one game back , with 91 -- 71 records , while the White Sox finished three games back , at 89 -- 73 . In 1969 , the new manager of the Twins , Billy Martin , pushed aggressive base running all - around , and Carew set the all - time Major League record by stealing home seven times in addition to winning the first of seven A.L. batting championships . With Killebrew slugging 49 homers and winning the AL MVP Award , these 1969 Twins won the very first American League Western Division Championship , but they lost three straight games to the Baltimore Orioles , winners of 109 games , in the first American League Championship Series . The Orioles would go on to be upset by the New York Mets in the World Series . Martin was fired after the season , in part due to an August 1969 fight in Detroit with 20 - game winner Dave Boswell and outfielder Bob Allison , in an alley outside the Lindell A.C. bar . Bill Rigney led the Twins to a repeat division title in 1970 , behind the star pitching of Jim Perry ( 24 - 12 ) , the A.L. Cy Young Award winner , while the Orioles again won the Eastern Division Championship behind the star pitching of Jim Palmer . Once again , the Orioles won the A.L. Championship Series in a three - game sweep , and this time they would win the World Series . 1970s ( edit ) After winning the division again in 1970 , the team entered an eight - year dry spell , finishing around the . 500 mark . Killebrew departed after 1974 . Owner Calvin Griffith faced financial difficulty with the start of free agency , costing the Twins the services of Lyman Bostock and Larry Hisle , who left as free agents after the 1977 season , and Carew , who was traded after the 1978 season . In 1975 , Carew won his fourth consecutive AL batting title , having already joined Ty Cobb as the only players to lead the major leagues in batting average for three consecutive seasons . In 1977 , Carew batted . 388 , which was the highest in baseball since Boston 's Ted Williams hit . 406 in 1941 ; he won the 1977 AL MVP Award . He won another batting title in 1978 , hitting . 333 . 1980s -- 90s ( edit ) The Metrodome , 2007 In 1982 , the Twins moved into the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , which they shared with the Minnesota Vikings . After a 16 - 54 start , the Twins were on the verge on becoming the worst team in MLB history . They turned the season around somewhat , but still lost 102 games which is the second - worst record in Twins history ( beaten only by the 2016 team , who lost 103 games ) , despite the . 301 average , 23 homers and 92 RBI from rookie Kent Hrbek . In 1984 , Griffith sold the Twins to multi-billionaire banker / financier Carl Pohlad . The Metrodome hosted the 1985 Major League Baseball All - Star Game . After several losing seasons , the 1987 team , led by Hrbek , Gary Gaetti , Frank Viola ( A.L. Cy Young winner in 1988 ) , Bert Blyleven , Jeff Reardon , Tom Brunansky , Dan Gladden , and rising star Kirby Puckett , returned to the World Series after defeating the favored Detroit Tigers in the ALCS , 4 games to 1 . Tom Kelly managed the Twins to World Series victories over the St. Louis Cardinals in 1987 and the Atlanta Braves in 1991 . The 1988 Twins were the first team in American League history to draw more than 3 million fans . On July 17 , 1990 , the Twins became the only team in major league history to pull off two triple plays in the same game . Twins ' pitcher and Minnesota native Jack Morris was the star of the series in 1991 , going 2 -- 0 in his three starts with a 1.17 ERA. 1991 also marked the first time that any team that finished in last place in their division would advance to the World Series the following season ; both the Twins and the Braves did this in 1991 . Contributors to the 1991 Twins ' improvement from 74 wins to 95 included Chuck Knoblauch , the A.L. Rookie of the Year ; Scott Erickson , 20 - game winner ; new closer Rick Aguilera and new designated hitter Chili Davis . The World Series in 1991 is regarded by many as one of the classics of all time . In this Series , four games were won during the teams ' final at - bat , and three of these were in extra innings . The Atlanta Braves won all three of their games in Atlanta , and the Twins won all four of their games in Minnesota . The sixth game was a legendary one for Puckett , who tripled in a run , made a sensational leaping catch against the wall , and finally in the 11th inning hit the game - winning home run . The seventh game was tied 0 -- 0 after the regulation nine innings , and marked only the second time that the seventh game of the World Series had ever gone into extra innings . The Twins won on a walk - off RBI single by Gene Larkin in the bottom of the 10th inning , after Morris had pitched ten shutout innings against the Braves . The seventh game of the 1991 World Series is widely regarded as one of the greatest games in the history of professional baseball . After a winning season in 1992 but falling short of Oakland in the division , the Twins fell into a years - long stretch of mediocrity , posting a losing record each season for the next eight : 71 -- 91 in 1993 , 50 -- 63 in 1994 , 56 -- 88 in 1995 , 78 -- 84 in 1996 , 68 -- 94 in 1997 , 70 -- 92 in 1998 , 63 -- 97 in 1999 and 69 -- 93 in 2000 . From 1994 to 1997 , a long sequence of retirements and injuries hurt the team badly , and Tom Kelly spent the remainder of his managerial career attempting to rebuild the Twins . In 1997 , owner Carl Pohlad almost sold the Twins to North Carolina businessman Don Beaver , who would have moved the team to the Piedmont Triad area . Puckett after the 1995 season was forced to retire at age 35 due to loss of vision in one eye from a central retinal vein occlusion . The 1989 A.L. batting champion , he retired as the Twins ' all - time leader in career hits , runs , doubles , and total bases . At the time of his retirement , his . 318 career batting average was the highest by any right - handed American League batter since Joe DiMaggio . Puckett was the fourth baseball player during the 20th century to record 1,000 hits in his first five full calendar years in Major League Baseball , and was the second to record 2,000 hits during his first 10 full calendar years . He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2001 , his first year of eligibility . 2000s ( edit ) Justin Morneau , drafted in 1999 by the Twins , won the AL MVP award in 2006 . The Twins dominated the Central Division in the first decade of the new century , winning the division in six of those ten years ( ' 02 , ' 03 , ' 04 , ' 06 , ' 09 and ' 10 ) , and nearly winning it in ' 08 as well . From 2001 to 2006 , the Twins compiled the longest streak of consecutive winning seasons since moving to Minnesota . Threatened with closure by league contraction , the 2002 team battled back to reach the American League Championship Series before being eliminated 4 -- 1 by that year 's World Series champion Anaheim Angels . The Twins have not won a playoff series since the 2002 series against the Athletics , this despite the team winning several division championships in the decade . 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 Minnesota Twins season In 2006 , the Twins won the division on the last day of the regular season ( the only day all season they held sole possession of first place ) but lost to the Oakland Athletics in the ALDS . Ozzie Guillén coined a nickname for this squad , calling the Twins `` little piranhas '' . The Twins players embraced the label , and in response , the Twins Front office started a `` Piranha Night '' , with piranha finger puppets given out to the first 10,000 fans . Scoreboard operators sometimes played an animated sequence of piranhas munching under that caption in situations where the Twins were scoring runs playing `` small ball '' , and the stadium vendors sold T - shirts and hats advertising `` The Little Piranhas '' . The Twins also had the AL MVP in Justin Morneau , the AL batting champion in Joe Mauer , and the AL Cy Young Award winner in Johan Santana . 2008 ( edit ) Main article : 2008 Minnesota Twins season In 2008 , the Twins finished the regular season tied with the White Sox on top of the AL Central , forcing a one - game playoff in Chicago to determine the division champion . The Twins lost that game and missed the playoffs . The game location was determined by rule of a coin flip that was conducted in mid-September . This rule was changed for the start of the 2009 season , making the site for any tiebreaker game to be determined by the winner of the regular season head - to - head record between the teams involved . 2009 ( edit ) Main article : 2009 Minnesota Twins season Joe Nathan won the Rolaids Relief Man Award in 2009 . After a year where the Twins played . 500 baseball for most of the season , the team won 17 of their last 21 games to tie the Detroit Tigers for the lead in the Central Division . The Twins were able to use the play - in game rule to their advantage when they won the AL Central at the end of the regular season by way of a 6 -- 5 tiebreaker game that concluded with a 12th - inning walk - off hit by Alexi Casilla to right field , that scored Carlos Gómez . However , they failed to advance to the American League Championship Series as they lost the American League Divisional Series in three straight games to the eventual World Series champion New York Yankees . That year , Joe Mauer became only the second catcher in 33 years to win the AL MVP award . Iván Rodríguez won for the Texas Rangers in 1999 , previous to that , the last catcher to win an AL MVP was the New York Yankees Thurman Munson in 1976 . Main article : 2010 Minnesota Twins season In their inaugural season played at Target Field , the Twins finished the regular season with a record of 94 - 68 , clinching the AL Central Division title for the 6th time in 9 years under manager Ron Gardenhire . New regular players included rookie Danny Valencia at third base , designated hitter Jim Thome , closer Matt Capps , infielder J.J. Hardy , and infielder Orlando Hudson . In relief pitching roles were late additions Brian Fuentes and Randy Flores . On July 7 , the team suffered a major blow when Justin Morneau sustained a concussion , which knocked him out for the rest of the season . In the divisional series , the Twins lost to the Yankees in a three - game sweep for the second consecutive year . Following the season , Ron Gardenhire received AL Manager of the Year honors after finishing as a runner up in several prior years . 2011 ( edit ) Main article : 2011 Minnesota Twins season After repeating as AL Central champions in 2010 , the Twins entered 2011 with no players on the disabled list , and the team seemed poised for another strong season . During the off - season , the team signed Japanese shortstop Tsuyoshi Nishioka to fill a hole in the middle infield , re-signed Jim Thome , who was in pursuit of career home run number 600 , and also re-signed Carl Pavano . However , the season was largely derailed by an extensive list of injuries . Nishioka 's broken leg in a collision at second base led the way and was followed by DL stints from Kevin Slowey , Joe Mauer , Jason Repko , Thome , Delmon Young ( two stints on the DL ) , José Mijares , Glen Perkins , Joe Nathan , Francisco Liriano , Jason Kubel , Denard Span ( two stints ) , Justin Morneau , Scott Baker , and Alexi Casilla . The team 's low point was arguably on May 1 when the team started 7 players who were batting below . 235 in a game against Kansas City . From that day forward , the Twins made a strong push to get as close as five games back of the division lead by the All - Star break . However , the team struggled down the stretch and fell back out of contention . The team failed to reach the playoffs for the first time since 2008 and experienced their first losing season in four years . Despite an AL - worst 63 - 99 record , the team drew over 3 million fans for the second consecutive year . Michael Cuddyer served as the Twins representative at the All - Star game , his first appearance . Bert Blyleven 's number was retired during the season and he was also inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame during the month of July . On August 10 , Nathan recorded his 255th save , passing Rick Aguilera for first place on the franchise 's all - time saves list . On August 15 , Thome hit 599th and 600th home run at Comerica Park to become the eighth player in Major League history to hit 600 home runs , joining Babe Ruth , Willie Mays , Hank Aaron , Barry Bonds , Sammy Sosa , Ken Griffey , Jr. , and Alex Rodriguez . 2012 -- 2016 ( edit ) Main articles : 2012 Minnesota Twins season , 2013 Minnesota Twins season , 2014 Minnesota Twins season , and 2015 Minnesota Twins season The team started the 2012 season with a league worst 10 - 24 record . In late May and early June , the team embarked on a hot streak , winning ten out of thirteen games . By mid July , the team found themselves only 10 games out of the division lead . On July 16 , the Twins defeated the Baltimore Orioles 19 - 7 , the most runs scored in the short history of Target Field . By the end of August , the Twins were more than 20 games below . 500 , and last in the American League . On August 29 , it was announced that the Twins would host the 2014 All - Star Game . In 2013 , the Twins finished in 4th place in the AL Central , with a record of 66 - 96 . In 2014 , the team finished with a 70 - 92 record , last in the division and accumulated the second fewest wins in the American League . As a result , Ron Gardenhire was fired on September 29 , 2014 . On November 3 , 2014 Paul Molitor was announced by the team as the 13th manager in Twins history . In 2015 , the team had a winning season ( 83 - 79 ) , following four consecutive seasons of 90 or more losses . In 2016 , the Minnesota Twins finished last in the AL Central , with a 59 - 103 record . Brian Dozier set his career high in home runs with 43 , which was tied for second in baseball , and leading all 2nd basemen. Tyler Duffey led all Twins starters with 9 wins throughout the season , while fellow reliever Brandon Kintzler led the team with 17 saves . Rising stars Miguel Sano , Max Kepler , and Byron Buxton combined to have 263 total hits , 52 home runs , 167 RBIs , and a batting average of . 232 throughout the season . The Twins signed star Korean slugger Byung Ho Park to a 4 - year / $12 million contract , where he hit a . 191 batting average , with 12 home runs , and 24 RBIs before being sent down to Rochester for the remainder of the season . Threatened contraction or relocation of the team ( edit ) The Metrodome in 2006 . The quirks of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome , including the turf floor and the white roof , gave the Twins a significant home - field advantage that played into their winning the World Series in both 1987 and 1991 , at least in the opinion of their opponents , as the Twins went 12 -- 1 in postseason home games during those two seasons . These were the first two World Series in professional baseball history in which a team won the championship by winning all four home games . ( The feat has since been repeated once , by the Arizona Diamondbacks in 2001 . ) Nevertheless , the Twins argued that the Metrodome was obsolete and that the lack of a dedicated baseball - only ballpark limited team revenue and made it difficult to sustain a top - notch , competitive team ( the Twins had been sharing tenancy in stadiums with the NFL 's Minnesota Vikings since 1961 ) . The team was rumored to contemplate moving to such places as New Jersey , Las Vegas , Portland , Oregon , the Greensboro / Winston - Salem , North Carolina , area , and elsewhere in search of a more financially competitive market . In 2002 , the team was nearly disbanded when Major League Baseball selected the Twins and the Montreal Expos ( now the Washington Nationals franchise ) for elimination due to their financial weakness relative to other franchises in the league . The impetus for league contraction diminished after a court decision forced the Twins to play out their lease on the Metrodome . However , Twins owner Carl Pohlad continued his efforts to relocate , pursuing litigation against the Metropolitan Stadium Commission and obtaining a state court ruling that his team was not obligated to play in the Metrodome after the 2006 season . This cleared the way for the Twins to either be relocated or disbanded prior to the 2007 season if a new deal was not reached . Target Field ( edit ) Main article : Target Field Target Field in 2010 . In response to the threatened loss of the Twins , the Minnesota private and public sector negotiated and approved a financing package for a replacement stadium -- a baseball - only outdoor , natural turf ballpark in the Warehouse District of downtown Minneapolis -- owned by a new entity known as the Minnesota Ballpark Authority . Target Field was constructed at a cost of $544.4 million ( including site acquisition and infrastructure ) , utilizing the proceeds of a $392 million public bond offering based on a 0.15 % sales tax in Hennepin County and private financing of $185 million provided by the Pohlad family . As part of the deal , the Twins also signed a 30 - year lease of the new stadium , effectively guaranteeing the continuation of the team in Minnesota for a long time to come . Construction of the new field began in 2007 , and was completed in December 2009 , in time for the 2010 season . Commissioner Bud Selig , who earlier had threatened to disband the team , observed that without the new stadium the Twins could not have committed to sign their star player , catcher Joe Mauer , to an 8 - year , $184 million contract extension . The first regular season game in Target Field was played against the Boston Red Sox on April 12 , 2010 , with Mauer driving in two runs and going 3 - for - 5 to help the Twins defeat the Red Sox , 5 -- 2 . On May 18 , 2011 , Target Field was named `` The Best Place To Shop '' by Street and Smith 's SportsBusiness Journal at the magazine 's 2011 Sports Business Awards Ceremony in New York City . It was also named `` The Best Sports Stadium in North America '' by ESPN The Magazine in a ranking that included over 120 different stadiums , ballparks and arenas from around North America . In July 2014 , Target Field hosted the 85th Major League Baseball All - Star Game and the Home Run Derby . Current roster ( edit ) Minnesota Twins roster Active roster Inactive roster Coaches / Other Pitchers Starting rotation 17 José Berríos 44 Kyle Gibson 31 Lance Lynn 12 Jake Odorizzi 77 Fernando Romero Bullpen 19 Matt Belisle 32 Zach Duke 39 Trevor Hildenberger 68 Matt Magill 57 Ryan Pressly 43 Addison Reed 55 Taylor Rogers Closer 56 Fernando Rodney Catchers 23 Mitch Garver 46 Bobby Wilson Infielders 16 Ehire Adrianza 2 Brian Dozier 5 Eduardo Escobar 7 Joe Mauer 99 Logan Morrison 45 Taylor Motter Outfielders 36 Robbie Grossman 26 Max Kepler 24 Ryan LaMarre 20 Eddie Rosario Pitchers 67 Alan Busenitz 27 John Curtiss 21 Tyler Duffey 59 Stephen Gonsalves 76 Félix Jorge 52 Zack Littell 65 Trevor May 49 Adalberto Mejía 58 Gabriel Moya 50 Aaron Slegers 71 Lewis Thorpe Infielders 22 Miguel Sanó Outfielders 25 Byron Buxton 60 Jake Cave 8 Zack Granite Manager 4 Paul Molitor Coaches 41 Garvin Alston ( pitching ) 75 Nate Dammann ( bullpen catcher ) 13 Gene Glynn ( third base ) 18 Eddie Guardado ( bullpen ) 63 Rudy Hernandez ( assistant hitting ) 30 Jeff Pickler ( major league coach ) 76 Ben Richardson ( bullpen catcher ) 33 James Rowson ( hitting ) 37 Jeff Smith ( first base ) 9 Derek Shelton ( bench ) 60 - day disabled list 15 Jason Castro 35 Michael Pineda 54 Ervin Santana Restricted list 11 Jorge Polanco 25 active , 15 inactive 7 - or 10 - day disabled list Suspended list Personal leave Roster and coaches updated June 15 , 2018 Transactions Depth chart → All MLB rosters Minnesota Twins all - time roster : A complete list of players who played in at least one game for the Twins franchise . Minor league affiliates ( edit ) Main article : List of Minnesota Twins minor league affiliates Level Team League Location AAA Rochester Red Wings International League Rochester , New York AA Chattanooga Lookouts Southern League Chattanooga , Tennessee Advanced A Fort Myers Miracle Florida State League Fort Myers , Florida Cedar Rapids Kernels Midwest League Cedar Rapids , Iowa Rookie Elizabethton Twins Appalachian League Elizabethton , Tennessee GCL Twins Gulf Coast League Fort Myers , Florida DSL Twins Dominican Summer League Dominican Republic Achievements ( edit ) Baseball Hall of Famers ( edit ) Minnesota Twins Hall of Famers Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Washington Senators Stan Coveleski Joe Cronin Ed Delahanty Rick Ferrell Lefty Gomez Goose Goslin Clark Griffith Bucky Harris Whitey Herzog Walter Johnson Heinie Manush Sam Rice Al Simmons George Sisler Tris Speaker Early Wynn Minnesota Twins Bert Blyleven Rod Carew Steve Carlton Harmon Killebrew Paul Molitor Jack Morris Kirby Puckett Jim Thome Dave Winfield Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Twins or Senators cap insignia . Molitor and Winfield , St. Paul natives and University of Minnesota graduates , came to the team late in their careers and were warmly received as `` hometown heroes '' , but were elected to the Hall on the basis of their tenures with other teams . Both swatted their 3,000 th hit with the Twins . Cronin , Goslin , Griffith , Harris , Johnson , Killebrew and Wynn are listed on the Washington Hall of Stars display at Nationals Park ( previously they were listed at Robert F. Kennedy Stadium ) . So are Ossie Bluege , George Case , Joe Judge , George Selkirk , Roy Sievers , Cecil Travis , Mickey Vernon and Eddie Yost . Ford C. frick Award recipients ( edit ) Minnesota Twins Ford C. Frick Award recipients Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Herb Carneal Russ Hodges Arch McDonald Chuck Thompson Bob Wolff Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Twins or Senators . Team captains ( edit ) 3 Harmon Killebrew 1961 -- 74 Twins Hall of Fame ( edit ) Key Year Year inducted Bold Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame Member of the Baseball Hall of Fame as a Twin Bold Recipient of the Hall of Fame 's Ford C. Frick Award Minnesota Twins Hall of Fame Year No . Name Position ( s ) Tenure 2000 Harmon Killebrew 1B 1961 -- 74 29 Rod Carew 2B 1967 -- 78 6 Tony Oliva RF / DH 1962 -- 76 14 Kent Hrbek 1B 1981 -- 94 34 Kirby Puckett CF 1984 -- 95 -- Calvin Griffith President and Owner 1961 -- 83 2001 -- Herb Carneal Radio Broadcaster 1962 -- 2007 36 Jim Kaat 1961 -- 73 2002 28 Bert Blyleven 1970 -- 76 1985 -- 88 10 Tom Kelly Manager 1986 -- 2001 2003 Bob Allison OF 1961 -- 70 -- Bob Casey Public Address Announcer 1961 -- 2004 10 Earl Battey 1961 -- 67 2005 16 Frank Viola 1982 -- 89 -- Carl Pohlad Owner 1984 -- 2009 2006 Zoilo Versalles SS 1961 -- 67 2007 8 Gary Gaetti 3B 1981 -- 90 -- Jim Rantz Director of Minor Leagues 1986 -- 2012 2008 38 Rick Aguilera 1989 -- 95 1996 -- 99 2009 22 , 23 , 59 Brad Radke 1995 -- 2006 -- George Brophy Front office executive 1961 -- 85 7 Greg Gagne SS 1983 -- 92 2011 31 Jim Perry 1963 -- 72 2012 17 Camilo Pascual 1961 -- 66 2013 18 Eddie Guardado 1993 -- 2003 , 2008 -- Tom Mee Media Relations Director 1961 - 91 2016 -- John Gordon Radio Broadcaster 1987 - 2011 48 Torii Hunter CF / RF 1997 -- 2007 , 2015 2017 5 Michael Cuddyer RF 2001 -- 11 -- Andy MacPhail General Manager 1985 -- 94 2018 57 Johan Santana 2000 -- 2007 Retired numbers ( edit ) Banners and retired numbers displayed in the Metrodome See also : List of Major League Baseball retired numbers The Metrodome 's upper deck in center and right fields was partly covered by a curtain containing banners of various titles won , and retired numbers . There was no acknowledgment of the Twins ' prior championships in Washington and several Senator Hall of Famers , such as Walter Johnson , played in the days prior to numbers being used on uniforms . However Killebrew played seven seasons as a Senator , including two full seasons as a regular prior to the move to Minnesota in 1961 . Prior to the addition of the banners , the Twins acknowledged their retired numbers on the Metrodome 's outfield fence . Harmon Killebrew 's # 3 was the first to be displayed , as it was the only one the team had retired when they moved in . It was joined by Rod Carew 's # 29 in 1987 , Tony Oliva 's # 6 in 1991 , Kent Hrbek 's # 14 in 1995 , and Kirby Puckett 's # 34 in 1997 before the Twins began hanging the banners to reduce capacity . The championships , meanwhile were marked on the `` Baggie '' in right field . Harmon Killebrew LF - 1B - 3B Retired May 4 , 1975 Tony Oliva RF - DH - Coach Retired July 14 , 1991 Tom Kelly Manager Retired September 8 , 2012 Kent Hrbek 1B Retired August 13 , 1995 Bert Blyleven Retired July 16 , 2011 Rod Carew 1B - 2B Retired July 19 , 1987 Kirby Puckett CF Retired May 25 , 1997 Jackie Robinson All MLB Honored April 15 , 1997 Target Field retired number signs in 2010 . In the Metrodome , the numbers ran in that order from left to right . In Target Field , they run from right to left , presumably to allow space for additional numbers in the future . The retired numbers also serve as entry points at Target Field , The center field gate is Gate No. 3 , honoring Killebrew , the left field gate is Gate No. 6 , honoring Oliva , the home plate gate is Gate No. 14 , for Hrbek , the right field gate serves as Gate No. 29 , in tribute to Carew , and the plaza gate is known as Gate No. 34 , honoring Puckett . The numbers that have been retired hang within Target Field in front of the tower that serves as the Twins ' executive offices in left field foul territory . The championships banners have been replaced by small pennants that fly on masts at the back of the left field upper deck . Those pennants , along with the flags flying in the plaza behind right field , serve as a visual cue for the players , suggesting the wind direction and speed . Jackie Robinson 's number , 42 , was retired by Major League Baseball on April 15 , 1997 and formally honored by the Twins on May 23 , 1997 . Robinson 's number was positioned to the left of the Twins numbers in both venues . Player Jersey Position Date retired Harmon Killebrew LF - 1B - 3B : 1954 -- 60 ( WAS ) LF - 1B - 3B : 1961 -- 74 ( MIN ) May 4 , 1975 Rod Carew 29 1B - 2B : 1967 -- 78 ( MIN ) July 19 , 1987 Tony Oliva 6 RF - DH : 1962 -- 76 ( MIN ) Coach : 1976 -- 78 ( MIN ) Coach : 1985 -- 91 ( MIN ) July 14 , 1991 Kent Hrbek 14 1B : 1981 -- 94 ( MIN ) August 13 , 1995 Jackie Robinson 42 Retired by MLB April 15 , 1997 Kirby Puckett 34 CF : 1984 -- 95 ( MIN ) May 25 , 1997 Bert Blyleven 28 P : 1970 -- 76 ( MIN ) P : 1985 -- 88 ( MIN ) July 16 , 2011 Tom Kelly 10 Manager : 1986 -- 2001 ( MIN ) September 8 , 2012 Awards ( edit ) Main article : Minnesota Twins award winners and league leaders Team records ( edit ) Main article : Minnesota Twins team records Team seasons ( edit ) Main article : List of Minnesota Twins seasons Year Regular Season Postseason Result Wins Losses Win % Finish Attendance Attendance per Game Record Win % 2001 85 77 . 525 2nd -- AL Central 1,782,929 22,011 0 -- 0 . 000 2002 94 67 . 584 1st -- AL Central 1,924,473 23,906 4 -- 6 . 400 Won ALDS vs Oakland Athletics , 3 -- 2 Lost ALCS to Anaheim Angels , 1 -- 4 2003 90 72 . 556 1st -- AL Central 1,946,011 24,025 1 -- 3 . 250 Lost ALDS to New York Yankees , 1 -- 3 92 70 . 568 1st -- AL Central 1,911,490 23,599 1 -- 3 . 250 Lost ALDS to New York Yankees , 1 -- 3 2005 83 79 . 512 3rd -- AL Central 2,034,243 25,114 0 -- 0 . 000 2006 96 66 . 593 1st -- AL Central 2,285,018 28,210 0 -- 3 . 000 Lost ALDS to Oakland Athletics , 0 -- 3 2007 79 83 . 488 3rd -- AL Central 2,296,347 28,349 0 -- 0 . 000 2008 88 75 . 540 2nd -- AL Central 2,302,611 28,427 0 -- 0 . 000 2009 87 76 . 534 1st -- AL Central 2,416,237 29,466 0 -- 3 . 000 Lost ALDS to New York Yankees , 0 -- 3 94 68 . 580 1st -- AL Central 3,223,640 39,798 0 -- 3 . 000 Lost ALDS to New York Yankees , 0 -- 3 2011 63 99 . 389 5th -- AL Central 3,168,107 39,112 0 -- 0 . 000 2012 66 96 . 407 5th -- AL Central 2,776,354 34,275 0 -- 0 . 000 2013 66 96 . 407 4th -- AL Central 2,477,644 30,588 0 -- 0 . 000 2014 70 92 . 432 5th -- AL Central 2,250,606 27,785 0 -- 0 . 000 2015 83 79 . 521 2nd -- AL Central 2,220,054 27,408 0 -- 0 . 000 2016 59 103 . 364 5th -- AL Central 1,963,912 24,246 0 -- 0 . 000 2017 85 77 . 525 2nd -- AL Central 2,051,279 25,324 0 -- 1 . 000 Lost AL Wild Card Game ( Yankees ) 2018 15 17 . 469 2nd -- AL Central 285,531 20,395 0 -- 0 . 000 Total as Twins 4501 4592 . 495 -- -- -- 25 -- 39 . 391 2 World Series Championships Radio and television ( edit ) See also : List of Minnesota Twins broadcasters In 2007 , the Twins took the rights to the broadcasts in - house and created the Twins Radio Network ( TRN ) . With that new network in place the Twins secured a new Metro Affiliate flagship radio station in KSTP ( AM 1500 ) . It replaced WCCO ( AM 830 ) , which held broadcast rights for the Twins since the team moved to Minneapolis in 1961 . For 2013 , the Twins moved to FM radio on KTWN - FM 96.3 K - Twin , which is owned by the Pohlad family . The original radio voices of the Twins in 1961 were Ray Scott , Halsey Hall and Bob Wolff . After the first season , Herb Carneal replaced Wolff . Twins TV and radio broadcasts were originally sponsored by the Hamm 's Brewing Company . In 2009 , Treasure Island Resort & Casino became the first ever naming rights partner for the Twins Radio Network , making the commercial name of TRN the Treasure Island Baseball Network . In 2017 , it was announced that WCCO would become the flagship station the Twins again starting in 2018 , thus returning the team back to its original station after 11 years . Cory Provus is the current radio play by play announcer , taking over in 2012 for longtime Twins voice John Gordon who retired following the 2011 season . Former Twins OF Dan Gladden serves as color commentator . TRN broadcasts are originated from the studios at Minnesota News Network and Minnesota Farm Networks . Kris Atteberry hosts the pre-game show , the `` Lineup Card '' and the `` Post-game Download '' from those studios except when filling in for Provus or Gladden when they are on vacation . On April 1 , 2007 , Herb Carneal , the radio voice of the Twins for all but one year of their existence , died at his home in Minnetonka , Minnesota after a long battle with a list of illnesses . Carneal is in the broadcasters wing of the Baseball Hall of Fame . Hall of Famer Bert Blyleven played 11 seasons for the Twins The television rights are held by Fox Sports North with Dick Bremer as the play - by - play announcer and former Twin , 2011 National Baseball Hall of Fame inductee , Bert Blyleven as color analyst . They are sometimes joined by Roy Smalley and Jack Morris . Bob Casey was the Twins first public - address announcer starting in 1961 and continuing until his death in 2005 . He was well known for his unique delivery and his signature announcements of `` No smoking in the Metrodome , either go outside or quit ! '' ( or `` go back to Boston '' , etc . ) , `` Batting 3rd , the center - fielder , No. 34 , Kirby Puckett ! ! ! '' and asking fans not to ' throw anything or anybody ' onto the field . Community activities ( edit ) Minnesota Twins Community Fund -- Play Ball ! Minnesota Team and franchise traditions ( edit ) Fans wave a Homer Hanky to rally the team during play - offs and other crucial games . The Homer Hanky was created by Terrie Robbins of the Star Tribune newspaper in the Twin Cities in 1987 . It was her idea to originally give away 60,000 inaugural Homer Hankies . That year , over 2.3 million Homer Hankies were distributed . The party atmosphere of the Twins clubhouse after a win is well - known , the team 's players unwinding with loud rock music ( usually the choice of the winning pitcher ) and video games . The club has several hazing rituals , such as requiring the most junior relief pitcher on the team to carry water and snacks to the bullpen in a brightly colored small child 's backpack ( Barbie in 2005 , SpongeBob SquarePants in 2006 , Hello Kitty in 2007 , Disney Princess and Tinkerbell in 2009 , Chewbacca and Darth Vader in 2010 ) , and many of its players , both past and present , are notorious pranksters . For example , Bert Blyleven earned the nickname `` The Frying Dutchman '' for his ability to pull the `` hotfoot '' -- which entails crawling under the bench in the dugout and lighting a teammate 's shoelaces on fire . See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Minnesota portal Baseball Hall of Fame Minnesota Twins all - time roster References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bollinger , Rhett ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Twins ' new home uniforms have touch of gold '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2014 . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . The Twins are introducing a new color to their scheme , as the uniform will feature the traditional scarlet red and navy blue , but it will be accented by Minnesota Kasota Gold , a color symbolizing the Mankato limestone that is featured throughout Target Field . Jump up ^ `` Introducing the 2015 Twins Home Uniform '' . Minnesota Twins . November 10 , 2014 . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . 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Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1924 World Series Game 7 box score '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ruel , Muddy ( October 1964 ) . How Senators ' Strategy Won for Johnson . Baseball Digest . Retrieved April 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Senators '' . BaseballLibrary.com . Retrieved Aug 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Grosshandler , Stan ( February 1981 ) . 13 Most Forgotten Stars In Major League History . Baseball Digest . Books.Google.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vass , George ( August 1999 ) . 20th Century All - Overlooked Stars . Baseball Digest . Books.Google.com . Retrieved May 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Senators Reject Bids to Move to Minneapolis or St. Paul '' . New York Times . October 27 , 1957 . Retrieved May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins Team History & Encyclopedia '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Today in Twins History '' . Twinstrivia.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twins Uniforms and Logos twinsbaseball.com : History '' . Minnesota Twins . MLB . June 19 , 2012 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twins Unveil New Logos , Uniforms for 2010 Season '' . Bizofbaseball.com . November 16 , 2009 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1965 World Series -- Los Angeles Dodgers over Minnesota Twins ( 4 - 3 ) '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rod Carew Baseball Hall of Fame Jump up ^ `` 1970 Minnesota Twins Batting , Pitching , & Fielding Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rod Carew Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rod Carew Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Kent Hrbek '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2012 . 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May 31 , 2009 . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gordon , Jack ( March 2010 ) . `` The Coolest Ballpark in America '' . Twin Cities Business Magazine . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` April 12 , 2010 Boston Red Sox at Minnesota Twins Play by Play and Box Score '' . Baseball-Reference.com. April 12 , 2010 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vomhof , Jr. , John ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Target Field named Sports Facility of the Year '' . Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hart Van Denburg ( July 2 , 2010 ) . `` ESPN Magazine calls Target Field the best stadium in North America '' . City Pages . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Baseball Hall of Fame -- The 3,000 Hit Club -- Paul Molitor '' . Exhibits.baseballhalloffame.org . September 16 , 1996 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Longevity '' . CNN . September 27 , 1993 . Jump up ^ `` Paul Molitor 3,000 th Hit Box Score ( Enhanced ) by Baseball Almanac '' . Baseball-almanac.com . September 16 , 1996 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Senators Hall of Fame ? '' . Baseball-fever.com . November 27 , 2010 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thesier , Kelly ( Jan 23 , 2009 ) . `` Radke , Brophy join Twins Hall of Fame '' . Minnesota Twins . Retrieved Jan 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thesier , Kelly ( February 9 , 2010 ) . `` Gagne elected to Twins Hall of Fame '' . Minnesota Twins . Retrieved Jul 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Thesier , Kelly ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` Twins great Perry gains entrance to club 's Hall '' . Minnesota Twins . Retrieved Jan 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bollinger , Rhett ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Pascual elected to Twins Hall of Fame '' . Minnesota Twins . Retrieved May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins Hall of Fame adds Eddie Guardado , Tom Mee '' . Minnesota Twins . January 25 , 2013 . Retrieved January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Sports Almanac '' . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Retired Uniform Numbers in the American League by Baseball Almanac '' . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Retired Numbers '' . Minnesota Twins . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Twins Radio Network twinsbaseball.com : Schedule '' . Minnesota Twins . MLB . June 19 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Venta , Lance ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Minnesota Twins Return To WCCO '' . Radio Insight . Retrieved February 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Haudricourt , Tom . `` Twins hire Provus , Gladden returns as analyst '' . JSOnline . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twins radio play - by - play man John Gordon will retire after season MLB.com : News '' . Minnesota Twins . MLB . June 19 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twins hire Cory Provus for radio play - by - play / analyst position twinsbaseball.com : News '' . Minnesota Twins . MLB . June 19 , 2012 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twins Hall of Fame broadcaster dies of heart failure -- MLB -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. April 1 , 2007 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FS - North , Twins announce TV schedule '' . Foxsportsnorth.com . February 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Blyleven , Bert Baseball Hall of Fame '' . Baseballhall.org. April 6 , 1951 . Retrieved August 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Twins News , Photos and Video '' . FOXSportsNorth.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Twins announcer Casey dies at age 79 twinsbaseball.com : News '' . Minnesota Twins . MLB . June 19 , 2012 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2007 . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Home page '' . Play Ball ! Minnesota . Minnesota Twins Community Fund . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` McGuire on Media '' Remembering the Homer Hanky , the Twins and the Star Tribune `` . Cronkite.asu.edu . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Twins Auction : Grounds Crew for a Day '' . Fox Sports North . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Bert Blyleven Is the Hall of Fame 's Merry Prankster '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Bert Blyleven Quotes '' . Baseball-almanac.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2012 . Further reading ( edit ) Povich , Shirley ( 1954 ) . The Washington Senators . New York : Putnam . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Washington Senators ( 1901 -- 1960 ) . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Minnesota Twins . Minnesota Twins official website Minnesota Twins Established in 1901 Formerly the Washington Nationals and the Washington Senators Based in Minneapolis , Minnesota ( Twin Cities ) Franchise Franchise history in Washington Seasons Records No - hitters Awards Players Managers Owners and executives Broadcasters First - round draft picks Opening Day starting pitchers Ballparks American League Park National Park Griffith Stadium Metropolitan Stadium Hubert H. 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Fort Myers Miracle Cedar Rapids Kernels Rookie Adv . Elizabethton Twins Rookie GCL Twins DSL Twins Seasons ( 118 ) 1900s 1900 . 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Links to related articles Preceded by New York Yankees 1923 World Series champions Washington Senators 1924 Succeeded by Pittsburgh Pirates 1925 Preceded by New York Mets 1986 World Series champions Minnesota Twins Succeeded by Los Angeles Dodgers 1988 Preceded by Cincinnati Reds 1990 World Series champions Minnesota Twins 1991 Succeeded by Toronto Blue Jays 1992 and 1993 Preceded by New York Yankees 1921 , 1922 , and 1923 American League champions Washington Senators 1924 and 1925 Succeeded by New York Yankees 1926 , 1927 , and 1928 Preceded by New York Yankees 1932 American League champions Washington Senators 1933 Succeeded by Detroit Tigers 1934 and 1935 Preceded by New York Yankees 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , and 1964 American League champions Minnesota Twins 1965 Succeeded by Baltimore Orioles 1966 Preceded by Boston Red Sox 1986 American League champions Minnesota Twins Succeeded by Oakland Athletics 1988 , 1989 , and 1990 Preceded by Oakland Athletics 1988 , 1989 , and 1990 American League champions Minnesota Twins 1991 Succeeded by Toronto Blue Jays 1992 and 1993 Minnesota Twins retired numbers 3 Harmon Killebrew 6 Tony Oliva 10 Tom Kelly 14 Kent Hrbek 28 Bert Blyleven 29 Rod Carew 34 Kirby Puckett Championship navigation boxes Washington Senators 1924 World Series champions Ossie Bluege Goose Goslin Bucky Harris Walter Johnson Joe Judge Nemo Leibold Firpo Marberry Joe Martina Earl McNeely Ralph Miller George Mogridge Curly Ogden Roger Peckinpaugh Sam Rice Muddy Ruel Allen Russell Mule Shirley By Speece Bennie Tate Tommy Taylor Tom Zachary Manager Bucky Harris Regular season History Minnesota Twins 1987 World Series champions 4 Steve Lombardozzi 5 Roy Smalley 7 Greg Gagne 8 Gary Gaetti ( ALCS MVP ) 9 Gene Larkin 14 Kent Hrbek 15 Tim Laudner 16 Frank Viola ( World Series MVP ) 17 Les Straker 18 Don Baylor 21 George Frazier 22 Keith Atherton 24 Tom Brunansky 25 Randy Bush 26 Al Newman 27 Mark Davidson 28 Bert Blyleven 31 Dan Schatzeder 32 Dan Gladden 33 Sal Butera 34 Kirby Puckett 36 Joe Niekro 40 Juan Berenguer 41 Jeff Reardon Manager 10 Tom Kelly Coaches 6 Tony Oliva 42 Dick Such 43 Rick Stelmaszek 44 Rick Renick 45 Wayne Terwilliger Regular season American League Championship Series Minnesota Twins 1991 World Series champions 0 Junior Ortiz 1 Jarvis Brown 7 Greg Gagne 9 Gene Larkin 11 Chuck Knoblauch 12 Brian Harper 13 Mike Pagliarulo 14 Kent Hrbek 15 Lenny Webster 18 Paul Sorrento 19 Scott Erickson 24 Shane Mack 25 Randy Bush 26 Al Newman 30 Terry Leach 31 Scott Leius 32 Dan Gladden 34 Kirby Puckett ( ALCS MVP ) 36 Kevin Tapani 38 Rick Aguilera 39 David West 40 Steve Bedrosian 44 Chili Davis 47 Jack Morris ( World Series MVP ) 51 Carl Willis 53 Mark Guthrie Manager 10 Tom Kelly Coaches 6 Tony Oliva 35 Ron Gardenhire 42 Dick Such 43 Rick Stelmaszek 45 Wayne Terwilliger 46 Terry Crowley Regular season American League Championship Series Major League Baseball ( 2018 ) AL East Baltimore Orioles Boston Red Sox New York Yankees Tampa Bay Rays Toronto Blue Jays Central Chicago White Sox Cleveland Indians Detroit Tigers Kansas City Royals Minnesota Twins West Houston Astros Los Angeles Angels Oakland Athletics Seattle Mariners Texas Rangers NL East Atlanta Braves Miami Marlins New York Mets Philadelphia Phillies Washington Nationals Central Chicago Cubs Cincinnati Reds Milwaukee Brewers Pittsburgh Pirates St. Louis Cardinals West Arizona Diamondbacks Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers San Diego Padres San Francisco Giants Schedule Spring training Opening Day Jackie Robinson Day Civil Rights Game All - 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Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2013 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 00 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	minnesota twins logo what does the c stand for	[ "The name \"Twins\" was derived from the popular name of the region, the Twin Cities. The NBA's Minneapolis Lakers had relocated to Los Angeles in 1960 due to poor attendance which was believed to have been caused in part by the reluctance of fans in St. Paul to support the team.[33] Griffith was determined not to alienate fans in either city by naming the team after one city or the other, so his desire was to name the team the \"Twin Cities Twins\",[33] however MLB objected. Griffith therefore named the team the Minnesota Twins. However, the team was allowed to keep its original \"TC\" (for Twin Cities) insignia for its caps. The team's logo shows two men, one in a Minneapolis Millers uniform and one in a St. Paul Saints uniform, shaking hands across the Mississippi River within an outline of the state of Minnesota. The \"TC\" remained on the Twins' caps until 1987, when they adopted new uniforms. By this time, the team felt it was established enough to put an \"M\" on its cap without having St. Paul fans think it stood for Minneapolis. The \"TC\" logo was moved to a sleeve on the jerseys, and occasionally appeared as an alternate cap design.[34] Both the \"TC\" and \"Minnie & Paul\" logos remain the team's primary insignia. As of 2010, the \"TC\" logo has been reinstated on the cap as their logo.[35]" ]	[ "Cities" ]
3412709134374859227	Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics	Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics - wikipedia Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics Jump to : navigation , search Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics Governing body FIS Events 3 ( men ) Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Medalists The Nordic combined events have been contested at the Winter Olympic Games since 1924 . The first competition involved 18 km cross-country skiing , followed by ski jumping . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Events 3 Medal table 4 Number of Nordic combined skiers by nation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Whoever earned the most points from both competitions won the event . At the 1952 Winter Olympics , the ski jumping was held first , followed by 18 km cross-country skiing . The cross-country skiing portion was reduced to 15 km at the 1956 Winter Olympics . The ski jumping styles would change over the years as well , from the Kongsberger technique after World War I to the Daescher technique in the 1950s to the current V - style from 1985 onwards . The cross-country skiing technique would switch from classical to freestyle for all competitions beginning in 1985 , but the biggest change would occur at the 1988 Winter Olympics in the scoring with the Gundersen method , meaning the 15 km cross country portion would go from an interval start race to a pursuit race , so that whoever crossed the finish line first won the event . The team event with a 3 x 10 km cross country relay started at the 1988 Winter Olympics , changing to the current 4 x 5 km cross-country relay at the 1998 Winter Olympics . The 7.5 km sprint event was added at the 2002 Winter Olympics . Nordic combined remains a men 's only event as of the 2010 Winter Olympics . For the 2010 Winter Games , the 15 km Individual Gundersen which consisted of 2 jumps from the normal hill followed by 15 km cross country will be replaced by a 10 km individual normal hill event which will consist of one jump from the individual normal hill following by 10 km of cross country using the Gundersen system while the 7.5 km sprint will be replaced by the 10 km individual large hill event . Today the International Ski Federation sanction no women 's competitions . However it was decided in early - November 2016 that women 's competitions were to be established at the Olympic Winter Games in 2022 . Events ( edit ) Event 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 Years 15 km individual normal hill 20 10 km individual normal hill Team normal hill 9 10 km individual large hill 7.5 km sprint large hill Total events Medal table ( edit ) Main article : List of Olympic medalists in Nordic combined Updated after 2018 Winter Olympics . Rank Nation Gold Silver Bronze Total Norway ( NOR ) 13 10 8 31 Germany ( GER ) 5 5 14 Finland ( FIN ) 8 14 Austria ( AUT ) 10 15 5 East Germany ( GDR ) 0 7 6 Japan ( JPN ) 0 5 7 France ( FRA ) 8 West Germany ( FRG ) 0 9 United States ( USA ) 0 10 Switzerland ( SUI ) 11 United Team of Germany ( EUA ) 0 12 Soviet Union ( URS ) 0 13 Sweden ( SWE ) 0 14 Italy ( ITA ) 0 0 Poland ( POL ) 0 0 Russia ( RUS ) 0 0 Total 37 37 37 111 Number of Nordic combined skiers by nation ( edit ) Nation 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 Years Australia ( AUS ) Austria ( AUT ) 5 5 5 5 21 Belarus ( BLR ) Bulgaria ( BUL ) Canada ( CAN ) 11 Czech Republic ( CZE ) 5 5 5 7 Czechoslovakia ( TCH ) 15 East Germany ( GDR ) 6 Estonia ( EST ) 7 Finland ( FIN ) 5 5 5 5 22 France ( FRA ) 5 5 5 15 Germany ( GER ) 5 5 6 5 5 5 5 11 Great Britain ( GBR ) Hungary ( HUN ) Italy ( ITA ) 5 5 17 Japan ( JPN ) 5 5 5 5 5 5 21 Latvia ( LAT ) Norway ( NOR ) 5 5 5 5 5 23 Olympic Athletes from Russia ( OAR ) Poland ( POL ) 18 Russia ( RUS ) 5 5 6 Slovakia ( SVK ) Slovenia ( SLO ) 6 South Korea ( KOR ) Soviet Union ( URS ) 10 Sweden ( SWE ) 9 Switzerland ( SUI ) 6 5 5 19 Ukraine ( UKR ) 5 Unified Team ( EUN ) United Team of Germany ( EUA ) United States ( USA ) 6 5 5 23 West Germany ( FRG ) 6 Yugoslavia ( YUG ) Nations 9 14 10 16 13 11 12 13 11 13 14 14 9 11 13 12 16 14 14 15 14 15 16 Nordic combined skiers 30 35 33 51 39 25 36 33 32 41 40 34 31 28 44 46 53 53 54 59 54 55 55 Year 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 See also ( edit ) List of Olympic venues in Nordic combined References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Decisions of the Autumn 2016 FIS Council Meeting '' . International Ski Federation . 5 November 2016 . Retrieved 7 November 2016 . International Olympic Committee information on the Nordic combined medalists . - accessed 17 February 2010 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Nordic combined at the Olympics at Wikimedia Commons Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 List of medalists List of venues Sports at the Olympic Games Summer sports Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern pentathlon Rowing Rugby sevens Sailing Shooting Swimming Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Beach volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling Winter sports Alpine skiing Biathlon Bobsleigh Cross-country skiing Curling Figure skating Freestyle skiing Ice hockey Luge Nordic combined Short track speed skating Skeleton Ski jumping Snowboarding Speed skating Future sports ( 2020 ) Baseball Softball Karate Skateboarding Sport climbing Surfing Past sports Basque pelota Cricket Croquet Jeu de paume Lacrosse Military patrol Polo Rackets Roque Rugby union ( 15 - a-side ) Tug of war Water motorsports Demonstration sports American football Australian football Bandy Bowling Budo Disabled skiing Gliding Glima Ice stock sport Korfball La canne Pesäpallo Roller hockey Savate Skijoring Sled dog racing Speed skiing Water skiing Winter pentathlon Unofficial sports Angling Art competitions Ballooning Boules Cannon shooting Cycle polo Fire fighting Gaelic football Hurling Kaatsen Kite flying Life saving Longue paume Motor racing Motorcycle racing Pigeon racing Wushu See also : Paralympic sports Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nordic_combined_at_the_Winter_Olympics&oldid=827977217 '' Categories : Nordic combined at the Winter Olympics Sports at the Winter Olympics Skiing at the Winter Olympics Nordic skiing at the Winter Olympics Nordic combined competitions Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Lietuvių Magyar मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 February 2018 , at 21 : 08 . About Wikipedia	when was nordic combined added to the olympics	[ "The Nordic combined events have been contested at the Winter Olympic Games since 1924. The first competition involved 18 km cross-country skiing, followed by ski jumping." ]	[ "1924" ]
-4967490868196464576	Leukoplakia	Leukoplakia - wikipedia Leukoplakia Leukoplakia Synonyms Leucoplakia , leukokeratosis , leukoplasia , idiopathic leukoplakia , idiopathic keratosis , idiopathic white patch Leukoplakia on the inside of the cheek . Specialty Otolaryngology , dentistry Symptoms Firmly attached white patch on a mucous membrane , changes with time Complications Squamous cell carcinoma Usual onset After 30 years old Causes Unknown Risk factors Smoking , chewing tobacco , excessive alcohol , betel nuts Diagnostic method Made after other possible causes ruled out , tissue biopsy Differential diagnosis Yeast infection , lichen planus , keratosis due to repeated minor trauma Treatment Close follow up , stop smoking , limit alcohol , surgical removal Frequency Up to 8 % of men over 70 Leukoplakia generally refers to a firmly attached white patch on a mucous membrane which is associated with an increased risk of cancer . The edges of the lesion are typically abrupt and the lesion changes with time . Advanced forms may develop red patches . There are generally no other symptoms . It usually occurs within the mouth , although sometimes mucosa in other parts of the gastrointestinal tract , urinary tract , or genitals may be affected . The cause of leukoplakia is unknown . Risk factors for formation inside the mouth include smoking , chewing tobacco , excessive alcohol , and use of betel nuts . It is a precancerous lesion , a tissue alteration in which cancer is more likely to develop . The chance of cancer formation depends on the type , with between 3 -- 15 % of localized leukoplakia and 70 -- 100 % of proliferative leukoplakia developing into squamous cell carcinoma . Leukoplakia is a descriptive term that should only be applied after other possible causes are ruled out . Tissue biopsy generally shows increased keratin build up with or without abnormal cells , but is not diagnostic . Other conditions that can appear similar include yeast infections , lichen planus , and keratosis due to repeated minor trauma . The lesions from a yeast infection can typically be rubbed off while those of leukoplakia can not . Treatment recommendations depend on features of the lesion . If abnormal cells are present or the lesion is small surgical removal is often recommended ; otherwise close follow up at three to six month intervals may be sufficient . People are generally advised to stop smoking and limit the drinking of alcohol . In potentially half of cases leukoplakia will shrink with stopping smoking ; however , if smoking is continued up to 66 % of cases will become more white and thick . The percentage of people affected is estimated at 1 -- 3 % . Leukoplakia becomes more common with age , typically not occurring until after 30 . Rates may be as high as 8 % in men over the age of 70 . Contents 1 Classification 1.1 Mouth 1.1. 1 Homogenous leukoplakia 1.1. 2 Non-homogenous leukoplakia 1.1. 2.1 Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia 1.1. 2.2 Erythroleukoplakia 1.1. 3 Sublingual keratosis 1.1. 4 Candidal leukoplakia 1.1. 5 Oral hairy leukoplakia 1.1. 6 Syphilitic leukoplakia 1.2 Esophagus 1.3 Bladder 2 Signs and symptoms 3 Causes 3.1 Tobacco 3.2 Alcohol 3.3 Sanguinaria 3.4 Ultraviolet radiation 3.5 Micro-organisms 3.6 Epithelial atrophy 3.7 Trauma 4 Pathophysiology 4.1 Tumor suppressor genes 5 Diagnosis 5.1 Definition 5.2 Biopsy 5.3 Histologic appearance 5.4 Differential diagnosis 6 Management 6.1 Predisposing factors and review 6.2 Surgery 6.3 Medications 7 Prognosis 8 Epidemiology 9 Etymology 10 History 11 References 12 External links Classification ( edit ) Leukoplakia in the lower labial sulcus Leukoplakia of the soft palate Exophytic leukoplakia on the buccal mucosa Leukoplakia on the side of tongue Leukoplakia could be classified as mucosal disease , and also as a premalignant condition . Although the white color in leukoplakia is a result of hyperkeratosis ( or acanthosis ) , similarly appearing white lesions that are caused by reactive keratosis ( smoker 's keratosis or frictional keratoses e.g. morsicatio buccarum ) are not considered to be leukoplakias . Leukoplakia could also be considered according to the affected site , e.g. oral leukoplakia , leukoplakia of the urinary tract , including bladder leukoplakia or leukoplakia of the penis , vulvae , cervix or vagina . Leukoplakia may also occur in the larynx , possibly in association with gastro - esophageal reflux disease . Oropharyngeal leukoplakia is linked to the development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma , and sometimes this is associated with tylosis , which is thickening of the skin on the palms and soles of the feet ( see : Leukoplakia with tylosis and esophageal carcinoma ) . Dyskeratosis congenita may be associated with leukoplakia of the oral mucosa and of the anal mucosa . Mouth ( edit ) Within the mouth , leukoplakia is sometimes further classified according to the site involved , e.g. leukoplakia buccalis ( leukoplakia of the buccal mucosa ) or leukoplakia lingualis ( leukoplakia of the lingual mucosa ) . There are two main clinical variants of oral leukoplakia , namely homogenous leukoplakia and non-homogenous ( heterogenous ) leukoplakia , which are described below . The word leukoplakia is also included within the nomenclature of other oral conditions which present as white patches , however these are specific diagnoses which are generally considered separate from leukoplakia , with the notable exception of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia , which is a recognized sub-type of leukoplakia . Homogenous leukoplakia ( edit ) Homogenous leukoplakia ( also termed `` thick leukoplakia '' ) is usually well defined white patch of uniform , flat appearance and texture , although there may be superficial irregularities . Homogenous leukoplakia is usually slightly elevated compared to surrounding mucosa , and often has a fissured , wrinkled or corrugated surface texture , with the texture generally consistent throughout the whole lesion . This term has no implications on the size of the lesion , which may be localized or extensive . When homogenous leukoplakia is palpated , it may feel leathery , dry , or like cracked mud . Non-homogenous leukoplakia ( edit ) Non-homogenous leukoplakia is a lesion of non-uniform appearance . The color may be predominantly white or a mixed white and red . The surface texture is irregular compared to homogenous leukoplakia , and may be flat ( papular ) , nodular or exophytic . `` Verrucous leukoplakia '' ( or `` verruciform leukoplakia '' ) is a descriptive term used for thick , white , papillary lesions . Verrucous leukoplakias are usually heavily keratinized and are often seen in elderly people . Some verrucous leukoplakias may have an exophytic growth pattern , and some may slowly invade surrounding mucosa , when the term proliferative verrucous leukoplakia may be used . Non-homogeneous leukoplakias have a greater risk of cancerous changes than homogeneous leukoplakias . Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia ( edit ) Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia ( PVL ) is a recognized high risk subtype of non-homogenous leukoplakia . It is uncommon , and usually involves the buccal mucosa and the gingiva ( the gums ) . This condition is characterized by ( usually ) extensive , papillary or verrucoid keratotic plaques that tends to slowly enlarge into adjacent mucosal sites . An established PVL lesion is usually thick and exophytic ( prominent ) , but initially it may be flat . Smoking does not seem to be as strongly related as it is to leukoplakia generally , and another dissimilarity is the preponderance for women over 50 . There is a very high risk of dysplasia and transformation to OSCC or to verrucous carcinoma . Erythroleukoplakia ( edit ) Erythroleukoplakia ( `` speckled leukoplakia '' ) , left commissure . Biopsy showed mild epithelial dysplasia and candida infection . Antifungal medication may turn this type of lesion into a homogenous leukoplakia ( i.e. the red areas would disappear ) Erythroleukoplakia ( also termed speckled leukoplakia , erythroleukoplasia or leukoerythroplasia ) is a non-homogenous lesion of mixed white ( keratotic ) and red ( atrophic ) color . Erythroplakia ( erythroplasia ) is an entirely red patch that can not be attributed to any other cause . Erythroleukoplakia can therefore be considered a variant of either leukoplakia or erythroplakia since its appearance is midway between . Erythroleukoplakia frequently occurs on the buccal mucosa in the commisural area ( just inside the cheek at the corners of the mouth ) as a mixed lesion of white nodular patches on an erythematous background , although any part of the mouth may be affected . Erythroleukoplakia and erythroplakia have a higher risk of cancerous changes than homogeneous leukoplakia . Sublingual keratosis ( edit ) Homogenous leukoplakia in the floor of the mouth in a smoker . Biopsy showed hyperkeratosis Sometimes this term is used to describe leukoplakia of the floor of mouth or under the tongue . It is not universally accepted to be a distinct clinical entity from idiopathic leukoplakia generally , as it is distinguished from the latter by location only . Usually sublingual keratoses are bilateral and possesses a parallel - corrugated , wrinkled surface texture described as `` ebbing tide '' . Candidal leukoplakia ( edit ) Candidal leukoplakia is usually considered to be a largely historical synonym for a type of oral candidiasis , now more commonly termed chronic hyperplastic candidiasis , rather than a subtype of true leukoplakia . However , some sources use this term to describe leukoplakia lesions that become colonized secondarily by Candida species , thereby distinguishing it from hyperplastic candidiasis . Oral hairy leukoplakia ( edit ) Oral hairy leukoplakia is a corrugated ( `` hairy '' ) white lesion on the sides of the tongue caused by opportunistic infection with Epstein - Barr virus on a systemic background of immunodeficiency , almost always human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) infection . This condition is not considered to be a true idiopathic leukoplakia since the causative agent has been identified . It is one of the most common oral lesions associated with HIV infection , along with pseudomembraneous candidiasis . The appearance of the lesion often heralds the transition from HIV to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) . Syphilitic leukoplakia ( edit ) This term refers to a white lesion associated with syphilis , specifically in the tertiary stage of the infection . It is not considered to be a type of idiopathic leukoplakia , since the causative agent Treponema pallidum is known . It is now rare , but when syphilis was more common , this white patch usually appeared on the top surface of the tongue and carried a high risk of cancerous changes . It is unclear if this lesion was related to the condition itself or whether it was caused by the treatments for syphilis at the time . Esophagus ( edit ) Leukoplakia of the esophagus is rare compared to oral leukoplakia . The relationship with esophageal cancer is unclear because the incidence of esophageal leukoplakia is so low . It usually appears as a small , nearly opaque white lesion that may resemble early esophageal squamous cell carcinoma . The histologic appearance is similar to oral leukoplakia , with hyperkeratosis and possible dysplasia . Bladder ( edit ) In the context of lesions of the mucous membrane lining of the bladder , leukoplakia is a historic term used to describe a visualized white patch which histologically represents keratinization in an area of squamous metaplasia . The symptoms may include frequency , suprapubic pain ( pain felt above the pubis ) , hematuria ( blood in the urine ) , dysuria ( difficult urination or pain during urination ) , urgency , and urge incontinence . The white lesion may be seen during cystoscopy , where it appears as a whitish - gray or yellow lesion , on a background of inflamed urothelium and there may be floating debris in the bladder . Leukoplakia of the bladder may undergo cancerous changes , so biopsy and long term follow up are usually indicated . Signs and symptoms ( edit ) Most cases of leukoplakia cause no symptoms , but infrequently there may be discomfort or pain . The exact appearance of the lesion is variable . Leukoplakia may be white , whitish yellow or grey . The size can range from a small area to much larger lesions . The most common sites affected are the buccal mucosa , the labial mucosa and the alveolar mucosa , although any mucosal surface in the mouth may be involved . The clinical appearance , including the surface texture and color , may be homogenous or non-homogenous ( see : classification ) . Some signs are generally associated with a higher risk of cancerous changes ( see : prognosis ) . Leukoplakia may rarely be associated with esophageal carcinoma . Causes ( edit ) The exact underlying cause of leukoplakia is largely unknown , but it is likely multifactorial , with the main factor being the use of tobacco . Tobacco use and other suggested causes are discussed below . The mechanism of the white appearance is thickening of the keratin layer , called hyperkeratosis . The abnormal keratin appears white when it becomes hydrated by saliva , and light reflects off the surface evenly . This hides the normal pink - red color of mucosae ( the result of underlying vasculature showing through the epithelium ) . A similar situation can be seen on areas of thick skin such as the soles of the feet or the fingers after prolonged immersion in water . Another possible mechanism is thickening of the stratum spinosum , called acanthosis . Tobacco ( edit ) Tobacco smoking or chewing is the most common causative factor , with more than 80 % of persons with leukoplakia having a positive smoking history . Smokers are much more likely to suffer from leukoplakia than non-smokers . The size and number of leukoplakia lesions in an individual is also correlated with the level of smoking and how long the habit has lasted for . Other sources argue that there is no evidence for a direct causative link between smoking and oral leukoplakia . Cigarette smoking may produce a diffuse leukoplakia of the buccal mucosa , lips , tongue and rarely the floor of mouth . Reverse smoking , where the lit end of the cigarette is held in the mouth is also associated with mucosal changes . Tobacco chewing , e.g. betel leaf and areca nut , called paan , tends to produce a distinctive white patch in a buccal sulcus termed `` tobacco pouch keratosis '' . In the majority of persons , cessation triggers shrinkage or disappearance of the lesion , usually within the first year after stopping . Alcohol ( edit ) Although the synergistic effect of alcohol with smoking in the development of oral cancer is beyond doubt , there is no clear evidence that alcohol is involved in the development of leukoplakia , but it does appear to have some influence . Excessive use of a high alcohol containing mouth wash ( > 25 % ) may cause a grey plaque to form on the buccal mucosa , but these lesions are not considered true leukoplakia . Sanguinaria ( edit ) Sanguinaria ( Bloodroot ) is a herbal extract which is included in some toothpastes and mouthwashes . Its use is strongly associated with development of leukoplakia , usually in the buccal sulcus . This type of leukoplakia has been termed `` sanguinaria associated keratosis '' and more than 80 % of people with leukoplakia in the vestibule of the mouth have used this substance . Upon stopping contact with the causative substance , the lesions may persist for years . Although this type of leukoplakia may show dysplasia , the potential for malignant transformation is unknown . Ultraviolet radiation ( edit ) Ultraviolet radiation is believed to be a factor in the development of some leukoplakia lesions of the lower lip , usually in association with actinic cheilitis . Micro-organisms ( edit ) Candida in its pathogenic hyphal form is occasionally seen in biopsies of idiopathic leukoplakia . It is debated whether candida infection is a primary cause of leukoplakia with or without dysplasia , or a superimposed ( secondary ) infection that occurs after the development of the lesion . It is known that Candida species thrive in altered tissues . Some leukoplakias with dysplasia reduce or disappear entirely following use of antifungal medication . Smoking , which as discussed above can lead to the development of leukoplakia , can also promote oral candidiasis . Candida in association with leukoplakia should not be confused with white patches which are primarily caused by candida infection , such as chronic hyperplastic candidiasis ( `` candidal leukoplakia '' ) . The involvement of viruses in the formation of some oral white lesions is well established , e.g. Epstein - Barr virus in oral hairy leukoplakia ( which is not a true leukoplakia ) . Human papilloma virus ( HPV ) , especially HPV 16 and 18 , is sometimes found in areas of leukoplakia , however since this virus can be coincidentally found on normal , healthy mucosal surfaces in the mouth , it is unknown if this virus is involved in the development of some leukoplakias . In vitro experimentation has demonstrated that HPV 16 is capable of inducing dysplastic changes in previously normal squamous epithelium . Epithelial atrophy ( edit ) Leukoplakia is more likely to develop in areas of epithelial atrophy . Conditions associated with mucosal atrophy include iron deficiency , some vitamin deficiencies , oral submucous fibrosis , syphilis and sideropenic dysphagia . Trauma ( edit ) Another very common cause of white patches in the mouth is frictional or irritational trauma leading to keratosis . Examples include nicotine stomatitis , which is keratosis in response to heat from tobacco smoking ( rather than a response to the carcinogens in tobacco smoke ) . The risk of malignant transformation is similar to normal mucosa . Mechanical trauma , e.g. caused by a sharp edge on a denture , or a broken tooth , may cause white patches which appear very similar to leukoplakia . However , these white patches represent a normal hyperkeratotic reaction , similar to a callus on the skin , and will resolve when the cause is removed . Where there is a demonstrable cause such as mechanical or thermal trauma , the term idiopathic leukoplakia should not be used . Pathophysiology ( edit ) Tumor suppressor genes ( edit ) Tumor suppressor genes are genes involved in the regulation of normal cell turnover and apoptosis ( programmed cell death ) . One of the most studied tumor suppressor genes is p53 , which is found on the short arm of chromosome 17 . Mutation of p53 can disrupt its regulatory function and lead to uncontrolled cell growth . Mutations of p53 have been demonstrated in the cells from areas of some leukoplakias , especially those with dysplasia and in individuals who smoke and drink heavily . Diagnosis ( edit ) Definition ( edit ) Leukoplakia is a diagnosis of exclusion , meaning that which lesions are included depends upon what diagnoses are currently considered acceptable . Accepted definitions of leukoplakia have changed over time and are still controversial . It is possible that the definition will be further revised as new knowledge becomes available . In 1984 an international symposium agreed upon the following definition : `` a whitish patch or plaque , which can not be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other disease , and is not associated with any physical or chemical agent except the use of tobacco . '' There were however problems and confusion in applying this definition . At a second international symposium held in 1994 it was argued that whilst tobacco was a likely causative factor in the development of leukoplakia , some white patches could be linked directly to the local effects of tobacco by virtue of their disappearance following smoking cessation , suggesting that this kind of white patch represents a reactive lesion to local tissue irritation rather than a lesion caused by carcinogens in cigarette smoke , and could be better termed to reflect this etiology , e.g. smokers ' keratosis . The second international symposium therefore revised the definition of leukoplakia to : `` a predominantly white lesion of the oral mucosa that can not be characterized as any other definable lesion . '' In the mouth , the current definition of oral leukoplakia adopted by the World Health Organization is `` white plaques of questionable risk having excluded ( other ) known diseases or disorders that carry no increased risk for cancer '' . However , this definition is inconsistently applied in the medical literature , and some refer to any oral white patch as `` leukoplakia '' . The term has been incorrectly used to describe white patches of any cause ( rather than specifically referring to idiopathic white patches ) and also to refer only to white patches which have a risk of cancerous changes . It has been suggested that leukoplakia is an unhelpful term since there is so much inconsistency surrounding its use , and some clinicians now avoid using it at all . Biopsy ( edit ) Microscopic examination of keratinocytes scraped from the buccal mucosa Tissue biopsy is usually indicated to rule out other causes of white patches and also to enable a detailed histologic examination to grade the presence of any epithelial dysplasia . This is an indicator of malignant potential and usually determines the management and recall interval . The sites of a leukoplakia lesion that are preferentially biopsied are the areas that show induration ( hardening ) and erythroplasia ( redness ) , and erosive or ulcerated areas . These areas are more likely to show any dysplasia than homogenous white areas . Brush biopsy / exfoliative cytology is an alternative to incisional biopsy , where a stiff brush is scraped against the lining of the mouth to remove a sample of cells . This is then made into a smear which can be examined microscopically . Sometimes the biopsy site can be selected with adjunct methods which aim to highlight areas of dysplasia . Toluidine blue staining , where the dye is preferentially retained by dysplastic tissue , is sometimes used , but there is high false positive rate . Other methods involve the use of illuminescence , relying on either the property of normal autoflorescent molecules in mucosa such as collagen and keratin which is lost from areas of dysplasia or carcinoma under blue light , or by initially staining of the mucosa with toluidine blue or dilute acetic acid and examination under white light . Histologic appearance ( edit ) Leukoplakia has a wide range of possible histologic appearances . The degree of hyperkeratosis , epithelial thickness ( acanthosis / atrophy ) , dysplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration in the underlying lamina propria are variable . In mucous membranes , hyperkeratosis can be defined as `` an increase in the thickness of the keratin layer of the epithelium , or the presence of such a layer in a site where none would normally be expected . '' In leukoplakia , the hyperkeratosis varies in thickness , and may be either ortho - or para-keratosis , ( depending upon whether cell nuclei are lost or retained in the superficial layers respectively ) , or a mixture of both in different areas of the lesion . The epithelium may show hypertrophy ( e.g. acanthosis ) or atrophy . Red areas within leukoplakia represent atrophic or immature epithelium which has lost the ability to keratinize . The transition between the lesion and normal surrounding mucosa may be well demarcated , or poorly defined . Melanin , a pigment naturally produced in oral mucosa , can leak from cells and give a grey color to some leukoplakia lesions . Hyperkeratosis and altered epithelial thickness may be the only histologic features of a leukoplakia lesion , but some show dysplasia . The word `` dysplasia '' generally means `` abnormal growth '' , and specifically in the context of oral red or white lesions refers to microscopic changes ( `` cellular atypia '' ) in the mucosa that indicate a risk of malignant transformation . When dysplasia is present , there is generally an inflammatory cell infiltration in the lamina propria . The following are commonly cited as being possible features of epithelial dysplasia in leukoplakia specimens : Cellular pleomorphism , in which cells are of abnormal and different shapes . Nuclear atypia , in which the nuclei of cells varies in size , any may be increased in size relative to the cytoplasm , shape , and may stain more intensely . There may also be more prominent nucleoli . Increased number of cells seen undergoing mitosis , including both normal and abnormal mitoses . Abnormal mitosis may be abnormally located , e.g. occurring in suprabasal cells ( cell layers more superficial to the basal cell layer ) or of abnormal form , e.g. `` tri-radiate mitoses '' ( a cell splitting into 3 daughter cells rather than only 2 ) Loss the normal organization of the epithelial layers . The distinction between the epithelial layers may be lost . Normally stratified squamous epithelium shows progressive changes in the form of cells from the basal to the superficial layers , with cells becoming more flat ( `` squames '' ) towards the surface as a continuous maturation process . In dysplastic epithelium , cells may become vertically orientated rather than becoming flat towards the surface . There may be abnormal keratinization , where keratin is formed below the normal keratin layer . This can occur in individual cells or groups of cells , forming an intraepithelial keratin pearl . There may be an increase in number of basal cells , and they may lose their cellular orientation ( losing their polarity and long axis ) . Alteration of the normal epithelial - connective tissue architecture - the rete pegs may become `` drop shaped '' . wider at their base than more superficially . Generally dysplasia is subjectively graded by pathologists into mild , moderate or severe dysplasia . This requires experience as it is a difficult skill to learn . It has been shown that there is high degree of inter-observer variation and poor reproducibility in how dysplasia is graded . Severe dysplasia is synonymous with the term carcinoma in situ , denoting the presence of neoplastic cells which have not yet penetrated the basement membrane and invaded other tissues . Differential diagnosis ( edit ) Cause Diagnosis Normal anatomic variation Fordyce 's spots ( Fordyce 's granules ) Developmental White sponge nevus Leukoedema Pachyonychia congenita Dyskeratosis congenita Tylosis Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis Darier 's disease ( follicular keratosis ) Traumatic Frictional keratosis ( e.g. morsicatio buccarum , linea alba , factitious injury ) Chemical burn Infective Oral candidiasis Oral hairy leukoplakia Syphlytic leukoplakia Immunologic Lichen planus Lichenoid reaction ( e.g. Lupus erythematosus , Graft versus host disease , Drug - induced lichenoid reaction ) Psoriasis Idiopathic and smoking related Leukoplakia Smoker 's keratosis ( Stomatitis nicotina ) Others e.g. Smokeless tobacco keratosis ( `` tobacco pouch keratosis '' ) Neoplastic Oral squamous cell carcinoma Carcinoma in situ Other Oral keratosis of renal failure Skin graft There are many known conditions which present with a white lesion of the oral mucosa , but the majority of oral white patches have no known cause . These are termed leukoplakia once other likely possibilities have been ruled out . There are also few recognized subtypes of leukoplakia , described according to the clinical appearance of the lesion . Almost all oral white patches are usually the result of keratosis . For this reason oral white patches are sometimes generally described as keratoses , although a minority of oral white lesions are not related to hyperkeratosis , e.g. epithelial necrosis and ulceration caused by a chemical burn ( see : Oral ulceration # Chemical injury ) . In keratosis , the thickened keratin layer absorbs water from saliva in the mouth and appears white in comparison with normal mucosa . Normal oral mucosa is a red - pink color due the underlying vasculature in the lamina propria showing through the thin layer of epithelium . Melanin produced in the oral mucosa also influences the color , with a darker appearance being created by higher levels of melanin in the tissues ( associated with racial / physiologic pigmentation , or with disorders causing melanin overproduction such as Addison 's disease ) . Other endogenous pigments can be overproduced to influence the color , e.g. bilirubin in hyperbilirubinemia or hemosiderin in hemochromatosis , or exogenous pigments such as heavy metals can be introduced into the mucosa , e.g. in an amalgam tattoo . Almost all white patches are benign , i.e. non-malignant . The differential diagnosis of a white lesion in the mouth can be considered according to a surgical sieve ( see table ) . Leukoplakia can not be rubbed off the mucosa , distinguishing it readily from white patches such as pseudomembraneous candidiasis , where a white layer can be removed to reveal an erythematous , sometimes bleeding surface underneath . The white color associated with leukoedema disappears when the mucosa is stretched . A frictional keratosis will generally be adjacent to a sharp surface such as a broken tooth or rough area on a denture and will disappear when the causative factor is removed . Some have a suggested as general rule that any lesion that does not show signs of healing within 2 weeks should be biopsied . Morsicatio buccarum and linea alba are located at the level of the occlusal plane ( the level at which the teeth meet ) . A chemical burn has a clear history of placing an aspirin tablet ( or other caustic substance such as eugenol ) against the mucosa in an attempt to relieve toothache . Developmental white patches usually are present from birth or become apparent earlier in life , whilst leukoplakia generally affects middle aged or elderly people . Other causes of white patches generally require pathologic examination of a biopsy specimen to distinguish with certainty from leukoplakia . Management ( edit ) A systematic review found that no treatments commonly used for leukoplakia have been shown to be effective in preventing malignant transformation . Some treatments may lead to healing of leukoplakia , but do not prevent relapse of the lesion or malignant change . Regardless of the treatment used , a diagnosis of leukoplakia almost always leads to a recommendation that possible causative factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption be stopped , and also involves long term review of the lesion , to detect any malignant change early and thereby improve the prognosis significantly . Predisposing factors and review ( edit ) Beyond advising smoking cessation , many clinicians will employ watchful waiting rather than intervene . Recommended recall intervals vary . One suggested program is every 3 months initially , and if there is no change in the lesion , then annual recall thereafter . Some clinicians use clinical photographs of the lesion to help demonstrate any changes between visits . Watchful waiting does not rule out the possibility of repeated biopsies . If the lesion changes in appearance repeat biopsies are especially indicated . Since smoking and alcohol consumption also places individuals at higher risk of tumors occurring in the respiratory tract and pharynx , `` red flag '' symptoms ( e.g. hemoptysis - coughing blood ) often trigger medical investigation by other specialties . Surgery ( edit ) Surgical removal of the lesion is the first choice of treatment for many clinicians . However , the efficacy of this treatment modality can not be assessed due to insufficient available evidence . This can be carried out by traditional surgical excision with a scalpel , with lasers , or with eletrocautery or cryotherapy . Often if biopsy demonstrates moderate or severe dysplasia then the decision to excise them is taken more readily . Sometimes white patches are too large to remove completely and instead they are monitored closely . Even if the lesion is completely removed , long term review is still usually indicated since leukoplakia can recur , especially if predisposing factors such as smoking are not stopped . Medications ( edit ) Many different topical and systemic medications have been studied , including anti-inflammatories , antimycotics ( target Candida species ) , carotenoids ( precursors to vitamin A , e.g. beta carotene ) , retinoids ( drugs similar to vitamin A ) , and cytotoxics , but none have evidence that they prevent malignant transformation in an area of leukoplakia. Vitamins C and E have also been studied with regards a therapy for leukoplakia . Some of this research is carried out based upon the hypothesis that antioxidant nutrients , vitamins and cell growth suppressor proteins ( e.g. p53 ) are antagonistic to oncogenesis . High doses of retinoids may cause toxic effects . Other treatments that have been studied include photodynamic therapy . Prognosis ( edit ) White patch on left buccal mucosa . Biopsy showed early squamous cell carcinoma . The lesion is suspicious because of the presence of nodules Nodular leukoplakia in right commissure . Biopsy showed severe dysplasia The annual malignant transformation rate of leukoplakia rarely exceeds 1 % , i.e. the vast majority of oral leukoplakia lesions will remain benign . A number of clinical and histopathologic features are associated with varying degrees of increased risk of malignant transformation , although other sources argue that there are no universally accepted and validated factors which can reliably predict malignant change . It is also unpredictable to an extent if an area of leukoplakia will disappear , shrink or remain stable . Presence and degree of dysplasia ( mild , moderate or severe / carcinoma in situ ) . Dysplasia is the most important predictor of malignant change , and about 10 % of leukoplakia lesions show dysplasia when biopsied . Leukoplakia located on the floor of the mouth , the posterior and lateral tongue , and the retromolar areas ( the region behind the wisdom teeth ) have higher risk , whereas white patches in areas such as the top surface of the tongue and the hard palate do not have significant risk . Although these `` high risk '' sites are recognized , statistically , leukoplakia is more common on the buccal mucosa , alveolar mucosa , and the lower labial mucosa . Leukoplakia of the floor of the mouth and tongue accounts for over 90 % of leukoplakias showing dysplasia or carcinoma on biopsy . This is thought to be due to pooling of saliva in the lower part of the mouth , exposing these areas to more carcinogens held in suspension . Red lesions ( erythroplasia ) and mixed red and white lesions ( erythroleukoplakia / `` speckled leukoplakia '' ) have a higher risk of malignant change than homogenous leukoplakia . Verrucous or nodular areas have a higher risk . Although smoking increases risk of malignant transformation , smoking also causes many white patches with no dysplasia . This means that statistically , white patches in non smokers have a higher risk . Older people with white patches are at higher risk . Larger white patches are more likely to undergo malignant transformation than smaller lesions . White patches which have been present for a long period of time have higher risk . Persons with a positive family history of cancer in the mouth . Candida infection in the presence of dysplasia has a small increased risk . A change in the appearance of the white patch , apart from a change in the color , has a higher risk . Changes in the lesion such as becoming fixed to underlying tissues , ulceration , cervical lymphadenopathy ( enlargement of lymph nodes in the neck ) , and bone destruction may herald the appearance of malignancy . White patches present in combination with other conditions that carry a higher risk ( e.g. oral submucous fibrosis ) , are more likely to turn malignant . Although overall , oral cancer is more common in males , females with white patches are at higher risk than men . Epidemiology ( edit ) The prevalence of oral leukoplakia varies around the world , but generally speaking it is not an uncommon condition . Reported prevalence estimates range from less than 1 % to more than 5 % in the general population . Leukoplakia is therefore the most common premalignant lesion that occurs in the mouth . Leukoplakia is more common in middle - aged and elderly males . The prevalence increases with increasing age . In areas of the world where smokeless tobacco use is common , there is a higher prevalence . In the Middle East region , the prevalence of leukoplakia is less than 1 % ( 0.48 % ) . Etymology ( edit ) The word leukoplakia means `` white patch '' , and is derived from the Greek words λευκός - `` white '' and πλάξ - `` plate '' . History ( edit ) The term `` leukoplakia '' was coined in 1861 by Karl Freiherr von Rokitansky , who used it to describe white lesions of the urinary tract . In 1877 Schwimmer first used the term to describe an oral white lesion . It is now thought that this white lesion on the tongue represented syphilitic glossitis , a condition not included in the modern definitions of oral leukoplakia . Since , the word leukoplakia has been incorporated into the names for several other oral lesions ( e.g. `` candidal leukoplakia '' , now more usually termed hyperplastic candidiasis ) . In 1930 it was shown experimentally that leukoplakia could be induced in rabbits that were subjected to tobacco smoke for 3 minutes per day . According to one source from 1961 , leukoplakia can occur on multiple different mucous membranes of the body , including in the urinary tract , rectum , vagina , uterus , vulva , paranasal sinuses , gallbladder , esophagus , eardrums , and pharynx . Generally , oral leukoplakia is the only context where the term is in common usage in modern medicine . In 1988 , a case report used the term `` acquired dyskeratotic leukoplakia '' to describe an acquired condition in a female where dyskeratotic cells were present in the epithelia of the mouth and genitalia . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Neville BW ; Damm DD ; Allen CM ; Bouquot JE. ( 2002 ) . Oral & maxillofacial pathology ( 2 . ed . ) . Philadelphia : W.B. Saunders . pp. 337 -- 345 . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 9003 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Greenberg MS , Glick M ( 2003 ) . 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Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014 ; 15 ( 23 ) : 10427 - 31 . Jump up ^ Liddell , H.G. & Scott , R. ( 1940 ) . A Greek - English Lexicon . revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones . with the assistance of . Roderick McKenzie . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Jump up ^ Roffo , AH . `` The carcinogenic effects of tobacco '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 1 November 2013 . Retrieved 30 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Weedon D ; Strutton G ; Rubin AI ( 2010 ) . Weedon 's skin pathology ( 3rd ed . ) . ( Edinburgh ) : Churchill Livingstone / Elsevier . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7020 - 3485 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Classification ICD - 10 : K13. 2 , N48. 0 , N88. 0 , N89. 4 , N90. 4 ICD - 9 - CM : 528.6 , 530.83 , 607.0 , 622.2 , 623.1 , 624.0 MeSH : D007971 DiseasesDB : 7438 External resources MedlinePlus : 001046 Patient UK : Leukoplakia Oral and maxillofacial pathology ( K00 -- K06 , K11 -- K14 , 520 -- 525 , 527 -- 529 ) Lips Cheilitis Actinic Angular Plasma cell Cleft lip Congenital lip pit Eclabium Herpes labialis Macrocheilia Microcheilia Nasolabial cyst Sun poisoning Trumpeter 's wart Tongue Ankyloglossia Black hairy tongue Caviar tongue Crenated tongue Cunnilingus tongue Fissured tongue Foliate papillitis Glossitis Geographic tongue Median rhomboid glossitis Transient lingual papillitis Glossoptosis Hypoglossia Lingual thyroid Macroglossia Microglossia Rhabdomyoma Palate Bednar 's aphthae Cleft palate High - arched palate Palatal cysts of the newborn Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia Stomatitis nicotina Torus palatinus Oral mucosa -- Lining of mouth Amalgam tattoo Angina bullosa haemorrhagica Behçet 's disease Bohn 's nodules Burning mouth syndrome Candidiasis Condyloma acuminatum Darier 's disease Epulis fissuratum Erythema multiforme Erythroplakia Fibroma Giant - cell Focal epithelial hyperplasia Fordyce spots Hairy leukoplakia Hand , foot and mouth disease Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis Herpangina Herpes zoster Intraoral dental sinus Leukoedema Leukoplakia Lichen planus Linea alba Lupus erythematosus Melanocytic nevus Melanocytic oral lesion Molluscum contagiosum Morsicatio buccarum Oral cancer Benign : Squamous cell papilloma Keratoacanthoma Malignant : Adenosquamous carcinoma Basaloid squamous carcinoma Mucosal melanoma Spindle cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Verrucous carcinoma Oral florid papillomatosis Oral melanosis Smoker 's melanosis Pemphigoid Benign mucous membrane Pemphigus Plasmoacanthoma Stomatitis Aphthous Denture - related Herpetic Smokeless tobacco keratosis Submucous fibrosis Ulceration Riga -- Fede disease Verruca vulgaris Verruciform xanthoma White sponge nevus Teeth ( pulp , dentin , enamel ) Amelogenesis imperfecta Ankylosis Anodontia Caries Early childhood caries Concrescence Failure of eruption of teeth Dens evaginatus Talon cusp Dentin dysplasia Dentin hypersensitivity Dentinogenesis imperfecta Dilaceration Discoloration Ectopic enamel Enamel hypocalcification Enamel hypoplasia Turner 's hypoplasia Enamel pearl Fluorosis Fusion Gemination Hyperdontia Hypodontia Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis Impaction Wisdom tooth impaction Macrodontia Meth mouth Microdontia Odontogenic tumors Keratocystic odontogenic tumour Odontoma Dens in dente Open contact Premature eruption Neonatal teeth Pulp calcification Pulp stone Pulp canal obliteration Pulp necrosis Pulp polyp Pulpitis Regional odontodysplasia Resorption Shovel - shaped incisors Supernumerary root Taurodontism Trauma Avulsion Cracked tooth syndrome Vertical root fracture Occlusal Tooth loss Edentulism Tooth wear Abrasion Abfraction Acid erosion Attrition Periodontium ( gingiva , periodontal ligament , cementum , alveolus ) -- Gums and tooth - supporting structures Cementicle Cementoblastoma Gigantiform Cementoma Eruption cyst Epulis Pyogenic granuloma Congenital epulis Gingival enlargement Gingival cyst of the adult Gingival cyst of the newborn Gingivitis Desquamative Granulomatous Plasma cell Hereditary gingival fibromatosis Hypercementosis Hypocementosis Linear gingival erythema Necrotizing periodontal diseases Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis Pericoronitis Peri-implantitis Periodontal abscess Periodontal trauma Periodontitis Aggressive As a manifestation of systemic disease Chronic Perio - endo lesion Teething Periapical , mandibular and maxillary hard tissues -- Bones of jaws Agnathia Alveolar osteitis Buccal exostosis Cherubism Idiopathic osteosclerosis Mandibular fracture Microgenia Micrognathia Intraosseous cysts Odontogenic : periapical Dentigerous Buccal bifurcation Lateral periodontal Globulomaxillary Calcifying odontogenic Glandular odontogenic Non-odontogenic : Nasopalatine duct Median mandibular Median palatal Traumatic bone Osteoma Osteomyelitis Osteonecrosis Bisphosphonate - associated Neuralgia - inducing cavitational osteonecrosis Osteoradionecrosis Osteoporotic bone marrow defect Paget 's disease of bone Periapical abscess Phoenix abscess Periapical periodontitis Stafne defect Torus mandibularis Temporomandibular joints , muscles of mastication and malocclusions -- Jaw joints , chewing muscles and bite abnormalities Bruxism Condylar resorption Mandibular dislocation Malocclusion Crossbite Open bite Overbite Overeruption Overjet Prognathia Retrognathia Scissor bite Maxillary hypoplasia Temporomandibular joint dysfunction Salivary glands Benign lymphoepithelial lesion Ectopic salivary gland tissue Frey 's syndrome HIV salivary gland disease Necrotizing sialometaplasia Mucocele Ranula Pneumoparotitis Salivary duct stricture Salivary gland aplasia Salivary gland atresia Salivary gland diverticulum Salivary gland fistula Salivary gland hyperplasia Salivary gland hypoplasia Salivary gland neoplasms Benign : Basal cell adenoma Canalicular adenoma Ductal papilloma Monomorphic adenoma Myoepithelioma Oncocytoma Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum Pleomorphic adenoma Sebaceous adenoma Malignant : Acinic cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma Adenoid cystic carcinoma Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma Lymphoma Mucoepidermoid carcinoma Sclerosing polycystic adenosis Sialadenitis Parotitis Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis Sialectasis Sialocele Sialodochitis Sialosis Sialolithiasis Sjögren 's syndrome Orofacial soft tissues -- Soft tissues around the mouth Actinomycosis Angioedema Basal cell carcinoma Cutaneous sinus of dental origin Cystic hygroma Gnathophyma Ludwig 's angina Macrostomia Melkersson -- Rosenthal syndrome Microstomia Noma Oral Crohn 's disease Orofacial granulomatosis Perioral dermatitis Pyostomatitis vegetans Other Eagle syndrome Hemifacial hypertrophy Facial hemiatrophy Oral manifestations of systemic disease Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology Growths Epidermal wart callus seborrheic keratosis acrochordon molluscum contagiosum actinic keratosis squamous - cell carcinoma basal - cell carcinoma Merkel - cell carcinoma nevus sebaceous trichoepithelioma Pigmented Freckles lentigo melasma nevus melanoma Dermal and subcutaneous epidermal inclusion cyst hemangioma dermatofibroma ( benign fibrous histiocytoma ) keloid lipoma neurofibroma xanthoma Kaposi 's sarcoma infantile digital fibromatosis granular cell tumor leiomyoma lymphangioma circumscriptum myxoid cyst Rashes With epidermal involvement Eczematous contact dermatitis atopic dermatitis seborrheic dermatitis stasis dermatitis lichen simplex chronicus Darier 's disease glucagonoma syndrome langerhans cell histiocytosis lichen sclerosus pemphigus foliaceus Wiskott -- Aldrich syndrome Zinc deficiency Scaling psoriasis tinea ( corporis cruris pedis manuum faciei ) pityriasis rosea secondary syphilis mycosis fungoides systemic lupus erythematosus pityriasis rubra pilaris parapsoriasis ichthyosis Blistering herpes simplex herpes zoster varicella bullous impetigo acute contact dermatitis pemphigus vulgaris bullous pemphigoid dermatitis herpetiformis porphyria cutanea tarda epidermolysis bullosa simplex Papular scabies insect bite reactions lichen planus miliaria keratosis pilaris lichen spinulosus transient acantholytic dermatosis lichen nitidus pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta Pustular acne vulgaris acne rosacea folliculitis impetigo candidiasis gonococcemia dermatophyte coccidioidomycosis subcorneal pustular dermatosis Hypopigmented tinea versicolor vitiligo pityriasis alba postinflammatory hyperpigmentation tuberous sclerosis idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis leprosy hypopigmented mycosis fungoides Without epidermal involvement Red Blanchable Erythema Generalized drug eruptions viral exanthems toxic erythema systemic lupus erythematosus Localized cellulitis abscess boil erythema nodosum carcinoid syndrome fixed drug eruption Specialized urticaria erythema ( multiforme migrans gyratum repens annulare centrifugum ab igne ) Nonblanchable Purpura Macular thrombocytopenic purpura actinic / solar purpura Papular disseminated intravascular coagulation vasculitis Indurated scleroderma / morphea granuloma annulare lichen sclerosis et atrophicus necrobiosis lipoidica Miscellaneous disorders Ulcers Hair telogen effluvium androgenic alopecia alopecia areata systemic lupus erythematosus tinea capitis loose anagen syndrome lichen planopilaris folliculitis decalvans acne keloidalis nuchae Nail onychomycosis psoriasis paronychia ingrown nail Mucous membrane Aphthous stomatitis oral candidiasis lichen planus leukoplakia pemphigus vulgaris mucous membrane pemphigoid cicatricial pemphigoid herpesvirus coxsackievirus syphilis systemic histoplasmosis squamous - cell carcinoma Tumors of lip , oral cavity and pharynx / head and neck cancer ( C00 -- C14 / D10 -- D11 , 140 -- 149 / 210 ) Oral cancer Salivary gland malignant epithelial tumors Acinic cell carcinoma Mucoepidermoid carcinoma Adenoid cystic carcinoma Salivary duct carcinoma Epithelial - myoepithelial carcinoma Polymorphous low - grade adenocarcinoma Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma benign epithelial tumors Pleomorphic adenoma Warthin 's tumor ungrouped : Oncocytoma Tongue Leukoplakia Rhabdomyoma Oropharynx Female diseases of the pelvis and genitals ( N70 -- N99 , 614 -- 629 ) Internal Adnexa Ovary Endometriosis of ovary Female infertility Anovulation Poor ovarian reserve Mittelschmerz Oophoritis Ovarian apoplexy Ovarian cyst Corpus luteum cyst Follicular cyst of ovary Theca lutein cyst Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome Ovarian torsion Fallopian tube Female infertility Fallopian tube obstruction Hematosalpinx Hydrosalpinx Salpingitis Uterus Endometrium Asherman 's syndrome Dysfunctional uterine bleeding Endometrial hyperplasia Endometrial polyp Endometriosis Endometritis menstruation flow Amenorrhoea Hypomenorrhea Oligomenorrhea pain Dysmenorrhea PMS timing Menometrorrhagia Menorrhagia Metrorrhagia Female infertility Recurrent miscarriage Myometrium Adenomyosis Parametrium Parametritis Cervix Cervical dysplasia Cervical incompetence Cervical polyp Cervicitis Female infertility Cervical stenosis Nabothian cyst General Hematometra / Pyometra Retroverted uterus Vagina Hematocolpos / Hydrocolpos Leukorrhea / Vaginal discharge Vaginitis Atrophic vaginitis Bacterial vaginosis Candidal vulvovaginitis Hydrocolpos Sexual dysfunction Dyspareunia Hypoactive sexual desire disorder Sexual arousal disorder Vaginismus Urogenital fistulas Ureterovaginal Vesicovaginal Obstetric fistula Rectovaginal fistula Prolapse Cystocele Enterocele Rectocele Sigmoidocele Urethrocele Vaginal bleeding Postcoital bleeding Other / general Pelvic congestion syndrome Pelvic inflammatory disease External Vulva Bartholin 's cyst Kraurosis vulvae Vestibular papillomatosis Vulvitis Vulvodynia Clitoral hood or clitoris Clitorism Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leukoplakia . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leukoplakia&oldid=850172028 '' Categories : Oral neoplasia Conditions of the mucous membranes Oral mucosal pathology Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Webarchive template wayback links Infobox medical condition ( new ) RTT Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Қазақша Кыргызча Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Русский Suomi తెలుగు Türkçe 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 03 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	thick white patch of cells in the oral cavity that may be precancerous	[]	[]
-1241495966243842149	History of the Jews in Russia	History of the Jews in Russia - Wikipedia History of the Jews in Russia Jump to : navigation , search This article 's lead section may be too long for the length of the article . Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article . Please read the layout guide and lead section guidelines to ensure the section will still be inclusive of all essential details . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( April 2018 ) Russian Jews יהדות רוסיה ( Hebrew ) Русские евреи ( Russian ) רוסישע ייִדן ( Yiddish ) Regions with significant populations Israel 1,200,000 United States 350,000 Russia Different estimates have been given : 157,763 -- 194,000 self - identifying core Jewish population out of perhaps 200,000 / 500,000 people of Jewish descent ( 2010 Census ) : 1 million people of Jewish descent ( Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia 2015 ) Germany 119,000 Canada 69,000 Australia 20,000 Languages Hebrew , Russian , Yiddish Religion Judaism ( 31 % ) , Atheist ( 27 % ) , Non-religious ( 25 % ) , Christianity ( 17 % ) Related ethnic groups Ashkenazi Jews , Sephardic Jews , Ukrainian Jews , Belarusian Jews , Lithuanian Jews , Latvian Jews , Czech Jews , Hungarian Jews , Polish Jews , Slovak Jews , Serbian Jews , Romanian Jews , Crimean Karaites , Krymchaks , Mountain Jews , Bukharan Jews , Georgian Jews Part of a series on Jews and Judaism Etymology Who is a Jew ? Jewish peoplehood Jewish identity Religion ( show ) God in Judaism ( names ) Principles of faith Mitzvot ( 613 ) Halakha Shabbat Holidays Prayer Tzedakah Land of Israel Brit Bar and Bat Mitzvah Marriage Bereavement Philosophy Ethics Kabbalah Customs Synagogue Rabbi Texts ( show ) Tanakh ( Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim ) Talmud ( Mishnah Gemara ) Rabbinic ( Midrash Tosefta ) Targum Beit Yosef Mishneh Torah Tur Shulchan Aruch Zohar Communities ( show ) Ashkenazim Sephardim Italkim Romaniotes Mizrahim Cochin Bene Israel Beta Israel Related groups Bnei Anusim Lemba Crimean Karaites Krymchaks Samaritans Crypto - Jews Mosaic Arabs Subbotniks Population ( show ) Land of Israel Old Yishuv New Yishuv Israeli Jews Europe Austria Belarus Bulgaria Czech Republic Estonia France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Italy Latvia Lithuania Moldova Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Russia Spain Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom Asia Yemen Iraq Iran Turkey Cyprus Syria Lebanon Uzbekistan Azerbaijan India China Malaysia Indonesia Vietnam Japan Philippines Africa Morocco Algeria Tunisia Libya Egypt Ethiopia South Africa Zimbabwe North America United States Canada Latin America and Caribbean Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Cuba Dominican Republic El Salvador Guyana Haiti Jamaica Mexico Paraguay Puerto Rico Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Oceania Australia Fiji Guam New Zealand Palau Judaism by country Lists of Jews Historical population comparisons Denominations ( show ) Orthodox Reform Conservative Karaite Reconstructionist Renewal Humanistic Haymanot Culture ( show ) Minyan Music Religious Secular Wedding Clothing Niddah Pidyon haben Kashrut Shidduch Zeved habat Conversion to Judaism Hiloni Cuisine Israelite Israeli Sephardic Mizrahi Literature Israeli Yiddish American Yiddish theatre Dance Humour Languages ( show ) Hebrew ( Biblical ) Yiddish Jewish Koine Greek Yevanic Juhuri Shassi Judaeo - Iranian Ladino Ghardaïa Sign Bukharian Knaanic Zarphatic Italkian Gruzinic Judeo - Aramaic Judeo - Arabic Judeo - Berber Judeo - Malayalam History ( show ) Timeline Name `` Judea '' Leaders Twelve Tribes of Israel Ancient history Kingdom of Judah Temple in Jerusalem Babylonian captivity Assyrian captivity Yehud Medinata Second Temple Jerusalem ( in Judaism timeline ) Hasmonean dynasty Sanhedrin Schisms Pharisees Hellenistic Judaism Jewish -- Roman wars History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire Christianity and Judaism Hinduism and Judaism Islamic -- Jewish relations Diaspora Middle Ages Golden Age Sabbateans Hasidism Haskalah Emancipation Antisemitism Anti-Judaism Persecution The Holocaust Israel Land of Israel Aliyah Jewish atheism Baal teshuva Arab -- Israeli conflict Politics ( show ) Politics of Israel Zionism ( General Green Labor Neo Religious Revisionist ) Judaism and politics World Agudath Israel Bundism Feminism Jewish left Category : Jews and Judaism Portal : Judaism Jews in the Russian Empire have historically constituted a large religious diaspora ; the vast territories of the Russian Empire at one time hosted the largest population of Jews in the world . Within these territories the primarily Ashkenazi Jewish communities of many different areas flourished and developed many of modern Judaism 's most distinctive theological and cultural traditions , while also facing periods of anti-Semitic discriminatory policies and persecutions . The largest group among Russian Jews are Ashkenazi Jews , but the community also includes a significant number of other Diasporan Jewish groups , such as Mountain Jews , Sephardic Jews , Crimean Karaites , Krymchaks , Bukharan Jews , and Georgian Jews . The presence of Jewish people in the European part of Russia can be traced to the 7th -- 14th centuries CE . In the 11th and 12th centuries , the Jewish population in Kiev , in present - day Ukraine , was restricted to a separate quarter . Evidence of the presence of Jewish people in Muscovite Russia is first documented in the chronicles of 1471 . During the reign of Catherine II in the 18th century , Jewish people were restricted to the Pale of Settlement within Russia , the territory where they could live or immigrate to . Alexander III escalated anti-Jewish policies . Beginning in the 1880s , waves of anti-Jewish pogroms swept across different regions of the empire for several decades . More than two million Jews fled Russia between 1880 and 1920 , mostly to the United States and what is today the State of Israel . The Pale of Settlement took away many of the rights that the Jewish people of the late 17th century Russia were experiencing . At this time , the Jewish people were restricted to a small area of what is current day Belarus , Lithuania , Poland and Ukraine . Where Western Europe was experiencing emancipation at this time , the laws for the Jewish people were getting more strict . The general attitude towards Jewish people was to look down on the religion and the people . It was as both a religion and a race , something that one could not escape if they tried . Slowly , the Jewish people were allowed to move further east towards a less crowded population . This was a small change , and did not come to all Jewish people , and not even a small minority of them . In this more spread out area , the Jewish people lived in communities , known as Schtetls . These communities were very similar to what would be known as ghettos in World War II , with the cramped and subpar living conditions . Before 1917 there were 300,000 Zionists in Russia , while the main Jewish socialist organization , the Bund , had 33,000 members . Only 958 Jews had joined the Bolshevik Party before 1917 ; thousands joined after the Revolution . The chaotic years of World War I , the February and October Revolutions , and the Russian Civil War had created social disruption that led to anti-Semitism . Some 150,000 Jews were killed in the pogroms of 1918 -- 1922 , 125,000 of them in Ukraine , 25,000 in Belarus . These were probably the largest - scale European massacres of Jews to date . The pogroms were mostly perpetrated by anti-communist forces ; sometimes , Red Army units engaged in pogroms as well . After a short period of confusion , the Soviets started executing guilty individuals and even disbanding the army units whose men had attacked Jews . Although pogroms were still perpetrated after this , mainly by Ukrainian units of the Red Army during its retreat from Poland ( 1920 ) , in general , the Jews regarded the Red Army as the only force which was able and willing to defend them . The Russian Civil War pogroms shocked world Jewry and rallied many Jews to the Red Army and the Soviet regime , and also strengthened the desire for the creation of a homeland for the Jewish people . In August 1919 the Soviet government arrested many rabbis , seized Jewish properties , including synagogues , and dissolved many Jewish communities . The Jewish section of the Communist Party labeled the use of the Hebrew language `` reactionary '' and `` elitist '' and the teaching of Hebrew was banned . Zionists were persecuted harshly , with Jewish communists leading the attacks . Following the civil war , however , the new Bolshevik government 's policies produced a flourishing of secular Jewish culture in Belarus and western Ukraine in the 1920s . The Soviet government outlawed all expressions of anti-Semitism , with the public use of the ethnic slur жид ( `` Yid '' ) being punished by up to one year of imprisonment , and tried to modernize the Jewish community by establishing 1,100 Yiddish - language schools , 40 Yiddish - language daily newspapers and by settling Jews on farms in Ukraine and Crimea ; the number of Jews working in the industry had more than doubled between 1926 and 1931 . At the beginning of the 1930s , the Jews were 1.8 percent of the Soviet population but 12 -- 15 percent of all university students . In 1934 the Soviet state established the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in the Russian Far East , but the region never came to have a majority Jewish population . Today , the JAO is Russia 's only autonomous oblast and , outside of Israel , the world 's only Jewish territory with an official status . The observance of the Sabbath was banned in 1929 , foreshadowing the dissolution of the Communist Party 's Yiddish - language Yevsektsia in 1930 and worse repression to come . Numerous Jews were victimized in Stalin 's purges as `` counterrevolutionaries '' and `` reactionary nationalists '' , although in the 1930s the Jews were underrepresented in the Gulag population . The share of Jews in the Soviet ruling elite declined during the 1930s , but was still more than double their proportion in the general Soviet population . According to Israeli historian Benjamin Pinkus , `` We can say that the Jews in the Soviet Union took over the privileged position , previously held by the Germans in tsarist Russia '' . In the 1930s , many Jews held high rank in the Red Army High Command : Generals Iona Yakir , Yan Gamarnik , Yakov Smushkevich ( Commander of the Soviet Air Forces ) and Grigori Shtern ( Commander - in - Chief in the war against Japan and Commander at the front in the Winter War ) . During World War Two , an estimated 500,000 soldiers in the Red Army were Jewish ; about 200,000 were killed in battle . About 160,000 were decorated , and more than a hundred achieved the rank of Red Army general . Over 150 were designated Heroes of the Soviet Union , the highest award in the country . More than two million Soviet Jews are believed to have died during the Holocaust in warfare and in Nazi - occupied territories . In the late 1980s and early 1990s , many Soviet Jews took the opportunity of liberalized emigration policies , with more than half of the population leaving , most for Israel , and the West : Germany , the United States , Canada , and Australia . For many years during this period , Russia had a higher rate of immigration to Israel than any other country . Russia 's Jewish population is still the third biggest in Europe , after France and United Kingdom . In November 2012 , the Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center , one of the world 's biggest museums of Jewish history , opened in Moscow . Some have described a ' renaissance ' in the Jewish community inside Russia since the beginning of the 21st century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 2 Kievan Rus ' , Poland 3 Tsardom of Russia 4 Russian Empire 4.1 Forcible conscription of Jewish cantonists and strains within the Jewish community 4.2 Haskalah in the Russian Empire 4.3 Mass emigration 4.4 Jewish members of the Duma 4.5 Jews in the revolutionary movement 4.6 Dissolution and seizure of Jewish properties and institutions 5 Soviet Union 5.1 Before World War II 5.2 WW2 and the Holocaust 5.3 Stalinist antisemitic campaigns 5.4 The Soviet Union and Zionism 5.5 1967 -- 1985 5.6 Glasnost and end of the USSR 6 Russia today 7 Historical demographics 8 Russian Jewish aliyah and immigration to countries outside of Israel 8.1 Israel 8.2 United States 8.3 Germany 8.4 Canada 8.5 Australia 8.6 Finland 8.7 Other countries 9 Jewish origin Prime Ministers of Russia 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Early History ( edit ) Jews have been present in contemporary Armenia and Georgia since the Babylonian captivity . Records exist from the 4th century showing that there were Armenian cities possessing Jewish populations ranging from 10,000 to 30,000 along with substantial Jewish settlements in the Crimea . The presence of Jewish people in the territories corresponding to modern Belarus , Ukraine , and the European part of Russia can be traced back to the 7th -- 14th centuries CE . Under the influence of the Caucasian Jewish communities , the Bulan , the Khagan Bek of the Khazars , and the ruling classes of Khazaria ( located in what is now Ukraine , southern Russia and Kazakhstan ) , may have adopted / converted to Judaism at some point in the mid-to - late 8th or early 9th centuries . After the conquest of the Khazarian kingdom by Sviatoslav I of Kiev ( 969 ) , the Khazar Jewish population may have assimilated or migrated in part . Kievan rus ' , Poland ( edit ) In the 11th and 12th centuries , the Jewish population may have been restricted to a separate quarter in Kiev , known as the Jewish Town ( Old East Slav : Жидове , Zhidove , i.e. `` The Jews '' ) , the gates probably leading to which were known as the Jewish Gates ( Old East SLav : Жидовская ворота , Zhidovskaya vorota ) . The Kievan community was oriented towards Byzantium ( the Romaniotes ) , Babylonia and Palestine in the 10th and 11th centuries , but appears to have been increasingly open to the Ashkenazim from the 12th century on . Few products of Kievan Jewish intellectual activity are extant , however . Other communities , or groups of individuals , are known from Chernigov and , probably , Volodymyr - Volynskyi . At that time , Jews were probably found also in northeastern Russia , in the domains of Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky ( 1169 -- 1174 ) , although it is uncertain to which degree they would have been living there permanently . Though northeastern Russia had a low Jewish population , countries just to its west had rapidly growing Jewish populations , as waves of anti-Jewish pogroms and expulsions from the countries of Western Europe marked the last centuries of the Middle Ages , a sizable portion of the Jewish populations there moved to the more tolerant countries of Central and Eastern Europe , as well as the Middle East . Expelled en masse from England , France , Spain and most other Western European countries at various times , and persecuted in Germany in the 14th century , many Western European Jews migrated to Poland upon the invitation of Polish ruler Casimir III the Great to settle in Polish - controlled areas of Eastern Europe as a third estate , although restricted to commercial , middleman services in an agricultural society for the Polish king and nobility between 1330 and 1370 , during the reign of Casimir the Great . After settling in Poland ( later Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth ) and Hungary ( later Austria - Hungary ) , the population expanded into the lightly populated areas of Ukraine and Lithuania , which were to become part of the expanding Russian Empire . In 1495 Alexander the Jagiellonian expelled Jewish residents from Grand Duchy of Lithuania but reversed his decision in 1503 . In the shtetls populated almost entirely by Jews , or in the middle - sized town where Jews constituted a significant part of population , Jewish communities traditionally ruled themselves according to halakha , and were limited by the privileges granted them by local rulers . ( See also Shtadlan ) . These Jews were not assimilated into the larger eastern European societies , and identified as an ethnic group with a unique set of religious beliefs and practices , as well as an ethnically - unique economic role . Tsardom of Russia ( edit ) Peter Shafirov , vice-chancellor of Russia under Peter the Great Cantonist Herzel Yankel Tsam . After 1827 , quotas of Jewish and Karaite boys were forcibly conscripted to military service at the age of twelve and placed for their six - year military education in cantonist schools . They were then required to serve in the Imperial Russian army for 25 years after the completion of their studies , often never seeing their families again . Documentary evidence as to the presence of Jewish people in Muscovite Russia is first found in the chronicles of 1471 . The relatively small population of them were subject to discriminatory laws , but they do not appear to have been enforced at all times . The Jewish people residing in Russian and Ukrainian towns suffered numerous religious persecutions . Converted Jews occasionally rose to important positions in the Russian State , i.e. Peter Shafirov , vice-chancellor under Peter the Great was of Jewish origin . Russian Empire ( edit ) See also : Cantonist , Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire , Kishinev pogrom , Antisemitism in the Russian Empire , Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan , and List of Jews born in the former Russian Empire Map of the Pale of Settlement , showing percentage of Jewish populations The Grand Choral Synagogue of Saint Petersburg , among the largest synagogues in the world . Volgograd Synagogue , opened in 1888 Shneur Zalman of Liadi , founder of Chabad Lubavitch Their situation changed radically , during the reign of Catherine II , when the Russian Empire acquired rule over large Lithuanian and Polish territories which historically included a high proportion of Jewish residents , especially during the second ( 1793 ) and the third ( 1795 ) Partitions of the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth . Under the Commonwealth 's legal system , Jews endured economic restrictions euphemised as `` disabilities '' , which also continued following the Russian occupation . Catherine established the Pale of Settlement , which included Lithuania , Poland , Ukraine , and the Crimea ( the latter was later excluded ) . Jewish people were restricted to residence within the Pale and were required to obtain special permission to immigrate into other parts of Russia . Within the Pale , the Jewish residents were given right of voting in municipal elections , but their vote was limited to one third of the total number of voters , even though their proportion in many areas was much higher , even a majority . This served to provide an aura of democracy , while institutionalizing conflict amongst ethnic groups on a local level . Jewish communities in Russia were governed internally by local , dominantly theocratic administrative bodies , called the Councils of Elders ( Qahal , Kehilla ) , constituted in every town or hamlet possessing a Jewish population . The Councils of Elders had jurisdiction over Jews in matters of internal litigation , as well as fiscal transactions relating to the collection and payment of taxes ( poll tax , land tax , etc . ) . Later , this right of collecting taxes was much abused ; in 1844 the civil authority of the Councils of Elders over its Jewish population was abolished . Under Alexander I and Nicholas I , decrees were put forth requiring a Russian - speaking member of a Jewish community to be named to act as an intermediary between his community and the Imperial government to perform certain civil duties , such as registering births , marriages , and divorces . This position came to be known as the crown rabbi although they were not always rabbis and often were not respected by members of their own communities because their main job qualification was fluency in Russian , and they often had no education in , or knowledge of Jewish law . The Moscow Choral Synagogue , in Tverskoy District of Moscow The beginning of the 19th century was marked by intensive movement of Jews to Novorossiya , where towns , villages and agricultural colonies rapidly sprang up . Rebellions beginning with the Decembrist Revolt of 1825 , followed by the struggle of Russia 's intelligentsia , and the rise of nihilism , liberalism , socialism , syndicalism , and finally Marxism threatened the old tsarist order . Forcible conscription of Jewish cantonists and strains within the Jewish community ( edit ) See also : Cantonists The ' decree of August 26 , 1827 ' made Jews liable for military service , and allowed their conscription between the ages of twelve and twenty - five . Each year , the Jewish community had to supply four recruits per thousand of the population . However , in practice , Jewish children were often conscripted as young as eight or nine years old . At the age of twelve , they would be placed for their six - year military education in cantonist schools . They were then required to serve in the Imperial Russian army for 25 years after the completion of their studies , often never seeing their families again . Strict quotas were imposed on all communities and the qahals were given the unpleasant task of implementing conscription within the Jewish communities . Since the merchant - guild members , agricultural colonists , factory mechanics , clergy , and all Jews with secondary education were exempt , and the wealthy bribed their way out of having their children conscripted , fewer potential conscripts were available ; the adopted policy deeply sharpened internal Jewish social tensions . Seeking to protect the socio - economic and religious integrity of Jewish society , the qahals did their best to include `` non-useful Jews '' in the draft lists so that the heads of tax - paying middle - class families were predominantly exempt from conscription , whereas single Jews , as well as `` heretics '' ( Haskalah influenced individuals ) , paupers , outcasts , and orphaned children were drafted . They used their power to suppress protests and intimidate potential informers who sought to expose the arbitrariness of the qahal to the Russian government . In some cases , communal elders had the most threatening informers murdered ( such as the Ushitsa case , 1836 ) The zoning rule was suspended during the Crimean war , when conscription became annual . During this period the qahals leaders would employ informers and kidnappers ( Russian : `` ловчики '' , lovchiki , Yiddish : khappers ) , as many potential conscripts preferred to run away rather than voluntarily submit . In the case of unfulfilled quotas , younger Jewish boys of eight and even younger were frequently taken . The official Russian policy was to encourage the conversion of Jewish cantonists to the state religion of Orthodox Christianity and Jewish boys were coerced to baptism . As kosher food was unavailable , they were faced with the necessity of abandoning of Jewish dietary laws . Polish Catholic boys were subject to similar pressure to convert and assimilate as the Russian Empire was hostile to Catholicism and Polish nationalism . Haskalah in the Russian Empire ( edit ) See also : Haskalah The cultural and habitual isolation of the Jews gradually began to be eroded . An ever - increasing number of Jewish people adopted Russian language and customs . Russian education was spread among the Jewish population . A number of Jewish - Russian periodicals appeared . Alexander II was known as the `` Tsar liberator '' for the 1861 abolition of serfdom in Russia . Under his rule Jewish people could not hire Christian servants , could not own land , and were restricted in travel . Alexander III was a staunch reactionary and an antisemite ( influenced by Pobedonostsev ) who strictly adhered to the old doctrine of Orthodoxy , Autocracy , and Nationality . His escalation of anti-Jewish policies sought to ignite `` popular antisemitism '' , which portrayed the Jews as `` Christ - killers '' and the oppressors of the Slavic , Christian victims . Samuel Polyakov , nicknamed the `` most famous railroad king '' of the 19th century . He co-founded the World ORT in the 1880s , the largest Jewish education organization in the Russian Empire , perpetuating a vocational education program influenced by the values of Haskalah . Victim of fanaticism . Painting by Mykola Pymonenko. 1899 . The painting does not depict a pogrom , but actually documents an event in Ukraine , that the artist read about : a Jewish woman was attacked by members of her community for falling in love with a Christian convert . The townspeople are raising sticks and objects , and her parents are shown to the right , denouncing her . A large - scale wave of anti-Jewish pogroms swept Ukraine in 1881 , after Jews were wrongly blamed for the assassination of Alexander II . In the 1881 outbreak , there were pogroms in 166 Ukrainian towns , thousands of Jewish homes were destroyed , many families reduced to extremes of poverty ; large numbers of men , women , and children were injured and some killed . Disorders in the south once again recalled the government attention to the Jewish question . A conference was convened at the Ministry of Interior and on May 15 , 1882 , so - called Temporary Regulations were introduced that stayed in effect for more than thirty years and came to be known as the May Laws . The repressive legislation was repeatedly revised . Many historians noted the concurrence of these state - enforced antisemitic policies with waves of pogroms that continued until 1884 , with at least tacit government knowledge and in some cases policemen were seen inciting or joining the mob . Kalonimus Wolf Wissotzky founded in 1849 , what would become the largest tea manufacturer in the Russian Empire and the world . In response to the pogroms of the 1880s , he funded the Hovevei Zion movement to encourage immigration to Ottoman Palestine . The family tea company itself was seized and confiscated by the Bolsheviks after 1917 . The systematic policy of discrimination banned Jewish people from rural areas and towns of fewer than ten thousand people , even within the Pale , assuring the slow death of many shtetls . In 1887 , the quotas placed on the number of Jews allowed into secondary and higher education were tightened down to 10 % within the Pale , 5 % outside the Pale , except Moscow and Saint Petersburg , held at 3 % , even though the Jewish population was a majority or plurality in many communities . It was possible to evade this restrictions upon secondary education by combining private tuition with examination as an `` outside student '' . Accordingly , within the Pale such outside pupils were almost entirely young Jews . The restrictions placed on education , traditionally highly valued in Jewish communities , resulted in ambition to excel over the peers and increased emigration rates . Special quotas restricted Jews from entering profession of law , limiting number of Jews admitted to the bar . In 1886 , an Edict of Expulsion was enforced on the historic Jewish population of Kiev . Most Jews were expelled from Moscow in 1891 ( except few deemed useful ) and a newly built synagogue was closed by the city 's authorities headed by the Tsar 's brother . Tsar Alexander III refused to curtail repressive practices and reportedly noted : `` But we must never forget that the Jews have crucified our Master and have shed his precious blood . '' In 1892 , new measures banned Jewish participation in local elections despite their large numbers in many towns of the Pale . The Town Regulations prohibited Jews from the right to elect or be elected to town Dumas . Only a small number of Jews were allowed to be members of a town Duma , through appointment by special committees . The victims of a 1905 pogrom in Yekaterinoslav , in present - day Ukraine A larger wave of pogroms broke out in 1903 -- 06 , leaving an estimated 1,000 Jews dead , and between 7,000 and 8,000 wounded . Ida Rubinstein , actress , dancer , and Belle Époque figure During the late 19th and early 20th centuries , the Russian Empire had not only the largest Jewish population in the world , but actually a majority of the world 's Jews living within its borders . In 1897 , according to Russian census of 1897 , the total Jewish population of Russia was 5,189,401 persons of both sexes ( 4.13 % of total population ) . Of this total , 93.9 % lived in the 25 provinces of the Pale of Settlement . The total population of the Pale of Settlement amounted to 42,338,367 -- of these , 4,805,354 ( 11.5 % ) were Jews . About 450,000 Jewish soldiers served in the Russian army during World War I , and fought side by side with their Slavic fellows . When hundreds of thousands of refugees from Poland and Lithuania , among them innumerable Jews , fled in terror before enemy invasion , the Pale of Settlement de facto ceased to exist . Most of the education restrictions on the Jews were removed with the appointment of count Pavel Ignatiev as minister of education . Mass emigration ( edit ) See also : Beilis trial , Jewish gauchos , and Galveston Movement Joseph Trumpeldor , the most decorated Jewish soldier in the Imperial Russian Army for his bravery in the Russo - Japanese War , before conducting operations in the Ottoman Empire . Even though the persecutions provided the impetus for mass emigration , there were other relevant factors that can account for the Jews ' migration . After the first years of large emigration from Russia , positive feedback from the emigrants in the U.S. encouraged further emigration . Indeed , more than two million Jews fled Russia between 1880 and 1920 . While a large majority emigrated to the United States , some turned to Zionism . In 1882 , members of Bilu and Hovevei Zion made what came to be known the First Aliyah to Palestine , then a part of the Ottoman Empire . The Tsarist government sporadically encouraged Jewish emigration . In 1890 , it approved the establishment of `` The Society for the Support of Jewish Farmers and Artisans in Syria and Palestine '' ( known as the `` Odessa Committee '' headed by Leon Pinsker ) dedicated to practical aspects in establishing agricultural Jewish settlements in Palestine . Jewish emigration from Russia , 1880 -- 1928 Destination Number Australia 5,000 Canada 70,000 Europe 240,000 Palestine ( modern day Israel ) 45,000 South Africa 45,000 South America 111,000 United States 1,749,000 Jewish members of the Duma ( edit ) Osip Gunzburg , founder of the Society for the Promotion of Culture among the Jews of Russia and the father of Horace Günzburg . In total , there were at least twelve Jewish deputies in the First Duma ( 1906 -- 1907 ) , falling to three or four in the Second Duma ( February 1907 to June 1907 ) , two in the Third Duma ( 1907 -- 1912 ) and again three in the fourth , elected in 1912 . Converts to Christianity like Mikhail Herzenstein and Ossip Pergament were still considered as Jews by the public ( and antisemitic ) opinion and are most of the time included in these figures . At the 1906 elections , the Jewish Labour Bund had made an electoral agreement with the Lithuanian Labourers ' Party ( Trudoviks ) , which resulted in the election to the Duma of two ( non-Bundist ) candidates in the Lithuanian provinces : Dr. Shmaryahu Levin for the Vilnius province and Leon Bramson for the Kaunas province . Among the other Jewish deputies were Maxim Vinaver , chairman of the League for the Attainment of Equal Rights for the Jewish People in Russia ( Folksgrupe ) and cofounder of the Constitutional Democratic Party ( Kadets ) , Dr. Nissan Katzenelson ( Courland province , Zionist , Kadet ) , Dr. Moisei Yakovlevich Ostrogorsky ( Grodno province ) , attorney Simon Yakovlevich Rosenbaum ( Minsk province , Zionist , Kadet ) , Mikhail Isaakovich Sheftel ( Ekaterinoslav province , Kadet ) , Dr. Grigory Bruk , Dr. Benyamin Yakubson , Zakhar Frenkel , Solomon Frenkel , Meilakh Chervonenkis . There was also a Crimean Karaim deputy , Salomon Krym . Three of the Jewish deputies , Bramson , Chervonenkis and Yakubson , joined the Labour faction ; nine others joined the Kadet fraction . According to Rufus Learsi , five of them were Zionists , including Dr. Shmaryahu Levin , Dr. Victor Jacobson and Simon Yakovlevich Rosenbaum . Two of them , Grigori Borisovich Iollos ( Poltava province ) and Mikhail Herzenstein ( b . 1859 , d . 1906 in Terijoki ) , both from the Constitutional Democratic Party , were assassinated by the Black Hundreds antisemite terrorist group . `` The Russkoye Znamya declares openly that ' Real Russians ' assassinated Herzenstein and Iollos with knowledge of officials , and expresses regret that only two Jews perished in crusade against revolutionaries . The Second Duma included seven Jewish deputies : Shakho Abramson , Iosif Gessen , Vladimir Matveevich Gessen , Lazar Rabinovich , Yakov Shapiro ( all of them Kadets ) and Victor Mandelberg ( Siberia Social Democrat ) , plus a convert to Christianity , the attorney Ossip Pergament ( Odessa ) . The two Jewish members of the Third Duma were the Judge Leopold Nikolayevich ( or Lazar ) Nisselovich ( Courland province , Kadet ) and Naftali Markovich Friedman ( Kaunas province , Kadet ) . Ossip Pergament was reelected and died before the end of his mandate . Friedman was the only one reelected to the Fourth Duma in 1912 , joined by two new deputies , Meer Bomash , and Dr. Ezekiel Gurevich . Jews in the revolutionary movement ( edit ) Kampf un kempfer - a Yiddish pamphlet published by the PSR exile branch in London 1904 . Many Jews were prominent in Russian revolutionary parties . The idea of overthrowing the Tsarist regime was attractive to many members of the Jewish intelligentsia because of the oppression of non-Russian nations and non-Orthodox Christians within the Russian Empire . For much the same reason , many non-Russians , notably Latvians or Poles , were disproportionately represented in the party leaderships . In 1897 General Jewish Labour Bund ( The Bund ) , was formed . Many Jews joined the ranks of two principal revolutionary parties : Socialist - Revolutionary Party and Russian Social Democratic Labour Party -- both Bolshevik and Menshevik factions . A notable number of Bolshevik party members were ethnically Jewish , especially in the leadership of the party , and the percentage of Jewish party members among the rival Mensheviks was even higher . Both the founders and leaders of Menshevik faction , Julius Martov and Pavel Axelrod , were Jewish . Because some of the leading Bolsheviks were Ethnic Jews , and Bolshevism supports a policy of promoting international proletarian revolution -- most notably in the case of Leon Trotsky -- many enemies of Bolshevism , as well as contemporary antisemites , draw a picture of Communism as a political slur at Jews and accuse Jews of pursuing Bolshevism to benefit Jewish interests , reflected in the terms Jewish Bolshevism or Judeo - Bolshevism . The original atheistic and internationalistic ideology of the Bolsheviks ( See proletarian internationalism , bourgeois nationalism ) was incompatible with Jewish traditionalism . Bolsheviks such as Trotsky echoed sentiments dismissing Jewish heritage in place of `` internationalism '' . Soon after seizing power , the Bolsheviks established the Yevsektsiya , the Jewish section of the Communist party in order to destroy the rival Bund and Zionist parties , suppress Judaism and replace traditional Jewish culture with `` proletarian culture '' . Genrikh Grigoryevich Yagoda on police information card from 1912 In March 1919 , Vladimir Lenin delivered a speech `` On Anti-Jewish Pogroms '' on a gramophone disc . Lenin sought to explain the phenomenon of antisemitism in Marxist terms . According to Lenin , antisemitism was an `` attempt to divert the hatred of the workers and peasants from the exploiters toward the Jews '' . Linking antisemitism to class struggle , he argued that it was merely a political technique used by the tsar to exploit religious fanaticism , popularize the despotic , unpopular regime , and divert popular anger toward a scapegoat . The Soviet Union also officially maintained this Marxist - Leninist interpretation under Joseph Stalin , who expounded Lenin 's critique of antisemitism . However , this did not prevent the widely publicized repressions of Jewish intellectuals during 1948 -- 1953 when Stalin increasingly associated Jews with `` cosmopolitanism '' and pro-Americanism . Jews were prominent in the Russian Constitutional Democrat Party , Russian Social Democratic Party ( Mensheviks ) and Socialist - Revolutionary Party . The Russian Anarchist movement also included many prominent Jewish revolutionaries . In Ukraine , Makhnovist anarchist leaders also included several Jews . The attempts of the socialist Bund to be the sole representative of the Jewish worker in Russia had always conflicted with Lenin 's idea of a universal coalition of workers of all nationalities . Like some other socialist parties in Russia , the Bund was initially opposed to the Bolsheviks ' seizing of power in 1917 and to the dissolution of the Russian Constituent Assembly . Consequently , the Bund suffered repressions in the first months of the Soviet regime . However , the antisemitism of many Whites during the Russian Civil War caused many if not most Bund members to readily join the Bolsheviks , and most of the factions eventually merged with the Communist Party . The movement did split in three ; the Bundist identity survived in interwar Poland , while many Bundists joined the Mensheviks . Dissolution and seizure of Jewish properties and institutions ( edit ) Samara Choral Synagogue , in Samara , Russia . It was shut down by the Soviet Government in 1929 . In August 1919 Jewish properties , including synagogues , were seized and many Jewish communities were dissolved . The anti-religious laws against all expressions of religion and religious education were imposed upon the Jewish population , just like on other religious groups . Many Rabbis and other religious officials were forced to resign from their posts under the threat of violent persecution . This type of persecution continued on into the 1920s . In 1921 , a large number of Jews opted for Poland , as they were entitled by peace treaty in Riga to choose the country they preferred . Several hundred thousand joined the already numerous Jewish population of Poland . The chaotic years of World War I , the February and October Revolutions , and the Civil War were fertile ground for the antisemitism that was endemic to tsarist Russia . During the World War , Jews were often accused of sympathizing with Germany and often persecuted . Pogroms were unleashed throughout the Russian Civil War , perpetrated by virtually every competing faction , from Polish and Ukrainian nationalists to the Red and White Armies . 31,071 civilian Jews were killed during documented pogroms throughout the former Russian Empire ; the number of Jewish orphans exceeded 300,000 . A majority of pogroms in Ukraine during 1918 -- 1920 were perpetrated by the Ukrainian nationalists , miscellaneous bands and anti-Communist forces . Perpetrator Number of pogroms or excesses Number murdered Hryhoriiv 's bands 52 3,471 Directory of the Ukrainian National Republic 493 16,706 White army 213 5,235 Miscellaneous bands 307 4,615 Red Army 106 725 Others 33 185 Polish army 32 134 Total 1,236 31,071 Soviet Union ( edit ) See also : Antisemitism in the Soviet Union and Stalin and antisemitism Before World War II ( edit ) Bolshevik revolutionaries Leon Trotsky , Lev Kamenev and Grigory Zinoviev , later executed or assassinated on Stalin 's orders Continuing the policy of the Bolsheviks before the Revolution , Lenin and the Bolshevik Party strongly condemned the pogroms , including official denunciations in 1918 by the Council of People 's Commissars . Opposition to the pogroms and to manifestations of Russian antisemitism in this era were complicated by both the official Bolshevik policy of assimilationism towards all national and religious minorities , and concerns about overemphasizing Jewish concerns for fear of exacerbating popular antisemitism , as the White forces were openly identifying the Bolshevik regime with Jews . Lenin recorded eight of his speeches on gramophone records in 1919 . Only seven of these were later re-recorded and put on sale . The one suppressed in the Nikita Khrushchev era recorded Lenin 's feelings on antisemitism : The Tsarist police , in alliance with the landowners and the capitalists , organized pogroms against the Jews . The landowners and capitalists tried to divert the hatred of the workers and peasants who were tortured by want against the Jews ... Only the most ignorant and downtrodden people can believe the lies and slander that are spread about the Jews ... It is not the Jews who are the enemies of the working people . The enemies of the workers are the capitalists of all countries . Among the Jews there are working people , and they form the majority . They are our brothers , who , like us , are oppressed by capital ; they are our comrades in the struggle for socialism . Among the Jews there are kulaks , exploiters and capitalists , just as there are among the Russians , and among people of all nations ... Rich Jews , like rich Russians , and the rich in all countries , are in alliance to oppress , crush , rob and disunite the workers ... Shame on accursed Tsarism , which tortured and persecuted the Jews . Shame on those who foment hatred towards the Jews , who foment hatred towards other nations . Lenin was supported by the Labor Zionist ( Poale Zion ) movement , then under the leadership of Marxist theorist Ber Borochov , which was fighting for the creation of a Jewish workers ' state in Palestine and also participated in the October Revolution ( and in the Soviet political scene afterwards until being banned by Stalin in 1928 ) . While Lenin remained opposed to outward forms of antisemitism ( and all forms of racism ) , allowing Jewish people to rise to the highest offices in both party and state , certain historians such as Dmitri Volkogonov argue that the record of his government in this regard was highly uneven . A former official Soviet historian ( turned staunch anti-communist ) , Volkogonov claims that Lenin was aware of pogroms carried out by units of the Red Army during the war with Poland , particularly those carried out by Semyon Budyonny 's troops , though the whole issue was effectively ignored . Volkogonov writes that `` While condemning anti-Semitism in general , Lenin was unable to analyze , let alone eradicate , its prevalence in Soviet society '' . Likewise , the hostility of the Soviet regime towards all religion made no exception for Judaism , and the 1921 campaign against religion saw the seizure of many synagogues ( whether this should be regarded as antisemitism is a matter of definition -- since Orthodox churches received the same treatment ) . In any event , there was still a fair degree of tolerance for Jewish religious practice in the 1920s : in the Belarusian capital Minsk , for example , of the 657 synagogues existing in 1917 , 547 were still functioning in 1930 . Threshing in the fields in a Jewish kolkhoz . In order to promote agricultural labor amongst Russian Jews , on January 17 , 1925 the CPSU formally created a government committee , the Komzet , and a complementary public society , the OZET . The OZET was headed by Old Bolsheviks : Yuri Larin , and later Semyon Dimanstein , and its board included such figures as Solomon Mikhoels and Vladimir Mayakovsky . According to Jewish historian Zvi Gitelman : `` Never before in Russian history -- and never subsequently has a government made such an effort to uproot and stamp out antisemitism . '' By contrast with the situation after the beginning of forced collectivization and breakneck industrialization at the end of the 1920s , the New Economic Policy of 1921 -- 1928 also offered economic opportunities to Soviet Jewish traders and artisans . Because most non-Jewish capitalists had fled during the civil war , Jews played a disproportionate role among the ' Nepmen ' who constituted the private sector in the 1920s . From the 1930s , however , Soviet laws offered hardly any economic independence to artisans , and none whatever to traders . For many Jewish artisans and tradesmen , Soviet policies led to loss of their property and trade . Boris Pasternak , was famously spared during the Great Purge by Stalin with the phrase : `` Let this cloud dweller be ! '' . According to the census of 1926 , the total number of Jews in the USSR was 2,672,398 -- of whom 59 % lived in Ukrainian SSR , 15.2 % in Byelorussian SSR , 22 % in Russian SFSR and 3.8 % in other Soviet republics . Prosecutor General Vyshinsky ( centre ) , reading the 1937 indictment against Karl Radek during the 2nd Moscow Trial . Russian Jews were long considered to be a non-native Semitic ethnic group among the Slavic Russians , and such categorization was solidified when ethnic minorities in the Soviet Union were categorized according to ethnicity ( национальность ) . In his 1913 theoretical work Marxism and the National Question , Stalin described Jews as `` not a living and active nation , but something mystical , intangible and supernatural . For , I repeat , what sort of nation , for instance , is a Jewish nation which consists of Georgian , Daghestanian , Russian , American and other Jews , the members of which do not understand each other ( since they speak different languages ) , inhabit different parts of the globe , will never see each other , and will never act together , whether in time of peace or in time of war ? ! '' According to Stalin , who became the People 's Commissar for Nationalities Affairs after the revolution , to qualify as a nation , a minority was required to have a culture , a language , and a homeland . Yiddish , rather than Hebrew , would be the national language , and proletarian socialist literature and arts would replace Judaism as the quintessence of culture . The use of Yiddish was strongly encouraged in the 1920s in areas of the USSR with substantial Jewish populations , especially in the Ukrainian and Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republics . Yiddish was one of the Belarusian SSR 's four official languages , alongside Belarusian , Russian , and Polish . The equality of the official languages was taken seriously . A visitor arriving at main train station of the Belarusian capital Minsk saw the city 's name written in all four languages above the main station entrance . Yiddish was a language of newspapers , magazines , book publishing , theater , radio , film , the post office , official correspondence , election materials , and even a Central Jewish Court . Yiddish writers like Sholem Aleichem and Mendele Mocher Seforim were celebrated in the 1920s as Soviet Jewish heroes . Minsk had a public , state - supported Yiddish - language school system , extending from kindergarten to the Yiddish - language section of the Belarusian State University . Although Jewish students tended to switch to studying in Russian as they moved on to secondary and higher education , 55.3 percent of the city 's Jewish primary school students attended Yiddish - language schools in 1927 . Such was the prestige of Minsk 's Yiddish scholarship that researchers trained in Warsaw and Berlin applied for faculty positions at the university . All this leads historian Elissa Bemporad to conclude that this `` very ordinary Jewish city '' was in the 1920s `` one of the world capitals of Yiddish language and culture . '' Jews also played a disproportionate role in Belarusian politics and Soviet politics more generally in the 1920s , especially through the Bolshevik Party 's Yiddish - language branch , the Yevsekstsia . Because there were few Jewish Bolsheviks before 1917 ( with a few prominent exceptions like Zinoviev and Kamenev ) , the Yevsekstia 's leaders in the 1920s were largely former Bundists , who pursued as Bolsheviks their campaign for secular Jewish education and culture . Although for example only a bit over 40 percent of Minsk 's population was Jewish at the time , 19 of its 25 Communist Party cell secretaries were Jewish in 1924 . Jewish predominance in the party cells was such that several cell meetings were held in Yiddish . In fact , Yiddish was spoken at citywide party meetings in Minsk into the late 1930s . Jewish Autonomous Oblast on the map of Russia To offset the growing Jewish national and religious aspirations of Zionism and to successfully categorize Soviet Jews under Stalin 's definition of nationality , an alternative to the Land of Israel was established with the help of Komzet and OZET in 1928 . The Jewish Autonomous Oblast with its center in Birobidzhan in the Russian Far East was to become a `` Soviet Zion '' . Despite a massive domestic and international state propaganda campaign , however , the Jewish population in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast never reached 30 % ( in 2003 it was only about 1.2 % ) . The experiment ground to a halt in the mid-1930s , during Stalin 's first campaign of purges . In fact the Bolshevik Party 's Yiddish - language Yevsekstia was dissolved in 1930 , as part of the regime 's overall turn away from encouraging minority languages and cultures and towards Russification . Many Jewish leaders , especially those with Bundist backgrounds , were arrested and executed in the purges later in the 1930s , and Yiddish schools were shut down . The Belasusian SSR shut down its entire network of Yiddish - language schools in 1938 . In his January 12 , 1931 , letter `` Antisemitism : Reply to an Inquiry of the Jewish News Agency in the United States '' ( published domestically by Pravda in 1936 ) , Stalin officially condemned antisemitism : In answer to your inquiry : National and racial chauvinism is a vestige of the misanthropic customs characteristic of the period of cannibalism . Antisemitism , as an extreme form of racial chauvinism , is the most dangerous vestige of cannibalism . Antisemitism is of advantage to the exploiters as a lightning conductor that deflects the blows aimed by the working people at capitalism . Antisemitism is dangerous for the working people as being a false path that leads them off the right road and lands them in the jungle . Hence Communists , as consistent internationalists , can not but be irreconcilable , sworn enemies of antisemitism . In the U.S.S.R. antisemitism is punishable with the utmost severity of the law as a phenomenon deeply hostile to the Soviet system . Under U.S.S.R. law active antisemites are liable to the death penalty . 1938 NKVD arrest photo of the poet Osip Mandelstam , who died in a Gulag camp . The Molotov - Ribbentrop pact -- the 1939 non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany -- created further suspicion regarding the Soviet Union 's position toward Jews . According to the pact , Poland , the nation with the world 's largest Jewish population , was divided between Germany and the Soviet Union in September 1939 . While the pact had no basis in ideological sympathy ( as evidenced by Nazi propaganda about `` Jewish Bolshevism '' ) , Germany 's occupation of Western Poland was a disaster for Eastern European Jews . Evidence suggests that some , at least , of the Jews in the eastern Soviet zone of occupation welcomed the Russians as having a more liberated policy towards their civil rights than the preceding antisemitic Polish regime . Jews in areas annexed by the Soviet Union were deported eastward in great waves ; as these areas would soon be invaded by Nazi Germany , this forced migration , deplored by many of its victims , paradoxically also saved the lives of several hundred thousand Jewish deportees . The NKVD photo of writer Isaac Babel made after his arrest during Stalin 's Great Purge . Many Jews fell victim to the Great Purge , and there is evidence that Jews were specifically targeted by Stalin , who harbored antisemitic sentiments all his life . A number of the most prominent victims of the Purges -- Trotsky , Zinoviev , and Kamenev , to name a few -- were Jewish , and in 1939 Stalin gave Molotov an explicit order to purge the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Jews , in anticipation of rapprochement with Nazi Germany . Jews who escaped the purges include Lazar Kaganovich , who came to Stalin 's attention in the 1920s as a successful bureaucrat in Tashkent and participated in the purges of the 1930s . Kaganovich 's loyalty endured even after Stalin 's death , when he and Molotov were expelled from the party ranks in 1957 due to their opposition to destalinization . Beyond longstanding controversies , ranging from the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact to anti-Zionism , the Soviet Union did grant official `` equality of all citizens regardless of status , sex , race , religion , and nationality '' . The years before the Holocaust were an era of rapid change for Soviet Jews , leaving behind the dreadful poverty of the Pale of Settlement . Forty percent of the population in the former Pale left for large cities within the USSR . Emphasis on education and movement from countryside shtetls to newly industrialized cities allowed many Soviet Jews to enjoy overall advances under Stalin and to become one of the most educated population groups in the world . Because of Stalinist emphasis on its urban population , interwar migration inadvertently rescued countless Soviet Jews ; Nazi Germany penetrated the entire former Jewish Pale -- but were kilometers short of Leningrad and Moscow . The migration of many Jews farther East from the Jewish Pale , which would become occupied by Nazi Germany , saved at least 40 percent of the Pale 's original Jewish population . By 1941 , it was estimated that the Soviet Union was home to 4.855 million Jews , around 30 % of all Jews worldwide . However , the majority of these were residents of rural western Belarus and Ukraine -- populations that suffered greatly due to the German occupation and the Holocaust . Only around 800,000 Jews lived outside the occupied territory , and 1,200,000 to 1,400,000 Jews were eventually evacuated eastwards . Of the three million left in occupied areas , the vast majority is thought to have perished in German extermination camps . Ww2 and the Holocaust ( edit ) Main articles : The Holocaust in Russia and The Holocaust Lieutenant General Semyon Krivoshein , one of the Red Army 's most influential tank commanders . Artisans ' Synagogue , in Rostov - on - Don . Burned down in 1942 , during the Great Patriotic War Soviet writer and journalist Ilya Ehrenburg with Soviet soldiers in 1942 Over two million Soviet Jews are believed to have died during the Holocaust , second only to the number of Polish Jews to have fallen victim to Hitler . Among some of the larger massacres in 1941 were : 33,771 Jews of Kiev shot in ditches at Babi Yar ; 100,000 Jews and Poles of Vilnius killed in the forests of Ponary , 20,000 Jews killed in Kharkiv at Drobnitzky Yar , 36,000 Jews machine - gunned in Odessa , 25,000 Jews of Riga killed in the woods at Rumbula , and 10,000 Jews slaughtered in Simferopol in the Crimea . Though mass shootings continued through 1942 , most notably 16,000 Jews shot at Pinsk , Jews were increasingly shipped to concentration camps in German Nazi - occupied Poland . Local residents of German - occupied areas , especially Ukrainians , Lithuanians , and Latvians , sometimes played key roles in the genocide of other Latvians , Lithuanians , Ukrainians , Slavs , Gypsies , homosexuals and Jews alike . Under the Nazi occupation , some members of the Ukrainian and Latvian Nazi police carried out deportations in the Warsaw Ghetto , and Lithuanians marched Jews to their death at Ponary . Even as some assisted the Germans , a significant number of individuals in the territories under German control also helped Jews escape death ( see Righteous Among the Nations ) . In Latvia , particularly , the number of Nazi - collaborators was only slightly more than that of Jewish saviours . It is estimated that up to 1.4 million Jews fought in Allied armies ; 40 % of them in the Red Army . In total , at least 142,500 Soviet soldiers of Jewish nationality lost their lives fighting against the German invaders and their allies Vasily Grossman with the Red Army in Schwerin , Germany , 1945 1946 . The official response to an inquiry by JAC about the military decorations of Jews during the war ( 1.8 % of the total number ) . Some antisemites attempted to accuse Jews of lack of patriotism and of hiding from military service . The typical Soviet policy regarding the Holocaust was to present it as atrocities against Soviet citizens , not emphasizing the genocide of the Jews . For example , after the liberation of Kiev from the Nazi occupation , the Extraordinary State Commission ( Чрезвычайная Государственная Комиссия ) was set out to investigate Nazi crimes . The description of the Babi Yar massacre was officially censored as follows : Draft report ( December 25 , 1943 ) Censored version ( February 1944 ) `` The Hitlerist bandits committed brutal mass extermination of the Jewish population . They announced that on September 29 , 1941 , all Jews were required to arrive to the corner of Melnikov and Dokterev streets and bring their documents , money and valuables . The butchers herded them to Babi Yar , took away their valuables , then shot them . '' `` The Hitlerist bandits herded thousands of Soviet citizens to the corner of Melnikov and Dokterev streets . The butchers marched them to Babi Yar , took away their valuables , then shot them . '' See also : Vasily Grossman , Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee , and Black Book ( World War II ) Stalinist antisemitic campaigns ( edit ) Main articles : Stalin and antisemitism and Antisemitism in the Soviet Union The revival of Jewish identity after the war , stimulated by the creation of the state of Israel in 1948 , was cautiously welcomed by Stalin as a means to put pressure on Western imperialism in the Middle East , but when it became evident that many Soviet Jews expected the revival of Zionism to enhance their own aspirations for separate cultural and religious development in the Soviet Union , a wave of repression was unleashed . In January 1948 Solomon Mikhoels , a popular actor - director of the Moscow State Jewish Theater and the chairman of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee , was killed in a suspicious car accident . Mass arrests of prominent Jewish intellectuals and suppression of Jewish culture followed under the banners of campaign against `` rootless cosmopolitans '' and anti-Zionism . On August 12 , 1952 , in the event known as the Night of the Murdered Poets , thirteen of the most prominent Yiddish writers , poets , actors and other intellectuals were executed on the orders of Joseph Stalin , among them Peretz Markish , Leib Kvitko , David Hofstein , Itzik Feffer and David Bergelson . In the 1955 UN Assembly 's session a high Soviet official still denied the `` rumors '' about their disappearance . The Doctors ' Plot allegation in 1953 was a deliberately antisemitic policy : Stalin targeted `` corrupt Jewish bourgeois nationalists '' , eschewing the usual code words like `` rootless cosmopolitans '' or `` cosmopolitans '' . Stalin died , however , before this next wave of arrests and executions could be launched in earnest . A number of historians claim that the Doctors ' Plot was intended as the opening of a campaign that would have resulted in the mass deportation of Soviet Jews had Stalin not died on March 5 , 1953 . Days after Stalin 's death the plot was declared a hoax by the Soviet government . Itzik Feffer ( left ) , Albert Einstein and Solomon Mikhoels in the United States in 1943 . Feffer was executed on the Night of the Murdered Poets . Feffer was rehabilitated posthumously in 1955 , after Stalin 's death . These cases may have reflected Stalin 's paranoia , rather than state ideology -- a distinction that made no practical difference as long as Stalin was alive , but which became salient on his death . In April 1956 , the Warsaw Yiddish language Jewish newspaper Folkshtimme published sensational long lists of Soviet Jews who had perished before and after the Holocaust . The world press began demanding answers from Soviet leaders , as well as inquiring about the current condition of the Jewish education system and culture . The same autumn , a group of leading Jewish world figures publicly requested the heads of Soviet state to clarify the situation . Since no cohesive answer was received , their concern was only heightened . The fate of Soviet Jews emerged as a major human rights issue in the West . The Soviet Union and Zionism ( edit ) Main articles : Soviet Union and the Arab -- Israeli conflict and Soviet Anti-Zionism See also : Anti-Zionist committee of the Soviet public Marxist anti-nationalism and anti-clericalism had a mixed effect on Soviet Jews . Jews were the immediate benefactors , but long - term victims , of the Marxist notion that any manifestation of nationalism is `` socially retrogressive '' . On one hand , Jews were liberated from the religious persecution of the Tsarist years of `` Orthodoxy , Autocracy , and Nationality '' . On the other , this notion was threatening to Jewish cultural institutions , the Bund , Jewish autonomy , Judaism and Zionism . Political Zionism was officially stamped out for the entire history of the Soviet Union as a form of bourgeois nationalism . Although Leninism emphasizes `` self - determination '' , this did not make the state more accepting of Zionism . Leninism defines self - determination by territory or culture , but not religion , which allowed Soviet minorities to have separate oblasts , autonomous regions , or republics , which were nonetheless symbolic until its later years . Jews , however , did not fit such a theoretical model ; Jews in the Diaspora did not even have an agricultural base , as Stalin often asserted when attempting to deny the existence of a Jewish nation , and certainly no territorial unit . Marxian notions even denied a Jewish identity beyond religion and caste ; Marx defined Jews as a `` chimerical nation '' . A giant menorah dominating the main square in Birobidzhan , in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast , founded in the Russian Far East in 1936 Lenin , claiming to be deeply committed to egalitarian ideals and universality of all humanity , rejected Zionism as a reactionary movement , `` bourgeois nationalism '' , `` socially retrogressive '' , and a backward force that deprecates class divisions among Jews . Moreover , Zionism entailed contact between Soviet citizens and westerners , which was dangerous in a closed society . Soviet authorities were likewise fearful of any mass - movement independent of monopolistic Communist Party , and not tied to the state or the ideology of Marxism - Leninism . Without changing its official anti-Zionist stance , from late 1944 until 1948 Joseph Stalin had adopted a de facto pro-Zionist foreign policy , apparently believing that the new country would be socialist and would speed the decline of British influence in the Middle East . In a May 14 , 1947 speech during the UN Partition Plan debate , published in Izvestiya two days later , the Soviet ambassador Andrei Gromyko announced : As we know , the aspirations of a considerable part of the Jewish people are linked with the problem of Palestine and of its future administration . This fact scarcely requires proof ... During the last war , the Jewish people underwent exceptional sorrow and suffering ... The United Nations can not and must not regard this situation with indifference , since this would be incompatible with the high principles proclaimed in its Charter ... The fact that no Western European State has been able to ensure the defence of the elementary rights of the Jewish people and to safeguard it against the violence of the fascist executioners explains the aspirations of the Jews to establish their own State . It would be unjust not to take this into consideration and to deny the right of the Jewish people to realize this aspiration . Soviet approval in the United Nations Security Council was critical to the UN partitioning of the British Mandate of Palestine , which led to the founding of the State of Israel . Three days after Israel declared independence , the Soviet Union legally recognized it de jure . In addition , the USSR allowed Czechoslovakia to continue supplying arms to the Jewish forces during the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War , even though this conflict took place after the Soviet - supported Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948 . At the time the U.S. maintained an arms embargo on both sides in the conflict . See Arms shipments from Czechoslovakia to Israel 1947 -- 1949 . By the end of 1957 the USSR switched sides in the Arab -- Israeli conflict and throughout the course of the Cold War unequivocally supported various Arab regimes against Israel . The official position of the Soviet Union and its satellite states and agencies was that Zionism was a tool used by the Jews and Americans for `` racist imperialism '' . A Soviet birth certificate from 1972 indicating the person 's parents ' ethnicity as `` Jew '' . As Israel was emerging as a close Western ally , the specter of Zionism raised fears of internal dissent and opposition . During the later parts of the Cold War , Soviet Jews were suspected of being possible traitors , Western sympathisers , or a security liability . The Communist leadership closed down various Jewish organizations and declared Zionism an ideological enemy . Synagogues were often placed under police surveillance , both openly and through the use of informers . As a result of the persecution , both state - sponsored and unofficial , antisemitism was ingrained in the society and remained for years : ordinary Soviet Jews often suffered hardships , epitomized by often not being allowed to enlist in universities , work in certain professions , or participate in government . However , it should be mentioned that this was not always the case and this kind of persecution varied depending on the region . Still many Jews felt compelled to hide their identities by changing their names . The word `` Jew '' was also avoided in the media when criticising undertakings by Israel , which the Soviets often accused of racism , chauvinism etc . Instead of Jew , the word Israeli was used almost exclusively , so as to paint its harsh criticism not as antisemitism but anti-Zionism . More controversially , the Soviet media , when depicting political events , sometimes used the term ' fascism ' to characterise Israeli nationalism ( e.g. calling Jabotinsky a ' fascist ' , and claiming ' new fascist organisations were emerging in Israel in the 1970s ' etc . ) . 1967 -- 1985 ( edit ) Main article : Aliyah § Aliyah from the Soviet Union and post-Soviet states Lev Landau , winner of the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physics for his theory of superfluidity . In June 1965 , Landau and Yevsei Liberman published a letter in the New York Times , stating that as Soviet Jews they opposed U.S. intervention on behalf of the Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry . A mass emigration was politically undesirable for the Soviet regime . As increasing numbers of Soviet Jews applied to emigrate to Israel in the period following the 1967 Six - Day War , many were formally refused permission to leave . A typical excuse given by the OVIR ( ОВиР ) , the MVD department responsible for the provisioning of exit visas , was that persons who had been given access at some point in their careers to information vital to Soviet national security could not be allowed to leave the country . After the Dymshits -- Kuznetsov hijacking affair in 1970 and the crackdown that followed , strong international condemnations caused the Soviet authorities to increase the emigration quota . From 1960 to 1970 , only 4,000 people left the USSR ; in the following decade , the number rose to 250,000 . In 1972 the USSR imposed the so - called `` diploma tax '' on would - be emigrants who received higher education in the USSR . In some cases , the fee was as high as twenty annual salaries . This measure was possibly designed to combat the brain drain caused by the growing emigration of Soviet Jews and other members of the intelligentsia to the West . Though Jews now made up less than 1 % of the population , some surveys have suggested that around one - third of the emigranting Jews had achieved some form of higher education . Furthermore , Jews holding positions requiring specialized training tended to be highly concentrated in a small set of specialties , including medicine , mathematics , biology and music . Following international protests , the Kremlin soon revoked the tax , but continued to sporadically impose various limitations . At first almost all of those who managed to get exit visas to Israel actually made aliyah , but after the mid-1970s , most of those allowed to leave for Israel actually chose other destinations , most notably the United States . Glasnost and end of the USSR ( edit ) In 1989 a record 71,000 Soviet Jews were granted exodus from the USSR , of whom only 12,117 immigrated to Israel . At first , American policy treated Soviet Jews as refugees and allowed unlimited numbers to emigrate , but this policy eventually came to an end . As a result , more Jews began moving to Israel , as it was the only country willing to take them unconditionally . In the 1980s , the liberal government of Mikhail Gorbachev allowed unlimited Jewish emigration , and the Soviet Union itself collapsed in 1991 . As a result , a mass emigration of Jews from the former Soviet Union took place . Since the 1970s , over 1.1 million Russians of Jewish origin immigrated to Israel , of whom 100,000 emigrated to third countries such as the United States and Canada soon afterward and 240,000 were not considered Jewish under Halakha , but were eligible under the Law of Return due to Jewish ancestry or marriage . Since the adoption of the Jackson -- Vanik amendment , over 600,000 Soviet Jews have emigrated . Russia today ( edit ) Tomsk Choral Synagogue , the oldest synagogue in Siberia The Moscow Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center , the largest Jewish museum in the world . President Putin lighting a Hannukah Menorah with Russia 's Chief Rabbi Berel Lazar . Judaism is officially designated as one of Russia 's four state - religions . Judaism today is officially designated as one of Russia 's four state - religions , alongside Orthodox Christianity , Islam and Buddhism . Jews make up about 0.16 % of the total population of Russia , according to the 2002 census . Most Russian Jews are secular and identify themselves as Jews via ethnicity rather than religion , although interest about Jewish identity as well as practice of Jewish tradition amongst Russian Jews is growing . The Lubavitcher Jewish Movement has been active in this sector , setting up synagogues and Jewish kindergartens in Russian cities with Jewish populations . In addition , most Russian Jews have relatives who live in Israel . There are several major Jewish organizations in the territories of the former USSR . The central Jewish organization is the Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS under the leadership of Chief Rabbi Berel Lazar . A linguistic distinction remains to this day in the Russian language where there are two distinct terms that correspond to the word Jew in English . The word еврей ( `` yevrey '' -- Hebrew ) typically denotes a Jewish ethnicity , as `` Hebrew '' did in English up until the early 20th century . The word иудей ( `` iudey '' -- Judean , etymologically related to the English Jew ) is reserved for denoting a follower of the Jewish religion , whether he or she is ethnically Jewish or ethnically Gentile ; this term has largely fallen out of use in favor of the equivalent term иудаист ( `` iudaist '' - Judaist ) . For example , according to a 2012 Russian survey , евреи account for only 32.2 % of иудаисты in Russia , with nearly half ( 49.8 % ) being Ethnic Russians ( русские ) , . An ethnic slur , жид ( borrowed from the Polish Żyd , Jew ) , also remains in widespread use in Russia . Antisemitism is one of the most common expressions of xenophobia in post-Soviet Russia , even among some groups of politicians . Despite stipulations against fomenting hatred based on ethnic or religious grounds ( Article 282 of Russian Federation Penal Code ) , In 2002 , the number of anti-Semitic neo-Nazi groups in the republics of the former Soviet Union , lead Pravda to declare in 2002 that `` Anti-Semitism is booming in Russia '' . In January 2005 , a group of 15 Duma members demanded that Judaism and Jewish organizations be banned from Russia . In 2005 , 500 prominent Russians , including some 20 members of the nationalist Rodina party , demanded that the state prosecutor investigate ancient Jewish texts as `` anti-Russian '' and ban Judaism . An investigation was in fact launched , but halted after an international outcry . Overall , in recent years , particularly since the early 2000s , levels of anti-semitism in Russia have been low , and steadily decreasing . The government of Vladimir Putin takes a stand against antisemitism , although some political movements and groups in Russia are antisemitic . In Russia , both historical and contemporary antisemitic materials are frequently published . For example , a set ( called Library of a Russian Patriot ) consisting of twenty five antisemitic titles was recently published , including Mein Kampf translated to Russian ( 2002 ) , which although was banned in 2010 , The Myth of Holocaust by Jürgen Graf , a title by Douglas Reed , Protocols of the Elders of Zion , and others . Saint - Petersburg Mathematician Grigory Perelman Antisemitic incidents are mostly conducted extremist , nationalist , and Islamist groups . Most of the antisemitic incidents are against Jewish cemeteries and building ( community centers and synagogues ) such as the assault against the Jewish community 's center in Perm on March 2013 and the attack on Jewish nursery school in Volgograd on August 2013 . Nevertheless , there were several violent attacks against Jews in Moscow in 2006 when a neo-Nazi stabbed 9 people at the Bolshaya Bronnaya Synagogue , the failed bomb attack on the same synagogue in 1999 . Joseph Kobzon , Russia 's most decorated artist , often described as the ' Russian Sinatra ' President Putin with Russian businessman Arkady Rotenberg . He is considered a close confidant of Putin . Attacks against Jews made by extremist Islamic groups are rare in Russia although there has been increase in the scope of the attacks mainly in Muslim populated areas . On July 25 , 2013 the rabbi of Derbent was attacked and badly injured by an unknown person near his home , most likely by a terrorist . The incident sparked concerns among the local Jews of further acts against the Jewish community . After the passage of some anti-gay laws in Russia in 2013 and the incident with the `` Pussy - riot '' band in 2012 causing a growing criticism on the subject inside and outside Russia a number of verbal anti-Semitic attacks were made against Russian gay activists by extremist leftists activists and anti-Semitic writers such as Israel Shamir who viewed the `` Pussy - riot '' incident as the war of Judaism on the Christian Orthodox church . Russian politician Sergey Kiriyenko , former Prime Minister of Russia The Jewish Autonomous Oblast continues to be an autonomous oblast of the Russian state . The Chief Rabbi of Birobidzhan , Mordechai Scheiner , says there are 4,000 Jews in the capital city . Governor Nikolay Mikhaylovich Volkov has stated that he intends to `` support every valuable initiative maintained by our local Jewish organizations '' . The Birobidzhan Synagogue opened in 2004 on the 70th anniversary of the regions founding in 1934 . Russian opposition politician Yevgeny Roizman , the Mayor of Yekaterinburg after winning the mayoral election in 2013 . Today , the Jewish population of Russia is shrinking due to small family sizes , and high rates of assimilation and intermarriage . This shrinkage has been slowed by some Russian - Jewish emigrants having returned from abroad , especially from Germany . The great majority of up to 90 % of children born to a Jewish parent are the offspring of mixed marriages , and most Jews have only one or two children . The majority of Russian Jews live in the Moscow metropolitan area , with another 20 % in the Saint Petersburg area , and the rest in large cities with a population of at least 1 million . The Jewish population in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast of the Russian Far East in 2002 was 2,327 ( 1.22 % ) . The Bukharan Jews , self - designating as Yahudi , Isroel or Banei Isroel , live mainly in Uzbek cities . The number of Central Asian Jews was around 20,800 in 1959 . Before mass emigration , they spoke a dialect of the Tajik language . The Georgian Jews numbered about 35,700 in 1964 , most of them living in Georgia . The Caucasian Mountain Jews , also known as Tats or Dagchufuts , live mostly in Israel and the United States , with a scattered population in Dagestan and Azerbaijan . In 1959 , they numbered around 15,000 in Dagestan and 10,000 in Azerbaijan . Their Tat language is a dialect of Middle Persian . The Crimean Jews , self - designating as Krymchaks , traditionally lived in the Crimea , numbering around 5,700 in 1897 . Due to a famine , a number emigrated to Turkey and the U.S. in the 1920 . The remaining population was virtually annihilated in the Holocaust during the Nazi occupation of the Crimea , but Krymchaks re-settled the Crimea after the war , and in 1959 , between 1,000 and 1,800 had returned . The EuroStars young adults program provides Jewish learning and social activities in 32 cities across Russia . Some have described a ' renaissance ' in the Jewish community inside Russia since the beginning of the 21st century . Historical demographics ( edit ) Jewish % of the population in each SSR 1939 1959 1989 Demographic data for Russian Empire , Soviet Union and Post-Soviet states Jews Year Jewish population ( including Tats ) Notes 1914 More than 5,250,000 Russian Empire 1926 2,672,499 First All - Union Census of the Soviet Union A result of border change ( secession of Poland and union of Bessarabia with Romania ) , emigration and assimilation . 1939 3,028,538 A result of natural growth , emigration , assimilation and repressions Early 1941 5,400,000 A result of the annexation of Western Ukraine and Belarus , Baltic republics , and inflow of Jewish refugees from Poland 1959 2,279,277 See the Holocaust and immigration to Israel . 1970 2,166,026 A result of natural population decline ( death rates being greater than birth rates ) , emigration , and assimilation ( such as intermarriage ) 1979 1,830,317 Decline for the same reason as for 1970 1989 1,479,732 Soviet Census . Final census in the entire Soviet Union . Decline for the same reason as for 1970 . 2000 460,000 A result of mass emigration , natural population decline , and assimilation . Jewish population in each SSR and former SSR by year ( using 1989 SSR borders ) SSR 1897 1926 1939 1959 1970 1979 1989 2002 Russian SFSR / Russia 250,000 539,037 891,147 880,443 816,668 713,399 570,467 265,000 159,348 Ukrainian SSR / Ukraine 2,680,000 2,720,000 2,700,000 840,446 777,406 634,420 487,555 100,000 71,500 Byelorussian SSR / Belarus 690,000 150,090 148,027 135,539 112,031 24,300 12,926 Moldavian SSR / Moldova 250,000 95,108 98,091 80,193 65,933 5,500 4,100 Estonian SSR / Estonia 4,309 5,439 5,290 4,993 4,653 1,900 1,800 Latvian SSR / Latvia 95,675 95,600 36,604 36,686 28,338 22,925 9,600 6,454 Lithuanian SSR / Lithuania 263,000 24,683 23,566 14,703 12,398 3,700 3,050 Georgian SSR / Georgia 30,534 42,300 51,589 55,398 28,315 24,834 5,000 3,200 Armenian SSR / Armenia 335 512 1,042 1,049 962 747 < 100 < 100 Azerbaijan SSR / Azerbaijan 59,768 41,245 46,091 49,057 44,345 41,072 7,900 9,100 Turkmen SSR / Turkmenistan 2,045 3,037 4,102 3,530 2,866 2,509 600 200 Uzbek SSR / Uzbekistan 37,896 50,676 94,488 103,058 100,067 95,104 6,000 4,500 Tajik SSR / Tajikistan 275 5,166 12,435 14,627 14,697 14,836 100 < 100 Kirghiz SSR / Kyrgyzstan 318 1,895 8,632 7,687 6,879 6,012 900 600 Kazakh SSR / Kazakhstan 3,548 19,240 28,085 27,676 23,601 20,104 4,500 3,700 Soviet Union / Former Soviet Union 5,250,000 2,672,499 3,028,538 2,279,277 2,166,026 1,830,317 1,479,732 460,000 280,678 Historical Russian Jewish population Year Pop . ± % 1897 250,000 -- 1926 539,037 + 115.6 % 1939 891,147 + 65.3 % 1959 880,443 − 1.2 % 1970 816,668 − 7.2 % 1979 713,399 − 12.6 % 1989 570,467 − 20.0 % 2002 265,000 − 53.5 % 159,348 − 39.9 % Source : The Jewish population data includes Mountain Jews , Georgian Jews , Bukharan Jews ( or Central Asian Jews ) , Krymchaks ( all per the 1959 Soviet census ) , and Tats . Jewish population in each SSR and former SSR by year ( using 1989 SSR borders ) as a percent of the total population SSR % 1926 % 1939 % 1959 % 1970 % 1979 % 1989 % 2002 % 2010 Russian SFSR / Russia 0.58 % 0.81 % 0.75 % 0.63 % 0.52 % 0.39 % 0.18 % 0.11 % Ukrainian SSR / Ukraine 6.55 % 2.01 % 1.65 % 1.28 % 0.95 % 0.20 % 0.16 % Byelorussian SSR / Belarus 6.55 % 1.86 % 1.64 % 1.42 % 1.10 % 0.24 % 0.14 % Moldavian SSR / Moldova 3.30 % 2.75 % 2.03 % 1.52 % 0.13 % 0.11 % Estonian SSR / Estonia 0.38 % 0.45 % 0.39 % 0.34 % 0.30 % 0.14 % 0.13 % Latvian SSR / Latvia 5.19 % 4.79 % 1.75 % 1.55 % 1.13 % 0.86 % 0.40 % 0.31 % Lithuanian SSR / Lithuania 9.13 % 0.91 % 0.75 % 0.43 % 0.34 % 0.10 % 0.10 % Georgian SSR / Georgia 1.15 % 1.19 % 1.28 % 1.18 % 0.57 % 0.46 % 0.10 % 0.08 % Armenian SSR / Armenia 0.04 % 0.04 % 0.06 % 0.04 % 0.03 % 0.02 % < 0.01 % < 0.01 % Azerbaijan SSR / Azerbaijan 2.58 % 1.29 % 1.25 % 0.96 % 0.74 % 0.58 % 0.10 % 0.10 % Turkmen SSR / Turkmenistan 0.20 % 0.24 % 0.27 % 0.16 % 0.10 % 0.07 % 0.01 % < 0.01 % Uzbek SSR / Uzbekistan 0.80 % 0.81 % 1.17 % 0.86 % 0.65 % 0.48 % 0.02 % 0.02 % Tajik SSR / Tajikistan 0.03 % 0.35 % 0.63 % 0.50 % 0.39 % 0.29 % < 0.01 % < 0.01 % Kirghiz SSR / Kyrgyzstan 0.03 % 0.13 % 0.42 % 0.26 % 0.20 % 0.14 % 0.02 % 0.01 % Kazakh SSR / Kazakhstan 0.06 % 0.31 % 0.30 % 0.22 % 0.16 % 0.12 % 0.03 % 0.02 % Soviet Union / Former Soviet Union 1.80 % 1.80 % 1.09 % 0.90 % 0.70 % 0.52 % 0.16 % 0.10 % a ^ The Jewish population data for all of the years includes Mountain Jews , Georgian Jews , Bukharan Jews ( or Central Asian Jews ) , Krymchaks ( all per the 1959 Soviet census ) , and Tats . b ^ The data is from 1925 . c ^ The data is from 1941 . d ^ The data is from 2009 . e ^ The data is from 2011 . Russian Jewish Aliyah and immigration to countries outside of Israel ( edit ) Israel ( edit ) Main articles : Russian Jews in Israel , Russian immigration to Israel in the 1970s , Russian immigration to Israel in the 1990s , and Jackson -- Vanik amendment Yuli Edelstein , one of the Soviet Union 's most prominent refuseniks , who has served as Speaker of the Knesset ( Israel 's parliament ) since 2013 . Year TFR 2000 1.544 1999 1.612 1998 1.632 1.723 1.743 1995 1.731 1.756 1.707 1.604 1991 1.398 1.390 In present times , the largest number of Russian Jews are olim ( עוֹלים ) and sabras . Israel is home to a core Russian Jewish population of 900,000 and an enlarged population of 1,200,000 ( including Halakhally non-Jewish members of Jewish households , but excluding those who are not considered olim or otherwise legally residing of Israel ) . The Aliyah in the 1990s accounts for 85 -- 90 % of this population . The population growth rate for Former Soviet Union ( FSU ) - born olim were among the lowest for any Israeli groups , with a Fertility rate of 1.70 and natural increase of just + 0.5 % per year . The increase in Jewish birth rate in Israel during the 2000 -- 2007 period was partly due to the increasing birth rate among the FSU olim , who now form 20 % of the Jewish population of Israel. 96.5 % of the enlarged Russian Jewish population in Israel is either Jewish or non-religious , while 3.5 % ( 35,000 ) belong to other religions ( mostly Christianity ) and about 10,000 identifying as Messianic Jews separate from Jewish Christians . The Total Fertility Rate for FSU - born olim in Israel is given in the table below . The TFR increased with time , peaking in 1997 , then slightly decreased after that and then again increased after 2000 . In 1999 , about 1,037,000 FSU - born olim lived in Israel , of whom about 738,900 made aliyah after 1989 . The second largest oleh ( עוֹלֶה ) group ( Moroccan Jews ) numbered just 1,000,000 . From 2000 -- 2006 , 142,638 FSU - born olim moved to Israel , while 70,000 of them emigrated from Israel to countries like the U.S. and Canada -- bringing the total population to 1,150,000 by January 2007 . The natural increase was around 0.3 % in the late 1990s . For example , 2,456 in 1996 ( 7,463 births to 5,007 deaths ) , 2,819 in 1997 ( 8,214 to 5,395 ) , 2,959 in 1998 ( 8,926 to 5,967 ) and 2,970 in 1999 ( 9,282 to 6,312 ) . In 1999 , the natural growth was + 0.385 % . ( Figures only for FSU - born olim moved in after 1989 ) . An estimated 45,000 illegal immigrants from the Former Soviet Union lived in Israel at the end of 2010 , but it is not clear how many of them are actually Jews . In 2013 , 7,520 people , nearly 40 % of all olim , made aliyah from the Former Soviet Union . In 2014 4,685 Russian citizens relocated to Israel , more than double than usual in any of the previous 16 years . In 2015 , nearly 7,000 or just over twenty percent of all olim came from the former Soviet Union . Recent olim and olot ( עוֹלות ) from the Former Soviet Union include notables such as Natan Sharansky , Yuri Foreman , Yuli - Yoel Edelstein , Ze'ev Elkin , Nachman Dushanski , Boris Gelfand , Natasha Mozgovaya , Avigdor Lieberman , Roman Dzindzichashvili , Anastassia Michaeli , Haim Megrelashvili , Victor Mikhalevski , Evgeny Postny , Maxim Rodshtein , Tatiana Zatulovskaya , Maria Gorokhovskaya , Katia Pisetsky , Aleksandr Averbukh , Anna Smashnova , Jan Talesnikov , Vadim Alexeev , Michael Kolganov , Alexander Danilov , Evgenia Linetskaya , Marina Kravchenko , David Kazhdan , Leonid Nevzlin , Vadim Akolzin , Roman Bronfman , Michael Cherney , Arcadi Gaydamak , Sergei Sakhnovski , Roman Zaretski , Alexandra Zaretski , Larisa Trembovler , Boris Tsirelson , Ania Bukstein and Margarita Levieva . United States ( edit ) American singer Regina Spektor , who cites poets such as Pasternak in her songs . The second largest Russian Jewish population is in the United States . According to RINA , there is a core Russian Jewish population of 350,000 in the U.S. The enlarged Russian Jewish population in the U.S. is estimated to be 700,000 . Notable Russia , Imperial Russia , Soviet Union , and former Soviet Union , born Jewish Americans ( living and deceased ) include Alexei Abrikosov , Isaac Asimov , Leonard Blavatnik , Sergey Brin , Joseph Brodsky , Sergei Dovlatov , Anthony Fedorov , Israel Gelfand , Emma Goldman , Vladimir Horowitz , Gregory Kaidanov , Avi Kaplan , Jan Koum , Savely Kramarov , Mila Kunis , Leonid Levin , Lev Loseff , Alexander Migdal , Eugene Mirman , Alla Nazimova , Ayn Rand , Markus Rothkovich ( Mark Rothko ) , Dmitry Salita , Menachem Mendel Schneerson , Yakov Sinai , Mikhail Shifman , Mikhail Shufutinsky , Regina Spektor , Willi Tokarev , and Arkady Vainshtein . Large Russian Jewish communities include Brighton Beach and Sheepshead Bay in the Brooklyn Borough of New York City ; Fair Lawn and nearby areas in Bergen County , New Jersey ; Bucks and Montgomery Counties near Philadelphia ; Pikesville , Maryland , a predominantly - Jewish suburb of Baltimore ; Washington Heights in the Sunny Isles Beach neighborhood of South Florida ; and West Hollywood , California . Germany ( edit ) The fourth largest Russian - Jewish community exists in Germany with a core Russian - Jewish population of 119,000 and an enlarged population of 250,000 . In 1991 -- 2006 period , approximately 230,000 Ethnic Jews from the FSU immigrated to Germany . In the beginning of 2006 , Germany tightened the immigration program . A survey conducted among approximately 215,000 enlarged Russian Jewish population ( taking natural decrease into consideration ) indicated that about 81 % of the enlarged population was Jewish or Atheist by religion , while about 18.5 % identified as Christian . That gives a core Russian Jewish population of 111,800 ( religion Jewish , 52 % ) or 174,150 ( religion Jewish or Atheist ) . Notable Russian Jews in Germany include Valery Belenky , Maxim Biller , Friedrich Gorenstein , Wladimir Kaminer , Lev Kopelev , Alfred Schnittke , and Vladimir Voinovich . Canada ( edit ) The fifth largest Russian Jewish community is in Canada . The core Russian Jewish population in Canada numbers 30,000 and the enlarged Russian Jewish population numbered 50,000 + , mostly in Montreal and Toronto . Notable Russian Jewish residents include Mark Berger and the musical group Tasseomancy . Australia ( edit ) Small number of FSU Jews exist in Australia ( Core population of 10,000 constituting 33 % of all Russian born and 25 % of all Ukrainian born citizens in 1996 Census . Enlarged population around 20,000 ) . Finland ( edit ) Hundreds of Russian Jews have moved to Finland since 1990 and have helped to stem the negative population growth of the Jewish community there . The total number of Jews in Finland have grown from 800 in 1980 to 1,200 in 2006 . Of all the schoolgoing Jewish children , 75 % have at least one Russian born parent . Other countries ( edit ) Maya Plisetskaya receives a governmental award from President of Russia Vladimir Putin on 20 November 2000 . Austria , Belgium , Britain , Italy , Netherlands , New Zealand and Switzerland also have small populations of Russian Jews . The addition of Russian Jews have neutralized the negative Jewish population trends in some European countries like The Netherlands and Austria . Notable Russian Jews in France include Léon Bakst , Marc Chagall , Leon Poliakov , Evgeny Kissin , Alexandre Koyré , Ida Rubinstein , Lev Shestov , and Anatoly Vaisser . Some other notable Russian Jews are Roman Abramovich , Vladimir Ashkenazy , Boris Berezovsky , and Maxim Vengerov ( United Kingdom ) , Gennadi Sosonko ( Netherlands ) , Viktor Korchnoi ( Switzerland ) , and Maya Plisetskaya ( Spain ) . Jewish origin Prime Ministers of Russia ( edit ) Sergey Kiriyenko Prime Minister of Russia ( 1998 ) Yevgeny Primakov Prime Minister of Russia ( 1998 - 1999 ) Mikhail Fradkov Prime Minister of Russia ( 2004 - 2007 ) See also ( edit ) Israel -- Russia relations Jewish Autonomous Oblast Jewish history and Jewish diaspora Antisemitism in Imperial Russia Relations between Eastern Orthodoxy and Judaism Antisemitism in Russia Antisemitism in the Soviet Union History of antisemitism History of the Jews in Ukraine History of the Jews in Belarus History of the Jews in Bessarabia History of the Jews in Latvia History of the Jews in Lithuania History of the Jews in Carpathian Ruthenia History of the Jews in Poland Jewish Cossacks Jews and Judaism in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast Lithuanian Jews -- Galician Jews -- Georgian Jews -- Bukharan Jews -- Mountain Jews Sect of Skhariya the Jew Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 's Two Hundred Years Together Timeline of Jewish History World Jewish Congress Regional history History of Russia History of the Soviet Union List of Jews from Russia , Ukraine and Belarus References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Monthly Bulletin of Statistics '' . 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Archived from the original on February 22 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Kaplan Appel , Tamar ( August 3 , 2010 ) . `` Crown Rabbi '' . The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe . YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe . Yale University Press . ISBN 9780300119039 . OCLC 170203576 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Berlin , Adele ; Himelstein , Shmuel ( 2011 ) . `` Crown Rabbi '' . The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press . p. 195 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 973004 - 9 . Retrieved May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The World of Hasidism : H. Rabinowicz , 1970 , p. 132 , Hartmore House , London ISBN 0 - 87677 - 005 - 7 Jump up ^ Duffy , James P. , Vincent L. Ricci , Czars : Russia 's Rulers for Over One Thousand Years , p. 324 Jump up ^ `` Antisemitism in Imperial Russia '' . Worldfuturefund.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Czar Alexander III '' . Fortunecity.com . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2011 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Riasanovsky , Nicholas , A History of Russia , p. 395 Jump up ^ Merchants to Multinationals : British Trading Companies in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries , Geoffrey Jones , Oxford University Press , 2000 Jump up ^ But Were They Good for the Jews ? by Elliot Rosenberg , p. 183 Jump up ^ The Pittsburgh Press , October 25 , 1915 , p. 11 Jump up ^ `` The Jewish Agency for Israel Timeline '' . Jafi.org.il . Jewish Agency for Israel . May 15 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2008 . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewin , Rhoda G. ( 1979 ) . `` Stereotype and reality in the Jewish immigrant experience in Minneapolis '' ( PDF ) . Minnesota History . Minnesota Historical Society . 46 ( 7 ) : 259 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Hovevei Zion in Russia - The Odessa committee 1889 -- 1890 '' . Zionistarchives.org.il. April 18 , 1935 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Jewish Emigration from Russia : 1880 -- 1928 ( Beyond the Pale ) Jump up ^ Levin , Dov ( 2000 ) . The Litvaks : a short history of the Jews in Lithuania . Berghahn Books . p. 283 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57181 - 264 - 3 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Frumkin , Jacob G. ; Gregor Aronson ; Alekseĭ Aleksandrovich Golʹdenveĭzer ( 1966 ) . Russian Jewry : 1860 -- 1917 . New York City : T. Yoseloff . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Alan W. ( 1978 ) . The Crimean Tatars . Hoover Press . p. 264 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8179 - 6662 - 1 . Jump up ^ Learsi , Rufus ( 2007 ) . Fulfillment -- The Epic Story of Zionism : The Authoritative History of the Zionist Movement from the Earliest Days to the Present Time . Read Books . p. 444 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4067 - 0729 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` 4 - year review '' ( PDF ) . American Jewish Yearbook ( 1910 -- 1911 ) . ^ Jump up to : Slutsky , Yehuda . `` Duma '' . Encyclopaedia Judaica . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Schechtman , Joseph B. ( 1986 ) . The Life and Times of Vladimir Jabotinsky : Rebel and statesman . SP Books . p. 467 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 935437 - 18 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Ossip . Y . Pergament dead . Leader of Jews and Duma Member , He Was Under Indictment '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . May 30 , 1909 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Gitelman , Zvi `` Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics : The Jewish Sections of the CPSU '' , Princeton , 1972 Jump up ^ Lenin 's March 1919 speech On Anti-Jewish Pogroms ( `` О погромной травле евреев '' : text , audio ( help info ) ) Jump up ^ `` The Makhnovists on The National and Jewish Questions '' , History of The Makhnovist Movement by Peter Arshinov , Freedom Press Jump up ^ `` Russia '' . Encyclopaedia Judaica. 17 . Keter Publishing House Ltd . pp. 531 -- 553 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Pogromy '' . Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia . 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Dialog , Liberec 1996 , p. 173 Jump up ^ Elissa Bemporad , Becoming Soviet Jews : The Bolshevik Experiment in Minsk , Indiana University Press , 2013 , p. 119 Jump up ^ Gutelman , Zvi ( 1986 ) . Curtis , M. , ed . Antisemitism in the Contemporary World . Westview Press . pp. 189 -- 190 . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 0157 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ivinskaya ( 1978 ) p 133 . Jump up ^ Stalin , Joseph ( 1913 ) : Marxism and the National Question Jump up ^ Elissa Bemporad , Becoming Soviet Jews : The Bolshevik Experiment in Minsk , Indiana University Press , 2013 , p. 110 Jump up ^ Bemporad , op. cit. , p. 9 Jump up ^ Bemporad , op. cit. , pp. 38 , 40 Jump up ^ OZET lottery posters and tickets featured in Swarthmore College 's online exhibition `` Stalin 's Forgotten Zion : Birobidzhan and the Making of a Soviet Jewish Homeland . '' Jump up ^ Mark Tolts : The Post-Soviet Jewish Population in Russia and the World . Archived March 9 , 2010 , at WebCite Published in : Jews in Russia and Eastern Europe , 2004 , No. 1 ( 52 ) . p. 51 Jump up ^ Joseph Stalin . Works , Vol. 13 , July 1930 -- January 1934 , Moscow : Foreign Languages Publishing House , 1955 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Saul Friedlander ( 2008 ) The Years of Extermination : Nazi Germany and the Jews 1939 -- 1945 . London , Phoenix : 43 -- 8 Jump up ^ Эвакуация и национальные отношения в советском тылу в годы Великой Отечественной Войны ( in Russian ) . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lador - Lederer , Joseph . World War II : Jews as Prisoners of War , Israel Yearbook on Human Rights , vol. 10 , Faculty of Law , Tel Aviv University , Tel Aviv , 1980 , pp. 70 -- 89 , p. 75 , footnote 15 . ( 1 ) Archived August 25 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived September 14 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Draft report by the Commission for Crimes Committed by the Nazis in Kiev from February 1944 . The page 14 shows changes made by G.F. Aleksandrov , head of the Propaganda and Agitation Department , Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Jump up ^ Richard Overy ( 2004 ) . The Dictators : Hitler 's Germany , Stalin 's Russia . W.W Norton Company , Inc. p. 568 . ISBN 9780141912240 . Jump up ^ According to historian Gennady Kostyrchenko , recently opened Soviet archives contain evidence that the assassination was organized by L.M. Tsanava and S. Ogoltsov Archived November 13 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine . of the MVD Jump up ^ Rubenstein , Joshua . `` Stalin 's Secret Pogrom : The Postwar Inquisition of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee ( Introduction ) '' . JoshuaRubenstein.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2005 . Jump up ^ A History of the Jews by Paul Johnson , London , 1987 , p. 527 Jump up ^ UN Debate Regarding the Special Committee on Palestine : Gromyko Statement. 14 May 1947 77th Plenary Meeting Document A / 2 / PV. 77 Jump up ^ Yaacov Ro'i , The Struggle for Soviet Jewish Emigration , 1948 -- 1967 , Cambridge University Press 2003 , ISBN 0521522447 p. 199 Jump up ^ History of Dissident Movement in the USSR by Lyudmila Alexeyeva . Vilnius , 1992 ( in Russian ) Jump up ^ All Things Considered ( October 30 , 2010 ) . `` How A Quest To Save Soviet Jews Changed The World '' . NPR . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Buwalda , Petrus ( 1997 ) . They Did Not Dwell Alone : Jewish Emigration from the Soviet Union 1967 -- 1990 . Washington , DC : Woodrow Wilson Center Press ( u.a. ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 5616 - 7 . Retrieved March 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : The Post-Soviet Treasure Hunt : Time , Space , and Necropolitics in Siberian Buddhism ANYA BERNSTEIN , Comparative Studies in Society and History Vol. 53 , No. 3 ( JULY 2011 ) , pp. 623 - 653 , Cambridge University Press Jump up ^ Margolin , Dovid ( May 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' Eurostars ' Program Shines , Seen in the Effect on Russian Youth Visiting Europe '' . FJC.ru . Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS . Retrieved May 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Плотность населения '' ( Population Density ) . Главная страница проекта ' Арена ' ( in Russian ) . Sreda.org , Среда . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2014 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Semitism in Russia : Anti-Semitism in Politics '' . ADL.org . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Fourteenth periodic reports of States parties due in 1994 : Russian Federation '' . Unhchr.ch . United Nations Commission on Human Rights . July 28 , 1997 . CERD / C / 299 / Add. 15 . 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Editor : Charles Fenyvesi Jump up ^ В Москве представлен отчет об антисемитизме в 2014 году Москва , 13 Февраля 2015 , 21 : 46 -- REGNUM Jump up ^ Президент ФЕОР : Россия -- `` остров спокойствия '' на фоне Западной Европы 11 : 0007.11. 2014 ( обновлено : 11 : 42 7 November 2014 ) Jump up ^ `` Russia bans Hitler 's ' Mein Kampf ' over fears it fuels rise of far - Right '' . Telegraph.co.uk . March 26 , 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Global Anti-Semitism : Selected Incidents Around the World in 2013 '' . ADL.org . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish nursery school attacked '' . Antisemitism.org.il . Volgograd : The Coordination Forum for Countering Antisemitism . August 27 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Krichevsky , Lev ( July 30 , 1999 ) . `` Rabbi 's son foils bombing attempt at Moscow shul '' . j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California , Jweekly.com . Moscow . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 20 . 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Archived from the original on April 11 , 2013 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Governor Voices Support for Growing Far East Jewish Community '' . FJC.ru . The Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS ; archived at Google Groups of alt. politics. democrats . November 15 , 2004 . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Far East Community Prepares for 70th Anniversary of Jewish Autonomous Republic '' . FJC.ru . The Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS . August 30 , 2004 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 's Jews Fading Away ? '' . Israel National News . October 25 , 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Jews '' . The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire . Eki.ee . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Georgian Jews '' . The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire . Eki.ee . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Mountain Jews '' . The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire . Eki.ee . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Crimean Jews '' . The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire . Eki.ee . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Studies Begin for 1000 EuroStars participants '' . The Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS . Jump up ^ Margolin , Dovid ( May 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Eurostars ' Program Shines , Seen in the Effect on Russian Youth Visiting Europe '' . Chabad.org . Jump up ^ `` 500 Russian Jews to shop at Paris market where Jews were killed '' . Jewish Telegraphic Agency . April 28 , 2015 . The delegation is part of the Russian Jewish community 's Eurostars program , in which participants learn about Europe 's Jewish communities and then travel to visit some of them . Jump up ^ `` Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года '' . Demoscope.ru . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2013 . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 года '' . Demoscope.ru . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` YIVO Population and Migration : Population since World War I '' . Yivoencyclopedia.org . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Приложение Демоскопа Weekly '' . Demoscope.ru . January 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2013 . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/2002_13_WJP.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Powered by Google Docs '' . Docs.google.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : http://bjpa.org/Publications/downloadPublication.cfm?PublicationID=13779 Jump up ^ http://www.berdichev.org/imagens/Jews_Table1.jpg Jump up ^ http://www.berdichev.org/imagens/Jews_Table2.jpg Jump up ^ Brandon , Ray ; Lower , Wendy ( May 28 , 2008 ) . The Shoah in Ukraine : History , Testimony , Memorialization . Books.google.com . ISBN 0253001595 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Susan Sarah ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . 2002 -- Google Books . Books.google.com . ISBN 9783110944174 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` YIVO Belarus '' . Yivoencyclopedia.org . October 23 , 1943 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ethnic composition of Belarus 2009 '' . Pop-stat.mashke.org . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ Levin , Nora ( 1990 - 12 - 01 ) . Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917 : Paradox of Survival -- Nora Levin -- Google Books . Books.google.com . ISBN 9780814750513 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` OSS Report on Wartime Population Changes in the Baltic ( 1939 -- 1944 ) '' . Lituanus.org . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ethnicities in Latvia . Statistics '' . Roots-saknes.lv . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Database '' . Data.csb.gov.lv . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rodiklių duomenų bazė '' . Db1.stat.gov.lt . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009 '' . Pop-stat.mashke.org. April 7 , 1971 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 22 . Jump up ^ YIVO Population and Migration : Population since World War I. Yivoencyclopedia.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ http://www.demogr.mpg.de/books/drm/009/3.pdf Jump up ^ `` Holocaust in Belorussia ( Page 27 ) '' . Jewishgen.org . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Israel 's neo-Nazi gang : A symptom of a deeper malaise '' . Wsws.org . September 15 , 2007 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fertility behaviour of recent immigrants to Israel : A comparative analysis of immigrants from Ethiopia and the former Soviet Union '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Wayne State University Press -- Jewish Studies : -- Page 1 Archived September 12 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Zionist Education '' ( PDF ) . Jafi.org.il . May 15 , 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 9 , 2010 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Monthly Bulletin of Statistics '' . Cbs.gov.il . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ http://www.middle-east-info.org/league/israel/israelpopulation.pdf Jump up ^ http://www1.cbs.gov.il/www/population/ussrp/tab01.pdf Jump up ^ `` Mmigrant Population From The Former Ussr '' . CBS.gov.il . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Ron ( January 18 , 2011 ) . `` Oz unit far from hitting deportation target for illegals '' . Jpost.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Aliyah on the Rise : 19,200 New Immigrants Arrive in Israel in 2013 '' . Algemeiner . December 30 , 2013 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Immigration to Israel Rises by 7 % -- Led by French '' . Forward . December 29 , 2013 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Aliyah Hits Ten - Year High : Approximately 26,500 New Immigrants Arrived in Israel in 2014 '' . The Jewish Agency . January 2 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aliyah Figures at Highest in a Decade ; France Leads the Way '' . Arutz Sheva . December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jews Are Fleeing Russia Because Of Putin , Radio Free Europe ( July 3 , 2015 ) Jump up ^ Eylon Aslan - Levy ( December 30 , 2015 ) . `` Aliyah Numbers Rise , but Majority Coming From Just Three Countries '' . Tablet . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Omri Efraim ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Aliyah to Israel increases in 2015 '' . Ynet News . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sergio DellaPergola , `` World Jewish Population 2002 '' Archived December 22 , 2004 , at the Wayback Machine. , American Jewish Year Book , 102 , New York , 2002 Jump up ^ Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland . `` Central Council of Jews in Germany '' . Zentralratdjuden.de . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Foreigners in Wonderland : Jewish immigration from the former Soviet Union by Judith Kessler Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) В Германии началась депопуляция еврейских общин ( In Germany , Depopulation of Jewish Community Has Begun ) by Pavel Polian . Demoscope Jump up ^ ( in Russian ) Новое о еврейских иммигрантах из б . СССР в Германию . Результаты государственного обследования ( New About Jewish Immigrants from FSU to Germany . ) by Pavel Polyan . Demoscope Jump up ^ http://jewishtoronto.org/getfile.asp?id=13787 Jump up ^ `` Australian Bureau of Statistics '' . Abs.gov.au . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Matt Siegel ( March 12 , 2007 ) . `` In Finland , immigrants from FSU revitalize a dying Jewish community '' . Jewishtoronto.net . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2008 . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Petrovsky - Shtern , Yohanan ( 2014 ) . The Golden Age Shtetl : A New History of Jewish Life in East Europe . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 16074 - 0 . Arad , Yitzhak ( 2010 ) . In the Shadow of the Red Banner : Soviet Jews in the War Against Nazi Germany . Jerusalem : Gefen Publishing House . ISBN 978 - 9652294876 . Overy , Richard ( 2004 ) . The Dictators : Hitler 's Germany , Stalin 's Russia . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0393020304 . Pinkus , Benjamin ( 1990 ) . The Jews of the Soviet Union : The History of a National Minority . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521389266 . Shneer , David ( 2004 ) . Yiddish and the Creation of Soviet Jewish Culture : 1918 -- 1930 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0521826303 . Bemporad , Elissa ( 2013 ) . Becoming Soviet Jews : The Bolshevik Experiment in Minsk ( The Modern Jewish Experience ) . Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0253008220 . Levin , Nora ( 1988 ) . The Jews in the Soviet Union since 1917 : Paradox of Survival . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978 - 1850432494 . External links ( edit ) Federation of Jewish Communities of the CIS Chabad - Lubavitch centers in Russia Jewish Agricultural Colonization in the Ukraine Halevi , Yossi Klein . Jacob Birnbaum and the Struggle for Soviet Jewry , April 2004 Russian Jews Face Continual Challenges As Country Seeks To Be A Global Player by Karina Ioffee , The Huffington Post , July 13 , 2009 Ullman , Arieh . 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-4063798162497776150	Ready Player One (film)	Ready Player One ( film ) - wikipedia Ready Player One ( film ) Ready Player One Theatrical release poster Directed by Steven Spielberg Produced by Steven Spielberg Donald De Line Dan Farah Kristie Macosko Krieger Screenplay by Zak Penn Ernest Cline Based on Ready Player One by Ernest Cline Starring Tye Sheridan Olivia Cooke Ben Mendelsohn T.J. Miller Simon Pegg Mark Rylance Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Janusz Kamiński Edited by Michael Kahn Sarah Broshar Production company Warner Bros. Pictures Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment Village Roadshow Pictures De Line Pictures Access Entertainment Dune Entertainment Farah Films & Management Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) ( SXSW ) March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) ( United States ) Running time 140 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $175 million Box office $582 million Ready Player One is a 2018 American science fiction adventure film produced and directed by Steven Spielberg , and written by Zak Penn and Ernest Cline , based on Cline 's 2011 novel of the same name . The film stars Tye Sheridan , Olivia Cooke , Ben Mendelsohn , Lena Waithe , T.J. Miller , Simon Pegg , and Mark Rylance . The film takes place in 2045 , when much of humanity uses the virtual reality software OASIS to escape the desolation of the real world . Orphaned teenager Wade Watts ( Sheridan ) discovers clues to a hidden game within the program that promises the winner full ownership of the OASIS , and joins several allies to try to complete the game before a large company run by businessman Nolan Sorrento ( Mendelsohn ) can do so . Ready Player One premiered at South by Southwest on March 11 , 2018 , was theatrically released by Warner Bros. Pictures in the United States on March 29 , 2018 , in 2D , Real D 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D . It grossed $582 million worldwide , making it the sixth - highest - grossing film of 2018 . The film received generally positive reviews , critics praised its visuals , brisk pacing , and Rylance 's performance . The film was noted to have significant differences from the book ; some critics said the film 's plot was an improvement over the source material . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Visual effects and post-production 4 Cultural references 5 Music 6 Release 6.1 Home media 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.1. 1 North America 7.1. 2 Other territories 7.2 Critical response 8 Possible sequel 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Set in a slum - filled version in 2045 , people escape their lives to live out most days in the virtual reality entertainment universe OASIS , co-created by James Halliday and Ogden Morrow of Gregarious Games . After Halliday 's death , a pre-recorded message left by his avatar Anorak announces a game , granting ownership of OASIS to the first to find the Golden Easter Egg within it , locked behind a gate requiring three keys . The contest has lured a number of `` Gunters '' , Egg hunters , and the interest of Nolan Sorrento , the CEO of Innovative Online Industries ( IOI ) , seeking to control OASIS himself . IOI uses a number of indentured servants and employees called `` Sixers '' to seek the egg . Wade Watts is an orphaned teenager living in the `` stacks '' of Columbus , Ohio with his aunt , Alice ; in the OASIS , his avatar , Parzival is good friends with Aech , a virtual mechanic . Parzival befriends Art3mis , a well - known Gunter , sharing a common interest in Halliday 's history . They review Halliday 's life from the Archives with help of its Curator . They learn Halliday had several regrets ; his partner Morrow had signed away his part of Gregarious Games due to fallout over Halliday 's love for Morrow 's wife Kira . Using this information , they solve the first two challenges of Anorak 's game : a car race across an ever - shifting Manhattan cityscape , and a search for Kira in a simulation of the Overlook Hotel from The Shining . Aech and his friends Daito and Sho also follow ; they become known as the `` High Five '' on the OASIS scoreboards . Sorrento learns of Parzival 's identity through OASIS mercenary i - R0k , and attempts to sway Wade into IOI , but he refuses . In retaliation , Sorrento has IOI 's head of operations F'Nale Zandor bomb Wade 's stack , killing Alice . Art3mis ' player , Samantha Cook , rescues Wade , but they too are soon found by IOI , who captures and forces Samantha into their servitude . Wade is extracted by the other High Five -- Helen ( Aech ) , Toshiro ( Daito ) and Zhou ( Sho ) -- who discover her location and remotely provide her means to assist them in the OASIS as Art3mis . The third challenge requires one to play Halliday 's favorite Atari 2600 game , in a castle on Planet Doom , which Sorrento has protected with a force field . Attesting to Sorrento 's nature , Parzival recruits countless OASIS players to help the rebels attack the IOI forces around the castle . Art3mis breaks the force field , allowing Parzival to reach the console , but Sorrento activates the Cataclyst , a bomb that wipes all the avatars off Planet Doom . However , due to having won a coin from the Archive 's Curator earlier , Parzival gets an extra life , and proceeds to play through Adventure to find its Easter egg , and is awarded the last key . Opening the gate , he is greeted by Anorak and given a contract to sign . Parzival recognizes it as the same contract Morrow signed to turn over his part of Gregarious , and refuses . Anorak reveals himself to be Halliday , and that the contract was the final test to make sure Parzival would not have the same regrets as Halliday did with Morrow . Parzival is given the Golden Egg that controls OASIS . In the real world , Sorrento and Zandor fail to stop Parzival before he wins , and are arrested for the bombing , and IOI is dismantled as a company . Wade decides to run OASIS alongside the other High Five . Morrow , revealed to have been the Curator , offers his services to Wade . Wade and the others agree to shut down the OASIS twice a week for everyone to spend more time to improve the real world , while he and Samantha move into an apartment together . Cast ( edit ) Tye Sheridan as Parzival / Wade Watts , a Gunter who wishes to win the Quest so he can leave the stacks . Olivia Cooke as Art3mis / Samantha Cook , a famous Gunter who works with various allies to ensure the OASIS is kept free and out of the hands of IOI . Ben Mendelsohn as Nolan Sorrento , the recently appointed CEO of Innovative Online Industries , who seeks full control over the OASIS . He leads the Sixers , an army of indentured servants in the OASIS . Lena Waithe as Aech / Helen Harris , a Gunter and long - time friend of Wade 's who works as a robot and vehicle mechanic in the OASIS . T.J. Miller as i - R0k , a freelance weapons and magic item dealer and bounty hunter , who is often employed by IOI . Simon Pegg as Curator / Ogden Morrow , a co-creator of the OASIS , who eventually left the company due to personal reasons . He harbors a concern about how many people have developed an unhealthy dependency on the game . Mark Rylance as Anorak / James Halliday , the deceased co-creator of the OASIS , who includes an Easter Egg hidden in the OASIS after his passing that grants control over the OASIS to its winner . Philip Zhao as Sho / Zhou , a Gunter and one of the `` High Five '' , and 11 years old in reality . Win Morisaki as Daito / Toshiro , a Gunter and one of the `` High Five '' . Hannah John - Kamen as F'Nale Zandor , the head of IOI 's operations in the physical world , as well as their indentured servitude programs . Additionally , Susan Lynch portrays Alice , Wade 's aunt ; Ralph Ineson portrays Rick , Alice 's abusive boyfriend ; Perdita Weeks portrays Karen `` Kira '' Underwood , Morrow 's wife ; Clare Higgins portrays Mrs. Gilmore , Wade 's neighbor ; and Letitia Wright portrays a rebel who can briefly be seen at the safe house . McKenna Grace and Lulu Wilson appear as elementary school children who use the OASIS . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Warner Bros. and De Line Pictures won an auction for the rights to Ernest Cline 's novel Ready Player One in 2010 , before it had been published . Cline was set to write the script for the film , which Donald De Line and Dan Farah would produce . Eric Eason rewrote Cline 's script , and Zak Penn was hired to rewrite the previous drafts by Cline and Eason . Village Roadshow Pictures came aboard to co-finance and co-produce the film with Warner Bros. Steven Spielberg signed on to direct and produce the film , which Kristie Macosko Krieger also produced , along with De Line and Farah . Ready Player One is Spielberg 's first action - fantasy film since The Adventures of Tintin in late 2011 . Cline and Penn made several revisions while adapting the novel to film . Most of these changes were to eliminate scenes that would be uninteresting in a visual format , such as when Wade beats a high score in Pac - Man , or recites all the lines from the film WarGames . Casting ( edit ) Director Steven Spielberg ( far left ) and Ernest Cline with the cast of Ready Player One at San Diego Comic - Con . From third of left : Tye Sheridan , Olivia Cooke , T.J. Miller and Ben Mendelsohn Three actresses were top - runners for the role of Art3mis : Elle Fanning , Olivia Cooke , and Lola Kirke ; In September 2015 , Cooke was announced as having been cast in the coveted female lead role . In January 2016 , Ben Mendelsohn joined the cast . In February 2016 , Tye Sheridan was confirmed as playing the lead role of Wade , after a lengthy nationwide casting call failed to produce an unknown for the part . In March 2016 , Simon Pegg joined the cast . In April 2016 , Mark Rylance joined the cast , and in June 2016 , T.J. Miller , Hannah John - Kamen and Win Morisaki also joined . In July 2016 , Philip Zhao joined the cast , and Lena Waithe , Ralph Ineson , McKenna Grace , and Letitia Wright were later also announced to have been cast . Filming ( edit ) Production was set to begin in July 2016 . Screenwriter Zak Penn tweeted on July 1 , 2016 that the first week of filming had been completed . In August and September 2016 , filming took place in Birmingham , England ; this included Livery Street in the Jewellery Quarter area of the city , which was extensively used , including the van chase that takes place towards the film 's end . The chase was edited to make the street appear longer than it actually is . The backpackers hostel Hatters , also on Livery Street , was used for internal filming for a basement scene . The Ludgate Hill Car Park lot on Lionel Street , in which caravan homes were partially built was also used and a planned explosion there caused some local business and homes to call emergency services , as no prior notification were given by the production team . Other locations in the city included the former industrial area of Digbeth , in a rooftop scene that overlooks the Birmingham City Centre skyline . Some of the city 's landmark buildings were erased and replaced with CGI buildings to create a dystopian Ohio in the year 2045 . Principal photography ended on September 27 , 2016 . Visual effects and post-production ( edit ) Spielberg worked with Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) to oversee the film 's visual effects , meeting with ILM for 3 hours three times a week . He has stated that `` ( t ) his is the most difficult movie I 've done since Saving Private Ryan . '' A significant part of the film takes place in a virtual space based on the Overlook Hotel in the film The Shining . This was mostly a digital recreation of the film using high - quality telecine of the original film , giving them some freedom of new camera angles and shots that could be generated from this recreation . The final film includes a combination of the original footage from The Shining and ILM 's additional work . Only a few scenes in this sequence which involved real actors , such as the appearance of the Grady twins , required them to construct a faithful reproduction of The Shining 's set for the actors to interact with . Finally , the sequence was post-processed to introduce film grain and other aging effects to make the new footage indistinguishable from the original film . ILM also had to faithfully produce digital recreations of several of the cultural references that appear throughout the film , including the DeLorean time machine , the Iron Giant , Chucky , and King Kong that was modeled after the 1933 version of the character . The Tyrannosaurus rex from Jurassic Park was also recreated using the same base model that ILM had previously created during the original film production . Cultural references ( edit ) Ready Player One pays homage to the popular culture of the 1970s and 1980s as in the book , but also extends to the 1990s , 2000s , and 2010s ; several reviewers have identified well over one hundred references to films , television shows , music , toys , video games , anime and comics of these eras . Cline did not have any issues with these copyrighted elements when he published the book , but was aware that securing all necessary rights would be a major obstacle for a film adaptation , a task made easier by Spielberg 's reputation . Spielberg and producer Kristie Macosko Krieger spent several years securing the rights for the copyrighted elements used in the film , starting before filming began , since some scenes would not be possible without certain copyrighted elements . Spielberg estimated that they had gotten about 80 % of the copyrighted elements they wanted . Spielberg noted that in some cases , the filmmakers were able to secure rights for some but not all the characters they wanted ; in negotiating with Warner Bros. , they could not secure Close Encounters of the Third Kind from Columbia Pictures , despite the latter being one of Spielberg 's first films as director . Blade Runner , which was integral to the plot of the book , was off limits to the film adaptation because Blade Runner 2049 was in production at the same time as Ready Player One . As a replacement , they conceived of players having to play out the events of The Shining , which Spielberg was able to secure the rights to as an homage to his friend Stanley Kubrick . While Cline 's original work heavily used the character of Ultraman , the rights over the character were still under legal dispute , requiring them to replace Ultraman with the titular robot from The Iron Giant . Spielberg recognized that his past films were a significant part of the 1980s popular culture cited in the book , and to avoid being accused of `` vanity '' , he opted to remove many of the references to his own work . Cline stated that he believed Spielberg wanted to avoid self - references to films he directed , due to the criticism he received for his film 1941 , which lampooned his own previous works Jaws and Duel . Cline said he had to convince Spielberg to include some iconic elements , such as the DeLorean time machine from Back to the Future , which Spielberg conceded as the film was one he produced rather than directed . Spielberg also allowed the Tyrannosaurus rex from his own Jurassic Park to be included . Cline also asked ILM to include a reference to Last Action Hero , one of Penn 's first screenplays , without Penn 's knowledge . Music ( edit ) On June 9 , 2016 , Variety stated that Spielberg 's regular collaborator John Williams was planning to compose the film 's score . However , in July 2017 , it was reported that Williams had left the project to work on Spielberg 's The Post instead , with Alan Silvestri hired to take over scoring duties for Ready Player One . The official score was released by WaterTower Music as a two - CD set on March 30 , 2018 , with vinyl and cassette releases projected for the summer . At Spielberg 's request , Silvestri references his own music from Back to the Future within the film 's score , as well as quoting the music by Wendy Carlos and Rachel Elkind from The Shining for the film 's sequence at the Overlook Hotel . The film also includes licensed music from the 1970s and 1980s , which appears on the digital - only soundtrack album Ready Player One : Songs From the Motion Picture . show Original Soundtrack No . Title Performed by Length 1 . `` I Wanna Be Your Lover '' Prince 5 : 48 2 . `` Everybody Wants to Rule the World '' Tears for Fears 4 : 12 3 . `` Just My Imagination ( Running Away with Me ) '' The Temptations 3 : 49 4 . `` Stand on It '' Bruce Springsteen 3 : 06 5 . `` One Way or Another '' Blondie 3 : 27 6 . `` Ca n't Hide Love '' Earth , Wind & Fire 4 : 09 7 . `` Blue Monday '' New Order 7 : 24 8 . `` Stayin ' Alive '' Bee Gees 4 : 45 9 . `` We 're Not Gonna Take It '' Twisted Sister 3 : 38 10 . `` You Make My Dreams '' Hall & Oates 3 : 12 11 . `` Pure Imagination ( feat . Merethe Soltvedt ) '' Bryan Nguyen 2 : 33 show Ready Player One ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` The Oasis '' Alan Silvestri 1 : 49 2 . `` Hello , I 'm James Halliday '' Alan Silvestri 2 : 01 3 . `` Why Ca n't We Go Backwards ? '' Alan Silvestri 4 : 18 4 . `` An Orb Meeting '' Alan Silvestri 4 : 11 5 . `` Real World Consequences '' Alan Silvestri 3 : 30 6 . `` Sorrento Makes an Offer '' Alan Silvestri 3 : 34 7 . `` Welcome to the Rebellion '' Alan Silvestri 3 : 14 8 . `` High 5 Assembles '' Alan Silvestri 4 : 24 9 . `` Orb of Osuvox '' Alan Silvestri 3 : 45 10 . `` Sorrento Punked '' Alan Silvestri 3 : 57 11 . `` Wade 's Broadcast '' Alan Silvestri 5 : 51 12 . `` Arty on the Inside '' Alan Silvestri 2 : 33 13 . `` Looking for a Truck '' Alan Silvestri 5 : 36 14 . `` She Never Left '' Alan Silvestri 2 : 41 15 . `` Last Chance '' Alan Silvestri 3 : 21 16 . `` Get Me Out of This '' Alan Silvestri 1 : 35 17 . `` Hold on to Something '' Alan Silvestri 5 : 14 18 . `` This Is Wrong '' Alan Silvestri 3 : 49 19 . `` What Are You ? '' Alan Silvestri 3 : 29 20 . `` There 's Something I Need to Do '' Alan Silvestri 5 : 01 21 . `` Main Title '' Alan Silvestri 2 : 27 22 . `` End Credits '' Alan Silvestri 8 : 04 Release ( edit ) Ready Player One was initially scheduled to be released on December 15 , 2017 , but was pushed back to March 30 , 2018 , to avoid competition with Star Wars : The Last Jedi . In January 2018 , it was announced the film 's release date had been moved up one day to March 29 , 2018 . The film had its world premiere at the Paramount Theatre in Austin , Texas on March 11 , 2018 ( as part of the South by Southwest Film Festival ) . Warner Bros. Pictures distributed the film worldwide , with Village Roadshow Pictures distributing in several overseas territories . Home Media ( edit ) Ready Player One was released by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment on digital on July 3 , 2018 , and on 4K UHD , Blu - ray 3D , Blu - Ray , and DVD on July 24 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Ready Player One has grossed $137 million in the United States and Canada , and $445 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $582 million . Made on a production budget of $175 million , with about $150 million more spent on global marketing costs , the film needed to gross at least $440 million in order to break - even . North america ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Ready Player One was released alongside God 's Not Dead : A Light in Darkness and Acrimony , and was projected to gross $40 -- 50 million from 4,100 theaters over its first four days . It made $12.1 million on its first day , including $3.75 million from Wednesday night previews . It ended up grossing $41.8 million in its opening weekend ( for a four - day total of $53.7 million ) , marking Spielberg 's biggest debut since 2008 's Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull . In its second weekend it grossed $25.1 million ( a drop of 40 % ) , finishing second behind newcomer A Quiet Place ( $50 million ) . In its third weekend the film made $11.2 million , coming in fourth behind Rampage , A Quiet Place and Truth or Dare . In its fourth weekend the film made $7.4 million , finishing sixth at the box office In its fifth weekend it grossed $2.4 million , a drop of 67 % from previous weekend and finishing ninth . Other territories ( edit ) Worldwide , the film was released day - in - date in 62 countries , including China , where it was expected to make $100 -- 120 million in its opening weekend . It grossed $2.9 million on its first day from 11 countries , including $980,000 from Korea . In China the film made $14.75 million on its first day and earned a score of 9.2 from audiences on Douban ( compared to the average 6 -- 7 earned by Hollywood films ) . It grossed $61.7 million in China in its opening weekend which is the highest opening ever for Warner Bros in said territory . The film 's other major opening weekend territories were South Korea ( $8.1 million ) , United Kingdom ( $7.3 million ) , Russia ( $6.1 million ) and France ( $6 million ) . In its second weekend in China it grossed $42 million , and in third weekend grossed $13.9 million . The film grossed $81.7 million in its second weekend overseas , dropping only 35 % and is ahead of other newcomers A Quiet Place and Blockers . In its third weekend it grossed $33.8 million overseas dropping 58.6 % . On April 21 , 2018 , the film topped $200 million in China , becoming the tenth - biggest U.S. release ever in the country . In its fourth weekend in China , it grossed $8.24 million finishing third at the box office and has a total gross of $207 million . It grossed $23 million overseas from 67 territories in its fourth weekend . It opened in Japan , its final major market and grossed $4.4 million . In its fifth weekend overseas , it grossed $8.6 million from 63 territories . In China , the weekend was $2.4 M to push it past Avatar as the no . 9 Hollywood title ever in the market with $213.8 M ( RMB 1.34 B ) . Japan 's third frame held well during Golden Week with just a 6 % drop from the last session . The total there is currently at $17.5 M. In its sixth weekend in China , it bumped up 10 % from last session to lift the local cume to $220.2 M. The film 's largest markets after China are Japan ( $23.4 million ) , United Kingdom ( $21.3 million ) , France ( $21.5 million ) , Korea ( $18.6 million ) , and Russia - CIS ( $13.1 million ) . Critical response ( edit ) On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 73 % based on 336 reviews , and an average rating of 6.9 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Ready Player One is a sweetly nostalgic thrill ride that neatly encapsulates Spielberg 's strengths while adding another solidly engrossing adventure to his filmography . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 64 out of 100 , based on 54 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A -- '' on an A+ to F scale , while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 82 % overall positive score and a 65 % `` definite recommend '' . In a review for RogerEbert.com , Brian Tallerico wrote that the film 's `` overwhelming '' nature and non-stop action will likely thrill fans of pop culture ; while he observed narrative weaknesses , such as a lack of depth among the supporting characters , he felt that they ultimately do not hinder the film from working `` on the level of technical , blockbuster mastery that Spielberg helped define '' . Writing for Variety , Owen Gleiberman called the film a `` coruscating explosion of pop - culture eye candy '' , and found the sequence based on The Shining to be `` irresistible '' . However , he also criticized Spielberg 's dichotomization of fantasy and reality , as well as the film having `` more activity than it does layers '' . IndieWire 's Eric Kohn characterized the film as `` an astonishing sci - fi spectacle and a relentless nostalgia trip at once '' and praised both the sequence based on The Shining as well as Penn 's screenplay , particularly with respect to Mendelsohn 's character . Nevertheless , he remarked that the film `` drags a bunch in its final third '' . Alissa Wilkinson , writing for Vox , praised both the quality and quantity of the world building . She also commented on just how dystopian the future portrayed is , where the main characters fight to save the OASIS and the escape from reality it represents , with arguably less concern for the problems of the real world . Monica Castillo was more critical of the film in her review for The Guardian and drew attention to the absence of character arcs , the lack of resolution for plot holes in the novel , and the bloating of scenes in the film by trivia . Matt Bobkin scored the film a 6 out of 10 for Exclaim ! saying the film `` is not so much a groundbreaking recontextualizing , more doe - eyed affection with no critical commentary '' . Movie Metropolis noted that the film `` is an absolute thrill - ride from start to finish and is pure Spielberg in the very best way '' and awarded it 4 out of 5 stars . Film and television critic Matt Zoller Seitz praised Ready Player One and noted the undercurrent of sadness present in the film , stating that `` I do n't think Spielberg gets enough credit for making sad films that most people interpret as happy , and complex films that are immediately dismissed as simple or confused '' . Seitz concluded that the film `` is a mess , but it is a fascinating and complex one ... '' Possible Sequel ( edit ) Cline is working on a sequel to the novel . For a sequel to the film , he stated , `` ( ... ) I think there 's a good chance that , if this one does well , Warner Bros. will want to make a sequel . I do n't know if Steven ( Spielberg ) would want to dive back in , because he would know what he is getting into . He 's said that it 's the third - hardest film he 's made , out of dozens and dozens of movies '' . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ IOI employees are called Sixers because their employee IDs are six digits long and begin with the number 6 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Film Releases '' . Variety Insight . Variety Media . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Aziz , Neha ( March 10 , 2018 ) . `` 2018 SXSW Film Festival Announces World Premiere of Steven Spielberg 's Ready Player One '' . South by Southwest . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` READY PLAYER ONE ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . March 19 , 2018 . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Rebecca ; Setoodeh , Ramin ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Steven Spielberg on Why ' Ready Player One 's ' SXSW Debut Gave Him an ' Anxiety Attack ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' Eyes $45 M - $50 M Bow '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ready Player One '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jagneaux , David ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player One Movie Review Roundup : Another Spielberg Classic ? '' . UploadVR . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Casey , Henry T. ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player One Review Roundup : Pretty , Flawed '' . Tom 's Guide . Purch Group . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fullerton , Huw ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` The 11 biggest differences between Ready Player One and the original novel '' . Radio Times . Immediate Media Company . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike Jr . ( June 18 , 2010 ) . `` Warner Bros and De Line Pictures Win Book Auction For ' Ready Player One ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( January 13 , 2012 ) . `` Eason to rewrite ' Player ' script '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ; Shaw , Lucas ( June 23 , 2014 ) . `` ' X-Men ' Scribe Zak Penn to Rewrite ' Ready Player One ' for Warner Bros. ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved March 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 25 , 2015 ) . `` Steven Spielberg to Direct Sci - Fi Novel ' Ready Player One ' for Warner Bros '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Does Steven Spielberg Need A Box Office Comeback And Will ' Ready Player One ' Provide It ? '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rottenberg , Josh ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` How the team behind ' Ready Player One ' wrangled a bonanza of pop culture references into a single film '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 11 , 2015 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' Finds Female Lead in Olivia Cooke ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' Shortlist Includes Elle Fanning , Olivia Cooke , Lola Kirke ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Ben Mendelsohn Eyed for Villain Role in Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` Tye Sheridan Lands Lead in Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Simon Pegg in Talks to Join Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Mark Rylance Joins Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( June 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Silicon Valley ' Star T.J. Miller Joins Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` Hannah John - Kamen Lands Role In Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Variety Staff ( June 5 , 2016 ) . `` Japan 's Win Morisaki Joins Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' '' . Variety . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blair , Gavin J. `` Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' Adds Japanese Actor - Singer Win Morisaki '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' Casts Young Newcomer Philip Zhao '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( July 14 , 2017 ) . `` See an exclusive first look at Steven Spielberg 's Ready Player One '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Freddy Krueger Appears in Epic ' Ready Player One ' Trailer ! # SDCC '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bonomolo , Cameron ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` New Look At ' X-Men ' Star Tye Sheridan in ' Ready Player One ' '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carr , Mary Kate ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` 5 things to know about Black Panther breakout star Letitia Wright '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Penn , Zak ( @ zakpenn ) ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` First week of # ReadyPlayerOne finished . Surreal . It went to 11 . Thanks for writing your book @ erniecline and the assist in Oology '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Ready Player One Set Photos Show a Grungy Dystopia '' . ComingSoon.net . CraveOnline Media . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Young , Graham ; Beardsworth , Luke ; Bains , Sanjeeta ( September 6 , 2016 ) . `` Recap : Spielberg films Ready Player One in JQ - another set location revealed plus car chase filmed '' . Birmingham Mail . Midland Newspapers . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Penn , Zak ( @ zakpenn ) ( September 25 , 2016 ) . `` Two days of production left on # ReadyPlayerOne '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Thompson , Anne ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg Has Finally Finished ' The Post ' '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved November 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Here 's How Steven Spielberg and ILM Recreated That Movie for Ready Player One '' . io9 . Univision Interactive Media . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Mekado ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` How They Made the Movie References Pop in ' Ready Player One ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Crow , David ; Cecchini , Mike ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player One : Complete Easter Egg and Reference Guide '' . Den of Geek . Dennis Publishing . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Dyce , Andrew ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player One : The COMPLETE Easter Egg Guide '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Simon ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player One : 135 Easter Eggs & References Explained '' . What Culture . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Can Steven Spielberg Remember How to Have Fun ? '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hugh , William ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` Well , nevermind , then : Of course there 's going to be Star Wars shit in Ready Player One '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burke , Carolyn ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player One Wo n't Reference Disney 's Star Wars Movies ( Updated ) '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Steven Spielberg Tried to Get Star Wars Into Ready Player One , But Could n't '' . io9 . Univision Interactive Media . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg Brings Ambitious ' Ready Player One ' Footage to Comic - Con '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Long , Christian ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Ernest Cline on ' Ready Player Two ' and the Scene Spielberg Fought For '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lussier , Germain ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Last Action Hero and Ready Player One Screenwriter Shocked to Find Last Action Hero Reference in Ready Player One '' . io9 . Univision Interactive Media . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Honoree John Williams Looks Back on Six Decades of Iconic Themes '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Jon ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` John Williams and Alan Silvestri to Score Steven Spielberg 's Next Films ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ready Player One - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . WaterTower Music . March 30 , 2018 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Newman , Melinda ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` How Steven Spielberg Picked ' Ready Player One 's ' Classic ' 70s and ' 80s Tunes : Exclusive Track Listing '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burton , Byron ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Composer Alan Silvestri on Its Touching Final Moments '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike Jr . ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' Slotted For December 2017 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' Flees ' Star Wars ' , Sets New 2018 Release Date '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Opening A Day Earlier Over Easter Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Warner Bros. Pictures ( July 7 , 2017 ) . `` Warner Bros. Pictures Gets Ready to Run the Gamut at Comic - Con International : San Diego '' . Business Wire . Berkshire Hathaway . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallichio , Christian ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player One Blu - ray Release Details '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved June 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` How Warner Bros. Sold ' Ready Player One ' On The Spielberg Spirit & Beat Tracking With $53 M+ 4 - Day -- Sunday Postmortem '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ; Tartaglione , Nancy ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` Steven Spielberg 's ' Ready Player One ' To Get Its Game On With $140 M+ Global Start '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Box office Top 20 : ' Ready Player One ' launches with $53.7 M '' . ABC News . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2018 . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' A Quiet Place ' Screams To $50 M+ Opening ; ' Blockers ' Breaks Through To $21 M+ -- Early Sunday Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 15 , 2018 ) . `` The Rock Rebounds : ' Rampage ' Shushes ' A Quiet Place ' With $34 M+ No. 1 Opening '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for April 20 -- 22 , 2018 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for April 27 -- 29 , 2018 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Raises Global Score To $109 M Through Three Days '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( April 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Impresses With $61.7 Million in China '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Rebecca ( April 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Crushes ' A Quiet Place , ' ' Blockers ' Overseas '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Rampage ' Rocks Up $114 M Offshore Bow ; ' Quiet Place ' Screams To $52 M -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ready Player One ' Tops $500 M Global Box Office , Scores $200 M+ In China '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . April 21 , 2018 . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Frater , Patrick ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Rampage ' Wins Quiet Weekend '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Rebecca ( April 22 , 2018 ) . `` Dwayne Johnson 's ' Rampage ' Continues to Roar Overseas '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( April 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War 's $630 M Global Bow Sets All - Time Record -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved April 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione , Nancy ( May 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Surges To $1.164 B Global & # 5 Superhero Movie Ever WW ; $713 M Overseas -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Penske Business Media . Retrieved May 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ready Player One ( 2018 ) - International Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo '' . www.boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Ready Player One ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ready Player One Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tallerico , Brian ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` SXSW Film Festival 2018 : `` Ready Player One '' `` . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` SXSW Film Review : ' Ready Player One ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Ready Player One ' Review : Steven Spielberg Delivers Astonishing Sci - Fi Spectacle and Relentless Nostalgia -- SXSW 2018 '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Alissa ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player One is a fun romp that 's even more dystopian than it realizes '' . Vox . Vox Media . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Castillo , Monica ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player One review -- Spielberg 's shiny VR caper is n't worth playing '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bobkin , Matt ( March 31 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player One '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lutkin , Alex ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player One review `` Virtually amazing '' `` . Movie Metropolis . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( @ mattzollerseitz ) ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Thinking back on READY PLAYER ONE : I do n't think Spielberg gets enough credit for making sad films that most people interpret as happy , and complex films that are immediately dismissed as simple or confused '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( @ mattzollerseitz ) ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` It 's both . I do n't think he 's capable of really exploding the format he helped create , but after seeing it last night , I said to my wife , `` I think this is altogether his saddest film since A.I. '' '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Matt Zoller Seitz ( @ mattzollerseitz ) ( May 28 , 2018 ) . `` This movie felt very sad and dark to me in a way that very few of the reviews pointed out . I think Spielberg did another one of his rope a dope specials : there 's a whole other movie going on underneath the surface , just like the scene where the hero is driving under the street '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller ( @ mattzollerseitz ) ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` In conclusion : READY PLAYER ONE is a mess , but it is a fascinating and complex one , and I suspect a lot of the people trashing it for being one particular thing will stumble on it again years from now and realize how much they overlooked . It 's happened many times with Spielberg '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Sequel citations : Lussier , Germain ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Ernie Cline Writing a ' Ready Player One ' Sequel '' . / Film . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . West , Kelly ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Ready Player One Is Getting A Sequel '' . CinemaBlend . GatewayBlend . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Berkey , Rachel ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` READY PLAYER ONE Sequel Rumored To Be In The Works - Nerdist '' . Nerdist . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Knight , Jacob ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Ernie Cline Penning A Sequel Novel To READY PLAYER ONE '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Ernest Cline on ' Ready Player One ' , Working with Spielberg , and Hopes for a Sequel '' . Collider . Complex Media . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moran , Sarah ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` Ready Player Two ? It Could Happen -- And The First Movie May Tease It '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Ready Player One ( film ) Official website Ready Player One on IMDb Ready Player One at AllMovie Ready Player One at Box Office Mojo Steven Spielberg Filmography Awards and nominations Films directed Firelight ( 1964 ) Slipstream ( 1967 ) Amblin ' ( 1968 ) Night Gallery ( `` Eyes '' segment , 1969 ) L.A. 2017 ( 1971 ) Duel ( 1971 ) Something Evil ( 1972 ) Savage ( 1973 ) The Sugarland Express ( 1974 , also wrote ) Jaws ( 1975 ) Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 , also wrote ) 1941 ( 1979 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Twilight Zone : The Movie ( `` Kick the Can '' segment , 1983 ) Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) The Color Purple ( 1985 ) Empire of the Sun ( 1987 ) Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) Always ( 1989 ) Hook ( 1991 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) The Lost World : Jurassic Park ( 1997 ) Amistad ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 , also wrote ) Minority Report ( 2002 ) Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) The Terminal ( 2004 ) War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) Munich ( 2005 ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) War Horse ( 2011 ) Lincoln ( 2012 ) Bridge of Spies ( 2015 ) The BFG ( 2016 ) The Post ( 2017 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Films written Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies ( 1973 ) Poltergeist ( 1982 , also produced ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Films produced An American Tail : Fievel Goes West ( 1991 ) Memoirs of a Geisha ( 2005 ) Flags of Our Fathers ( 2006 ) Letters from Iwo Jima ( 2006 ) Super 8 ( 2011 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) Television Amazing Stories ( 1985 -- 87 ) High Incident ( 1996 -- 97 ) Invasion America ( 1998 ) See also Steven Spielberg bibliography Amblin Partners Amblin Entertainment Amblin Television DreamWorks Television Amblimation DreamWorks USC Shoah Foundation Institute for Visual History and Education Works by Zak Penn Director Incident at Loch Ness ( 2004 ) The Grand ( 2007 ) Atari : Game Over ( 2014 ) Writer Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) PCU ( 1994 ) Inspector Gadget ( 1999 ) Behind Enemy Lines ( 2001 ) X2 ( 2003 ) Suspect Zero ( 2004 ) Elektra ( 2005 ) X-Men : The Last Stand ( 2006 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 2008 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) Ready Player One ( 2018 ) Television Alphas ( 2011 - 2012 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ready_Player_One_(film)&oldid=854767112 '' Categories : 2018 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2010s coming - of - age films 2010s science fiction films 2018 3D films Amblin Entertainment films American adventure films American coming - of - age films American films American 3D films American science fiction films Crossover films Cyberpunk films Drone films Dystopian films Films about telepresence Films about video games Films about virtual reality Films based on American novels Films based on science fiction novels Films directed by Steven Spielberg Films produced by Steven Spielberg Films scored by Alan Silvestri Films set in 2045 Films set in Columbus , Ohio Films shot in Hertfordshire Films shot in London Films shot in Warwickshire Films with live action and animation IMAX films Motion capture in film Science fiction adventure films Village Roadshow Pictures films Warner Bros. films Films about orphans Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 16 : 47 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the robot in ready player one	[]	[]
-2404405363287971162	The J. Geils Band	The J. Geils band - wikipedia The J. Geils band The J. Geils Band L to R : J. Geils , Magic Dick , Peter Wolf Not pictured : Seth Justman , Danny Klein , Stephen Bladd Background information Origin Worcester , Massachusetts , United States Genres Rock , blues rock ( early ) , new wave ( late ) Years active 1968 -- 1985 , 1999 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 -- 2015 Labels Atlantic , EMI America Website www.jgeilsband.com Past members J. Geils ( deceased ) Stephen Bladd Magic Dick Danny Klein Seth Justman Peter Wolf The J. Geils Band / ˌdʒeɪ ˈɡaɪlz / was an American rock band formed in 1968 , in Worcester , Massachusetts , under the leadership of guitarist John `` J . '' Geils . The original band members included vocalist Peter Wolf , harmonica and saxophone player Richard `` Magic Dick '' Salwitz , drummer Stephen Bladd , vocalist / keyboardist Seth Justman and bassist Danny Klein . Wolf and Justman served as principal songwriters . The band played R&B - influenced blues rock during the 1970s and soon achieved commercial success before moving towards a more mainstream radio - friendly sound in the early 1980s , which brought the band to its commercial peak . After Wolf left the band in 1983 to pursue a solo career , the band released one more album in 1984 with Justman on lead vocals before breaking up in 1985 . Beginning in 1999 , the band had several reunions prior to the death of its namesake founder J. Geils on April 11 , 2017 . The band first released several Top 40 singles in the early 1970s , including a cover of the song `` Lookin ' for a Love '' by The Valentinos ( which reached # 39 in the Billboard Top 100 in 1972 ) , as well as the single `` Give It to Me '' ( which reached # 30 in 1973 ) . Their biggest hits included `` Must of Got Lost '' ( which reached # 12 in the Billboard Top 100 in 1975 ) , `` Come Back '' ( which reached # 32 in 1980 ) , `` Love Stinks '' ( which reached # 38 in 1980 and was featured in several films ) , `` Freeze - Frame '' ( which reached # 4 in the Billboard Top 200 in 1981 ) , and `` Centerfold '' ( which reached # 1 in the United States in early 1982 ) . Contents 1 Early days 2 1970s touring , recordings and early top 40 success 3 1980s commercial peak and breakup 4 Reunion appearances 5 Projects outside of the band 6 Honors 7 Members 7.1 Touring members 7.2 Timeline 8 Discography 9 References 10 External links Early days ( edit ) The band started as an acoustic blues trio in the mid-1960s , with guitarist John Geils , bassist Danny Klein ( Dr. Funk ) and harmonica player Richard Salwitz ( stage name Magic Dick ) . The band formed under the name Snoopy and the Sopwith Camels while Geils was attending Worcester Polytechnic Institute for a couple of semesters . In 1968 , the band switched focus , starting to play electric guitar and bass and recruiting two fellow musicians from a local Boston , MA band called The Hallucinations , who were a frequent performing band at the Boston Tea Party concert venue on 53 Berkeley Street . They were the drummer Stephen Bladd and his bandmate , ( who was the fast - talking former WBCN disc jockey ) singer Peter Wolf , born Peter Blankenfeld ( originally from the Bronx , NY ) . They became The J. Geils Blues Band , later dropping the word `` Blues '' from the band name . The same year , former fan Seth Justman joined on keyboards , and the band started to earn a sizable local following in the Boston area . The band was choosy with its various offers of contracts , and unofficial live recordings circulated : as noted in Creem , `` WBCN had the infamous J. Geils ' bathroom tapes ' ( that were almost exactly what the name implies ) and a tape of their performance at Alternate Media Conference at Goddard College , but these hardly sufficed . '' The group ultimately signed to Atlantic Records in 1970 . Initial influences included James Cotton and Little Walter , indeed in a later interview , harmonica star Magic Dick revealed that the whole band were `` harp freaks '' . 1970s touring , recordings and early Top 40 success ( edit ) After spending the better part of 1970 playing live shows around the US opening for artists as eclectic as BB King , Johnny Winter , The Allman Brothers and The Byrds , The J. Geils Band recorded their debut LP The J. Geils Band in August 1970 in A&R Studios in New York City , and it was released in November of that year . The band started to get airplay with release of their first single , a rock - cover of The Contours ' Motown hit , `` First I Look at the Purse '' , and soon the band would get more AM radio airplay with a series of several successful singles in the early 1970s , the first one being a cover version of The Valentinos ' `` Lookin ' for a Love '' , which appeared on their second album The Morning After and was their Top 40 debut in 1972 ( at # 39 on the Billboard charts ) . The album was released in October 1971 . The song `` Cry One More Time '' ( also on The Morning After ) was later covered by Gram Parsons on his debut album in 1973 . Through constant touring , the band soon built a large following in the US for their energetic live shows , with the charismatic stage - antics and `` microphone - stand - pole - vaulting '' of singer Peter Wolf , as well as its innovative use of the harmonica as a lead instrument . Harmonicalinks.com later called Magic Dick `` a pioneer in sound and style for rock harmonica . '' AllMusic.com described their 1970s period as a band `` pure and simple , churning out greasy covers of obscure R&B , doo wop , and soul tunes , while cutting them with a healthy dose of Stonesy swagger . '' On August 17 , 1971 , at a show on the Boston Common , The Allman Brothers Band named The J. Geils Band as its favorite local band . Both bands later played the last show at the Fillmore East prior to the venue closing . Although living in Boston , the band had always considered Detroit its second home because of its enormous popularity there . Two of its three live albums were recorded in Detroit at the Cinderella Ballroom and Pine Knob Music Theater ( now DTE Energy Music Theater ) . Their second live album , 1976 's Blow Your Face Out , was recorded at the Boston Garden and Detroit 's Cobo Arena . After the release of their first two albums and keeping a busy show schedule , it was The J. Geils Band 's third album Bloodshot which was the first commercial breakthrough for the band , reaching # 10 on the Billboard 200 album charts in the United States in 1973 and spawning the single `` Give It to Me '' , which went to # 30 in the Billboard Charts following the album 's release in 1973 . The original U.S. copies of Bloodshot were distributed in red vinyl , ( instead of the customary black ) , with matching red 1950 's style Atlantic Records labels . The band would continue to use these vintage - style Atlantic labels , in different colors with each album release , throughout their remaining tenure with the label . Seeking to seize on this commercial success , the band released their following album Ladies Invited in November of that same year , which debuted at # 51 but did n't match the commercial success of Bloodshot . After spending the early part of 1974 on the road with an active touring schedule , the band went back into the studio and recorded their fifth album Nightmares ... and Other Tales from the Vinyl Jungle , which yielded a big hit single , the Justman / Wolf composition `` Must of Got Lost '' , which reached # 12 on the Billboard Top 100 in early 1975 . Later that year the band started playing arenas across the US with a variety of artists including The Rolling Stones , Peter Frampton , and Rod Stewart . After their initial commercial success and with constant touring , the group seemed destined to be nothing more than a party band until the release of Monkey Island ( 1977 ) , followed by Sanctuary ( 1978 ) , which charted at No. 49 on the Billboard 200 and spun off a sizable hit single in `` One Last Kiss '' ( No. 35 on the Billboard Hot 100 ) . 1980s commercial peak and breakup ( edit ) The group hit their commercial peak and achieved mainstream success in the early 1980s , first with the humorous Love Stinks which was released in January 1980 and yielded two Top 40 singles , the song `` Come Back '' which peaked at # 32 on the Billboard chart , as well as the title track `` Love Stinks '' which went to # 38 . `` Love Stinks '' remained a staple in FM radio in the 80 's and was showcased in the 1998 hit film The Wedding Singer when Adam Sandler performs it in the film , and it also appeared on the film 's soundtrack The Wedding Singer Volume 2 , also released in 1998 . The band spent the better part of 1980 touring the US , Europe as well as touring Japan for the first time . The band followed up the success of Love Stinks with their hit album Freeze Frame , which reached # 1 in early 1982 for four weeks . The first single `` Centerfold '' which peaked at No. 1 for six weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 ) `` Centerfold '' also became their only major hit single in the United Kingdom , where it reached No. 3 in February 1982 . The title - cut `` Freeze Frame '' peaked at # 4 in April 1982 . The flip side of `` Freeze Frame '' , `` Flamethrower '' received airplay on Urban contemporary radio notably , in Metro Detroit , and reached number 25 on the Billboard soul chart and peaked at 12 on U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Club Play . The song also received airplay on rock and Top 40 stations . The third and final singles released from the album `` Angel in Blue '' peaked at # 40 on the Billboard Hot 100 The band 's videos for `` Centerfold '' and `` Freeze Frame '' were in heavy rotation on MTV as well , which contributed to the album 's success . During 1982 the band was frequently selling out arenas around the US , including a month - long tour with U2 as their support act in March 1982. , The band also undertook a two - month tour of Europe playing with The Rolling Stones from June & July of that year as well . The band followed up on the international success of Freeze Frame with the release of another live album , Showtime ! , which contained their # 24 live hit cover of `` I Do '' , originally a 1965 hit by the Marvelows , which the band remade for their 1977 Monkey Island album . Wolf left the group in 1983 over disagreements on the group 's musical direction . Many years later in 2016 , Wolf offered the following recollection of the disagreements within the group that lead to his departure : `` I did not leave the band , but the majority of the band wanted to move in another direction. ( ... ) They wanted to continue in a pop - techno way , ( and ) it was n't my thing . '' The band went on to record one more album of new material , You 're Gettin ' Even While I 'm Gettin ' Odd . Seth Justman took over lead vocal duties in Wolf 's absence . The album produced only one single , `` Concealed Weapons '' , and was not a commercial success . The group then disbanded in 1985 after contributing the title song to the 1985 horror film Fright Night . Reunion appearances ( edit ) The group reunited with Wolf in 1999 for a 13 - date tour of the East Coast and upper Midwest . Rollins Band drummer Sim Cain sat in on drums for this tour , which also saw the band supported by backup singers Andricka Hall and Catherine Russell , as well as the Uptown Horns ( who had also appeared with the group on its Freeze Frame Tour ) . After the ' 99 reunion tour finished at that year 's end , Wolf returned to touring with his own backup band . On February 26 , 2005 , the band ( with drummer Marty Richards ) reunited at the Charles Hotel in Cambridge , MA , for a charity show for the Cam Neely Foundation for cancer care . On May 22 , 2006 , all six original members had a surprise reunion at bassist Danny Klein 's 60th birthday party at Scullers Jazz Club in Boston . On February 19 , 2009 , the band reunited again to perform the opening concert at the new House of Blues in Boston on Lansdowne Street ( formerly the location of Avalon , Axis , The Embassy and The Modern ) , with Marty Richards on drums and Mitch Chakour supplying backup vocals . Subsequently , they played two shows on April 24 and 25 at Detroit 's Fillmore Theater ( formerly State Theater ) . They also did a second show on Lansdowne Street on April 28 . On July 11 , 2009 , The J. Geils Band played at the Borgata Hotel / Casino in Atlantic City , NJ , selling out the Borgata 's 2,000 - seat event center . On December 31 , 2009 , the band reunited for a one - night live gig at the Mohegan Sun Arena in Uncasville , CT . The band played a benefit in Boston for Big Brothers / Big Sisters on January 23 , 2010 . On August 14 , 2010 , The J. Geils Band reunited once again to open for Aerosmith at a sold - out show at Fenway Park . For their 2010 dates , the band was again supported by the Uptown Horns along with backup singers Mitch Chakour , Andricka Hall and Nichelle Tillman . Hall and Tillman continued on in the band for their 2011 and 2012 tours , as did the Uptown Horns . Since this time , Wolf and Geils had also both been touring as solo artists . Danny Klein formed a new band called Danny Klein 's Full House that was dedicated to playing the music of The J. Geils Band . The J. Geils Band embarked on a short U.S. tour in August / September 2012 . However , they left for the tour without J. Geils , replaced by touring guitarists Duke Levine and Kevin Barry , along with touring drummer Tom Arey . Geils filed an unsuccessful lawsuit against the other members of the group over use of the name for a tour without him . He named band members Richard Salwitz , Danny Klein , Peter Wolf and Seth Justman in the lawsuit filed in Boston Superior Court , claiming that they `` planned and conspired '' to continue touring without him and were unlawfully using the group 's trademarked name . Geils , angry at his bandmates for what they did , permanently left the band . Geils died in 2017 . On May 30 , 2013 , The J. Geils Band performed six songs as part of the Boston Strong concert at the TD Garden in Boston . The concert , a benefit for victims of the recent Boston Marathon bombing victims , also featured Aerosmith , James Taylor , Boston , Dropkick Murphys , New Kids on the Block , Bell Biv DeVoe , Boyz II Men , Jimmy Buffett , Carole King , Extreme and Jason Aldean . In 2013 the band was the opening act for Bon Jovi in multiple locations across the United States . Beginning in the fall of 2014 and through the beginning of 2015 , The J. Geils Band was the opening act for Bob Seger and the Silver Bullet Band on most tour dates across North America , along with a few solo shows . Projects outside of the band ( edit ) Since the breakup of the band in 1985 , J. Geils began restoring sports cars in Massachusetts and started the performance shop KTR European Motorsports in Ayer , Massachusetts . In 1992 , he joined his old bandmate Richard `` Magic Dick '' Salwitz to form the band Bluestime , which released two records : the self - titled Bluestime ( 1994 ) and Little Car Blues ( 1996 ) on Rounder Records . In 2004 , Geils produced the album Nail It ! for Massachusetts - based blues / rock group The Installers ( Francesca Records No. 1011 ) . He also occasionally performed live with the group . The December 2009 edition of Vintage Guitar ( magazine ) featured an in - depth interview with Geils by Mambo Sons guitarist Tom Guerra . In the interview , Geils revealed his playing approach , jazz influences and choice of instruments . Magic Dick contributed his harmonica playing and some vocals as part of a live recording called Command Performance by the Legendary Rhythm & Blues Revue featuring The Tommy Castro Band , Deanna Bogart , Ronnie Baker Brooks and others . Since 2007 , he has toured as part of the Legendary Rhythm & Blues Revue on different Blues Cruises and again on land - based shows . Peter Wolf followed his time in the band with a moderately successful solo career , having six solo singles chart on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in the 1980s and early 1990s . He continued to release albums into the 2010s . He toured with Kid Rock during the first half of 2008 . Honors ( edit ) The band was nominated for induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in the years 2005 , 2006 , 2011 , 2017 , and 2018 . They were not voted in on any of those attempts . Members ( edit ) J. Geils -- lead guitar ( 1968 -- 1985 , 1999 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 -- 2012 ; died 2017 ) Danny Klein -- bass ( 1968 -- 1985 , 1999 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 -- 2015 ) Magic Dick -- harmonica , saxophone , trumpet ( 1968 -- 1985 , 1999 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 -- 2015 ) Peter Wolf -- lead vocals , percussion ( 1968 -- 1983 , 1999 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 -- 2015 ) Stephen Jo Bladd -- drums , percussion , backing vocals ( 1968 -- 1985 , 2006 ) Seth Justman -- keyboards , backing vocals ( 1968 -- 1985 , 1999 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 -- 2015 ) , lead vocals ( 1983 -- 1985 ) Touring members ( edit ) Sim Cain -- drums ( 1999 ) Catherine Russell -- backing vocals ( 1999 ) Andricka Hall -- backing vocals ( 1999 , 2010 -- 2015 ) Marty Richards -- drums ( 2005 , 2009 -- 2011 ) Mitch Chakour -- backing vocals ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Nichelle Tillman -- backing vocals ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Duke Levine -- rhythm guitar ( 2009 -- 2011 ) , lead guitar ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Kevin Barry -- rhythm guitar ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Tom Arey -- drums ( 2012 -- 2015 ) Timeline ( edit ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : The J. Geils Band discography Studio albums The J. Geils Band ( 1970 ) The Morning After ( 1971 ) Bloodshot ( 1973 ) Ladies Invited ( 1973 ) Nightmares ... and Other Tales from the Vinyl Jungle ( 1974 ) Hotline ( 1975 ) Monkey Island ( 1977 ) Sanctuary ( 1978 ) Love Stinks ( 1980 ) Freeze Frame ( 1981 ) You 're Gettin ' Even While I 'm Gettin ' Odd ( 1984 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1965 / 68 -- The Hallucinations ~ The J. Geils Band.Net '' . Thejgeilsband.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Thomas Erlewine . `` J. Geils Band Biography & History '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Edmonds , Ben ( March 1971 ) . `` J Geils Band : Beantown Get - down '' . Creem . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 -- via Rock 's Backpages . Jump up ^ Modern Blues Harmonica ( 7 March 2008 ) . `` Magic Dick explains `` Whammer Jammer '' `` . Retrieved 19 March 2018 -- via YouTube . ^ Jump up to : `` THE J. GEILS BAND : Tour Dates 1970 -- 1983 ~ The J. Geils Band.Net '' . Thejgeilsband.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Wolf at The Egg '' . NewsTimes. 2015 - 10 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Harmonica Players - Male - Rock / Pop / Folk Blues harp , Diatonic Harmonicas '' . Harmonicalinks.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Because Music Matters -- Featured Release '' . Hittin the Note . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Bloodshot ( album ) ^ Jump up to : `` THE J. GEILS BAND : Tour Dates 1970 -- 1983 '' . thejgeilsband.blogspot.com . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Wolf talks J. Geils Band , new album before Atlanta concert - Atlanta Music Scene with Melissa Ruggieri '' . ajc.com . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Jim ( February 6 , 2009 ) . `` Open House -- Music Features '' . Thephoenix.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Mohegan Sun Newsroom '' Blog Archive '' J. Geils Band Live New Year 's Eve `` . Newsroom.mohegansun.com. 2009 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Aerosmith , J. Geils Band to Play Fenway Park on Aug. 14 -- NESN Newswire '' . NESN.com. 2010 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 11 . Jump up ^ Adam Sweeting . `` J Geils obituary . '' The Guardian . 12 April 2017 . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Chokshi , Niraj ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` J. Geils , Whose Band 's Catchy Pop Hits Colored the 1980s , Dies at 71 '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KTR Racing Homepage '' . Ktrmotorsports.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Legendary Rhythm And Blues Revue Presented by LRBC '' . Legendaryrevue.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Graff , Gary ( 2017 - 10 - 05 ) . `` J. Geils Band 's Peter Wolf Makes His Case for Roll Hall Induction : ' Our Mission Was to Share the Roots ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` J. Geils Band 's Peter Wolf Makes His Case for Roll Hall Induction : ' Our Mission Was to Share the Roots ' '' . billboard.com . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) The J. Geils Band portal Book : The J. Geils Band Official website The J. Geils Band J. Geils Stephen Bladd Magic Dick Seth Justman Danny Klein Peter Wolf Studio albums The J. Geils Band ( 1970 ) The Morning After ( 1971 ) Bloodshot ( 1973 ) Ladies Invited ( 1973 ) Nightmares ... and Other Tales from the Vinyl Jungle ( 1974 ) Hotline ( 1975 ) Monkey Island ( 1977 ) Sanctuary ( 1978 ) Love Stinks ( 1980 ) Freeze - Frame ( 1981 ) You 're Gettin ' Even While I 'm Gettin ' Odd ( 1984 ) Live albums Live Full House ( 1972 ) Blow Your Face Out ( 1976 ) Showtime ! ( 1982 ) Compilations Best of The J. Geils Band ( 1979 ) Best of The J. Geils Band ( 2006 ) Singles `` First I Look at the Purse '' ( Live ) ( 1971 ) `` Looking for a Love '' ( 1971 ) `` Must of Got Lost '' ( 1974 ) `` Love-Itis '' ( 1975 ) `` Where Did Our Love Go '' ( 1976 ) `` Come Back '' ( 1980 ) `` Love Stinks '' ( 1980 ) `` Centerfold '' ( 1981 ) `` Freeze - Frame '' ( 1981 ) `` Angel in Blue '' ( 1982 ) `` Land of a Thousand Dances '' ( 1983 ) Related articles Discography Book WorldCat Identities BNF : cb13904236n ( data ) GND : 6061990 - 9 ISNI : 0000 0001 2033 3716 LCCN : n82215278 MusicBrainz : 43b9b30b - f719 - 464a - 8bf3 - 07c294c257b2 VIAF : 121011523 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_J._Geils_Band&oldid=865297694 '' Categories : American blues rock musical groups Musical groups established in 1967 Musical groups from Worcester , Massachusetts Rock music groups from Massachusetts Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Italiano Кыргызча Nederlands 日本語 Norsk nynorsk Português Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 01 : 16 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the lead singer of the j geils band	[ "J. Geils – lead guitar (1968–1985, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2009–2012; died 2017)\nDanny Klein – bass (1968–1985, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2009–2015)\nMagic Dick – harmonica, saxophone, trumpet (1968–1985, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2009–2015)\nPeter Wolf – lead vocals, percussion (1968–1983, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2009–2015)\nStephen Jo Bladd – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1968–1985, 2006)\nSeth Justman – keyboards, backing vocals (1968–1985, 1999, 2005, 2006, 2009–2015), lead vocals (1983–1985)" ]	[ "Peter Wolf" ]
-878650473555641962	Seat belt legislation	Seat belt legislation - wikipedia Seat belt legislation Jump to : navigation , search Seat belt legislation requires the fitting of seat belts to motor vehicles and the wearing of seat belts by motor vehicle occupants . Laws requiring the fitting of seat belts to cars have in some cases been followed by laws mandating their use , with the effect that thousands of deaths on the road have been prevented . Different laws apply in different countries to the wearing of seat belts . Contents ( hide ) 1 National comparisons 1.1 Australia 1.2 Canada 1.3 United Kingdom 1.4 United States 1.5 Developing countries 2 Effects 3 Opposition 3.1 Risk compensation and other theories 3.2 Individual liberty 3.3 Side - effects of seat belts 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References and further reading National comparisons ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) In Australia , after the introduction of mandatory front outboard mounting points in 1964 , the use of seat belts by all vehicle passengers was made compulsory in the states of Victoria and South Australia in 1970 and 1971 , respectively . By 1973 , the use of fitted seat belts by vehicle occupants was made compulsory for the rest of Australia and some other countries during the 1970s and 1980s . The subsequent dramatic decline in road deaths is generally because of seat belt laws and subsequent road safety campaigns . Seat belts are not required for bus occupants , reversing drivers , and those driving some slow moving vehicles . The laws for these differ depending on the state or territory with jurisdiction . Canada ( edit ) Main article : Seat belt legislation in Canada All provinces in Canada have primary enforcement seat belt laws . In 1976 , Ontario was the first province to pass a law which required vehicle occupants to wear seat belts . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , seat belts must be worn at all times if they are fitted to a vehicle unless reversing . Passengers may be exempt from wearing a seat belt for different reasons . Since September 18 , 2006 , children travelling in the UK must also use an appropriate child seat in addition to the standard seat belt , unless they are 12 years old and / or have reached at least 135 centimetres ( 53 in ) in height . In the UK , a requirement for anchorage points was introduced in 1965 , followed by the requirement in 1968 to fit three - point belts in the front outboard positions on all new cars and all existing cars back to 1965 . Successive UK Governments proposed , but failed to deliver , seat belt legislation throughout the 1970s . Front seat belts were compulsory equipment on all new cars registered in the UK from 1972 , although it did not become compulsory for them to be worn until 1983 . Rear seat belts were compulsory equipment from 1986 and became compulsory for them to be worn in 1991 . However , it has never been a legal requirement for cars registered before those dates to be fitted with seat belts . In one such attempt in 1979 similar claims for potential lives and injuries saved were advanced . William Rodgers , then Secretary of State for Transport in the Callaghan Labour Government ( 1976 -- 1979 ) , stated : `` On the best available evidence of accidents in this country - evidence which has not been seriously contested - compulsion could save up to 1000 lives and 10,000 injuries a year . '' United states ( edit ) Main article : Seat belt legislation in the United States Seat belt use by type of law in the US , 2008 In the United States , seat belt legislation varies by state . The state of Wisconsin introduced legislation in 1961 requiring seat belts to be fitted to the front outboard seat positions of cars . Seat belts have been mandatory equipment since the 1968 model year per Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208 . New York State passed the first law in the US mandating the use of seat belts in 1984 under the leadership of John D. States , an orthopedic surgeon who dedicated his career to improving automotive safety . Depending on which state a driver is in , not wearing a seat belt in the front seat is either a primary offense or a secondary offense , with the exception of New Hampshire , which does not have a law requiring people over age 18 to wear a seat belt . In the front seat , the driver and each passenger must wear a seat belt , one person per belt . In some states , such as New York , New Hampshire , and Michigan , belts in the rear seats are not mandatory for people over the age of 16 , though it is extremely advised . The driver and front - seat passengers aged 16 or older can be fined up to $50 each for failure to buckle up . In California , you must be 15 years or older to accompany the driver in the front seat . Children 14 and younger must sit in the rear seat until they reach the age of 15. Template : DMV.org Seat belt use by sex , age , and type of law in the US , 2008 A primary offense means that a police officer can pull a driver over for the seat belt law violation alone , and secondary offense indicates that one can be punished for a seat belt law violation only if they are already pulled over for another reason . By January 2007 25 states and the District of Columbia had primary seat belt laws , 24 had secondary seat belt laws , and New Hampshire had no laws . In 2009 , Public Health Law Research published several evidence briefs summarizing the research assessing the effect of a specific law or policy on public health . One stated , `` Safety belt laws work , but there is strong evidence to support that primary enforcement safety belt laws are more effective than secondary enforcement laws in increasing seat belt use and reducing crash injuries . '' Another found that `` there is strong evidence that enhanced seat belt enforcement interventions can substantially increase seat belt use and its associated benefits . '' Developing countries ( edit ) In many developing countries , pedestrians , cyclists , rickshaw operators and moped users represent the majority of road users . In India , all cars manufactured after March 25 , 1994 are equipped with front seat belts . The rule was extended for rear seats in 2002 . The usage of seat belts is to be implemented by the respective states , with most states making seat belt usage for front seat passengers mandatory in 2002 . Older vehicles that did not originally have seat belts were exempted . However , enforcement is weak in most parts of the country . In Indonesia , belts are only mandatory for front seats . Many low entry car models are not equipped with rear seat belts . In Malaysia , the first stage of safety belt laws was implemented in 1979 . This was expanded in January 2009 to include rear passengers . Passenger vehicles registered prior to January 1 , 1995 , and those weighing more than 3.5 tons are exempted from this rule . The third and fourth stages , which will deal with baby and child seats and the number of passengers in a vehicle , have not taken effect . In the Philippines , a seat belt law , Republic Act No. 8750 , was approved in August 5 , 1999 . The law took effect in 2000 and requires all public and private vehicles , except motorcycles and tricycles , to have their front seats equipped with seat belts . Front seats as defined by the law includes the first row of seats behind the driver for public utility buses . Those below the age of six are prohibited to occupy the front seats of motor vehicles even if wearing a seat belt . Jeepneys are only required lap belts for the front seat passengers and the driver . The table below gives an overview of when seat belt legislation was first introduced in different countries . It includes both regional and national legislation . Country Compulsory wearing Compulsory fitting Source Cars Bus passengers Cars Buses Driver Front passengers Rear passengers Argentina 1994 1994 1994 ( First row only , all in school buses ) Australia 1970 ( Victoria ) 1971 ( NSW ) 1972 ( national ) 1986 ( child restraints ) 1969 , 1970 ( back seat , Victoria ) 1971 ( back seat ) 1983 ( ≤ 3.5 tonnes ) Canada 1976 Czech Republic 1966 ( outside cities ) 1990 ( all ) 1976 1990 1968 European Union 1993 Finland 1982 2006 France 1973 ( outside cities ) , 1975 ( cities at night ) , 1979 ( all ) 1990 2003 1967 , 1978 ( back seat ) 2003 Germany 1976 1984 1999 1970 , 1979 ( back seat ) 1999 Angurtpflicht Hungary 1976 1993 Hong Kong 2004 ( minibuses ) 1996 ( back seat ) 2004 ( minibuses ) India 1994 ( front seats ) , 2002 ( rear seats ) Ireland 1979 1992 1971 ( front seats ) , 1992 ( rear seats ) Italy 1990 ( where available ) ‡ 2006 ‡ 1988 ( new vehicles ) ; 1989 ( all * , front seats ) ; 1990 ( new vehicles , back seats ) ; 2000 ( all * , back seats ) 2006 Japan 1971 † ( 1985 ) 1971 ( no fines ) , 1985 ( fines on freeway ) , 1993 ( all ) 2008 2008 1969 Myanmar 2017 2017 2017 2016 ( motorway buses enforced ) Netherlands 1976 1992 1975 ( front ) 1990 ( rear ) New Zealand 1972 1972 ( 15 years and over ) , 1979 ( 8 years and over ) 1989 ♣ 1972 ( vehicles registered after 1965 ) , 1975 ( after 1955 ) Philippines 2000 ( those below 6 years prohibited to occupy front seats ) 2000 ( first row beside the driver 's seat only ) 2000 Singapore 1973 1973 1993 2008 ( small buses ) 1973 Spain Sri Lanka 2011 2011 Sweden 1986 1969 ( front ) 1970 ( rear ) Thailand 2009 United Kingdom 1991 2006 1967 ( front ) 1987 ( rear ) United States 1984 ( New York ; seat belt use law is jurisdiction of individual states ) Wisconsin , 1961 . Federally , front lap 1965 model year ; front shoulder & rear lap 1968 ; 3 - point front 1974 * - actually only vehicles registered after 15 June 1976 ; in previous registered vehicles fitting is optional † - required by the law , but no penalty for violation at the time ‡ - required by the law , but low enforcement ♣ - definitely introduced by this date , possibly earlier Effects ( edit ) Lives saved by seat belts and airbags in the United States ( 1991 -- 2001 ) Studies by road safety authorities conclude that seat belt legislation has reduced the number of casualties in road accidents . Experiments using both crash test dummies and human cadavers also indicated that wearing seat belts should lead to reduced risk of death and injury in car crashes . Studies of accident outcomes suggest that fatality rates among car occupants are reduced by between 30 and 50 percent if seat belts are worn . The US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) estimates that death risks for a driver wearing a lap - shoulder seat belt are reduced by 48 percent . The same study indicated that in 2007 , an estimated 15,147 lives were saved by seat belts in the United States and that if seat belt use were increased to 100 percent , an additional 5024 lives would have been saved . An earlier statistical analysis by the NHTSA claimed that seat belts save over 10,000 lives every year in the US . According to a more recent fact sheet produced by the NHTSA : `` In 2012 , seat belts saved an estimated 12,174 lives among passenger vehicle occupants 5 and older . ( ... ) Research has found that lap / shoulder seat belts , when used , reduce the risk of fatal injury to front - seat passenger car occupants by 45 % and the risk of moderate - to - critical injury by 50 % . ( ... ) Research on the effectiveness of child safety seats has found them to reduce the risk of fatal injury by 71 % for infants ( younger than 1 year old ) and by 54 % for toddlers ( 1 to 4 years old ) in passenger cars . '' By 2009 , despite large increases in population and the number of vehicles , road deaths in Victoria had fallen below 300 , less than a third of the 1970 level , the lowest since records were kept , and far below the per capita rate in jurisdictions such as the United States . This reduction was generally attributed to aggressive road safety campaigns beginning with the seat belt laws . A 2008 study in the Journal of Health Economics found that mandatory seat belt laws in the U.S. `` significantly increased seatbelt use among high school age youths by 45 - 80 % '' and `` significantly reduced traffic fatalities and serious injuries resulting from fatal crashes by 8 and 9 % , respectively . '' The authors note that these `` results suggest that if all states had primary enforcement seatbelt laws then regular youth seatbelt use would be nearly universal and youth fatalities would fall by about 120 per year . '' Opposition ( edit ) A number of groups and individuals are opposed to seat belt legislation . The most common grounds for opposition are : The view that laws requiring the wearing of seat belts are an infringement of individual liberty . Claims that official estimates of the number of lives saved by seat belts are overstated or fail to take into account additional risks for other road users . Risk compensation and other theories ( edit ) The most common basis for disputing estimates of the benefits of seat belts is risk compensation and risk homeostasis , advanced by researchers John Adams and Gerald Wilde . The idea of this theory is that , if the risk of death or injury from a car crash is reduced by the wearing of seat belts , drivers will respond by reducing the precautions they take against crashes . Along with many others , Adams accepts the hypothesis that wearing seat belts improves a vehicle occupant 's chances of surviving a crash . In order to explain the disparity between the agreed improvement in crash survival and the observed results , Adams and Wilde argue that protecting someone from the consequences of risky behaviour may tend to encourage greater risk taking . Wilde states , `` to compel a person to use protection from the consequences of hazardous driving , as seat belt laws do , is to encourage hazardous driving . A fine for non-compliance will encourage seat belt use , but the fact that the law fails to increase people 's desire to be safe encourages compensatory behaviour . '' Studies and experiments have been carried out to examine the risk compensation theory . In one experiment subjects were asked to drive go - karts around a track under various conditions . It was found that subjects who started driving belted did not drive any slower when subsequently unbelted , but those who started driving unbelted did drive consistently faster when subsequently belted . A study of habitual non-seat belt wearers driving in freeway conditions found evidence that they had adapted to seat belt use by adopting higher driving speeds and closer following distances . In another study , taxi drivers who were habitual non-wearers were timed over a route with passengers who did , and others who did not , insist on the driver wearing a belt . They completed the route faster when belted . In addition to risk compensation , Adams has suggested other mechanisms that may lead to inaccurate or unsupportable predictions of positive benefits from seat belt legislation . Case - control studies based on voluntary use of safety aids can attribute to the aid benefits that actually come from the risk - averse nature of those likely to use them voluntarily ( confounding ) , particularly early adopters . Fatality rates are subject to considerable stochastic noise , and comparison of single years or short periods can be misleading . Individual liberty ( edit ) Opponents have objected to the laws on libertarian principles . Some do so on the grounds that seat belt laws infringe on their civil liberties . They argue that not wearing seat belts is a victimless crime as the only person harmed is the one making that decision for himself about his own life . The counterpoint to the libertarian view toward seat belt laws is that mandatory usage may reduce injuries and deaths ( while possibly increasing the number of accidents ) but also reduces the economic cost to society . Another notable scenario is of rear - seated passengers being forced forward in a crash and thus inadvertently harming the driver or front passenger . A University of Wisconsin study demonstrated that car accident victims who had not worn seat belts cost the hospital ( and the state , in the case of the uninsured ) on average 25 % more . Side - effects of seat belts ( edit ) Neck injuries can be caused by the deceleration from a high speed . The passengers head continues to move forward while the body is restrained , potentially causing paralyzing injuries . A study of such injuries notes , `` Seatbelts save lives . However , they may cause injury to adjacent structures and when they malfunction can cause injury to the abdominal viscera , bony skeleton and vascular structures . The motor industry has attempted to reduce these injuries by modification of vehicle design and safety equipment . '' See also ( edit ) Car accident Click It or Ticket Clunk Click Every Trip Road safety Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Potted Seat Belt History '' . Drivers Technology . Jump up ^ Milne , P.W. `` Fitting and Wearing of Seat Belts in Australia : The history of a successful countermeasureA '' ( PDF ) . February , 1985 . Department of Transport ; Federal Office of Road Safety , Australian Government Publishing Service . Retrieved 15 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Helena Webb ( 15 August 2006 ) . `` Loose belts lose lives '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Jump up ^ 2005 Regulatory Impact Statement - Seat belt legislation amendments Jump up ^ `` Seatbelts Saving Lives In Ontario For 35 Years '' ( Press release ) . Ministry of Transportation , Ontario . December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wearing a seat belt and exemptions '' . Directgov . Jump up ^ `` RoSPA History - How Belting Up Became Law '' . RoSPA . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` RoSPA History - How Belting Up Became Law '' ( PDF ) . john adams . Jump up ^ `` The History of Seat Belt Development '' . School Transportation News . STN Media Group . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ Click it or ticket Jump up ^ `` Most Wanted '' . National Transportation Safety Board . Jump up ^ `` Primary Enforcement of Safety Belt Laws '' . Public Health Law Research . Robert Wood Johnson Foundation . December 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Enhanced Enforcement of Safety Belt Laws '' . Public Health Law Research . Robert Wood Johnson Foundation . 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Indonesia '' . US Department of State . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` All must belt up in MPVs '' . The Star . 29 December 2008 . Retrieved 1 January 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Republic Act No. 8750 '' . LAWPHiL . Eleventh Congress of the Philippines . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Crisostomo , Sheila ( 1 May 2000 ) . `` Seat Belt Law takes effect today '' . The Philippine Star . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) National Law No26 , 687 - Article 30 A , Article 40 K and Article 55 ^ Jump up to : https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00022331.htm Jump up ^ http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/roads/safety/publications/1985/pdf/Belt_Analysis_4.pdf Jump up ^ http://aplikace.mvcr.cz/archiv2008/sbirka/1966/sb35-66.pdf ^ Jump up to : http://www.stnonline.com/stn/occupantrestraint/seatbelthistory/ Jump up ^ http://www.ladocfrancaise.gouv.fr/dossier_actualite/securite_routiere/chronologie.shtml Jump up ^ http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/199901/27/0127119.htm Jump up ^ http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/travel_and_recreation/roads_and_safety/seatbelts_when_motoring_in_ireland.html Jump up ^ http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/atto/serie_generale/caricaDettaglioAtto/originario;jsessionid=an4pS+wPCztq+ANf1oUxlw__.ntc-as2-guri2a?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=1988-04-11&atto.codiceRedazionale=088G0149&elenco30giorni=false Jump up ^ http://www.transport.govt.nz/assets/NewPDFs/Legislation-2006.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1999/ra_8750_1999.html Jump up ^ http://www.umu.se/dsps/surgery/personal/personal_kirurgi/OAG%20rapport%20124.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.rospa.com/about/history/seatbelt-history.aspx RoSPA Jump up ^ `` Lives Saved Calculations for Seat Belts and Frontal Air Bags '' ( PDF ) . National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . December 2009 . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Glassbrenner , Donna . `` Estimating The Lives Saved By Safety Belts and Air Bags '' ( PDF ) . National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Safety Facts - 2012 Data - Occupant Protection '' ( PDF ) . National Highway Traffic Safety Administration . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Sexton , Reid ( 27 December 2009 ) . `` Victoria 's road toll at record low '' . theage.com.au . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Clay ( 9 July 2010 ) . `` How low can we go ? '' . theage.com.au . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Carpenter , Christopher S. ; Stehr , Mark ( 2008 - 05 - 01 ) . `` The effects of mandatory seatbelt laws on seatbelt use , motor vehicle fatalities , and crash - related injuries among youths '' . Journal of Health Economics . 27 ( 3 ) : 642 -- 662 . ISSN 0167 - 6296 . PMID 18242744 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jhealeco. 2007.09. 010 . Jump up ^ John Adams ( 2006 ) . `` The Failure of Seat Belt Legislation '' ( PDF ) . John Adams . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 04 . ( primary source ) Jump up ^ Wilde GJS ( 1994 ) . Target Risk . Toronto : PDE Publications . ISBN 0 - 9699124 - 0 - 4 . Jump up ^ Streff FM ; Geller ES ( August 1988 ) . `` An experimental test of risk compensation : between - subject versus within - subject analyses '' . Accident Analysis and Prevention . 20 ( 4 ) : 277 -- 87 . PMID 3415759 . doi : 10.1016 / 0001 - 4575 ( 88 ) 90055 - 3 . Jump up ^ Janssen W ( April 1994 ) . `` Seat belt wearing and driving behaviour : An instrumented - vehicle study '' . Accident Analysis and Prevention . 26 ( 2 ) : 249 -- 2 . PMID 8198694 . doi : 10.1016 / 0001 - 4575 ( 94 ) 90095 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wilde GJS ( 1994 ) . Target Risk ( 1st ed . ) . ISBN 0 - 9699124 - 0 - 4 . Jump up ^ Jeff Jacoby ( August 25 , 1994 ) . `` Unbuckling the Voters '' ( Op - Ed ) . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ Marion Ceraso ; Keri Frisch ; Stephen Hargarten ; Timothy Corden ( September 2006 ) . `` Primary Enforcement of Seatbelt Laws : A Means for Decreasing Injuries , Deaths and Crash - Related Costs in Wisconsin ? '' ( PDF ) . University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health . Jump up ^ Smith , J.E. ( 2005 ) . Injuries caused by seatbelt - Trauma . tra.sagepub.com . pp. Vol. 7 , No. 4 , 211 -- 215 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . References and further reading ( edit ) John Adams ( 1995 ) . Risk . Routledge . ISBN 1 - 85728 - 068 - 7 . Wilde G.S. Target Risk PDE Publications , 1994 The Isles report `` Seat belt savings : Implications of European Statistics '' , UK DoT , 1981 , Sourced from Death on the Streets , Cars and the Mythology of Road Safety by Robert Davis , Leading Edge Press , North Yorkshire UK , 1992 and `` Report questions whether seat belts save lives '' by M. Hamer , New Scientist , 7 February 1985 p7 Evaluation of Automobile Safety Regulations : The case of Compulsory Seat Belt Legislation in Australia . by J.A.C. Coneybeare , Policy Sciences 12 : 27 - 39 , 1980 Compulsory Seat Belt Use : Further Inferences , by P. Hurst Accident Analysis and Prevention. , Vol 11 : 27 - 33 , 1979 Wilde G.S. Risk Homeostasis and Traffic Accidents Propositions , Deductions and Discussion of Dissension in Recent Reactions , Ergonomics 1988 Vol , 31 , 4 : 439 Methodological Issues in Testing the Hypothesis of Risk Compensation by Brian Dulisse , Accident Analysis and Prevention Vol. 25 ( 5 ) : 285 - 292 , 1997 RS 255 The initial impact of seat belt legislation in Ireland by R. Hearne , An Foras Forbatha , Dublin , 1981 The efficacy of seat belt legislation : A comparative study of road accident fatality statistics from 18 countries , by J. Adams . Department of Geography University College , London 1981 Casualty Reductions , Whose Problem ? By F. West - Oram , Traffic Engineering and Control , September 1990 The Puzzle of Seat Belts Explained , Press Release of the Annual Conference of the British Psychological Society , April 1999 Reconsidering the effects of seat belt Laws and Their Enforcement Status by T.S. Dee Accident Analysis and Prevention. , Vol 30 ( 1 ) : 1 - 10 , 1998 ( hide ) Traffic law and safety Rules of the road All - way stop Assured Clear Distance Ahead Australian Road Rules Boulevard rule Green Cross Code Move over law New Zealand Road Code Overtaking Right - and left - hand traffic Right - of - way School bus traffic stop laws Traffic code Turn on red Vienna Convention on Road Traffic Road user guides Driver 's manual The Highway Code The Highway Code ( Malta ) Road Users ' Code Rules of the Road ( Ireland ) Enforcement Breathalyzer Camera Enforcement Red light Highway patrol / State police Parking enforcement Road traffic control Textalyzer Traffic court Traffic guard Traffic stop Traffic ticket Warning Speed limit Advisory speed limit Assured Clear Distance Ahead National Maximum Speed Law School zone Speed limit enforcement Speed limits by country Category : Speed limits by country Moving violations Driving under the influence Canada United States Distracted driving Mobile phones and driving Texting while driving Reckless driving Street racing Tailgating Vehicular homicide Wrong - way driving Driver licensing Commercial driver 's license European driving licence Graduated driver licensing Inter-American Driving Permit International Driving Permit Learner 's permit Point system Driving licences by country List of countries by minimum driving age Traffic violations reciprocity Commercial Driver 's License Information System Driver License Agreement Driver License Compact Non-Resident Violator Compact Parking Alternate - side parking Decriminalised parking enforcement Disabled parking permit Double parking Parking chair Parking violation Wheel clamp Car safety Seat belt laws Click It or Ticket Clunk Click Every Trip Road safety Tachograph Digital tachograph Drivers ' working hours ( Europe ) Epilepsy and driving Hours of service ( US ) `` How 's my driving ? '' sign Old age and driving Sleep deprived driving Slow moving vehicle Vision Zero Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seat_belt_legislation&oldid=805297273 '' Categories : Car safety Traffic law Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2012 Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from July 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 October 2017 , at 12 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did it become law to wear a seatbelt in the uk	[]	[]
-451143931173624102	2008 Football League Cup Final	2008 Football League Cup Final - wikipedia 2008 Football League Cup Final Jump to : navigation , search 2008 Football League Cup Final Event 2007 -- 08 Football League Cup Chelsea Tottenham Hotspur After extra time Date 24 February 2008 Venue Wembley Stadium , London Man of the Match Jonathan Woodgate ( Tottenham ) Referee Mark Halsey ( Lancashire ) Attendance 87,660 Weather Partly cloudy 13 ° C ( 55 ° F ) ← 2007 2009 → The 2008 Football League Cup Final was a football match played on 24 February 2008 . It was the first League Cup Final to be played at the new Wembley Stadium , and the first to be played in England since the old Wembley was demolished in 2000 . The defending champions were Chelsea , who beat Arsenal in the 2007 Final at Cardiff 's Millennium Stadium . The final was contested by Tottenham Hotspur , who beat Arsenal 6 -- 2 on aggregate in the semi-final , and Chelsea , who beat Everton 3 -- 1 on aggregate . Tottenham Hotspur defeated Chelsea 2 -- 1 , after extra time , winning their first trophy in nine years . Chelsea took the lead in the 37th minute through a Didier Drogba free kick . This goal made Drogba the first player to score in three League Cup Finals , having also done so in 2005 and 2007 . A Wayne Bridge handball gave Tottenham a 68th - minute penalty , and Bulgarian Dimitar Berbatov converted from the spot . Three minutes into extra time , Jonathan Woodgate headed a Jermaine Jenas free kick onto Petr Čech , who in turn pushed it straight back onto Woodgate 's head to score the winning goal . The win was an important one for Tottenham as they secured UEFA Cup qualification for the following season , something they would not have achieved in the Premier League , as they finished 11th . For Chelsea , it was the second of four competitions in which they would finish as runners - up that season , after they lost to Manchester United in the Community Shield and ended up finishing as runners - up to the same team in the Premier League and the UEFA Champions League . Contents ( hide ) 1 Road to Wembley 2 Match 2.1 Details 2.2 Statistics 3 Notes 4 References Road to Wembley ( edit ) Chelsea Round 3 Hull City 0 -- 4 Chelsea Round 4 Chelsea 4 -- 3 Leicester City Round 5 Chelsea 2 -- 0 Liverpool Semi-final ( 1st leg ) Chelsea 2 -- 1 Everton Semi-final ( 2nd leg ) Everton 0 -- 1 Chelsea Note : ( Chelsea won 3 -- 1 on aggregate ) Tottenham Hotspur Round 3 Tottenham 2 -- 0 Middlesbrough Round 4 Tottenham 2 -- 0 Blackpool Round 5 Manchester City 0 -- 2 Tottenham Semi-final ( 1st leg ) Arsenal 1 -- 1 Tottenham Semi-final ( 2nd leg ) Tottenham 5 -- 1 Arsenal Note : ( Tottenham Hotspur won 6 -- 2 on aggregate ) Match ( edit ) Details ( edit ) 24 February 2008 15 : 00 GMT Chelsea 1 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) Tottenham Hotspur Drogba 39 ' Report Berbatov 70 ' ( pen . ) Woodgate 94 ' Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 87,660 Referee : Mark Halsey ( Lancashire ) Chelsea Tottenham Hotspur GK Petr Čech 120 + 4 ' RB 35 Juliano Belletti CB 26 John Terry ( c ) CB 6 Ricardo Carvalho 104 ' LB 18 Wayne Bridge DM 12 John Obi Mikel 96 ' 98 ' CM 8 Frank Lampard CM 5 Michael Essien 88 ' RW 24 Shaun Wright - Phillips 72 ' LW 39 Nicolas Anelka CF 11 Didier Drogba Substitutes : GK 23 Carlo Cudicini DF 33 Alex MF 10 Joe Cole 98 ' MF 13 Michael Ballack 88 ' FW 21 Salomon Kalou 72 ' Manager : Avram Grant GK Paul Robinson RB 28 Alan Hutton CB 39 Jonathan Woodgate CB 26 Ledley King ( c ) LB Pascal Chimbonda 61 ' RM 25 Aaron Lennon 120 + 1 ' CM 8 Jermaine Jenas 120 + 3 ' CM Didier Zokora 38 ' LM 15 Steed Malbranque 75 ' CF 10 Robbie Keane 102 ' CF 9 Dimitar Berbatov Substitutes : GK 12 Radek Černý DF 5 Younès Kaboul 102 ' MF 6 Teemu Tainio 116 ' 75 ' MF 22 Tom Huddlestone 61 ' FW 23 Darren Bent Manager : Juande Ramos Assistant referees : Andrew Garratt ( West Midlands ) Martin Yerby ( Kent ) Fourth official : Peter Walton ( Northamptonshire ) Reserve assistant referee : David Bryan ( Lincolnshire ) Man of the match Jonathan Woodgate ( Tottenham Hotspur ) Match rules 90 minutes . 30 minutes of extra-time if necessary . Penalty shoot - out if scores still level . Five named substitutes . Maximum of three substitutions . Statistics ( edit ) The Tottenham players celebrate after having won their first trophy in nine years . Chelsea Tottenham Total shots 17 14 Shots on target 11 7 Ball possession 52 % 48 % Corner kicks 10 5 Fouls committed 17 20 Offsides Yellow cards Red cards 0 0 Source : ESPN Notes ( edit ) Didier Drogba 's goal made him the all - time leading scorer in League Cup Finals with four . He also became the first player to score in three League Cup finals and the first to score in three consecutive English domestic cup finals . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Alan Hardaker Trophy Winners '' . The Football League . 26 February 2012 . Archived from the original on 21 April 2012 . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carling Cup officials announced '' . football-league.co.uk . The Football League . 29 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 6 March 2009 . Retrieved 30 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Stevenson , Jonathan ( 24 February 2008 ) . `` Tottenham 2 - 1 Chelsea '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 20 February 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/EGLL/2008/2/24/DailyHistory.html?req_city=NA&req_state=NA&req_statename=NA Jump up ^ `` League Cup Fixtures '' . BBC Sport. 17 December 2009 . Retrieved 22 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Chelsea 2 -- 1 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport. 25 February 2007 . Retrieved 23 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Sanghera , Mandeep ( 22 January 2008 ) . `` Tottenham 5 -- 1 Arsenal '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 27 January 2008 . Retrieved 23 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Chowdhury , Saj ( 23 January 2008 ) . `` Everton 0 -- 1 Chelsea '' . BBC Sport . Archived from the original on 27 January 2008 . Retrieved 23 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Clubs in the Premier League receive a bye to the second or third round Jump up ^ `` Tottenham 2 - 1 Chelsea : Woody nods winner '' . ESPNsoccernet . ESPN Inc. 24 February 2008 . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . 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( 2004 ) 2015 MLS All - Star Game Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2008_Football_League_Cup_Final&oldid=841033044 '' Categories : 2007 -- 08 Football League 2008 in London EFL Cup Finals Chelsea F.C. matches Tottenham Hotspur F.C. matches February 2008 sports events in Europe Hidden categories : EngvarB from April 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Հայերեն Magyar Nederlands Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 17 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was tottenham manager when they won the carling cup in 2008	[]	[]
-4138975969114499423	Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre	Rajiv Gandhi cancer institute and Research Centre - wikipedia Rajiv Gandhi cancer institute and Research Centre Hospital in Delhi , India Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre Location of the Rohini campus of the hospital in New Delhi Geography Location Rohini and Niti bagh , New Delhi , Delhi , India Coordinates 28 ° 42 ′ 59 '' N 77 ° 06 ′ 39 '' E / 28.716472 ° N 77.110887 ° E / 28.716472 ; 77.110887 Coordinates : 28 ° 42 ′ 59 '' N 77 ° 06 ′ 39 '' E / 28.716472 ° N 77.110887 ° E / 28.716472 ; 77.110887 Organisation Funding Non-profit hospital Hospital type Specialised Network Indraprastha Cancer Society and Research Centre Services Standards International Emergency department Yes Beds 302 ( Rohnini ) , 30 ( Nitibagh ) History Founded 1 July 1996 Links Website www.rgcirc.org Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute and Research Centre ( RGCIRC ) is a non-profit medical facility and research institute based in Delhi , India specialising in cancer treatment and research . It is one of the largest medical centers for cancer treatment in Asia . RGCIRC is a project of Indraprastha Cancer Society and Research Centre , a not - for - profit public society . The institute was founded in 1996 . Contents 1 History and overview 2 Departments and facilities 2.1 Departments 2.2 Other services 3 Affiliation and recognition 4 Academics and research 5 References History and overview ( edit ) Indraprastha Cancer Society and Research Centre is a not for profit public medical society . It was formed in the year 1994 under the society 's registration act , 1860 . The Institute started functioning on 1 July 1996 when a soft opening was done by Sonia Gandhi . However , it was formally inaugurated by the then , President of India , Shankar Dayal Sharma , in the presence of Sonia Gandhi and others on 20 August 1996 . It started as a 152 bedded hospital , and currently it 's a 302 bedded hospital . The institute diagnoses and treats around 60,000 patients per year . Since its establishment , the institute has provided services to over two hundred thousand patients from India , Nepal , Bangladesh , Sri Lanka , and other countries . The Institute is ISO : 9001 and ISO : 14001 certified . In February 2013 , the institute introduced electrical technology as a service called ' NanoKnife ' , a minimally invasive cancer treatment . On 12 October 2016 , a new cancer center was established in NitiBagh , South Delhi by the institute . Departments and facilities ( edit ) NItibagh campus of RGCIRC The medical center is spread around two hundred thousand square feet area , with a bed capacity of 300 . The 57 consultation rooms are spread on three floors of the institute . It has 8 state - of - the - art modular Operation Theatres with three stage air filtration and gas scavenging systems , and 2 Minor Operation Theatres for Day Care Surgeries . The Surgical ICU is 27 bedded and Medical ICU is 11 bedded . The institute has Leukemia ward , Thyroid Ward , Bone Marrow Transplant unit , MUD transplant unit , and stem cell transplant unit . It has facilities of Renal Replacement therapies and various endoscopies . Departments ( edit ) Department of Surgical Oncology Department of Radiology and Imaging Department of Medical Oncology Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology Department of Radiation Oncology Department of Nuclear Medicine Department of Pathology and Transfusion Services Department of Stem Cell and Bone Marrow Transplantation Department of Anesthesiology Other services ( edit ) Telemedicine Pharmacy services Preventive services Physiotherapy services Palliative / Home care services Day care services Emergency services Counseling services Multispecialty Clinic / Tumor Board Affiliation and recognition ( edit ) Organization Affiliation Year National Accreditation Board for Hospitals & Healthcare Providers ( NABH ) Accreditation 2015 National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories ( NABL ) Accreditation 2009 Union for International Cancer Control Membership 2005 Nursing Excellence by NABH Certification 2016 Certified ISO 9001 Accreditation 2007 Certified ISO 14001 Accreditation 2007 Green OT Recognition 2016 NABH ( Blood Bank ) Recognition 2013 Academics and Research ( edit ) Besides patients care , the institute also studies and undertakes scientific research on the aspects of cancer and in particular to investigate its incidence , prevalence , distribution , cause , symptoms and to promote its prevention and provides cure . The institute has partnership with Thomas Jefferson University . One year fellowship courses which are recognized by Indian Medical Association - Academy of Medical Specialties , Hyderabad . Admissions are done in October and January . The institute also conducts short duration fellowship programme in Oncological Radiology sponsored by International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA ) , Vienna Europe . It also provides Diplomate of National Board ( DNB ) courses which are recognized by National Board of Examination , Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Govt of India . Other cources include B.Sc. in Medical Technology , Nursing Aide Course and Oncology Nursing Course . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ www.ETHealthworld.com . `` Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute opens new centre in South Delhi - ET HealthWorld '' . ETHealthworld.com . Jump up ^ https://www.nhp.gov.in/hospital/rajiv-gandhi-cancer-institute-and-research-centre-north_west-delhi ^ Jump up to : `` In India , hospitals are learning to handle cancer patients with extra care '' . 25 June 2016 . Jump up ^ ISBN 8128834525 Jump up ^ `` Remembering Rajiv Gandhi : These 5 places in Delhi are named after India 's youngest PM - DNA '' . dna . ^ Jump up to : `` About Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute opens new centre '' . www.theweekendleader.com . Jump up ^ `` Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute to launch new technology , NanoKnife for cancer treatment '' . www.pharmabiz.com . Jump up ^ `` Tests to tailor cancer treatment to patient needs '' . Jump up ^ `` RGCI&RC Academics - Rajiv Gandhi Cancer Institute & Research Centre '' . Jump up ^ `` Diplomate of National Board ( DNB ) Program - RGCIRC '' . 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-5022387169414731593	Ohio State Buckeyes football	Ohio State Buckeyes football - wikipedia Ohio State Buckeyes football This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ohio State Buckeyes football 2018 Ohio State Buckeyes football team First season 1890 Athletic director Gene Smith Head coach Urban Meyer 7th season , 73 -- 8 (. 901 ) Other staff Kevin Wilson ( OC ) Greg Schiano ( DC ) Stadium Ohio Stadium ( Capacity : 104,944 ) Year built 1922 Field surface FieldTurf Location Columbus , Ohio Conference Big Ten Conference Division East All - time record 898 -- 324 -- 53 (. 725 ) Bowl record 23 -- 25 (. 479 ) Playoff appearances 2 ( 2014 * , 2016 ) Playoff record 2 -- 1 (. 667 ) Claimed nat'l titles 8 ( 1942 , 1954 , 1957 , 1961 , 1968 , 1970 , 2002 , 2014 ) Conference titles 38 ( 2 OAC , 36 Big Ten ) Division titles 6 ( 2 Leaders , 4 East ) Rivalries Michigan Wolverines ( rivalry ) Penn State Nittany Lions ( rivalry ) Illinois Fighting Illini ( rivalry ) Michigan State Spartans ( rivalry ) Heisman winners 7 Consensus All - Americans 85 Colors Scarlet and Gray Fight song Carmen Ohio ( Alma Mater ) Across the Field and Buckeye Battle Cry Mascot Brutus Buckeye Marching band The Ohio State University Marching Band Website OhioStateBuckeyes.com The Ohio State Buckeyes football team is a college football team that competes as part of the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision , representing Ohio State University in the East Division of the Big Ten Conference . Ohio State has played their home games at Ohio Stadium in Columbus , Ohio since 1922 . The Buckeyes are recognized by the university and NCAA as having won eight championships , along with 38 conference championships ( including 36 Big Ten titles ) , six division championships , 10 undefeated seasons , and six perfect seasons of having no losses or ties . The first Ohio State game was a 20 - 14 victory over Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware , Ohio , on May 3 , 1890 . The team was a football independent from 1890 to 1901 before joining the Ohio Athletic Conference ( OAC ) as a charter member in 1902 . The Buckeyes won two conference championships while members of the OAC and in 1912 became members of the Big Ten Conference . Ohio State won their first national championship in 1942 under head coach Paul Brown . Following World War II , Ohio State saw sparse success on the football field with three separate coaches and in 1951 hired Woody Hayes to coach the team . Under Hayes , Ohio State won over 200 total games , 13 Big Ten championships and five national championships ( 1954 , 1957 , 1961 , 1968 and 1970 ) , and had four Rose Bowl wins in eight appearances . Following Hayes ' dismissal in 1978 , Earle Bruce and later John Cooper coached the team to a combined seven conference championships between them . Jim Tressel was hired as head coach in 2001 and led Ohio State to its seventh national championship in 2002 with a win in the Fiesta Bowl . Ohio State won seven Big Ten championships under Tressel and appeared in eight Bowl Championship Series ( BCS ) games , winning five of them . On November 28 , 2011 , two - time National Championship winning coach and Ohio native Urban Meyer became head coach . Meyer led his team to five division championships in his first five seasons as well as a school record 24 straight victories , beginning with a perfect 12 -- 0 in 2012 . He led OSU to both the Big Ten and the first College Football Playoff National Championship of its kind in the 2014 season , giving Meyer his third national title overall and first at OSU . OSU won the second Big Ten title in the Meyer era in 2017 . As of 2017 , the football program is valued at $1.5 billion , the highest valuation of any such program in the country . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Beginnings ( 1890 -- 1933 ) 1.2 Francis Schmidt ( 1934 -- 1940 ) 1.3 Paul Brown ( 1941 -- 1943 ) 1.4 Carroll Widdoes ( 1944 -- 1945 ) , Paul Bixler ( 1946 ) and Wes Fesler ( 1947 -- 1950 ) 1.5 Woody Hayes era ( 1951 -- 1978 ) 1.6 Earle Bruce ( 1979 -- 1987 ) 1.7 John Cooper ( 1988 -- 2000 ) 1.8 Jim Tressel ( 2001 -- 2010 ) 1.8. 1 `` Tattoogate '' 1.9 Luke Fickell ( 2011 ) 1.10 Urban Meyer ( 2012 -- present ) 2 Championships 2.1 National championships 2.2 Undefeated seasons 2.3 Conference championships 2.4 Divisional championships 3 Bowl games 3.1 Bowl record by game 4 Home venues 5 Traditions 5.1 Marching band 6 Rivalries 7 Coaches 7.1 Current coaching staff 8 All - time records 8.1 Results by year 8.2 All - time Big Ten records 9 Individual awards and achievements 9.1 Retired numbers 9.2 Heisman Trophy winners 9.3 All - American and All - Conference honors 9.4 List of All - Americans 9.5 Team MVP 9.6 All - Century Team 9.7 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Award 9.8 AFCA Coach of the Year 10 Academic awards and achievements 10.1 College Sports Information Directors of America Academic All - America 10.1. 1 Academic All - American Hall of Fame 10.1. 2 Academic All - American Player of the Year 10.1. 3 Academic All - Americans 10.2 National Football Foundation and College Football Hall of Fame 10.2. 1 William V. Campbell Trophy 10.2. 2 National Scholar - Athlete Awards 11 College Football Hall of Fame 12 Individual school records 12.1 Rushing records 12.2 Passing records 12.3 Receiving records 12.4 Kickoff return records 12.5 Punt return records 12.6 Kicking records 12.7 Punting records 12.8 Pro Football Hall of Fame 12.9 Canadian Football Hall of Fame 13 Media 14 Future non-conference opponents 15 Fan base 16 References 17 Further reading 18 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Ohio State Buckeyes football See also : List of Ohio State Buckeyes football seasons Beginnings ( 1890 -- 1933 ) ( edit ) After early attempts at forming a team in 1886 ( led by future Nebraska governor Chester Hardy Aldrich ) and 1887 , football was ultimately established at the university in 1890 . On the site of the first OSU game , on the campus of Ohio Wesleyan University in Delaware , Ohio , on May 3 , 1890 , the Delaware County Historical Society has set an historical marker . Some histories of Ohio State football credit George Cole , an undergraduate , and Alexander S. Lilley with introducing the sport to the campus . More recent research has challenged that claim , stating that George Cole persuaded Lilley to coach the football team during its first full season that fall . OSU 's first home game took place at 2 : 30 p.m. on November 1 , 1890 . The Ohio State University played the University of Wooster on this site , which was then called Recreation Park . Just east of historic German Village , the park occupied the north side of Schiller ( now Whittier ) between Ebner and Jaeger in what is now Schumacher Place . The weather was perfect , and the crowd cheered loudly . Nonetheless , OSU lost to Wooster , 64 -- 0 . Wooster , physically fit for the game , showed OSU that training is critical to winning . Thus , the tradition of training continues . Over the next eight years , under a number of coaches , the team played to a cumulative record of 31 wins , 39 losses , and 2 ties . The first game against the University of Michigan , in Ann Arbor , was a 34 -- 0 loss in 1897 , a year that saw the low point in Buckeye football history with a 1 -- 7 -- 1 record . Jack Ryder was Ohio State 's first paid coach , earning $150 per season , and lost his first game , against Oberlin College and John Heisman , on October 15 , 1892 . In 1899 the university hired John Eckstorm to bring professional coaching skills to the program and immediately went undefeated . In 1901 , however , center John Segrist was fatally injured in a game against Western Reserve University and the continuation of football at Ohio State was in serious question . Although the school 's athletic board let the team decide its future , Eckstorm resigned . In 1912 football underwent a number of developments that included joining the Western Conference , making football as part of a new Department of Athletics , and hiring Lynn W. St. John to be athletic director . Chic Harley attended East High in Columbus and was one of the greatest players to attend an Ohio high school . He passed , ran , received , punted , kicked and played defense . Harley came to Ohio State in 1916 and Columbus fans instantly fell in love with the Chic . Harley and the Buckeyes won the very first Big Ten championship in school history in 1916 when the Buckeyes finished 7 -- 0 . He would repeat in 1917 finishing 8 -- 0 -- 1 , giving the Buckeyes a second outright title . In 1918 , he left to be a pilot in the air force for World War I. With Harley 's return in 1919 , the Buckeyes would only lose one game -- to Illinois . Chic Harley left OSU with a career record of 22 -- 1 -- 1 . At the time , OSU played at the small Ohio Field and Harley brought such record crowds it became necessary to open Ohio Stadium in 1922 . The stadium was built entirely on fan donations and several stadium drives around the city where Harley would often appear . In 1951 , when the College Football Hall of Fame opened , Harley was inducted as an inaugural member . Ohio State 's very first rival was Kenyon College , a small liberal arts college in Gambier , roughly 50 miles to the northeast . The Buckeyes first played them in their first season in 1890 on Nov 27 , Kenyon won the first two meetings ; however , Ohio State won 15 in a row and the rivalry diminished . Kenyon made it their season goal to defeat OSU . After the Bucks joined the Big Ten they stopped playing Kenyon . The all - time record stands at 18 -- 6 , OSU . Francis Schmidt ( 1934 -- 1940 ) ( edit ) In hiring Francis Schmidt in March 1934 to coach its football team , Ohio State moved its program to a `` big - time '' level of competition . Schmidt was a well - established coach and an acknowledged offensive innovator . His offensive schemes were a `` wide - open '' style called `` razzle - dazzle '' and led him to be the first Buckeye football coach granted a multi-year contract . Schmidt 's first four seasons saw victories over archrival Michigan , all by shut - out . The 1935 squad went 7 -- 1 , its sole loss was to Notre Dame , 18 -- 13 , in the first contest between the programs . However Schmidt 's remaining seasons were less successful , except in 1939 when the Buckeyes won the Big Ten championship , and his popularity faded for a number of reasons . On December 17 , 1940 , he resigned . Paul Brown ( 1941 -- 1943 ) ( edit ) Paul Brown ( shown here as head coach of the Cleveland Browns ) -- who led the Buckeyes to their first national championship in 1942 . Ohio State hired the coach of Massillon Washington High School football team , Paul Brown , to succeed Schmidt . Brown 's Tigers had just won their sixth straight state championship . Brown immediately changed Ohio State 's style of offense , planned and organized his program in great detail , and delegated to his assistant coaches using highly structured practices . In 1942 , Ohio State lost 22 veteran players to military service as the United States joined World War II , and with a team of mostly sophomores went on to lose only once in winning its first national championship . Carroll Widdoes ( 1944 -- 1945 ) , Paul Bixler ( 1946 ) and wes Fesler ( 1947 -- 1950 ) ( edit ) Brown accepted a commission in the United States Navy in 1944 and directed his assistant Carroll Widdoes to head the team in his absence . The 1944 team fielded 31 freshmen but went undefeated and untied , including a victory over Paul Brown 's Great Lakes Navy team . Ohio State finished second in the national rankings behind Army and Les Horvath became the first Buckeye to be awarded the Heisman Trophy . Also prominent on the 1942 -- 44 teams was the first Buckeye African American star , Bill Willis . Brown chose not to return to Ohio State after the war , going into professional football instead . Widdoes , despite having the highest two - year winning percentage of any Buckeye coach , asked to return to an assistant 's position . Offensive coordinator Paul Bixler and Widdoes switched positions , and Bixler endured a mediocre 4 -- 3 -- 2 season . Bixler resigned and talk of Ohio State being a `` graveyard of coaches '' became commonplace , a reputation that lingered for decades . Wes Fesler became head coach in 1947 but finished last in the Big Ten for the only time in team history . Ohio State improved greatly in 1948 , winning 6 and losing 3 , then in 1949 enjoyed a successful season due to the play of sophomore Vic Janowicz . Ohio State received the Rose Bowl invitation , where they came from behind to defeat California . In 1950 Fesler , rumored to be resigning because of pressures associated with the position and abuse of his family by anonymous critics , returned to coach the Buckeyes , who won six games in a row to move into the top ranking in the AP poll . However , the season fell apart as the Buckeyes lost to Michigan during a blizzard , a game that came to be known as the `` Snow Bowl '' . Two weeks later , citing concerns about his health and family , Fesler resigned . Woody Hayes era ( 1951 -- 1978 ) ( edit ) Wayne Woodrow `` Woody '' Hayes beat out Paul Brown , among others , to be named head coach on February 18 , 1951 . He instituted a demanding practice regimen and was both aggressive and vocal in enforcing it , alienating many players accustomed to Fesler 's laid - back style . The 1951 Buckeyes won 4 , lost 3 , and tied 2 , leaving many to question the ability of the new coach . In 1952 the team improved to 6 -- 3 , and recorded their first victory over Michigan in eight years , but after a 1953 loss to Michigan , critics called for the replacement of Hayes . In 1954 the Buckeyes were picked to finish no higher than 10th in the Big Ten . Hayes , however , had the talents of Howard `` Hopalong '' Cassady , and a historic goal - line stand against Michigan propelled Ohio State to a perfect season . Hayes led the powerhouse Buckeyes to a shared national championship ( his first and the team 's second ) . In 1955 the team again won the Big Ten , set an attendance record , and won in Ann Arbor for the first time in 18 years , while Hopalong Cassady was securing the Heisman Trophy . Ohio State passed only three times against Michigan ( the sole reception was the only completion in the final three games of the year ) , leading to characterization of Hayes ' style of offensive play as `` three yards and a cloud of dust '' . In a 1955 article in Sports Illustrated , Hayes admitted making small personal loans to financially needy players . The article resulted in a furor over possible violations of NCAA rules , and the faculty council , followed by the Big Ten and NCAA , conducted lengthy investigations . Big Ten Commissioner Kenneth `` Tug '' Wilson found Hayes and the program guilty of violations and placed it on a year 's probation in 1956 . In 1957 Ohio State won all of its remaining games after an opening loss to claim the Big Ten championship , win the Rose Bowl over Oregon , and share a national title with Auburn , for which Hayes was named Coach of the Year . In 1961 the team went undefeated to be named national champions by the FWAA but a growing conflict between academics and athletics over Ohio State 's reputation as a `` football school '' resulted in a faculty council vote to decline an invitation to the Rose Bowl , resulting in much public protest and debate . Over the next 6 seasons Ohio State finished no higher than 2nd , and had a losing season in 1966 , and public speculation that Hayes would be replaced as coach grew to its highest point since 1953 . In 1968 Ohio State defeated the number one - ranked Purdue Boilermakers and continued to an undefeated season including a 50 -- 14 rout of Michigan and a Rose Bowl victory over the USC Trojans that resulted in the national championship . The Class of 1970 became known as the `` super sophomores '' in 1968 , and might have gone on to three consecutive national championships except for what may have been the most bitter loss in Buckeye history . The winning streak reached 22 games as Ohio State traveled to Michigan . The Buckeyes were 17 - point favorites but directed by first - year coach Bo Schembechler , Michigan shocked the Buckeyes in a 24 -- 12 upset . The 1969 loss to Michigan initiated what came to be known as `` The Ten Year War '' , in which the rivalry , which pitted some of OSU 's and UM 's strongest teams ever , rose to the uppermost level of all sports and the competition between Schembechler and Hayes became legendary . Four times between 1970 and 1975 , Ohio State and Michigan were both ranked in the top five of the AP Poll before their matchup . The Wolverines entered every game during those years undefeated and won only once , a 10 -- 7 victory in Ann Arbor on November 20 , 1971 . Both teams used the annual game as motivation for entire seasons and after the initial win by Michigan , played dead even at four wins and a tie apiece . Hayes had the upper hand during the first part of the war , in which Ohio State won the conference championship and went to the Rose Bowl four straight years , while Michigan won the final three . It was also an era in which through television Ohio State football again came to the forefront of national attention . Hayes set the tone in spring practice in 1970 , placing a rug at the entrance to the Buckeye dressing room emblazoned with the words : `` 1969 MICH 24 OSU 12 -- 1970 MICH : __ OSU : __ '' as a constant reminder of their objective . The `` super sophomores '' , now seniors , used a strong fullback - oriented offense to smash their way through the season undefeated , struggling only with Purdue the week before the Michigan game . The return match in Columbus found both teams undefeated and untied , a `` first '' in the history of the rivalry , with Michigan ranked fourth and Ohio State fifth . Ohio State combined a powerful defense that held Michigan to only 37 yards rushing , a rushing offense employing two tight ends as blockers , and a 26 - yard touchdown pass from Kern to Bruce Jankowski to win 20 -- 9 . The Buckeyes returned to the Rose Bowl to be upset by Stanford 27 -- 17 . The `` super sophomores '' had garnered a record of 27 -- 2 , the best winning percentage of any three - year period in team history , and won or shared the Big Ten title all three years . The National Football Foundation named Ohio State its national champion for 1970 . 1971 was less successful than the preceding seasons , but the middle four years of the 10 - year war saw the greatest success for Hayes against Michigan , although the teams fell short of repeating their 1968 national championship . Archie Griffin began his college football career in 1972 , taking advantage of new NCAA eligibility rules that allowed freshmen to compete at the varsity level . In his second game , sent in against North Carolina late in the first quarter , Griffin set a new Buckeye rushing record with 239 yards and led the team in rushing for the season with 867 . Former Buckeyes RB Archie Griffin , the only two - time Heisman Trophy winner in college football history ( 1974 -- 75 ) The following season Hayes installed an I - formation attack with Griffin at tailback and fellow sophomore Cornelius Greene at quarterback . The Buckeyes went undefeated with a powerful offense and equally impenetrable defense , achieving an average margin of victory of 31 points a game . The only blemish on their record was a 10 -- 10 tie with Michigan after both teams had entered the game unbeaten . ( The tie was more galling for the Wolverines , however , as the Big Ten selected Ohio State to represent the conference in the Rose Bowl . ) Despite soundly defeating defending national champion USC , however , the tie with Michigan resulted in the Buckeyes finishing second to Notre Dame in the final AP rankings . Griffin , Randy Gradishar , Van DeCree , and John Hicks were named All - Americans ; Hicks , an offensive tackle , not only won both the Outland and Lombardi Trophies , but placed second in the Heisman Trophy competition . 1974 and 1975 were seasons of both elation and frustration . The Buckeyes twice more defeated Michigan and went to two Rose Bowls , but lost both . The 1974 team seemed bound for another national championship when it was derailed by a loss to unranked Michigan State ( Ohio State lost only twice in the regular season during Griffin 's 4 - year career , both to the Spartans ) , and the next year the # 1 - ranked Bucks lost 23 -- 10 to 11th - ranked UCLA in the 1976 Rose Bowl . In all the Buckeyes were 40 -- 5 -- 1 from 1972 -- 75 , winning the Big Ten all four years and never losing to Michigan , but each loss and the tie were crucial in failing to win another championship . Archie Griffin , however , received the Heisman Trophy for both years , off - setting much of the frustration , and amassed 5,589 yards in his career . The falloff in success of Hayes ' last three years was not great . His teams forged records of 9 -- 2 -- 1 , 9 -- 3 , and 7 -- 4 -- 1 , and made bowl appearances in all three years ( the rules had changed to allow appearances in other than the Rose Bowl ) . However frustrations in losing three straight years to Michigan , and other factors , resulted in growing criticism of Hayes and his methods , particularly his on - the - field fits of temper . Even so , his downfall was sudden and shocking when near the end of the nationally televised Gator Bowl , Hayes punched Clemson middle guard Charlie Bauman after Bauman intercepted a pass to kill Ohio State 's last chance to win . Hayes was fired after the game by Ohio State president Harold Enarson and athletic director Hugh Hindman . Earle Bruce ( 1979 -- 1987 ) ( edit ) Hayes was replaced by a former protégé , Earle Bruce . Bruce inherited a strong team led by sophomore quarterback Art Schlichter but that had also lost eleven starters , and the 1979 squad exceeded pre-season expectations , ending the 3 - year loss drought against Michigan and going to the Rose Bowl with an opportunity once again to be national champions . The Buckeyes lost both by a single point , 17 -- 16 , but Bruce was named Coach of the Year . His success was hailed by those in the media who saw it as a rebuke of Hayes and the start of a `` new era '' . 1980 , however , saw the start of a trend that eventually brought criticism to Bruce , when Ohio State finished with a 9 -- 3 record , the first of six consecutive years at 9 -- 3 . Though each of these seasons , and the 10 -- 3 season that followed them , culminated in a bowl game , Ohio State did not appear to be any closer to a national championship than during the end of the Hayes era . Bruce 's teams were not without impact players , however . All - Americans and future National Football League stars included Keith Byars , Cris Carter , Chris Spielman , John Frank , Jim Lachey , Tom Tupa , Marcus Marek , and Pepper Johnson . His program was also known for the number of notable assistant coaches on staff , including Jim Tressel , Glen Mason , Pete Carroll , Nick Saban , Urban Meyer and Dom Capers . The 1980 team was selected as the top - ranked team of the pre-season AP poll and opened the season with four games at home , but were shocked in the fourth game by UCLA , shut out 17 -- 0 . The team rebounded to win its next six easily , but then were shut down by a ball - control Michigan team that allowed the Buckeyes only 23 minutes with the ball , then lost again to Penn State in the Fiesta Bowl . In 1981 , Ohio State opened strong , including a victory at Stanford in which senior Art Schlichter out - dueled John Elway , but then lost back - to - back games to Florida State and Wisconsin ( their first victory over the Buckeyes in 22 games ) . The Buckeyes continued to struggle on defense , losing a third time , at Minnesota . Victories over Michigan to gain a share of the Big Ten championship and over Navy in the Liberty Bowl salvaged the season . For the first time since 1922 the Buckeyes lost three in a row in Ohio Stadium in 1982 , including rematches with Stanford and Florida State , and for the second year in a row to Wisconsin , but then won seven straight , the last over BYU in the Holiday Bowl . Sophomore running back Keith Byars had a stand - out season in 1983 , rushing for 1,199 yards , and Ohio State defeated the Oklahoma Sooners in Norman , but three losses in conference meant a 4th - place finish . 1984 witnessed what Bruce called `` the greatest comeback after the worst start '' when Ohio State fell behind Illinois 24 -- 0 at home but roared back on 274 yards rushing and five touchdowns by Byars to win 45 -- 38 . Ohio State also defeated Michigan to win an outright Big Ten championship . Byars led the nation in rushing and scoring but finished second in Heisman balloting . Byars broke his toe just prior to the start of the 1985 season , ending his Heisman hopes and seriously handicapping the Buckeye attack . He returned against Purdue with Ohio State at 4 -- 1 and scored twice , but then re-injured his foot the next week against Minnesota . Iowa was top - ranked nationally when they came into Ohio Stadium favored to end the longest home winning streak in the country , and were the first # 1 team the Buckeyes faced since Purdue in 1968 . Ohio State 's defense dominated with four interceptions to win 22 -- 13 . In 1986 Bruce received a 3 - year contract , the first for the modern program but the team opened with two losses , which had not occurred in over 90 years . The Buckeyes then won 9 in a row before Michigan took a close game when kicker Matt Frantz missed a field goal with a minute to play . After the season Bruce was offered the position of head coach at the University of Arizona with a 5 - year contract but was persuaded to stay at his alma mater by Athletic Director Rick Bay . Hopes for a standout season in 1987 suffered a serious setback when All - American wide receiver Cris Carter was dropped from the team for signing with an agent . Indiana defeated Ohio State for the first time since 1951 , 31 -- 10 , in a game that came to be known as the `` darkest day '' , and Ohio State lost three conference games in a row going into the Michigan game . On the Monday of Michigan week , after a weekend of rumors and speculation , Ohio State President Edward Jennings fired Bruce but tried to keep the dismissal secret until after the end of the season . Bay , who had been instrumental in keeping Bruce at Ohio State , disregarded Jennings ' orders and announced the firing and his own resignation in protest . Jennings made his own situation worse by refusing to give a reason for the firing and the circumstances have been the subject of controversy since . The Buckeyes enjoyed an emotional come - from - behind victory over Michigan in Ann Arbor after the entire team wore headbands bearing the word `` EARLE '' , then declined an invitation to play in the Sun Bowl . John Cooper ( 1988 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) John Cooper was hired as the 21st football head coach at Ohio State before the end of 1987 and before he had coached his last game at Arizona State University . Cooper 's coaching record at ASU and at Tulsa prior to that stood out among his credentials , as did a victory over Michigan in the 1987 Rose Bowl . Cooper 's thirteen years as Buckeye head coach are largely remembered in the litany of negative statistics associated with him : a notorious 2 -- 10 -- 1 record against Michigan , a 3 -- 8 record in bowl games , a 5 - year losing streak to Illinois to start his term and a 6 -- 7 record overall , and blowing a 15 - point 3rd quarter lead in a 28 -- 24 loss to unranked Michigan State when the Buckeyes were the top - ranked team in the nation and en route to a national championship . However his record also has many positives : back - to - back victories over Notre Dame , two finishes second - ranked in the polls , and three Big Ten championships ( albeit shared ) . Cooper also recruited 15 players who were first - round draft picks in the National Football League . Both 1988 and 1989 began identically : an impressive season - opening win followed by an embarrassing loss to a highly regarded team ( Pitt and USC ) ; a rebound win against two other highly regarded programs ( LSU and Boston College ) followed by a loss to Illinois in the conference opener . However 1988 saw Ohio State lose its first three conference games and a close game at home against Michigan for a 4 -- 6 -- 1 record , its first losing season in 22 years . In 1989 the Buckeyes won 6 consecutive Big Ten games before losing its last two to go 8 -- 4 . The most noteworthy victory occurred in Minneapolis when Ohio State overcame a 31 -- 0 deficit to Minnesota to win 41 -- 37 . 1990 continued the pattern with a 2 - win 2 - loss start and an overall 7 -- 4 -- 1 record that included an embarrassing loss to Air Force in the Liberty Bowl. 1991 was 8 -- 4 , notable primarily as the season that sophomore running back Robert Smith quit the team . 1992 , with senior Kirk Herbstreit at quarterback , and Smith back on the team was 8 -- 3 -- 1 , but the losing string to Michigan was broken with a 13 -- 13 tie . Persistent rumors that Cooper would resign or be fired were laid to rest when University President Gordon Gee announced he would be back in 1993 . Former Buckeyes RB Eddie George , who won the 1995 Heisman Trophy . The next 6 seasons were very successful , winning ten or more games in 5 of the 6 and sharing the conference championship in three . Eddie George won the Heisman Trophy in 1995 after a tremendous senior season , Ohio State defeated Notre Dame in 1995 and 1996 , and won half its bowl games . But in three seasons ( 1993 , 1995 , and 1996 ) the Buckeyes entered the Michigan game undefeated , with the possibility of a national championship in at least one , and lost all three to underdog Wolverine teams . Ohio State had won 62 games and lost only 12 , but a third of those were to Michigan . After renewing his contract and becoming a member of the `` million dollar coaching club '' , Cooper started sophomore Austin Moherman against the Miami Hurricanes in the nationally televised Kickoff Classic and was soundly beaten . That presaged a mediocre season in which the Buckeyes finished 6 -- 6 , ending their successful 90 's run . The 2000 team was more successful , going 8 -- 4 , but criticism of Cooper among fans had risen to a clamor again and touched on many areas of the program beyond specific game records . The negative publicity rose to a peak in the days leading up to Ohio State 's matchup with South Carolina in the Outback Bowl , when wide receiver Reggie Germany was suspended for having a 0.0 GPA , team captain Matt Wilhelm publicly criticized fellow player Ken - Yon Rambo , and one Buckeye lineman sued another . In January 2001 , the Ohio State University dismissed Cooper . His loss in the Outback Bowl to a team that had not even won a single game the year before was a factor in his subsequent firing , as was negative publicity regarding player behavior before and during the game . Other contributing factors included the record against Michigan ( which was actually considered by most people to be the biggest reason for his firing ) , a reputation of inability to win `` big games '' , the lack of a national championship , the perception of him as an outsider by many alumni , the poor bowl game record , and finally a perceived lack of discipline on the team . Jim Tressel ( 2001 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) Former head coach Jim Tressel , who led the Buckeyes to the 2002 national championship . Ohio State quickly sought a replacement for Cooper and after a nationwide search hired Jim Tressel . With four NCAA Division I - AA National Championships at Youngstown State University , Tressel , formerly an assistant coach for Earle Bruce , was an Ohioan who was considered to be appreciative of Buckeye football traditions . Although there were some doubts as to whether or not Tressel could repeat his earlier success at the Division 1A level , most fans and alumni met the coaching change with enthusiasm . On the day of his hiring , Jim Tressel , speaking to fans and students at a Buckeye basketball game , made a prophetic implication that he would lead the Buckeyes to beat Michigan in Ann Arbor the following November . Tressel 's first season was difficult as the Buckeyes finished 7 -- 5 ( all but one loss was by a touchdown or less ) , but he made good on his promise , beating Michigan in Ann Arbor . While its fans were optimistic about the chance for success of the 2002 team , most observers were surprised by Ohio State 's National Championship . Ohio State used strong defense , ball - control play - calling , and field position tactics to win numerous close games , a style of play characterized as `` Tresselball '' , and disparaged by detractors as `` the Luckeyes '' . The 2006 and 2007 regular seasons ended with just one combined loss and consecutive appearances in the national championship game . The Buckeyes lost both by wide margins . On January 1 , 2010 , the Buckeyes defeated the Oregon Ducks in The Rose Bowl Game by a score of 26 -- 17 . This ended a 3 - game BCS losing streak for Ohio State , having lost 2 national championships and one Tostitos Fiesta Bowl . Terrelle Pryor was named MVP of the contest with 2 touchdown passes for a career - high 266 passing yards . In addition , he had more total yards than the entire Oregon Ducks team . Former Buckeyes QB Troy Smith ( shown as a member of the NFL 's Baltimore Ravens ) , the 2006 Heisman Trophy winner In December 2010 it was announced that five student - athletes on the Ohio State University football team would be suspended for the first five games of the 2011 season for NCAA violations . The punishments stemmed from an incident when some of the Buckeye players received tattoos for their autographs , according to news reports . Other violations committed by the players included the selling of several items given to them by the University , such as Big Ten championship rings . On January 4 , 2011 , Ohio State completed its season with a 31 -- 26 win over Arkansas in the Sugar Bowl . The Sugar Bowl win would have marked Ohio State 's first bowl victory over a Southeastern Conference opponent in ten attempts , but the win was later vacated due to NCAA violations . Ohio State ended up with an 0 -- 1 record ( the lone loss from the Wisconsin Badgers ) for the 2010 season after vacating its wins for NCAA violations . `` Tattoogate '' ( edit ) On December 22 , 2010 , the NCAA announced that five players would be suspended for the first five games of the 2011 season due to receiving improper benefits . Mike Adams , Dan Herron , DeVier Posey , Solomon Thomas , and quarterback Terrelle Pryor were found to have signed autographs in return for tattoos , as well as selling memorabilia given to them by the university . In addition , Jordan Whiting was suspended for the season opener for his involvement . The scandal originated at Fine Line Tattoos and Piercings in Columbus whose owner , Edward Rife , was being investigated for felony drug trafficking . On January 4 , 2011 , with all the players allowed to participate by the NCAA , the Buckeyes defeated the Arkansas Razorbacks in the Sugar Bowl by a margin of 31 -- 26 . The win along with every other one from the 2010 season would later be vacated due to the scandal . The Buckeyes finished the season 0 -- 1 , with their only official game being a loss to Wisconsin . On March 8 , 2011 , OSU suspended head coach Jim Tressel for the first 2 games of the 2011 season and fined him $250,000 for not informing the university and the NCAA that he had knowledge of his players receiving improper benefits . Coach Tressel 's suspension would later be increased to 5 games by the university . On May 30 , 2011 Jim Tressel resigned as head coach of the Buckeyes . On June 6 , 2011 , a story in Sports Illustrated reported that at least 28 players , including Rob Rose , T.J. Downing , Louis Irizarry , Chris Vance , C.J. Barnett , Dorien Bell , Jamaal Berry , Bo DeLande , Zach Domicone , Storm Klein , Etienne Sabino , John Simon , Nathan Williams , Jermale Hines , Devon Torrence , Donald Washington , Thaddeus Gibson , Jermil Martin , Lamaar Thomas , and Doug Worthington traded team memorabilia or used equipment for tattoos or other merchandise or services between 2002 and 2010 . The report alleged that Tressel had violated NCAA bylaw 10.1 -- unethical conduct , three times by not acting when told of the tattoo improprieties , by signing a statement saying he knew of no violations , and for withholding information on what was going on from university officials . Luke Fickell ( 2011 ) ( edit ) On July 8 , 2011 , Ohio State University decided to vacate all victories from the 2010 football season as self - imposed punishment for major NCAA violations . Former coach Jim Tressel received more than $52,000 from the university and wo n't have to pay a $250,000 fine for his involvement in the scandal . His status is also changed from ' Resigned ' to `` Retired '' in keeping with his wishes to `` remain a Buckeye for life . '' Ohio State named Luke Fickell interim head coach for the 2011 season following Tressel 's resignation , and Fickell coached the 2011 Buckeyes to a 6 -- 7 record ; going 6 -- 6 in the regular season and losing in the Gator Bowl to Florida . Urban Meyer ( 2012 -- present ) ( edit ) Current head coach Urban Meyer , who has led the Buckeyes to five division titles , a Big 10 Championship , the 2014 national championship , and the team 's all - time record winning streak ( 24 ) . The logo for the 2014 National Champion Buckeyes , which celebrated the football program 's 125th anniversary . On November 28 , 2011 , former University of Florida head coach and ESPN college football analyst Urban Meyer accepted the position of Buckeyes head coach . Meyer assumed head coaching responsibilities following the Buckeyes ' January 2012 Gator Bowl appearance . Meyer 's first season at Ohio State did not include a postseason contest , as the Buckeyes were sanctioned with a one - year bowl ban on December 20 , 2011 . The NCAA sanctions also included the loss of three scholarships each year for the following three years and three years ' probation to end on December 19 , 2014 . Ohio State was required to vacate all wins from the 2010 season , the 2010 Big Ten Conference championship and their win in the 2011 Sugar Bowl . The school 's share of the Sugar Bowl proceeds were forfeited as well . In Meyer 's first year , the Buckeyes went a perfect 12 -- 0 , winning the 2012 Big Ten Leaders Division , though the previously mentioned sanctions kept them from playing in the 2012 Big Ten Football Championship Game and a postseason bowl game . The Buckeyes played their 2013 Spring game at Paul Brown Stadium in Cincinnati , home of the Bengals on April 13 , 2013 . The Scarlet won 31 -- 14 . On November 23 , 2013 , the Buckeyes clinched their second straight Leaders Division Championship , after defeating Indiana 42 -- 14 . With the victory over Indiana , Ohio State set a team record for all - time consecutive wins , with 23 . The following week , Ohio State defeated Michigan 42 -- 41 in Ann Arbor , to increase the streak to 24 . The streak ended with Ohio State 's 34 -- 24 loss to Michigan State in the 2013 Big 10 Conference Championship game on December 7 , marking Meyer 's first loss as the Buckeyes ' head coach . On January 3 , 2014 , the Buckeyes were defeated by Clemson in the Orange Bowl 40 -- 35 . On November 22 , 2014 , the Buckeyes clinched the first ever Big Ten East Division Championship when they defeated Indiana 42 - 27 , earning a berth in the 2014 Big Ten Championship Game , where they defeated West Division champion Wisconsin 59 - 0 to win the Big Ten Conference Championship and qualified for the four - team playoff to decide the National Champion . OSU defeated Alabama in the Sugar Bowl 42 - 35 , on January 1 , 2015 , to qualify for the National Championship Game against Rose Bowl winner Oregon on January 12 ( the Rose and Sugar Bowls were the designated semifinal games in 2014 ) . OSU claimed the first ever College Football Playoff National Championship by defeating Oregon 42 - 20 . The 2015 season for the Buckeyes began with a 10 - 0 start before losing on a last second field goal to Michigan State on November 21 , ending the Buckeyes quest to repeat as National Champions . However , the Buckeyes recovered their 2 next games with dominating wins over Michigan and then over Notre Dame in the Fiesta Bowl to finish the season at 12 - 1 . Championships ( edit ) National championships ( edit ) The following is a list of Ohio State 's national championships as recognized by both the university and the NCAA : Year Head Coach Selector Record Big Ten Record Bowl 1942 Paul Brown AP 9 -- 1 6 -- 1 -- 1954 Woody Hayes AP 10 -- 0 7 -- 0 Won Rose Bowl 1957 Woody Hayes FWAA , UPI ( Coaches ) 9 -- 1 7 -- 0 Won Rose Bowl 1961 Woody Hayes FWAA 8 -- 0 -- 1 6 -- 0 -- 1968 Woody Hayes AP , FWAA , NFF , UPI ( Coaches ) 10 -- 0 7 -- 0 Won Rose Bowl 1970 Woody Hayes NFF 9 -- 1 7 -- 0 Lost Rose Bowl 2002 Jim Tressel BCS , AP , USA Today / ESPN ( Coaches ) , NFF , FWAA 14 -- 0 8 -- 0 Won Fiesta Bowl 2014 Urban Meyer CFP , AP , USA Today / Amway ( Coaches ) , NFF 14 -- 1 8 -- 0 Won Sugar Bowl ( CFP semifinal ) Won CFP National Championship National Championships 8 Undefeated seasons ( edit ) Year Record Big Ten Record Head Coach 1899 9 -- 0 -- 1 -- John B. Eckstorm 1916 7 -- 0 4 -- 0 John Wilce 1917 8 -- 0 -- 1 4 -- 0 John Wilce 1944 9 -- 0 6 -- 0 Carroll Widdoes 1954 10 -- 0 7 -- 0 Woody Hayes 1961 8 -- 0 -- 1 6 -- 0 Woody Hayes 1968 10 -- 0 7 -- 0 Woody Hayes 1973 10 -- 0 -- 1 7 -- 0 -- 1 Woody Hayes 2002 14 -- 0 8 -- 0 Jim Tressel 2012 12 -- 0 8 -- 0 Urban Meyer Unbeaten Seasons 10 Perfect Seasons ( no losses or ties ) 6 Conference championships ( edit ) Ohio State joined the Big Ten in 1912 ; before that they were a member of the Ohio Athletic Conference and won two OAC titles . Ohio State has won a championship in the Big Ten 36 times , second most in the conference and third most conference titles of any school in any conference . Year Conference Coach Record Conference Record 1906 OAC Albert E. Herrnstein 8 -- 1 4 -- 0 1912 OAC John Richards 6 -- 3 4 -- 0 1916 Big Ten John Wilce 7 -- 0 4 -- 0 1917 Big Ten John Wilce 8 -- 0 -- 1 4 -- 0 1920 Big Ten John Wilce 7 -- 1 5 -- 0 1935 § Big Ten Francis Schmidt 7 -- 1 5 -- 0 1939 Big Ten Francis Schmidt 6 -- 2 5 -- 1 1942 Big Ten Paul Brown 9 -- 1 5 -- 1 1944 Big Ten Carroll Widdoes 9 -- 0 6 -- 0 1949 § Big Ten Wes Fesler 7 -- 1 -- 2 4 -- 1 -- 1 1954 Big Ten Woody Hayes 10 -- 0 7 -- 0 1955 Big Ten Woody Hayes 7 -- 2 6 -- 0 1957 Big Ten Woody Hayes 9 -- 1 7 -- 0 1961 Big Ten Woody Hayes 8 -- 0 -- 1 6 -- 0 1968 Big Ten Woody Hayes 10 -- 0 7 -- 0 1969 § Big Ten Woody Hayes 8 -- 1 6 -- 1 1970 Big Ten Woody Hayes 9 -- 1 7 -- 0 1972 § Big Ten Woody Hayes 9 -- 2 7 -- 1 1973 § Big Ten Woody Hayes 10 -- 0 -- 1 7 -- 0 -- 1 1974 § Big Ten Woody Hayes 10 -- 2 7 -- 1 Big Ten Woody Hayes 11 -- 1 8 -- 0 1976 § Big Ten Woody Hayes 9 -- 2 -- 1 7 -- 1 1977 § Big Ten Woody Hayes 9 -- 3 6 -- 2 1979 Big Ten Earle Bruce 11 -- 1 8 -- 0 1981 § Big Ten Earle Bruce 9 -- 3 6 -- 2 1984 Big Ten Earle Bruce 9 -- 3 7 -- 2 1986 § Big Ten Earle Bruce 10 -- 3 7 -- 1 1993 § Big Ten John Cooper 10 -- 1 -- 1 6 -- 1 -- 1 1996 § Big Ten John Cooper 11 -- 1 7 -- 1 1998 § Big Ten John Cooper 11 -- 1 7 -- 1 2002 § Big Ten Jim Tressel 14 -- 0 8 -- 0 2005 § Big Ten Jim Tressel 10 -- 2 7 -- 1 2006 Big Ten Jim Tressel 12 -- 1 8 -- 0 2007 Big Ten Jim Tressel 11 -- 2 7 -- 1 2008 § Big Ten Jim Tressel 10 -- 3 7 -- 1 2009 Big Ten Jim Tressel 11 -- 2 7 -- 1 Big Ten Jim Tressel 12 -- 1 7 -- 1 2014 Big Ten Urban Meyer 14 -- 1 8 -- 0 2017 Big Ten Urban Meyer 12 -- 2 8 -- 1 Conference Championships 39 § -- Conference co-champions Divisional championships ( edit ) Since 2011 , Big Ten has moved to divisions to ultimately decide who would play for the conference championship . The divisions were known as Legends and Leaders from 2011 to 2013 . In 2014 , the divisions were realigned geographically into East and West . Year Division Big Ten CG Result Opponent PF PA 2012 Big Ten Leaders -- Ineligible ( postseason ban ) -- -- 2013 Big Ten Leaders Michigan State 24 34 2014 Big Ten East Wisconsin 59 0 2015 Big Ten East -- Lost tiebreaker to Michigan State -- -- 2016 Big Ten East -- Lost tiebreaker to Penn State -- -- 2017 Big Ten East Wisconsin 27 21 Totals 6 2 -- 1 110 55 Bowl games ( edit ) Ohio State has appeared in 48 bowl games , with the Buckeyes having a record of 23 -- 25 . Season Coach Bowl Opponent Result 1920 John Wilce Rose Bowl California L 0 -- 28 1949 Wes Fesler Rose Bowl California W 17 -- 14 1954 Woody Hayes Rose Bowl USC W 20 -- 7 1957 Woody Hayes Rose Bowl Oregon W 10 -- 7 1968 Woody Hayes Rose Bowl USC W 27 -- 16 1970 Woody Hayes Rose Bowl Stanford L 17 -- 27 1972 Woody Hayes Rose Bowl USC L 17 -- 42 1973 Woody Hayes Rose Bowl USC W 42 -- 21 Woody Hayes Rose Bowl USC L 17 -- 18 Woody Hayes Rose Bowl UCLA L 10 -- 23 1976 Woody Hayes Orange Bowl Colorado W 27 -- 10 1977 Woody Hayes Sugar Bowl Alabama L 6 -- 35 1978 Woody Hayes Gator Bowl Clemson L 15 -- 17 1979 Earle Bruce Rose Bowl USC L 16 -- 17 1980 Earle Bruce Fiesta Bowl Penn State L 19 -- 31 1981 Earle Bruce Liberty Bowl Navy W 31 -- 28 1982 Earle Bruce Holiday Bowl BYU W 47 -- 17 Earle Bruce Fiesta Bowl Pittsburgh W 28 -- 23 1984 Earle Bruce Rose Bowl USC L 17 -- 20 1985 Earle Bruce Citrus Bowl BYU W 10 -- 7 1986 Earle Bruce Cotton Bowl Classic Texas A&M W 28 -- 12 1989 John Cooper Hall of Fame Bowl Auburn L 14 -- 31 1990 John Cooper Liberty Bowl Air Force L 11 -- 23 1991 John Cooper Hall of Fame Bowl Syracuse L 17 -- 24 1992 John Cooper Florida Citrus Bowl Georgia L 14 -- 21 1993 John Cooper Holiday Bowl BYU W 28 -- 21 1994 John Cooper Florida Citrus Bowl Alabama L 17 -- 24 1995 John Cooper Florida Citrus Bowl Tennessee L 14 -- 20 John Cooper Rose Bowl Arizona State W 20 -- 17 1997 John Cooper Sugar Bowl Florida State L 14 -- 31 1998 John Cooper Sugar Bowl Texas A&M W 24 -- 14 2000 John Cooper Outback Bowl South Carolina L 7 -- 24 2001 Jim Tressel Outback Bowl South Carolina L 28 -- 31 2002 Jim Tressel Fiesta Bowl Miami ( FL ) W 31 -- 24 2003 Jim Tressel Fiesta Bowl Kansas State W 35 -- 28 Jim Tressel Alamo Bowl Oklahoma State W 33 -- 7 2005 Jim Tressel Fiesta Bowl Notre Dame W 34 -- 20 2006 Jim Tressel BCS National Championship Game Florida L 14 -- 41 2007 Jim Tressel BCS National Championship Game LSU L 24 -- 38 2008 Jim Tressel Fiesta Bowl Texas L 21 -- 24 2009 Jim Tressel Rose Bowl Oregon W 26 -- 17 Jim Tressel Sugar Bowl Arkansas W 31 -- 26 2011 Luke Fickell Gator Bowl Florida L 17 -- 24 2013 Urban Meyer Orange Bowl Clemson L 35 -- 40 2014 Urban Meyer Sugar Bowl Alabama W 42 -- 35 2014 Urban Meyer CFP National Championship Oregon W 42 -- 20 2015 Urban Meyer 2016 Fiesta Bowl Notre Dame W 44 -- 28 2016 Urban Meyer 2016 Fiesta Bowl Clemson L 0 -- 31 2017 Urban Meyer Cotton Bowl Classic USC W 24 -- 7 Win vacated Bowl record by game ( edit ) Gold indicates a national championship game Silver indicates a `` New Year 's Six '' bowl game Bowl game # % Last App . Alamo Bowl 0 1.000 BCS National Championship Game ( defunct ) . 333 2008 CFP National Championship Game 0 1.000 2015 Citrus Bowl . 250 1995 Cotton Bowl 0 1.000 2017 Fiesta Bowl 8 5 . 625 2017 TaxSlayer Bowl ( formerly Gator Bowl ) 0 . 000 2012 Holiday Bowl 0 1.000 1993 Liberty Bowl . 500 1990 Orange Bowl . 500 2014 Outback Bowl ( formerly Hall of Fame Bowl ) 0 . 000 2002 Rose Bowl 14 7 7 . 500 Sugar Bowl . 500 2015 Totals 48 23 25 . 479 2017 2011 win vacated Home venues ( edit ) Recreation Park ( Columbus ) ( 1890 -- 97 ) Ohio Field ( 1898 -- 1921 ) Ohio Stadium ( 1922 -- present ) Traditions ( edit ) Ohio State football is rich in traditions . The following are football traditions in chronological order of longevity : Senior tackle Begun in 1913 by head coach John Wilce , seniors on the team are recognized at the last practice of the season , either before the Michigan game or before departing Columbus to play in a bowl game , and hit the blocking sled a final time . Illibuck The Illibuck Trophy -- the prize for the winner of the OSU - Illinois game . The Buckeyes are 64 - time Illibuck Trophy winners since the award was established in 1925 . The winner of the Ohio State - Illinois game has been awarded the Illibuck Trophy since 1925 . Until 1927 the teams played for a live turtle , however , since the 1928 season the trophy is a carved wooden likeness of a turtle . Gold pants A gold miniature charm depicting a pair of football pants is given to all players and coaches following a victory over the Michigan Wolverines . The tradition began as the result of a comment to reporters by newly hired head coach Francis Schmidt on March 2 , 1934 : `` How about Michigan ? They put their pants on one leg at a time , the same as we do ! '' The first gold pants , which were a creation of Simon Lazarus ( president of the Lazarus chain of department stores ) and Herbert Levy , were awarded that year for a 34 -- 0 defeat of the Wolverines . Captain 's Breakfast 1934 also saw the first gathering of former team captains for breakfast on the Sunday following the Homecoming game . The event began when local businessman Walter Jeffrey invited twenty former captains to the Scioto Country Club to honor them , and continues to welcome new captains and award them mugs bearing their names and season . Buckeye Grove Begun in 1934 , each player who wins `` first - team All - America '' honors is recognized by the planting of a buckeye tree and installation of a plaque in Buckeye Grove , now located near the southwestern corner of Ohio Stadium next to Morrill Tower . Trees are planted in ceremonies held prior to the Spring Game . All 126 Buckeye All - Americans dating back to 1914 have been so honored . Michigan Week Since 1935 the annual game against Michigan ( known as `` that team up north '' for Ohio State fans ) has been the final meeting of the regular season for both teams . The week prior to `` The Game '' , known as Michigan Week , is characterized by scheduled school spirit and public service events , such as rallies , touch football games , and blood drives ; and by massive displays of school colors and banners in much of Ohio . In an unofficial culmination to Michigan Week , since 1990 on the Thursday night before `` The Game '' students have participated in the `` Mirror Lake jump '' , an unofficial gathering at Mirror Lake , a pond between Pomerene Hall and The Oval , in which masses of students jump into the water . Block O Block O in a game in the south stands Since 1938 the registered student organization Block O has been the `` Official Cheering Section '' of the Buckeyes . `` Known for spreading spirit , starting cheers and performing card stunts , Block ' O ' was founded ... by Clancy Isaac . '' They occupy Section 39A in the South grandstand of Ohio Stadium , next to the band . Victory Bell The Victory Bell is rung after every Ohio State victory by members of Alpha Phi Omega , a tradition that began after the Bucks beat California October 2 , 1954 . Reputedly the ringing can be heard five miles away `` on a calm day . '' Located 150 feet high in the southeast tower of Ohio Stadium , the bell was a gift of the classes of 1943 , 1944 and 1945 , and weighs 2,420 pounds . The bell is rung for 15 minutes following a victory and for 30 minutes following a victory over Michigan . Brutus Buckeye Brutus Buckeye -- OSU 's popular longtime mascot . Beginning in 1965 , Brutus Buckeye has appeared at all Ohio State football games as the live mascot of the Buckeyes . In 2007 he was inducted into the Mascot Hall of Fame and is now one of the most recognized mascots in the United States . Hang on Sloopy First played at the Illinois game of October 9 , 1965 , the rock song Hang on Sloopy is now played by the marching band before the start of the fourth quarter , with fans performing an O-H-I-O chant in the intervals between the refrains . The song is also played to encourage the team 's defensive players when opponents are moving the ball on offense late in a game . The 116th Ohio General Assembly designated `` Hang On Sloopy '' as the State rock song by House Concurrent Resolution 16 on November 20 , 1985 . It is also played before the fourth quarter at Cleveland Browns and Cincinnati Bengals games , as well as during Cleveland Indians , Cincinnati Reds , Cleveland Cavaliers , and Columbus Blue Jackets games . Buckeye Leaves Since 1967 , the helmets of Ohio State players have been adorned with white decals approximately the size of a quarter depicting a buckeye leaf , awarded for making significant plays and for consistency of performance . In the 1970s , the decals were approximately the size of a Silver Dollar until the 1979 Season . Most believe that this practice began in 1968 when the Buckeyes switched to their present Silver Helmet design since the decals have become identified with that helmet . Mirror Lake Since 1990 as part of Michigan Week , OSU students typically jump into Mirror Lake -- located on campus -- the Thursday night before the game . The tradition is thought to bring good luck to the football team for the game . Since the 2010 season , the Thursday before `` The Game '' has been Thanksgiving . With most of the student body leaving campus for the holiday , the jump has since occurred on the Tuesday of Michigan Week . Tunnel of Pride The Tunnel of Pride began with the 1994 Michigan game when all former players who were in attendance formed a tunnel through which the team ran to take the field , and Ohio State beat its rival that day , 22 -- 6 . Rex Kern , quarterback of the 1968 National Championship team , and then Director of Athletics Andy Geiger together used the concept as a means of connecting current Buckeyes with those who played before them . The Tunnel of Pride was next formed for the 1995 Notre Dame game , which the Buckeyes also won . In each home game against Michigan since , the tradition has been repeated . Carmen Ohio Instituted by Coach Tressel in 2001 , at the conclusion of all home games the coaches , players and cheerleaders gather in the south end zone next to the marching band to sing the university 's alma mater , Carmen Ohio , to the student section . The Hive and pre-game circle Tressel brought to the Buckeye football program two pre-game traditions he developed at Youngstown State . Prior to its warmup routine before every football game , the team exits the locker room as a unit in a controlled manner , linked arm - in - arm in a group known as `` The Hive '' . After warmups the team returns to the locker room , and when it next appears , runs onto the field and forms a circle of players around the strength coach , then they go through their warmup routine . Marching band ( edit ) Script Ohio Main article : The Ohio State University Marching Band The Marching Band , often referred to as `` The Best Damn Band In The Land '' or by the acronym TBDBITL is the most visible and possibly best - known tradition of Ohio State football . Home games are preceded by three much - anticipated traditions , and a fourth , `` dotting the ' i ' '' of Script Ohio , enjoys a reputation all its own : Skull Session Ramp entrance The Back Bend Script Ohio Rivalries ( edit ) Main articles : Michigan -- Ohio State football rivalry , Illinois -- Ohio State football rivalry , and Ohio State -- Penn State football rivalry While its rivalry with the University of Michigan is its most renowned and intense , Ohio State has two other series marked by their longevity , both Big Ten Conference rivals , those of Indiana and Illinois . The series versus Indiana began as a non-conference matchup , with Indiana going undefeated at 4 -- 0 -- 1 . In conference , however , the Buckeyes ( despite losing the opening conference game ) are 70 -- 8 -- 4 through the 2014 season , the most wins against any opponent . Illinois also began with non-conference games ( 0 -- 1 -- 1 ) but became the longest continuous series in 2002 when the schools played in their 89th consecutive year ( that record was tied by Michigan in 2007 ) . Through 2014 Ohio State 's record against the Illini is 66 -- 30 -- 4 . In 2007 , Ohio State was given their only defeat of the regular season by the Illini . When Penn State was added to the conference football play in 1993 , every member was given two designated rivals , teams to be played every year , with the other conference teams rotated out of the schedule at regular intervals . For geographic convenience , the Big Ten named Penn State as Ohio State 's new designated rival in addition to Michigan , and Illinois was set to be paired with in - state rival Northwestern and neighboring Indiana , and in doing so undermined Ohio State 's historical rivalry with Illinois . With Nebraska 's entry to the Big Ten and the establishment of division play in football , Ohio State and Illinois played every season in the Leaders Division from 2011 to 2013 . Michigan was the Buckeyes ' permanent cross-division rival from the Legends Division . With the addition of Maryland and Rutgers to the Big Ten , Ohio State and Illinois will be in separate divisions and will no longer meet every year . Ohio State and Michigan also became East Division rivals . Coaches ( edit ) See also : List of Ohio State Buckeyes head football coaches The Buckeyes have had 24 head coaches in their 121 - year history . Of the team 's eight national championships to date , Woody Hayes won five . Paul Brown , Jim Tressel , and Urban Meyer also each have one . Current coaching staff ( edit ) Name Position Urban Meyer Head Coach Greg Schiano Associate Head Coach / Defensive Coordinator Larry Johnson Sr . Associate Head Coach / Defensive Line Kevin Wilson Offensive Coordinator / Tight Ends Ryan Day Co-Offensive Coordinator / Quarterbacks Zach Smith Wide Receivers Greg Studrawa Offensive Line Tony Alford Running Backs Billy Davis Linebackers Kerry Coombs Special Teams Coordinator / Cornerbacks Tim Hinton Executive Director for Football Operations & Special Assistant to Urban Meyer Mickey Marotti Asst . AD for FB Sports Performance ( Strength & Conditioning ) All - time records ( edit ) Results by year ( edit ) Main article : List of Ohio State Buckeyes football seasons All - time Big Ten records ( edit ) This table reflects the results of Big Ten match - ups when both OSU and its opponent were members of the conference . Ohio State began Big Ten play in 1913 . Examples of excluded results are Chicago after 1939 , Michigan between 1907 -- 1916 , Michigan State before 1953 , Penn State before 1993 , and Nebraska before 2011 ( see Big Ten History for further information ) . Ohio State 's vacated wins from 2010 are NOT included ( see 2010 Ohio State Buckeyes football team for further information ) . Updated through Nov. 20 , 2017 of the 2017 NCAA Division I FBS football season . Team Big Ten Wins Big Ten Losses Big Ten Ties Winning Percentage Streak First Big Ten Meeting Last Meeting Chicago Maroons 10 . 786 Won 8 1920 1939 Illinois Fighting Illini 68 30 . 688 Won 8 1914 2017 Indiana Hoosiers 73 8 . 882 Won 21 1913 2017 Iowa Hawkeyes 46 15 . 742 Lost 1 1922 2017 Maryland Terrapins 0 0 1.000 Won 4 2014 2017 Michigan Wolverines 48 46 . 510 Won 6 1918 2017 Michigan State Spartans 31 13 0 . 705 Won 2 1953 2017 Minnesota Golden Gophers 44 7 0 . 863 Won 9 1921 2015 Nebraska Cornhuskers 0 . 750 Won 3 2011 2017 Northwestern Wildcats 61 14 . 809 Won 6 1913 2016 Penn State Nittany Lions 16 8 0 . 667 Won 1 1993 2017 Purdue Boilermakers 39 14 . 727 Won 2 1919 2013 Rutgers Scarlet Knights 0 0 1.000 Won 4 2014 2017 Wisconsin Badgers 59 18 5 . 750 Won 6 1913 2017 505 176 24 . 733 All Data from College Football Data Warehouse Individual awards and achievements ( edit ) Through the 2006 season Ohio State players have by a significant margin won more trophies than any other NCAA Division 1A program . Ohio State players have won 34 of the listed major awards , with the next closest being 26 ( Oklahoma ) . Ohio State is the only university to have received each of the awards at least once . Of the five awards created prior to 1980 ( Heisman , Lombardi , Maxwell , Outland , and Walter Camp ) , Ohio State has received the most with 25 ( Notre Dame follows with 23 ) . Retired numbers ( edit ) No . Player Position Tenure 10 Troy Smith QB 2003 -- 06 22 Les Horvath RB , QB 1940 -- 42 , 1944 27 Eddie George RB 1992 -- 95 31 Vic Janowicz HB 1949 -- 51 40 Howard `` Hopalong '' Cassady HB 1952 -- 55 45 Archie Griffin RB 1972 -- 75 47 Chic Harley HB QB , E , K 1916 -- 17 , 1919 99 Bill Willis DL 1942 -- 44 # 10 and all future numbers are to be considered enshrined rather than retired , and will still be available to be worn . All previously retired jersey numbers will remain retired . Heisman Trophy winners ( edit ) Ohio State players have won the Heisman Trophy seven times , which ties Notre Dame ( 7 ) for the most awards for any school . Archie Griffin is the only two - time recipient in the history of the award . Season Name Pos . Class Points 1944 Les Horvath Quarterback / Running back Senior 412 1950 Vic Janowicz Running back Junior 633 1955 Howard `` Hopalong '' Cassady Running back Senior 2219 Archie Griffin Running back Junior 1920 Archie Griffin Running back Senior 1800 1995 Eddie George Running back Senior 1460 2006 Troy Smith Quarterback Senior 2540 Heisman Trophy Winners 7 Lombardi Award Ohio State players have won the Lombardi Award six times : 1970 : Jim Stillwagon 1973 : John Hicks 1987 : Chris Spielman 1995 : Orlando Pace 1996 : Orlando Pace 2005 : A.J. Hawk Maxwell Award Four Ohio State players have won the Maxwell Award : 1955 : Howard Cassady 1961 : Bob Ferguson 1975 : Archie Griffin 1995 : Eddie George Outland Trophy Four Ohio State players have won the Outland Trophy : 1956 : Jim Parker 1970 : Jim Stillwagon 1973 : John Hicks 1996 : Orlando Pace Walter Camp Award Ohio State players have won the Walter Camp Award four times : 1974 : Archie Griffin 1975 : Archie Griffin 1995 : Eddie George 2006 : Troy Smith Dick Butkus Award Ohio State players have won the Dick Butkus Award twice : 1997 : Andy Katzenmoyer 2007 : James Laurinaitis Jim Thorpe Award Ohio State players have won the Jim Thorpe Award twice : 1998 : Antoine Winfield 2008 : Malcolm Jenkins Dave Rimington Trophy Ohio State players have won the Dave Rimington Trophy three times : 2001 : LeCharles Bentley 2016 : Pat Elflein 2017 : Billy Price Other awards Eddie George received the Doak Walker Award in 1995 Terry Glenn received the Fred Biletnikoff Award in 1995 B.J. Sander received the Ray Guy Award in 2003 Mike Nugent received the Lou Groza Award in 2004 James Laurinaitis received the Bronko Nagurski Trophy in 2006 Troy Smith received the Davey O'Brien Award in 2006 James Laurinaitis received the Lott Trophy in 2008 Ezekiel Elliott received the James E. Sullivan Award in 2014 All - American and all - conference honors ( edit ) Through 2017 , 199 Buckeyes have been named first team All - Americans since 1914 . Of those 85 have been consensus picks . 388 have been named to the All - Big Ten team , and 16 have won the Chicago Tribune Silver Football , the Big Ten 's Most Valuable Player award , including Troy Smith for 2006 . The Athletic Directors of the Big Ten Conference voted Eddie George Big Ten - Jesse Owens Athlete of the Year for 1996 . On November 22 , 2006 , ten Buckeyes were named to either the Coaches or Conference media All - Big Ten First Team selections for the 2006 season , and seven were named to both . Troy Smith was named Big Ten Offensive Player of the Year . Four other Buckeyes received Second Team honors . List of All - Americans ( edit ) All records per OSU Athletics . 1910s 1914 : Boyd Cherry ( E ) 1916 : Chic Harley ( B ) , Robert Karch ( T ) 1917 : Charles Bolen ( E ) , Harold Courtney ( E ) , Chic Harley ( B ) , Kelley VanDyne ( C ) 1918 : Clarence MacDonald ( E ) 1919 : Chic Harley ( B ) , Gaylord Stinchcomb ( B ) 1920s 1920 : Iolas Huffman ( G ) , Gaylord Stinchcomb ( B ) 1921 : Iolas Huffman ( G ) , Cyril Myers ( E ) 1923 : Harry Workman ( QB ) 1924 : Harold Cunningham ( E ) 1925 : Edwin Hess ( G ) 1926 : Edwin Hess ( G ) , Marty Karow ( HB ) , Leo Raskowski ( T ) 1927 : Leo Raskowski ( T ) 1928 : Wes Fesler ( E ) 1929 : Wes Fesler ( E ) 1930s 1930 : Wes Fesler ( E ) , Lew Hinchman ( HB ) 1931 : Carl Cramer ( QB ) , Lew Hinchman ( HB ) 1932 : Joseph Gailus ( G ) , Sid Gillman ( E ) , Lew Hinchman ( HB ) , Ted Rosequist ( T ) 1933 : Joseph Gailus ( G ) 1934 : Regis Monahan ( G ) , Merle Wendt ( E ) 1935 : Gomer Jones ( C ) , Merle Wendt ( E ) 1936 : Charles Hamrick ( T ) , Inwood Smith ( G ) , Merle Wendt ( E ) 1937 : Carl Kaplanoff ( T ) , Jim McDonald ( QB ) , Ralph Wolf ( C ) , Gust Zarnas ( G ) 1939 : Vic Marino ( G ) , Esco Sarkkinen ( E ) , Don Scott ( HB ) 1940s 1940 : Don Scott ( C ) 1942 : Robert Shaw ( E ) , Charles Csuri ( T ) , Lin Houston ( G ) , Paul Sarringhaus ( HB ) , Gene Fekete ( E ) 1943 : Bill Willis ( T ) 1944 : Jack Dugger ( E ) , Bill Willis ( T ) , William Hackett ( G ) , Les Horvath ( QB / HB ) 1945 : Warren Amling ( G ) , Ollie Cline ( FB ) , Russell Thomas ( T ) 1946 : Warren Amling ( G ) , Cecil Souders ( E ) 1950s 1950 : Robert Momsen ( T ) , Robert McMullogh ( C ) , Vic Janowicz ( HB ) 1952 : Mike Takacs ( G ) 1954 : Dean Dugger ( E ) , Howard Cassady ( HB ) , Jim Reichenbach ( G ) 1955 : Jim Parker ( G ) , Howard Cassady ( HB ) 1956 : Jim Parker ( G ) 1957 : Aurealius Thomas ( G ) 1958 : Jim Houston ( E ) , Jim Marshall ( T ) , Bob White ( E ) 1959 : Jim Houston ( E ) 1960s 1960 : Bob Ferguson ( FB ) 1961 : Bob Ferguson ( FB ) 1964 : Jim Davidson ( T ) , Ike Kelley ( LB ) , Arnie Chonko ( DB ) 1965 : Doug Van Horn ( G ) , Ike Kelley ( LB ) 1966 : Ray Pryor ( C ) 1968 : Dave Foley ( OT ) , Rufus Mayes ( OT ) 1969 : Jim Stillwagon ( G ) , Rex Kern ( QB ) , Jim Otis ( FB ) , Ted Provost ( CB ) , Jack Tatum ( CB ) 1970s 1970 : Jan White ( TE ) , Jim Stillwagon ( MG ) , John Brockington ( FB ) , Jack Tatum ( CB ) , Mike Sensibaugh ( S ) , Tim Anderson ( CB ) 1971 : Tom DeLeone ( C ) 1972 : John Hicks ( OT ) , Randy Gradishar ( LB ) 1973 : John Hicks ( OT ) , Randy Gradishar ( LB ) , Van DeCree ( DE ) , Archie Griffin ( TB ) 1974 : Van Ness DeCree ( DE ) , Kurt Schumacher ( OT ) , Steve Myers ( C ) , Pete Cusick ( DT ) , Archie Griffin ( TB ) , Neal Colzie ( CB ) , Tom Skladany ( P ) 1975 : Ted Smith ( OG ) , Archie Griffin ( TB ) , Tim Fox ( S ) , Tom Skladany ( P ) 1976 : Bob Brudzinski ( DE ) , Chris Ward ( OT ) , Tom Skladany ( P ) 1977 : Chris Ward ( OT ) , Aaron Brown ( NG ) , Tom Cousineau ( LB ) , Ray Griffin ( S ) 1978 : Tom Cousineau ( LB ) 1979 : Ken Fritz ( OG ) , Art Schlichter ( QB ) 1980s 1982 : Marcus Marek ( LB ) 1984 : Jim Lachey ( OG ) , Keith Byars ( TB ) 1985 : Pepper Johnson ( LB ) 1986 : Cris Carter ( SE ) , Chris Spielman ( LB ) 1987 : Chris Spielman ( LB ) , Tom Tupa ( P ) 1988 : Jeff Uhlenhake ( C ) 1990s 1991 : Steve Tovar ( LB ) 1992 : Steve Tovar ( LB ) 1993 : Korey Stringer ( OT ) , Dan Wilkinson ( DT ) 1994 : Korey Stringer ( OT ) 1995 : Eddie George ( TB ) , Terry Glenn ( FL ) , Orlando Pace ( OT ) , Mike Vrabel ( DE ) 1996 : Orlando Pace ( OT ) , Shawn Springs ( CB ) , Mike Vrabel ( DE ) 1997 : Andy Katzenmoyer ( LB ) , Rob Murphy ( OG ) , Antoine Winfield ( CB ) 1998 : David Boston ( SE ) , Damon Moore ( SS ) , Rob Murphy ( OG ) , Antoine Winfield ( CB ) 1999 : Na'il Diggs ( LB ) 2000s 2000 : Mike Doss ( SS ) 2001 : LeCharles Bentley ( C ) , Mike Doss ( SS ) 2002 : Mike Doss ( SS ) , Andy Groom ( P ) , Mike Nugent ( PK ) , Matt Wilhelm ( LB ) 2003 : Will Allen ( DB ) , Will Smith ( DE ) 2004 : Mike Nugent ( PK ) , A.J. Hawk ( LB ) 2005 : A.J. Hawk ( LB ) , Donte Whitner ( SS ) , Nick Mangold ( C ) 2006 : Troy Smith ( QB ) , James Laurinaitis ( LB ) , Quinn Pitcock ( DL ) , Ted Ginn Jr . ( PR ) 2007 : James Laurinaitis ( LB ) , Kirk Barton ( OT ) , Vernon Gholston ( DE ) , Malcolm Jenkins ( DB ) 2008 : James Laurinaitis ( LB ) , Malcolm Jenkins ( CB ) 2009 : Kurt Coleman ( DB ) 2010s 2010 : Mike Brewster ( C ) , Chimdi Chekwa ( DB ) 2012 : Johnathan Hankins ( DT ) , Bradley Roby ( CB ) 2013 : Ryan Shazier ( LB ) , Jack Mewhort ( T ) 2014 : Joey Bosa ( DE ) . Michael Bennett ( DL ) 2015 : Vonn Bell ( SAF ) , Joey Bosa ( DE ) , Taylor Decker ( OT ) , Adolphus Washington ( DT ) 2016 : Pat Elflein ( C ) , Malik Hooker ( SAF ) , Billy Price ( G ) , Curtis Samuel ( HB ) 2017 : Billy Price ( C ) , Denzel Ward ( CB ) Nick Bosa ( DE ) Team MVP ( edit ) 1930 : Wes Fesler -- ( E ) -- Big Ten MVP 1931 : Robert Haubrich -- ( OT ) 1932 : Lew Hinchman -- ( HB ) 1933 : Mickey Vuchinich -- ( FB ) 1934 : Gomer Jones -- ( C ) 1935 : Gomer Jones -- ( C ) 1936 : Ralph Wolf -- ( C ) 1937 : Ralph Wolf -- ( C ) 1938 : Jim Langhurst -- ( FB ) 1939 : Steve Andrako -- ( C ) 1940 : Don Scott -- ( C ) 1941 : Jack Graf -- ( FB ) -- Big Ten MVP 1942 : Chuck Csuri -- ( OT ) 1943 : Gordon Appleby -- ( C ) 1944 : Les Horvath -- ( QB ) -- Big Ten MVP 1945 : Ollie Cline -- ( FB ) -- Big Ten MVP 1946 : Cecil Souders -- ( E ) 1947 : Dave Templeton -- ( G ) 1948 : Joe Whisler -- ( FB ) 1949 : Jack Lininger -- ( C ) 1950 : Vic Janowicz -- ( HB ) -- Big Ten MVP 1951 : Vic Janowicz -- ( HB ) 1952 : Fred Bruney -- ( HB ) 1953 : George Jacoby -- ( T ) 1954 : Howard Cassady -- ( HB ) 1955 : Howard Cassady -- ( HB ) -- Big Ten MVP 1956 : Jim Parker -- ( G ) 1957 : Bill Jobko -- ( G ) 1958 : Jim Houston -- ( E ) 1959 : Jim Houston -- ( E ) 1960 : Tom Matte -- ( QB ) 1961 : Bob Ferguson -- ( FB ) 1962 : Billy Armstrong -- ( C ) 1963 : Matt Snell -- ( FB ) 1964 : Ed Orazen -- ( DL ) 1965 : Doug Van Horn -- ( OG ) 1966 : Ray Pryor -- ( C ) 1967 : Dirk Worden -- ( LB ) 1968 : Mark Stier -- ( LB ) 1969 : Jim Otis -- ( FB ) 1970 : Jim Stillwagon -- ( DL ) 1971 : Tom DeLeone -- ( C ) 1972 : George Hasenohrl -- ( DL ) 1973 : Archie Griffin -- ( RB ) -- Big Ten MVP 1974 : Archie Griffin -- ( RB ) -- Big Ten MVP 1975 : Cornelius Greene -- ( QB ) -- Big Ten MVP 1976 : Bob Brudzinski -- ( DE ) 1977 : Dave Adkins -- ( LB ) 1978 : Tom Cousineau -- ( LB ) 1979 : Jim Laughlin -- ( LB ) 1980 : Calvin Murray -- ( TB ) 1981 : Art Schlichter -- ( QB ) -- Big Ten MVP 1982 : Tim Spencer -- ( RB ) 1983 : John Frank -- ( TE ) 1984 : Keith Byars -- ( RB ) -- Big Ten MVP 1985 : Jim Karsatos -- ( QB ) 1986 : Cris Carter -- ( WR ) 1987 : Chris Spielman -- ( LB ) 1988 : Jeff Uhlenhake -- ( C ) 1989 : Derek Isaman -- ( LB ) 1990 : Jeff Graham -- ( WR ) 1991 : Carlos Snow -- ( TB ) 1992 : Kirk Herbstreit -- ( QB ) 1993 : Raymont Harris -- ( TB ) 1994 : Korey Stringer -- ( OT ) 1995 : Eddie George -- ( TB ) -- Big Ten MVP 1996 : Orlando Pace -- ( OT ) -- Big Ten MVP 1997 : Antoine Winfield -- ( DB ) 1998 : Joe Germaine -- ( QB ) -- Big Ten MVP 1999 : Ahmed Plummer -- ( DB ) 2000 : Derek Combs -- ( TB ) 2001 : Jonathan Wells -- ( TB ) 2002 : Craig Krenzel -- ( QB ) / Chris Gamble -- ( WR / DB ) 2003 : Michael Jenkins -- ( WR ) 2004 : Mike Nugent -- ( PK ) 2005 : A.J. Hawk -- ( LB ) 2006 : Troy Smith -- ( QB ) -- Big Ten MVP 2007 : Chris Wells -- ( TB ) 2008 : Chris Wells -- ( TB ) 2009 : Kurt Coleman -- ( SS ) 2010 : Dane Sanzenbacher -- ( WR ) 2011 : Daniel Herron -- ( TB ) 2012 : Braxton Miller -- ( QB ) -- Big Ten MVP 2013 : Braxton Miller -- ( QB ) -- Big Ten MVP 2014 : Evan Spencer -- ( WR ) 2015 : Ezekiel Elliott -- ( RB ) -- Big Ten MVP 2016 : Malik Hooker -- ( SAF ) / Pat Elflein -- ( C ) All - Century Team ( edit ) See also : Ohio State Football All - Century Team Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Award ( edit ) 2002 : Jim Tressel AFCA Coach of the Year ( edit ) 1944 : Carroll Widdoes 1957 : Woody Hayes 1979 : Earle Bruce 2002 : Jim Tressel Academic awards and achievements ( edit ) College Sports Information Directors of America Academic All - America ( edit ) Academic All - American Hall of Fame ( edit ) 1992 : Randy Gradishar Academic All - American Player of the Year ( edit ) 2003 : Craig Krenzel ( Quarterback ) Academic All - Americans ( edit ) 1952 : John Borton ( Quarterback ) 1954 : Dick Hilnski ( Tackle ) 1958 : Bob White ( Fullback ) 1961 : Tom Perdue ( End ) 1965 : Bill Ridder ( Middle guard ) 1966 : Dave Foley ( Offensive tackle ) 1967 : Dave Foley ( Offensive tackle ) 1968 : Dave Foley ( Offensive tackle ) 1969 : Bill Urbanik ( Defensive tackle ) 1971 : Rick Simon ( Offensive tackle ) 1973 : Randy Gradishar ( Linebacker ) 1974 : Brian Baschnagel ( Running back ) 1975 : Brian Baschnagel ( Running back ) 1976 : Pete Johnson ( Fullback ) 1977 : Jeff Logan ( Running back ) 1980 : Marcus Marek ( Linebacker ) 1982 : Joe Smith ( Offensive tackle ) 1982 : John Frank ( Tight end ) 1983 : John Frank ( Tight end ) 1983 : Dave Crecelius ( Defensive tackle ) 1984 : Dave Crecelius ( Defensive tackle ) 1984 : Mike Lanese ( Wide receiver ) 1984 : Anthony Tiuliani ( Defensive tackle ) 1985 : Mike Lanese ( Wide receiver ) 1987 : Joe Staysniak ( Offensive tackle ) 1989 : Joe Staysniak ( Offensive tackle ) 1990 : Greg Smith ( Defensive Line ) 1992 : Len Hartman ( Offensive guard ) 1992 : Greg Smith ( Defensive line ) 1995 : Greg Bellisari ( Linebacker ) 1996 : Greg Bellisari ( Linebacker ) 1998 : Jerry Rudzinski ( Linebacker ) 1999 : Ahmed Plummer ( Cornerback ) 2002 : Craig Krenzel ( Quarterback ) 2003 : Craig Krenzel ( Quarterback ) 2006 : Anthony Gonzalez ( Wide receiver ) 2006 : Stan White , Jr . ( Fullback ) 2007 : Brian Robiskie ( Wide receiver ) 2008 : Brian Robiskie ( Wide receiver ) 2014 : Jacoby Boren ( Center ) 2015 : Jacoby Boren ( Center ) 2015 : Jack Willoughby ( Kicker ) 2016 : Sam Hubbard ( Defensive line ) National football Foundation and college football Hall of Fame ( edit ) William V. Campbell Trophy ( edit ) 1995 Bobby Hoying 2003 Craig Krenzel National Scholar - Athlete awards ( edit ) Ohio State 's eighteen NFF Scholar - Athlete Awards rank second only to Nebraska 's twenty among all college football programs . 1965 Willard Sander 1968 David Foley 1970 Rex Kern 1973 Randy Gradishar 1975 Brian Baschnagel 1979 Jim Laughlin 1982 Joe Smith 1983 John Frank 1984 Dave Crecelius 1985 Mike Lanese 1989 Joe Staysniak 1990 Greg Frey 1992 Greg Smith 1994 Joey Galloway 1995 Bobby Hoying 1996 Greg Bellisari 1999 Ahmed Plummer College Football Hall of Fame ( edit ) Beginning with Chic Harley and Howard Jones in the 1951 inaugural class , Ohio State has had 32 former players and coaches inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame 1951 Chic Harley 1951 Howard Jones 1954 Wes Fesler 1954 John Wilce 1969 Les Horvath 1971 Bill Willis 1971 Francis Schmidt 1973 Gaylord Stinchcomb 1974 Jim Parker 1975 Gust Zarnas 1976 Vic Janowicz 1977 Jim Daniell 1978 Gomer Jones 1979 Howard `` Hopalong '' Cassady 1983 Woody Hayes 1984 Warren Amling 1986 Archie Griffin 1989 Aurealius Thomas 1991 Jim Stillwagon 1996 Bob Ferguson 1998 Randy Gradishar 2001 John Hicks 2002 Earle Bruce 2004 Jack Tatum 2005 Jim Houston 2007 Rex Kern 2008 John Cooper 2009 Chris Spielman 2011 Eddie George 2013 Orlando Pace 2015 Jim Tressel 2016 Tom Cousineau Individual school records ( edit ) See also : Ohio State Buckeyes football statistical leaders and Ohio State Buckeyes football yearly statistical leaders This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The following are Ohio State football statistical leaders . Rushing records ( edit ) Most rushing attempts , career : 924 , Archie Griffin ( 1972 -- 1975 ) Most rushing attempts , season : 336 , Keith Byars ( 1984 ) Most rushing attempts , game : 44 , Champ Henson ( November 18 , 1972 vs. Northwestern ) Most rushing yards , career : 5,589 , Archie Griffin ( 1972 -- 1975 ) Most rushing yards , season : 1,927 , Eddie George ( 1995 ) Most rushing yards , game : 314 , Eddie George ( November 11 , 1995 vs. Illinois ) Most rushing yards against Michigan , game : 226 , Carlos Hyde ( November 30 , 2013 ) Most rushing touchdowns , career : 56 , Pete Johnson ( 1973 -- 1976 ) Most rushing touchdowns , season : 25 , Pete Johnson ( 1975 ) Most rushing touchdowns , game : 5 , Pete Johnson ( September 27 , 1975 vs. North Carolina ) and Keith Byars ( October 13 , 1984 vs. Illinois ) Longest run from scrimmage : 89 yards , Gene Fekete ( November 7 , 1942 vs. Pittsburgh ) and Dan `` Boom '' Herron ( November 27 , 2010 vs. Michigan ) Most games with at least 100 rushing yards , career : 34 , Archie Griffin ( 1972 -- 1975 ) Most games with at least 100 rushing yards , season : 12 , Eddie George ( 1995 ) Most games with at least 200 rushing yards , career : 5 Eddie George ( 1992 -- 1995 ) Most games with at least 200 rushing yards , season : 3 , Eddie George ( 1995 ) and Ezekiel Elliott ( 2014 ) Passing records ( edit ) Most passing attempts , career : 1,194 , JT Barrett ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Most passing attempts , season : 384 , Joe Germaine ( 1998 ) Most passing attempts , game : 52 , Art Schlichter ( October 3 , 1981 vs. Florida State ) Most passing completions , career : 758 , JT Barrett ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Most passing completions , season : 239 , JT Barrett ( 2017 ) Most passing completions , game : 33 , JT Barrett ( October 28 , 2017 vs. Penn State ) Most passing yards , career : 9,320 , JT Barrett ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Most passing yards , season : 3,330 , Joe Germaine ( 1998 ) Most passing yards , game : 458 , Art Schlichter ( October 3 , 1981 vs. Florida State ) Most passing touchdowns , career : 104 , JT Barrett ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Most passing touchdowns , season : 35 , JT Barrett ( 2017 ) Most passing touchdowns , game : 6 , Kenny Guiton ( September 21 , 2013 vs. FAMU ) JT Barrett ( September 13 , 2014 vs. Kent State ) Longest pass completion : 90 yards , Kenny Guiton to Devin Smith ( September 14 , 2013 vs. California ) Most games with at least 200 passing yards , career : 26 , JT Barrett ( 2014 -- 2017 ) Most games with at least 200 passing yards , season : 11 , Bobby Hoying ( 1995 ) and Joe Germaine ( 1998 ) Most games with at least 300 passing yards , career : 8 , JT Barrett ( 2014 - 2017 ) and Joe Germaine ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Most games with at least 300 passing yards , season : 7 , Joe Germaine ( 1998 ) Receiving records ( edit ) Most receptions , career : 191 , David Boston ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Most receptions , season : 85 , David Boston ( 1998 ) Most receptions , game : 14 , David Boston ( October 11 , 1997 vs. Penn State ) Most receiving yards , career : 2,898 , Michael Jenkins ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Most receiving yards , season : 1,435 , David Boston ( 1998 ) Most receiving yards , game : 253 , Terry Glenn ( September 23 , 1995 vs. Pittsburgh ) Most touchdown receptions , career : 34 , David Boston ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Most touchdown receptions , season : 17 , Terry Glenn ( 1995 ) Most touchdown receptions , game : 4 , Bob Grimes ( October 18 , 1952 vs. Washington State ) and Terry Glenn ( September 23 , 1995 vs. Pittsburgh ) and Dane Sanzenbacher ( September 25 , 2010 vs. Eastern Michigan ) and Noah Brown ( September 17 , 2016 vs. Oklahoma ) Longest pass reception : 90 yards , Devin Smith from Kenny Guiton ( September 14 , 2013 vs. California ) Most games with at least 100 receiving yards , career : 14 , David Boston ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Most games with at least 100 receiving yards , season : 9 , David Boston ( 1998 ) Yards per Reception : 26.4 , Jim Houston ( 1957 -- 1959 ) Kickoff return records ( edit ) Most kickoff returns , career : 72 , Maurice Hall ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Most kickoff returns , season : 31 , Ken - Yon Rambo ( 1999 ) Most kickoff returns , game : 7 , Vince Workman ( November 7 , 1987 vs. Wisconsin ) Most kickoff return yards , career : 1,642 , Maurice Hall ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Most kickoff return yards , season : 653 , Ken - Yon Rambo ( 1999 ) Most kickoff return yards , game : 213 , Carlos Snow ( September 17 , 1988 vs. Pittsburgh ) Most kickoff return touchdowns , career : 2 , Dean Sensanbaugher ( 1943 -- 1947 ) , Lenny Willis ( 1974 ) , and Ted Ginn , Jr. ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Longest kickoff return : 103 yards , Dean Sensanbaugher ( October 9 , 1943 vs. Great Lakes ) Punt return records ( edit ) Most punt returns , career : 98 , David Boston ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Most punt returns , season : 47 , David Boston ( 1997 ) ( also a Big Ten Conference record ) Most punt returns , game : 9 , Tom Campana ( October 16 , 1971 vs. Indiana ) Most punt return yards , career : 959 , David Boston ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Most punt return yards , season : 679 , Neal Colzie ( 1973 ) ( also a Big Ten Conference record ) Most punt return yards , game : 170 , Neal Colzie ( November 10 , 1973 vs. Michigan State ) Most punt return touchdowns , career : 6 , Ted Ginn , Jr. ( 2004 -- 2006 ) ( also a Big Ten Conference record ) Longest punt return : 90 yards , Brian Hartline ( October 13 , 2007 vs. Kent State ) Kicking records ( edit ) Most kicking points , career : 356 , Mike Nugent ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Most kicking points , season : 122 , Devin Barclay ( 2010 ) Highest extra points percentage , career : 100 % , Devin Barclay ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Most consecutive extra points made , career : 86 , Tim Williams ( 1991 -- 1993 ) Highest field goal percentage , career : 81.8 % , Mike Nugent ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Most consecutive field goals made , career : 24 , Mike Nugent ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Longest field goal made : 59 yards , Tom Skladany ( 1975 vs. Illinois ) Punting records ( edit ) Most punt yards , career : 9,927 , Brent Bartholomew ( 1995 -- 1998 ) Most punt yards , season : 3,553 , B.J. Sander ( 2003 ) Most punt yards , game : 685 , Vic Janowicz ( 1950 vs. Michigan ) Highest average punt yards , career : 45.0 , Andy Groom ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Highest average punt yards , season : 47.1 , Tom Tupa ( 1984 ) Longest punt : 87 yards , Karl Edwards ( 1983 vs. Illinois ) Former notable NFL players who played at Ohio State include : Lou Groza , Dante Lavelli , Jim Parker , Bill Willis , Paul Warfield , Jim Marshall , Jim Houston , Na'il Diggs , Jack Tatum , Randy Gradishar , Dick Schafrath , Jim Lachey , Tom Tupa , Chris Spielman , Robert Smith , Korey Stringer , Raymont Harris , A.J. Hawk , Cris Carter , Eddie George , James Laurinaitis , Mike Nugent , and DeVier Posey . Buckeyes in the NFL NFL Draft selections Total selected : 333 First picks in draft : 3 1st Round : 70 NFL achievements Total Players : 308 In the Super Bowl : 54 Hall of Famers : 10 Pro football Hall of Fame ( edit ) Beginning with Paul Brown in 1967 , Ohio State has had 11 former players , coaches and graduates enshrined into the Pro Football Hall of Fame third most behind Notre Dame ( 12 ) and USC ( 12 ) . 1967 Paul Brown 1973 Jim Parker 1974 Lou Groza 1975 Dante Lavelli 1977 Bill Willis 1983 Sid Gillman 1983 Paul Warfield 2010 Dick LeBeau 2011 Ed Sabol 2013 Cris Carter 2016 Orlando Pace Canadian football Hall of Fame ( edit ) Ohio State has 2 former players enshrined into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame . 1981 Frank Clair 1992 Don Sutherin Media ( edit ) Further information : Ohio State IMG Sports Network The Buckeyes are covered on the radio by the Ohio State IMG Sports Network . WBNS / Columbus ( 1460 AM ) and sister station WBNS - FM / Columbus ( 97.1 FM ) serve as flagship stations , with more than 60 affiliates in Ohio , and two additional affiliates in West Virginia . Paul Keels is the current play - by - play announcer , while former Buckeye left guard Jim Lachey serves as color analyst . They are joined by sideline reporter Matt Andrews and Skip Mosic , host of the network pregame and halftime shows . WBNS - TV ( channel 10 ) in Columbus is the long - standing `` official TV home '' of the Buckeyes , airing the official coach 's show Game Time with Urban Meyer ( simulcast statewide on Fox Sports Ohio ) . In addition , Ohio State football games are broadcast by their student radio organization , Scarlet and Gray Sports Radio on OhioStateSports.net Future non-conference opponents ( edit ) Announced schedules as of April 28 , 2017 . * 2018 game versus TCU will be played at AT&T Stadium . 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 vs Oregon State ( 9 / 1 ) vs Florida Atlantic ( 8 / 31 ) vs Bowling Green ( 9 / 5 ) vs Oregon ( 9 / 11 ) vs Notre Dame ( 9 / 3 ) vs Texas ( 9 / 16 ) at Washington ( 09 / 14 ) vs Washington ( 09 / 13 ) vs Boston College ( 9 / 19 ) at Boston College ( 9 / 18 ) vs TCU * ( 9 / 15 ) vs Cincinnati ( 9 / 7 ) at Oregon ( 9 / 12 ) vs Tulsa ( 09 / 18 ) at Texas ( 9 / 17 ) at Notre Dame ( 9 / 23 ) vs Tulane ( 9 / 22 ) vs Miami ( OH ) ( 9 / 21 ) vs Buffalo ( 9 / 19 ) vs Akron ( 9 / 25 ) Fan base ( edit ) In 2011 , New York Times reporter Nate Silver conducted a study of college football fans , and through his research determined that Ohio State has the most fans of any college football team in the country . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ * National Champions Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Brand Guidelines '' . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio Stadium '' . Ohio State Buckeyes . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ohio State Buckeyes Football Results by Year '' ( PDF ) . Ohio State Buckeyes.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dynasty Banner '' . Ohio State Buckeyes . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten History '' . Big Ten Conference . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Fiesta Bowl '' . FiestaBowl.org . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2012 . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Buckeyes introduce Urban Meyer as coach -- ESPN '' . ESPN . November 29 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : The Columbus Dispatch . `` NCAA : Ohio State banned from postseason play next season '' . Buckeyextra.com . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2012 . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indiana vs. Ohio State - Game Recap - November 22 , 2014 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ Wall Street Journal . `` How Much Is Your College Football Team Worth ? '' . wsj.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 3WKYC . `` Ohio State backup QB Joe Burrow takes shot at NCAA '' . wkc.com . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Roman , Robert J. ( 2017 ) . Ohio State Football : The Forgotten Dawn . University of Akron Press . ISBN 1629220663 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Christopher ( 2009 ) . Ohio State Football Football Huddleup , Triumph Books ( Random House , Inc . ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 60078 - 186 - 5 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Ohio State Spring Football 2008 -- Part 2 , OSU Athletics , Spring 2008 . Jump up ^ Park , p. 28 Jump up ^ Park , p. 166 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Team previews - Ohio State '' . SI.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Park , p. 275 Jump up ^ `` # 11 -- Iowa at Ohio State -- November 11 , 1957 '' . The Buckeye 50 Yard Line . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2006 . Retrieved October 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Park , pp. 340 and 342 . Jump up ^ `` UM - OSU more than just a game '' . ESPN . Retrieved October 13 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Park , p. 391 . Park has a picture of the rug . Jump up ^ `` Making ' Em Forget Woody '' . Time Magazine . November 12 , 1979 . Retrieved December 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Park , pp. 537 -- 538 Jump up ^ `` John Cooper Profile '' . TOSU Football Official Site . Retrieved December 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Cooper Will Be Back '' . New York Times . December 6 , 1992 . Retrieved December 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Coach Joining $1 Million Club '' . New York Times . March 1 , 1999 . Retrieved December 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Getting a Little Payback '' . CNN - Sports Illustrated . Retrieved December 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Tressel Eyes Finally Bucking the Wolverines '' . The Michigan Daily . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2007 . Retrieved December 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` BCS National Title Game Bowl preview '' . Covers.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Paul Keels ( 2003 ) . `` Chapter 1 Expectations '' . Paul Keels Tales from the Buckeyes ' Championship Season . Sports Publishing LLC . p. 6 . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 539 - X . Jump up ^ `` Tresselball just keeps winning '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Ridenour , Marla ( August 27 , 2003 ) . `` Ohio State must shake Luckeyes image '' . Akron Beacon - Journal . Retrieved December 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Terrelle Pryor , 5 other Ohio State football players suspended -- This Just In '' . CNN . December 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Buckeyes , Big Ten show they can rival both SEC 's teams and ethics '' . CNN . January 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tattoogate ( January 10 , 2012 ) '' , Marquette University Law School , January 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dohrmann , George , `` The Fall of Jim Tressel '' , Sports Illustrated , June 6 , 2011 , pp. 40 -- 48 . Jump up ^ The Columbus Dispatch ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` Ohio State vacates wins from 2010 football season , places program on probation The Columbus Dispatch '' . Dispatch.com . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Columbus Dispatch ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` Ohio State waives fine , instead will pay Tressel $52,250 The Columbus Dispatch '' . Dispatch.com . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Urban Meyer joins Ohio State Buckeyes as coach after 1 - year hiatus , sources say -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . November 28 , 2011 . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Buckeyes look to play 2013 spring game in Cincinnati '' . Newsnet5.com . Associated Press . June 20 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2013 . Retrieved June 2 , 2013 . 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Retrieved July 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Football Traditions '' . TOSU Football Official Site . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2007 . Retrieved July 27 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Block `` O '' `` . The Ohio State University . Retrieved July 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Tradition - Block O '' . Coach Tressel.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2006 . Retrieved July 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` The Lantern article on the Mirror Lake jump '' . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` School spirit trumps Mirror Lake 's cold , dirty water '' . Jump up ^ `` Tunnel of Pride '' . Coach Tressel.com . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2006 . Retrieved July 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Tradition - Carmen Ohio '' . Coach Tressel.com . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2006 . Retrieved July 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Porentas , John . `` Roots of Tressel Traditions May be Lost , but the Traditions Carry on at OSU '' . The O - Zone . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2008 . Retrieved October 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ TBDBITL Alumni Club , accessed January 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Leeann Parker , editor ( 2001 ) . Ohio State Football Gameday . The Ohio State Athletics Communications Office . p. 45 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Snyder , Mark ( April 28 , 2013 ) . `` Big Ten approves new divisions , schedule '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` Big 10 records '' . ESPN . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Opponents '' . Cfbdatawarehouse.com . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` No. 10 , Troy Smith to be honored in Ohio Stadium '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , OSU Athletics , Summer 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Buckeyes Radio Network '' . Ohio State Buckeyes . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ 52403 , Decisionmark Corp. 818 Dows Road SE , Cedar Rapids , Iowa . `` TitanTV Programming Guide -- What 's on TV , Movies , Reality Shows , and Local News '' . wbns.titantv.com . Jump up ^ FBSchedules.com , Ohio State Buckeyes Football Schedules and Future Schedules . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Buckeyes estimated to have the most fans of any college football team in the country , study finds '' . Further reading ( edit ) Jack Park ( 2002 ) . The Official Ohio State Football Encyclopedia . Sports Publishing LLC . ISBN 1 - 58261 - 006 - 1 . Jim Tressel ( 2003 ) . Jeff Snook , ed . What It Means To Be A Buckeye . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 57243 - 602 - 6 . Greenberg , S. ; Ratermann , D. ( 2004 ) . I Remember Woody . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 57243 - 674 - 3 . Robert Vare ( 1974 ) . Buckeye : A Study of Coach Woody Hayes and the Ohio State Football Machine . Harper 's Magazine Press . ISBN 0 - 06 - 129150 - 1 . 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-5573083288864112824	Confederate war finance	Confederate war finance - wikipedia Confederate war finance Jump to : navigation , search Front of Confederate notes ( back was unprinted ) Confederate war finance refers to the various means , fiscal and monetary , through which the Confederate States of America financed their war effort during the American Civil War . As the war lasted for virtually the entire existence of the nation , it dominated national finance . Early on in the war , the Confederacy relied mostly on tariffs on imports and taxes on exports . However , with the imposition of a voluntary self - embargo in 1861 ( intended to `` starve '' Europe of cotton and force diplomatic recognition of the Confederacy ) , as well as the blockade of Southern ports enforced by the Union Navy , the revenue from taxes on international trade became smaller and smaller . Likewise , the financing obtained through early voluntary donations of coins and bullion from private individuals in support of the Confederate cause , which early on were quite substantial , dried up by the end of 1861 . As a result , the Confederate government was forced to resort to other means of financing its military operations . A `` war - tax '' was enacted but proved difficult to collect . Likewise , the appropriation of Union property in the South and the forced repudiation of debts owned by Southerners to Northerners failed to raise substantial revenue . The subsequent issuance of government debt and substantial printing of the Confederate dollars contributed to high inflation which plagued the Confederacy until the end of the war , although the military setbacks in the field also played a role by causing loss of confidence and fueling inflationary expectations . At the beginning of the war , the Confederate dollar cost 90 ¢ worth of gold ( Union ) dollars . By the war 's end , its price had dropped to only . 017 ¢ . Overall , the price level in the south increased by over 9000 % during the war . The Secretary of the Treasury of the Confederate States , Christopher Memminger , was keenly aware of the economic problems posed by inflation and loss of confidence . However , political considerations limited internal taxation ability , and as long as the voluntary embargo and the Union blockade were in place , it was impossible to find adequate alternative sources of finance . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tax finance 2 Monetary finance and inflation 3 Debt finance 4 Revenue from international trade 5 Other sources of revenue 6 Expenditures 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Tax finance ( edit ) Christopher Memminger ( 1803 -- 1888 ) , the first Secretary of Treasury of the Confederate States of America The South financed a much lower proportion of its expenditures through direct taxes than the North . The share of direct taxes in total revenue for the North was about 20 % , while for the South the same share was only about 8 % . A major part of the reason why tax revenue did not play as large a role for the Confederacy was the individual states ' opposition to a strong central government and the belief in states ' rights which precluded giving too much taxing power to the government in Richmond . Another factor for not extending the tax system more broadly was the belief , present in both the North and the South , that the war would be of limited duration , and hence there was no compelling reason to increase the tax burden . However , the realities of the prolonged war , the necessity of paying interest on existing debt , and the drop in revenues from other sources , eventually forced both the central Confederate government and the individual states to agree to an imposition of a `` War Tax '' by the middle of 1861 . The law itself was passed on August 15 , 1861 and covered property of more than $500 ( Confederate ) in value and several luxury items . The tax was also levied on ownership of slaves . However , the tax proved very difficult to collect -- in 1862 , only 5 % of total revenue came from these direct taxes , and it was not until 1864 that this amount reached the still - low level of 10 % . Taking account of difficulty of collection , the Confederate Congress passed a `` Tax in Kind '' in April 1863 , which was set at one tenth of all agricultural product by state . This tax was directly tied to the provisioning of the Confederate Army and , despite the fact that it also ran into some collection problems , it was mostly successful . After its implementation it accounted for about half of total revenue , if converted into currency equivalent . Monetary finance and inflation ( edit ) Monthly price index in the Confederacy during the war rose from 100 in January 1861 to over 9200 in April 1865 . In addition to being fueled by dramatic increases in amount of money in circulation , prices also increased in response to negative news from the battlefield . The financing of war expenditures by the means of currency issues ( printing money ) was by far the major avenue resorted to by the Confederate government . Between 1862 and 1865 , more than 60 % of total revenue was created in this way . While the North doubled its money supply during the war , the money supply in the South increased twenty times over . The extensive reliance on the money - printing press to finance the war contributed significantly to the high inflation the South experienced over the course of the war , although fiscal matters and negative war news also played a role . Estimates of the extent of inflation vary by source , method used , estimation technique , and definition of the aggregate price level . According to a classic study by Eugene Lerner in 1956 , a standard price index of commodities rose from 100 at the beginning of the war to more than 9200 by the war 's de facto end in April 1865 . By October 1864 , the price index was at 2800 , which implies that a very large portion of the rise in prices occurred in the last six months of the war . This drop in the demand for money , the corresponding increase in `` velocity of money '' ( see next paragraph ) and the resulting rapid increase in the price level has been attributed to the loss of confidence in Southern military victory or the success of the South 's bid for independence . Quarterly inflation in the Confederacy during the war . Inflation is calculated as log growth rate of Lerner 's price index . Lerner used the quantity theory of money to decompose the inflation in the Confederacy during the war into that resulting from increases in money supply , changes in the velocity of money , and the change in real output of the Southern economy . According to the equation of exchange : M V = P Y ( \ displaystyle MV = PY ) where M is the money supply , V is the velocity of money ( related to people 's demand for money ) , P is the price level and Y is real output . If it is assumed that real incomes remained constant in the South during the war ( Lerner actually concluded that they fell by about 40 % ) then the equation implies that for the price level to increase 92 times in the presence of a 20 times increase in money supply , the velocity of money must have increased 4.6 times over ( 92 / 20 = 4.6 ) , reflecting a very significant drop in the demand for money . The problems of money - caused inflation were exacerbated by the influx of counterfeit bills from the North . These were plentiful because Southern `` Greybacks '' were fairly crude and easy to copy as the Confederacy lacked modern printing equipment . One of the largest and most famous of the Northern counterfeiters was Samuel C. Upham from Philadelphia . By one calculation Upham 's notes made up between 1 and 2.5 percent of all of the Confederate money supply between June 1862 and August 1863 . Jefferson Davis placed a $10,000 bounty on Upham , though the `` Yankee Scoundrel '' , as he was known in the South , evaded capture by Southern agents . Counterfeiting was a problem for the North as well , and the United States Secret Service was formed to deal with this problem . The Confederate `` Greyback '' . Note the stamp which indicates interest paid . Interest - paying money was one of the unique aspects of Confederate public finance . On April 1 , 1864 , the Currency Reform Act of 1864 went into effect . This decreased the Southern money supply by one - third . However , because of Union control of the Mississippi River , until January 1865 the law was effective only east of the Mississippi . A fairly peculiar economic phenomenon occurred during the war in that the Confederate government issued both regular money notes and interest - bearing money , although the United States did issue Interest Bearing Notes during the war that were legal tender for most financial transactions . The circulation of the interest - bearing money and the convertibility of one kind of money into the other was enforced by fiat and Southern banks were threatened with a return to the gold standard if they did not cooperate . Because of the amount of Southern debt held by foreigners , to ease currency convertibility , in 1863 the Confederate Congress decided to adopt the gold standard , although actual convertibility was not to come into effect until 1879 ( hence the law never went into effect , being supplanted by the Coinage Act of 1873 and the end of the Confederacy ) . Debt finance ( edit ) Quarterly growth rate of the Confederate primary deficit in real terms . The negative values after third quarter 1862 reflect mostly the inability to find willing purchasers for Confederate debt , as the military situation of the South deteriorated . Issued loans accounted for roughly 21 % of the finance of Confederate war expenditure . In fact , initially the South was more successful in selling debt than the North , partially because New Orleans was a major financial center , whose financiers bought up two - fifths of a 15 million dollar loan in early 1861 . The two main types of loans issued by the South during the war were `` Cotton Bonds '' , denominated in pounds sterling and sold in London , and high risk unbacked loans sold in the Netherlands . The Cotton Bonds were also convertible directly into bales of cotton , with a caveat , included as a means of political pressure on European countries to recognize the Confederacy , that any such shipments needed to be picked up by the bondholder in one of the blockaded Southern ports ( mostly New Orleans ) . Cotton Bonds initially were very popular and in high demand among the British ; William Ewart Gladstone , who at the time was the Chancellor of the Exchequer , was supposedly one of the buyers . The Confederate government managed to honor the Cotton Bonds throughout the war , and in fact their price rose steeply until the fall of Atlanta to Sherman , reflecting the increase in the underlying cotton prices and perhaps the possibility that George B. McClellan might get elected as US President on a peace platform . In contrast , the price of the Dutch - issued high risk loans fell throughout the war , and the South selectively defaulted on servicing these obligations . Revenue from international trade ( edit ) USS Monitor in action with CSS Virginia , March 9 , 1862 . The Union blockade seriously hampered the Confederacy 's ability to raise revenue through import tariffs . In the beginning of the war , the majority of finance for the Southern government came via duties on international trade . The import tariff , enacted in May 1861 , was set at 12.5 % and it roughly matched in coverage the previously existing Federal tariff , the Tariff of 1857 . Between February 17 and May 1 of 1861 , 65 % of all government revenue was raised from the import tariff . However , revenue from the tariffs all but disappeared after the Union imposed its blockade of Southern coasts . By November 1861 the proportion of government revenue coming from custom duties had dropped to one - half of one percent . Secretary of Treasure Memminger had expected that the tariff would bring in about 25 million dollars in revenue in the first year alone . In fact , the total revenue raised in this way during the entire war was only about $3.4 million . A similar source of funds was to be the tax on exports of cotton . However , in addition to the difficulties associated with the blockade , the self - imposed embargo on cotton meant that for all practical purposes the tax was completely ineffective as a fund raiser . Initial optimistic estimates of revenue to be collected through this tax ran as high as 20 million dollars , but in the end only $30 thousand was collected . Other sources of revenue ( edit ) Confederate half dollar coin The Confederate government also tried to raise revenue through unorthodox means . Early on ( in the first half of 1861 ) , when the support for the separation from the Union and the military effort was running strong , the donation of coins and gold to the government accounted for about 35 % of all sources of government funds . This source , however , dried up over time as individuals and institutions in the South both ran down their personal holdings of bullion and became more unwilling to make donations as war - weariness set in . As a consequence , by the summer of 1862 , the share of government revenue coming from these donations fell to less than 1 % . Over the course of the entire war this source of revenue contributed only 0.2 % of total wartime expenditure . Another potential source of finance could be found in the property and physical capital owned by Northerners in the South , and the debts owed by individuals in a parallel manner . The Sequestration Act of 1861 provided for confiscation of all Union `` lands , tenements , goods and chattels , right and credits '' and the transfer of debt obligation on the part of Confederate citizens from Northern creditors directly to the Confederate government . However , many Southerners proved unwilling to transfer their debt obligations . Furthermore , what exactly constituted `` Northern property '' proved hard to define in practice . As a result , the share of this source of revenue in government funding never exceeded 0.34 % and ultimately contributed only 0.25 % to the overall financial war effort . Expenditures ( edit ) Shares of expenditures by category , 1861 to 1864 . While , unsurprisingly , military spending constituted the largest part of the national government 's budget over the course of the war , over time the payment of interest and principal on acquired debt grew as a share of the Confederate government 's expenditure . While initially , in early 1861 , war expenditure was 95 % of the budget , by October 1864 that share fell to 40 % , with the majority of the rest ( 56 % overall ) being accounted for by debt service . Civilian expenditures and spending on the Navy ( recorded separately from general war expenditures in Confederate records ) never exceeded 10 % of the budget . See also ( edit ) Economy of the Confederate States of America Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Burdekin and Langdana , pp. 352 -- 362 ^ Jump up to : Neal , p. xxiii ^ Jump up to : Weidenmier ^ Jump up to : Godfrey , p. 14 ^ Jump up to : Tregarthen , Rittenberg , p. 240 Jump up ^ Lerner , Journal of Political Economy Jump up ^ Weidenmier , Business and Economic History Jump up ^ Weigley , p. 69 ^ Jump up to : Todd , p. 123 References ( edit ) Richard Burdekin and Farrokh Langdana , `` War Finance in the Southern Confederacy , 1861 - 1865 '' , Explorations in Economic History , Vol 30 , No 3 , July 1993 . John Munro Godfrey , `` Monetary expansion in the Confederacy '' , Dissertations in American economic history , Ayer Publishing , 1978 . Niall Ferguson , `` The ascent of money : a financial history of the world '' , Penguin Group , 2008 . Eugene Lerner , `` Money , Prices and Wages in the Confederacy , 1861 - 1865 '' , Journal of Political Economy , 63 , 1955 . Larry Neal , `` War finance , Volume 1 '' , Volume 12 of The International library of macroeconomic and financial history , Edward Elgar Publishing , 1994 . Richard Cecil Todd , `` Confederate Finance '' , University of Georgia Press , 2009 . Timothy D. Tregarthen , Libby Rittenberg , `` Macroeconomics '' , Macmillan , 1999 , p. 240 . Marc Weidenmier , `` Money and Finance in the Confederate States of America '' , EH.Net Encyclopedia . Marc Weidenmier , `` Bogus Money Matters : Sam Upham and His Confederate Counterfeiting Business '' Business and Economic History 28 no . 2 ( 1999b ) : 313 - 324 . Russell Frank Weigley , `` A great Civil War : a military and political history , 1861 - 1865 '' , Indiana University Press , 2000 . ( hide ) American Civil War Origins Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. Sandford Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Charles Sumner Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union ( USA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy ( CSA ) Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans - Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major Campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson 's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan 's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond - Petersburg Franklin -- Nashville Price 's Raid Sherman 's March Carolinas Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson 's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement ( by state or territory ) AL AK AR AZ CA CO CT DC DE FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY Leaders Confederate Military R.H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A.S. Johnston J.E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Price Semmes E.K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D.D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath U.S. Constitution Reconstruction amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks -- Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax Riot of 1873 Eufaula Riot of 1874 Freedmen 's Bureau Freedman 's Savings Bank Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Kirk - Holden War Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Memphis Riot of 1866 Meridian Riot of 1871 New Orleans Riot of 1866 Pulaski ( Tennessee ) Riot of 1867 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Confederate refugees Confederados Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission Homestead acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 White League post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate monuments and memorials Removal of public symbols of the Confederacy Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Southern Historical Society United Daughters of the Confederacy Monuments and memorials Union List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic Memorials to Abraham Lincoln Confederate List of monuments and memorials of the Confederate States of America Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials List of memorials to Robert E. Lee List of memorials to Jefferson Davis Annapolis Roger B. Taney Monument Baltimore Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument Confederate Women 's Monument Roger B. Taney Monument Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson Monument Durham , North Carolina Robert E. Lee Monument New Orleans Battle of Liberty Place Monument Jefferson Davis Monument General Beauregard Equestrian Statue Robert E. Lee Monument Cemeteries Confederate Memorial Day Ladies ' memorial associations U.S. Memorial Day U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg Reunion Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers ' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Related topics Military Arms Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate Revolving Cannon Field artillery Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Leadership Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States Presidential Election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Other topics Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Revival of 1863 Music Naming the war Native Americans Cherokee Choctaw New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City Riot of 1863 Photographers Richmond Riot of 1863 Sexuality Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confederate_war_finance&oldid=769051638 '' Categories : Economic history of the American Civil War Economic history of the Confederate States of America Hidden categories : Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 7 March 2017 , at 08 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the biggest source of war funding come from during the civil war	[ "The financing of war expenditures by the means of currency issues (printing money) was by far the major avenue resorted to by the Confederate government. Between 1862 and 1865, more than 60% of total revenue was created in this way.[4] While the North doubled its money supply during the war, the money supply in the South increased twenty times over.[5]" ]	[ "printing money" ]
5396129670103034972	City of Manchester Stadium	City of Manchester stadium - wikipedia City of Manchester stadium Not to be confused with Docklands Stadium , also named Etihad Stadium , in Melbourne , Australia . City of Manchester Stadium City of Manchester Stadium in February 2016 Location Etihad Campus Manchester M11 3FF Coordinates 53 ° 28 ′ 59 '' N 2 ° 12 ′ 1 '' W / 53.48306 ° N 2.20028 ° W / 53.48306 ; - 2.20028 Coordinates : 53 ° 28 ′ 59 '' N 2 ° 12 ′ 1 '' W / 53.48306 ° N 2.20028 ° W / 53.48306 ; - 2.20028 Public transit Etihad Campus tram stop Velopark tram stop Owner Manchester City Council Operator Manchester City F.C. Executive suites 70 Capacity 41,000 -- 2002 Commonwealth Games 55,097 -- Domestic football 53,000 -- UEFA - governed football 60,000 -- Music concerts Record attendance 54,693 ( Manchester City vs Leicester City , 6 February 2016 ) Field size 115 by 74 yards ( 105 by 68 m ) Surface Desso GrassMaster Construction Broke ground 12 December 1999 Opened 25 July 2002 ( as athletics stadium ) 10 August 2003 ( as football stadium ) Renovated 2002 -- 2003 ( converted to current use ) Expanded 2014 -- 2015 ( 47,400 to 55,097 seats ) Construction cost £ 112 million ( athletics stadium ) £ 22 million ( football conversion ) £ 20 million ( football fit - out ) Architect ArupSport ( stadium design ) KSS Design Group ( interior fitout ) Populous ( stadium expansion ) Structural engineer Arup Associates General contractor Laing Construction Ltd. ( initial construction ) , Laing O'Rourke ( stadium conversion & later expansion ) Main contractors Watson Steel Ltd. ( initial steelwork construction ) Tenants Manchester City F.C. ( 2003 -- present ) Major sporting events hosted 2002 Commonwealth Games 2005 UEFA Women 's Championship 2008 UEFA Cup Final Ricky Hatton vs. Juan Lazcano ( 2008 IBO world title ) 2015 Rugby Union World Cup Rugby League Magic Weekend 2012 , 2013 , 2014 Also see : Major concert events hosted Website Visiting the Etihad Stadium The City of Manchester Stadium in Manchester , England , also known as the Etihad Stadium for sponsorship reasons , is the home ground of Manchester City Football Club and with a domestic football capacity of 55,097 , the fourth - largest in the Premier League and eighth - largest in the United Kingdom . Built to host the 2002 Commonwealth Games , the stadium has since staged the 2008 UEFA Cup Final , England football internationals , rugby league matches , a boxing world title fight , the England rugby union team 's last match of the 2015 Rugby World Cup and summer music concerts during the football off - season . The stadium , originally proposed as an athletics arena in Manchester 's bid for the 2000 Summer Olympics , was converted after the 2002 Commonwealth Games from a 38,000 capacity arena to a 48,000 seat football stadium at a cost to the city council of £ 22 million and to Manchester City of £ 20 million . Manchester City F.C. agreed to lease the stadium from Manchester City Council and moved there from Maine Road in the summer of 2003 . The stadium was built by Laing Construction at a cost of £ 112 million and was designed and engineered by ArupSport , whose design incorporated a cable - stayed roof structure which is separated from the main stadium bowl and suspended entirely by twelve exterior masts and attached cables . The stadium design has received much praise and many accolades , including an award from the Royal Institute of British Architects in 2004 for its innovative inclusive building design and a special award in 2003 from the Institution of Structural Engineers for its unique structural design . In August 2015 , a 7,000 seat third tier on the South Stand was completed , in time for the start of the 2015 -- 16 football season . The expansion was designed to be in keeping with the existing roof design . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Background 1.2 2002 Commonwealth Games 1.3 Stadium conversion 1.4 Stadium expansion 2 Architecture 2.1 Iconic roof design 2.2 Facilities and pitch 3 Names 4 SportCity 4.1 Public sculpture 5 Stadium firsts 6 Reception 7 Etihad Campus 7.1 Etihad Campus and CFA 7.2 Community outreach / Urban regeneration 8 Transport 9 Other uses 9.1 Concerts 9.2 Other football events 9.3 Other sports 10 England national football games 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) See also : Bids for the 1996 Summer Olympics , 2000 Summer Olympics bids , and 2002 Commonwealth Games Plans to build a new stadium in Manchester were formulated before 1989 as part of the city 's bid to host the 1996 Summer Olympics . Manchester City Council submitted a bid that included a design for an 80,000 - capacity stadium on a greenfield site west of Manchester city centre . The bid failed and Atlanta hosted the Games . Four years later the city council bid to host the 2000 Summer Olympics , but this time focusing on a brownfield site 1.6 kilometres ( 0.99 mi ) east of the city centre on derelict land that was the site of Bradford Colliery , known colloquially as Eastlands . The council 's shift in focus was driven by emerging government legislation on urban renewal , promising vital support funding for such projects ; the government became involved in funding the purchase and clearance of the Eastlands site in 1992 . For the February 1993 bid the city council submitted another 80,000 - capacity stadium design produced by design consultants Arup Associates , the firm that helped select the Eastlands site . On 23 September 1993 , the games were awarded to Sydney , but the following year Manchester submitted the same scheme design to the Millennium Commission as a `` Millennium Stadium '' , only to have this proposal rejected . Undeterred , Manchester City Council subsequently bid to host the 2002 Commonwealth Games , once again proposing the same site along with downsized stadium plans derived from the 2000 Olympics bid , and this time were successful . In 1996 , this same planned stadium competed with Wembley Stadium to gain funding to become the new national stadium , but the money was used to redevelop Wembley . After successful athletics events at the Commonwealth Games , conversion into a football venue was criticised by athletics figures such as Jonathan Edwards and Sebastian Coe as , at the time , the United Kingdom still lacked plans for a large athletics venue due to the capability of installing an athletics track having been dropped from the designs for a rebuilt Wembley Stadium . Had either of the two larger stadium proposals developed by Arup been agreed for funding , then Manchester would have ended up with a venue capable of being adapted to hosting large - scale athletics events through the use of movable seating . Sport England wished to avoid creating a white elephant , so they insisted that the City Council agree to undertake and fund extensive work to convert CoMS from a track and field arena to a football stadium , thereby ensuring its long - term financial viability . Sport England hoped either Manchester City Council or Manchester City F.C. would provide the extra £ 50 million required to convert the stadium to a 65,000 seater athletics and footballing venue with movable seating . However , Manchester City Council did not have the money to facilitate movable seating and Manchester City were lukewarm about the idea . Stadium architects Arup Sport believed history demonstrated that maintaining a rarely used athletics track often does not work with football -- and cited examples such as the Stadio delle Alpi and the Olympic Stadium with both Juventus and Bayern Munich moving to new stadiums less than 40 years after inheriting them . 2002 Commonwealth Games ( edit ) See also : 2002 Commonwealth Games Model of 80,000 - seat stadium used in 2000 Olympic Bid . The proposed stadium was a larger design of CoMS , with more access ramps and masts . The stadium 's foundation stone was laid by Prime Minister Tony Blair in December 1999 , and construction began in January 2000 . The stadium was designed by Arup Associates and constructed by Laing Construction at a cost of approximately £ 112 million , £ 77 million of which was provided by Sport England , with the remainder funded by Manchester City Council . For the Commonwealth Games , the stadium featured a single lower tier of seating running around three sides of the athletics track , and second tiers to the two sides , with an open - air temporary stand at the northern end ; initially providing a seating capacity for the Games of 38,000 , subsequently extended to 41,000 through the installation of additional temporary trackside seating along the east and south stands . The first public event at the stadium was the opening ceremony of the 2002 Commonwealth Games on 25 July 2002 . Among the dignitaries present was Queen Elizabeth II who made a speech , delivered to her in an electronic baton , and ' declared the Commonwealth Games open ' . During the following ten days of competition , the stadium hosted the track and field events and all the rugby sevens matches . Sixteen new Commonwealth Games track and field records ( six men 's and ten women 's ) were set in the stadium , eight of which ( three men 's and five women 's records ) are still extant after three subsequent series of Games in 2006 , 2010 and 2014 . Prior to the 2012 Summer Olympics held in London , the 2002 Games was the largest multi-sport event ever to be staged in the United Kingdom , eclipsing the earlier London 1948 Summer Olympics in numbers of teams and competing athletes ( 3,679 ) , and it was the world 's first multi-sport tournament to include a limited number of full medal events for elite athletes with a disability ( EAD ) . In terms of number of participating nations , it is still the largest Commonwealth Games in history , featuring 72 nations competing in 281 events across seventeen ( fourteen individual and three team ) sports . Stadium conversion ( edit ) The Commonwealth Games configuration had two tiers of seats During conversion , the athletics track was excavated and the stadium pitch level reduced to create three tiers Sections of the track were removed and relaid at other athletics venues , and the internal ground level was lowered to make way for an additional tier of seating , on terracing already constructed then buried for the original configuration . The three temporary stands with a total capacity of 16,000 were dismantled , and replaced with a permanent structure of similar design to the existing one at the southern end . This work took nearly a year to complete and added 23,000 permanent seats , increasing the capacity of the converted stadium by 7,000 to approximately 48,000 . Manchester City F.C. moved to the ground in time for the start of the 2003 -- 04 season . The total cost of this conversion was in excess of £ 40 million , with the track , pitch and seating conversion being funded by the city council at a cost of £ 22 million ; and the installation of bars , restaurants and corporate entertainment areas throughout the stadium being funded by the football club at a cost of £ 20 million . The Games had made a small operating surplus , and Sport England agreed that this could be reinvested in converting the athletics warm - up track adjacent to the main stadium into the 6,000 seat Manchester Regional Arena at a cost of £ 3.5 million . Stadium expansion ( edit ) South Stand after expansion in 2015 The stadium is owned by Manchester City Council and leased by the football club . The 2008 takeover made the football club one of the wealthiest in the world , prompting suggestions that it could consider buying the stadium outright . Manchester City signed an agreement with Manchester City Council in March 2010 to allow a £ 1 billion redevelopment led by architect Rafael Viñoly . During the 2010 closed season the football pitch and hospitality areas were renovated , with a £ 1 million investment being made in the playing surface so that it is better able to tolerate concerts and other events without damage . In October 2010 , Manchester City renegotiated the stadium lease , obtaining the naming rights to the stadium in return for agreeing to now pay the City Council an annual fixed sum of £ 3 million where previously it had only paid half of the ticket sales revenue from match attendances exceeding 35,000 . This new agreement occurred as part of a standard five - year review of the original lease and it amounts to an approximate £ 1 million annual increase in council revenues from the stadium . During 2011 -- 14 , the club sold all 36,000 of its allocated season tickets each season and experienced an average match attendance that is very close to its maximum seating capacity ( see table in previous section ) . Consequently , during the 2014 -- 15 season , an expansion of the stadium was undertaken . The South Stand was extended with the addition of a third tier which , in conjunction with an additional three rows of pitch side seating , increased stadium capacity to approximately 55,000 . Construction commenced on the South Stand in April 2014 and was completed for the start of the 2015 -- 16 season . A final phase of expansion , that received planning approval at the same time as the others but which remains unscheduled , will add a matching third tier of seats to the North Stand . Once this last phase is completed it will bring the stadium 's total seating capacity up to approximately 61,000 , making the Etihad Stadium the nation 's second largest capacity club ground . Architecture ( edit ) It 's the roller - coaster roof , visible from miles around , that is the big giveaway . It has a similar lightweight canopy that swoops up and down over the stands in one almost continuous wave . Held up by nothing more than thread - like cables , this is structural gymnastics of the most exhilarating kind , vastly superior to the clunky steel trusses that conventionally support stadium roofs . Martin Spring , Building magazine ( 2002 ) The stadium 's roof , with its masts and cable stays , gives the stadium a striking appearance . Apart from the innovative roof design , which made economical use of materials , the stadium is notable for its attention to such details as crowd comfort , ease of access ( via those eight great spirals that flank the stadium ) , and provision for a diverse audience Sir John Armitt , Civil Engineer ( 2016 ) Rear view of the South Stand in 2015 . Two sets of masts and steel cabling suspend both the new South Stand roof and the catenary cable supporting roofs on the other three sides When planning the development , Manchester City Council required a sustainable landmark structure that would be an icon for the regeneration of the once heavily industrialised site surrounding Bradford Colliery , as well as providing spectators with good sightlines in an atmospheric arena . Arup Associates designed the stadium to be `` an intimate , even intimidating , gladiatorial arena embodying the atmosphere of a football club '' with the pitch six metres below ground level , a feature of Roman gladiatorial arenas and amphitheatres . The attention to detail , often absent in stadium design , has been remarked upon , including the cigar - shaped roof supports with blue lighting beacons , sculpted rainwater gutters , poly - carbonate perimeter roof edging and openable louvres to aid pitch grass growth with similarities also made to high - tech architecture . Iconic roof design ( edit ) The toroidal - shaped stadium roof is held together by a tensioned system , which has been described as `` ground - breaking '' by New Steel Construction magazine . The stadium 's architectural focal point is the sweeping roof and support masts which are separate from the concrete bowl . A catenary cable is situated around the inner perimeter of the roof structure which is tied to the masts via forestay cables . Backstay cables and corner ties from the masts are connected to the ground to support the structure . With the expansion of the South Stand in 2015 to accommodate a third tier of seating , the original south end roof was dismantled ; but with the southern masts and corner ties remaining , so as to continue to tie the catenary cable which now runs below the new roof . The new higher South Stand roof is a separate structure , with its own set of braced masts and cables ; and it is expected that a counterpart arrangement will be adopted for the proposed North Stand expansion . Cables are attached to the twelve masts circling the stadium with rafters and purlins for additional rigid support . The cigar - shaped masts double as visual features , with the highest at 70 metres ( 230 ft ) . Access to the upper tiers of seats is provided by eight circular ramps with conical roofs resembling turrets above which eight of the twelve masts rise up providing the support structure for the roof . The roof of the south , east and west stands built for the athletics stadium configuration was supported by the cable net system . The temporary open stand at the north end was built around the masts and tie down cables that would ultimately support the roof of the North Stand . After the games the track and field were excavated . The temporary bleachers at the north end were removed and the North Stand and lower tier of seats constructed on the prepared excavation . The North Stand roof was completed by adding rafters , purlins and cladding . Facilities and pitch ( edit ) The stadium has facilities for players and match officials in a basement area below the west stand , which also contains a kitchen providing meals for up to 6,000 people on match days , press rooms , ground staff storage , and a prison cell . The stadium also has conference facilities and is licensed for marriage ceremonies . Fitting out of the hospitality suites , kitchens , offices , and concourse concessions was accomplished by KSS Architects , and included the installation of the communications cabling and automatic access control system . The stadium 's interior comprises a continuous oval bowl , with three tiers of seating at the sides , and two tiers at each end . Entry by patrons is gained by contactless smart card rather than traditional manned turnstiles . The system can admit up to 1,200 people per minute through all entrances . A service tunnel under the stadium provides access for emergency vehicles and the visiting team 's coach to enter the stadium directly . Once inside the stadium patrons have access to six themed restaurants , two of which have views of the pitch , and there are 70 executive boxes above the second tier of seating in the north , west and east stands . The stadium is equip with stand - by generators should there be a electrical mains failure . These are capable of keeping the stadium electrics running as well as the floodlights at 800 lux , the minimum level stipulated by FIFA to continue to broadcast live football . To create the optimum grass playing surface in the stadium bowl , the roof was designed to maximise sunlight by using a ten - metre band of translucent polycarbonate at its periphery . Additionally , each of the corners of the stadium without seating have perforated walls with moveable louvres that can be adjusted to provide ventilation of the grass and general airflow through the stadium . Drainage and under - pitch heating were installed to provide optimum growing conditions for the grass . The pitch has a UEFA standard dimension of 105 by 68 metres ( 115 by 74 yd ) . and is covered with natural grass reinforced by artificial fibres made by Desso . The field of play is lit by 218 2000 - watt floodlights , consuming a total of 436,000 watts . The grass playing surface is recognised as being one of the best in English football , and has been nominated five times in the last nine seasons for best Premier League pitch , an accolade it won in 2010 -- 11 among other awards . Names ( edit ) Panorama of north end of stadium as viewed from southern approach along Joe Mercer Way Main entrance to Colin Bell Stand on west side of stadium The stadium was named the City of Manchester Stadium by Manchester City Council before construction began in December 1999 , but has a number of commonly used alternatives . City of Manchester Stadium is abbreviated to CoMS when written and spoken . Eastlands refers to the site and the stadium before they were named SportCity and CoMS respectively , and remains in common usage for both the stadium and the whole complex , as does SportCity but with less frequency . The stadium was also officially referred to as Manchester City Stadium for the 2015 Rugby World Cup . The football club , under its new ownership , renegotiated its 250 - year lease with the city council in October 2010 , gaining the naming rights in return for a substantial increase in rent . The stadium was renamed the Etihad Stadium by the club in July 2011 as part of a ten - year agreement with the team kit sponsors Etihad Airways . The agreement encompasses sponsorship of the stadium 's name , extends the team kit sponsorship for ten years , and includes plans to relocate the club 's youth academy and training facilities to the City Football Academy on a new campus development adjacent to the stadium . Despite being a continuous oval bowl , each side of the stadium is named in the manner of a traditional football ground . All sides were initially named by compass direction ( North Stand and South Stand for the ends , East Stand and West Stand for the sides ) . In February 2004 , after a vote by fans , the West Stand was renamed the Colin Bell Stand in honour of the former player . The vote was almost cancelled ( and the stand instead named after Joe Mercer ) due to suspicions it had been hijacked by rival fans who wished to dub the renamed stand The Bell End . However , core supporters of the club made it clear they still wished the stand named after their hero . The East Stand is unofficially known by fans as the Kippax as a tribute to the very vocal east stand at the club 's Maine Road ground . The North Stand is the only part of the stadium built after the Commonwealth Games , during the stadium 's conversion . The temporary unroofed north stand it replaced had been dubbed the New Gene Kelly Stand by supporters , a reference to the unroofed corner between the Kippax and the North Stand at the club 's former Maine Road home , because , being exposed to the elements , they frequently found themselves `` singing in the rain '' . Commencing season 2010 -- 11 , seating in the North Stand has been restricted to only supporters accompanied by children , resulting in this end of the ground now being commonly referred to as the Family Stand . Although the North Stand has never been officially renamed and is still frequently referenced that way , most external ticketing offices and stadium guides , in addition to the club itself , now preferentially label and refer to this section of the ground as the Family Stand when discussing seating and ticket sales . Supporters initially dubbed the South Stand the Scoreboard End ( the former name of the North Stand at Maine Road ) , and it houses the majority of City 's more vocal fans . Supporters of visiting teams are also normally allocated seats in this stand . From 2003 to 2006 , it was renamed the Key 103 Stand for sponsorship reasons , though this was largely ignored by regular patrons . SportCity ( edit ) Aerial view of CoMS and adjacent Manchester Regional Arena in 2012 The stadium is the centrepiece of SportCity , which includes several other nationally important sporting venues . Adjacent to the stadium is the Manchester Regional Arena , which served as a warm - up track during the Commonwealth Games and is now a 6,178 - capacity venue that hosts national athletics trials , but has previously also hosted the home games of both the Manchester City women 's team and the club 's under - 21 reserve team . The Regional Arena has regularly hosted the AAA Championships and Paralympic World Cup , and is currently the home ground of amateur rugby league side Manchester Rangers . The National Squash Centre and the National Cycling Centre , which includes both the Manchester Velodrome and the National Indoor BMX Arena , are all a short distance from the stadium . The Squash Centre , which has hosted the British National Squash Championships since 2003 was added to the SportCity complex for the Commonwealth Games along with CoMS . The Velodrome , another showpiece venue used to stage all the track cycling events for the Games , was already in place and had been home to British Cycling , the governing body for cycling in Britain , since it was built in 1994 , as part of Manchester 's unsuccessful 2000 Olympics bid . Prior to the completion of the Lee Valley VeloPark for the 2012 Summer Olympics , the Velodrome had been the only indoor Olympic - standard track in the United Kingdom . The collocated BMX Arena houses the United Kingdom 's only permanent indoor BMX track and provides seating for up two thousand spectators . It was added to the National Cycling Centre at SportCity in 2011 . Other major sporting and sport - related venues located in SportCity in the immediate vicinity of the Etihad Stadium , all legacies of the 2002 Commonwealth Games are the English Institute of Sport , west of the stadium , adjacent to the southwest corner of the Regional Arena ; the Manchester Regional Tennis Centre , adjacent to the north end of the stadium ; and the Manchester Tennis & Football Centre , also adjacent to the stadium , which is operated and administered by the Manchester Sport and Leisure Trust . Public sculpture ( edit ) Colin Spofforth 's giant bronze sculpture , The Runner , at SportCity Between 11 March ( Commonwealth Day ) and 10 August 2002 , as part of the preparations for the upcoming Commonwealth Games and to celebrate Her Majesty the Queen 's Golden Jubilee , a national Spirit of Friendship Festival was organised . On 9 July , a few weeks before the Games began , a sculpture outside the new national headquarters of the English Institute of Sport at SportCity was unveiled by the middle - distance runner , Steve Cram MBE . This sculpture , commissioned in late 2001 , was created in a little over eight weeks by Altrincham - based artist , Colin Spofforth , who had submitted to Manchester City Council his idea for a heroic - sized sculpture of a sprinter as a means of celebrating the beauty , power and determination of the competing athletes . Reaching thirty feet high , weighing seven tonnes , and titled The Runner , this unique larger - than - life bronze statue of a male sprinter surmounting a bronze globe was , at the time , the United Kingdom 's largest sporting sculpture . It depicts the very moment the runner leaves the blocks once the starter 's gun has fired . From 2005 to 2009 a Thomas Heatherwick sculpture , B of the Bang , was situated to the southeast of the stadium at the junction of Ashton New Road and Alan Turing Way . Built after the Commonwealth Games to commemorate them , it was the tallest sculpture in the United Kingdom . However , numerous structural problems led to the 184 ft. sculpture being dismantled in 2009 for safety reasons . In 2014 , money recovered by the Manchester City Council as a result of lengthy legal battles consequent to this debacle was used to fund a new £ 341,000 public sculpture a few hundred yards further south . Stadium firsts ( edit ) Pitch invasion after Manchester City 's 3 -- 2 Premier League title victory over Queens Park Rangers in 2012 Action from the 2008 UEFA Cup Final The first public football match at the stadium was a friendly between Manchester City and Barcelona on 10 August 2003 . Manchester City won the game 2 -- 1 , with Nicolas Anelka scoring the first ever goal in the stadium . The first competitive match followed four days later , a UEFA Cup match between Manchester City and Welsh Premier League side The New Saints , which City won 5 -- 0 with Trevor Sinclair scoring the first competitive goal in the stadium . Having started the Premier League season with an away match , Manchester City 's first home league fixture in the new stadium was on 23 August , a game drawn 1 -- 1 with Portsmouth , with Pompey 's Yakubu scoring the first league goal in the stadium . 2011 -- 12 saw the Etihad Stadium play host to the setting of a number of new club and Premier League footballing records , such as the club becoming the first ever team to win eleven of its opening twelve games in a Premier League season , and going on to remain unbeaten at the Etihad Stadium in all nineteen of the Premier League games played there . The club 's record of 55 home points out of a possible 57 at the stadium is a joint best Premier League record , and the club 's record of twenty consecutive home wins at the stadium ( going back to the end of the previous season ) also set a new Premier League record in March 2012 . The record football attendance at the stadium not involving its host team Manchester City is 43,878 , which was set at the 2008 UEFA Cup Final game between Zenit Saint Petersburg and Rangers on 14 May 2008 . As is customary for such games , the then 47,715 maximum physical capacity of the stadium had been reduced by UEFA to around 44,000 for this final . However , neither limit would have been able to accommodate the vast number of supporters of the Scottish club , estimated to be in excess of 130,000 , that travelled down from Glasgow to Manchester on the day of the game , despite the club 's official ticket allocation being just 13,000 and police requests for fans without tickets to stay home . This order of magnitude mismatch between the numbers of traveling fans and those holding tickets ultimately led to a serious public disorder incident in the centre of the city now inextricably associated with this final , despite the fact that the 44,000 or so crowd who watched the game inside the stadium were perfectly well - behaved . Reception ( edit ) Average Premier League attendances Season Stadium capacity Average attendance % of capacity Ranking within the Premier League 2016 -- 17 55,097 54,019 98.0 % 4th highest 2015 -- 16 55,097 54,041 98.1 % 3rd highest 2014 -- 15 46,708 45,365 97.1 % 4th highest 2013 -- 14 47,405 47,080 99.3 % 4th highest 2012 -- 13 47,405 46,974 99.1 % 4th highest 2011 -- 12 47,405 47,045 99.2 % 4th highest 2010 -- 11 47,405 45,905 96.8 % 4th highest 2009 -- 10 47,405 45,513 95.4 % 3rd highest 2008 -- 09 47,405 42,900 90.5 % 5th highest 2007 -- 08 47,715 42,126 88.3 % 6th highest 2006 -- 07 47,726 39,997 83.8 % 6th highest 2005 -- 06 47,726 42,856 89.8 % 4th highest 2004 -- 05 47,726 45,192 94.7 % 3rd highest 2003 -- 04 47,726 46,834 98.1 % 3rd highest The 2002 Commonwealth Games were deemed a success and the stadium gained critical acclaim for its atmosphere and architectural design . It has won a number of design awards , including the 2004 Royal Institute of British Architects Inclusive Design Award for inclusive building design , the 2003 Institution of Structural Engineers Structural Special Award , and in 2002 a BCI Major Project high commendation was awarded by the British Construction Industry . In July 2014 , the stadium was declared one of the United Kingdom 's five most iconic structures by the Construction Industry Training Board . In 2003 , initial reception by Manchester City supporters was polarised , with some lukewarm about moving from Maine Road which had a reputation for being one of English football 's most atmospheric grounds , whilst others were enthusiastic about the bigger stadium and move back to East Manchester where the club was formed . Since 2010 , the club has boasted more than 36,000 season ticket holders each season , which is more than the 35,150 maximum capacity of Maine Road just before the club moved homes . A 2007 Premier League survey found that fans thought sight lines at the stadium were the second best in the Premier League after the Emirates Stadium . Opposition fans have generally given positive feedback , with CoMS coming second to Old Trafford in a 2005 poll to find the United Kingdom 's favourite football ground . In 2010 , the City of Manchester Stadium was the third most visited stadium after Old Trafford and Anfield by overseas visitors . In the early years of Manchester City 's tenure , the stadium suffered from a poor atmosphere , a common problem with modern stadia when compared with traditional football grounds such as Maine Road . In the 2007 Premier League survey , Manchester City supporters rated the atmosphere as second worst in the league , but the atmosphere has since significantly improved and continues to do so . In October 2014 , the club received two national VisitFootball awards for the quality of its customer care of Premier League fans visiting the Etihad Stadium during the previous season . VisitFootball , a joint venture between the Premier League and the national tourism board 's VisitEngland , has been assessing the care that patrons receive at football grounds since August 2010 , and presents annual awards for those clubs who deliver outstanding customer service . Manchester City had been one of the first four clubs to receive an inaugural VisitFootball award in 2011 , but in 2014 it was the recipient of both the Club of the Year and Warmest Welcome awards . According to the panel of experts from the football and customer service industries that assess the services and facilities provided at each of the twenty Premier League club stadia , `` Manchester City are the gold standard in providing fans with the best matchday experience . '' Etihad Campus ( edit ) Etihad Stadium , viewed in March 2015 from the new SuisseGas Bridge Etihad Campus and CFA ( edit ) Main article : Etihad Campus In July 2011 , CoMS was renamed the Etihad Stadium , sponsored by Etihad Airways who fought off competition from Ferrostaal and Aabar to gain the stadium naming rights . The lucrative ten - year sponsorship deal included not just the naming rights to the stadium itself but to the whole £ 200 million complex of football - related facilities into which it was soon to be incorporated . In mid-September 2011 , development plans were duly announced for a new state - of - the - art youth academy and training facility , now known as the City Football Academy ( CFA ) to be built on derelict land adjacent to the stadium and which would include a 7,000 capacity mini-stadium plus fifteen additional outdoor football pitches , six swimming pools and three gyms . The planned CFA facility was not only to become the new home base of the Manchester City first team squad , reserve ( under - 21 youth ) team squad , and all of the Academy younger age group squads , but also the new home of the prior loosely affiliated Manchester City Ladies team ( which was re-branded in 2012 as Manchester City Women 's F.C. and more formally merged into the Manchester City family of affiliated football teams ) . Also fully integrated into the new CFA facility would be the parent club 's world headquarters . At the beginning of March 2014 , the structural framework for a new pedestrian walkway / footbridge over the junction of Alan Turing Way and Ashton New Road connecting the CFA with the Etihad Stadium was lowered into place . With sponsor Suisse Power & Gas SA having subsequently secured the naming rights , the completed SuisseGas Bridge was officially opened and turned over to Manchester City Council for general public access on 26 November 2014 . Twelve days later , the Chancellor of the Exchequer , George Osborne , presided over the official opening of the CFA . Community outreach / urban regeneration ( edit ) As part of Manchester City 's commitment to community outreach in their redevelopment plans for the areas of East Manchester adjacent to the Etihad Stadium , other urban regeneration plans incorporated into the overall Etihad Campus development project include the new £ 43 million Beswick Community Hub , that includes Connell Sixth Form College ; a community leisure centre ( with swimming pool , dance studio , health and fitness gym , rugby pitch , and grass sports pitches ) ; and a planned Manchester Institute of Health and Performance . On 26 November 2014 , the same day the SuisseGas Bridge was officially opened , a `` globally admired '' grouping of stainless steel sculptures , consisting of three towering metallic chess pieces called Dad 's Halo Effect by its internationally acclaimed creator , Ryan Gander -- was likewise unveiled to the public . Commissioned by the Manchester City Council to represent both the past industrial and current sporting heritage of this area of east Manchester , the public artwork is located in front of the Connell Sixth Form College , close to the central circus of the Beswick Community Hub and only a few hundred yards south from where the area 's last public sculpture , B of the Bang , had been situated . Transport ( edit ) A tram at Etihad Campus tram stop which opened in February 2013 The stadium is 2.5 km east of Manchester city centre . Manchester Piccadilly railway station , which serves mainline trains . It is a twenty - minute walk away along a well - lit signposted route that is supervised by stewards close to the ground . Piccadilly station also has a Metrolink tram stop ( in the undercroft ) ; from which regular trams along the East Manchester Line to Ashton - under - Lyne serve the stadium and Etihad Campus , with enhanced service frequencies and doubled tram units on matchdays . The Etihad Campus tram stop close to Joe Mercer Way to the immediate north of the stadium opened in February 2013 , and handles several thousand travellers each matchday ; spectators travelling by tram from Manchester city centre being able to board services at Piccadilly Gardens , the journey taking approximately 10 minutes . The Velopark tram stop also opened in February 2013 and provides access to the southeastern approach to the stadium , as well as closer access to other areas of SportCity such as the Manchester Velodrome and the City Football Academy . There are many bus routes from the city centre and all other directions which stop at , or close to , SportCity . On match and event days special bus services from the city centre serve the stadium . The site has 2,000 parking spaces , with another 8,000 spaces in the surrounding area provided by local businesses and schools . Other uses ( edit ) Concerts at Eastlands Summer Artist Red Hot Chili Peppers 2005 Oasis , U2 2006 Take That , Bon Jovi 2007 George Michael , Rod Stewart 2008 Foo Fighters , Bon Jovi 2009 None -- due to concerns over pitch erosion 2011 Take That , Pet Shop Boys 2012 Coldplay , Bruce Springsteen 2013 Muse , Bon Jovi , Robbie Williams 2014 One Direction 2016 AC / DC , The Stone Roses , Coldplay , Bruce Springsteen 2017 Robbie Williams , Take That 2018 Taylor Swift , Ed Sheeran , Foo Fighters , Beyoncé & Jay - Z Side view of Take That on stage Boxing ring at Hatton 's title fight Under the terms of its lease , the stadium is able to host non-football events such as concerts , boxing and rugby fixtures at Manchester City 's prerogative . Manchester City applied for a permanent entertainment licence in 2012 in a bid to expand the number of non-footballing events at the stadium . Concerts ( edit ) Outside the football season the stadium hosts annual summer concerts , and is one of the United Kingdom 's largest music venues , having a maximum capacity of 60,000 for performances . It was the largest stadium concert venue in England before the new Wembley Stadium was built . The first concert was a performance by the Red Hot Chili Peppers supported by James Brown in 2004 . An Oasis concert at the ground was featured on the DVD , Lord Do n't Slow Me Down and the band 's concert in 2005 set the attendance record of 60,000 . Take That released a DVD of their 2006 performance at the stadium , Take That : The Ultimate Tour . Other artists who have played the stadium are U2 , Beyoncé , Jay - Z , George Michael , Rod Stewart , Foo Fighters , Pet Shop Boys , Manic Street Preachers , Bastille , Dizzee Rascal , The Futureheads , the Sugababes , Taylor Swift , Sophie Ellis - Bextor , Coldplay , Bruce Springsteen , Muse , Bon Jovi ( three times ) , Robbie Williams , One Direction , and The Stone Roses . Concerts and boxing matches eventually took their toll on the pitch . In 2008 , late post-concert pitch renovation , combined with an early start to the football season , led to the pitch not being ready for the first home fixture , causing the club to play its UEFA Cup first round qualifying match at Barnsley 's Oakwell Stadium and a moratorium to be imposed on the staging of non-football events at Eastlands . In May 2010 , the club invested in a new pitch and summer concerts resumed in 2011 when Take That played eight nights , with ticket sales totalling approximately 400,000 . Other football events ( edit ) CoMS is rated a category 4 stadium by UEFA and has hosted several major football matches in addition to Manchester City 's home fixtures . It became the fiftieth stadium to host an England international football match when the English and Japanese national teams played on 1 June 2004 . In June 2005 , the stadium hosted England 's opening game in the UEFA Women 's Championship , setting an attendance record of 29,092 for the competition . The stadium also hosted the 2008 UEFA Cup Final , in which Zenit Saint Petersburg defeated Rangers 2 -- 0 . In May 2011 , the stadium hosted the Conference National play - off final between AFC Wimbledon and Luton Town ; Wimbledon gained promotion to the Football League after beating Luton in a penalty shoot - out . The stadium was used for the play - offs because the 2011 UEFA Champions League Final was due to take place at Wembley on 28 May 2011 and UEFA regulations stipulate the stadium hosting the Champions League final must not be used for other matches during the previous two weeks . Other sports ( edit ) In October 2004 , the stadium played host to a rugby league international match between Great Britain and Australia in the Tri-Nations series in front of nearly 40,000 spectators . The stadium more recently hosted the Magic Weekend for three consecutive seasons ( 2012 -- 2014 ) . This is a rugby league competition in which all 14 members of the Super League competition play each other over a full weekend . After a record attendance in 2012 -- both for a single day ( 32,953 ) and the aggregate for the whole weekend ( 63,716 ) -- the Etihad Stadium became the venue of choice for this annual rugby league event , setting another attendance record ( 36,339 / 64,552 ) for it in May 2014 . However , the current construction work involved with the expansion of the South Stand caused this competition to be relocated to St. James ' Park for the summer of 2015 , but it is expected to return to the Etihad again once the expansion work is complete . On 24 May 2008 , Stockport born and twice IBF and IBO light welterweight champion boxer Ricky Hatton defeated Juan Lazcano in a contest billed as `` Hatton 's Homecoming '' . The fight was held in front of 56,337 fans , setting a record attendance for a British boxing event post World War II . On 10 October 2015 it hosted a 2015 Rugby World Cup Pool A match between hosts nation England and Uruguay . England won 60 -- 3 with 50,778 in attendance . England national football games ( edit ) England v Japan 1 June 2004 FA Summer Tournament England 1 -- 1 Japan show Manchester , England 20 : 00 BST ( UTC + 01 ) Match 812 Owen 22 ' Report Ono 53 ' Stadium : City of Manchester Stadium Attendance : 38,581 Referee : Roberto Rosetti ( Italy ) England v Iceland 5 June 2004 FA Summer Tournament England 6 -- 1 Iceland show Manchester , England 15 : 30 BST ( UTC + 01 ) Match 813 Lampard 25 ' Rooney 27 ' , 38 ' Vassell 57 ' , 77 ' Bridge 68 ' Report Helguson 42 ' Stadium : City of Manchester Stadium Attendance : 43,500 Referee : Jan Wegereef ( Netherlands ) England v Turkey 22 May 2016 International Friendly England 2 -- 1 Turkey show Manchester , England 17 : 15 BST Match 953 Kane 3 ' Vardy 83 ' Report Çalhanoğlu 13 ' Stadium : Etihad Stadium Attendance : 44,866 Referee : Deniz Aytekin ( Germany ) See also ( edit ) Commonwealth Games portal List of Commonwealth Games venues References ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ Increased capacity due to completion of third tier on South Stand . Jump up ^ Reduced capacity due to South Stand expansion . Construction work phasing meant the maximum capacity varied over the course of the season . Jump up ^ Take That were originally scheduled to play three concerts at the Manchester Arena on 26 , 27 and 28 May 2017 . However following the Manchester Arena bombing on 22 May , the Arena temporarily closed for four months . The three concerts were subsumed into one and held at the Etihad Stadium on 18 June . Citations ^ Jump up to : `` Premier League Handbook Season 2015 / 16 '' ( PDF ) . premierleague.com . Premier League . 8 August 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Ground Capacity at start of the Season : 55,097 ( estimated ) ( top of page 19 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Manchester City strike deal to rename Eastlands '' . BBC Sport. 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 13 November 2011 . Manchester City have confirmed the City of Manchester Stadium will be renamed the Etihad Stadium after signing a ten - year deal with the airline . ^ Jump up to : `` City of Manchester Stadium wins Inclusive Design Award '' . RIBA. 2004 . Archived from the original on 20 June 2015 . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . This outstandingly beautiful arena is a totally designed , innovative and brilliantly organized modern football stadium that started life as the main venue for the 2002 Commonwealth Games and now is home to Manchester City FC . ^ Jump up to : `` Man City stadium given Uefa final '' . BBC Sport. 4 October 2006 . Retrieved 28 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` England 1 - 1 Japan '' . BBC Sport. 1 June 2004 . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , Andy ( 14 May 2014 ) . `` Set of Six : Take that , Manchester , and enjoy another Magic Weekend '' . theguardian.com . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 10 June 2015 ... it 's that time of year again in the Super League , when all 14 teams , and their supporters , gather in a single stadium -- in this case Manchester City 's Etihad Stadium , for the third consecutive May ^ Jump up to : Lamont , Tom ( 29 June 2008 ) . `` City of Manchester Stadium '' . The Observer . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Dan ( 10 October 2015 ) . `` England v Uruguay : Rugby World Cup 2015 -- as it happened '' -- via www.theguardian.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Manchester ' may sue IOC ' '' . BBC News . 25 January 1999 . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hubbard , Alan ( 12 December 1999 ) . `` City of Manchester Stadium : The Wembley rescuers '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print Limited . Retrieved 7 January 2008 . The athletics track would be dismantled to allow the seating capacity to be increased from 38,000 to 48,000 . ^ Jump up to : Conn , David ( 4 October 2011 ) . `` Manchester City to pay council £ 2m a year for stadium naming rights '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bhatti , Pav ( 21 May 2011 ) . `` Maine Road : The community Manchester City left behind '' . BBC News . Manchester . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Manchester City spent 80 years at Maine Road Stadium before they moved to Eastlands in 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` Manchester model shows how West Ham can be settled tenants '' . London Evening Standard . ES London Limited . 11 October 2011 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2011 . Retrieved 12 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Martin & King , Mike ( December 2003 ) . `` Building Tension '' ( PDF ) . msc.aisc.org . Modern Steel Construction . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Etihad Stadium , Manchester -- Awards '' . arupassociates.com . Arup Associates . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City seek stadium expansion to hold 61,000 '' . BBC News . Manchester . 11 October 2013 . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Project : Eastlands ' industrial past '' . oxford archaeology : exploring the human journey . Oxford Archaeology. 2010 . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Designing the City of Manchester Stadium '' ( PDF ) . The Arup Journal . Arup Associates . January 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2015 ... emerging government legislation on urban renewal , which promised vital support funding and had implications for the final site of the proposed venue . Government became involved in funding the purchase and clearance of the Eastlands site in 1992 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Alan ( 12 December 1999 ) . `` City of Manchester Stadium : The Wembley rescuers '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print Limited . Retrieved 14 November 2011 . Manchester , who lost out to Wembley in the bitter battle to become England 's national stadium because the Football Association did not want to look north ... Jump up ^ Bonnet , Rob ( 31 July 2002 ) . `` Athletics ' stadium claim is pipe dream '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 19 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , Alan ( 12 December 1999 ) . `` City of Manchester Stadium : The Wembley rescuers '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print Limited . Retrieved 7 January 2008 . It is estimated that making the stadium permanently suitable for track and field events would add another pounds 50m to the cost Jump up ^ Hubbard , Alan ( 12 December 1999 ) . `` City of Manchester Stadium : The Wembley rescuers '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print Limited . Retrieved 7 January 2008 . But council sources say they are confident that the football club could be persuaded to allow the track to remain as a permanent feature with a retractable seating scheme , such as that in Paris 's Stade de France which would further increase the capacity to 65,000 . Jump up ^ Patel , Dipesh ( 7 November 2007 ) . `` Stadium is no white elephant but future is just a guess '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Hubbard , Alan ( 12 December 1999 ) . `` City of Manchester Stadium : The Wembley rescuers '' . The Independent . London : Independent Print Limited . Retrieved 7 January 2008 ... the foundation stone was laid for the nation 's other super stadium for the millennium . The Prime Minister , Tony Blair , did the honours in Manchester on Monday . Jump up ^ `` City of Manchester Stadium '' . Centre for Accessible Environments . Archived from the original on 25 September 2006 . Retrieved 22 July 2006 . Construction of the Stadium began in January 2000 , with an immovable completion date set by the Commonwealth Games . Jump up ^ `` City of Manchester Stadium '' . Commonwealth Games Legacy . Archived from the original on 25 November 2007 . Retrieved 27 August 2006 ... with Sport England committing £ 77 million pounds to the cost and the City Council providing the remainder . ^ Jump up to : Taylor , David ( 16 May 2002 ) . `` A question of sport '' . The Architects Journal . Retrieved 11 June 2012 . The Commonwealth Games stadium was to originally have a capacity of 38,000 -- now 41,000 after better - than - expected ticket sales for the Games . Jump up ^ `` Opening ceremony of the 17th Commonwealth Games , Manchester , 25 July 2002 '' . The British Monarchy OWS . The Royal Household. 25 July 2002 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Note : The term ' track and field ' normally excludes ' road race ' athletics events ( e.g. , men 's 50 km race walk , women 's marathon , etc . ) from the other ' athletics ' sport events . ' Road race ' events may terminate in an athletics stadium but are not usually considered as having been staged there . Furthermore , race walking events were removed from the Commonwealth Games program after the 2010 Games . Although paraplegic athletics events are normally now included under the term ' track and field ' , two EAD records have been excluded from the tally of ' sixteen ' stated in the article as they are often omitted from externally sourced lists of past Games records and thus become a frequent cause of confusion when included in such totals . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games Athletics Records '' ( PDF ) . commonwealth-of-nations.org . London : Commonwealth of Nations . Retrieved 13 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A history of the Commonwealth Games '' . heraldscotland . Glasgow : Herald & Times Group , Newsquest Media Group . 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . The XVII Commonwealth Games was the most significant multi-sport event to be held in the United Kingdom since the Olympics of 1948 . It was the largest in the history of the Commonwealth Games in terms of participating nations with 72 countries taking part across 14 individual and three team sports ... The sports were contested by 3,679 athletes ... Jump up ^ `` A history of the Commonwealth Games '' . heraldscotland . Glasgow : Herald & Times Group , Newsquest Media Group . 21 February 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . For the first time in the Games history , indeed at any multi-sport event in the world , a limited number of full medal events for elite athletes with a disability ( EAD ) were included in a fully inclusive sports programme . Jump up ^ `` City of Manchester Stadium wins Inclusive Design Award '' . RIBA. 2004 . Archived from the original on 20 June 2015 . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . The success of the 2002 Commonwealth Games -- the first in which events for disabled athletes were integrated into the main competition ... Jump up ^ Conn , David ( 10 October 2006 ) . `` No cut - price Olympic legacy for football 's fat cats '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 19 November 2011 ... and then the track was removed so the stadium could be handed to Manchester City on terms regarded as startlingly generous . ^ Jump up to : `` Transforming the City of Manchester Stadium '' ( PDF ) . The Arup Journal . Arup Associates . February 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 March 2012 . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Note : 7,000 = capacity after conversion ( 48,000 ) less capacity for the Games ( officially 38,000 but expanded to 41,000 ) = number of new permanent seats added ( 23,000 ) less the number of temporary seats dismantled ( 16,000 ) . All capacity numbers used are rounded to 2 S.F. Jump up ^ Evans , Martin ( 2 September 2008 ) . `` Man City tops football rich league with Arab takeover '' . Daily Express . London : Northern and Shell Media Publications . Retrieved 4 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Qureshi , Yakub ( 2 September 2008 ) . `` The new football powerhouse '' . Manchester Evening News . M.E.N. Media . Retrieved 4 September 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City FC submits plans for Etihad Campus '' . placenorthwest.co.uk . Manchester : Place North West . 19 September 2011 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Manchester City in £ 1.5 m corporate facilities upgrade '' . BBC News . Manchester . 28 May 2010 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Keegan , Mike ( 2 October 2010 ) . `` Manchester City give council an extra £ 1m '' . Manchester Evening News . M.E.N. Media . Archived from the original on 5 October 2010 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Key business issues facing EPL franchises '' . SportsBusiness Journal . Street and Smith 's Sports Group . 15 -- 21 August 2011 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . The club sells 36,000 season tickets annually . Jump up ^ Brennan , Stuart ( 23 March 2015 ) . `` Man City 's soaring new stand to boost Etihad atmosphere '' . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 2 June 2015 ... which will take the stadium capacity over 55,000 , making it the third biggest club ground in the country after Old Trafford and Arsenal 's Emirates Stadium . Jump up ^ Brennan , Stuart ( 23 March 2015 ) . `` Man City 's soaring new stand to boost Etihad atmosphere '' . Manchester Evening News . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Manchester City 's new , expanded South Stand is nearing completion and is pencilled in for an autumn opening . Jump up ^ `` The stadium expansion '' . MCFC OWS . Manchester City F.C . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . If this phase is completed , there will be another 6,000 additional seats , taking the stadium 's capacity to approximately 61,000 , making the Etihad the second largest stadium in the Premier League . Jump up ^ `` City of Manchester Stadium '' . Building . UBM Built Environment. 2002 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How Old Trafford and the Etihad Stadium became world - famous sporting arenas and helped make Manchester '' . Manchester Evening News . 16 September 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Martin & King , Mike ( December 2003 ) . `` Building Tension '' ( PDF ) . msc.aisc.org . Modern Steel Construction . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . The most visible features of the stadium are the 12 perimeter masts that rise as high as 70 m ( 230 ' ) into the air . Jump up ^ `` Borrowed & Blue -- Weddings at the City of Manchester Stadium '' ( PDF ) . countybrides.com . CoMS Conference & Events / Manchester City Football Club . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City kicks off innovative smartcard services and sponsorships with wireless , RF - enabled Intelligent Stadium '' ( PDF ) . Hewlett - Packard . February 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 February 2006 . Retrieved 27 August 2006 . The contact - free solution admits up to 1,200 patrons per minute stadium - wide and also eliminates box - office queues . ^ Jump up to : Clayton , David ( 24 June 2011 ) . `` Dublin Super Cup : Aviva Stadium v CoMS '' . Manchester City Football Club . Retrieved 4 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Designing the City of Manchester Stadium '' ( PDF ) . Arup Journal . Retrieved 11 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Designing the City of Manchester Stadium '' ( PDF ) . The Arup Journal . Arup Associates . January 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . The inside 10m of the roof on all four sides is clad in transparent polycarbonate sheeting , allowing sunlight onto the pitch to assist grass growth and also ample daylight into the seating bowl . Jump up ^ `` Designing the City of Manchester Stadium '' ( PDF ) . The Arup Journal . Arup Associates . January 2003 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 27 March 2014 . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . The dramatic roof form and corresponding stand configuration allowed movable louvre vents in the high - level corner voids . These vents can be adjusted to increase or decrease airflow through the Stadium , and thus benefit not only air movement over the pitch but also the spectator environment . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Cup Final on Special Pitch '' . PR Newswire Europe Ltd. 8 May 2008 . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , John ( 14 May 2008 ) . `` UEFA Cup Final Venue ( Mad for it ) '' . Pitchcare . ( Maxwell Amenity Ltd . ) . pp. 14 -- 18 . Retrieved 27 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pitch perfect : Manchester City groundstaff win Premier League award '' . Manchester Evening News . M.E.N. Media . 4 May 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Mulholland , Paul ( 26 November 2010 ) . `` Top award for City groundstaff '' . MCFC OWS . Manchester City Football Club . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Bailey , Chris ( 8 November 2006 ) . `` Why Blues must cash in on name game '' . Manchester Evening News . M.E.N. Media . Retrieved 22 April 2008 . Some call it ' Eastlands ' , an area that does n't officially exist on maps , some who like expending their breath call it by its Sunday best name ' City of Manchester Stadium ' , others prefer to shorten that to ' COMS ' while still more refer to City 's stronghold as ' Sportcity ' in keeping with those nice brown signs that help everyone find their way to the complex . ^ Jump up to : `` City and Etihad : An histotic day for the club '' ( web video ) . Manchester City Football Club . 8 July 2011 . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Alan ( 8 July 2011 ) . `` Manchester City confirm stadium renaming in Etihad Airways agreement '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` City Football Academy : Fly - through '' . MCFC media release web video on YouTube . Manchester City Football Club & Rafael Viñoly Architects. 14 September 2012 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Ogden , Mark ( 29 August 2011 ) . `` Manchester City taken to a whole new level with Sheikh Mansour 's £ 1 billion investment '' . The Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved 31 August 2011 . The deal covers stadium - naming rights , shirt sponsorship and the area surrounding the ground which is now known as Etihad Campus . ^ Jump up to : James , Gary ( Jan 2006 ) . Manchester City -- The Complete Record . Derby : Breedon Books Publishing . pp. 103 -- 105 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85983 - 512 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Spencer , Pete ( 13 November 2003 ) . `` City stand by Bell '' . Manchester Evening News . M.E.N. Media . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` THE LIST : 20 -- 11 of the most atmospheric stadiums in football '' . Daily Mail . 24 December 2008 . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . Maine Road will always be one of English football 's legendary grounds . Jump up ^ James , Gary & Turner , Ric . `` The Etihad Stadium '' . Bluemoon ( bluemoon-mcfc.co.uk ) . Manchester : Bluemoon - MCFC . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . At the northern end a large temporary uncovered structure -- the new Gene Kelly Stand as City attendees at the Games dubbed it -- filled the end where the running track curved beyond the boundaries of a regular football pitch . Jump up ^ `` The stadium expansion '' . MCFC OWS . Manchester City F.C . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Phase 3 : North Stand Expansion Jump up ^ `` The Etihad '' . footballtripper.com . Football Tripper . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . The Etihad is comprised of the following four sections : The Family Stand ( North ) , The East Stand , The South Stand and the Colin Bell Stand . Jump up ^ `` Visiting Supporter Information -- 2013 -- 14 Season '' ( PDF ) . MCFC OWS . Manchester City F.C . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . see under ' Stadium Seating Plan and Turnstiles ' Jump up ^ James , Gary & Turner , Ric . `` The Etihad Stadium '' . Bluemoon ( bluemoon-mcfc.co.uk ) . Manchester : Bluemoon - MCFC . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . THE SOUTH STAND ( originally referred to as the Scoreboard End ) : Converted into a tier two stand after the Games , this end houses the Legends Lounge , away supporters and City 's more vocal fans . Jump up ^ Inglis , Simon ( 2004 ) . Played in Manchester . London : English Heritage . ISBN 1 - 873592 - 78 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester Rangers hint at professional future after Eastlands move '' . loverugbyleague.com . Love Rugby League . 25 February 2015 . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` About '' . National Cycling Centre . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ottewell , David ( 8 August 2012 ) . `` Fast track to glory : How Manchester Velodrome forged Britain 's Olympic gold rush '' . Manchester Evening News . M.E.N. Media . Retrieved 20 June 2015 . The council - owned Velodrome , built with £ 6.5 m of government money and £ 3m from the Sports Council and Foundation for Sport and the Arts , was Britain 's only Olympic - standard indoor track when it opened 18 years ago . Jump up ^ `` EIS : About '' . eis2win.com . English Institute of Sport . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester Regional Tennis Centre '' . manchester.gov.uk . Manchester City Council . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester Tennis & Football Centre '' ( PDF ) . manchestersportandleisure.org . Manchester Sport & Leisure Trust . Retrieved 23 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spirit of Friendship Festival Events '' . BBC News . March 2002 . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Runner ' Unveiled '' . BBC News . 10 July 2002 . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Figurative Sculpture -- The Runner '' . colinspofforth.com . Colin Spofforth Studio . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 30ft bronze sculpture unveiled by Steve Cram '' . m2002.thecgf.com . Commonwealth Games Federation . 9 July 2002 . Retrieved 24 June 2015 . The sculpture is 30 feet high and weighs seven tonnes making it the largest bronze sculpture dedicated to sport in the United Kingdom . It was sculpted in a little over eight weeks and cast and finished in three months . Jump up ^ `` Work starts on Bang dismantling '' . BBC News . 15 April 2009 . Retrieved 15 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Cox , Charlotte ( 5 June 2014 ) . `` Cheque , mate ? ' B of the Bang ' cash pays for £ 341,000 giant chess pieces coming to Beswick '' . Manchester Evening News . M.E.N Media . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Created by artist Ryan Gander and dubbed ' Dad 's Halo Effect ' , the £ 341,000 work has been built using the refund from the B of the Bang -- the 184ft structure taken down in 2009 after a succession of spikes fell off . Jump up ^ `` Man City vanquish Barca '' . BBC Sport. 10 August 2003 . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man City v Barcelona photos '' . BBC Sport. 10 August 2003 . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Man City off to a flyer '' . BBC Sport. 14 August 2003 . Retrieved 17 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Premiership round - up '' . The Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group Limited . 23 August 2003 . Retrieved 30 January 2010 . Portsmouth followed up their victory over Aston Villa last week by drawing with Manchester City 1 -- 1 in the first league match to be played at the City of Manchester Stadium . Jump up ^ `` Sommeil saves City '' . BBC Sport. 23 August 2003 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Clayton , David ( 21 November 2011 ) . `` Blues re-writing history books '' . Manchester City Football Club . Retrieved 23 May 2015 . City 's stellar start to the 2011 / 12 season has seen Premier League records tumble right , left and centre ... The Blues are also re-writing numerous club records Jump up ^ `` Manchester City Annual Report 2011 -- 12 '' ( PDF ) . Manchester City Football Club . 28 September 2012 . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . Manchester City was unbeaten at home in the Premier League all season . Our home record of 18 wins , 1 draw and no losses is a joint - best Premier League record . ( top of page 12 ) Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 21 March 2012 ) . `` Man City 2 -- 1 Chelsea '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . CITY SET NEW RECORD -- Manchester City have set a new Premier League record of 20 consecutive home wins . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Europa League Statistics Handbook -- Knockout Phase 2009 / 2010 '' ( PDF ) . uefa.org . Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) . January 2010 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . 14.05. 08 Manchester FC Zenit St. Petersburg -- Rangers FC 2 -- 0 Peter Fröjdfeldt ( Swe ) 43 878 ( bottom of page 108 ) and Attendance : 43,878 ( bottom half of page 120 ) Jump up ^ Lindsay , Clive ( 14 May 2008 ) . `` Zenit St Petersburg 2 -- 0 Rangers '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Note : The crowd attendance of `` 47,500 '' quoted in this article is wrong according to many other source reports for this match . According to UEFA the official attendance for this game was `` 43,878 '' , but given that there were upwards of 95,000 ticketless Rangers fans in Manchester on the day of the game , all trying to gain access to the stadium anyway they could , this `` official attendance '' figure may indeed have been unofficially exceeded . ^ Jump up to : `` Premier League Handbook Season 2007 / 08 '' ( PDF ) . premierleague.com . Premier League . 1 August 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Ground Capacity at start of the Season : 47,715 ( middle of page 23 ) Jump up ^ `` UEFA Cup Final 2008 -- Is Manchester Ready ? '' . Soccerlens.com -- Football Blog. 13 May 2008 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Tickets for the final were divided roughly as follows ; 13,000 per club ( later adjusted to 17,000 for Rangers and 9,000 for Zenit ) , 11,000 on general sale via the UEFA website ballot in the early months of 2008 and then around 7,000 on the corporate side . The figures above take into consideration that the capacity is already reduced by between 3,500 and 4,000 for the fixture . ^ Jump up to : `` Uefa Cup violence ' started early ' '' . BBC News . 16 June 2008 . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . About 130,000 Rangers fans were in Manchester for the final , which brought £ 20m to the city 's economy ... The study said the 37,000 Rangers fans inside the City of Manchester stadium were well behaved and ' a credit to the club ' . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Handbook Season 2014 / 15 '' ( PDF ) . premierleague.com . Premier League . 16 August 2014 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 August 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Ground Capacity at start of the Season : 46,708 ( top of page 21 ) Jump up ^ `` Premier League Handbook Season 2013 / 14 '' ( PDF ) . premierleague.com . Premier League . 12 August 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 January 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Ground Capacity at start of the Season : 47,405 ( top of page 21 ) Jump up ^ `` Premier League Handbook Season 2012 / 13 '' ( PDF ) . premierleague.com . Premier League . 7 November 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 14 March 2013 . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Ground Capacity at start of the Season : 47,405 ( middle of page 15 ) Jump up ^ `` Premier League Handbook Season 2011 / 12 '' ( PDF ) . premierleague.com . Premier League . 27 November 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 December 2011 . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Ground Capacity at start of the Season : 47,405 ( middle of page 19 ) Jump up ^ `` Premier League Handbook Season 2010 / 11 '' ( PDF ) . premierleague.com . Premier League . 1 August 2010 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Ground Capacity at start of the Season : 47,405 ( middle of page 23 ) Jump up ^ `` Premier League Handbook Season 2009 / 10 '' ( PDF ) . premierleague.com . Premier League . 1 August 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Ground Capacity at start of the Season : 47,405 ( middle of page 25 ) Jump up ^ `` Premier League Handbook Season 2008 / 09 '' ( PDF ) . premierleague.com . Premier League . 1 August 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Ground Capacity at start of the Season : 47,405 ( middle of page 21 ) ^ Jump up to : `` MCFC Stadium History '' . MCFC OWS . Manchester : Manchester City Football Club . 8 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 8 February 2008 . Retrieved 18 May 2015 . Note : This original MCFC OWS source , located via the Wayback Machine Internet Archive , supports the stated stadium capacity value of 47,726 for all years prior to its publication -- i.e. , 2003 through 2007 . Jump up ^ James , Gary & Turner , Ric . `` The Etihad Stadium '' . Bluemoon ( bluemoon-mcfc.co.uk ) . Manchester : Bluemoon - MCFC . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . 2002 -- 38,000 2003 -- 47,726 ( under CITY OF MANCHESTER PROGRESSIVE CAPACITY at end of article ) Note : The 38,000 capacity number for the 2002 Games is wrong ; it is the official capacity for the Games that the stadium 's architects originally intended , but CoMS ' temporary seating on the site of the later North Stand was expanded to 41,000 at the eleventh hour due to better - than - expected ticket sales . However , the cited history article does correctly capture the converted stadium 's initial capacity during its first year of staging PL football in 2003 . Jump up ^ Cram , Steve ( 1 August 2002 ) . `` The best Britain has seen '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Charlie ( 28 July 2002 ) . `` Stadium is star of the Games '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Building prize for ' icon Gherkin ' '' . BBC News . 16 October 2004 . Retrieved 7 January 2008 . Other winners at this year 's ceremony included the City of Manchester stadium , designed by Arup Associates . It won the RIBA Inclusive Design Award for great design in a safe and convenient environment . Jump up ^ Britton , Karen ( 3 July 2014 ) . `` Etihad Stadium hits a winner as it 's named one of England 's top landmarks '' . Manchester Evening News . M.E.N. Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . The people who built Manchester City 's home are set to be honoured at a special ceremony after it is included in a list of the country 's most recognisable structures . Jump up ^ `` Fans are buzzing as City ticket sales rise '' . Manchester Evening News . M.E.N. Media . 17 July 2010 . Retrieved 20 November 2011 . Sales of the Seasoncards ... have already passed the total of 33,000 sold last summer . It is the highest tally for seven seasons , since a club - record 36,000 were sold for the first campaign at Eastlands in 2003 / 04 . Jump up ^ James , Gary & Turner , Ric . `` Maine Road '' . Bluemoon ( bluemoon-mcfc.co.uk ) . Manchester : Bluemoon - MCFC . Retrieved 17 June 2015 . 2002 -- 35,150 ( under MAINE ROAD PROGRESSIVE CAPACITY at end of article ) Jump up ^ `` Premier League Fan Survey -- 2006 / 07 season '' ( PDF ) . premierleague.com . SportsWise ( on behalf of the Premier League ) . 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Arsenal did have sight line problems at Highbury ... but their switch to the state - of - the - art Emirates eclipses even the new Eastlands home of Manchester City . ( bottom of page 26 / top of page 27 ) Jump up ^ `` City has ' best ' football stadium '' . BBC News . 2 September 2005 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . Fans prefer visiting Manchester , with Old Trafford and the City of Manchester stadium coming first and second in a list of their favourite venues . Jump up ^ `` Premier League lures overseas visitors to UK '' . BBC News . Business . 19 August 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . The most popular stadiums for overseas visitors were those of Manchester United , Liverpool , and Manchester City . Jump up ^ `` Premier League Fan Survey -- 2006 / 07 season '' ( PDF ) . premierleague.com . SportsWise ( on behalf of the Premier League ) . 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Better stadium facilities do not always result in improved atmosphere . Switching from their old home at Maine Road has not had a positive impact on the match atmosphere ratings of Manchester City nor the Riverside Stadium for Middlesbrough -- while likewise Arsenal 's stunning new home has not brought a markedly improved matchday atmosphere as far as supporters are concerned . ( middle of page 27 ) Jump up ^ Brennan , Stuart ( 23 March 2015 ) . `` Man City 's soaring new stand to boost Etihad atmosphere '' . Manchester Evening News . M.E.N. Media . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . The 1894 Group , which aims to improve the atmosphere at the Etihad Stadium , is working with the club ... in a bid to re-create the formidable noise the Kippax used to generate at Maine Road . Jump up ^ `` City win VisitFootball Club of the Year and Warmest Welcome ! '' . mcfcsupportersclub.co.uk . Manchester City F.C. Supporters Club . 14 October 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Manchester City Football Club is to receive two awards for the quality of their customer care to Premier League fans last season . The VisitFootball Awards are part of a national scheme that is improving standards of fan experience at football stadia . Jump up ^ `` Four clubs receive inaugural VisitFootball awards '' . premierleague.com . Premier League . 16 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2015 . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Arsenal , Fulham , Liverpool and Manchester City first clubs to scoop VisitFootball Awards . Jump up ^ `` City stadium expansion : more cut price tickets could be available '' . Manchester Evening News . M.E.N. Media . 19 August 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Put simply , Manchester City are the gold standard in providing fans with the best matchday experience . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City Close to Finalising Record Stadium Naming Rights Deal with Abu Dhabi - Owned Sponsor '' . Goal . PERFORM Media Sales . 13 May 2011 . Retrieved 22 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Williams , Jennifer ( 8 January 2015 ) . `` Manchester City to put new sports village on map with giant signs visible from above '' . Manchester Evening News . M.E.N. Media . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Linton , Deborah ( 19 September 2011 ) . `` Video and picture gallery : How Manchester City 's training village will look '' . Manchester Evening News . M.E.N. Media . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Lambert , Callum ( 9 April 2015 ) . `` Manchester City : The future of women 's football ? '' . quaysnews.net . Manchester : University of Salford . Archived from the original on 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Perhaps the most crucial part of their future development came last December when the club opened their new £ 200 million City Football Academy ( CFA ) : a state - of - the - art base that accommodates 450 players ranging from junior teams to the men 's and women 's senior squads . Jump up ^ Lambert , Callum ( 9 April 2015 ) . `` Manchester City : The future of women 's football ? '' . quaysnews.net . Manchester : University of Salford . Archived from the original on 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . Formerly recognised as Manchester City Ladies , they became an official part of the club in 2012 with the intention of becoming a major force in the women 's game . Jump up ^ `` City Football Academy : History '' . MCFC OWS . Manchester City F.C. 8 December 2014 . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Coyle , Simon ( 2 March 2014 ) . `` Pictures and Video : New bridge at Manchester City 's Etihad campus lowered into place '' . Manchester Evening News . M.E.N. Media . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City confirm new Swiss link '' . sportspromedia.com . London : SportsProMedia Limited . 26 November 2014 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official opening of the community bridge connecting the Etihad Stadium to the soon - to - be-opened City Football Academy '' . MCFC OWS . Manchester City F.C. 26 November 2014 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Premier League : Chancellor George Osbourne ( sic ) opens Manchester City Academy '' . skysports.com . Isleworth : Sky plc. 8 December 2014 . Retrieved 4 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` City Football Academy Opens '' . MCFC media release web video on YouTube . Manchester City Football Club . 8 December 2014 . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Beswick Community Hub '' ( PDF ) . North West Construction Hub . 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 1 June 2015 . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzgerald , Todd ( 20 January 2015 ) . `` ' Manchester City ' college has students achieving their goals and heading for top of the table '' . Manchester Evening News . M.E.N. Media . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Jennifer ( 31 October 2014 ) . `` Beswick 's new £ 9m leisure centre makes a splash as it opens its doors to the public '' . Manchester Evening News . M.E.N. Media . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Jennifer ( 5 February 2015 ) . `` New £ 18m sports science institute at Manchester City 's Etihad complex is given go - ahead '' . Manchester Evening News . M.E.N. Media . Retrieved 31 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dad 's Halo Effect : ' Globally admired ' Ryan Gander work revealed '' . BBC News . Manchester . 26 November 2014 . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester 's industrial past honoured by stainless steel chess sculptures '' . theguardian.com . London : Guardian News and Media Limited . 26 November 2014 . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Jennifer ( 26 November 2014 ) . `` Watch : Artwork centrepiece to Beswick 's multi-million pound regeneration unveiled '' . Manchester Evening News . M.E.N Media . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Sculptor Ryan Gander 's gleaming metallic landmark -- outside Beswick 's Connell Sixth Form College and East Manchester Leisure Centre Jump up ^ Puttick , Kate ( 29 November 2014 ) . `` Dad 's Halo Effect : B of the Bang fiasco ' must not put Manchester off public art ' '' . mancunianmatters.co.uk . Manchester : Mancunian Matters . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Metrolink -- East Manchester line '' . Transport for Greater Manchester . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Metrolink from Manchester to Droylsden to open in February '' . BBC News . Manchester . 6 December 2012 . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City -- Etihad Stadium ( see under `` By Train and Metrolink '' tab ) `` . footballgroundguide.com . Football Ground Guide . 25 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 11 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City -- Etihad Stadium ( see under `` Directions and Car Parking '' tab ) `` . footballgroundguide.com . Football Ground Guide . 25 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 11 June 2015 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Etihad Ten : Greatest Hits Collection '' . MCFC OWS . Manchester City Football Club . 13 June 2013 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . From Bon Jovi to the Boss , Dave Grohl to the Pet Shop Boys , Red Hot Chilli Peppers to Take That -- celebrating a decade of great gigs at City 's home ... ^ Jump up to : Linton , Deborah ( 15 June 2010 ) . `` Concerts are back at City 's stadium '' . Manchester Evening News . M.E.N. Media . Retrieved 29 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Concerts -- Hospitality -- Manchester City FC '' . Manchester City Football Club . May 2008 . Retrieved 28 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City bid for entertainment licence to bring more concerts to Etihad stadium '' . Manchester Evening News . M.E.N. Media . 21 April 2012 . Retrieved 3 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Blues stadium is top rock venue '' . Manchester Evening News . M.E.N. Media . 29 November 2003 . Retrieved 20 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Manchester City kicks off innovative smartcard services and sponsorships with wireless , RF - enabled Intelligent Stadium '' ( PDF ) . Hewlett - Packard . February 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 February 2006 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . And it can function as a 60,000 - seat concert arena -- the largest stadium performance site in the UK . Jump up ^ Long , Chris ( 22 November 2006 ) . `` Take That -- The Ultimate Tour '' . BBC Manchester . Retrieved 11 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Robbie Williams concert : In pictures '' . MCFC OWS . Manchester City Football Club . 19 June 2013 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One Direction to play Etihad Stadium in Manchester next year '' . Manchester Evening News . 17 May 2013 . Retrieved 17 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Oakwell to host Man City Uefa tie '' . BBC Sport. 20 June 2008 . Retrieved 21 November 2011 . City needed an alternative venue because of the time required for the City of Manchester Stadium pitch to recover from this summer 's events . Jump up ^ `` City face Faroe Isles opposition in UEFA Cup '' . MCFC OWS . Manchester City Football Club . 20 June 2008 . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . City 's home leg of the tie will be played at Barnsley 's Oakwell ground two weeks later and will be Mark Hughes ' first competitive game in charge of the Blues on British soil . Jump up ^ `` Work begins on CoMs pitch '' ( web video ) . Manchester City Football Club . 21 May 2010 . Retrieved 29 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Stadium Infrastructure Regulations : Edition 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Union of European Football Associations. 2010 . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 : Official approval for EURO success '' . UEFA. 2005 . Retrieved 15 November 2011 ... with the opening game -- England 's thrilling 3 -- 2 victory against Finland at the City of Manchester stadium on Sunday 5 June -- attracting 29,092 fans , a record for a women 's match in Europe . Jump up ^ Ryan , Mark ( 21 May 2011 ) . `` AFC Wimbledon 0 Luton Town 0 ( aet , 4 -- 3 on pens ) : Dons promoted to Football League '' . Daily Mail . London : Associated Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Square Bet Premier final moves to Manchester '' . BBC Sport. 24 September 2010 . Retrieved 21 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby League Project -- Great Britain vs. Australia '' . Rugby League Project . 30 October 2004 . Retrieved 30 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Barker , Neil ( 3 July 2014 ) . `` Magic Weekend not coming to Etihad Stadium '' . Manchester Evening News . M.E.N. Media . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . City are at home in the final week of the Premier League season and building work at the site will commence immediately after this ... A return to the event 's adopted Manchester home seems likely however in the future . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 boxing matches held in stadiums '' . ESPN Sports Media Ltd. 14 February 2014 . Retrieved 19 May 2015 . 55,000 fans -- a post-war record attendance for a British fight -- welcomed Hatton into the ring to a rousing rendition of ' High Ho Ricky Hatton ' and his original crowd pleaser , Blue Moon . Jump up ^ `` Rugby World Cup 2015 -- Match Schedule '' . rugbyworldcup.com . Dublin : World Rugby . Archived from the original on 13 June 2015 . Retrieved 11 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pool A , England v Uruguay . Manchester city stadium '' . Rugby World Cup . 10 October 2015 . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Bibliography James , Gary ( December 2010 ) . Manchester -- A Football History ( 2nd edition ) . Halifax : James Ward Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9558127 - 3 - 6 . James , Gary ( January 2006 ) . Manchester City -- The Complete Record . Derby : Breedon Books Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85983 - 512 - 8 . Further reading The Phaidon Atlas of Contemporary World Architecture -- Comprehensive Edition . Phaidon Press . ISBN 0 - 7148 - 4312 - 1 . The Phaidon Atlas of Contemporary World Architecture -- Travel Edition . Phaidon Press . 2005 . ISBN 0 - 7148 - 4450 - 0 . External links ( edit ) English football portal Greater Manchester portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to City of Manchester Stadium . City of Manchester Stadium official website Manchester City Football Club official website Images tagged City of Manchester Stadium at Flickr Arup Associates PDF format article about the original design of the stadium Arup Associates PDF format article about the transformation of the stadium after the 2002 Games Modern Steel Construction PDF format article about the innovative construction of the stadium 's roof YouTube video depicting MCFC 's vision for planned Etihad Campus / CFA development YouTube video depicting sequential construction steps required to expand stadium 's South Stand YouTube video depicting hub circus location of Dad 's Halo Effect public sculpture Preceded by Hampden Park Glasgow UEFA Cup Final venue 2008 Succeeded by Şükrü Saracoğlu Stadium Istanbul Preceded by National Stadium , Bukit Jalil Kuala Lumpur Commonwealth Games Stadium 2002 Succeeded by Melbourne Cricket Ground Melbourne Manchester City Football Club Players Managers Reserves & Academy Records & statistics Honours Current season History Seasons 1880 -- 1928 1928 -- 1965 1965 -- 2001 2001 -- present Overview Strip Ownership and finances Europe People Players ( 100 + appearances ) 25 -- 99 appearances fewer than 25 appearances Managers Supporters Grounds Early grounds ( 1880 -- 1887 ) Hyde Road ( 1887 -- 1923 ) Maine Road ( 1923 -- 2003 ) City of Manchester Stadium ( 2003 -- present ) Reserve grounds Academy Stadium Training ground Carrington Training Centre ( 2001 -- 2014 ) Etihad Campus ( 2014 -- present ) Football teams First team Elite Development Squad Academy Women Affiliated football teams under CFG Girona FC Melbourne City FC New York City FC Club Atlético Torque Yokohama F. Marinos Affiliated academies Sun Jihai Youth Training Football Base Media Media Blue Moon Rising Football Mania There 's Only One Jimmy Grimble Trautmann Rivalries League record by opponent Manchester City rivalries Manchester derby Schools Connell Sixth Form College Related articles Revie Plan The Kippax The Poznań `` Blue Moon '' `` Roll With It '' Famous matches Maine Road F.C. Manchester City F.C. ( Sierra Leone ) Book : Manchester City F.C. Category : Manchester City F.C. Football in Greater Manchester Manchester FA Clubs ( List of ) Premier League & Football League ( tiers 1 -- 4 ) Manchester City Manchester United Bolton Wanderers Wigan Athletic Rochdale Bury Oldham Athletic Non-League ( tiers 5 -- 11 ) 5 Salford City 6 Altrincham Ashton United Curzon Ashton F.C. United of Manchester Stockport County 7 Hyde United Stalybridge Celtic 8 Atherton Collieries Droylsden Mossley Radcliffe Borough Ramsbottom United Trafford 9 Abbey Hey Ashton Athletic Irlam Maine Road West Didsbury & Chorlton 10 Atherton Laburnum Rovers Chadderton Cheadle Town Daisy Hill Prestwich Heys Stockport Town 11 Ashton Town Eagley Wythenshawe Amateurs Competitions Manchester Premier Cup Manchester Senior Cup Venues Boundary Park Bower Fold Broadhurst Park Butcher 's Arms Ground City of Manchester Stadium DW Stadium Edgeley Park Ewen Fields Gigg Lane Macron Stadium Moss Lane Old Trafford Spotland Stadium Other topics Manchester derby Premier League venues Current Anfield Cardiff City Stadium City of Manchester Stadium Craven Cottage Dean Court Emirates Stadium Falmer Stadium Goodison Park King Power Stadium Kirklees Stadium London Stadium Molineux Old Trafford St James ' Park St Mary 's Stadium Selhurst Park Stamford Bridge Turf Moor Vicarage Road Wembley Stadium Former Bet365 Stadium Bloomfield Road Boundary Park Bramall Lane Carrow Road City Ground County Ground DW Stadium Elland Road Ewood Park Fratton Park The Hawthorns Hillsborough Stadium KCOM Stadium Liberty Stadium Loftus Road Macron Stadium Madejski Stadium Oakwell Portman Road Pride Park Riverside Stadium Stadium of Light St Andrew 's The Valley Valley Parade Villa Park Demolished Ayresome Park Baseball Ground Boleyn Ground Burnden Park The Dell Filbert Street Highbury Highfield Road Maine Road Roker Park White Hart Lane Commonwealth Games stadiums Ivor Wynne Stadium ( Hamilton 1930 ) White City Stadium ( London 1934 ) Sydney Cricket Ground ( Sydney 1938 ) Eden Park ( Auckland 1950 ) Empire Stadium ( Vancouver 1954 ) Arms Park ( Cardiff 1958 ) Perry Lakes Stadium ( Perth 1962 ) Independence Park ( Kingston 1966 ) Meadowbank Stadium ( Edinburgh 1970 ) Queen Elizabeth II Park ( Christchurch 1974 ) Commonwealth Stadium ( Edmonton 1978 ) Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre ( Brisbane 1982 ) Meadowbank Stadium ( Edinburgh 1986 ) Mount Smart Stadium ( Auckland 1990 ) Centennial Stadium ( Victoria 1994 ) Bukit Jalil National Stadium ( Kuala Lumpur 1998 ) City of Manchester Stadium ( Manchester 2002 ) Melbourne Cricket Ground ( Melbourne 2006 ) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium ( Delhi 2010 ) Hampden Park ( Glasgow 2014 ) Carrara Stadium ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Alexander Stadium ( Birmingham 2022 ) Super League venues AJ Bell Stadium Belle Vue DW Stadium Halliwell Jones Stadium Halton Stadium Headingley Rugby Stadium Kirklees Stadium KCOM Stadium Langtree Park Leigh Sports Village Stade Gilbert Brutus The Jungle Magic Weekend Millennium Stadium Murrayfield Stadium City of Manchester Stadium St James ' Park Grand Final Old Trafford Venues for the 2015 Rugby World Cup Brighton Community Stadium ( Brighton ) City of Manchester Stadium ( Manchester ) Elland Road ( Leeds ) Kingsholm ( Gloucester ) King Power Stadium ( Leicester ) Millennium Stadium ( Cardiff ) Olympic Stadium ( London ) Sandy Park ( Exeter ) St James ' Park ( Newcastle upon Tyne ) Stadium mk ( Milton Keynes ) Twickenham Stadium ( London ) Villa Park ( Birmingham ) Wembley Stadium ( London ) Buildings and structures in Manchester , England Skyscrapers ( over 100 metres ) Deansgate Square South Tower ( 201m ) Beetham Tower ( 169m ) Deansgate Square West Tower ( 140m ) CIS Tower ( 118m ) Angel Gardens ( 108m ) City Tower ( 107m ) 17 New Wakefield Street ( 106m ) Highrises ( over 50 metres ) 1 New York Street 1 Spinningfields 3 Hardman Street 111 Piccadilly Arndale Tower Civil Justice Centre Great Northern Tower Manchester One Maths & Social Sciences Building No. 1 Deansgate New Century House One Angel Square One St Peter 's Square Two St Peter 's Square Owens Park Palace Hotel Peninsula Building St James Buildings Town Hall Town Hall Extension Notable lowrises ( city centre or Grade II * listed ) 1 The Avenue 1 -- 3 York Street 25 St Ann Street 38 and 42 Mosley Street 46 -- 48 Brown Street 50 Newton Street 53 King Street 84 Plymouth Grove 100 King Street Afflecks Alan Turing Building Albert Hall Ancoats Hospital Arkwright House Athenaeum Baguley Hall Bank Chambers Barlow Hall Barton Arcade Chancellors Hotel & Conference Centre Central Library Chetham 's Library Chips Clayton Hall Corn Exchange County Court Daily Express Dalton - Ellis Hall Didsbury Campus Estate Exchange Former Bank of England Free Trade Hall Gateway House Old Granada Studios The Green Building Grove House The Haçienda Hanover Building Heaton Hall Holyoake House Hough End Hall Hulme Hall Hulme Hippodrome Institute of Biotechnology John Rylands Library John Rylands University Library Kendals Lawrence Buildings Law Library Lincoln House London Road Fire Station Manchester Art Gallery Manchester Museum Mechanics ' Institute Memorial Hall Midland Hotel Minshull Street Crown Courts Museum of Science & Industry National Graphene Institute Nicholls Building Odeon Cinema Old Wellington Inn Pankhurst Centre People 's History Museum Police Museum Portico Library Playhouse Theatre Redfern Building Reform Club Rose Hill Royal Eye Hospital Rylands Building Sackville Street Building Sharston Hall Ship Canal House Slade Hall Smithfield Market Hall St. Anselm Hall St Mary 's Hospital Strangeways Sunlight House Theatre Royal Toast Rack The Towers Transport Museum Urbis Victoria Baths Whitworth Art Gallery Whitworth Hall Worthington Hall Wythenshawe Bus Garage Wythenshawe Hall Mills and warehouses 107 Piccadilly 1830 warehouse , Liverpool Road railway station Albion Mill Asia House Beehive Mill Bridgewater House Brownsfield Mill Brunswick Mill Canada House Chorlton New Mills Churchgate House Dale Street Warehouse Havelock Mills India House Jackson 's Warehouse Lancaster House McConnel & Kennedy Mills Murrays ' Mills Old Mill Piccadilly Mill Royal Mill Shudehill Mill Watts Warehouse Religious ( Grade I or II * listed ) British Muslim Heritage Centre Brookfield Church Castlefield Chapel Christ Church Cross Street Chapel Holy Name of Jesus Edgar Wood Centre Gorton Monastery Holy Trinity Platt Church Jewish Museum Manchester Cathedral Manchester Reform Synagogue St Ann 's St Chrysostom 's Church Church of St Cross St. George St James St John St. Mary Church of St Michael St Nicholas St Peter Upper Brook Street Chapel St Wilfrid Transportation Manchester Airport Airport station Deansgate station Piccadilly station Victoria station Oxford Road station Piccadilly Bus Station Shudehill Interchange Entertainment O Apollo Arndale Centre Bridgewater Hall Castlefield Bowl Central Contact Theatre Cornerhouse The Factory Great Northern Warehouse HOME Palace Theatre Parrs Wood Entertainment Centre Opera House The Printworks Manchester Arena Manchester Academy O Ritz Royal Exchange Theatre Sports venues Aquatics Centre Belle Vue Stadium Broadhurst Park National Cycling Centre ( BMX Arena , Velodrome ) Etihad Campus City of Manchester Stadium Manchester City Academy Stadium Manchester Regional Arena National Speedway Stadium National Squash Centre Memorials and sculptures Alan Turing Memorial Albert Memorial B of the Bang Cenotaph Peacock Mausoleum Bridges Albert Bridge Blackfriars Bridge Corporation Street Bridge Hulme Arch Bridge Irwell Railway bridge Palatine Bridge Store Street Aqueduct Trinity Bridge Victoria Bridge Architecture Castles Churches Grade I listed Grade II * listed Grade II listed Mills Monuments Tallest Warehouses Italics denote building under construction Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City_of_Manchester_Stadium&oldid=846189702 '' Categories : Etihad Airways Premier League venues Football venues in England Manchester City F.C. Sports venues in Manchester 2002 Commonwealth Games venues Music venues in Greater Manchester Commonwealth Games rugby union venues Rugby union stadiums in England Sports venues completed in 2002 2002 establishments in England High - tech architecture Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from April 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2014 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 45 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 00 : 22 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did manchester city move to the etihad	[ "The stadium was named the City of Manchester Stadium by Manchester City Council before construction began in December 1999,[24] but has a number of commonly used alternatives. City of Manchester Stadium is abbreviated to CoMS when written and spoken. Eastlands refers to the site and the stadium before they were named SportCity and CoMS respectively, and remains in common usage[2] for both the stadium and the whole complex, as does SportCity but with less frequency.[59] The stadium was also officially referred to as Manchester City Stadium for the 2015 Rugby World Cup. The football club, under its new ownership, renegotiated its 250-year lease with the city council in October 2010, gaining the naming rights[11] in return for a substantial increase in rent.[13][41] The stadium was renamed the Etihad Stadium by the club in July 2011 as part of a ten-year agreement with the team kit sponsors Etihad Airways.[2] The agreement encompasses sponsorship of the stadium's name,[60] extends the team kit sponsorship for ten years,[61] and includes plans to relocate the club's youth academy and training facilities to the City Football Academy[62] on a new campus development adjacent to the stadium.[63]" ]	[ "July 2011" ]
-5947629040239951518	Los Angeles Chargers	Los Angeles Chargers - wikipedia Los Angeles Chargers Jump to : navigation , search `` Chargers '' redirects here . For other uses , see Charger ( disambiguation ) . Los Angeles Chargers Current season Established August 14 , 1959 ; 58 years ago ( 1959 - 08 - 14 ) First season : 1960 Play in StubHub Center Carson , California Headquartered in Costa Mesa , California Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Western Division ( 1960 -- 1969 ) National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) AFC West ( 1970 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Navy Blue , Powder Blue , White , Gold Personnel Owner ( s ) Alex Spanos Chairman Dean Spanos General manager Tom Telesco Head coach Anthony Lynn Team history Los Angeles Chargers ( 1960 , 2017 -- present ) San Diego Chargers ( 1961 -- 2016 ) Team nicknames The Bolts , San Diego Super Chargers Championships League championships ( 1 ) 0 AFL Championships : ( 1 ) 1963 Conference championships ( 1 ) AFC : 1994 Division championships ( 15 ) AFL West : 1960 , 1961 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 AFC West : 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1992 , 1994 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 Playoff appearances ( 18 ) AFL : 1960 , 1961 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 NFL : 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1992 , 1994 , 1995 , 2004 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , 2009 , 2013 Home fields Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( 1960 ) Balboa Stadium ( 1961 -- 1966 ) SDCCU Stadium ( 1967 -- 2016 ) StubHub Center ( 2017 -- present ) Los Angeles Stadium ( projected for 2020 ) This article is part of series of Los Angeles Chargers history Los Angeles Chargers ( 1960 ) San Diego Chargers ( 1961 -- 2016 ) Los Angeles Chargers ( 2017 -- present ) List of seasons The Los Angeles Chargers are a professional American football team based in the Greater Los Angeles Area . The Chargers compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . The team was founded on August 14 , 1959 and began play on September 10 , 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) , and spent its first season in Los Angeles , before moving to San Diego in 1961 to become the San Diego Chargers . The Chargers joined the NFL as result of the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 , and played their home games at SDCCU Stadium . The return of the Chargers to Los Angeles was announced for the 2017 season , just one year after the Rams had moved back to the city from St. Louis . The Chargers will play their home games at the StubHub Center until the opening in 2020 of the Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park , which they will share with the Rams . The Chargers won one AFL title in 1963 and reached the AFL playoffs five times and the AFL Championship four times before joining the NFL ( 1970 ) as part of the AFL -- NFL merger . In the 43 years since then , the Chargers have made 13 trips to the playoffs and four appearances in the AFC Championship game . In 1994 , the Chargers won their lone AFC championship and faced the San Francisco 49ers in Super Bowl XXIX , losing 49 -- 26 . The Chargers have eight players and one coach enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton , Ohio : wide receiver Lance Alworth ( 1962 -- 1970 ) , defensive end Fred Dean ( 1975 -- 1981 ) , quarterback Dan Fouts ( 1973 -- 1987 ) , head coach - general manager Sid Gillman ( 1960 -- 1969 , 1971 ) , wide receiver Charlie Joiner ( 1976 -- 1986 ) , offensive lineman Ron Mix ( 1960 -- 1969 ) , tight end Kellen Winslow ( 1979 -- 1987 ) , linebacker Junior Seau ( 1990 -- 2002 ) , and running back Ladanian Tomlinson ( 2001 - 2009 ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1960 -- 1970 : the AFL years 1.2 1970 -- 1978 : Post-merger 1.2. 1 1980 -- 1981 1.2. 2 1982 -- 1988 1.3 1989 -- 1994 : Super Bowl bound 1.4 1995 -- 2004 1.5 2006 -- 2009 1.6 2010 -- 2012 : End of the Norv Turner / A.J. Smith era 1.7 2013 -- 2016 : Mike McCoy era and final years in San Diego 1.8 2017 -- present : Return to Los Angeles 2 Logo and uniforms 3 Players of note 3.1 Current roster 3.2 Retired numbers 3.3 Pro Football Hall of Famers 3.4 Chargers Hall of Fame 3.5 50th Anniversary Team 3.6 San Diego Hall of Champions 4 Staff 4.1 Head coaches 4.2 Current staff 5 Radio and television 5.1 Radio affiliates 5.1. 1 English 5.1. 2 Spanish 6 Theme song 7 References 8 External links Franchise history ( edit ) This section may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( January 2017 ) Main articles : History of the San Diego Chargers and History of the Los Angeles Chargers Main article : List of Los Angeles Chargers seasons 1960 -- 1970 : the AFL years ( edit ) The Los Angeles Chargers were established with seven other American Football League teams in 1959 . In 1960 , the Chargers began AFL play in Los Angeles . The Chargers ' original owner was hotel heir Barron Hilton , son of Hilton Hotels founder Conrad Hilton . According to the official website of the Pro Football Hall of Fame , Barron Hilton agreed after his general manager , Frank Leahy , picked the Chargers name when he purchased an AFL franchise for Los Angeles : `` I liked it because they were yelling ' charge ' and sounding the bugle at Dodgers Stadium and at USC games . '' The Chargers initially considered playing at the Rose Bowl , but instead signed a lease to play at the Los Angeles Coliseum . There is also an alternative theory about a man named Gerald Courtney of Hollywood who won an all - expenses - paid trip to Mexico City and Acapulco for submitting `` Chargers '' in a name - the - team contest . The Chargers only spent one season in Los Angeles before moving to San Diego in 1961 . From 1961 to 1966 their home field was Balboa Stadium in Balboa Park . As of August 1967 , they moved to the newly constructed SDCCU Stadium ( then named San Diego Stadium ) , where they played their home games until 2016 . They played ten years in the AFL before the merging of the league into the older NFL . Their only coach for the ten - year life of the AFL was Sid Gillman , a Hall of Famer who was widely recognized as a great offensive innovator . The early AFL years of the San Diego Chargers were highlighted by the outstanding play of wide receiver Lance `` Bambi '' Alworth with 543 receptions for 10,266 yards in his 11 - AFL / NFL - season career . In addition he set the pro football record of consecutive games with a reception ( 96 ) during his career . With players such as Alworth , Paul Lowe , Keith Lincoln and John Hadl , the high - scoring Chargers won divisional crowns five of the league 's first six seasons and the AFL title in 1963 with a 51 -- 10 victory over the Boston Patriots . They also played great defense , as indicated by their professional football record 49 pass interceptions in 1961 , and featured AFL Rookie of the Year defensive end Earl Faison . The Chargers were the originators of the term `` Fearsome Foursome '' to describe their all - star defensive line , anchored by Faison and Ernie Ladd ( the latter also excelled in professional wrestling ) . The phrase was later appropriated by various NFL teams . Hilton sold the Chargers to a group headed by Eugene Klein and Sam Schulman in August 1966 . The following year , the Chargers began `` head to head '' competition with the older NFL with a preseason loss to the Detroit Lions . The Chargers defeated the defending Super Bowl III champion New York Jets 34 -- 27 before a record San Diego Stadium crowd of 54,042 on September 29 , 1969 . Alworth once again led the team in receptions with 64 and 1,003 yards with four touchdowns . The team also saw Gillman step down due to health and offensive backfield coach Charlie Waller promoted to head coach after the completion of the regular season . Gillman did remain with the club as the general manager . 1970 -- 1978 : post-merger ( edit ) In 1970 , the Chargers were placed into the AFC West division after the NFL merger with the AFL . But by then , the Chargers fell on hard times ; Gillman , who had returned as general manager , stepped down in 1971 , and many of the Chargers players from the 1960s had already either retired or had been traded . The Chargers acquired veteran players like Deacon Jones and Johnny Unitas ; however , it was at the later stages of their careers and the team struggled , placing third or fourth in the AFC West each year from 1970 to 1978 . During the 1973 season , the Chargers were involved in the first major drug scandal in the NFL . Tight end Kellen Winslow in 2008 1978 was marked by the `` Holy Roller '' game , or as Chargers fans call it , the `` Immaculate Deception '' . It was a game - winning play executed by the Oakland Raiders against the Chargers on September 10 , 1978 , in San Diego at Jack Murphy Stadium . With 10 seconds left in the game , the Raiders had possession of the ball at the Chargers ' 14 - yard line , down 20 -- 14 . Raiders quarterback Ken Stabler took the snap and found himself about to be sacked by Chargers linebacker Woodrow Lowe on the 24 - yard line . Stabler fumbled the ball forward , and it rolled forward towards the San Diego goal line . Running back Pete Banaszak tried to recover the ball on the 12 - yard line , but could not keep his footing , and the ball was pushed even closer to the end zone . Raiders tight end Dave Casper was the next player to reach the ball but he also could not get a hand on it . He batted and kicked the ball into the end zone , where he fell on it for the game - tying touchdown as time ran out . With the ensuing extra point by kicker Errol Mann , the Raiders won 21 -- 20 . What many Chargers fans believed should have been called an incomplete pass ( and possibly intentional grounding ) was seen as a fumble and the rest of the play involved batting of the ball forward towards the end zone where the Raiders ultimately recovered it for a touchdown . As a result of this play , NFL rules were changed so that , in the last two minutes of a half or game , or on fourth down at any time in the game , the only offensive player allowed to advance a fumble is the player who originally fumbled . If any other offensive player recovers the fumble and advances the ball , after the play the line of scrimmage is the spot of the original fumble . 1979 marked a turning point for the Chargers franchise as The Sporting News named team general manager John Sanders NFL Executive of the Year after balloting of other NFL executives . Fouts set an NFL record with his fourth consecutive 300 - yard passing game , in a game in which he threw for 303 yards against the Raiders . Coached by Don Coryell ( with an offense nicknamed `` Air Coryell '' ) , featuring Fouts throwing to tight end Kellen Winslow and wide receivers John Jefferson and Charlie Joiner , they clinched their first playoff berth in 14 years with a 35 -- 0 victory against the New Orleans Saints . On December 17 , the Chargers defeated the Denver Broncos 17 -- 7 for their first AFC West division title since the AFL - NFL merger before a national Monday Night Football television audience and their home crowd . Their time in the playoffs was short as they would lose to the Houston Oilers 17 -- 14 in the divisional round . Ron Mix became the second AFL player and second Chargers player to be named to the Pro Football Hall of Fame , during halftime of the AFC - NFC Pro Bowl . 1980 -- 1981 ( edit ) In 1980 the team traded for running back Chuck Muncie , and Fouts set a club record with 444 yards passing in the Chargers ' 44 -- 7 victory over the New York Giants . Kellen Winslow caught 10 passes for 171 yards and Chargers clinched their second straight AFC West title by defeating the Pittsburgh Steelers 26 -- 17 and finished the regular season with an 11 -- 5 record . Jefferson ( 1,340 ) , Winslow ( 1,290 ) , and Joiner ( 1,132 ) became the first trio on the same team to have 1,000 yards receiving in a season . The Chargers ' defense led the NFL in sacks ( 60 ) spearheaded by the frontline of 1975 Chargers ' draftees Fred Dean , Gary `` Big Hands '' Johnson and Louie Kelcher . The trio , along with Leroy Jones formed a defensive frontline that was locally nicknamed Bruise Brothers . In the playoffs , they won the divisional round 20 -- 14 over the Buffalo Bills . However , they fell one game shy of Super Bowl XV in a 34 -- 27 loss to the eventual champion Raiders . In 1981 , the Chargers won their third straight AFC West title with a 10 -- 6 season . After the division titles of the 1979 and 1980 seasons , contract disputes arose and owner Klein refused to renegotiate players ' contracts . They traded wide receiver John Jefferson to the Green Bay Packers after he held out for an increase in salary but replaced him with Wes Chandler . Defensive end Dean also became involved in a holdout and was traded to the 49ers . Dean contends he was making the same amount of money as his brother - in - law who was a truck driver . Dean won UPI NFC Defensive Player of the Year ( while playing in only 11 games ) that same year en route to a Super Bowl victory and helped the 49ers to another Super Bowl title two years later . Dean 's loss was particularly damaging to the Chargers ' Super Bowl chances as the defense weakened afterwards , surrendering the most passing yards in the NFL in both 1981 and 1982 . In the 1981 playoffs , the Chargers outlasted the Miami Dolphins in the divisional round , 41 -- 38 , in a game that became known as The Epic in Miami . The game was voted as the best game in NFL history by a panel of ESPN journalists . The temperature was 85 ° F with high humidity ( 29.4 ° C ) at the Miami Orange Bowl , but it did not stop either team 's offense . The Chargers were led by quarterback Dan Fouts who made the Pro Bowl for the third year in a row , setting an NFL single - season record at that time of 4,802 yards and 33 touchdowns . The Dolphins were led by head coach Don Shula and featured a defense that gave up the fifth - fewest points in the NFL in the regular season . This game set playoff records for the most points scored in a playoff game ( 79 ) , the most total yards by both teams ( 1,036 ) , and most passing yards by both teams ( 809 ) . Chargers placekicker Rolf Benirschke eventually kicked the winning 29 - yard field goal after 13 : 52 of overtime to help San Diego beat Miami , 41 -- 38 . The image of an exhausted tight end Kellen Winslow , who finished the game with 13 receptions for 166 yards and a touchdown and one blocked field goal , being helped off the field by two of his Chargers teammates has been replayed countless times . Winslow was voted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1995 . However , the eventual AFC Champion Cincinnati Bengals , playing in their first AFC Championship Game , defeated the Chargers 27 -- 7 in what became known as the Freezer Bowl . The temperature of − 9 ° with a wind - chill factor of − 59 ° made this the coldest weather conditions for a title game in the history of the NFL . Chargers owner Eugene Klein tried to get the NFL and Bengals to postpone the game but he was turned down . 1982 -- 1988 ( edit ) During the strike - shortened 1982 season , Fouts averaged what was then a record of 320 yards passing per game . ( The NFL record is 342.31 , set by Peyton Manning in 2013 . ) Highlights that season included back - to - back victories against the 1981 Super Bowl teams San Francisco ( 41 -- 37 ) and Cincinnati ( 50 -- 34 ) in which Fouts threw for over 400 yards in each game to lead the Chargers to shootout victories . The Chargers made it back to the playoffs , but after beating the Steelers in the first round , they lost to the Dolphins 34 -- 13 in a rematch of their playoff game from the previous season . That loss began a slide for the Chargers , who from 1983 to 1991 failed to make the playoffs every season . The Chargers hosting a pre-season game at San Diego Jack Murphy Stadium in 1987 In 1984 , Klein cut salary in preparation of selling the team , sending defensive linemen Johnson and Kelcher to San Francisco , where they would join Dean and offensive tackle Billy Shields for another 49ers championship in Super Bowl XIX . Alex Spanos purchased a majority interest in San Diego from Klein on August 1 . Alex G. Spanos still owns 97 % of the team and George Pernicano owns the other 3 % . Benirschke was named `` Miller Man of the Year '' and Joiner set an NFL record with his 650th pass reception in the fourth quarter of the game at Pittsburgh . In 1985 guard Ed White set an NFL record by playing in 241 NFL games , most all - time among offensive linemen . Lionel `` Little Train '' James , a mere 5'6 '' and 171 pound running back , set NFL record of 2,535 all - purpose yards while also setting a record of 1,027 receiving yards by a running back . Al Saunders was named the seventh head coach in Chargers history in 1986 following the resignation of Coryell . In 1987 Joiner retired to become receivers coach of the Chargers . The Chargers finished with an 8 -- 7 record , their first winning record since 1982 , despite winding up with six straight losses . In 1988 Fouts retired after a 15 - year career in which he set seven NFL records and 42 club records , and became the NFL 's second most prolific passer of all - time with 43,040 yards . Fouts 's jersey number ( 14 ) was retired at halftime of `` Dan Fouts Day '' game in San Diego . 1989 -- 1994 : Super Bowl bound ( edit ) In 1989 , Dan Henning , a former Chargers quarterback , Washington Redskins assistant , and Atlanta Falcons head coach , was named the eighth head coach in Chargers history . First - year running back Marion Butts set a club record with 39 carries and a team rookie record with 176 yards in Chargers ' 20 -- 13 win in Kansas City . After a three - year stint as Director of Football Operations , Steve Ortmayer was released after the season and replaced by Bobby Beathard . Following Henning 's three - season stint with the Chargers , Bobby Ross was hired as the ninth head coach in 1992 . Additionally , the Chargers acquired quarterback Stan Humphries in a trade with the Washington Redskins . The Chargers would lose their first four games of the season and come back to become the first 0 -- 4 team to make the playoffs as they won 11 of the last 12 games and clinched the AFC West title . Ross was named NFL Coach of the Year for the Chargers ' dramatic turnaround by Pro Football Weekly . In the first round of the playoffs , the Chargers shut out the Chiefs 17 -- 0 , but the Dolphins shut out the Chargers in the divisional playoffs to eliminate the Chargers . In 1993 , the Chargers finished 8 -- 8 ( fourth in their division ) . In the 1994 season , the Chargers made their first and , so far , only Super Bowl appearance , against the 49ers in Super Bowl XXIX . They got to the Super Bowl by winning their first six regular season games , the only NFL team to do so in 1994 , and finished the season 11 -- 5 . Quarterback Stan Humphries and wide receiver Tony Martin combined on a 99 - yard touchdown completion to tie an NFL record during a defeat of the Seattle Seahawks , 27 -- 10 . They would become the 1994 AFC West Division champions behind a defense led by linebacker Junior Seau , defensive tackles Reuben Davis and Shawn Lee , defensive end Leslie O'Neal and an offense keyed by running back Natrone Means , Humphries and Martin . The Chargers had upset victories over the Dolphins and Steelers in the AFC playoffs . Despite those two close triumphs ( 22 -- 21 against the Dolphins in the Divisional Round , and 17 -- 13 against the Steelers in the AFC Championship Game ) , the Chargers lost Super Bowl XXIX to the San Francisco 49ers by a score of 49 -- 26 , who were led by quarterback Steve Young ( Super Bowl MVP ) and wide receiver Jerry Rice . Despite the lopsided loss in the Super Bowl , Beathard , who traded for or drafted the bulk of the Chargers roster , and who hired coach Ross , was named the NFL 's smartest man by Sports Illustrated , and became the only general manager to lead three different teams to the Super Bowl ( Chargers , Dolphins , Redskins ) . 1995 -- 2004 ( edit ) The Chargers ' follow - up year in 1995 did not bring the same success of the previous season , but the team still managed to get into the playoffs with a five - game winning streak to end the season at 9 -- 7 . However , in the first round , the Chargers were eliminated by the Indianapolis Colts in a 35 -- 20 defeat . In 1996 , running back Rodney Culver and his wife , Karen , were killed in the crash of ValuJet Flight 592 in the Florida Everglades . Culver was the second player in team history to die while on the active roster after David Griggs was killed in a one - car accident in Davie , Florida , 11 months earlier . In 1997 , Ross and Beathard were at odds with one another , resulting in Ross and his staff being released . The Chargers selected Kevin Gilbride to become their new head coach . Gilbride , whose coaching background with the Jacksonville Jaguars and Oilers featured a more open passing attack , would mark a major change in offensive style from the ball control ground game of Ross . Beathard drafted quarterback Ryan Leaf after the Indianapolis Colts selected Peyton Manning with the first pick in the 1998 NFL Draft . The Chargers traded several players and draft choices to the Arizona Cardinals in order to move up to the second pick and select Leaf . Leaf turned out to be arguably the biggest bust in NFL history . His poor play and attitude caused his departure after the 2000 season . In 1998 , the Chargers went 5 -- 11 . Said safety Rodney Harrison , `` If I had to go through another year like that , I 'd probably quit playing . '' The Chargers drafted running back LaDainian Tomlinson in the 2001 NFL Draft . He became their all - time rushing leader . The Chargers struggled in pass protection , resulting in Humphries suffering several concussions and his retirement from the game . Gilbride was replaced by interim head coach June Jones , who was on the Chargers ' staff before the hire . Jones left the team at the end of the season to coach at the University of Hawaii and the Chargers named former Oregon State University head coach Mike Riley as their new head coach . Leaf wound up having a disappointing career with the Chargers after a great deal of controversy with both Chargers management as well as the press and his teammates . His failure to be the player the team envisioned was seen as a black mark on the franchise and is generally considered one of the worst draft / trades in the history of pro football . Quarterback Jim Harbaugh , who was acquired in a trade with the Baltimore Ravens for a conditional draft choice in 2000 , became the Chargers starting quarterback . Beathard retired in April 2000 and was replaced in January 2001 by John Butler , former general manager of the Bills . From 1996 to 2003 , the Chargers had eight straight seasons where they were . 500 or worse . In 2001 , Norv Turner , the former head coach of the Redskins , was named offensive coordinator by Riley . Turner installed the offense that he coached with the Dallas Cowboys under Jimmy Johnson . Turner learned the offense from Ernie Zampese , former offensive coordinator during the Coryell era , while the two were on the Los Angeles Rams coaching staff . The Chargers signed Heisman Trophy winner free agent quarterback Doug Flutie , formerly with the Bills , and traded the team 's first overall selection in the 2001 NFL Draft to the Atlanta Falcons for their first - round selection ( 5th overall ) and third - round selection in the same draft . In addition the Chargers obtained wide receiver - kick returner Tim Dwight and the Falcons ' second - round draft selection in the 2002 NFL Draft . The Chargers used that selection in the 2001 draft to select Texas Christian University running back LaDainian Tomlinson and their own first pick in the second round to select Purdue University quarterback Drew Brees . Hired as a replacement to Riley , Marty Schottenheimer 's Chargers squad opened the 2002 season with four - straight victories , making him the only coach in team history to win his first four games . Butler would succumb to cancer after a nine - month struggle in April 2003 . Replacing Butler was A.J. Smith , who was named Executive Vice President - General Manager , replacing his close friend . Smith and Butler had worked together with the Bills , playing key roles with Buffalo 's Super Bowl teams . In 2003 , the Chargers traded Seau to the Dolphins for a draft pick in 2004 NFL Draft . Seau was selected to 2003 Pro Bowl , his 12th Pro Bowl selection of his career , and in his final season with the Chargers , he was chosen by teammates as the recipient of the Emil Karas Award as the team 's Most Inspirational Player . Also in 2003 , Tomlinson accumulated 195 total yards from scrimmage in a late - season game against the Packers to raise his season total to 2,011 and became the first player in team history and the eighth player in NFL history to record consecutive 2,000 - yard seasons . Tomlinson also became the first player in NFL history to rush for 1,000 yards and catch 100 passes in the same season . The Chargers coveted Eli Manning and wanted to select him with their first round pick , which was also the first overall pick of the draft . However , after Eli Manning indicated before the draft that he would not sign with the San Diego Chargers , they were forced to adjust their plans . Philip Rivers was their first alternative to Manning because the Chargers head coach at the time , Marty Schottenheimer , had coached Rivers at the Senior Bowl and he liked what he saw from Rivers . The Chargers agreed to a trade on draft day with the New York Giants . Manning was selected by the San Diego Chargers then later in the draft traded for Rivers , selected with the fourth pick by the Giants . The Chargers also received draft picks from the Giants that were used to select future Pro Bowlers Shawne Merriman and Nate Kaeding . Rivers was one of seventeen quarterbacks taken in the 2004 NFL Draft along with Ben Roethlisberger , Eli Manning , and Matt Schaub . Rivers , Roethlisberger , Schaub and Manning have been voted to the Pro Bowl since becoming starters , none had produced a season with a losing record until Schaub in 2010 , but Roethlisberger and Manning both have won two Super Bowls . They have been compared favorably to the Quarterback class of 1983 , which included Hall of Fame quarterbacks John Elway ( 1st pick ) , Jim Kelly ( 14th ) , and Dan Marino ( 27th ) . In August 2004 , Rivers signed a six - year , $40.5 million contract that included $14.5 million in signing bonuses . However , due to a protracted contract negotiation , Rivers only reported to the team during the last week of training camp , and incumbent Drew Brees retained his starting job . After the starting quarterback switch , it was almost certain Brees ' days as the Chargers ' starting QB were over . However , Rivers held out nearly all of training camp , and Brees remained the starter throughout the 2004 season , where he started 15 games and led the team to a 12 - 4 regular season record . Brees posted spectacular numbers , completing 65.5 % of his passes for 3,159 yards , with 27 touchdowns to only 7 interceptions , giving him a 104.8 passer rating . The Chargers won the AFC West and Brees was selected to the 2004 Pro Bowl . He was named 2004 NFL Comeback Player of the Year . Marty Schottenheimer was named NFL Coach of the Year for the 2004 NFL season . He led the team to a playoff appearance , his 12th as a head coach . However , it resulted in a disappointing loss to the underdog New York Jets in overtime in 2005 . During the 2005 NFL Draft , the Chargers tried to get some key rookies that would help carry the momentum from their mostly successful 2004 -- 05 run . They used their first pick on LB Shawne `` Lights Out '' Merriman from the University of Maryland . Then , they used their next pick on DT Luis Castillo from Northwestern University . Their other choices were WR Vincent Jackson from Northern Colorado , RB Darren Sproles from Kansas State , OT Wesley Britt from University of Alabama , OT Wes Sims from Oklahoma University , and Center Scott Mruczkowski from Bowling Green State . The Chargers got off to a rough start in their 2005 campaign , losing a close one to the Dallas Cowboys in their Week 1 home - opener ( 28 -- 24 ) and then they lost on the road to their AFC West rival , the Denver Broncos ( 20 -- 17 ) . It was n't until a Week 3 home game on Sunday night that they got their first win of the season , when Eli Manning and the New York Giants got `` shocked to the system '' as LaDainian Tomlinson had one of the greatest games of his career . He got 220 total yards , had 3 rushing touchdowns , and threw for a touchdown as he helped the Chargers win 45 -- 23 . A week later , they were able to build off their win by not only beating the two - time defending champion New England Patriots 41 -- 17 , but also ending the Pats ' 21 - game winning streak at home . In their Week 5 Monday Night home game against the Pittsburgh Steelers , the Chargers wore their throw - back uniforms during this season ( they had also worn them during the 1994 season ) . The Steelers held on to win with a 40 - yard field goal by Jeff Reed ( 24 -- 22 ) . The Chargers rebounded on the road against their division rival Oakland Raiders ( 27 -- 14 ) . In their Week 7 road trip to Philadelphia , they hoped to build off their win against the Eagles . Late in the game , with the Chargers leading 17 -- 13 , the Chargers tried to go for a field goal to put their lead well out of reach , but it got blocked and Eagles DB Matt Ware returned it 65 yards for the game - winning touchdown and the Chargers fourth loss of the season . After going 3 -- 4 , the Chargers turned things around as they began a five - game winning streak . They won at home against division - rival Kansas City Chiefs ( 28 -- 20 ) and on the road against the New York Jets ( 31 -- 26 ) . Coming off their Week 10 bye , they went home and wore their throw - back uniforms again . This time , it was a dominating performance as the Chargers man - handled the Buffalo Bills , 48 -- 10 . Then , they went on the road and won a close match against the Washington Redskins ( 23 -- 17 in OT ) and then they swept the Oakland Raiders at home by a score of 34 -- 10 . The Chargers were 8 -- 5 , coming off a 23 -- 21 loss to the Miami Dolphins . On December 18 , the Chargers beat the undefeated Indianapolis Colts 26 -- 17 , snapping a 13 -- 0 winning streak . However , despite a record of 9 -- 6 , they were officially eliminated from AFC playoff contention in 2005 after a 20 -- 7 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs the following Saturday . The Chargers lost their final game of the season by a score of 23 -- 7 to the AFC West champion Denver Broncos to finish with a record of 9 -- 7 . 2006 -- 2009 ( edit ) The Chargers delivered an impressive performance in 2006 , losing only to the Ravens and Chiefs ; they finished 14 -- 2 which secured them the # 1 AFC seed in the playoffs . However , they lost 24 - 21 to the New England Patriots in the divisional round . Following the 2006 season , they replaced Schottenheimer with new head coach Norv Turner . In 2007 , they went 11 - 5 , beating the Tennessee Titans and the defending champion Indianapolis Colts to reach the AFC title game . However , they fell to the Patriots for the second year in a row . In 2008 , the Chargers dropped to 8 -- 8 , but as the AFC West was unusually weak that year , they still managed to win the division title . Defeating the Colts in the wild card round , they lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the divisional round . San Diego began the 2009 season 2 -- 3 . After losing to the Broncos on Monday night , they began an unbroken winning streak for the rest of the season , which included defeating the entire NFC East . In Week 11 , they avenged their earlier loss against the Broncos by inflicting a 32 -- 3 rout on them . The next game saw them beat a 1 -- 11 Cleveland Browns squad 30 - 23 , in which LaDainian Tomlinson broke Hall of Famer Jim Brown 's rushing record and was congratulated by him afterwards . The Chargers secured another division title , the # 2 AFC seed , and looked to be a near shoo - in for the Super Bowl . However , the team 's postseason futility continued . Hosting the New York Jets on January 17 , 2010 , they endured an upset defeat , where , despite an early lead , were unable to overcome the strong Jets ' defense . Kicker Nate Kaeding also missed three field goal and PAT attempts , which resulted in the Chargers losing 17 -- 14 . 2010 -- 2012 : end of the Norv Turner / A.J. Smith era ( edit ) The 2010 season was the 1st season without LaDainian Tomlinson since 2000 ( Tomlinson was let go by management due to an oversized contract relative to production and other issues ; he went on to lead the Jets in rushing with 914 yards & tied for 3rd in receptions with 52 ) . The 2010 campaign started off slowly again , this time 2 -- 5 ( including losses to some of the worst teams in football at the time -- the Kansas City Chiefs , the Oakland Raiders , the Seattle Seahawks and the St. Louis Rams ) . The losses were due to turnovers & mental mistakes by young players on special teams allowing blocked punts & kick / punt return touchdowns . The loss to Oakland ended their 13 - game winning streak against the Raiders since their last loss on September 28 , 2003 . The Chargers then went on another second half run with four straight wins but this time instead of keeping the streak going the entire second half they had a big let down losing at home to the Raiders again , this time 28 -- 13 ( ending their shared NFL record , with the Dolphins , of 18 straight wins in December ) . Despite the loss , they still had a chance to win their 5th straight AFC West title , tying the Raiders , but they had another bad loss at the Bengals 34 -- 20 ending their chances . The Chargers beat Denver to end the season with a 9 -- 7 record & out of the playoffs for the first time since 2005 . They finished the season as the 8th team in NFL history to rank # 1 in overall offense ( 395.6 yards / game ) , and overall defense ( 271.6 yards / game ) , and became only the 2nd of those teams to not make the playoffs ( 1953 Eagles 7 -- 4 -- 1 ) . They were second to the Colts in passing yards per game ( 282.4 ) , second to the Patriots in points scored per game ( 27.6 ) , 1st in passing yards allowed per game ( 177.8 ) , 4th in rushing yards allowed per game ( 93.8 ) , and tied for 2nd in sacks ( 47 ) . On the negative stat sheet , they gave up the most punt return yards per game ( 18.9 ) & had 29 turnovers . Philip Rivers had another great season with a career - high 4,710 yards ( # 1 in the NFL ) , 294 yards passing per game ( tied for 1st with Manning ) , 66 % completion pct . ( third to Brees & Manning ) , 30 TD 's , only 13 INT 's & a 101.8 passer rating ( second to Brady ) . Mike Tolbert 11 rushing TD 's & Antonio Gates 10 receiving TD 's were among the league leaders in TD 's scored . On defense , Shaun Phillips ' 11 sacks were in the top 10 . With the special teams failure of the 2010 season campaign , the Chargers hoped to rebound with a strong performance to start the season , and a way to overcome slow starts . The Chargers started off the 2011 season with a 4 -- 1 campaign , with their only loss to the New England Patriots . From that point on , however , the Chargers began a six - game skid with losses to the Jets , Chiefs , Packers , Raiders , Bears , and Broncos , with the first four by only a score and against Denver in overtime . Injuries to both the offensive and the defensive line hit the Chargers hard . But finally on December 5 , 2011 , the Chargers got their first win in over a month against the Jacksonville Jaguars , beating the also - struggling team . The Chargers then began a three - game winning streak most notably beating the Ravens by more than any team has beat them that season . However , the Chargers were beaten , 38 -- 10 , by the Detroit Lions to drop their record to 7 -- 8 and eliminate the possibility of being in the playoffs . After a 38 -- 26 victory over the Raiders in week 17 , the Chargers finished at 8 -- 8 and in a numerical tie for first place in the AFC West along with Oakland and Denver . However , the Chargers were beaten out by Denver for the Division Title via tie - breaker . After missing the playoffs for the third straight season in 2012 , the Chargers fired general manager Smith and head coach Turner . 2013 -- 2016 : Mike McCoy era and final years in San Diego ( edit ) The Chargers made offseason changes including a new General Manager , Tom Telesco , and head coach , Mike McCoy , the former offensive coordinator for the Denver Broncos . On January 9 , 2013 , the Chargers announced that Tom Telesco , former Vice President of Football Operations with the Indianapolis Colts , would take over as General Manager following the firing of A.J. Smith . On January 15 , 2013 , Broncos offensive coordinator , Mike McCoy , was hired as the new head coach and Ken Whisenhunt as offensive coordinator . The Chargers finished the 2013 season 9 - 7 and made the playoffs for the first time since 2009 . They entered the playoffs as the sixth seed . On January 5 , 2014 , the Chargers defeated the Cincinnati Bengals at Paul Brown Stadium ( 27 - 10 ) to advance to the AFC Divisional Playoff Round . The Chargers then lost to the Denver Broncos at Sports Authority Field at Mile High the following Sunday , January 12 , 2014 ( 24 - 17 ) . After starting the season strongly , including a five - win run in September and October , the Chargers were beset by a string of injuries to key players , and eventually finished the season at 9 - 7 . In contrast to 2013 , the record was not enough to make the playoffs . The Chargers began the season 5 -- 1 , winning five straight after losing their season opener . It was followed by a three - game losing streak , and they finished 4 -- 4 in the second half . They won just two of their final five games , coming back from double - digit fourth quarter deficits twice to remain in playoff contention . They lost the final game of the season when a win would have secured a playoff berth . In three of their last four games , and five of their last eight , the Chargers did not score more than one touchdown . Compared to 2013 , the offense dropped in points ( from 12th in the league to 17th ) , yards ( 5th to 18th ) , first downs ( 3rd to 15th ) , net yards per pass ( 2nd to 8th ) , rushing yards ( 13th to 30 ) and yards per rush ( 21st to 31st ) . It was the second time in three years the team finished second - to - last in yards per carry . San Diego was just 2 -- 4 against teams in their division in the AFC West , and were swept by both the Denver Broncos and the Kansas City Chiefs . It was their worst intradivision record since they were 1 -- 5 in 2003 . The Chargers were only 3 -- 6 against teams with winning records . They matched their 9 -- 7 record from 2013 , but missed the playoffs for the fourth time in five seasons . During the season , the Chargers , the St. Louis Rams , and the Oakland Raiders all intimated they might apply for relocation to Los Angeles at the end of the season . The Chargers announced in December 2014 that they would not be seeking to relocate for the 2015 season , followed by an announcement from the NFL that no team would relocate to L.A. until the 2016 season at the earliest . Controversy filled the 2015 offseason , as attorney and team spokesperson Mark Fabiani continually bashed the local San Diego city government 's efforts to negotiate a replacement for Qualcomm Stadium . When then - St. Louis Rams owner Stan Kroenke announced in January 2015 his intention to build a new stadium in Inglewood , California , the Chargers felt pressured to announce their own Los Angeles plan to preserve what they claimed was `` 25 percent of their fan base '' in the affluent Los Angeles and Orange County areas . In February 2015 , the team announced a stadium proposal in Carson , California , in partnership with the Oakland Raiders , their AFC West divisional rivals . The 2015 season started off with a win against the Detroit Lions at home . The Chargers lost to the Cincinnati Bengals and Minnesota Vikings on the road before defeating the Cleveland Browns on a last second field goal . Following their 2 -- 2 start , the Chargers lost their next six games , dropping to 2 -- 8 . In their six straight losses , they lost heartbreakers to the Pittsburgh Steelers , Green Bay Packers , Baltimore Ravens and the Chicago Bears , as well as sound defeats by both , division rivals , the Oakland Raiders and the Kansas City Chiefs . They finally broke their losing streak by defeating the Jacksonville Jaguars on the road , bringing their record to 3 -- 8 , in last place in the AFC West and 3rd worst in the American Football Conference ( one game ahead of both the Browns and the Tennessee Titans ) . They are also tied for the third worst record in the National Football League . They then proceeded to beat the Miami Dolphins in Week 14 winning 30 -- 14 . They finished the season 4 -- 12 . The day following the conclusion of the 2015 regular season , the Chargers , Rams , and Raiders all filed to relocate to Los Angeles . On January 12 , 2016 , the NFL owners voted 30 -- 2 to allow the Rams to return to Los Angeles and approved the Inglewood stadium project over the Carson project . The Chargers were given a one - year approval to relocate , conditioned on negotiating a lease agreement with the Rams or an agreement to partner with the Rams on the new stadium construction . On January 14 , 2016 , the team filed paperwork for official trademark protection of the term `` Los Angeles Chargers '' for the purposes of running and marketing a professional football franchise . After two weeks of negotiation , the Chargers and Rams on January 29 , 2016 reached an agreement in principle on sharing the planned Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park . The Chargers would contribute a $200 million stadium loan from the NFL and personal seat license fees to the construction costs and would pay $1 per year in rent to the Rams . The Chargers had continued preliminary work on a ballot initiative for public approval on a new facility . On November 8 , 2016 , Measure C was voted down ( 57 % opposed over 43 % in support ) . On December 14 , 2016 , at an owners ' meeting , the terms of the Chargers and Rams lease agreement , as well as the team 's debt ceiling were approved thus taking the first steps for a possible relocation to Los Angeles in 2017 . 2017 -- present : return to Los Angeles ( edit ) Spanos announced the relocation in a controversial letter to San Diego Chargers fans posted to the team 's official site on January 12 , 2017 . The team will play as the Los Angeles Chargers starting in the 2017 season at StubHub Center in Carson , California , although the stadium seats well below the 50,000 the minimum that the NFL set even for temporary homes following the 1970 merger . The current seating for their temporary home stands at seating for 30,000 fans and is shared by the MLS soccer team , LA Galaxy . This will serve as the Chargers temporary home field until they join the Rams at the new stadium in Inglewood . The Chargers ' quickly - abandoned `` LA '' logo With the relocation announcement , the Chargers unveiled a new alternate logo incorporating the letters `` LA '' with a lightning bolt . The logo was immediately widely ridiculed , in part for its resemblance to the Los Angeles Dodgers logo , by fans , the media , and even other professional sports franchises . The team tried to diffuse the controversy by changing the color scheme before scrapping it altogether after two days . Reaction to the relocation itself has not been without controversy . Los Angeles Times columnist Bill Plaschke welcomed the team to town by writing `` We . Do n't . Want . You . '' At a game at the Staples Center between the Los Angeles Clippers and Lakers , the Chargers ' regular logo was shown on a scoreboard and was `` booed heartily '' . Chargers tight end Jeff Cumberland was also `` jeered '' by the crowd when featured on the big screen . One week after the move from San Diego to Los Angeles was announced , ESPN 's Adam Schefter reported that the other NFL owners were `` angered '' by the decision , and that `` the NFL wants the Chargers to move back , though nobody believes that possibility is realistic . '' On January 13 , the Chargers fired defensive coordinator John Pagano . It took the team only one week to find a replacement for John Pagano , as they hired Gus Bradley on January 20 . Gus Bradley was formerly the head coach for the Jacksonville Jaguars , and before landing that head coaching job was the defensive coordinator for the Seattle Seahawks . The Chargers also announced they had hired Anthony Lynn to be their next head coach . In their first game in Los Angeles , the Chargers failed to sell out the StubHub Center . The announced attendance was just over 25,000 , divided `` around 50 / 50 '' between fans of the Chargers and the visiting Miami Dolphins . After the poor response , the NFL was reportedly considering ways to move the Chargers back to San Diego , although that possibility is considered unlikely . The league officially denied that such discussions were happening , as San Diego was stated not to have a usable stadium and that the Spanos family refuses to consider going back to the city ; the league did acknowledge that a vote of the owners could change the situation . Logo and uniforms ( edit ) Chargers ' first logo 1960 , 2017 - present Los Angeles Chargers 1960 logo Chargers ' AFL logo 1966 -- 1969 Except for color changes , the Chargers have basically used the logo of an arc - shaped lightning bolt since the team debuted in 1960 . During its period in the AFL , the club also used a shield logo that featured a horsehead , a lightning bolt , and the word `` Chargers '' . From 1960 to 1973 , the colors consisted of various shades of Electric blue ( `` powder '' blue , but technically called Collegiate blue ) or white jerseys , both with gold lightning bolts on the shoulders . The helmets were white and had both the arc - shaped lightning bolt logo , in gold or navy depending on the year , and the player 's number . At first , the team wore white pants before switching to gold in 1966 . In 1973 , the numerals on the blue jerseys changed from white to gold . San Diego Chargers uniform : 1992 -- 2006 . During most seasons , the Chargers ' road uniforms included white socks with navy blue stripes . Throwback uniforms worn in 1994 ( NFL 75th anniversary ) and 2009 ( AFL 50th anniversary ) ; powder blue throwback was also used in 2000 for Chargers ' 40th anniversary and as an alternate uniform from 2002 to 2006 . In 1974 , the sky blue was changed to dark royal blue . The helmet was also changed to dark blue and the players ' numbers were removed . Additionally , the face masks became yellow , thus making them one of the first teams in the NFL ( with the Kansas City Chiefs ) to use a facemask color other than the then - predominant grey . From 1978 through 1983 , the Chargers wore their white jerseys at home , coinciding with the hiring of coach Don Coryell -- when Joe Gibbs , a Coryell assistant in 1979 -- 80 , became head coach of the Washington Redskins in 1981 , he did the same , and white at home became a Redskins staple through 2007 -- but Coryell switched the Chargers to their blue jerseys at home starting in 1984 . With the exception of the 1991 season and other sporadic home games since , San Diego wears its blue jerseys at home . In 1985 , the Chargers started using navy blue jerseys and returned to wearing white pants . The team 's uniform design was next revamped in 1988 . It featured an even darker shade of navy blue . The lightning bolts on the jerseys and helmets were white , with navy interior trim and gold outlining . In 1990 , the team started to wear navy pants with their white jerseys . From 1988 to 1991 , the team displayed stripes down the pants rather than lightning bolts . The Chargers went with all - white combinations in 1997 and 2001 , only to have the blue pants make a comeback . On October 27 , 2003 , the Chargers wore their navy pants with their navy jersey for a Monday Night Football game versus the Miami Dolphins that was played at Sun Devil Stadium , then the home of the Arizona Cardinals , due to wildfires in southern California . This remains the only game in which the Chargers have worn the all - dark combination . From the late 1980s to 2000 , the Chargers wore white at home during some preseason games and dark for regular season games . In 2001 , the Chargers started wearing their dark uniforms for preseason games and white uniforms in September home games due to the heat before switching back to dark in October . In March 2007 , the Chargers unveiled their first uniform redesign since 1988 , on the team 's official website . The team formally unveiled this new uniform set , which mixes old and new styles , in a private team - only event . Navy blue remains the primary color on the home jersey , but the familiar lightning bolt was reverted to gold , and now has navy outlining and powder blue interior trim . The latter color is a nod to the 1960s uniforms . The redesigned lightning bolt was moved to the sides of the shoulders from the top , and includes a new numbering font and word mark in white , with gold outlining and powder blue interior trim . The pants also have a redesigned lightning bolt in gold , with powder blue trim on a navy stripe . Additionally , the team pays tribute to other uniform features from their history by wearing a metallic white helmet , with a navy face mask , the newly revamped bolt in gold with navy and powder blue trim , and white pants . The road white jerseys with navy pants , as well as the alternate powder blue jerseys with white pants , were also redesigned with the new scheme . From 2002 to 2006 , the Chargers used the early - 1960s powder blue uniforms as alternate jerseys , which many football fans ( both of the Chargers and of other teams ) clamored for the team to bring back full - time . Since 2007 , the Chargers have worn the alternate powder blue jerseys twice per season . The alternate powder blue jerseys have also been worn in a playoff game against the Indianapolis Colts ( 2008 playoffs ) . In 2009 , in honor of their 50th anniversary as one of the eight original AFL teams , the Chargers wore their 1963 throwback uniforms for three games . For the 2013 season , the Chargers made minor tweaks to their current uniforms . These include a two - tone nameplate ( gold with powder blue trim on home jersey , navy with gold trim on away jersey , and white with navy trim on alternate jersey ) , collars matching the color of the jersey , and the addition of a gold stripe on the socks . Players of note ( edit ) See also : Category : Los Angeles Chargers players Current roster ( edit ) Los Angeles Chargers roster view talk Quarterbacks 10 Kellen Clemens 7 Cardale Jones 17 Philip Rivers Running backs 30 Austin Ekeler 28 Melvin Gordon 32 Branden Oliver 34 Derek Watt FB 44 Andre Williams Wide receivers 13 Keenan Allen 12 Travis Benjamin 11 Geremy Davis 81 Mike Williams 16 Tyrell Williams Tight ends 80 Sean Culkin 87 Jeff Cumberland 85 Antonio Gates 86 Hunter Henry 84 Sean McGrath Offensive linemen 72 Joe Barksdale T 66 Dan Feeney G 76 Russell Okung T 74 Michael Ola T 73 Spencer Pulley C 78 Michael Schofield G 69 Sam Tevi T 79 Kenny Wiggins G Defensive linemen 97 Jeremiah Attaochu DE 99 Joey Bosa DE 54 Melvin Ingram DE 94 Corey Liuget DT 40 Chris McCain DE 92 Brandon Mebane DT 95 Tenny Palepoi DE 93 Darius Philon DT 71 Damion Square DT Linebackers 57 Jatavis Brown OLB 48 Nick Dzubnar MLB 51 Kyle Emanuel OLB 49 James Onwualu OLB 52 Denzel Perryman OLB 50 Hayes Pullard MLB 56 Korey Toomer MLB Defensive backs 37 Jahleel Addae SS 33 Tre Boston FS 43 Michael Davis CB 26 Casey Hayward CB 25 Rayshawn Jenkins FS 20 Desmond King CB 31 Adrian Phillips SS 24 Trevor Williams CB Special teams 8 Drew Kaser P 9 Nick Novak K 47 Mike Windt LS Reserve lists 89 Isaiah Burse WR ( IR ) 63 Donavon Clark G ( IR ) 45 Asante Cleveland TE ( IR ) 96 Kaleb Eulls DT ( IR ) 27 Kenneth Farrow RB ( IR ) 75 Chris Hairston OT ( NF - Ill . ) 77 Forrest Lamp G ( IR ) 46 Chris Landrum DE ( IR ) 50 Charmeachealle Moore OLB ( IR ) 68 Matt Slauson G ( IR ) 22 Jason Verrett CB ( IR ) Practice squad 83 Braedon Bowman TE 67 Brett Boyko G 45 A.J. Hendy S 29 Craig Mager CB 88 Andre Patton WR 27 Jeff Richards CB 90 Whitney Richardson DE 98 Isaac Rochell DE 82 Artavis Scott WR 64 Cole Toner G Rookies in italics Roster updated November 17 , 2017 Depth chart Transactions 53 Active , 11 Inactive , 10 Practice squad → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired numbers ( edit ) Main article : Los Angeles Chargers retired numbers The Chargers currently have four retired numbers : # 14 ( Dan Fouts ) , # 19 ( Lance Alworth ) , # 21 ( LaDainian Tomlinson ) and # 55 ( Junior Seau ) . As of 2010 , the Chargers ' policy was to have the Chargers Hall of Fame committee evaluate candidates for a player 's number to retire after the player has retired from the league after five years , Seau was the only exception to this policy . The committee consists of Chargers Executive Vice President Alex Spanos , Chargers public relations director Bill Johnston , San Diego Hall of Champions founder Bob Breitbard , and the presidents of the San Diego Sports Commission and the Chargers Backers Fan Club . There are few recognized guidelines in sports regarding retiring numbers , and the NFL has no specific league policy . `` You have to have enough numbers for players to wear '' , said NFL spokesman Greg Aiello . The Chargers have rarely retired numbers . The San Diego Union - Tribune wrote , `` The ( Chargers ) tend to honor their heritage haphazardly . '' Los Angeles Chargers retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 14 Dan Fouts QB 1973 -- 1987 19 Lance Alworth WR 1962 -- 1970 21 LaDainian Tomlinson RB 2001 -- 2009 55 Junior Seau LB 1990 -- 2002 Pro Football Hall of Famers ( edit ) Los Angeles Chargers Hall of Famers No . Player Position Tenure Inducted 19 Lance Alworth WR 1962 -- 1970 1978 74 Ron Mix OT 1960 -- 1969 1979 19 Johnny Unitas QB 1973 1979 75 Deacon Jones DE 1972 -- 1973 1980 -- Sid Gillman Head coach 1960 -- 1971 89 John Mackey TE 1972 1992 14 Dan Fouts QB 1973 -- 1987 1993 72 Larry Little OG 1967 -- 1968 1993 80 Kellen Winslow TE 1979 -- 1987 1995 18 Charlie Joiner WR 1976 -- 1986 71 Fred Dean DE 1975 -- 1981 2008 55 Junior Seau LB 1990 -- 2002 2015 21 LaDainian Tomlinson RB 2001 -- 2009 2017 Chargers Hall of Fame ( edit ) Main article : Los Angeles Chargers Hall of Fame The Chargers created their Hall of Fame in 1976 . The members of the Hall of Fame are honored at the Chargers Ring of Honor , founded in 2000 and viewable above the visiting team 's sideline of Qualcomm Stadium on the press level . Eligible candidates must have been retired for at least four seasons . Selections are made by a five - member committee chaired by Dean Spanos , Chargers vice-chairman . As of 1992 , other committee members included Bob Breitbard , founder of the San Diego Hall of Champions ; Ron Fowler , president of the Greater San Diego Sports Association ; Jane Rappoport , president of the Charger Backers ; and Bill Johnston , the team 's director of public relations . The Chargers in 2012 allowed fans to vote for the newest member . 50th anniversary team ( edit ) Main article : San Diego Chargers 50th Anniversary Team See also : San Diego Chargers 40th Anniversary Team The Chargers announced their 50th Anniversary Team in 2009 to honor the top players and coaches in the team 's history . The Chargers were founded in 1959 . The team included 53 players and coaches selected from 103 nominees . The Chargers originally stated that only 50 members would be selected . Online voting by fans accounted for 50 % of the voting results ; votes from Chargers Hall of Famers and five members of the local media made up for the other 50 % . Over 400,000 votes were cast online . Dan Fouts and LaDainian Tomlinson received the first and second most votes , respectively . The team features 7 Pro Football Hall of Fame members and 11 players that were active on the 2009 Chargers team . San Diego Hall of Champions ( edit ) Alworth , Mix , Hadl , Joiner , Coryell , Gillman , Garrison , Fouts , White , Winslow , Faison , Benirschke , Lincoln , Washington , Humphries , Ladd and Wilkerson are also members of the San Diego Hall of Champions , which is open to athletes from the San Diego area as well as those who played for San Diego - based professional and collegiate teams . Staff ( edit ) Head coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Los Angeles Chargers head coaches Current staff ( edit ) Los Angeles Chargers staff Front Office Owner -- Alex Spanos Chairman / President -- Dean Spanos Executive Vice President -- Michael Spanos CEO / President - Business Operations -- A.G. Spanos General Manager -- Tom Telesco President - Football Operations -- John Spanos Executive Vice President of Football Administration / Player Finance -- Ed McGuire Senior Executive -- Randy Mueller Director of Pro Scouting -- Dennis Abraham Senior Director of Pro Personnel - Louis Clark Director of Player Personnel -- JoJo Wooden Director of College Scouting -- Kevin Kelly Head Coaches Head Coach -- Anthony Lynn Assistant Head Coach / Special Teams Coordinator - George Stewart Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Ken Whisenhunt Quarterbacks -- Shane Steichen Running Backs -- Alfredo Roberts Wide Receivers -- Nick Sirianni Tight Ends -- John McNulty Offensive Line -- Pat Meyer Assistant Offensive Line - James Cregg Offensive Quality Control - Dan Shamash Offensive Assistant - Mark Ridgley Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Gus Bradley Defensive Line -- Giff Smith Assistant Defensive Line - Eric Henderson Linebackers -- Richard Smith Defensive Backs -- Ron Milus Assistant Defensive Backs -- Chris Harris Defensive Assistant -- D'Anton Lynn Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Assistant - Marquice Williams Strength and Conditioning Head Strength and Conditioning -- John Lott Assistant Strength -- Jonathan Brooks Assistant Strength - Larry Jackson → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television ( edit ) See also : List of Los Angeles Chargers broadcasters The Chargers ' flagship station is KFI 640am in Los Angeles , commonly known as `` KFI AM 640 '' with daily coverage and special programming on KLAC / 570 . Play - by - play man Matt `` Money '' Smith and former Chargers former offensive lineman Nick Hardwick comprise the broadcast team , with KLSD afternoon co-host Mike Costa serving as sideline reporter . Past Chargers radio broadcasters have included Josh Lewin , Ralph Lawler , Stu Nahan , Tom Kelly , Lee `` Hacksaw '' Hamilton , Dan Rowe , Ted Leitner , and Hank Bauer . Bauer served seventeen seasons ( 1998 -- 2014 ) as the radio color analyst ; however , the Chargers and then flagship KIOZ decided not to renew his contract , and was replaced by Conway starting with the 2015 season . As of 2014 , the Chargers also stream their radio broadcasts on their official mobile application ( through iOS and Android devices ) as well as on their website . Most preseason games are televised on KABC - TV and KAZA - TV in Los Angeles and KFMB - TV in San Diego . KCBS - TV , besides KFMB , carry the majority of the team 's regular season games , a few are on KCAL - TV ; in 2015 , Spero Dedes and Dan Fouts called the team 's preseason telecasts . Games in which the Chargers host an NFC team on Sunday afternoons are aired over KTTV or My 13 in Los Angeles and KSWB in San Diego , all Fox stations except My 13 ; if a Sunday night game is televised , KNBC in Los Angeles and KNSD in San Diego will air the games , through parent network NBC 's Sunday Night Football coverage . KABC , KCBS and KFMB are also the designated local simulcasters of the Chargers ' appearances on either ESPN 's Monday Night Football or NFL Network 's Thursday Night Football games . Dennis Packer , the public address announcer of all USC football games at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum , serves as the public address announcer of all Chargers home games at StubHub Center . Packer replaced legendary P.A. announcer Bruce Binkowski , who went on to become the executive director of the Holiday and Poinsettia Bowl games , which are played at their former home , SDCCU Stadium . With the Chargers move to Los Angeles in 2017 , the team became a beneficiary of league scheduling policies . Both the Chargers and the Los Angeles Rams share the Los Angeles market , which is on the West Coast of the United States . This means that the Chargers can not play home games , road division games against the Denver Broncos or Oakland Raiders , or interconference road games against the NFC West ( in seasons that the AFC West and NFC West meet in interconference play ) in the early 10 : 00 a.m. Pacific time slot . In addition , they can not play interconference home games at the same time or network as the Rams . As a result , both teams generally will have more limited scheduling options , and will also benefit by receiving more prime - time games than usual ( click here for further information ) . Thus , regardless of the previous season 's record , the Chargers will receive a disproportionate number of Sunday Night , Monday Night and / or Thursday Night games , compared to the rest of the league . Radio affiliates ( edit ) Map of radio affiliates Chargers Radio Network Chargers Finalize 2017 Broadcast Team and Station Affiliates English ( edit ) City Call Sign Frequency Los Angeles KFI 640 AM KOST - FM 103.5 HD2 ( HD radio simulcast of KFI ) KLAC 570 AM ( daily coverage , pre-game ( first two - hours ) and ' Chargers Talk ' post-game only ) KYSR 98.7 HD2 ( HD radio simulcast of KLAC ) San Diego KGB - FM 101.5 FM KLSD 1360 AM Temecula , California / Inland Empire KATY - FM 101.3 FM Yucca Valley , California KNWH 1250 AM Palm Springs , California KNWZ 94.3 FM Palmdale / Lancaster , California KAVL 610 AM Victorville / Hesperia , California KRAK 910 AM Las Vegas , Nevada KRLV 1340 AM Imperial Valley KXO - FM 107.5 FM Spanish ( edit ) City Call Sign Frequency Los Angeles / Orange County , California KFWB 980 AM San Diego / Tijuana , Mexico XEXX - AM 1420 AM Mexicali , Mexico XEHG 1370 AM Ensenada , Mexico XHEPF - FM 89.1 FM Theme song ( edit ) Main article : San Diego Super Chargers The Chargers ' fight song , `` San Diego Super Chargers '' , was recorded in 1979 at the height of the team 's success with Air Coryell , and has a distinctly disco sound . The team under then - new owner Alex Spanos replaced the song in 1989 with a non-disco cover version , but the original version was revived in 2002 . The team played this song at home games after Chargers scores and victories until it departed San Diego . From time to time during highlights of NFL PrimeTime , ESPN 's Chris Berman and Tom Jackson would briefly sing the first line of the song 's chorus . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chronology 1959 - 1969 '' . Los Angeles Chargers . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chargers Unveil New Uniforms '' . San Diego Chargers . March 14 , 2007 . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Chargers Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chargers Front Office '' . Los Angeles Chargers . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chargers Name Tom Telesco General Manager '' . 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Jump up ^ Trotter , Jim ( February 3 , 2000 ) . `` Chargers ' future will honor players , uniforms of the past '' . The San Diego Union Tribune . Sports section . Retrieved March 5 , 2012 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` San Diego Chargers A -- Z Fan Guide '' ( PDF ) . San Diego Chargers. 2011 . p. 19 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Judge , Clark ( November 29 , 1992 ) . `` With week to go , Raiders blackout likely '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Sports section . Jump up ^ Gehlken , Michael ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` Fans to decide next Chargers Hall of Famer '' . U-T San Diego . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Celebration announced for 50th season of Chargers football '' . Chargers.com . The San Diego Chargers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chargers 50th anniversary team '' . The Press - Enterprise . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Canepa , Nick ( November 16 , 2009 ) . `` Greatest Chargers list rings true '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fans to select 50 greatest Chargers '' . Chargers.com . The San Diego Chargers . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bigelow , Bill ( November 28 , 2009 ) . `` Fouts chosen as all - time ' Greatest Charger ' '' . The Bulletin . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Bill ( November 17 , 2009 ) . `` Chargers announce their all - time team '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fouts , Tomlinson top vote - getters for All - Time Greatest Chargers '' . Chargers.com . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chargers find broadcast home at iHeartMedia - LA 's KFI - AM 640 - AM 570 LA Sports '' . Jump up ^ `` Hank Bauer out as analyst for Chargers ' radio broadcasts '' . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Chargers Mobile Apps '' . September 24 , 2014 . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Los Angeles portal American football portal National Football League portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Los Angeles Chargers . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the chargers become los angeles chargers	[ "The Los Angeles Chargers are a professional American football team based in the Greater Los Angeles Area. The Chargers compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) West division. The team was founded on August 14, 1959 and began play on September 10, 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League (AFL), and spent its first season in Los Angeles, before moving to San Diego in 1961 to become the San Diego Chargers.[6] The Chargers joined the NFL as result of the AFL–NFL merger in 1970, and played their home games at SDCCU Stadium. The return of the Chargers to Los Angeles was announced for the 2017 season, just one year after the Rams had moved back to the city from St. Louis.[7][8][9] The Chargers will play their home games at the StubHub Center until the opening in 2020 of the Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park, which they will share with the Rams." ]	[ "2017" ]
-6737206854111010855	Iron Fist (comics)	Iron Fist ( Comics ) - Wikipedia Iron Fist ( Comics ) Iron Fist Variant cover of The Immortal Iron Fist # 1 ( November 2006 ) ; art by David Aja Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Marvel Premiere # 15 ( May 1974 ) Created by Roy Thomas Gil Kane In - story information Alter ego Daniel Thomas Rand - K'ai Team affiliations New Avengers Heroes for Hire Defenders Immortal Weapons Thunderbolts Partnerships Jessica Jones Luke Cage Misty Knight Colleen Wing Daredevil Master Izo Notable aliases Daredevil , The Living Weapon , Young Dragon , Daniel Thomas Rand Abilities Skilled martial artist Utilizes concentrated chi in his fist called the `` Iron Fist '' , a mystical weapon Iron Fist ( Daniel `` Danny '' Rand ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by Roy Thomas and Gil Kane , Iron Fist first appeared in Marvel Premiere # 15 ( May 1974 ) . The character is a practitioner of martial arts and the wielder of a mystical force known as the Iron Fist , which allows him to summon and focus his chi . He starred in his own solo series in the 1970s , and shared the title Power Man and Iron Fist for several years with Luke Cage , partnering with Cage to form the superhero team Heroes for Hire . The character has starred in numerous solo titles since , including The Immortal Iron Fist , which expanded on his origin story and the history of the Iron Fist . Iron Fist has been adapted to appear in several animated television series and video games . Finn Jones portrays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe live - action television series Iron Fist , The Defenders , and the second season of Luke Cage . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Background 2.2 Heroes for Hire 2.3 Resurrection 2.4 Posing as Daredevil 2.5 New Avengers 2.6 The Immortal Iron Fist 2.7 Avengers reform 2.8 Marvel NOW ! 3 Powers and abilities 4 Other versions 4.1 MC2 4.2 Marvel Zombies 4.3 Ultimate Marvel 4.4 House of M 4.5 Earth - 13584 4.6 Deadpool 2099 5 Reception 6 Collected editions 7 In other media 7.1 Television 7.1. 1 Animation 7.1. 2 Marvel Cinematic Universe 7.2 Film 7.3 Video games 8 References 9 External links Publication history ( edit ) Amazing - Man in Amazing - Man Comics # 5 ( Sept. 1939 ) . Art by Bill Everett Iron Fist , along with the previously - created Shang - Chi , Master of Kung Fu , came from Marvel Comics during an American pop culture trend in the early to mid-1970s of martial arts heroes . Writer / co-creator Roy Thomas wrote in a text piece in Marvel Premiere # 15 that Iron Fist 's origin and creation owe much to the Bill Everett character , John Aman , the Amazing - Man , created in 1939 . Thomas later wrote that he and artist / co-creator Gil Kane had ... started `` Iron Fist '' because I 'd seen my first kung fu movie , even before a Bruce Lee one came out , and it had a thing called `` the ceremony of the Iron Fist '' in it . I thought that was a good name , and we already had Master of Kung Fu going , but I thought , `` Maybe a superhero called Iron Fist , even though we had Iron Man , would be a good idea . '' ( Publisher ) Stan ( Lee ) liked the name , so I got hold of Gil and he brought in his Amazing Man influences , and we designed the character together ... Debuting in a story written by Thomas and pencilled by Kane in the umbrella title Marvel Premiere # 15 -- 25 ( May 1974 -- October 1975 ) , he was then written successively by Len Wein , Doug Moench , Tony Isabella , and Chris Claremont , with art by successive pencillers Larry Hama , Arvell Jones , Pat Broderick , and , in some of his earliest professional work , John Byrne . As the Marvel Premiere issues had successfully established a considerable readership for the character , following this run , Iron Fist was immediately spun off into the solo series Iron Fist , which ran 15 issues ( November 1975 -- September 1977 ) . The solo series was written by Claremont and pencilled by Byrne . A subplot involving the Steel Serpent left unresolved by the cancellation of the series was wrapped up in issues # 63 -- 64 of Marvel Team - Up . To rescue the character from cancellation , Marvel paired Iron Fist with another character who was no longer popular enough to sustain his own series , Luke Cage . The two characters were partnered in a three - part story in Cage 's series Power Man # 48 -- 50 . The title of the series changed to Power Man and Iron Fist with issue # 50 ( April 1978 ) , although the indicia did not reflect this change until issue # 67 . Iron Fist co-starred in the series until the final issue ( # 125 , September 1986 ) , in which he is killed . Writer Jim Owsley ( subsequently known as Christopher Priest ) later commented , `` Fist 's death was senseless and shocking and completely unforeseen . It took the readers ' heads clean off . And , to this day , people are mad about it . Forgetting , it seems , that ( a ) you were supposed to be mad , that death is senseless and Fist 's death was supposed to be senseless , or that ( b ) this is a comic book . '' Iron Fist was revived half a decade later in Namor , the Sub-Mariner # 21 -- 25 ( December 1991 -- April 1992 ) , a story which revealed that the character killed in Power Man and Iron Fist # 125 was a doppelganger . The story was both written and drawn by Byrne , who found the manner of Iron Fist 's death objectionable and later commented , `` In one of those amazing examples of Marvel serendipity , it turned out to be fairly easy not only to resurrect Danny , but to make it seem like that was the plan all along . '' Iron Fist then became a frequently starring character in the anthology series Marvel Comics Presents , featuring in three multi-part story arcs and four one - shot stories in 1992 and 1993 . Two solo miniseries followed : Iron Fist ( vol. 2 ) # 1 -- 2 ( September -- October 1996 ) , by writer James Felder and penciller Robert Brown ; and Iron Fist ( vol. 3 ) # 1 -- 3 ( July -- September 1998 ) , by writer Dan Jurgens and penciller Jackson Guice . Also around this time , he was among the ensemble of the group series Heroes for Hire which ran 19 issues ( July 1997 -- January 1999 ) . Following a four - issue miniseries by writer Jay Faerber and penciller Jamal Igle , Iron Fist : Wolverine ( November 2000 -- February 2001 ) , co-starring the X-Men character Wolverine and cover - billed as Iron Fist / Wolverine : The Return of K'un Lun , came another solo miniseries , Iron Fist vol. 4 # 1 -- 6 ( May -- October 2004 ) , by writer Jim Mullaney and penciller Kevin Lau . The first issue of a new ongoing series , The Immortal Iron Fist , by co-writers Ed Brubaker and Matt Fraction and primary artist David Aja , premiered with a January 2007 cover - date . Duane Swierczynski took over the series from issue # 17 . Iron Fist 's appearances outside his own title include three Iron Fist stories in Marvel 's black - and - white comics magazine The Deadly Hands of Kung Fu # 10 ( March 1975 ) , an additional story co-starring the Sons of the Tiger in issue # 18 ( November 1975 ) , and a six - part serial , `` The Living Weapon '' , in # 19 -- 24 ( December 1975 -- May 1976 ) . He made guest appearances in such titles as Marvel Two - in - One , Marvel Team - Up , the Submariner series Namor , Black Panther , and Daredevil . Iron Fist appeared as a regular character throughout the 2010 -- 2013 New Avengers series , from issue # 1 ( August 2010 ) through its final issue , # 34 ( January 2013 ) . In 2014 Iron Fist was given new life and set to star in a new 12 - issue comic book series written and drawn by Kaare Andrews titled Iron Fist : The Living Weapon as part of the All - New Marvel NOW ! event . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Danny Rand was born in New York City . His father , Wendell Rand , as a young boy happened upon the mystical city of K'un - L'un . During his time in K'un L'un , Wendell saved the life of the city 's ruler , Lord Tuan , and was adopted as Tuan 's son . However , Wendell eventually left K'un L'un and became a wealthy entrepreneur in the United States . He married socialite Heather Duncan and had a child : Daniel . Wendell later organizes an expedition to again seek out K'un - L'un , taking his wife Heather , his business partner Harold Meachum and nine - year - old Danny . During the journey up the mountain , Danny slips off the path , his tie - rope taking his mother and father with him . Meachum , who also loves Heather , forces Wendell to plunge to his death but offers to rescue Heather and Danny . She rejects his help . Heather and Danny come across a makeshift bridge that appears out of nowhere and are attacked by a pack of wolves . Heather throws herself on the wolves to save Danny and is killed even as archers from K'un L'un attempt to save her . The archers take the grieving Danny to see Yü - Ti , the hooded ruler of K'un L'un . When Danny expresses his desire for vengeance , Yü - Ti apprentices him to Lei Kung the Thunderer , who teaches him martial arts . Danny proves to be the most gifted of Lei Kung 's students . He toughens his fists by plunging them into buckets of sand , gravel , and rock . At 19 , Danny is given the chance to attain the power of the Iron Fist by fighting and defeating the dragon Shou - Lao the Undying , who guards the molten heart that had been torn from its body . Guessing that the heart provides life energy to Shou - Lao through the dragon - shaped scar on its chest , Danny covers the scar with his own body and hangs on until Shou - Lao collapses and dies , in the process burning a dragon brand into his own chest . Having killed Shou - Lao , he enters its cave and plunges his fists into a brazier containing the creature 's molten heart , emerging with the power of the Iron Fist . It is later revealed that Danny is part of a long lineage of Iron Fists . When K'un L'un reappears on Earth after 10 years , Danny leaves to find his father 's killer . Returning to New York , Danny Rand , dressed in the ceremonial garb of the Iron Fist , seeks out Harold Meachum , now head of Meachum Industries . After overcoming a number of attempts on his life , he confronts Meachum in his office , only to find the man legless -- an amputation carried out when , after abandoning Danny and his mother , he was caught in heavy snow and his legs became frostbitten . Meachum accepts his fate and tells Iron Fist to kill him . Overcome with pity , Iron Fist walks away . At that moment Meachum is murdered by a mysterious ninja , and his daughter Joy blames Iron Fist for the death . Eventually , Iron Fist clears his name and begins a career as a superhero , aided by his friends Colleen Wing and Misty Knight , falling in love with the latter . Notable adversaries in his early career include Sabretooth , the mysterious Master Khan ( whom the ninja that killed Meachum once served ) , and the Steel Serpent , the exiled son of Lei Kung , who coveted the Iron Fist power . Heroes for Hire ( edit ) While working undercover , Misty Knight infiltrates the organization of crime lord John Bushmaster . When Bushmaster discovers Knight 's treachery , he kidnaps Claire Temple and Noah Burstein , close associates of Luke Cage , better known as Power Man , and holds them hostage to force Cage to eliminate Knight . Iron Fist is on hand to stop him , however after a battle , the truth comes out . Rand helps Cage and the Daughters of the Dragon ( Knight and Wing ) battle Bushmaster , rescue Temple and Burstein , and obtain evidence that proves Cage 's innocence of prior drug charges . Afterwards , Iron Fist and Power Man become partners , forming Heroes for Hire , Inc . Iron Fist , in his secret identity of Danny Rand , resumes control of his parents ' fortune as half of Rand - Meachum , Inc. , making him quite wealthy . This causes tension between Rand and Cage , who was raised poor . Power Man and Iron Fist 's partnership ends with Rand contracting cancer and being kidnapped as part of a plot masterminded by Master Khan . Just prior to a battle with the Black Dragon Chiantang ( the brother of the mythical Dragon King ) , Danny is replaced by a doppelgänger created by the extra-dimensional H'ylthri . The double ( who wears a red variant of the Iron Fist costume ) is killed by Captain Hero a short time later . Cage , now the prime suspect in Rand 's apparent death , becomes a fugitive . Resurrection ( edit ) While in stasis in K'un - L'un with the H'ylthri , Iron Fist manages to focus his chi , curing the cancer . He is later freed from stasis by Namor . Rand and Cage reform Heroes for Hire , Inc. with an expanded team , this time working for Namor 's Oracle Corporation . Namor ultimately dissolves Oracle as well as Heroes for Hire , Inc . Iron Fist later loses his powers to Junzo Muto , the young leader of the Hand , and subsequently becomes the guardian of a pack of displaced dragons in Tokyo . His powers are eventually restored by Chiantang , who brainwashes Iron Fist and forces him to battle Black Panther . Black Panther is able to free Iron Fist from the creature 's control , and the two work together to defeat the Black Dragon in Wakanda . In the Iron Fist miniseries , Miranda Rand - K'ai also returns from the dead . The H'ylthri revive her and promise to restore her to full life if she retrieves the extra-dimensional artifact known as the Zodiac Key . To this end , she takes the identity of Death Sting , bringing her into conflict with Iron Fist as well as with S.H.I.E.L.D. When the H'ylthri try to kill Iron Fist , Miranda turns the power of the Zodiac Key against them , seemingly killing herself in the process . However , exposure to chemicals from the H'ylthri pods prevented her death . Posing as Daredevil ( edit ) Danny Rand as Daredevil ; art by Michael Lark . Rand disguises himself as Daredevil to convince the media and the public that Matt Murdock is not the masked vigilante . During the Civil War , he opposes the Superhuman Registration Act , joining Captain America while still pretending to be Daredevil . Rand is apprehended by Pro-Registration forces . He is later freed from the Negative Zone Prison , joining Captain America 's team to battle Iron Man 's forces . New Avengers ( edit ) After the arrest of Captain America , Rand joins the New Avengers , an underground group provided with secure accommodation by Doctor Strange and which includes his former teammate Luke Cage . In the public eye , Rand is able to avoid arrest with legal loopholes . Rand leaves the New Avengers due to a variety of problems but lets them know , if they ever need him , to give him a call . He later aids the New Avengers in locating and rescuing Cage from Norman Osborn after he suffered a heart attack and was summarily taken into custody as a fugitive . The Immortal Iron Fist ( edit ) Main article : The Immortal Iron Fist Orson Randall , Danny Rand 's immediate predecessor , seeks out Danny Rand in New York and gives him The Book of the Iron Fist , a sacred ledger supposedly containing all the kung fu secrets of previous Iron Fists , which Randall claims will be necessary if Rand is to compete successfully in the coming tournament of the Seven Champions . The Steel Serpent , whose powers have been greatly augmented by the Crane Mother , dispatches Randall . On the brink of death , Randall surrenders his chi to Rand , giving him sufficient power to battle the Serpent to a standstill . After the battle , Rand is summoned by his master , Lei Kung ( who is also the father of Steel Serpent ) to compete in a tournament that will decide the cycle according to which each of the Seven Cities of Heaven appears on Earth . However , the leaders of the Seven Cities had secretly erected gateways between Earth and each city without the knowledge of the populace . The corruption of the leaders of the Seven Cities of Heaven spurs Iron Fist , Lei Kung , Orson Randall 's daughter , and John Aman to plan a revolution . Iron Fist discovers that Crane Mother and Xao , a high - ranking HYDRA operative , are planning to destroy K'un Lun by using a portal . Upon learning of the plot , Steel Serpent helps Rand and the other Immortal weapons defeat Xao . Rand destroys the train intended to destroy K'un - L'un by extending his chi to find the train 's electromagnetic field . Meanwhile , the revolution orchestrated by Lei Kung and Orson 's daughter proves successful , with Nu - an , the Yu - Ti of K'un Lun fleeing in terror . When Rand confronts Xao , Xao reveals that there is an eighth city of Heaven before killing himself . Rand suggests Lei Kung as the new Yu - Ti , with Orson 's unnamed daughter as the new Thunderer . After learning that the Randall fortune that started Rand International was formed from the oppression of the Cities of Heaven , Rand decides to transform the company into a non-profit organization , dedicated to helping the poor . He also sets up the Thunder Dojo in Harlem to help inner city children , buys back the old Heroes for Hire building as the new Rand International Headquarters and his new home , while offering Luke Cage a position at the company . He also tries to reconnect with Misty Knight . Rand on his 33rd birthday learns every single one of the previous Iron Fists died at the age of 33 , except Orson Randall , who vanished at that same time . Soon afterward Rand is attacked and defeated by Zhou Cheng , a servant of Ch'l - Lin , who claims to have killed the Iron Fists in order to enter K'un Lun and devour the egg that births the next incarnation of Shou - Lao the Undying every generation , thus wiping out K'un Lun 's Iron Fist legacy . Luke , Misty , and Colleen arrive and save Rand . Rand has his shoulder dislocated during a second battle with Cheng , but manages to defeat Cheng even in his weakened state . Following the duel , the Immortal Weapons , Luke , Colleen , and Misty arrive , and reveal to Rand that they have discovered a map in Cheng 's apartment that leads to the Eighth City of Heaven . Rand and the others realize that this is where Ch'l - Lin originated , and depart for the Eighth City . In the Eighth City he meets Quan Yaozu , the first Iron Fist , who became disillusioned with K'un Lun and rose up to rule the Eighth City as Changming . Rand and Fat Cobra manage to defeat Quan . Rand 's actions during their battles impress Quan , who decides that Rand may be living proof that K'un Lun is not the corrupt city it once was . Rand and Davos agree to guide Quan to K'un Lun and arrange a meeting between him and Lei - Kung to give Quan a forum for his grievances . However , when Rand returns to New York , he finds a HYDRA cell waiting for him at Rand International , seeking retribution for the death of Xao , and holding Misty hostage . In the ensuing battle , Rand International is destroyed , but Rand and Misty escape unharmed . Now left with only a fraction of his former net worth , Rand and Misty purchase a new condo in Harlem , and Rand decides to focus all of his attention and remaining resources at the Thunder Dojo . While moving into their new home , Rand asks Misty to marry him . Initially skeptical of the offer , Misty accepts and reveals that she is pregnant with Rand 's child . Avengers reform ( edit ) In the aftermath of Siege , Rand joins the newly reformed New Avengers . After finding out that Misty 's pregnancy was false , Misty and Danny decide to move out of their apartment and live separately , but continue their relationship . Danny later has an encounter with someone who is going by the name of Power Man . He and Luke Cage discover that the Power Man is Victor Alvarez , a survivor of a building that Bullseye blew up . Iron Fist becomes the new Power Man 's mentor and the two become a team . During the Fear Itself storyline , Iron Fist and the Immortal Weapons are summoned to Beijing to close the gates of the Eighth City that are on the verge of opening . However , Danny is placed under mind control which creates a mystical interference with the ability of the Immortal Weapons to close the gate . He is then forced to battle his allies . Thanks to War Machine knocking him out , the mission is completed successfully . However , Doctor Strange realizes that Iron Fist is now an Immortal Weapon of Agamotto . Iron Fist and Lei Kung bring Hope Summers to K'un Lun to train as an Iron Fist , in order to defeat the Phoenix - possessed X-Men . Marvel now ! ( edit ) In the Marvel NOW ! era , Iron Fist joins Luke Cage as the Heroes For Hire , having been employed by Boomerang to arrest his former colleagues in the Sinister Six . During the `` Secret Empire '' storyline , Iron Fist became a member of the Defenders alongside Daredevil , Luke Cage , and Jessica Jones . They alongside Cloak and Dagger , Doctor Strange , and Spider - Woman fought the Army of Evil during Hydra 's rise to power where they were defeated by Nitro . Iron Fist and those with him were trapped in the Darkforce dome by Blackout when his powers were enhanced by Baron Helmut Zemo using the Darkhold . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Plunging his fists into the molten heart of the dragon Shou - Lao the Undying infused the dragon 's superhuman energy into Rand . This , along with being trained by Lei Kung the Thunderer , gave Rand the power of the Iron Fist , allowing him to summon and focus his chi energy ( also called natural energy or life force energy ) to enhance his natural abilities to extraordinary levels . His strength , speed , stamina , durability , agility , reflexes and senses can all be greatly intensified . He is able to concentrate his own chi and the superhuman energy from Shou - Lao 's heart into his hand , with it manifesting as a supernatural glow around his hand and fist . So concentrated , this `` iron fist '' can strike with superhuman hardness and impact , while his hand becomes impervious to pain and injury . However , summoning the power required by this feat leaves Rand physically and mentally drained , unable to repeat the act for a time , as long as an entire day in certain instances , though after years of using the ability , it has become less draining . He can focus his chi inward to heal himself or outward to heal others of injury , as well as to give himself psychic senses and to telepathically fuse his consciousness with another person . Rand is also a skilled acrobat , gymnast , and a master of all of K'un Lun 's martial arts , as well as various fighting styles from Earth , including Shaolin Kung Fu , Aikido , Fujian White Crane , Judo , Karate , Muay Thai , Ninjutsu and Wing Chun . Other versions ( edit ) Mc2 ( edit ) Iron Fist appeared in the pages of Spider - Girl # 24 , in which he is retired after the death of Misty Knight ( his wife in this universe ) . However , he temporarily steps back into costume to aid Spider - Girl against the might of Dragon Fist . Marvel Zombies ( edit ) Iron Fist is shown twice in battle during the Marvel Zombies miniseries . He can be seen in several splash panels , as well as being bitten by a zombie version of Luke Cage , punching a hole through a zombified Black Cat and once again being bitten , apparently avoiding infection through his healing abilities . A different Iron Fist appears in Marvel Zombies Return in an alternate universe where he is unaffected by the zombie outbreak until Wolverine from the Marvel Zombies universe kills him with his claws . Ultimate Marvel ( edit ) Daniel Rand has appeared in Ultimate Spider - Man . His first appearance in the Ultimate universe was in Ultimate Spider - Man # 1 / 2 . Later , he appeared in the Warriors story arc ( issues # 79 - 85 ) along with Shang Chi , Moon Knight , and others . He reappears in the Ultimate Knights arc , as a member of a Daredevil - led team trying to take down the Kingpin . In Ultimate Spider - Man # 107 , however , he has apparently betrayed the group to the Kingpin . Daredevil has uncovered the deception and ends issue # 109 demanding answers from Rand . In issue # 110 Iron Fist reveals that he has a daughter and the Kingpin threatened her life , so he chose his daughter 's life over Daredevil 's , and the rest of the heroes that teamed up to take down the Kingpin . He did distract Kingpin while Daredevil grabbed Kingpin 's wife . Rand is last seen with his daughter and his daughter 's mother Colleen Wing . House of M ( edit ) In the House of M reality , Daniel Rand emerges from K'un - Lun , unaware of the mutant - dominated planet . He is attacked by mutant police , and eventually joins Luke Cage 's Human Resistance Movement . Earth - 13584 ( edit ) In A.I.M. 's pocket dimension of Earth - 13584 , Iron Fist appears as a member of Spider - Man 's gang . Deadpool 2099 ( edit ) Iron Fist is one of the few heroes still alive in 2099 , he is known as the `` Defender of the Streets '' and now leads a large group of martial artists to continue his vigilante activities . Deadpool requests his aid to help deal with Wade 's daughter , Warda , and Rand agrees to help his oldest living friend . Reception ( edit ) Iron Fist is ranked as the 195th greatest comic book character of all time by Wizard magazine . IGN also ranked Iron Fist as the 68th greatest comic book hero of all time stating that in the Marvel Universe , mastery of martial arts is enough to qualify as a superpower , and none are more `` super '' at the art of fighting than Iron Fist , and as # 46 on their list of the `` Top 50 Avengers '' . Collected editions ( edit ) Title Material collected Publication date ISBN Essential Iron Fist Vol. 1 Marvel Premiere # 15 - 25 ; Iron Fist ( vol. 1 ) # 1 - 15 ; Marvel Team - Up ( vol. 1 ) # 63 - 64 ; Power Man # 48 - 49 ; Power Man and Iron Fist # 50 October 2004 SC : 978 - 0785115465 Essential Power Man and Iron Fist Vol. 1 Power Man and Iron Fist # 51 - 72 , # 74 - 75 January 2008 SC : 978 - 0785127260 Essential Power Man and Iron Fist Vol. 2 Power Man and Iron Fist # 76 - 100 ; Daredevil # 178 March 2009 SC : 978 - 0785130727 Marvel Masterworks : Iron Fist Vol. 1 Marvel Premiere # 15 - 25 , Iron Fist # 1 - 2 June 2011 HC : 978 - 0785150329 Marvel Masterworks : Iron Fist Vol. 2 Iron Fist # 3 - 15 , Marvel Team - Up # 63 - 64 September 2012 HC : 978 - 0785159551 The Immortal Iron Fist Vol. 1 : The Last Iron Fist Story The Immortal Iron Fist # 1 - 6 ; Civil War : Choosing Sides August 2007 November 2007 HC : 978 - 0785128540 SC : 978 - 0785124894 The Immortal Iron Fist Vol. 2 : The Seven Capital Cities of Heaven The Immortal Iron Fist # 8 - 14 , Annual # 1 June 2008 September 2008 HC : 978 - 0785129929 SC : 978 - 0785125358 The Immortal Iron Fist Vol. 3 : The Book of the Iron Fist The Immortal Iron Fist # 7 , # 15 - 16 ; Orson Randall and the Green Mist of Death ; The Origin of Danny Rand ; covers of Marvel Premiere # 15 - 16 October 2008 February 2009 HC : 978 - 0785129936 SC : 978 - 0785125365 The Immortal Iron Fist Vol. 4 : The Mortal Iron Fist The Immortal Iron Fist # 17 - 20 ; Orson Randall and the Death Queen of California April 2009 July 2009 HC : 978 - 0785129943 SC : 978 - 0785132967 The Immortal Iron Fist Vol. 5 : Escape from the Eighth City The Immortal Iron Fist # 22 - 27 September 2009 November 2009 HC : 978 - 0785133926 SC : 978 - 0785131793 The Immortal Iron Fist Omnibus The Immortal Iron Fist # 1 - 16 , Annual # 1 ; Orson Randall and the Green Mist of Death ; The Origin of Danny Rand ; Civil War : Choosing Sides June 2009 HC : 978 - 0785138198 The Immortal Iron Fist : The Complete Collection Volume 1 The Immortal Iron Fist # 1 - 16 , Annual # 1 ; Orson Randall and the Green Mist of Death ; The Origin of Danny Rand ; Civil War : Choosing Sides December 2013 SC : 978 - 0785185420 The Immortal Iron Fist : The Complete Collection Volume 2 The Immortal Iron Fist # 17 - 27 ; Orson Randall and the Death Queen of California ; Immortal Weapons # 1 - 5 ; Immortal Weapons Sketchbook June 2014 SC : 978 - 0785188902 Immortal Weapons Immortal Weapons # 1 - 5 March 2010 SC : 978 - 0785138488 Epic Collection Iron Fist Vol. 1 : The Fury of Iron Fist Marvel Premiere # 15 - 25 ; Iron Fist ( vol. 1 ) # 1 - 15 ; Marvel Team - Up ( vol. 1 ) # 63 - 64 August 2015 SC : 978 - 0785191643 In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Animation ( edit ) Iron Fist appears in The Super Hero Squad Show episode `` A Brat Walks Among Us '' , voiced by Mikey Kelley . He is seen as a member of Heroes for Hire ( alongside Luke Cage and Misty Knight ) when Brynnie Bratton hires them to help look for her father . Iron Fist appears in The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes episode `` To Steal an Ant - Man '' , voiced by Loren Lester reprising his role from Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 . He and Luke Cage are hired by Henry Pym to retrieve his Ant - Man suit from a thief who uses it in bank robberies . The character later appears in the episodes `` Yellowjacket '' , `` New Avengers '' , and `` Avengers Assemble '' . A teenaged version of Iron Fist appears as one of the main characters in Ultimate Spider - Man , voiced by Greg Cipes . He is portrayed as Luke Cage 's best friend and often voices his opinions through on - the - spot proverbs befitting the given situation . Danny is a vegetarian , practices meditation and is well - versed in martial arts . Despite Danny 's great wealth from his father 's company , the Rand Corporation , he chose to live a simple life amongst his friends as part of his training . Having the majority of his training in K'un - L'un completed , Danny joined S.H.I.E.L.D to make better use of his skills and gain more worldly experience . In the episode `` Return to the Spider - Verse Pt. 1 '' , Iron Fist brings Spider - Man and Kid Arachnid to K'un - L'un where Nick Fury and Madame Web are currently hiding out so that they can send Spider - Man and Kid Arachnid to the different universes to piece together the Siege Perilous . The same episode showed a version of Iron Fist who is a vampire that is loyal to Lizard King . Using a combination of the Siege Perilous shard and a UV light , Spider - Man and Kid Arachnid were able to cure everyone of the vampire strain . In the episode `` The Spider - Slayers Pt. 3 , '' after Nova attacks Scarlet Spider because he learned that he was Doctor Octopus _́ spy for revealing Spider - Man 's identity , to endanger S.H.I.E.L.D. Academy and Aunt May , he along with Power Man and Squirrel Girl attack the Spider - Slayers and when they stop they agree to watch him with Agent Venom for his bad actions that deserve to be locked up for life , before his energy was drained by Kaine . At the end of `` Graduation Day Pts. 1 and 2 '' , he , Power Man , White Tiger and Nova team with Spider - Man for the last time to find Doctor Octopus , protect Aunt May , and fight the Scorpion and Crossbones ( who becomes the new Lizard ) and defeat them . Then , at the graduation ceremony , he is trapped with the team in a contracting shield in the Triskelion and in the end is released by Spider - Man . Iron Fist appears in the Lego Marvel Super Heroes : Maximum Overload miniseries , voiced by Greg Cipes . Iron Fist appears in Avengers : Secret Wars , voiced again by Greg Cipes . He was in K'un - Lun at the time when Beyonder snatched it from Earth and used to make Battleworld . Iron Fist was reluctant to let Black Panther and Falcon claim Heimdall 's sword due to the fact that it was used to seal away Dracula . When Dracula is freed , Iron Fist assists them in fighting Dracula and his forces even when it was discovered that a Venom symbiote has possessed Dracula . After Dracula is repelled , Iron Fist plans to go after Dracula and keep him from reaching the Battleworld location where more symbiotes are dwelling . Marvel Cinematic universe ( edit ) Finn Jones as Danny Rand in the Netflix series Iron Fist . Finn Jones stars in a series based on the character Iron Fist while his younger self is portrayed by Toby Nichols . At a young age , he had a friendship with Ward Meachum and Joy Meachum when both their fathers ran Rand Enterprises . After a plane crash orchestrated by Harold Meachum happens , Danny survives and is rescued by some monks in K'un - Lun where he is trained by them . Years later , he returns to New York City where he plans to regain his family 's company , after which he allies himself with Colleen Wing and uncovers an evil plot by the Hand . Jones reprises his role in The Defenders , a crossover miniseries . When the Hand puts their plans into motion that involves harvesting the dragon bones that are beneath Manhattan , Rand teams up with Daredevil , Jessica Jones , and Luke Cage to fight them . Jones reprises his role in the second season of Luke Cage in the episode `` The Main Ingredient '' where he helps Cage look for Bushmaster and Tilda Johnson . Film ( edit ) In May 2000 , Marvel Studios brought Artisan Entertainment to co-finance an Iron Fist film , hiring Ray Park to star and John Turman to write the script in January 2001 . Park read extensively the comics Iron Fist had appeared in . Kirk Wong signed to direct in July 2001 , with filming set for late 2001 / early 2002 . Iron Fist nearly went into pre-production in March 2002 . Wong left the project in April 2002 . By August 2002 , pre-production had started . Filming was pushed back to late 2002 , and then to late 2003 . In March 2003 , Marvel announced a 2004 release date . In April 2003 , Steve Carr entered negotiations to direct . In November 2003 , the release date was moved to 2006 . In March 2007 , Carr placed Iron Fist on hold due to scheduling conflicts . In 2009 , Marvel announced they have begun hiring a group of writers to help come up with creative ways to launch its lesser - known properties , such as Iron Fist , along with others such as Black Panther , Cable , Doctor Strange , Nighthawk , and Vision . In August 2010 , Marvel Studios hired Rich Wilkes to write the screenplay . Marvel has a future Iron Fist film project planned . In November 2013 , Disney CEO Bob Iger stated that they `` probably were never going to make feature films about '' characters featured in Marvel 's Netflix TV series such as Iron Fist but that if the Netflix series became popular , `` ( it was ) quite possible that they could become feature films . '' Video games ( edit ) Iron Fist appears as a non-playable character in the 16 - bit video game Spider - Man and Venom : Maximum Carnage ( 1994 ) , which was released for the Super NES and Genesis platforms . When the user plays as Spider - Man , Iron Fist heals the player back to full health . During game play as Venom , Iron Fist attacks all enemies on screen with flying jump kicks . In The Amazing Spider - Man : Lethal Foes video game ( which was only released in Japan for the Super Famicom ) , Iron Fist makes a brief appearance between levels to talk with Spider - Man . Iron Fist appears as a playable character in Spider - Man : Friend or Foe , voiced by John Rubinow . He is depicted as a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent who went missing when on Tangaroa Island . After Iron Fist is rescued from the P.H.A.N.T.O.M.s by Spider - Man , he joins him on his quest . Iron Fist is a playable character in the Vicarious Visions ( Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 , later also PlayStation 4 , Xbox One and PC ) versions of Marvel : Ultimate Alliance 2 , voiced by Peter Dobson . He is locked into the Anti-Registration faction during the Civil War portion of the game . Iron Fist makes a cameo appearance in Ryu 's ending in Marvel vs. Capcom 3 : Fate of Two Worlds . Iron Fist is a new playable character in Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 , an update to the original Marvel vs. Capcom 3 . In this game , he is voiced by Loren Lester . Iron Fist was a playable character in the Facebook game Marvel : Avengers Alliance . Iron Fist is available as downloadable content for the game LittleBigPlanet , as part of `` Marvel Costume Kit 5 '' . Iron Fist appears in Marvel Heroes . He is one of the Heroes for Hire that Luke Cage can summon in - game . He was initially voiced by JP Karliak as a non-playable character . He became a playable character in 2015 , voiced by Johnny Yong Bosch . Iron Fist appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes , voiced by Andrew Kishino . Iron Fist is a playable character in the Spider - Man Playset for Disney Infinity : Marvel Super Heroes and Disney Infinity 3.0 , voiced by Greg Cipes . Iron Fist is a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions . Iron Fist is a playable character in Lego Marvel 's Avengers , voiced by Greg Cipes . Iron Fist is a playable character in Marvel : Future Fight . Iron Fist is a playable character in Marvel Puzzle Quest . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Roy Thomas interview '' . Alter Ego ( 70 ) : 38 . July 2007 . Jump up ^ Brennaman , Chris ( April 2014 ) . `` Marvel Premiere '' . Back Issue ! . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing ( 71 ) : 25 . ^ Jump up to : Callahan , Timothy ( December 2010 ) . `` Power Man and Iron Fist '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 45 ) : 3 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Lantz , James Heath ( September 2016 ) . `` Prince Namor the Sub-Mariner : Scion of the Deep or Royal Pain ? '' . Back Issue ! . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing ( 91 ) : 57 -- 58 . Jump up ^ `` Readying Iron Fist with Writer Duane Swierczynski '' . Newsarama . September 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=50154 Jump up ^ Marvel Premiere # 15 - 18 Jump up ^ Marvel Premiere # 21 Jump up ^ Power Man # 48 - 50 Jump up ^ behind the scenes in Power Man and Iron Fist # 120 Jump up ^ Power Man and Iron Fist # 125 Jump up ^ Namor the Sub-Mariner # 22 - 24 Jump up ^ New Warriors ( vol. 2 ) # 8 - 10 Jump up ^ Iron Fist / Wolverine # 1 - 4 Jump up ^ Black Panther ( vol. 2 ) # 38 - 40 Jump up ^ Daredevil # 87 Jump up ^ Civil War # 5 Jump up ^ Civil War # 6 Jump up ^ New Avengers # 27 Jump up ^ New Avengers # 29 Jump up ^ New Avengers # 59 Jump up ^ Immortal Iron Fist # 13 Jump up ^ Immortal Iron Fist # 16 Jump up ^ Immortal Iron Fist # 20 Jump up ^ Immortal Iron Fist # 25 Jump up ^ Immortal Iron Fist # 26 Jump up ^ Immortal Iron Fist # 27 Jump up ^ Heroic Age : New Avengers # 1 Jump up ^ I Am an Avenger # 1 Jump up ^ Shadowland : Power Man # 1 Jump up ^ Iron Man 2.0 # 6 - 7 Jump up ^ Avengers vs. X-Men # 11 Jump up ^ Superior Foes of Spider - Man # 3 Jump up ^ Secret Empire # 0 Jump up ^ Spider - Man # 37 Jump up ^ Iron Fist ( vol. 1 ) # 15 ( September 1977 ) ^ Jump up to : Iron Fist ( vol. 2 ) # 2 ( October 1996 ) ^ Jump up to : Marvel Team - Up ( vol. 1 ) # 63 ( November 1977 ) Jump up ^ Iron Fist ( vol. 1 ) # 12 ( April 1977 ) Jump up ^ Iron Fist ( vol. 2 ) # 1 ( September 1996 ) Jump up ^ Spider - Girl # 24 Jump up ^ Marvel Zombies vs. The Army of Darkness # 2 Jump up ^ Marvel Zombies Return # 3 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Ultimate Spider - Man # 106 - 111 Jump up ^ Dark Avengers vol. 2 # 187 Jump up ^ Deadpool vol. 4 # 19 . Jump up ^ `` Wizard 's top 200 characters . External link consists of a forum site summing up the top 200 characters of Wizard Magazine since the real site that contains the list is broken '' . Wizard magazine . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iron Fist is number 68 '' . IGN . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 50 Avengers '' . IGN. April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Spider - Man & His Ultimate Friends : Iron Fist Jump up ^ Press Release For Marvel Universe Block , Animated `` Spider - Man '' and `` The Avengers '' Jump up ^ `` The Immortal Weapon '' . Avengers Assemble . Season 4 . Episode 19 . January 14 , 2018 . Disney XD . Jump up ^ Lieberman , David ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Disney To Provide Netflix With Four Series Based On Marvel Characters '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones actor Finn Jones to play Iron Fist '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's The Defenders ' Finds Its Showrunners '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goddard , Andy ( director ) ; Akela Cooper ( writer ) ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` The Main Ingredient '' . Marvel 's Luke Cage . Season 2 . Episode 10 . Netflix . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( May 16 , 2000 ) . `` Artisan deal a real Marvel '' . Variety . Retrieved March 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Harris , Dana ( January 3 , 2001 ) . `` Park , Turman Marvel at Fist '' . Variety . Retrieved March 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Worley , Rob ( August 13 , 2003 ) . `` Comics2Film Wrap For August 13 , 2003 '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Harris , Dana ( July 26 , 2001 ) . `` Wong to forge Marvel 's Iron '' . Variety . Retrieved March 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Worley , Rob ( March 18 , 2002 ) . `` Marvel Chief talks Movies '' . Comics2Film . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Worley , Rob ( April 15 , 2002 ) . `` Arad Confirms Wong off Iron Fist '' . Comics2Film . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Leung , Kevin ( August 15 , 2002 ) . `` Iron Fist Heating Up '' . Comics2Film . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bloom , David ( June 23 , 2002 ) . `` Comic capers captivate studios '' . Variety . Retrieved March 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Harris , Dana ( April 14 , 2003 ) . `` Artisan reups with Summit for int'l distribution '' . Variety . Retrieved March 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Worley , Rob ( March 4 , 2003 ) . `` Marvel Movies : The Next Wave '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Worley , Rob ( April 28 , 2003 ) . `` Comics2Film Wrap For April 28th , 2003 '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Moreels , Eric J. ( November 5 , 2003 ) . `` Arad 's Mega Marvel Movie , TV Update '' . Comixfan . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2004 . Retrieved March 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ftopel ( March 29 , 2007 ) . `` Steve Carr Waits In Marvel Queue for Iron Fist Production '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( March 26 , 2009 ) . `` Marvel 's hiring writers '' . Variety . Retrieved March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas ( August 25 , 2010 ) . `` Marvel Moves on Iron Fist '' . SuperHeroHype . Jump up ^ Marvel Cliffhanger : Robert Downey Jr. 's $50 Million Sequel Showdown Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Why Disney Chose to Put Marvel 's New TV Shows on Netflix '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2014 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Spider - Man and Venom : Maximum Carnage ( SNES ) FAQ '' . Jump up ^ Spider - Man : Friend or Foe Jump up ^ `` Iron Fist profile in Marvel : Ultimate Alliance 2 '' . Marvel Comics . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2009 . Retrieved July 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ GameSpot - Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 roster leaked Archived 2011 - 07 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Live streaming New York Comic - Con '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 17 . TwitchTV ( confirmation heard during 0 : 24 : 48 - 0 : 25 : 03 ) Jump up ^ `` Marvel Costume Kit 5 '' . Sony . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2012 . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Voice Of Iron Fist - Marvel Universe Behind The Voice Actors '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Check marks indicates role has been confirmed using screenshots of closing credits and other reliable sources Jump up ^ `` It 's been announced , I 'm voicing # ironfist for # marvelheroes . Excited for this one ! '' . Twitter . November 3 , 2015 . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : https://news.marvel.com/games/61757/marvels-iron-fist-netflix-hero-comes-marvel-games/ External links ( edit ) 1970s portal Superhero fiction portal Fictional characters portal Comics portal Iron Fist at Marvel.com Wendell Rand - K'ai at the Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe Heather Duncan Rand ( Silver Dragon ) at the Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe Iron Fist on IMDb Iron Fist at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2016 . Iron Fist Roy Thomas Gil Kane Supporting characters Colleen Wing Jeryn Hogarth Joy Meachum Lei Kung Luke Cage Misty Knight Yu - Ti Enemies Angar the Screamer Boomerang Bushmaster Constrictor Crane Mother El Aguila Ferocia Master Khan Harold Meachum Ward Meachum Junzo Muto Nightshade Sabretooth Scimitar Steel Serpent Wrecking Crew Wrecker Bulldozer Piledriver Thunderball Zhou Cheng Teams Defenders Heroes for Hire New Avengers Thunderbolts Publications Power Man and Iron Fist The Immortal Iron Fist In other media Iron Fist season 1 characters Related articles Amazing - Man Deadly Hands of Kung Fu Immortal Weapons Shou - Lao Luke Cage Archie Goodwin John Romita Sr . 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4907176169746456877	Executive order (United States)	Executive order ( United States ) - wikipedia Executive order ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Executive order '' redirects here . For other uses , see Executive order ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Presidential proclamation or Presidential memorandum . Executive Order 9981 of July 26 , 1948 by President Harry S. Truman banning segregation of the Armed Forces . Executive orders are published in the Federal Register . Here , Executive Order 13799 of Donald Trump is reproduced . Executive Orders are presidential directives issued by United States Presidents and are generally directed towards officers and agencies of the U.S. federal government . Executive orders have the force of law , based on the authority derived from statute or the Constitution itself . The ability to make such orders is also based on express or implied Acts of Congress that delegate to the President some degree of discretionary power ( delegated legislation ) . Like both legislative statutes and regulations promulgated by government agencies , executive orders are subject to judicial review and may be overturned if the orders lack support by statute or the Constitution . Major policy initiatives require approval by the legislative branch , but executive orders have significant influence over the internal affairs of government , deciding how and to what degree legislation will be enforced , dealing with emergencies , waging wars , and in general fine - tuning policy choices in the implementation of broad statutes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Basis in the United States Constitution 2 History and use 2.1 Franklin Roosevelt 3 Table of Presidents using Executive Orders 4 Reaction 4.1 Legal conflicts 5 State governors ' executive orders 6 Presidential proclamation 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Basis in the United States Constitution ( edit ) The United States Constitution does not have a provision that explicitly permits the use of executive orders . The term executive power in Article II , Section 1 , Clause 1 of the Constitution is not entirely clear . The term is mentioned as direction to `` take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed '' and is part of Article II , Section 3 . The consequence of failing to comply could possibly be removal from office . The U.S. Supreme Court has held that all executive orders from the President of the United States must be supported by the Constitution , whether from a clause granting specific power , or by Congress delegating such to the executive branch . Specifically , such orders must be rooted in Article II of the US Constitution or enacted by the congress in statutes . Attempts to block such orders have been successful at times when such orders exceeded the authority of the president or could be better handled through legislation . The Office of the Federal Register is responsible for assigning the executive order a sequential number after receipt of the signed original from the White House and printing the text of the executive order in the daily Federal Register and Title 3 of the Code of Federal Regulations . History and use ( edit ) President Nixon signing an executive order , 1969 With the exception of William Henry Harrison , all presidents beginning with George Washington in 1789 have issued orders that in general terms can be described as executive orders . Initially they took no set form . Consequently , such orders varied as to form and substance . The first executive order was issued by George Washington on June 8 , 1789 , addressed to the heads of the federal departments , instructing them `` to impress me with a full , precise , and distinct general idea of the affairs of the United States '' in their fields . The most famous executive order was by President Abraham Lincoln when he issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1 , 1863 . Political scientist Brian R. Dirck states : The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order , itself a rather unusual thing in those days . Executive orders are simply presidential directives issued to agents of the executive department by its boss . Until the early 1900s , executive orders went mostly unannounced and undocumented , seen only by the agencies to which they were directed . This changed when the Department of State instituted a numbering scheme in 1907 , starting retroactively with United States Executive Order 1 issued on October 20 , 1862 , by President Abraham Lincoln . The documents that later came to be known as `` executive orders '' apparently gained their name from this order issued by Lincoln , which was captioned `` Executive Order Establishing a Provisional Court in Louisiana '' . This court functioned during the military occupation of Louisiana during the American Civil War , and Lincoln also used Executive Order 1 to appoint Charles A. Peabody as judge , and to designate the salaries of the court 's officers . President Truman 's Executive Order 10340 in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer , 343 US 579 ( 1952 ) placed all steel mills in the country under federal control . This was found invalid because it attempted to make law , rather than clarify or act to further a law put forth by the Congress or the Constitution . Presidents since this decision have generally been careful to cite which specific laws they are acting under when issuing new executive orders . Likewise , when presidents believe their authority for issuing an executive order stems from within the powers outlined in the Constitution , the order will simply proclaim `` under the authority vested in me by the Constitution '' instead . Wars have been fought upon executive order , including the 1999 Kosovo War during Bill Clinton 's second term in office . However , all such wars have had authorizing resolutions from Congress . The extent to which the president may exercise military power independently of Congress and the scope of the War Powers Resolution remain unresolved constitutional issues , although all presidents since its passage have complied with the terms of the resolution while maintaining that they are not constitutionally required to do so . President Truman issued 907 executive orders , with 1,081 orders by Theodore Roosevelt , 1,203 orders by Calvin Coolidge , and 1,803 orders by Woodrow Wilson . Franklin D. Roosevelt has the distinction of making a record 3,522 executive orders . Franklin Roosevelt ( edit ) Prior to 1932 , uncontested executive orders had determined such issues as national mourning on the death of a president , and the lowering of flags to half - staff . President Franklin Roosevelt issued the first of his 3,522 executive orders on March 6 , 1933 , declaring a bank holiday , forbidding banks to release gold coin or bullion . Executive Order 6102 forbade the hoarding of gold coin , bullion and gold certificates . A further executive order required all newly mined domestic gold be delivered to the Treasury . By Executive Order 6581 , the president created the Export - Import Bank of the United States . On March 7 , 1934 , he created the National Industrial Recovery Act ( Executive Order 6632 ) . On June 29 , the president issued Executive Order 6763 `` under the authority vested in me by the Constitution '' , thereby creating the National Labor Relations Board . In 1934 , while Charles Evans Hughes was Chief Justice of the United States ( in the time period known as the Hughes Court ) , the Court found that the National Industrial Recovery Act ( NIRA ) was unconstitutional . The president then issued Executive Order 7073 `` by virtue of the authority vested in me under the said Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 '' , reestablishing the National Emergency Council to administer the functions of the NIRA in carrying out the provisions of the Emergency Relief Appropriations Act . On June 15 , he issued Executive Order 7075 , which terminated NIRA and replaced it with the Office of Administration of the National Recovery Administration . In the years that followed , President Roosevelt replaced the outgoing judges with those more in line with his views , ultimately appointing Hugo Black , Stanley Reed , Felix Frankfurter , William O. Douglas , Frank Murphy , Robert H. Jackson and James F. Byrnes to the Court . Historically , only George Washington had equal or greater influence over Supreme Court appointments , choosing all of its original members . Justices Frankfurter , Douglas , Black , and Jackson dramatically checked presidential power by invalidating the executive order at issue in The Steel Seizure Case ( i.e. , Executive Order 10340 ) . In that case Roosevelt 's successor , President Truman , had ordered private steel production facilities seized in support of the Korean War effort , but the Court held the executive order was not within the power granted to the President by the Constitution . Table of Presidents using Executive Orders ( edit ) President Number issued Starting with E.O. number George Washington 8 n / a John Adams n / a Thomas Jefferson n / a James Madison n / a James Monroe n / a John Quincy Adams n / a Andrew Jackson 12 n / a Martin van Buren 10 n / a William Henry Harrison 0 n / a John Tyler 17 n / a James K. Polk 18 n / a Zachary Taylor 5 n / a Millard Fillmore 12 n / a Franklin Pierce 35 n / a James Buchanan 16 n / a Abraham Lincoln 48 Andrew Johnson 79 Ulysses S. Grant 217 Rutherford B. Hayes 92 James Garfield 6 Chester Arthur 96 Grover Cleveland ( first term ) 113 Benjamin Harrison 143 Grover Cleveland ( second term ) 140 William McKinley 185 Theodore Roosevelt 1,081 William Howard Taft 724 Woodrow Wilson 1,803 Warren G. Harding 522 Calvin Coolidge 1,203 Herbert Hoover 968 5075 Franklin D. Roosevelt ( ~ 3.05 terms ) 3,522 6071 Harry S. Truman 907 9538 Dwight D. Eisenhower 484 10432 John F. Kennedy 214 10914 Lyndon B. Johnson 325 11128 Richard Nixon 346 11452 Gerald R. Ford 169 11798 Jimmy Carter 320 11967 Ronald Reagan 381 12287 George H.W. Bush 166 12668 Bill Clinton 308 12834 George W. Bush 291 13198 Barack Obama 276 13489 Donald Trump ( as of December 8 , 2017 ) 53 13765 Reaction ( edit ) Large policy changes with wide - ranging effects have been implemented through executive order , including the racial integration of the armed forces under Harry Truman and the desegregation of public schools under Dwight D. Eisenhower . Two extreme examples of an executive order are Franklin Roosevelt 's Executive Order 6102 `` forbidding the hoarding of gold coin , gold bullion , and gold certificates within the continental United States '' and Executive Order 9066 , which delegated military authority to remove any or all people in a military zone ( used to target Japanese - Americans and German - Americans in certain regions ) . The order was then delegated to General John L. DeWitt , and subsequently paved the way for all Japanese - Americans on the West Coast to be sent to internment camps for the duration of World War II . President George W. Bush issued Executive Order 13233 in 2001 , which restricted public access to the papers of former presidents . The order was criticized by the Society of American Archivists and other groups , who stated that it `` violates both the spirit and letter of existing U.S. law on access to presidential papers as clearly laid down in 44 USC 2201 -- 07 '' , and adding that the order `` potentially threatens to undermine one of the very foundations of our nation '' . President Barack Obama revoked Executive Order 13233 in January 2009 . The Heritage Foundation has accused presidents of abusing executive orders by using them to make laws without Congressional approval and moving existing laws away from their original mandates . Legal conflicts ( edit ) In 1935 , the Supreme Court overturned five of President Franklin Roosevelt 's executive orders ( 6199 , 6204 , 6256 , 6284 , 6855 ) . Executive Order 12954 , issued by President Bill Clinton in 1995 , attempted to prevent the federal government from contracting with organizations that had strike - breakers on the payroll ; a federal appeals court subsequently ruled that the order conflicted with the National Labor Relations Act , and invalidated the order . Congress has the power to overturn an executive order by passing legislation that invalidates it . Congress can also refuse to provide funding necessary to carry out certain policy measures contained with the order or to legitimize policy mechanisms . In the case of the former , the president retains the power to veto such a decision ; however , the Congress may override a veto with a two - thirds majority to end an executive order . It has been argued that a congressional override of an executive order is a nearly impossible event , due to the supermajority vote required and the fact that such a vote leaves individual lawmakers vulnerable to political criticism . On July 30 , 2014 , the Republican - led House of Representatives approved a resolution authorizing Speaker of the House John Boehner to sue President Barack Obama over claims that he exceeded his executive authority in changing a key provision of the Affordable Care Act ( `` Obamacare '' ) on his own and over what Republicans claimed had been `` inadequate enforcement of the health care law '' , which Republican lawmakers opposed . In particular , Republicans `` objected that the Obama administration delayed some parts of the law , particularly the mandate on employers who do not provide health care coverage '' . The suit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia on November 21 , 2014 . Part of President Donald Trump 's executive order Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States , which temporarily banned entry to the US from citizens of seven Muslim - majority countries , including for permanent residents , was stayed by a federal court on January 28 , 2017 . State governors ' executive orders ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Executive orders issued by state governors are not the same as statutes passed by state legislatures , but do have the force of law in a similar way to the federal system . State executive orders are usually based on existing constitutional or statutory powers of the governor and do not require any action by the state legislature to take effect . Executive orders may , for example , demand budget cuts from state government when the state legislature is not in session , and economic conditions take a downturn , thereby decreasing tax revenue below what was forecast when the budget was approved . Depending on the state constitution , a governor may specify what percentage each government agency must reduce by , and may exempt those that are already particularly underfunded , or can not put long - term expenses ( such as capital expenditures ) off until a later fiscal year . The governor may also call the legislature into special session . There are also other uses for gubernatorial executive orders . In 2007 , for example , George `` Sonny '' Perdue , governor of Georgia , issued an executive order for all of its state agencies to reduce water use during a major drought . This was also demanded of its counties ' water systems , however it is unclear whether this order would have the force of law . Presidential proclamation ( edit ) Main article : Presidential proclamation According to political expert Phillip J. Cooper , a presidential proclamation `` states a condition , declares a law and requires obedience , recognizes an event or triggers the implementation of a law ( by recognizing that the circumstances in law have been realized ) '' . Presidents define situations or conditions on situations that become legal or economic truth . These orders carry the same force of law as executive orders -- the difference between the two is that executive orders are aimed at those inside government while proclamations are aimed at those outside government . The administrative weight of these proclamations is upheld because they are often specifically authorized by congressional statute , making them `` delegated unilateral powers . '' Presidential proclamations are often dismissed as a practical presidential tool for policy making because of the perception of proclamations as largely ceremonial or symbolic in nature . However , the legal weight of presidential proclamations suggests their importance to presidential governance . See also ( edit ) Delegated legislation List of United States federal executive orders Presidential directive Presidential proclamation Presidential Determination Presidential memorandum Signing statement ( United States ) Decree Ukase ( Russian Federation ) Order in Council Ordonnance Military fiat References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John Contrubis , Executive Orders and Proclamations , CRS Report for Congress # 95 - 722A , March 9 , 1999 , Pp. 1 - 2 Jump up ^ Rebecca M. Patton , MSN , RN , CNOR , FAAN ; Margarete L. Zalon , PhD , RN , ACNS - BC , FAAN ; Ruth Ludwick , PhD , RN - BC , CNS , FAAN ( 13 November 2014 ) . Nurses Making Policy : From Bedside to Boardroom . Springer Publishing Company . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8261 - 9892 - 1 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Richard D. Newbold , JD , MBA , CIPP / G ( 12 June 2008 ) . Newbold 's Biometric Dictionary for Military and Industry : 2nd Edition . AuthorHouse . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4678 - 5979 - 0 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ SCOTUS , Myers v. United States , 272 U.S. 52 ( 1926 ) , Majority Opinion . Jump up ^ Southern reporter : Cases argued and determined in the courts of Alabama , Florida , Louisiana , Mississippi . West Publishing Company . 1986 . p. 723 . Jump up ^ Chester James Antieau ; William J. Rich ( 1997 ) . Modern Constitutional Law : The states and the federal government . West Group . p. 528 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7620 - 0194 - 1 . Jump up ^ American Bar Association ( January 1971 ) . ABA Journal . American Bar Association . p. 35 . ISSN 0747 - 0088 . Jump up ^ `` Executive orders page of the National Archives and Records Administration '' . Jump up ^ 93rd Cong. , 2nd sess. ( 1974 ) . Executive Orders in Times of War and National Emergency : Report of the Special Committee on National Emergencies and Delegated Emergency Powers , United States Senate . U.S. Govt . Print . Off . p. 23 . Jump up ^ DiBacco , Thomas V. ( 2014 - 08 - 14 ) . `` DiBACCO : George Washington had a pen , but no phone , for executive orders '' . The Washington Times . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ Brian R. Dirck ( 2007 ) . The Executive Branch of Federal Government : People , Process , and Politics . ABC - CLIO . p. 102 . ^ Jump up to : Lord , Clifford et al. Presidential Executive Orders , p. 1 ( Archives Publishing Company , 1944 ) . Jump up ^ Relyea , Harold C. ( 26 November 2008 ) . `` Presidential Directives : Background and Overview '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . p. 1 . Order Code 98 - 611 GOV . ^ Jump up to : Gerhard Peters . `` The American Presidency Project / Executive Orders '' . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ American Presidency Project , Executive Order 7075 ( 5 / 29 / 2009 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Executive Orders '' . Federal Register . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Orders '' . White House Briefing Room . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Order 13489 of January 21 , 2009 -- Presidential Records '' . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 22 . , Federal Register publication page and date : 74 FR 4669 , January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gaziano , Todd F. ( 2001 - 02 - 21 ) . `` The Use and Abuse of Executive Orders and Other Presidential Directives '' . Legal Memorandum # 2 . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Catherine Edwards , `` Emergency Rule , Abuse of Power ? '' Insight on the News , August 23 , 1999 , Pg. 18 Jump up ^ `` Chamber of Commerce of the United States , et al , v. Reich , 74 F. 3d 1322 ( D.C. Cir. 1996 ) '' . Public.Resource.org . Retrieved 7 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Harold Hongju Koh , The National Security Constitution : Sharing Power after the Iran - Contra Affair , 1990 , pg. 118 -- 19 Jump up ^ Deirdre Walsh , `` GOP - led House authorizes lawsuit against Obama '' . CNN.com , July 30 , 2014 Jump up ^ Michael McAuliff and Sam Levine , `` House Authorizes Lawsuit Against President Obama '' Huff Post : Politics , July 30 , 2014 , Jump up ^ Parker , Ashley ( 21 November 2014 ) . `` House G.O.P. Files Lawsuit in Battling Health Law '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Federal court halts Trump 's immigration ban '' . The Verge. 2017 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Phillip J. Cooper . 2002 . By Order of The President . University of Kansas Press . Page 116 . Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamations Project , University of Houston , Political Science Dept . Further reading ( edit ) Bush , Ann M. , `` Executive Disorder : The Subversion of the United States Supreme Court , 1914 - 1940 '' ( Amazon ) , 2010 . Mayer , Kenneth R. , With the Stroke of a Pen : Executive Orders and Presidential Power , Princeton University Press , 2002 . Warber , Adam L. , Executive Orders and the Modern Presidency : Legislating from the Oval Office , Lynne Rienner Publishers , 2006 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Executive orders of the United States . Wikisource has several original texts related to : United States executive orders Archive of U.S. Executive Orders Executive Orders : Issuance and Revocation Congressional Research Service Executive Orders at The American Presidency Project , Searchable Archive of Over 3,600 Executive Orders Executive Orders and Other Presidential Documents : Sources and Explanations , LLSDC.org Presidential Proclamations Project , University of Houston , Political Science Dept . Governor of Missouri 's executive orders 2012 - 1982 , Missouri Secretary of State 's Federal Register : The Daily Register of the United States Government Publishes executive orders shortly after receipt White House : List of executive orders of the current US administration shortly after issue ( hide ) Executive orders of Presidents of the United States Executive orders 1 -- 5074 ( 1789 -- 1929 ) 05075 -- 06070 ( Herbert Hoover ) 06071 -- 09537 ( Franklin D. Roosevelt ) 09538 -- 10431 ( Harry S. Truman ) 10432 -- 10913 ( Dwight D. Eisenhower ) 10914 -- 11127 ( John F. Kennedy ) 11128 -- 11451 ( Lyndon B. Johnson ) 11452 -- 11797 ( Richard Nixon ) 11798 -- 11966 ( Gerald Ford ) 11967 -- 12286 ( Jimmy Carter ) 12287 -- 12667 ( Ronald Reagan ) 12668 -- 12833 ( George H.W. Bush ) 12834 -- 13197 ( Bill Clinton ) 13198 -- 13488 ( George W. Bush ) 13489 -- 13764 ( Barack Obama ) 13765 -- 00000 ( Donald Trump ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Executive_order_(United_States)&oldid=814460956 '' Categories : United States executive orders Executive branch of the United States government Public administration Sources of law United States federal law Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles needing additional references from July 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Norsk Polski Simple English Svenska ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 December 2017 , at 23 : 27 . 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-1692435148778934648	List of Home and Away characters (2017)	List of home and Away characters ( 2017 ) - wikipedia List of home and Away characters ( 2017 ) Home and Away is an Australian television soap opera . It was first broadcast on the Seven Network on 17 January 1988 . The following is a list of characters that appeared in 2017 , by order of first appearance . All characters are introduced by the soap 's executive producer , Lucy Addario . The 30th season of Home and Away began airing from 30 January 2017 . Riley Hawkins was introduced during the following episode . Scarlett Snow made her debut in May , while June saw the arrival of the four - strong Astoni family consisting of parents Ben and Maggie Astoni , and their daughters Coco and Ziggy Astoni . Robbo and Jennifer Dutton made their first appearances in July , and Beth Ellis was introduced in August . Ryder Jackson make his debut in October . November saw the first appearance of Willow Harris , and Jasmine Delaney arrived in December . Contents 1 Riley Hawkins 2 Scarlett Snow 3 Ziggy Astoni 4 Ben Astoni 5 Maggie Astoni 6 Coco Astoni 7 Robbo 8 Jennifer Dutton 9 Beth Ellis 10 Ryder Jackson 11 Willow Harris 12 Jasmine Delaney 13 Others 14 References 15 External links Riley Hawkins ( edit ) Riley Hawkins Home and Away character Portrayed by Ryan O'Kane First appearance 31 January 2017 Last appearance 2 March 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Former ; recurring Profile Occupation Surgeon Home Sydney Riley Hawkins , played by Ryan O'Kane , made his first appearance on 31 January 2017 . O'Kane's housemate Rob Mills also auditioned for the role . He was waiting for his agent to let him know the outcome when O'Kane revealed that he had won the part . Riley is introduced as Tori Morgan 's ( Penny McNamee ) former boyfriend and a surgeon at the local hospital , who steps in to perform surgery on Justin Morgan ( James Stewart ) . McNamee said the moment Tori is reunited with Riley is `` shocking '' for her because she has not seen him in seven years . While Riley is surprised to learn that Tori and her siblings have been in witness protection . Fellow doctor Nate Cooper ( Kyle Pryor ) , who broke up with Tori , is jealous of her history with Riley . On his first day at Northern Districts Hospital , Riley is asked to operate on Justin Morgan , the brother of his former partner Tessa Lee , now known as Tori . Tori explains to Riley that she and her brothers had to go into witness protection after their parents were shot . Riley tells Nate Cooper that he and Tori used to be a couple , and that he wants her back . He also apologises to Tori for cheating on her . When Justin learns Riley is in town , he warns him to stay away from Tori . Riley later treats Justin when he is admitted with an infection . He also tells Tori that Nate tried to make a bet with him about her , but she soon realises that he lied . Riley performs a bronchoscopy on Billie Ashford ( Tessa de Josselin ) and finds a mass in her airway . Tori and Riley go on a lunch date , where he asks her for another chance , but she is cautious due to his history . Brody Morgan ( Jackson Heywood ) sees Riley flirting with Evelyn MacGuire ( Philippa Northeast ) at Billie 's wake , and tells him not to mess Tori around again . Shortly after they get back together , Riley asks Tori to move to the city with him . She turns him down for the sake of her family . Riley then sees her and Nate talking and hugging . He amends Billie 's notes and then makes a formal complaint in an attempt to get Nate fired for medical negligence . Tori proves the notes were doctored and when Riley admits that he did it , she breaks up with him . When he shows up at her house , Tori tells him to get out of her life . Justin overhears them arguing and fights with Riley , before Tori orders him to leave . Riley quits his job at the hospital and leaves town . Scarlett Snow ( edit ) Scarlett Snow Home and Away character Portrayed by Tania Nolan First appearance 8 May 2017 Last appearance 31 October 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Former ; regular Profile Other names Scarlett Dwyer Occupation Bait shop assistant lawyer Home Adelaide show Family Husband Caleb Snow Sons Max Snow Scarlett Snow , played by Tania Nolan , made her first appearance on 8 May 2017 . Nolan was living in Los Angeles when she learned the role was available . She flew to Sydney , where the show is filmed , for a screen test . She returned to Los Angeles the following day , but soon learned she had won the role and had to fly back to Sydney two days later . Nolan was contracted for six months and she finished filming in May . Nolan described her character as `` a bit of a mystery '' , and explained that no one knows why she is in the Bay , but she has suffered a tragedy in her past that she is dealing with . Nolan accepted the part and relocated to Sydney because of the character 's `` unique '' storyline . The actress added , `` I could relate to certain things Scarlett has been through . Not specifically , but unfortunately I know what it 's like to go through what she went through . '' . Brody Morgan ( Jackson Heywood ) jumps into Scarlett 's car and orders her to drive , as he is avoiding the police . Scarlett pulls the car over and offers Brody her handbag , which he takes . Brody goes to Scarlett 's house to return the handbag , but Scarlett hits him over the head with a vase and ties him up . She threatens to call the police , and Brody opens up to her about his drug addiction . She makes him call his family and then frees him . Brody leaves with William Zannis ( Caleb Alloway ) , who he says is his brother , and Scarlett thinks he is going to get help . The police track down Scarlett and ask her about the carjacking . She tells them she did not get a good look at the carjacker . Scarlett finds Brody sleeping on the beach , and he blames her for his arrest . She buys him a coffee and takes him back to her house . She then visits his family and brings them to him . Mason Morgan ( Orpheus Pledger ) suggests that Brody stays with Scarlett and she agrees . Scarlett disapproves of the way Justin Morgan ( James Stewart ) handles Brody 's addiction . Alf Stewart ( Ray Meagher ) tells Scarlett off for spear fishing in the wrong place . When she enquires about hiring a boat , Alf tells her she can borrow one for free if she can get it mended . Scarlett reluctantly hires Justin to help her . Brody relapses and flees shortly before Scarlett finds he has ransacked the house , and stolen $10,000 and a bracelet . Her landlord asks her to leave , and Alf gives her a caravan at the Summer Bay Caravan Park , as well as a job at his bait shop . Bruno Addlen ( Johnny Nasser ) turns up in the Bay looking for Scarlett , having been hired by her husband . Bruno asks for $8000 to leave and keep her whereabouts a secret . Alf offers to lend Scarlett the money , but she turns him down . Tori later thanks Scarlett for helping Brody secure a lawyer and tells her the family will repay the money Brody stole , which allows Scarlett to pay Bruno . Scarlett bonds with Justin 's daughter Ava Gilbert ( Grace Thomas ) when she visits him . Scarlett later listens to a voicemail message from her son , Max ( Addison Price ) . While working on the boat together , Justin accidentally causes Scarlett 's phone to fall into the sea . He retrieves it and gets it working again . He also notices that she has a son and questions her about it , causing Scarlett to slap him . She later apologises and decides to leave town , until Justin asks her to stay . Scarlett 's estranged husband sends another private investigator after her , as he wants her to come home . Justin helps her to get out of the Bay and Scarlett tells him that her son died a year ago . Justin admits that he cares for her and allows Scarlett to take his car . Scarlett returns a week later and gets drunk on the anniversary of Max 's death . She wakes up in Justin 's bed and assumes they had sex , but he explains that she took a shower and fell asleep , while he slept on the couch . Scarlett apologises for over-reacting and tells Justin how her marriage broke down because of Max 's death . Alf and Justin take Scarlett out in the boat for some fishing . When they attempt to leave , their boat fails to start and they have to spend the night on the beach . Alf is attacked by Robbo ( Jake Ryan ) , who also scares Scarlett . Justin fixes the boat and they return home . Scarlett attempts to kiss Justin , but he rejects her advances , later explaining that he still loves his former fiancée , Phoebe Nicholson ( Isabella Giovinazzo ) . He later changes his mind and they go back to Scarlett 's caravan , but Justin calls out Phoebe 's name and they stop . After avoiding each other , Scarlett and Justin decide to give their relationship a chance . They go swimming , but Justin hits his head and does not resurface . Scarlett pulls him out and gets him breathing again , but she suffers a flashback to her son 's death . Scarlett and Kat move in together , and Scarlett offers to be Brody 's lawyer at his court case . After Brody is accused of stabbing someone , Scarlett looks at Kat 's police files and then goes to a drug den to find the weapon . She and Kat briefly fall out . While Scarlett and Justin are celebrating Brody 's suspended sentence , they are interrupted by the arrival of her estranged husband Caleb Snow ( Josh McConville ) . Scarlett spends time with Caleb and they later meet over dinner , where Caleb brings her Max 's stuffed toy , causing Scarlett to leave . Caleb reveals that he has been seeing a counsellor . Scarlett , Justin , Kat and Robbo go away to a cabin in the bush , where a bomb explodes and causes a piece of wood to pierce Scarlett 's shoulder . While Justin looks after her , she calls out Caleb 's name . Justin later breaks up with Scarlett , telling her that he cares for her , but their relationship will not work because of Caleb . Scarlett tells Caleb that she has feelings for Justin , but Caleb kisses her and tells her he wants her to move back home . Scarlett realises that Justin is right and she decides to leave the Bay with Caleb . Ziggy Astoni ( edit ) Ziggy Astoni Home and Away character Portrayed by Sophie Dillman Duration 2017 -- First appearance 20 June 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Apprentice mechanic Home 13 Healey Road show Family Father Ben Astoni Mother Maggie Astoni Sisters Coco Astoni Husband Brody Morgan ( 2018 -- ) Grandmothers Diana Walford Ziggy Astoni , played by Sophie Dillman , made her first appearance on 20 June 2017 . Details about Ziggy were released in June . Ziggy is the eldest daughter of Ben ( Rohan Nichol ) and Maggie Astoni ( Kestie Morassi ) . The Astonis are the first nuclear family to join the soap opera in 17 years , since the arrival of the Sutherlands in 2000 . Karlie Rutherford of The Daily Telegraph described Ziggy as a `` wild child '' and a `` rebel teenager '' . Ziggy is a potential love interest for Brody Morgan ( Jackson Heywood ) . After running away from her father , Ben , Ziggy enters a bathroom and asks Brody Morgan to hide her . He allows her to hide in his car and she thanks him , after Ben leaves . Ziggy goes back home , where Ben confronts her about stealing a car . He and his wife Maggie take Ziggy and her younger sister , Coco , on a road trip and they end up in Summer Bay . Ziggy meets Brody again in the Surf Club . Ziggy steals money from Kat Chapman 's ( Pia Miller ) purse and soon learns Kat is a police officer . Ben and Maggie collect her from the police station . After her parents decide to move to the Bay , Ziggy refuses to stay and Brody drives her back to the city . There she finds her boyfriend , Jarrod ( Joel Davies ) has been cheating on her . She returns to the Bay and decides to give it a chance . She spends more time with Brody and they kiss , but she and her parents soon learn he is a drug addict , and Ziggy rejects him . Ziggy is given a job at Summer Bay Auto . After learning Brody and his brother Mason Morgan ( Orpheus Pledger ) have been involved in a car accident , Ziggy comes to see him at the hospital , but he tells her to leave . Ziggy befriends Olivia Fraser Richards ( Raechelle Banno ) when she helps Olivia unlock her car , after the keys get locked inside . Ziggy is approached by William Zannis ( Caleb Alloway ) , who asks her if she has seen Brody and whether she is his girlfriend , which she denies . Zannis later has Ziggy kidnapped and he uses her phone to lure Brody to a motel room , where he plans to ply them with alcohol and drugs . Kat and Robbo ( Jake Ryan ) rescue them . Ziggy tells Brody to stay away from her . She later suffers a panic attack at the beach and Brody sends his sister , Tori Morgan ( Penny McNamee ) to check on Ziggy . Tori convinces Ziggy to see a counsellor . Ziggy thanks Brody and after they talk , they have sex . They meet up the following day , but Brody tells Ziggy that they can not be together as he is still in recovery . However , they decide to date in secret . Brody convinces Ziggy to tell her parents about their relationship . When she does eventually tell Ben and Maggie , they voice their disapproval and Ziggy leaves the house . Ben apologises to Ziggy and asks her to come home , but when Ziggy asks him to accept her relationship with Brody , Ben tells her he can not and she refuses to come back . During the launch party for Olivia 's fashion line , Brody breaks up with Ziggy , but they remain friends . Ziggy 's ex , Jarrod comes to Summer Bay and tries to win her back , and she hides him in a motel room from her parents and Brody . Brody however sees him and tells Ben and Maggie , who confront her . Brody admits to her that he is jealous , as he is still in love with her . When Ziggy goes on a car ride with Jarrod , he kisses her , but she pushes him away . When Brody hosts a relaunch party at Salt , Ziggy goes to the party with her family and Jarrod . However , Ziggy realises she is in love with Brody and ends things with Jarrod for good . Ben gives her and Brody his blessing and Ziggy and Brody get back together . Ben Astoni ( edit ) Ben Astoni Home and Away character Portrayed by Rohan Nichol Duration 2017 -- First appearance 20 June 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Builder Home The Farmhouse show Family Brothers Marco Astoni Wife Maggie Astoni Daughters Ziggy Astoni Coco Astoni Ben Astoni , played by Rohan Nichol , made his first appearance on 20 June 2017 . Nichol previously appeared in the show in 2004 as Stafford McRae . Nichol relocated from Melbourne to Manly , so he would be closer to Palm Beach for the role . Ben moves to Summer Bay along with his wife Maggie ( Kestie Morassi ) and their two daughters Coco ( Anna Cocquerel ) and Ziggy Astoni ( Sophie Dillman ) . The Astonis are the first nuclear family to join the soap opera in 17 years , since the arrival of the Sutherlands in 2000 . After his daughter , Ziggy , runs away from him , Ben asks Brody Morgan ( Jackson Heywood ) if he has seen her . At home , Ben confronts Ziggy about stealing a car and then learns that his youngest daughter , Coco , has been suspended from school . His wife Maggie suggests that they get away from the city and visit her mother , but after Ben leaves the main road , they end up in Summer Bay . When they go to leave , the car does not start . Alf Stewart ( Ray Meagher ) offers them a caravan , while the car is fixed overnight . After Ziggy gets into trouble for stealing , Ben asks Martin Ashford ( George Mason ) if the car is ready , and Ash admits the clutch is not stable . The family try to leave , but Ben accidentally reverses the car into a water tank , causing a pipe to burst . He tells Alf that he will fix it , leading the family to stay in the Bay for a week . Ben befriends Justin Morgan ( James Stewart ) . Maggie falls in love with the Farmhouse and she and Ben decide to buy it and the Pier , which leads them to clash with business owners Leah Patterson ( Ada Nicodemou ) , Irene Roberts ( Lynne McGranger ) and Alf Stewart ( Ray Meagher ) . Ben and Maggie learn Ziggy has befriended Brody , who is a recovering drug addict , and ask her to stay away from him . Ben 's renovation plans cause tension between Maggie and Leah , and Maggie asks him to reconsider the plans , but later changes her mind . Ben and Maggie learn that Ziggy has been dating Brody in secret and they disapprove of the relationship . Ziggy leaves the house and Ben tells her not to come back . He apologises to her the next day , but does not accept her relationship with Brody , so Ziggy refuses to come home . Brody later breaks up with her . Ben begins making surf boards to sell at the pier . Ben finds Coco convulsing in the garden and he and Maggie learn she has bulimia . Ziggy later leaves home . Days later , Ben sees her with Brody , who is attempting to bring her home , and punches him in the face . Olivia Fraser Richards ( Raechelle Banno ) tells Sergeant Phillip McCarthy ( Nicholas Cassim ) and Ben is arrested . McCarthy and Kat Chapman ( Pia Miller ) learns he has a criminal record for assaulting his brother . Ben insults Kat , which leads to him being charged . Maggie secures a loan to get him out on bail . Maggie 's mother , Diana ( Sarah Chadwick ) came to Summer Bay to visit the family and Diana told Ben and Maggie that she is the one who bailed Ben out of jail . Maggie Astoni ( edit ) Maggie Astoni Home and Away character Portrayed by Kestie Morassi Duration 2017 -- First appearance 21 June 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Principal of Summer Bay High Home The Farmhouse show Family Father Richard Walford Mother Diana Walford Sisters Kate Walford Husband Ben Astoni Daughters Ziggy Astoni Coco Astoni Maggie Astoni , played by Kestie Morassi , made her first appearance on 21 June 2017 . Morassi 's casting was revealed in early 2017 when she was pictured filming on set , while her character details were announced on 4 June . Morassi told Luke Dennehy of Herald Sun that it took some time for her to get used to the fast - paced filming schedule of the show . She commented , `` It was definitely a shock to the system . I 'm mostly used to working on film , where you have a lot more time for rehearsals . With film you are shooting maybe three minutes a day , whereas here , you are shooting almost an episode a day . '' Maggie moves to Summer Bay with her husband Ben Astoni ( Rohan Nichol ) and their two daughters Coco ( Anna Cocquerel ) and Ziggy Astoni ( Sophie Dillman ) . The Astonis are the first nuclear family to join the soap opera in 17 years , since the arrival of the Sutherlands in 2000 . Maggie brings her youngest daughter Coco home , after she is suspended from school for cyber bullying . Maggie suggests to her husband , Ben , that they go on a trip and they decide to visit her mother , but they end up in Summer Bay when Ben leaves the main road . After their car breaks down , the family stay at the Caravan Park . Ben and Maggie go to the Pier Diner for dinner and Maggie falls out with Leah Patterson - Baker ( Ada Nicodemou ) , after jokingly implying that Leah was checking Ben out . Maggie , Coco and Ziggy take a bus tour around the Bay and Maggie falls in love with the Farmhouse , which is for sale . She later learns that the principal job at the local high school is available . She has an interview and is offered the position . She and Ben decide to purchase the Farmhouse and the pier , which includes the leases for the diner and bait shop . Maggie and Ben are invited to lunch with Leah , Irene Roberts ( Lynne McGranger ) , Alf Stewart ( Ray Meagher ) and Roo Stewart ( Georgie Parker ) , where they try and discuss their plans for adding another business to the pier , which would mean taking space from the diner . Leah and Irene object to their plans . Maggie later apologises to everyone . She embarrasses Coco on her first day at Summer Bay High , by calling her by her nickname `` Coco Pops '' . Coco Astoni ( edit ) Coco Astoni Home and Away character Portrayed by Anna Cocquerel Duration 2017 -- First appearance 21 June 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Home The Farmhouse show Family Father Ben Astoni Mother Maggie Astoni Sisters Ziggy Astoni Grandmothers Diana Walford Coco Astoni , played by Anna Cocquerel , made her first appearance on 21 June 2017 . Coco is the youngest daughter of Ben ( Rohan Nichol ) and Maggie Astoni ( Kestie Morassi ) . The Astonis are the first nuclear family to join the soap opera in 17 years , since the arrival of the Sutherlands in 2000 . Imogen Groome of the Metro reported that Coco could be a new love interest for VJ . Coco is suspended from school for cyber-bullying another student . When Ziggy and Coco fight , their father , Ben , puts Coco 's phone in the blender and turns it on . Ben and his wife , Maggie , decide to get away from the city and the family ends up in Summer Bay . Coco befriends Raffy Morrison ( Olivia Deeble ) . Ben and Maggie decide to move the family to the Bay . Coco meets VJ Patterson and Raffy tells him that she is her French tutor . Coco plays along and VJ asks her out on a date . His mother , Leah Patterson - Baker ( Ada Nicodemou ) interrupts their date and reveals that Coco is only 16 . She leaves the restaurant and later apologises to VJ . On her first day at Summer Bay High , Coco is embarrassed when her mother calls her by her nickname `` Coco Pops '' . Jennifer Dutton ( Brittany Santariga ) then teases her about it and Raffy attempts to stand up for Coco , who tells her to get lost . Coco and Raffy make up when Coco offers to cover for Raffy , while she leaves the school . Jennifer continues bullying Coco and Raffy stands up for her . As Coco is teased for her appearance , she begins binge eating and making herself sick . She and Jennifer are suspended when they get into a fight at the beach . Jennifer later realises that Coco has an eating disorder . She says that she will not tell anyone , if Coco can set her up on a date with VJ . Coco agrees and Jennifer 's negative attitude towards her changes , causing strain on Coco and Raffy 's friendship . During a surf lesson with VJ and Jennifer , Coco faints . She faints again while out jogging , causing her to fall down some stairs and fracture her wrist . She almost passes out again , but is caught by Robbo ( Jake Ryan ) , who takes her to the hospital . Raffy and Coco mend their friendship . Coco continues to binge and make herself sick , and Leah later catches her doing . Leah tries to convince Coco to tell Ben and Maggie , but she refuses and begs Leah to keep it quiet . Leah offers her support and tells her to call if she is attempted to binge again . Coco discovers that Ziggy was involved in an incident at their old school in which Maggie was injured . Coco asks Ziggy to come clean , but Ziggy tells her that it will tear their family apart . While working outside , Coco collapses and suffers a seizure . At the hospital , Coco finally admits that she has bulimia . Coco blames Ziggy for putting their mother under stress . While Coco is at the Surf Club , she meets Ryder Jackson ( Lukas Radovich ) and he buys her a drink . Coco and Ryder later meet up at the Diner , where he asks her for her phone number . When he calls , Coco gets Ben to scare him off . Coco and Raffy soon befriend Ryder . When he overhears them organising a girls movie night , he invites himself along . Coco asks Raffy if she likes Ryder and Raffy replies that he is cool and asks Coco if she likes Ryder too , but Coco denies it . But after seeing Raffy and Ryder getting closer , Coco become jealous and leaves early . At home , Maggie catches Coco about to binge eat . Coco tells Raffy about her bulimia and that she also likes Ryder . Coco hosts a Glow Day event to raise money for charity . Raffy informs Coco that she told Ryder that she is not interested in dating him , so Coco can pursue Ryder . Robbo ( edit ) Robbo Home and Away character Portrayed by Jake Ryan Duration 2017 -- First appearance 25 July 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Present ; regular Profile Other names John Doe Beckett Reid Ryan Shaw Occupation Handyman AFP Federal Agent Home Pier Flat show Family Wife Lauren Shaw Sons Lucas Shaw Daughters Sofia Shaw Robbo ( also John Doe ) , played by Jake Ryan , made his first appearance on 25 July 2017 . Ryan admitted that he was not prepared for the fame that will come from appearing on the show , saying `` Sometimes these bad boy characters can work in your favour and maybe no one will like me . '' He also told Karlie Rutherford of news.com.au that he lost 13 kg ahead of his debut , after gaining weight following an injury that ended his taekwondo career . Producers introduced Robbo in a bid to fill `` the heart - throb void '' left by Darryl Braxton ( Stephen Peacocke ) . Ryan previously auditioned for the role of Brax , and he said , `` Both characters have been painted with the bad boy brush ... but they 're very different . '' Robbo will also be Kat 's new love interest . John Doe watches on as Alf Stewart ( Ray Meagher ) , Scarlett Snow ( Tania Nolan ) and Justin Morgan ( James Stewart ) approach the cove , where he is hiding out , in a boat . While they are fishing , John Doe attempts to hot - wire the boat , but gives up when he sees Justin approaching . The boat fails to start and Alf , Scarlett and Justin camp out on the island . When Alf goes in search of firewood the following morning , John Doe hits him with a tree branch and takes his knife . He hides on the boat and emerges once it is docked in Summer Bay . John Doe breaks into the Pier Diner to steal some food , and Alf later finds him hiding on the boat . He pushes past Alf and Justin and later follows Alf to his house , where he produces the knife . John Doe tells Alf that he can not recall who he is and needs answers . Alf 's daughter Roo Stewart ( Georgie Parker ) and Constable Kat Chapman ( Pia Miller ) approach the scene and Kat talks him into giving her the knife . She calls Tori Morgan ( Penny McNamee ) to treat John Doe 's head injury , and Tori takes him to the hospital to get a CT scan , as he is suffering from post-traumatic amnesia . He later leaves the hospital , but Kat convinces him to return . Kat runs his finger prints and DNA against the police database , but there are no hits . The nurses name him `` Robbo '' after Robinson Crusoe and he is discharged . Alf allows Robbo to stay at the Caravan Park . Robbo decides to leave the Bay , but after saving Raffy Morrison ( Olivia Deeble ) from Mackenzie ( Luke Davis ) , he decides to stay and wait to see if any information comes back about his tattoos . Kat and Scarlett take Robbo back to the cove and search his campsite . Kat finds a picture of herself , but Robbo does not know why he has it . John Palmer ( Shane Withington ) and Marilyn Chambers ( Emily Symons ) try to help Robbo figure out who he is , but when John attempts to teach him how to drive , Robbo backs the car into Kat 's police cruiser . While taking him to the station , Kat stops off at a motel to find Brody Morgan ( Jackson Heywood ) . Robbo notices Faz ( Jesse Rowles ) leave the room , and when he and Bob ( Neal Horton ) emerge with Brody and Ziggy Astoni ( Sophie Dillman ) , Robbo attacks them . William Zannis ( Caleb Alloway ) pulls a gun , but Robbo disarms him , leading Kat to think Robbo might have been a police officer . Alf offers Robbo a job doing maintenance work around the Caravan Park . After Kat breaks up with her boyfriend Martin Ashford ( George Mason ) , Robbo comes to her caravan and offers her a bottle of whiskey . They kiss , but Kat tells him it was a mistake . Scarlett offers to help Robbo and later gets a hit on one of his tattoos , which is connected to a woman called Rose . She gives him a list of addresses and Kat helps him out . At the second address , Robbo finds a burnt photo that shows his arm around a woman . He and Kat then find her body inside . Robbo decides to give up searching for information about his past and asks Kat to close the investigation . Robbo helps Coco Astoni ( Anna Cocquerel ) to the hospital when she faints at the beach . During an overnight trip in the bush with Kat , Scarlett , and Justin , their cabin is set fire to by a stranger who Robbo chases down . He tells him his real name is Beckett Reid , and escapes before he can ask more . The man , whose name is revealed to be Dennis Novak , returns and targets Kat . After confronting him , he tells Robbo they were partners in crime , and urges him to come back . After he kidnaps and attempts to murder Kat , Robbo saves her and kills Novak , burying him in the bush . As the police uncover Novak 's death , they close in on Robbo as the prime suspect . After Kat and Ash discover proof of his guilt , he tries to convince her to flee the Bay with him , but she refuses . After kidnapping and releasing Tori with an address for Kat , he escapes , but returns to confront Kat and asks her to come with him . She again refuses and he hands himself into the police ; however , Kat frees him and they drive off together . As they are leaving the Bay , they are involved in a major car accident , which leaves them both injured . Kat begs Robbo to leave her , so he will not be arrested . He reaches the house where he and Kat were going to start a new life and waits for her . He later contacts the hospital and Tori informs him that Kat and her baby have died . Robbo mourns them , while Ash swears to find Robbo and exact his revenge . Robbo returns to the Bay and collapses in Tori 's garden due to an infection . Tori hides him in the garage and treats his injuries . Justin plans to get him out of town in the boot of a car with help from Willow Harris ( Sarah Roberts ) . As Robbo is about to take the car and leave , he finds a photo of himself with a women and two children . He becomes unresponsive and Willow decides to hide him in a motel in the Bay . Robbo eventually tells Tori that the people in the photo are his wife and children . After learning that Ash is searching the local area for him , Tori and Willow take Robbo back to the Morgan 's house . Robbo is finally able to recall that his real name is Ryan Shaw and that his family are dead . As he goes to hand himself in to the police , he is spotted by Ash , who chases him up to the headland . Robbo gives in and prepares for Ash to beat him , but the police arrive and arrest them both . However Robbo is later released on bail until his trial . At the near conclusion of Robbo 's trial , with the jury having reached a verdict , and the Judge about to read it out , the Australian Federal Police ( AFP ) unexpectedly storm into the courtroom and hastily seize Robbo . An AFP officer tells Tori to forget Beckett Reid ever existed as Robbo is rushed into an unmarked police van . Robbo is taken to an unknown AFP base and is cuffed to a table in an interview room . During the interview , his memories start coming back as he sees dozen of pictures of him and his family . An AFP officer , Lance Salisbury ( Angus McLaren ) , tells Robbo that he is an AFP officer . Lance confirms to Robbo that his real name is Ryan Shaw , and explains that Robbo was working undercover as Beckett Reid to track down the people that killed his family . His real identity was completely wiped off of the system like he never existed . A new fictional identity was created as part of the cover story to ensure the crimes that he had supposedly committed never actually happened , and that no one knew he is an AFP officer . Additionally , it is further revealed that Robbo was sent to Summer Bay to protect Kat as part of his undercover mission , but everything went wrong when he lost his memories . Robbo returns to the Bay , accompanied by Lance , for unfinished business . Lance returns all of his belonging , including his real passport , driver 's licence , and credit cards . Additionally , Lance gives back Robbo 's AFP ID badge and advises him to think about returning to AFP . Jennifer Dutton ( edit ) Jennifer Dutton Home and Away character Portrayed by Brittany Santariga Duration 2017 -- 2018 First appearance 27 July 2017 Last appearance 21 March 2018 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Former ; recurring Profile Occupation Student show Family Father Nick Dutton Jennifer Dutton , played by Brittany Santariga , made her first appearance on 27 July 2017 . Santariga 's casting was confirmed in June 2017 when she was photographed filming alongside actors Matt Little and Anna Cocquerel at Palm Beach , the show 's outdoor location . Jennifer was introduced as a high school student , who bullies Cocquerel 's character Coco Astoni . Carely Duffy of 2Day FM reported Jennifer would later become a love interest for Hunter King ( Scott Lee ) . She also added that Santariga `` already caused quite a stir at Summer Bay High playing the role of bully Jennifer . '' Jennifer teases Coco Astoni after her mother and school principal , Maggie Astoni ( Kestie Morassi ) , calls her by her embarrassing nickname , `` Coco Pops '' on her first day . Jennifer tells Coco that she has been given a detention from Maggie and Coco pushes her books to the floor , before VJ Patterson ( Little ) breaks up the confrontation . Jennifer puts rubbish in Coco 's locker and teases her about her social media photos . Raffy Morrison ( Olivia Deeble ) stands up to Jennifer on Coco 's behalf , calling her `` Jenny '' as she knows Jennifer hates it . Jennifer insults Coco 's appearance and weight . Coco starts a fight with Jennifer , which is broken up by Maggie . She suspends them both and Jennifer 's father Nick ( Jacob Allan ) collects her from school . Jennifer realises Coco has an eating disorder and threatens to reveal it , unless Coco gets her a date with VJ . Coco agrees and she begins to spend time with Jennifer , which causes a strain on her friendship with Raffy . Jennifer has a surfing lesson with VJ and Coco , and she helps Coco after she faints on the beach . During Olivia Fraser Richards ' ( Raechelle Banno ) fashion line launch party at Salt , Jennifer encourages Raffy to drink alcohol , causing her to get drunk . The next day , Raffy confronts Jennifer and pushes her , which Maggie witnesses . Jennifer attends Summer Bay 's Glow Day , hosted by Coco . She is paired with Ryder Jackson ( Lukas Radovich ) for the obstacle course , and he causes her to fall and sprain her wrist . Jennifer flirts with Raffy 's brother Mason Morgan ( Orpheus Pledger ) when he treats her . Jennifer then trains with Mason at the gym , where she kisses him . Mason pushes her away , as he is still grieving for his late girlfriend and Jennifer apologises . Jennifer comforts Hunter King after Olivia rejects his marriage proposal . Jennifer and Mason support Hunter in the wake of his break up , and Hunter helps Jennifer with her studies . While they are at the beach together , Jennifer kisses Hunter and asks him to come to Diner to help her with an assignment . Hunter mistakenly assumes it is a date , so Jennifer invites him to go on a real date and he accepts . Beth Ellis ( edit ) Beth Ellis Home and Away character Portrayed by Anneliese Apps First appearance 31 August 2017 Last appearance 30 October 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Former ; recurring show Family Father Alan Ellis Mother Jackie Ellis Elizabeth `` Beth '' Ellis , played by Anneliese Apps , made her first appearance on 31 August 2017 . The actress secured the role five months after graduating from Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts . She initially thought she had performed badly in the audition , but received a callback , which she felt had gone well . She learned she had won the role a week later . Apps was excited for the audience to meet Beth and said her storyline was `` moving '' . Describing her character , Apps stated `` Beth is cheeky , layered and she wants to make the people around her feel good . She is mysterious , perhaps even a bit quirky , like me -- I 'm not that mysterious , but I 'm definitely a bit quirky . '' Beth was also introduced as a love interest for Mason Morgan ( Pledger ) . Apps told a columnist for New Idea that Beth wants to help Mason , as she sees part of herself in him . While she is at the hospital , Beth overhears Mason Morgan shouting at his siblings about his paralysis . She later changes into some nursing scrubs and attempts to cheer Mason up . Beth convinces him to get in the wheelchair and they race around the corridors . Mason meets Beth again and they spend some more time together . It emerges Beth is a patient when she returns to her room to continue her treatment . Beth and Mason spend more time together , and he introduces her to his sister Tori Morgan ( Penny McNamee ) . Beth keeps up the pretence that she is a nurse , but Mason later finds her in her room undergoing a procedure . He attempts to look at her file and Beth catches him . She tells Mason that she has cardiomyopathy and is waiting for a heart transplant . Beth explains that she liked pretending to be someone else , as she did not want Mason to pity her . They agree to start their friendship over . Beth encourages Mason to forgive his brother Brody Morgan ( Jackson Heywood ) for causing the crash that paralysed him . Mason finds Beth 's bucket list and arranges for them to get tattoos together . Beth kisses him during their dinner date , and they later go skinny dipping . When Beth asks Mason what he would put on his bucket list , Mason arranges for them to get dressed up and go to a casino . Beth cancels a hospital appointment for the trip , but during the drive she becomes short of breath and faints . Mason helps Beth into the back seat of the car and he is forced to drive them to Tori , who helps transfer Beth to an ambulance . Beth later visits Mason to let him know she is okay . Mason introduces her to his siblings as his girlfriend . When Mason sees Beth and her father , Alan Ellis ( Blair McDonough ) together , he introduces himself and realises that Beth has not told her parents about their relationship . Beth tells Mason that she knew they would want her to focus on her health . Alan invites Mason to lunch and Beth 's mother Jackie ( Rachael Coopes ) joins them . Mason later tells Beth that Alan asked him to stay away from her , so she confronts her father and tells him that she is not breaking up with Mason . Beth collapses and is admitted to the hospital , where Tori informs her that she needs a stent . Beth 's condition worsens and she is moved up the transplant list . When Beth is feeling better , Mason is given permission to take her out for the afternoon . Mason arranges for them to have lunch on the beach , where he gives Beth a promise ring . Beth suddenly becomes short of breath and Mason gets her back to the hospital , where she suffers a sudden fatal arrhythmia and dies . After her funeral , Mason sees a vision of Beth in his room , she tells him to move on in his life . Ryder Jackson ( edit ) Ryder Jackson Home and Away character Portrayed by Lukas Radovich Duration 2017 -- First appearance 25 October 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Student Juice bar worker Home Summer Bay House show Family Mother Quinn Jackson Grandfathers Alf Stewart Aunts Roo Stewart Ryder Jackson , played by Lukas Radovich , made his first appearance on 25 October 2017 . The character and Radovich 's casting details were announced on 23 October . Radovich secured the part shortly after graduating from the Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts and it marks his first acting role . Ryder is the son of Quinn Jackson ( Lara Cox ) and grandson of Alf Stewart ( Ray Meagher ) . His first scenes see him break into the Surf Club . When he is later caught for trying to steal from Hunter King ( Scott Lee ) and VJ Patterson ( Matt Little ) , Ryder explains that he is Alf 's grandson . Ryder refuses to give out Quinn 's phone number , leading his aunt Roo Stewart ( Georgie Parker ) to suspect he has run away . Ryder steals some sandwiches from the Summer Bay Surf Club . Later he steals money from VJ Patterson and Hunter King , who chase and catch him . They bring him to Alf Stewart and Ryder tells him that he is his grandson . Alf does not believe Ryder , until he tells him and Roo Stewart that his mother is Quinn Jackson . Ryder tells them he has lost his phone and can not give them Quinn 's contact details . Ryder takes money from Alf 's wallet and leaves . He returns to the Surf Club where he meets Coco Astoni ( Anna Cocquerel ) , who he is attracted to , and he offers to buy her a drink . Roo finds Ryder and he tells her he does not want to go back to his mother 's , so she takes him back to Summer Bay House . Ryder meets Coco at the Diner and asks her for her number , unaware that Coco actually gave him her father , Ben Astoni 's ( Rohan Nichol ) number instead . Ryder kept calling for Coco and Ben threatens Ryder for harassing Coco . Quinn later calls Alf and states that Ryder is his grandson . He is then asked to go back to camp , but Roo decides he should stay in Summer Bay . Ryder meets and becomes attracted to Raffy Morrison ( Olivia Deeble ) at the Surf Club and they play pool together . Willow Harris ( edit ) Main article : Willow Harris Willow Harris ( also Ranger ) , played by Sarah Roberts , made her first appearance on 14 November 2017 . Prior to securing the role of Willow , Roberts auditioned for both Kat Chapman and Scarlett Snow . She flew up from Melbourne to Sydney for the audition and had a chemistry reading with James Stewart , who plays Justin Morgan . Roberts did not think she had won the part , as it took a while for the producers to contact her . Roberts described Willow as a `` strong , female character '' , who is also independent , loyal and fierce . The actress said Willow would bring `` mischief and a bit of trouble '' to Summer Bay . Roberts added that Willow was `` definitely a bad girl . But for all the right reasons . She has taken wrong turns and made decisions that some people would consider ' bad ' , but only to help the people that she loves . '' She soon becomes a love interest for Justin Morgan . Jasmine Delaney ( edit ) Jasmine Delaney Home and Away character Portrayed by Sam Frost Duration 2017 -- First appearance 18 December 2017 Introduced by Lucy Addario Classification Present ; regular Profile Occupation Nurse Home Beach House Jasmine Delaney ( also Delany ) , played by Sam Frost , made her first appearance on 18 December 2017 . Frost 's casting was announced on 17 July 2017 . She was asked to audition for the show while she was appearing on Hell 's Kitchen Australia . Frost did not think she would win the role , after going up against several actresses , but she was told that she had secured the part after a second audition . Frost commented `` I grew up watching Home and Away and never in my wildest dreams did I think I would be on set and part of the cast . '' The role marks Frost 's acting debut . Frost 's casting attracted criticism from some actors , who dubbed it a publicity stunt . The artistic director of the Australian Acting Academy , Brendan Glanville admitted that he was `` disappointed '' by the casting , saying `` To me it demonstrates that Home and Away has lost faith in its writers if directors are resorting to this kind of stunt , rather than using their storylines to pull viewers . I ca n't comment on Sam Frost 's acting because some people have a natural ability , but this is a non-artistic choice that is disappointing . '' Details of Frost 's character were not immediately released , but press photographs showed Frost would be involved in a car crash that would result in the death of Kat Chapman , played by Pia Miller . Frost later described Jasmine as `` quite guarded '' , with `` an anxious energy . '' She is hiding secrets and has `` a dark past '' . Jasmine crashes into a car containing Kat Chapman and Robbo ( Jake Ryan ) . She is knocked unconscious and taken to the local hospital . Shortly after she wakes up , Jasmine leaves the hospital and Leah Patterson ( Ada Nicodemou ) finds her walking alongside the road . Leah tells her that she sat with her while she was in a coma , and invites Jasmine to her diner for something to eat . Jasmine learns that the diner is closed for Kat 's funeral , who died after the accident . Leah notices that Jasmine is jumpy , and Jasmine explains that she met a man while internet dating who started stalking her . On the night of the accident , she was trying to get away from him . Others ( edit ) Date ( s ) Character Actor Circumstances 31 January -- 23 November Luc Patterson Various actors Luc is Billie Ashford and Mick Jennings 's daughter . Billie conceives after she is raped by Mick . She allows her boyfriend VJ Patterson to believe that he is the baby 's father , until their wedding day . Billie gives birth to her daughter at the hospital , shortly after escaping a bush fire . VJ reveals that he and Billie are naming her Luc , after Billie 's late brother , Luke Ashford . VJ 's mother , Leah Patterson Baker is not keen on the name , but VJ explains that Luc is short for Lucinda , which leads Leah to question why her name is not Lucy instead . Mick later kidnaps Luc from the hospital , but he soon hands her over to his mother Irene Roberts , who returns her to Billie . A blessing is held for Luc , but Billie collapses and is later told that she has terminal cancer . VJ takes Billie to the beach , where she dies with Luc in her arms . VJ struggles to cope with Luc , so he and Leah allow her to stay with Irene Roberts . Ash feels that he is being left out , and when Luc gets sick , he decides to apply for temporary custody , which he wins . Ash then takes Luc to live with him , Kat Chapman and his brother Patrick Stanwood . Patrick almost harms her due to his PTSD . Ash and Kat take Luc camping when she fails to settle , but Ash can not wake her in the morning and she later suffers convulsions on the way to the hospital . Tori Morgan informs Ash and Kat that Luc is suffering from a bowel torsion and part of her bowel has become gangrenous . Luc develops septicaemia and she undergoes surgery . The surgery goes well but she is left on life support . Luc wakes up and makes a full recovery . Mick returns to the Bay and seeks custody of Luc , so VJ leaves the country with her . 1 February -- Constable Corelli Nick Cain Constable Corelli assists Kat Chapman with an open arson case . Months later , Corelli finds CCTV footage of Robbo being held at gunpoint by Dylan Carter at a marina . 2 February Lactation Consultant Gail Knight The Lactation Consultant helps Billie Ashford to nurse her newborn daughter . 23 February -- 1 May Ambulance Officer Rob Baird The Ambulance Officer brings John Palmer to the hospital , after he suffers a seizure at home . A few months later , he brings Zac MacGuire in after Zac suffers a fall . The Ambulance Officer tells Tori Morgan that Zac hit his head and lost consciousness for three to five minutes . 27 February -- 8 May Patrick Stanwood Luke McKenzie Patrick comes to the beach to watch the funeral service for Billie Ashford . Kat Chapman spots him leaving . She later identifies Patrick as Billie and Martin Ashford 's brother , Luke , who is presumed dead . After Kat and Ash search Patrick 's home , he appears and calls out to Ash , who punches him and leaves . Patrick comes to the Summer Bay Caravan Park to see Ash . He tells him that he faked his death as he was depressed following his last tour of duty . Kat brings Patrick to the station for questioning . Ash later introduces Patrick to his niece Luc . Kat forces Ash and Patrick to sit down and talk . Patrick stops Ash from attacking John Palmer . Patrick moves into the farmhouse with Kat . She and Ash soon realise that he is suffering from PTSD , which worsens when Ash is granted temporary custody of Luc . Patrick strikes Ava Gilbert with his car while suffering a flashback . He later reveals to Ash that he killed a young girl while he was serving in the army . Patrick leaves the Bay , and Ash finds him on some cliffs . Ash stops Patrick from hurting himself and tells him that he and Luc need him around . Patrick finally bonds with Luc and agrees to get help for his PTSD . 7 March -- 15 August Lena Ascot Felicity McKay While attending O - Week at the university , Lena bumps into Olivia Fraser Richards and asks for directions to the design and arts building . She later invites Olivia to a student night at Salt , and introduces her friends Byron and Steve . Lena later introduces herself to Olivia 's former boyfriend Mason Morgan . Lena sells drugs at the student night and Brody Morgan asks her to leave Salt . She tells him to look the other way , but Brody throws everyone out . Lena collects her credit card the following day and apologises to Brody . He later hires her as a waitress at Salt , but threatens to fire her when he catches her using cocaine . Lena gives some to Brody , and he takes it to help him create a new menu . Brody and Lena have a brief romantic relationship , until he fires her . Brody 's brother Justin Morgan sees Lena at the beach and tells her that Brody has developed a drug addiction . He grabs her arm and warns her to stay away . Kat Chapman intervenes and Lena leaves . Kat later brings Lena to the police station to question her about selling drugs . Justin tries to talk to Lena again , after Brody goes missing , but she tells him that she has not seen Brody and walks away . Raffy Morrison later asks for Lena 's help in finding Brody , and Lena gives Justin an address to a house that Brody might be staying in . Months later , Lena attends the same rehab facility as Brody and encourages him to sneak out . She produces some drugs and tries to tempt Brody to use again , but he leaves her and walks back to rehab . 7 March Byron Benjamin Winckle Byron encourages Olivia Fraser Richards to come to Salt with him and Lena Ascot later in the week . After learning Olivia 's boyfriend Hunter King is repeating his final school year , Byron tells him that Olivia is out of his league and they fight . Mason Morgan intervenes and sends Byron away . 9 March Local Woman Meagan Caratti The local man and woman recognise John Palmer from the newspaper , and the man tells John to take some responsibility for the fires he started . The woman calls John a coward , leading his wife Marilyn to defend him . Local Man James Caitlin 13 March -- 18 April Jess Kearney Jess Bush Olivia Fraser Richards meets with Jess at the Pier Diner for a study session . Jess embarrasses Olivia 's boyfriend Hunter King , as he is repeating Year 12 . A few weeks later , Hunter invites Jess to Salt to celebrate Olivia 's birthday . 21 March Cal Whitman Craig Scott Cal is one of several people forced to stay at the Caravan Park , after their homes are destroyed in a bush fire started by John Palmer . John later address everyone to tell them that he is sorry and would like a chance to help them . Cal tells John that he appreciates his gesture . 22 March , 6 December Terry Diamond Rob Flanagan Terry is a renowned restaurant critic , who comes to review the food at Salt . After giving his opinion , Brody Morgan tells Terry he is wrong and insults him . Months later , Terry returns to Summer Bay and orders a meal at the Pier Diner . He asks Marilyn Chambers if he can meet the chef , but she tells him the chef is shy . Terry later goes into the kitchen and discovers the chef is Brody . Terry tells Brody that he is talented and could achieve great things . 29 March -- 3 April Donna Fields Melissa Bonne Donna comes to Summer Bay to surprise her friend Phoebe Nicholson , ahead of her engagement party . They talk about Donna 's music career , and Donna asks Phoebe why she left music . She criticises her new life in Summer Bay , and Phoebe tells her not to come to the party . Donna later apologises , and Phoebe explains that she is happy and that she will play a song at the party . Before Donna leaves town , she asks Phoebe to come on tour with her in the United States . 29 March -- 29 August Lachlan Piers Warwick Allsopp Lachlan is John Palmer 's lawyer . He shows little interest in John 's case and asks John to use insane automatism in his defence instead of mentioning his brain tumour blackout . John later fires Lachlan . Months later , Lachlan tells Ben Astoni that his planning application for the pier is on hold after someone applied for heritage status . 29 March -- 20 April James Mayvers Tim Ross James is Roo Stewart 's boyfriend , who she met in Hawaii . He comes to visit her in Summer Bay and she tries to keep him a secret from her friends , but her aunt Morag Bellingham finds him in Roo 's bedroom . James assures Roo that their age gap does not matter to him . Morag tells James not to get too attached to Roo . James is hired by a news agency to photograph John Palmer after he is convicted of arson and manslaughter . James finds Roo when she faints and she tells him that she think she is going through menopause . James attends Olivia Fraser Richards ' birthday party with Roo , where Marilyn Chambers realises that he took the photos of John . He and Roo argue , but she later invites him over to the flat to tell him she is pregnant . James asks her to have a termination , as he does not want to be a father , but she decides to keep the baby and raise it as a single parent . Roo later has a miscarriage . 3 April -- 30 August William Zannis Caleb Alloway Zannis meets with Brody Morgan , on Lena Ascot 's behalf , to sell him cocaine . He later sells Brody methamphetamine . Brody meets with Zannis to buy more drugs , but when he can not come up with much money , Zannis tells him he could always start selling . When Brody fails to come up with the money for the drugs Zannis gave him to sell , Zannis has him beaten and dumped in the bush . Brody later pays his debt and buys more drugs . Brody contacts Zannis and pretends they are brothers in front of Scarlett Snow , so she will let him leave her house . Zannis is spotted selling drugs by Kat Chapman . She tries to stop him , but he drives at her causing her to jump out of the way . The police find his meth lab , but Zannis disappears . He later finds Brody and tells him he is calling in the favour Brody owes him . Zannis informs Brody that a shipment of drugs is coming to the restaurant , but Brody tells him that he is done and warns Zannis that he will go to the police if he comes back . Zannis enters the Morgan 's house and spikes the drinking water with potassium . Zannis flees when the police try to arrest him . Zannis returns to town and offers Brody more drugs . He later attempts to run Brody and Mason Morgan 's car off the road , and when they crash he comes over to see if they are still alive . Zannis believes Ziggy Astoni is Brody 's girlfriend and kidnaps her . He uses her phone to lure Brody to a motel , and then tries forcing Brody into taking drugs . Kat turns up and is knocked out by Zannis 's accomplice , Faz . Zannis decides to move Ziggy and Brody to a new location , but when he goes outside with a gun , he is disarmed by Robbo . His bail is later revoked . 10 April Court Officer Alistair Bates The court officer asks VJ Patterson to take the oath , before giving his statement . Jury Foreperson Aanisa Vylet The foreperson reads out a guilty verdict in John Palmer 's arson and manslaughter trial . Police Officer Joshua Farah The police officer escorts John Palmer from the court to a waiting police van . 11 -- 25 April Prison Officer PJ Williams The prison officer asks Marilyn Chambers to take off her bag and jewellery before visiting John Palmer . He tells her she will get used to the routine . A few days later , he reminds John and Deacon Marx that cell doors should remain open , before escorting John to his meeting with Morag Bellingham . 12 April Annie Banks Raelee Hill Annie mediates a meeting between Martin Ashford , Kat Chapman , Irene Roberts , VJ Patterson and Leah Patterson - Baker when Ash and Irene apply for custody of Luc Patterson . When Annie realises that they will not reach a peaceful agreement , she ends the meeting and takes the case to the court , which grants Ash a six - month interim parental responsibility order . 13 April Delivery Guy Brendan Dodds The delivery guy brings a food order to Salt , but tells Brody Morgan that his credit cards have been declined . When Brody says that he will go upstairs to get cash , the delivery guy tells Brody to make it quick . 17 -- 25 April Deacon Marx Sam Smith Deacon notices Marilyn Chambers when she visits John Palmer in gaol and stares at her . He later gets in Marilyn 's way as she leaves and smacks her bottom . John grabs Deacon and pushes him up against the wall , causing the guards to pull them apart . Deacon later confronts John about Billie Ashford 's death and shows him his burns from a fire started by another arsonist . John hits him and Deacon 's friends attack him in retaliation . Deacon continues to threaten John , and brings a weapon into his cell , but John manages to talk him down . 17 April Bartender Alex Ewan Hunter King orders two cocktails from the Salt bartender for himself and Olivia Fraser Richards , pointing out that Olivia 's 18th birthday is in a few hours , but the bartender refuses to make them . The bartender later brings over an alcoholic drink and tells Hunter and Olivia that it has gone midnight . 3 -- 11 May Brian Gilbert Tom O'Sullivan Brian comes to the Bay to collect his stepdaughter Ava Gilbert when she comes to meet her father Justin Morgan . Brian tells Ava off for running away , before clashing with Justin . Ava runs off while they are arguing and she is struck by a car . Brian and Justin clash at the hospital , and Brian tells Justin that he can not see Ava . Justin later apologises and thanks Brian for being there for Ava . Brian visits Justin and allows him to see Ava . He later brings her back to the Bay for Justin 's farewell party . 8 May Tony Stoiov Patrick Dickson Tony is a pawnbroker , who offers Brody Morgan $10 for a necklace he wants to sell . Brody gets argumentative and Tony asks him to leave , but Brody starts smashing up the stock . Tony calls the police and Brody runs off . 9 May , 11 July Terry Deakins Chris Hanrahan Terry is from the department of education . He meets with Zac MacGuire , who wants to discuss a potential move . John Palmer notices Terry walking by the Surf Club and introduces him to Zac 's son Hunter King . Terry asks Hunter to speak to Zac about his potential relocation . Terry later meets with Roo Stewart and Maggie Astoni about the vacant principal job at Summer Bay High . 10 May Postman Jonathan Lee Jones The postman delivers a contract from the Mayvers family to Roo Stewart . 17 May David Mayvers Noel Hodda David is James Mayvers 's father . He comes to the Bay to talk to Roo Stewart , who is pregnant with James 's baby . He apologises for sending her a contract and then offers her $250,000 , so that she and her child do not contact James . David urges Roo to think about their future , but she asks him to leave . She later meets with him and rejects his offer . 22 May Heather Shirley Meagan Caratti Heather berates John Palmer for organising a fundraiser for the burns unit , after he was charged with arson . 24 May Helena Harrison Jenevieve Chang Helena and Joseph are Leah Patterson and Zac MacGuire 's divorce lawyers . They meet at Salt for the signing of the papers . Zac does not show up , but Leah signs the papers anyway . Joseph Moore Joel Pierce 29 May -- 7 June Dr. Bailey Voss Travis Jeffery Doctor Voss is a psychologist , who meets with John Palmer . John tells him about his brain tumour and how he feels guilty for the fires he started . John believes Doctor Voss is too young and inexperienced to help him , so he leaves . John later returns and Doctor Voss tries to get him to open up about his childhood , but John realises that he can not recall anything from before he was 12 . John informs Doctor Voss that he believes he was responsible for his father 's death due to flashback he had . Doctor Voss recommends John tries hypnosis . 30 -- 31 May Rebecca Brown Kate Betcher Rebecca notices VJ Patterson at Salt and approaches him . They flirt with each other and Rebecca asks if they can go somewhere more private . The following morning , VJ asks Rebecca to leave , as his mother is in the house . He offers to get her a taxi . Rebecca introduces herself to Alf Stewart before she leaves . 31 May -- 22 June Bede Hadden Bill Young Bede finds John and Jett Palmer outside his home . Jett explains that John used to live there and Bede invites them inside . When John mentions his surname is Palmer , Bede takes him to his father 's grave and reveals that George Palmer died in a fire . Bede later comes to Summer Bay and brings John a box of things he found in his attic . 31 May -- 8 June Young John Palmer Rex Palazzi John Palmer recalls a memory of himself carrying a petrol can , shortly before a fire killed his father . John later recalls that he found his father after he shot himself , and his mother asked him to help cover it up by starting a fire . 8 June Enid Palmer Megan O'Connell John Palmer recalls a memory of him and his mother Enid covering up his father 's suicide by setting a fire . Enid asks John to keep it quiet , as they will never be able to escape the shame . 14 June -- 4 October Jay Turner Aidan Gillett Justin and Mason Morgan go to Jay 's drug den to find their brother Brody Morgan . Jay tells them he has not seen Brody , but Justin and Mason later force their way inside . Jay attempts to hit Justin with a pool cue , but Mason punches him . Months later , Jay is brought into the Yabbie Creek police station , where he realises Brody has told the police about him . He accuses Brody of stabbing him with a screwdriver . Justin comes to Jay 's house to ask him to stop lying about Brody . After the police find the screwdriver at Jay 's house with his fingerprints on it , he tells them that he accidentally fell on it . 14 -- 15 June Bruno Addlen Johnny Nasser Bruno comes to Summer Bay looking for Scarlett Snow . He asks Alf Stewart if he knows her whereabouts , but Alf tells him that he just missed her . Bruno eventually catches up with Scarlett and it emerges he is a private investigator hired to find her by her husband . Bruno asks Scarlett for $8000 to keep her whereabouts a secret and she pays him . Before he leaves , Bruno remarks that if he can find her , so can someone else . 20 June Des Green Kirk Dodd Des leads a Narctoics Anonymous meeting , which Brody Morgan attends . 21 June Anton Shields David Woodland Anton runs the following NA meeting , where Brody Morgan finally admits that he is an addict . 26 June -- 11 September Max Snow Addison Price Scarlett Snow listens to a voicemail from her son Max asking her when she is coming home . Scarlett tells Justin Morgan that her son died a year ago . Scarlett suffers flashbacks that show Max died after falling from a tree and hitting his head . Scarlett found him dead in his bed the following morning . 4 -- 20 July Peggy King Caroline Gillmer Peggy is Hunter King 's grandmother , who comes to Summer Bay after her tries to contact her . Hunter informs Peggy that Zac MacGuire is not his father and Peggy leaves when Hunter calls his mother , Charlotte , a liar . Peggy tells Hunter that she knows about the Pier Diner robbery and she blames him for ruining Charlotte 's life . Hunter 's girlfriend Olivia Fraser Richards talks with Peggy and explains how Hunter has matured , before asking her not to go to the police about the robbery . Peggy reacts badly to Olivia 's plea and tells the police that Hunter committed the Diner robbery . Olivia and Hunter apologise to Peggy , who also apologises to them for going to the police . Hunter and Peggy agree to start afresh and spend time together , with Peggy also helping to find his father . Peggy tells Hunter that she suspects her former neighbour Wally could be his father . 6 July Constable Anderson Jon Scholten Anderson is a PI hired to track down Scarlett Snow . She offers to double his fee to leave , but he tells her has already been paid and gives her a letter from her husband . Anderson learns , via a bug in Scarlett 's caravan , that Justin Morgan is helping her to leave town . Anderson and his associate try to stop them , but Scarlett and Justin escape . 13 July -- 18 December Jarrod McGregor Joel Davies Jarrod is Ziggy Astoni 's boyfriend . She makes a surprise visit only to find him in bed with someone else . Jarrod goes after Ziggy and they argue , before she leaves with Brody Morgan . Months later , Jarrod comes to Summer Bay to see Ziggy . He tells her that he wants her back . Jarrod brings his bike to Summer Bay Auto just to see Ziggy . They later take an old Triumph car for a test drive and Jarrod kisses her . He apologises and offers to just be friends . Ziggy continues to spend time with Jarrod , but she eventually tells him that while she forgive him for cheating on her , they are done as a couple . 13 July Random Girl Emma Sabjan Ziggy Astoni finds her boyfriend Jarrod in bed with the girl . 20 July Tom Joel Hogan Tom flirts with Scarlett Snow in Salt and Justin Morgan warns him off . 31 July -- 4 September Wally Burns Julian Garner Peggy King suspects her former neighbour Wally is Hunter King 's father . After Hunter sends him a letter , which he returns , Wally comes to Summer Bay and eventually meets Hunter . When Hunter expresses his happiness that he has found him , Wally tells him that he can not be his father , as he is infertile . Wally and Hunter later have dinner together and Wally tells Hunter stories about his mother Charlotte King . The following day , Hunter asks Wally for a DNA test , as there is still a chance he could be his father . Wally takes Hunter 's DNA records and asks him not to contact him again . A few days later , Wally returns and tells Hunter a DNA test confirmed that he is Hunter 's father . Hunter tries to bond with Wally , but realises they do not have much in common . Wally lies to his wife that he is at a conference . Wally visits Hunter again , but they still struggle to bond over their respective interests . Wally 's wife Claire follows him to the Bay and accuses Leah Patterson of having an affair with Wally , but Leah tells her the truth about Hunter . Wally later meets with Hunter to apologise and they agree to meet up when things improve between Wally and Claire . Wally gives Hunter a cheque for $50,000 , but Hunter rejects it after realising Claire does not want him around . He then asks Wally for another chance to get to know him , but they still to struggle to bond . Wally overhears Hunter saying he wish he had not gone looking for his father , and Wally agrees . They decide to stop forcing a relationship between them and Wally leaves town . 10 August -- 14 September Doctor Simms Ed Wightman Doctor Simms attempts to take Mason Morgan off the ventilator , but he suffers respiratory arrest . Doctor Simms tells Tori Morgan that the spinal shock obviously has not warn off and they will try again in a couple of days . Mason later wakes up and Doctor Simms carries a series of tests on his sensations and reflexes . Weeks later , Doctor Simms assesses Mason 's progress and decides that he can be discharged . 10 August Norris Gavin Fenwick Christensen Martin Ashford meets Norris to get an address for William Zannis . 14 August Counsellor Kathryn Sarah Amanious After Kathryn finishes up a group session at the rehab facility attended by Brody Morgan , she encourages him to talk at the next one . She later asks him about the hallucinations he suffered while he was taking drugs . At the next session , Kathryn asks the patients to open up about their triggers . 14 August Addict Lisa Ashley Avci Lisa attends group sessions along with Brody Morgan at a rehab facility . 14 August Mackenzie Luke Davis Mackenzie spots Raffy Morrison sitting at the bus stop and offers to drive her home . She accepts and gets into the car , but Mackenzie then makes advances towards her by putting his hand on her leg . She tells him she will get the bus , but Mackenzie accelerates away . As Raffy begs to be let out of the car , Robbo catches up to them and forces Mackenzie to pull over . Raffy gets out and Mackenzie drives off . 16 August Surfer Finlay Upton The surfer notices John Palmer with Luc Patterson and calls him `` Grandpa '' as he walks past . 17 -- 21 August Claire Burns Di Adams Claire comes to the Beach House looking for her husband Wally , and accuses Leah Patterson of having an affair with him . When Wally arrives , he introduces Hunter King as the son of a friend , but Leah then tells Claire that Hunter is Wally 's son . 22 August , 18 December Felicity Cox Amali Golden Felicity is a potential buyer for Salt . Justin Morgan shows her around the restaurant and advises her to come back during the dinner service . Felicity makes it clear that she interested in Justin and kisses him . Four months later , Justin and Brody Morgan meet with Felicity and asks her to sell Salt back to them . She offers to do so at double the price they sold it for . When Justin attempts to flirt with Felicity , she raises the price by $50,000 . Brody meets with Felicity later that day and he brings Willow Harris along , who reveals that she knows that Felicity has committed fraud . Felicity sells Salt back to Brody . 22 August -- 21 March 2018 Nick Dutton Jacob Allan Nick and his friends come into the Pier Diner and overhear Leah Patterson telling Roo Stewart that she think she has run out of romantic chances , so he asks her out on a date . Nick tells her he has been through a messy break up recently too . Leah turns him down , as she is not ready , but Nick tells her he will check in on her again soon . Nick is called to the high school to collect his daughter Jennifer , after she is suspended for fighting . Nick returns to the diner and invites Leah to have a coffee with him . Ben Astoni comes to see Nick after learning that he applied for the pier to be heritage listed , but they argue and Nick leaves . Months later , Nick drops Jennifer off at the beach and notices her with Hunter King . He later returns to pick her up at the Diner , but Leah tells him Jennifer is at the university with her boyfriend , Hunter . Nick finds Jennifer and accuses Hunter of buying her alcohol . He tells Hunter to stay away from his daughter , before taking her home . 22 August Tyson Indigo Felton Along with Nick Dutton , Tyson and Paul overhear Leah Patterson bemoaning her lack of romantic chances and they both agree that they would ask her out . Paul John Van Putten Polygraph Examiner Gregg Arthur The Polygraph Examiner interviews Robbo , who is suffering from amnesia . 28 August -- 6 September Faz Jesse Rowles Faz helps William Zannis to kidnap and hold Ziggy Astoni hostage . After Brody Morgan joins them , Faz also tries to force him to drink alcohol and take drugs . When Kat Chapman enters the room , Faz hits her over the head with a vase , knocking her unconscious . He and Bob take Ziggy and Brody outside , but they are attacked by Robbo . Ziggy later suffers a flashback to when Faz kidnapped her . 30 August Bob Neal Horton Bob is called to a motel to pick up William Zannis and Faz , and help them move Ziggy Astoni and Brody Morgan to a new location . As he and Faz go outside , they are attacked by Robbo . 4 September -- Dr Pandza Oliver Wenn Dr Pandza is Beth Ellis 's doctor . When she returns to her hospital room for treatment , he advises her to take things easy . A few days later , Dr Pandza is preparing to perform a procedure on Beth when Mason Morgan opens the door and learns she is a patient , not a nurse . 11 September Rose Wagner Jacqui Duncan Kat Chapman shows Rose a photo of Robbo , and asks her if she knows him , but Rose denies seeing him before . 12 September Trish Jeannie Gee Trish watches on as police enter the home of her deceased neighbour , Rose . Kat Chapman asks Trish if she knows Robbo , and Trish tells her that while she has seen him with Rose , she does not know his name . 21 September Leon Maxime Etienne Leon is a tattoo artist , who is asked by Mason Morgan to come to Summer Bay and tattoo himself and Beth Ellis . 25 September -- 5 October Colin Ben Barber While waiting in the queue at the Pier Diner , Colin is approached by Tori Morgan , who flirts with him and asks him on a date . Colin accepts and suggests they go to Salt . The date goes well until they are interrupted by Martin Ashford , causing Colin to leave . Tori contacts Colin a week later to arrange another date . He soon realises that Tori is not into him and decides to leave . He helps Ash 's date Liz with her pram and they decide to get a drink together somewhere else . 26 September Sergeant Halac Louise Kelly Sergeant Halac allows Kat Chapman to take the lead when the police raid Dylan Carter 's house . Sergeant Halac alerts Kat to a wall covered in pictures and newspapers clippings of her . 28 September Photographer Lance Bonza The photographer is invited to take pictures at Olivia Fraser Richards ' launch party for her fashion label . 3 October Junkie Ellen Harvey The junkie answers the door to Scarlett Snow when she calls at Jay Turner 's drug den . Scarlett tells her that she is there to pick something up and offers the junkie money to go and get them cigarettes . 4 October Mate # 1 Peter Sammak Jay Turner 's mate comes to his house to drink beer and play pool with him . 5 October Liz Margarita Merkel Martin Ashford bumps into Liz and her son Phoenix 's pram . After he fixes the broken wheel , Liz asks him out for a coffee and a play date for their children . Ash takes her to Salt , but is distracted when Tori Morgan arrives . Liz decides to leave when she realises that Ash likes Tori . Colin helps her with the pram and she suggests they go and get a drink somewhere else . Baby Phoenix River and Ryder Srhoj 5 -- 23 October Alan Ellis Blair McDonough Alan is spending time with his daughter Beth Ellis when Mason Morgan approaches them and introduces himself as Beth 's boyfriend . Beth apologises to her father for the way he found out about her relationship . Alan invites Mason to brunch and they are joined by his wife Jackie . After brunch , Alan tells Mason to stay away from Beth . He later comes to Mason 's home , where Beth confronts him about what he said . Mason tells Alan that they both want Beth to be happy , and they sit down and talk . Beth is later rushed to the hospital , and Alan tells Mason to stay away . When Beth wakes up , she asks her parents to let Mason see her . Jackie convinces Alan to give them some time alone together . The Ellis ' are later informed that Beth 's heart is failing and she is now top of the transplant list . When Beth 's heart stops , Alan blames Mason for taking her out . Beth dies shortly after of a sudden fatal arrhythmia and Tori tells Alan and Jackie that it could have happened anytime . They later make a complaint against Mason for acting inappropriately . Jackie Ellis Rachael Coopes 9 October Prosecutor Cameron Rhodes The prosecutor in Brody Morgan 's trial details his drug use and how it affected his family and community , before asking for a custodial sentence of six years , with a minimum four - year non-parole period . 9 -- 31 October Caleb Snow Josh McConville Caleb is Scarlett Snow 's estranged husband , who arrives unexpectedly in Summer Bay . Caleb tells Scarlett that he wanted to see how she was following the anniversary of their son 's death . They meet the following day and Caleb apologises for blaming her for Max 's death . He also tells her he seeing a counsellor . Caleb and Scarlett agree to stop being angry with each other and decide to work through their issues , so they can move on . They meet up for dinner and Caleb gives Scarlett Max 's favourite stuffed toy . He tells her he misses and loves her . Caleb leaves town , but returns when Scarlett is injured in an explosion . He tells Justin Morgan to stay away from her and helps Scarlett when she is discharged . Scarlett tells Caleb that she has feelings for Justin , but he responds by kissing her and asking her to return home . Scarlett agrees and she and Caleb leave the Bay . 10 October Pete Sam Woods Maggie Astoni suffers a flashback to the moment she was pushed over by Pete at her previous school . 11 October Waiter Adam Boys The waiter serves Robbo and Kat Chapman when they visit a restaurant in the city . 11 October -- 22 November Dennis Novak Mirko Grillini Novak uses a drone to spy on Robbo and Kat Chapman while they are in the city . He calls his contact to let them know he has found Robbo . Dennis rents a caravan at the park Robbo is staying , and breaks into Robbo 's caravan . He soon realises that Robbo does not recognise him . He speaks to his contact , and later follows Robbo , Kat Chapman , Scarlett Snow and Justin Morgan to a cabin in the bush , where he poses as a maintenance man and plants a bomb . After it explodes , Dennis kidnaps Kat and plans to kill her for testifying against Dylan Carter , but Robbo interrupts him and Dennis runs off . When Robbo catches him , Dennis tells him they served together and his name is Beckett Reid . Dennis hits Robbo with a rock and leaves . The police later track Dennis down , but he escapes them . Robbo learns that was he was hired to kill Kat after tracking Dennis to an old garage . Dennis is informed that Kat is testifying after all , so he kidnaps her at gunpoint and makes her drive to a wreckers yard , where he ties her up inside a car and attempts to crush it . Robbo stops him in time and ties him up , before placing him in the boot of a car . Robbo later returns to the yard , where he learns that it was his dumping ground . Dennis gets free , but is shot while he and Robbo are fighting . Robbo buries his body on the headland across from The Diner . His body is later discovered by Ryder Jackson and Raffy Morrison . 12 October Shelley Hannah Goodwin Shelley meets with Olivia Fraser Richards to get paid for sewing some clothes for Olivia 's business . 12 October Guard David Nicoll The guard at the Northern Districts psychiatric facility allows Martin Ashford to visit Mick Jennings , after Ash tells him he is Mick 's brother and has a message for him . 16 October Parole Assessor Kate Bookallil The parole assessor interviews Mick Jennings , and listens to him as he admits responsibility for his actions and asks for a chance to prove himself . 17 October Elle Gilbert Liz Bardot Elle is brought into the local hospital after suffering a severe head injury in a car accident . Her scans show that she has irreversible brain function and her husband Brendan has to choose when to switch off her life support . 17 -- 23 October Brendan Gilbert Thomas Filer Brendan comes to the hospital to see his wife Elle , who has been involved in a car accident . He is told that she has suffered a brain injury that she will not recover from . Brendan chooses not to honour Elle 's wishes to donate her organs and gets angry at Mason Morgan who tries to get him to change his mind . Mason later apologises to Brendan and invites him to meet his girlfriend Beth Ellis , who needs a heart transplant , but Brendan can not bring himself to see her . He asks for more time before switching off Elle 's life support . Brendan later sees Mason bringing in Beth , who is suffering breathing difficulties . He tells Mason that he has changed his mind about donating Elle 's organs , but it is too late for Beth , who dies . Tori tells him that Elle 's organs will save the lives of eight other people . 19 October Dr Lang Zoe Carides Dr Lang and Oliver are members of the hospital board , who meet with Mason Morgan after Brendan Gilbert makes a complaint against him . They opt to fire Mason from his hospital placement . Oliver Brisbane Todd Goddard 23 October Nurse Lee Adam Dunn Nurse Lee assists Tori Morgan in her attempts to resuscitate Beth Ellis . Pete Sands Benjamin Dillon - Smith Pete is Mick Jennings ' caseworker , who asks Mick 's mother Irene Roberts to visit him at the halfway house . As he shows Irene to Mick 's room , Pete informs her that Mick has been involved in an altercation . 24 -- 25 October Curtis Taylor Wiese Curtis approaches Ziggy Astoni in a bar and asks if he can buy her a drink , but she rejects his offer . He then answers her phone and speaks to Olivia Fraser Richards , before Ziggy takes it back . She later joins Curtis and his friend Macca for a round of drinks and Curtis spikes her beer . When she attempts to leave , Ziggy finds herself unable to walk properly and Curtis takes her outside to an alley way , where he attempts to assault her . He runs off when Brody Morgan approaches . 24 October Macca Zac Deane Macca tells his friend Curtis that he wants to leave the bar they are in , but later joins him and Ziggy Astoni for drinks . 1 -- 22 November , 9 July 2018 -- Diana Walford Sarah Chadwick Diana is Maggie Astoni 's mother , who turns up in the Bay to visit her family , after Maggie asks her for money to bail out her husband Ben Astoni from jail . Diana senses the family are keeping things from her and her granddaughter Coco Astoni reveals the personal struggles they have all faced . Diana vows to stay on for a week . When she interferes in Ben 's plans for his and Maggie 's wedding anniversary , Ben says he will not put up with it any more and insults her . He apologises to Diana the following day , and asks for her help in organising a vow renewal ceremony . Diana overhears the family discussing how much she is annoying them and when they are going to ask her to leave . She later admits to Ben that her former husband , Richard , has a 27 - year - old girlfriend , and that she feels humiliated and lonely . Maggie later tells Diana that Richard is getting married . Diana decides to sell up and move to the Bay , but changes her mind when Coco offers to stay with her for a while . 6 November -- 28 February 2018 Axel Boyd Matthew Pearce Axel meets Olivia Fraser Richards at Salt , after she complains that her dresses are being sold on the fashion website he works for . He apologises and explains that when he learned that a low level designer copied her designs , they were fired . He then offers Olivia a deal to buy one of her designs . When Olivia meets with him again to discuss the contract , Axel invites her to the company headquarters in Melbourne . After the trip , Olivia meets with Axel to show him some new designs . She introduces him to her boyfriend Hunter King , who attempts to ask questions about the contract , but Olivia shuts him down . Axel later tells Olivia that he thinks Hunter will hold her back . When Axel arranges a photoshoot and interview for Olivia at Salt , he suggests that Hunter leaves , as he is a distraction . Axel flatters Olivia over drinks and then kisses her . Olivia tells him their relationship should stay purely business , as she loves Hunter . After learning that Olivia meet with a rep from another website , he tells her that their deal is terminated and if she sells her designs to a competitor , she will be sued . Olivia goes to Axel 's motel room to apologise and they have sex . Axel then offers to talk to his bosses and smooth things over . He later tells Olivia that his bosses have agreed to give her a second chance and they work on more designs together . 9 November Judy Lawson Annie Byron Judy comes to Summer Bay Auto to pick up her car . Mason Morgan makes her tea , while they wait for Justin Morgan to return . Ziggy Astoni refuses to accept payment from Judy , telling her it was only a loose exhaust bracket , and Judy leaves happy . 16 November -- 5 December , 19 April 2018 Boyd Easton Steve Le Marquand Boyd comes to Willow Harris 's home and demands his money back . Willow admits that she does not have it , but will get it to him soon . They are interrupted by Justin Morgan , who tells Boyd that he found his money and gave it to the police . Boyd tells Willow to get him the money and he leaves . Boyd later shows up at Justin 's house looking for Willow , and he gives them 24 hours to give him his money . Boyd chases Willow to Summer Bay Auto and trashes the garage when he can not find her or Justin . Boyd later pushes Willow 's father down some stairs and admits it to Justin , who provokes Boyd into beating him up . Boyd is soon arrested . After he is paroled , Boyd and his mother Hazel Easton kidnap Justin 's daughter Ava Gilbert . Boyd later contacts Willow to arrange collection of a ransom . Boyd hands over Ava to Willow , who tells her to run to the police and Boyd realises he has been set up . He grabs Willow , but he is tackled to the ground by Dean Thompson . Boyd manages to get back in the car and drives at Dean . Colby Thorne shoots him and Boyd clips Dean , before coming to a stop . He dies of his injuries in the hospital . 16 November Sidney Cheng Lucy Goleby Sidney is a lawyer hired by Martin Ashford , Irene Roberts and Leah Patterson to help them in a custody case against Mick Jennings . 27 November -- DI Will Shepherd Josef Ber DI Shepherd leads a special task force investigation into Dennis Novak and the local police corruption case . He pulls Robbo in for questioning about his actions on the day Novak kidnapped Constable Kat Chapman . Robbo tells Shepherd and DI Vincent that he did not report the incident straight away , as he went back to the wreckers yard to find Novak , but Novak had gone . Shepherd and Vincent plan to accompany Kat to the city , so she can testify in the corruption trial , but Robbo convinces them to let Kat do it via video - link . Shepherd returns when Novak 's body is discovered . He questions Kat and Robbo . 28 November -- DI Liz Vincent Natasha Beaumont 28 November Truck Driver Steven Riley The truck driver attempts to deliver goods to the bait shop , but is briefly stopped and his truck searched by police . Robbo hides a phone underneath the truck . 30 November Naomi Sabrina Brandon Naomi is a stylist , who helps Olivia Fraser Richards get ready for a fashion showcase . Tulli Ayeshah Rose Axel Boyd introduces Tulli to Olivia Fraser Richards , and she compliments Olivia on her fashion designs . Gabriella Sarah Jane Kelly Gabriella is the creative director for The Find , a fashion website that Olivia Fraser Richards designs for . She introduces Gabriella to her boyfriend Hunter King and Mason Morgan . Prosecutor Monette Lee The prosecutor in the trial for police corruption questions Kat Chapman about why she wanted to testify via video - link . 4 December Ambulance Officer Emily Taylor The ambulance officer brings Russell Harris to the Northern Districts Hospital and informs Tori Morgan that he had a fall and has suffered a laceration to the head . 4 December -- Russell Harris Monroe Reimers Russell is Willow Harris ' father . He suffers from Alzheimer 's disease , and is rushed to hospital after being pushed down some stairs . When he wakes up , Russell mistakes his daughter for his wife and Justin Morgan for his brother Bobby . Months later , Russell takes Willow 's car , which previously belonged to him , and drives to the beach . Colby Thorne finds him and calls Willow , who decides to take Russell out for a drive at Colby 's suggestion . 5 December Trend Rep Caroline Attwood The Trend rep meets with Olivia Fraser Richards about her fashion designs , and she tells Olivia that Trend look forward to doing business with her . 6 December Forensic Officer Leanne Mauro The forensic officer takes photographs of Dennis Novak 's body that has washed up in a cove . She tells Sergeant Phillip McCarthy that it is difficult to determine how long the body has been there . 13 December Marli Lewis Sophie Cook Marli is the head of fashion brand The Find . She meets with Olivia Fraser Richards to discuss her new designs and whether she has a future with the company following her meeting with another label . Olivia apologises for her mistake and Marli welcomes her back . 14 December Mark Clayton Adams Mark meets with Willow Harris at Salt to discuss signing up for a gym membership . While training together , Mark flirts with and attempts to kiss Willow . Justin Morgan walks in and punches Mark after being goaded by him . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Home and Away : Firestorm -- Monday 30th January '' . Yahoo ! 7 . 24 January 2017 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan O'Kane '' . Showcast . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home and Away : Preview 2017 '' . Yahoo ! 7 . 15 January 2017 . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Cross Television -- Darwin Tuesday , 31 - Jan - 2017 '' . Southern Cross Media . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Bucklow , Andrew ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Rob Mills ' housemate won a TV role that the former Australian Idol contestant really wanted '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cullen , Tamara ; Downie , Stephen ( 28 January -- 3 February 2017 ) . `` Mystery medic '' . TV Week ( 4 ) : 11 . Jump up ^ `` Tania Nolan '' ( PDF ) . Johnson & Laird Management . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kiwi Go Girls actress Tania Nolan scores Home and Away part '' . Stuff.co.nz. 9 May 2017 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Rama ; Nolan , Tania ( 22 June 2017 ) . My # LAFF2017 Interview with Tania Nolan -- ' And Then There Was Eve ' . Rama 's Screen and YouTube . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scarlett woman '' . TV Week ( 19 ) . 13 -- 19 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rutherford , Karlie ( 4 June 2017 ) . `` Home And Away wild child role could be Sophie Dillman 's big break '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 5 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Groome , Imogen ( 8 June 2017 ) . `` Home and Away spoilers : There 's a new family heading to Summer Bay '' . Metro . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dennehy , Luke ( 4 June 2017 ) . `` New family for long running soap Home and Away , set to make waves in Summer Bay '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Silverstein , Adam ( 10 June 2017 ) . `` Home and Away offers a first look at a brand new family in an exciting new promo '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 11 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Swain , Sarah ( 12 July 2017 ) . `` He was in Star Wars and now actor Rohan Nichol has moved to Summer Bay for Home and Away '' . Manly Daily . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Soap diary '' . TV Week ( 24 ) . 17 -- 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pregnancy shock ! '' . Inside Soap ( 46 ) : 24 . 18 -- 24 November 2017 . As the week kicks off , Robbo is still in shock after discovering his real identity -- his name is Beckett Reid . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Danny Raco ; Writer : Sandy Webster ( 25 July 2017 ) . `` Episode 6701 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . ^ Jump up to : Rutherford , Karlie ( 15 July 2017 ) . `` Home and Away 's new bad boy Jake Ryan to hit our screens as Pia Miller 's new love interest '' . news.com.au . Retrieved 16 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Natasha ( 25 July 2017 ) . `` Home and Away 's Jake Ryan wanted to play Brax '' . Yahoo7 Be . Retrieved 21 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home and Away finally reveals Robbo 's full backstory '' . Digital Spy. 17 April 2018 . Retrieved 19 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Brittany Santariga '' ( PDF ) . Lisa Mann Creative Management . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Groome , Imogen ( 27 June 2017 ) . `` Home and Away spoilers : All the rumoured new arrivals at the Bay this summer '' . Metro . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Duffy , Carley ( 30 August 2017 ) . `` Townsville Beauty Set To Rock Summer Bay '' . 2Day FM . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Nicky Arnall ( 30 August 2017 ) . `` Episode 6722 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . ^ Jump up to : Cromarty , Ali ( 28 August 2017 ) . `` Larry is my inspiration '' . New Idea : 38 . Jump up ^ Groome , Imogen ( 27 June 2017 ) . `` Home and Away spoilers : All the rumoured new arrivals at the Bay this summer '' . Metro . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Darwin Wednesday , 25 - October - 2017 '' . Southern Cross Media . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kilkelly , Daniel ( 23 October 2017 ) . `` Home and Away brings in Alf Stewart 's grandson Ryder -- and he arrives with a bang '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 23 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Downie , Stephen ( 15 November 2017 ) . `` Get to know Home And Away 's new guy , Lukas Radovich '' . TV Week . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sarah Roberts could 've been Kat and Scarlett ! '' . Yahoo7 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Home And Away : Justin in shock attack '' . New Idea . November 2017 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All there is to know about Willow Harris '' . Yahoo7 . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 15 photos that have us wanting more in 2018 ! -- Jasmine Delaney '' . Yahoo7 . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Karlie ( 17 July 2017 ) . `` Sam Frost joins Home and Away cast after the abrupt end to her radio show : ' I 'm so excited ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gray , Lorna ( 18 July 2017 ) . `` Sam Frost lands her first acting role ... in Home And Away ! '' . Women 's Day . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Hannah ( 19 July 2017 ) . `` Sam Frost 's casting on Home and Away labelled a ' publicity stunt ' '' . The Courier - Mail . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Groome , Imogen ( 8 August 2017 ) . `` Home and Away spoilers : Kat to die in upcoming crash scenes ? '' . Metro . Retrieved 18 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Tamara ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` Everything you need to know about Sam Frost 's Home and Away character Sam Frost is bringing secrets to Summer Bay '' . TV Week . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Leah 's reaction '' . Yahoo ! 7 . 31 January 2017 . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Andrew Prowse ; Writer : Brooke Wilson ( 31 January 2017 ) . `` Episode 6582 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Andrew Prowse ; Writer : Hannah Carroll Chapman ( 1 February 2017 ) . `` Episode 6583 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Chris Langman ; Writer : Andrew Osborne ( 2 February 2017 ) . `` Episode 6587 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Andrew Osborne ( 23 February 2017 ) . `` Episode 6602 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Luke McKenzie '' . Showcast . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Felicity McKay ATYP '' . ATYP . Retrieved 7 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Andrew Prowse ; Writer : Kate Bradley ( 7 March 2017 ) . `` Episode 6610 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Grant Brown ; Writer : Brooke Wilson ( 9 March 2017 ) . `` Episode 6612 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Grant Brown ; Writer : Sandy Webster ( 13 March 2017 ) . `` Episode 6615 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Geoffrey Nottage ; Writer : Faith McKinnon ( 21 March 2017 ) . `` Episode 6622 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Danny Raco ; Writer : Hannah Carroll Chapman ( 22 March 2017 ) . `` Episode 6623 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Melissa Bonne '' . Showcast . Retrieved 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Tamara ( 25 -- 31 March 2017 ) . `` Morag returns '' . TV Week ( 12 ) : 10 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Harvey , Kerry ( 22 June 2017 ) . `` Home And Away 's Georgie Parker calls for less gender specific storylines '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Caleb Alloway '' . Sophie Jermyn Management . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Ian Gilmour ; Writer : Andrew Osborne ( 10 April 2017 ) . `` Episode 6635 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Ian Watson ; Writer : Faith McKinnon ( 11 April 2017 ) . `` Episode 6636 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Raelee Hill '' . Mollison Keightley Management . Retrieved 16 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Ian Watson ; Writer : Sarah Mayberry ( 13 April 2017 ) . `` Episode 6638 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Sam Smith '' . Linsten Morris Management . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Ian Watson ; Writer : Anna Bauweraerts ( 17 April 2017 ) . `` Episode 6639 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Tom O'Sullivan '' ( PDF ) . Sue Barnett & Associates . Retrieved 15 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Fiona Bozic ( 8 May 2017 ) . `` Episode 6652 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Nick King ( 9 May 2017 ) . `` Episode 6653 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Margaret Wilson ( 10 May 2017 ) . `` Episode 6654 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Cullen , Tamara ( 13 -- 19 May 2017 ) . `` Bye bye baby '' . TV Week ( 19 ) . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Ian Watson ; Writer : Shaun Topp ( 22 May 2017 ) . `` Episode 6664 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Directors : Geoffrey Nottage and Andrew Prowse ; Writer : Romina Accurso ( 24 May 2017 ) . `` Episode 6666 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Joel Pierce '' . Showcast . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Travis Jeffery '' . Showcast . Retrieved 29 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Directors : Geoffrey Nottage and Andrew Prowse ; Writer : Michelle Offen ( 30 May 2017 ) . `` Episode 6669 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Directors : Geoffrey Nottage and Andrew Prowse ; Writer : Nick King ( 31 May 2017 ) . `` Episode 6670 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Rex Palazzi '' . StarNow . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Megan O'Connell '' . Showcast . Retrieved 12 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Hannah Carrol Chapman ( 14 June 2017 ) . `` Episode 6678 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Geoffrey Nottage ; Writer : Fiona Bozic ( 20 June 2017 ) . `` Episode 6681 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Geoffrey Nottage ; Writer : Nick King ( 21 June 2017 ) . `` Episode 6682 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Geoffrey Nottage ; Writer : Faith McKinnon ( 26 June 2017 ) . `` Episode 6684 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Bad boy '' . TV Week ( 26 ) : 10 . 1 -- 7 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jon Scholten '' . Showcast . Retrieved 6 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Joel Davies '' . Showcast . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Ian Gilmour ; Writer : Sam Meikle ( 13 July 2017 ) . `` Episode 6695 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Alessandra Brook ( 20 July 2017 ) . `` Episode 6699 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Julian Garner '' ( PDF ) . Lisa Mann Creative Management . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Wightman '' ( PDF ) . Lisa Mann Creative Management . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gavin Fenwick Christensen '' . Showcast . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Arnie Custo ; Writer : Fiona Kelly ( 14 August 2017 ) . `` Episode 6712 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Luke Davis '' . Stunt Book Australia . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Arnie Custo ; Writer : Margaret Wilson ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Episode 6714 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Di Adams '' . Showcast . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amali Golden '' . Showcast . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jacob Allan '' ( PDF ) . Lisa Mann Creative Management . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Tamara ( 19 -- 25 August 2017 ) . `` Back in the game '' . TV Week ( 33 ) : 10 . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Ian Gilmour ; Writer : Brooke Wilson ( 22 August 2017 ) . `` Episode 6717 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` John Van Putten '' . StarNow . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Ian Gilmour ; Writer : Emma Gordon ( 28 August 2017 ) . `` Episode 6720 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Margaret Wilson ( 4 September 2017 ) . `` Episode 6724 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Geoffrey Nottage ; Writer : Rachel Laverly ( 11 September 2017 ) . `` Episode 6728 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Jeannie Gee '' . StarNow . Retrieved 18 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Danny Raco ; Writer : Laura West ( 21 September 2017 ) . `` Episode 6735 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Arnie Custo ; Writer : Sam Meikle ( 25 September 2017 ) . `` Episode 6736 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Louise Kelly '' . lkellyperformer.com.au . Retrieved 3 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Arnie Custo ; Writer : Andrew Osborne ( 28 September 2017 ) . `` Episode 6736 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Grant Brown ; Writer : Nicky Arnall ( 28 September 2017 ) . `` Episode 6741 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Grant Brown ; Writer : Kate Bradley ( 28 September 2017 ) . `` Episode 6742 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Grant Brown ; Writer : Margaret Wilson ( 5 October 2017 ) . `` Episode 6743 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Blair McDonough is joining Home And Away ! '' . TV Week . 28 September 2017 . Retrieved 28 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rachael Coopes '' ( PDF ) . Lisa Mann Creative Management . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron Rhodes '' . Auckland Actors . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Burfitt , John ( December 2017 ) . `` What 's Scarlett hiding ? '' . Soap World ( 301 ) : 13 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Sam Meikle ( 10 October 2017 ) . `` Episode 6747 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : David Gould ; Writer : Nick King ( 11 October 2017 ) . `` Episode 6748 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Mirko Grillini '' . Showcast . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hannah Goodwin '' . Showcast . Retrieved 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Nicoll '' . StarNow . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Geoffrey Nottage ; Writer : Sam Meikle ( 16 October 2017 ) . `` Episode 6752 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Geoffrey Nottage ; Writer : Faith McKinnon ( 17 October 2017 ) . `` Episode 6753 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Danny Raco ; Writer : Brooke Wilson ( 19 October 2017 ) . `` Episode 6756 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Danny Raco ; Writer : Fiona Bozic ( 23 October 2017 ) . `` Episode 6758 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Benjamin Dillon - Smith '' . StarNow . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Wiese '' . Showcast . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Danny Raco ; Writer : Andrew Osborne ( 24 October 2017 ) . `` Episode 6759 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Home and Away surprise wedding '' . New Idea : 20 -- 21 . 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Matthew Pearce '' . Showcast . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Annie Byron '' . Liberty Artist Management . Retrieved 14 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Downie , Stephen ; Cullen , Tamara ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` Home And Away : A shocking murder will rock the Bay '' . TV Week . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lucy Goleby '' . Showcast . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Geoffrey Nottage ; Writer : Andrew Osborne ( 27 November 2017 ) . `` Episode 6786 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Geoffrey Nottage ; Writer : Fiona Kelly ( 28 November 2017 ) . `` Episode 6787 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . ^ Jump up to : Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Geoffrey Nottage ; Writer : Anna Bauweraerts ( 30 November 2017 ) . `` Episode 6790 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Monette Lee '' . Natalie Hall Management . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Arnie Custo ; Writer : Nick King ( 4 December 2017 ) . `` Episode 6792 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ `` Home And Away : Hot new hook - up '' . New Idea. 4 December 2017 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Arnie Custo ; Writer : Trent Atkinson ( 5 December 2017 ) . `` Episode 6793 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Arnie Custo ; Writer : Laurent Auclair ( 6 December 2017 ) . `` Episode 6795 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Bill Hughes ; Writer : Margaret Wilson ( 13 December 2017 ) . `` Episode 6802 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . Jump up ^ Series producer : Lucy Addario ; Director : Danny Raco ; Writer : Sandy Webster ( 14 December 2017 ) . `` Episode 6807 '' . Home and Away . Seven Network . External links ( edit ) Characters and cast at the Official AU Home and Away website Characters and cast at the Internet Movie Database Ben Astoni at the Official AU Home and Away website Coco Astoni at the Official AU Home and Away website Maggie Astoni at the Official AU Home and Away website Ziggy Astoni at the Official AU Home and Away website Home and Away Characters Present characters Past characters Recurring characters Births , marriages and deaths Spin - offs headLand Home and Away : An Eye for an Eye Home and Away : Revenge Home and Away : All or Nothing Related articles Theme song Awards and nominations Summer Bay `` The Great Storm '' hide Home and Away characters Present characters Marilyn Chambers Willow Harris Hunter King Brody Morgan Mason Morgan John Palmer Leah Patterson - Baker Irene Roberts Alf Stewart Roo Stewart Past characters Charlotte Adams Tasha Andrews Rachel Armstrong Billie Ashford Martin Ashford Gina Austin Xavier Austin Dan Baker Andy Barrett Josh Barrett Morag Bellingham Saul Bennett Sasha Bezmel Donna Bishop Shauna Bradley Casey Braxton Darryl Braxton Heath Braxton Kyle Braxton Charlie Buckton Ruby Buckton Adam Cameron Annie Campbell Geoff Campbell Kat Chapman Selina Cook Johnny Cooper Nate Cooper Miles Copeland Lucinda Croft Drew Curtis Jazz Curtis Ric Dalby Blake Dean Martin Dibble Donald Fisher Simon Fitzgerald Sally Fletcher Tom Fletcher Nicole Franklin James Fraser Lachlan Fraser Brodie Hanson Chris Harrington Jack Holden Lucas Holden Sam Holden Tony Holden Beth Hunter Kit Hunter Matilda Hunter Robbie Hunter Scott Hunter Kim Hyde Emma Jackson Jett James Peta Janossi Aden Jefferies Elijah Johnson Melody Jones Charlotte King Tamara Kingsley Jude Lawson Noah Lawson Ryan Lee Evelyn MacGuire Oscar MacGuire Zac MacGuire Martha MacKenzie Greg Marshall Sam Marshall Steven Matheson Mitch McColl Jesse McGregor Floss McPhee Denny Miller Roxy Miller Seb Miller Casey Mitchell Grant Mitchell Frank Morgan Carly Morris Liam Murphy Gypsy Nash Joel Nash Natalie Nash Rebecca Nash Tom Nash Travis Nash Viv Newton Tug O'Neale Phoebe Nicholson Maddy Osborne Matt Page Angel Parrish Nick Parrish Shane Parrish Vinnie Patterson VJ Patterson Kane Phillips Alex Poulos Joey Rainbow Curtis Reed Shannon Reed Harry Reynolds Chloe Richards Olivia Fraser Richards Damian Roberts Finlay Roberts Angelo Rosetta Haydn Ross Pippa Ross Angie Russell Josie Russell Flynn Saunders Pippa Saunders April Scott Bianca Scott Ricky Sharpe Bobby Simpson Sophie Simpson Colleen Smart Lance Smart Narelle Smart Hayley Smith Ken Smith Nick Smith Romeo Smith Will Smith Ailsa Stewart Celia Stewart Duncan Stewart Rob Storey Hugh Sullivan Dani Sutherland Jade Sutherland Kirsty Sutherland Rhys Sutherland Shelley Sutherland Belle Taylor Sarah Thompson Cassie Turner Amanda Vale Dexter Walker Indi Walker Sid Walker Kelly Watson Justine Welles Josh West Hannah Wilson Jack Wilson Matt Wilson hide Characters by year 1998 2005 2006 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Home_and_Away_characters_(2017)&oldid=857107167 '' Categories : Lists of Home and Away characters Fictional characters introduced in 2017 2017 in Australian television Hidden categories : EngvarB from November 2017 Use dmy dates from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 16 : 26 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays maggies mum on home and away	[]	[]
-2487634248834153229	Salon (Paris)	Salon ( Paris ) - wikipedia Salon ( Paris ) Jump to : navigation , search Formally dressed patrons at the Salon in 1890 The Salon ( French : Salon ) , or rarely Paris Salon ( French : Salon de Paris ) , beginning in 1667 was the official art exhibition of the Académie des Beaux - Arts in Paris . Between 1748 and 1890 it was arguably the greatest annual or biennial art event in the Western world . At the 1761 Salon , thirty - three painters , nine sculptors , and eleven engravers contributed . From 1881 onward , it has been managed by the Société des Artistes Français . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Prominence ( 1748 -- 1890 ) 2.1 Early splinter groups 3 Secession 4 See also 5 Gallery 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Origins ( edit ) In 1667 , the royally sanctioned French institution of art patronage , the Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture ( a division of the Académie des beaux - arts ) , held its first semi-public art exhibit at the Salon Carré . The Salon 's original focus was the display of the work of recent graduates of the École des Beaux - Arts , which was created by Cardinal Mazarin , chief minister of France , in 1648 . Exhibition at the Salon de Paris was essential for any artist to achieve success in France for at least the next 200 years . Exhibition in the Salon marked a sign of royal favor . In 1725 , the Salon was held in the Palace of the Louvre , when it became known as Salon or Salon de Paris . In 1737 , the exhibitions , held from 18 August 1737 to 5 September 1737 at the Grand Salon of the Louvre , became public . They were held , at first , annually , and then biennially , in odd - numbered years . They would start on the feast day of St. Louis ( 25 August ) and run for some weeks . Once made regular and public , the Salon 's status was `` never seriously in doubt '' ( Crow , 1987 ) . In 1748 a jury of awarded artists was introduced . From this time forward , the influence of the Salon was undisputed . Prominence ( 1748 -- 1890 ) ( edit ) This portrait by John Singer Sargent of Virginie Amélie Avegno Gautreau depicting her cleavage caused considerable controversy when it was displayed at the 1884 Salon . The Salon exhibited paintings floor - to - ceiling and on every available inch of space . The jostling of artwork became the subject of many other paintings , including Pietro Antonio Martini 's Salon of 1785 . Printed catalogues of the Salons are primary documents for art historians . Critical descriptions of the exhibitions published in the gazettes mark the beginning of the modern occupation of art critic . The French revolution opened the exhibition to foreign artists . In the 19th century the idea of a public Salon extended to an annual government - sponsored juried exhibition of new painting and sculpture , held in large commercial halls , to which the ticket - bearing public was invited . The vernissage ( varnishing ) of opening night was a grand social occasion , and a crush that gave subject matter to newspaper caricaturists like Honoré Daumier . Charles Baudelaire , Denis Diderot and others wrote reviews of the Salons . The 1848 revolution liberalized the Salon . The amount of refused works was greatly reduced . In 1849 medals were introduced . Early splinter groups ( edit ) The increasingly conservative and academic juries were not receptive to the Impressionist painters , whose works were usually rejected , or poorly placed if accepted . The Salon opposed the Impressionists ' shift away from traditional painting styles . In 1857 the Salon jury turned away an unusually high number of the submitted paintings . An uproar resulted , particularly from regular exhibitors who had been rejected . In order to prove that the Salons were democratic , Napoleon III instituted the Salon des Refusés , containing a selection of the works that the Salon had rejected that year . It opened on 17 May 1863 , marking the birth of the avant - garde . The Impressionists held their own independent exhibitions in 1874 , 1876 , 1877 , 1879 , 1880 , 1881 , 1882 and 1886 . In 1881 , the government withdrew official sponsorship from the annual Salon , and a group of artists organized the Société des Artistes Français to take responsibility for the show . Secession ( edit ) Salon of 1932 , Grand Palais , Paris . In December 1890 , the leader of the Société des Artistes Français , William - Adolphe Bouguereau , propagated the idea that Salon should be an exhibition of young , not - yet awarded , artists . Ernest Meissonier , Puvis de Chavannes , Auguste Rodin and others rejected this proposal and made a secession . They created the Société Nationale des Beaux - Arts and its own exhibition , immediately referred to in the press as the Salon du Champ de Mars or the Salon de la Société Nationale des Beaux -- Arts ; it was soon also widely known as the Nationale . In 1903 , in response to what many artists at the time felt was a bureaucratic and conservative organization , a group of painters and sculptors led by Pierre - Auguste Renoir and Auguste Rodin organized the Salon d'Automne . See also ( edit ) Academic art Académie de peinture et de sculpture Académie des beaux - arts Salon ( gathering ) French salons and exhibitions Other salons Salon des Refusés Salon des Indépendants Salon d'Automne Women 's literary salons and societies in the Arab world Gallery ( edit ) Salon of 1753 Salon of 1767 Bourgeoises scandalized by the Salon 's Venuses , 1864 Salon of 1932 , Grand Palais , Paris References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Salon French art exhibition '' . britannica.com . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Levey , Michael . ( 1993 ) Painting and sculpture in France 1700 -- 1789 . New Haven : Yale University Press , p. 3 . ISBN 0300064942 Jump up ^ `` Public Access to Art in Paris : A Documentary History from the Middle Ages to 1800 , '' by Robert W. Berger , p. 171 . Jump up ^ `` The End of the Salon and the Rise of Impressionism '' . radford.edu . Retrieved 14 June 2015 . Jump up ^ The Judgment of Paris : The Revolutionary Decade that Gave the World Impressionism , page 59 , by Ross King Jump up ^ Auguste Dalligny , ' Société Nationale des Beaux - Arts -- l'Exposition du Champ de Mars ' , Journal des Arts , 16 May 1890 Jump up ^ Paul Bluysen , ' Le Salon du Champ de Mars -- IV , La République francaise , 23 June 1890 Sources ( edit ) J.J. Marquet de Vasselot : Répertoire des catalogues du musée du Louvre , 1793 -- 1917 Thomas Crow : Painters and Public Life in 18th Century Paris . Yale University Press 1987 Patricia Mainardi : The End of the Salon : Art and the State in the Early Third Republic , Cambridge University Press , 1993 . Fae Brauer , Rivals and Conspirators : The Paris Salons and the Modern Art Centre , Newcastle upon Tyne , Cambridge Scholars , 2013 . Albert Boime , `` The Salon des Refuses and the Evolution of Modern Art , '' Art Quarterly 32 ( Winter 1969 ) : 41 1 - 26 Margo Bistis , `` Bad Art : The Decline of Academic Art in the Caricatural Salon , '' International Journal of Comic Art 7 , no. 1 ( Spring 2005 ) ; 126 -- 148 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Salon de peinture et de sculpture . Timeline of the Paris Salons Harriet Griffiths and Alister Mill , Database of Salon Artists , 1827 - 1850 ( salonartists.org ) . BNF : cb11878150w ( data ) GND : 4297891 - 9 SUDOC : 026555891 VIAF : 141867335 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salon_(Paris)&oldid=838057753 '' Categories : Art exhibitions in France Arts in Paris Painting in Paris Annual events in Paris 1725 establishments in France Hidden categories : Articles containing French - language text France articles missing geocoordinate data All articles needing coordinates Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 17 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who controlled the contents of the annual salon exhibitions	[]	[]
-8607875449355733007	Battle of the Hydaspes	Battle of the Hydaspes - wikipedia Battle of the Hydaspes For other uses , see Battle of Jhelum ( disambiguation ) . battle fought by Alexander the Great in 326 BC in the Punjab This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Battle of the Hydaspes Part of the Wars of Alexander the Great A painting by Andre Castaigne depicting the phalanx attacking the centre at Hydaspes Date May 326 BC Location Hydaspes River , modern - day Punjab Province , Pakistan Result Macedonian victory , annexation of kingdom of Punjab ; Porus appointed plenipotentiary Satrap of the new provinces . Territorial changes Alexander controls most of Punjab region . Belligerents Macedon Hellenic League Persian allies Indian allies Paurava Commanders and leaders Alexander the Great Craterus Coenus Hephaestion Ptolemy Perdiccas Seleucus Lysimachus Demonicus Peucestas Taxiles Porus unknown others Strength 40,000 infantry , 5,000 to 7,000 cavalry , Asiatic contingents 20,000 , 30,000 or 50,000 infantry , 2,000 to 4,000 cavalry , 200 , 130 ( `` likeliest '' according to Green ) , or 85 war elephants , 1,000 chariots . Casualties and losses 80 -- 700 infantry , 230 -- 280 cavalry killed . Modern estimates ~ 1000 killed . 12,000 killed and 9,000 captured , or 20,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry killed . Alexander 's Indian campaign Cophen Aornos Hydaspes Mallian Campaign The Battle of the Hydaspes was fought in 326 BC between Alexander the Great and King Porus of the Paurava kingdom on the banks of the river Jhelum ( known to the Greeks as Hydaspes ) in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent ( modern - day Punjab , Pakistan ) . The battle resulted in a complete Greek victory and the annexation of Punjab , which lay beyond the far easternmost confines of the already absorbed Persian Empire , into the Macedonian Empire . Alexander 's decision to cross the monsoon - swollen river despite close Indian surveillance , in order to catch Porus ' army in the flank , has been referred to as one of his `` masterpieces '' . Although victorious , it was also the most costly battle fought by the Macedonians . The resistance put up by King Porus and his men won the respect of Alexander , who asked Porus to become one of his satraps . The battle is historically significant for opening up the Indian subcontinent to Ancient Greek political ( Seleucid , Greco - Bactrian , Indo - Greek ) and cultural influences ( Greco - Buddhist art ) , which continued to have an impact for many centuries . Contents 1 Location 2 Background 3 Motives 4 Pre-battle maneuvers 5 Battle 6 Aftermath and legacy 7 Notes 8 References 8.1 Citations 8.2 Sources 8.2. 1 Modern 8.2. 2 Ancient 9 External links Location The battle took place on the east bank of the Hydaspes River ( now called the Jhelum River , a tributary of the Indus River ) in what is now the Punjab Province of Pakistan . Alexander later founded the city of Nicaea on the site ; this city has yet to be discovered . Any attempt to find the ancient battle site is complicated by considerable changes to the landscape over time . For the moment , the most plausible location is just south of the city of Jhelum , where the ancient main road crossed the river and where a Buddhist source mentions a city that may be Nicaea . The identification of the battle site near modern Jalalpur / Haranpur is certainly erroneous , as the river ( in ancient times ) meandered far from these cities . Background After Alexander defeated the last of the Achaemenid Empire 's forces under Bessus and Spitamenes in 328 BC , he began a new campaign to further extend his empire towards India in 327 BC . After fortifying Bactria with 10,000 men , Alexander commenced his invasion of India through the Khyber Pass . Whilst possessing a much larger army , at the battle , an estimated 40,000 infantry and 5,000 cavalry crossed the river in time to engage the enemy . During this battle , Alexander suffered heavy losses compared to his earlier victories . The primary Greek column entered the Khyber Pass , but a smaller force under the personal command of Alexander went through the northern route , taking the fortress of Aornos ( modern - day Pir - Sar ) along the way -- a place of mythological significance to the Greeks as , according to legend , Herakles had failed to occupy it when he campaigned to India . Here , the Hindu clans of Hindu Kush gave the toughest opposition to Alexander 's army he ever faced but he still emerged victorious , despite being outnumbered depending on the source , somewhere between 3 : 1 and 5 : 1 . In early spring of the next year , he combined his forces and allied with Taxiles ( also known as Ambhi Kumar ) , the King of Taxila , against Taxiles ' neighbor , the King of Hydaspes , King Porus who had chosen to spurn Alexander 's command for surrender and prepared for war . Motives Alexander had to subdue King Porus in order to keep marching east . To leave such a strong opponent at his flanks would endanger any further exploit . He could also not afford to show any weakness if he wanted to keep the loyalty of the already subdued Indian princes . Porus had to defend his kingdom and chose the perfect spot to check Alexander 's advance . Although he lost the battle , he became the most successful recorded opponent of Alexander . According to Peter Green , King Porus 's performance in the battle out - classed both Memnon of Rhodes and Spitamenes . Pre-battle maneuvers Alexander 's crossing of the Hydaspes River Porus awaits the attack of Alexander July 326 BC . Alexander fixed his camp in the vicinity of the town of Jhelum on the right banks of the river . Porus drew up on the south bank of the Jhelum River to repel any crossing in the spring of 326 BC . The Jhelum River was deep and fast enough that any opposition to a crossing would probably doom the attacking force . Alexander knew that a direct approach had little chance of success and tried to find alternative fords . He moved his mounted troops up and down the river bank each night while Porus shadowed him . Eventually , Alexander used a suitable crossing , about 27 km ( 17 mi ) upstream of his camp . This is specifically near the Grecian part of the camp where an uninhabited , wood - covered island divided the river . While leading his troops across , he landed on the island , causing his troops to wade across . His plan was a classic pincer maneuver . He would eventually attack Indian cavalry flanking each side of Porus ' main force from the right . He left his general , Craterus , behind with most of the army , to make sure Porus would not find out about his crossing , while he crossed the river upstream with a strong contingent , consisting , according to the 2nd century Greek historian Arrian , of 6,000 on foot and 5,000 on horseback , though it is probable that it was larger . Craterus was ordered to either ford the river and attack if Porus faced Alexander with all his troops or to hold his position if Porus faced Alexander with only part of his army . The other forces commanded by Meleager , Attalus , and Gorgias were ordered to cross the river in various places during the manueuver . The most notable event in the present connection was Alexander 's crossing of the Hydaspes in face of the Indians on the opposite bank . The complex preparations for the crossing were accomplished with the use of numerous feints and other sorts of deceptions . Porus was kept continuously on the move until he decided it was a bluff and relaxed . On every visit to the site of the crossing , Alexander made a detour inland to stay in secrecy . It was also reported that there was an Alexander look - alike who held sway in a mock royal tent near the base . Alexander quietly moved his part of the army upstream and then traversed the river in utmost secrecy , using ' skin floats filled with hay ' as well as ' smaller vessels cut in half , the thirty oared galleys into three ' . Furthermore , Craterus engaged in frequent feints that he may cross the river . As a result , Porus , ' no longer expecting a sudden attempt under cover of darkness , was lulled into a sense of security . ' Alexander mistakenly landed on an island , but soon crossed to the other side . Porus perceived his opponent 's maneuver and sent a small cavalry and chariot force under his son , also named Porus , to fight them off , hoping that he would be able to prevent his crossing . By chance a storm occurred that night which drowned the sounds of the crossing . Alexander had already crossed the river , however , and his horse archers impeded the young Porus 's cavalry . Young Porus also faced an unexpected disadvantage : his chariots were immobilized by the mud near the shore of the river . After his army was routed , young Porus was among the dead . As news reached the elder Porus , he understood that Alexander had crossed to his side of the river and hastened to face him with the best part of his army , leaving behind a small detachment to disrupt the landing of Craterus ' force should he attempt to cross the river . Battle Combined attack of cavalry and infantry An imaginary Indian war elephant against Alexander 's army , by Johannes van den Avele When King Porus reached the point where Alexander 's army was arrayed , led to believe that his own cavalry outnumbered Alexander 's , he ordered his cavalry to charge . The Indians were poised with cavalry on both flanks , their center comprising infantry with War Elephants which were heavily armored and were strapped on with a castle - like howdah on their back carrying a trio of archers and javelin hurlers towering among or before them in equal intervals of fifty feet to defend the vulnerable flanks . All of the War - Elephants were equipped with fire - hardened leather and quilted armor for protection while their foreheads and trunks bore steel - plates to defend against enemy arrows . The Pauravan Army itself was dressed in flamboyantly hued outfits wearing steel helmets , bright scarves and baldrics wielding axes , lances and maces . King Porus , seated atop the tallest War Elephant selected from his elephant corps , himself was not mounted on Howdah , as he wore a remarkable chain mail armor and hence had no need of the additional protection of a tower . The Macedonian heavy infantry phalanx were outnumbered 1 : 5 against the Indian infantry . The Indian infantry still suffered setbacks due to the reach of the enemy 's longer sarissas and being light to unarmored on the torso . Even their heavy armor - piercing bows were inaccurate because of the slippery ground , though the muddy ground was an advantage to King Porus ' light infantry . The Macedonian army situated directly across from Porus ' army crossed the river to directly meet the Elephants . The supposed 200 elephants prevented any frontal attack . Alexander commenced the battle by sending his Scythian hired horse archers to shower the Indian right cavalry wing . His armored Companion Cavalry was sent to the outnumbered Indian left cavalry with him leading the charge himself . The rest of the Indian cavalry galloped to their hard pressed kinsmen on the right wing but at this moment , Coenus 's cavalry contingent appeared on the Indian rear . The Indians tried to form a double phalanx , but the necessary complicated maneuvers brought even more confusion into their ranks making it easier for the Macedonian horse to conquer . Alexander , destroying Porus ' right flank circled around to Porus ' left flank launching a mass attack against Porus 's left flank . Alexander surmised correctly that Porus would be forced to move cavalry on the right wing across to the left . Alexander foresaw this and placed his cavalry , under the command of Coenus , opposite of them and out of sight . Their job was to break cover and follow the Indian cavalry , which forced the Indians to go forward , right into Craterus . Arrian states that 12,000 Indians and 80 elephants died in this mass pincer movement . Porus , atop his elephant , personally led his elephant corps instead of the usual double - horse chariot used by Indian kings . The War - Elephants caused heavy losses to the phalanx , impaling many with their tusks fitted with steel spikes and heaving some before pulverizing them . Alexander commanded his Indian Contingents to end the carnage , with the light infantry which tossed javelins at the Elephants ' eyes while the heavy infantry ham - stringed the Elephants with the two - sided axes and scimitars . They were eventually repulsed by the dense pikes of the phallangitai , wreaking much havoc upon their own lines . The mahouts were killed before they could kill their panicked elephants with poisoned rods . The remaining Indian cavalry fled among the elephants for protection , but the beasts were already out of control and would soon retreat exhausted from the field , leaving the rest of Porus 's army encircled by the Macedonian horse and phalanx . Alexander sent his phalanx to attack the elephants , which were forced back on their own side . They boxed the Indian infantry and cavalry , many of whom were trampled to death . At this time , the phallangitai locked their shields and advanced upon the confused enemy . By this time Craterus and his force in the base camp crossed the river when the way was clear , and they conducted a chase against those who retreated . Arrian records that in the final charge against Alexander , King Porus employed all his cavalry , 4,000 strong , all his remaining chariots , 300 in number , 200 of his elephants , and 30,000 infantry along with 2,000 men and 120 chariots detached earlier in the day under his son 's charge . After the battle fatigue started affecting King Porus , he slowly began to retire . Throughout the battle , Alexander is said to have observed with growing admiration , the valor of King Porus and understood that he intended to be killed in combat . Hoping to save the life of this competent leader and warrior , Alexander commanded Taxiles to summon Porus for surrender . However , Porus turned indignant on the very sight of his nemesis and tossed a spear at him in furor without listening to his proposal forcing him to take flight on his steed . In such manner many other messengers , dispatched by the determined Alexander were spurned , till at last Meroes , a personal friend of Porus convinced him to listen to Alexander 's message . Overpowered by thirst , the weary Porus finally dismounted his war elephant and demanded water . After being refreshed , he allowed himself to be taken to Alexander . On hearing that the Indian King was approaching , Alexander himself rode out to meet him and the famous surrender meeting took place . According to Arrian , Macedonian losses amounted to 310 . However the military historian J.F.C. Fuller sees as `` more realistic '' the figure given by Diodorus of about 1,000 , a large number for a victor , and more than Gaugamela , yet not improbable , considering the partial success of the Indian war elephants . Indian losses amounted to 23,000 according to Arrian , 12,000 dead and over 9,000 men captured according to Diodorus . The last two numbers are remarkably close , if it is assumed that Arrian added any prisoners to the total Indian casualties . Around 80 elephants were captured alive . Alexander also acquired an additional 70 war elephants due to the late arrival of reinforcements called for by King Porus after the battle was already over , who readily surrendered and offered these beasts in tribute . Two sons of Porus were killed during the battle , as well as his relative and ally , local chieftain Spitakes , and most of his chieftains . Aftermath and legacy A painting by Charles Le Brun depicting Alexander and Porus during the Battle of the Hydaspes When asked by Alexander how he wished to be treated , Porus replied `` Treat me as a king would treat another king '' . Impressed , Alexander indeed treated him like a king , allowing him to retain his lands . Following the battle , Alexander founded two cities in this region , one at the spot of the battle called Nicaea ( Greek for Victory ) in commemoration of his success and one on the other side of the Hydaspes called Alexandria Bucephalus , to honor his faithful steed , which died soon after this battle . In 326 BC , the army of Alexander approached the boundaries of the Nanda Empire . His army , exhausted from the continuous campaigning and frightened at the prospect of facing yet another gigantic Indian army , demanded that they should return to the west . This happened at the Hyphasis ( modern Beas ) , presently believed to be at ' Kathgarh ' in Indora tehsil of Himachal Pradesh , India with nearest railhead at Pathankot , Punjab , India . Historians did not consider this a mutiny but called it an increasing military unrest , which forced Alexander to finally give in . Instead of immediately turning back , however , he ordered the army to march south , along the Indus , securing the banks of the river as the borders of his empire . The main reasons for the Pauravan 's defeat were due to Alexander 's use of tactics , and the Macedonians ' superior discipline and technology . The Pauravans still used chariots which were inferior to the Greek 's cavalry and phalanx . They neither had a well supported military infrastructure nor a standing army . The Pauravan infantry and cavalry were poorly armoured , lacking in metal armor , and their short swords were no match against the long spears of the Macedonians . Porus himself failed to take any initiative , mainly trying to counter his opponent 's moves . Greek historians agree that Porus bravely fought until the end . During later rule of the Maurya Empire , tactician Kautilya took Hydaspes as a lesson and highlighted the need for military training before battle . The first Mauryan emperor Chandragupta maintained a standing army . The chariot corps played a marginal role in Mauryan military infrastructure . Notes Jump up ^ After more fierce combat Alexander 's victory was complete and Porus surrendered . References Citations Jump up ^ Bosworth , A.B. ( 26 March 1993 ) . `` Conquest and Empire : The Reign of Alexander the Great '' . Cambridge University Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Green , Peter ( 27 August 1991 ) . `` Alexander of Macedon , 356 - 323 B.C. : A Historical Biography '' . University of California Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Fuller , pg 198 `` While the battle raged , Craterus forced his way over the Haranpur ford . When he saw that Alexander was winning a brilliant victory he pressed on and , as his men were fresh , took over the pursuit . '' Jump up ^ Fuller , pg 181 `` Among the many battles fought by invaders who entered the plains of India from the north - west , the first recorded in history is the battle of the Hydaspes , and in Hogarth 's opinion , when coupled with the crossing of the river , together they ' rank among the most brilliant operations in warfare ' . '' Jump up ^ Green , Peter ( 27 August 1991 ) . `` Alexander of Macedon , 356 - 323 B.C. : A Historical Biography '' . University of California Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Accordingly , Alexander not only permitted him to govern his former kingdom , giving him the title of satrap , but also added to it the territory of the independent peoples whom he subdued , in which there are said to have been fifteen nations , five thousand cities of considerable size , and a great multitude of villages . '' Plutarch 's Life of Alexander 60.10 ^ Jump up to : According to Arrian 5.14 , 6,000 foot and 5,000 horse were under Alexander 's command in the battle . Jump up ^ Fuller estimates a further 2,000 cavalry under Craterus ' command . Jump up ^ Harbottle , Thomas Benfield ( 1906 ) . Dictionary of Battles . New York . ^ Jump up to : Plutarch 62.1 : `` But this last combat with Porus took off the edge of the Macedonians ' courage , and stayed their further progress into India . For having found it hard enough to defeat an enemy who brought but twenty thousand foot and two thousand horse into the field , they thought they had reason to oppose Alexander 's design of leading them on to pass the Ganges , too , which they were told was thirty - two furlongs broad and a fathom deep , and the banks on the further side covered with multitudes of enemies . '' ^ Jump up to : Arrian , 5.15 ^ Jump up to : Diodorus , 17.87. 2 Jump up ^ Green , p. 553 Jump up ^ Curtius 8.13. 6 ; Metz Epitome 54 ( following Curtius ) Jump up ^ Plutarch 60.5 ^ Jump up to : Arrian 5.18 ^ Jump up to : Diodorus 17.89. 3 Jump up ^ According to Fuller , pg 199 , `` Diodorus ' figures appear more realistic . '' ^ Jump up to : Roy 2004 , pp. 19 -- 23 . ^ Jump up to : Diodorus 17.89. 1 Jump up ^ Brice 2012 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ Burn 1965 , p. 150 Jump up ^ Peter Connolly . Greece and Rome At War . Macdonald Phoebus Ltd , 1981 , p. 66 ^ Jump up to : P.H.L. Eggermont , Alexander 's campaign in Southern Punjab ( 1993 ) . ^ Jump up to : Brice , Lee ( 2012 ) . Greek Warfare : From the Battle of Marathon to the Conquests of Alexander the Great . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - CLIO . p. 11 . ISBN 9781610690690 . Jump up ^ Green , Peter ( 27 August 1991 ) . `` Alexander of Macedon , 356 - 323 B.C. : A Historical Biography '' . University of California Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Sastri 1988 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Green , Peter ( 27 August 1991 ) . `` Alexander of Macedon , 356 - 323 B.C. : A Historical Biography '' . University of California Press -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Sastri 1988 , p. 57 . ^ Jump up to : Farr , Edward ( 1850 ) . History of the Macedonians . New York : Robert Carter & Brothers . p. 172 . ^ Jump up to : `` Battle of Hydaspes '' . Ancient History Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Arrian ^ Jump up to : Bose , Partha ( 2004 - 04 - 01 ) . Alexander the Great 's Art of Strategy : The Timeless Leadership Lessons of History 's Greatest Empire Builder . Penguin . p. 228 . ISBN 9781592400539 . Jump up ^ Kistler , John M. ( 27 August 2018 ) . `` War Elephants '' . Greenwood Publishing Group -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Kistler , John M. ( 27 August 2018 ) . `` War Elephants '' . Greenwood Publishing Group -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Kistler , John M. ( 27 August 2018 ) . `` War Elephants '' . Greenwood Publishing Group -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Montagu , John Drogo ( 2006 ) . Greek & Roman Warfare : Battles , Tactics , and Trickery . London : Greenhill Books . p. 154 . Jump up ^ Alexander of Macedon , 356 - 323 B.C. : A Historical Biography by Peter Green Pg. 400 Jump up ^ Sastri , Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta ( 27 August 1988 ) . `` Age of the Nandas and Mauryas '' . Motilal Banarsidass Publishe -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Savill , Agnes ( 27 August 1990 ) . `` Alexander the Great and His Time '' . Barnes & Noble Publishing -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Fuller , p. 199 Jump up ^ Roy , Kaushik ( 3 June 2015 ) . `` Warfare in Pre-British India -- 1500BCE to 1740CE '' . Routledge -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Diodorus Siculus , Library , Book XVII , Chapter 89 , section 2 '' . www.perseus.tufts.edu . Jump up ^ `` Diodorus Siculus , Library , Book XVII , Chapter 89 , section 3 '' . www.perseus.tufts.edu . Jump up ^ Diodorus , 17.89. 2 Jump up ^ Fuller , p. 199 Jump up ^ Kistler , John M. ( 1 October 2007 ) . `` War Elephants '' . U of Nebraska Press -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Rogers , p. 200 ^ Jump up to : Roy 2004 , pp. 23 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Roy 2004 , pp. 28 -- 31 . Sources Modern Brice , Lee L. , ed. ( 2012 ) . Greek Warfare : From the Battle of Marathon to the Conquests of Alexander the Great . ABC - CLIO . Green , Peter ( 1974 ) . Alexander of Macedon : A Historical Biography . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 07166 - 7 Rogers , Guy ( 2004 ) . Alexander : The Ambiguity of Greatness . New York : Random House . Sastri , K.A. Nilakanta , ed. ( 1988 ) ( 1967 ) , Age of the Nandas and Mauryas ( Second ed . ) , Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass , ISBN 81 - 208 - 0465 - 1 Fuller , John ( 1960 ) . The Generalship of Alexander the Great . New Jersey : De Capo Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80371 - 0 Roy , Kaushik ( 2004 - 01 - 01 ) . India 's Historic Battles : From Alexander the Great to Kargil . Orient Blackswan . ISBN 9788178241098 . Ancient Diodorus Siculus ( 90 - 30 BC ) . Bibliotheca Historica . Quintus Curtius Rufus ( 60 - 70 AD ) . Historiae Alexandri Magni . Plutarch ( 75 AD ) . The Life of Alexander the Great , Parallel Lives . Arrian ( early 2nd century AD ) . Metz Epitome . External links Hydaspes ( Jhelum ) Coordinates : 32 ° 49 ′ 40 '' N 73 ° 38 ′ 20 '' E / 32.82778 ° N 73.63889 ° E / 32.82778 ; 73.63889 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Hydaspes&oldid=856858068 '' Categories : Battles of Alexander the Great Battles involving the Indian kingdoms Military history of India 326 BC History of India Wars involving ancient India 320s BC conflicts Foreign relations of ancient India Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with short description Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 23 : 59 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who fought the battle on the bank of river jhelum	[ "The Battle of the Hydaspes was fought in 326 BC between Alexander the Great and King Porus of the Paurava kingdom on the banks of the river Jhelum (known to the Greeks as Hydaspes) in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent (modern-day Punjab, Pakistan). The battle resulted in a complete Greek victory[a] and the annexation of Punjab, which lay beyond the far easternmost confines of the already absorbed Persian Empire, into the Macedonian Empire.\n", "The Battle of the Hydaspes was fought in 326 BC between Alexander the Great and King Porus of the Paurava kingdom on the banks of the river Jhelum (known to the Greeks as Hydaspes) in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent (modern-day Punjab, Pakistan). The battle resulted in a complete Greek victory[a] and the annexation of Punjab, which lay beyond the far easternmost confines of the already absorbed Persian Empire, into the Macedonian Empire.\n" ]	[ "Alexander the Great", "King Porus of the Paurava kingdom" ]
-1374018011000930605	Sands Hotel and Casino	Sands hotel and casino - wikipedia Sands hotel and casino Jump to : navigation , search `` Sands Casino '' redirects here . For other uses , see Sands Casino ( disambiguation ) . `` The Sands '' redirects here . For other uses , see Sands ( disambiguation ) . Sands Hotel and Casino Sands Hotel and Casino in 1959 Location Paradise , Nevada Address 3355 Las Vegas Boulevard South Opening date December 15 , 1952 Closing date June 30 , 1996 ; 21 years ago ( June 30 , 1996 ) Theme Desert No. of rooms 715 Signature attractions Copa Room Casino type Land - based Owner 1967 - 1981 Howard Hughes 1981 - 1983 Inns of Americas 1983 - 1988 Summa Corp . 1988 - 1989 MGM Grand , Inc . 1989 - 1996 Las Vegas Sands Architect Wayne McAllister Renovated in 1965 , 1978 Coordinates 36 ° 07 ′ 17 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 08 '' W / 36.12139 ° N 115.16889 ° W / 36.12139 ; - 115.16889 Coordinates : 36 ° 07 ′ 17 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 08 '' W / 36.12139 ° N 115.16889 ° W / 36.12139 ; - 115.16889 The Sands Hotel and Casino was a historic hotel and casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Nevada , United States , that operated from 1952 to 1996 . Designed by the architect Wayne McAllister , with a prominent 56 - foot ( 17 m ) high sign , the Sands was the seventh resort to open on the Strip . During its heyday , the Sands was the center of entertainment and `` cool '' on the Strip , and hosted many famous entertainers of the day , most notably the Rat Pack . The hotel was established in 1952 by Texan oil tycoon Jake Freedman , who bought up the LaRue Restaurant , which had opened two years earlier . The hotel was opened on December 15 , 1952 as a casino with 200 rooms , and was established less than three months after the opening of another notable landmark , Sahara Hotel and Casino . The hotel rooms were divided into four two - story motel wings , each with fifty rooms , and named after famous race tracks . The opening was widely publicized , and every guest was given a Chamois bag with silver dollars . Crime bosses such as Meyer Lansky and Frank Costello acquired shares in the hotel and attracted Frank Sinatra , who made his performing debut at Sands in October 1953 . Sinatra later bought a share in the hotel himself . Sinatra and Sammy Davis , Jr. were instrumental throughout the late 1950s and early 1960s in bringing a change in racial policy in Sands , and after an incident in 1961 , it began employing blacks . In 1960 the classic caper film Ocean 's 11 was shot at the hotel , and it subsequently attained iconic status , with regular performances by Sinatra , Dean Martin , Sammy Davis Jr. , Red Skelton and others , who performed regularly in the hotel 's world - renowned Copa Room . Much of the musical success of the Copa Room is credited to the room 's band leader and musical conductor Antonio Morelli , whose house orchestra performed in the recording of hundreds of albums over the years . In the mid 1960s , Sands and its adjacent properties were bought by the reclusive businessman Howard Hughes , who built a 500 - room tower and modernized the hotel . After the 1970s it fell into decline until its final owner , Sheldon Adelson , made the decision to shut it down and to build a brand new resort . The last dice in the casino was rolled by Bob Stupak just after 6pm on June 30 , 1996 . On November 26 of that year , it was finally imploded and demolished , much to the dismay of longtime employees and sentimentalists . Today , The Venetian stands where the Sands once stood . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 The Rat Pack and racial policy 1.3 Later history 2 Architecture 2.1 Copa Room 2.2 Silver Queen Lounge 3 Footnotes 4 References 5 Sources 6 External links History ( edit ) Early History ( edit ) Danny Thomas performed at Sands on the opening night The LaRue Restaurant was established in December 1950 by Billy Wilkerson . The following year , oil tycoon Jake Freedman of Houston , Texas bought LaRue for $15,000 . Freedman 's idea was to build the best hotel and casino in Las Vegas to specifically cater to the glamorous Hollywood film stars and executives in a $600,000 project . Numerous sources state that organized crime figures Meyer Lansky , Frank Costello and Joseph `` Doc '' Stracher and illegal bookmakers like Mike Shapiro , Ed Levinson , and Sid Wyman were involved in the financing of Sands and had shares in it . Lansky and his mob assumed ownership of the Flamingo Hotel after the murder of Bugsy Siegel in 1947 , and Lansky and Costello also had business interests in the Thunderbird Hotel and El Cortez Club in Downtown Las Vegas . Advert for the opening in 1952 Construction began on Sands Hotel in early 1952 , built to a design by Wayne McAllister . Freedman had initially intended naming the hotel `` Holiday Inn '' after the film of the same name starring Bing Crosby , but after noticing that his socks became so full of sand decided to name it Sands . The tag line would be `` A Place in the Sun '' , named after a recently released film starring Montgomery Clift and Elizabeth Taylor , and quite suitable to the hot desert location of Las Vegas . The hotel was opened on December 15 , 1952 as a casino with 200 rooms , and was established less than three months after the opening of another prominent landmark , Sahara Hotel and Casino . The opening was widely publicized , and the hotel was visited by some 12,000 people within a few hours . At the inauguration were 146 journalists and special guests such as Arlene Dahl , Fernando Lamas , Esther Williams , and Terry Moore . Every guest was given a Chamois bag with silver dollars , and Sands ended up losing $200,000 within the first eight hours . Danny Thomas , Jimmy McHugh and the Copa Girls , labelled `` the most beautiful girls in the world '' , performed in the Copa Room on opening night , and Ray Sinatra and his Orchestra were the initial house band . Thomas was hired to perform for the first two weeks , but strained his voice on the second night and developed laryngitis , and was replaced with performers such as Jimmy Durante , Frankie Laine , Jane Powell , the Ritz Brothers , and Ray Anthony . Jack Entratter , who was formerly in charge of the New York nightclub , the Copacabana , became the hotel 's manager . Entratter made many show business friends during his time at the nightclub ; he was able to use these connections to sign performers for the Sands Copa Room . Entratter was also able to offer entertainers an additional incentive to perform at the Sands . Headlining stars received `` points '' , or a percentage of ownership in the hotel and casino . Entratter 's personally selected `` Copa Girls '' wore $12,000 worth of costumes on the hotel 's opening night ; this surpassed the salary of the Copa Room 's star , Danny Thomas . In the early years , Freedman and his wife Carolyn were one of its attractions , wearing `` matching white , leather outfits , replete with identical cowboy boots and hats '' . Freedman offered Carolyn 's father Nathan a 5 % stake in Sands but he declined the offer . The Rat Pack and racial policy ( edit ) The Rat Pack with Jack Entratter in 1960 Lansky and Costello brought the Sands to Frank Sinatra 's attention , and he began staying at the hotel and gambling there during breaks from Hollywood , though some sources state that he was not a hardcore gambler . Sinatra earned a notoriety for `` keeping his winnings and ignoring his gambling losses '' , but the mobsters running the hotel were not too concerned because Sinatra was great for business . He made his debut performing at the hotel on October 4 , 1953 , after an invitation by the manager Jack Entratter . Sinatra typically played at Sands three times a year , sometimes a two - week stint , which `` brought in the big rollers , a lot of oil money from Texas '' . The big rollers left Vegas when Sinatra did , and other performers were reluctant to perform after him , feeling intimidated . Entratter replaced Freedman as the president of the Sands Hotel following his death from heart surgery on January 20 , 1958 . Freedman 's last wife Sadie subsequently lived in a suite in the Belmont Park wing into the mid 1960s until her death . Sinatra , who had attempted to buy a share in the hotel soon after first visiting in 1953 , but was denied by the Nevada Tax Commission , was now granted permission to buy a share in the hotel , due to his phenomenal impact upon business in Las Vegas . His share , variously described as from 2 to 9 % , aided Freedman 's wife in paying off her husband 's gambling debts . In 1955 , limited integration came to heavily segregated Las Vegas when the Sands first allowed Nat King Cole to stay at the hotel and perform . Sinatra noticed that he never saw Cole in the dining room , always eating his meals in solitude in his dressing room . When he asked his valet George to find out why , he learned that `` Coloreds are n't allowed in the dining room at the Sands '' . Sinatra subsequently saw to it that if blacks were not permitted to eat their meals in the dining room with everybody else he would see to it that all of the waiters and waitresses were fired , and invited Cole to dine with him the following evening . Cole was allowed permission into the casino , as was another black performer , Harry Belafonte , who took a more aggressive approach by walking into the casino on his own accord and sitting at a blackjack table , which was not challenged by the bosses . Belafonte became the `` first black man to play cards on the Las Vegas Strip '' . Sammy Davis , Jr. was instrumental in bringing about a general change in policy . When the Will Mastin Trio began performing at Sands in 1958 , Davis informed Entratter that his father and uncle must be allowed permission to stay at Sands while he was performing there . Entratter granted them permission but continued his objection to admitting other black guests . In 1961 , an African - American couple entered the lobby of the hotel and were blocked by the security guard , witnessed by Sinatra and Davis . Sinatra told the guards that they were his guests and let them into the hotel . Sinatra subsequently swore profusely down the phone to Sands executive Carl Cohen at how ridiculous the situation was , and the following day , Davis approached Entratter and demanded that Sands begin employing blacks . Shortly afterwards the hotel changed its policy and it began hiring black waiters and busboys , and began permitting blacks entry into the casino . In the late 1950s , Senator John F. Kennedy was occasionally a guest of Sinatra at the Sands . Arguably the hotel 's biggest claim to fame was a three - week period in 1960 during the filming of Ocean 's 11 , after which it attained iconic status . During that time , the movie 's stars Sinatra , Dean Martin , Davis , Joey Bishop and Peter Lawford performed on stage together in the Copa Room . The performances were called the `` Summit at the Sands '' and this is considered to be the birth of the Rat Pack . Later History ( edit ) Lillian Briggs performing at the Sands in 1956 When Howard Hughes purchased the hotel in the mid-1960s for $14.6 million , the architect Martin Stern , Jr. added a 500 - room circular tower , which opened in 1967 , and the hotel became a Las Vegas landmark . Hughes grew particularly annoyed every time the Rat Pack were in his hotel , due to a hatred of Frank Sinatra which stemmed from the fact that he had been in love with Ava Gardner in the 50s and she had run off to marry him . The ill feeling was reciprocated by Sinatra . Hughes plotted to oust Sinatra from the Sands for good , and asked Robert Maheu to draw up a plan shortly after the new hotel opened in 1967 . The hotel imposed restrictions on what Sinatra could gamble in the casino , to just $3,000 a night . Under previous management , Sinatra had no limits on the amount of credit extended to him by the Sands casino . His IOUs , chits or `` markers '' were torn up at the end of Sinatra 's engagements because he was considered to be good for business - bringing the hotel more monetary value than the worth of his gambling losses . Hughes put a stop to this system , telling Jack Entratter to inform Sinatra of the new policy ; Entratter did not do so because he was afraid . Fuming , Sinatra began what The Los Angeles Times describes as a `` weekend - long tirade '' against the `` hotel 's management , employees and security forces '' . The FBI report says the incident began when Mia Farrow lost US $20,000 at the Sands casino . Sinatra bought US $50,000 in chips and made an attempt to win the money back . He lost this sum within a short period of time . Sinatra then asked for credit , which was denied . It culminated when Sinatra reportedly drove a golf cart through the window of the coffee shop where casino manager Carl Cohen was seated and began `` screaming obscenities and anti-Semitic remarks '' at Cohen . Sinatra reportedly punched Cohen , a heavily built man , who responded with a smack in the mouth , bloodying Sinatra 's nose and knocking two of his teeth out . As a result , Sinatra never performed at the Sands again while Hughes owned it , and began performing at Caesars Palace . A number of the staff were not disappointed to see Sinatra leave the Sands . Numerous employees had been humiliated or intimidated over the years , including a busboy Sinatra tripped while he was carrying a tray with dishes . After Sinatra left , the mobsters pulled out of the Sands and gradually left Vegas in the 1970s . In the 1970s it became associated with the likes of Wayne Newton and Liberace . At this time some 30 % of the performers at Sands were Italian Americans . Frank Gagliardi became the drummer for the house orchestra in 1964 , starting a twelve - year tenure . Sands in the late 1960s In 1968 , Hughes stated that he intended to expand Sands into a 4,000 - room resort , but his plans did not materialize . In 1983 , Hughes ' company , the Summa Corporation , sold the Sands to the Pratt Corporation , but subsequently bought it back as they were unable to make a profit . MGM Grand , Inc. bought the hotel along with the neighboring Desert Inn in 1988 for a total of $167 million , and the property became known as the MGM Sands . The next year , MGM sold it for $110 million to Las Vegas Sands , a new company formed by the owners of The Interface Group , including Sheldon Adelson , Richard Katzeff , Ted Cutler , Irwin Chafetz and Jordan Shapiro . The same year , it was licensed by the Nevada Gaming Commission , and Adelson became a casino magnate . In the early 1990s , Adelson built the Sands Expo , a 1,000,000 square feet ( 93,000 m ) convention centre . In its final years , the Sands became a shadow of its former self -- a throwback to the old days - and it ultimately could not compete with the newer and more exciting megaresorts that were being built on the Strip . A 1990s travel guide though stated that the hotel gardens and pool area still retained the ambiance of the classic Sands days . The decision was eventually made by its final owner , Sheldon Adelson , to shut it down and to build a brand new resort . The last dice in the casino was rolled by Bob Stupak just after 6pm on June 30 , 1996 . On November 26 , 1996 , it was imploded and demolished , much to the dismay of longtime employees and sentimentalists . Footage of the demolition also appeared in the closing credits of The Cooler . The climactic plane crash in 1997 's Con Air ended with the aircraft crashing into the soon - to - be-demolished Sands ' lobby . On May 3 , 1999 , the new $1.5 billion megaresort The Venetian opened where the Sands had formerly been , a 35 - story hotel with 3,036 rooms , covering an area of 17,000,000 square feet ( 1,600,000 m ) . It became the largest AAA Five - Diamond landmark in North America . Architecture ( edit ) Sands Hotel and Casino in the early 1960s Wayne McAllister designed the original $5.5 million Sands Hotel , an exotic - looking terracotta red - painted modern hotel with a prominent porte cochere at the front , surrounded by a zig - zag wall ornamented with tiled planters . The hotel is arguably most associated with its 56 feet ( 17 m ) high sign , made iconic with photographs of the Rat Pack standing underneath it . The name `` Sands '' , written in elegant italics , featured a 36 feet ( 11 m ) high letter `` S '' , and the name was sprawled across an egg crate grill , cantilevered from a pillar . The sign was receptive to the light and shadow of the desert , and during night time it was lit up , glowing neon red . It was the tallest sign on the strip for a number of years . Beneath `` Sands '' was the tagline `` A Place in the Sun '' , written in smaller capital letters . Below that was the billing of the names of the performers appearing at Sands , very often photographed displaying names such as Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin , Jerry Lewis , Sammy Davis , Jr. and Red Skelton in the late 1950s and early 1960s . Author Alan Hess wrote that the `` sleek Modernism of the Sands leaped past the Flamingo to set a higher standard of sophistication for Las Vegas . For the first time , the sign was an integral part of the architectural design '' . The Aqueduct building in 1963 The porte - cochère of the hotel featured three great sharp - edged pillars jutting out in front of the glass - fronted building , angling down into the ground , which resembled fins . The two - story glass walled entry was bordered by a wall of imported Italian marble , and above the entrance area was a horizontal plane with copper lights suspended from the beams . Rather than being polished , the marble was unusual in that it was rough and grained . Natural and stained cork was used throughout the building . A.J. Leibling of The New Yorker described the hotel in 1953 : `` The main building of the Sands is a great rectangular hall , with the reception desk in one corner , slot machines along one long wall and a bar and cocktail lounge , complete with Latin trio , along the opposite wall . In the middle is a jumble of roulette and craps tables and 21 layouts . '' The casino , of substantial size , was accessed by three sets of terrazzo stairs , and was lit by low - hanging chandeliers . The bar featured bas - reliefs with a Western theme , including cowboys , racing wagons and Joshua trees , designed by Allan Stewart of Claremont College , California . The Garden Room restaurant overlooked the hotel 's pool and landscaped grounds . The 200 guest rooms of the original hotel were divided into four two - story motel wings , each with fifty rooms , and named after famous race tracks . They were set out in a hacienda style , and surrounded by a half - moon shaped pool . The suites were luxuriously designed . Plush blue carpets and ivory colored chairs with white ceilings were the norm in the early days . An electric tram service , often attended by pretty showgirls , took the guests to their rooms . A 14 - story tower commenced construction in late 1965 , and was opened in 1967 . It existed until November 1996 when it was demolished . The steam room of the hotel was a place of relaxation and good jest . It became a great place for socializing between the stars after 5 pm , including the Rat Pack , and Jerry Lewis , Steve Lawrence and Don Rickles . On one occasion they were having problems with the TV in the massage room , which was blurry and out of focus . Sinatra yelled `` Move back , move back '' , and the television was thrown into the pool . Manager Entratter permitted such activities , knowing that if he scolded Sinatra and asked him to pay damages he would not perform at Sands again . Copa Room ( edit ) Sands Copa Room stars : Top from left : Judy Garland , Lena Horne , Jimmy Durante . Middle from left : Marlene Dietrich , Tallulah Bankhead , Bobby Darin . Middle from left : Ethel Merman , Louis Armstrong , Nat King Cole . Bottom from left : Jerry Lewis , Red Skelton , Jerry Lee Lewis The Copa Room was the showroom of Sands , named after the famed Copacabana Club in New York City . It contained 385 seats , designed in a Brazilian carnival style . Some of the more famed singers like Sinatra , Martin and Davis , Jr. had to sign contracts to ensure that they headline for a given number of weeks a year . Performers were extremely well paid for the period . It was common for some of them to be paid $25,000 per week , playing two shows a night , six days a week , and once on a Sunday for two to three weeks . The Copa Room The greatest names in the entertainment industry graced the stage of the Copa Room . Notable performers included Judy Garland , Lena Horne ( one of the first black performers at the hotel , billed as `` The Satin Doll '' ) , Jimmy Durante , Dean Martin , Pat Cooper , Shirley MacLaine , Marlene Dietrich , Tallulah Bankhead , Shecky Greene , Martin and Lewis , Danny Thomas , Bobby Darin , Ethel Merman , Rich Little , Louis Armstrong , Jerry Lee Lewis , Nat King Cole , Robert Merrill , Wayne Newton , Red Skelton , and `` The Copa Girls '' . Hollywood celebrities such as Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall , Elizabeth Taylor , Yul Brynner , Kirk Douglas , Lucille Ball and Rosalind Russell were often photographed enjoying the headline acts . A number of notable albums were recorded in the Copa Room . Among them are Dean Martin 's Live At The Sands - An Evening of Music , Laughter and Hard Liquor , Frank Sinatra 's Sinatra at the Sands , and Sammy Davis , Jr. 's The Sounds of ' 66 and That 's All ! . The Rat Pack : Live at the Sands , a CD released in 2001 , features Martin , Sinatra and Davis in a live performance at the hotel recorded in September 1963 . Live at the Sands is an album featuring Mary Wilson , formerly of The Supremes . Morrissey 's B - side track , `` At Amber '' ( 1990 ) , takes place at the Sands Hotel , and recounts its by - then aging and somewhat seedy atmosphere . Much of the musical success of the Copa Room is credited to the room 's band leader and musical conductor Antonio Morelli . Morelli not only acted as the band leader and musical conductor for the Copa Room during the Hotel 's Rat Pack heyday in the 1950s and 1960s , but he also played that role on hundreds of recorded albums by those same entertainers who graced the stage of the Copa . Often the festivities would carry over after hours to Morrelli 's home in Las Vegas , nicknamed `` The Morelli House '' , which was eventually relocated and sanctioned an historical landmark by the State of Nevada . Silver Queen lounge ( edit ) The Silver Queen Lounge was another performing venue at Sands , with nightly acts starting at 5 : 00 pm and running until 6 : 00 am . It was particularly popular with the emerging rock ' n ' roll crowd . The Sands is where Freddie Bell and the Bell Boys performed the rock ' n ' roll - song `` Hound Dog '' , seen by Elvis Presley . After Presley saw that performance at The Sands , he decided to record the song himself , and it became a hit for him . Roberta Linn and the Melodaires and Gene Vincent were also regular performers . Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Michael ( Mike ) Shapiro was a Los Angeles bookmaker . He had been associated with Hymie Miller and Sam Boss in a bookmaking establishment called `` Western Commissions '' on Washington Boulevard in Los Angeles . In 1952 he was a co-owner of record of the Sands hotel , as were Eddie Levinson , Eddie Torres , Hyman Abrams , Chicago racketeer Malcolm Clarke , St. Louis bookie Sid Wyman and Louis Lederer . In 1956 he was one of the gambling licencees for the Fremont Hotel in downtown Las Vegas with a 6 % ( $150,000 ) stake . Jump up ^ Under Entratter 's `` points '' system , entertainers earned more of a percentage in the Sands by frequent performing appearances at the hotel . The more frequently someone performed there , the more his or her `` points '' would increase . Over time , Sinatra 's appearances brought his share of the venue up to 9 % . Sinatra was ordered to sell his interest in the Sands in 1963 , due to his association with Sam Giancana . Jump up ^ Sinatra came to his September 1967 engagement 1967 at the Sands with the expectation that new owner Howard Hughes would relieve him of his ownership in the Cal Neva Lodge & Casino in Lake Tahoe . Sinatra had long wanted to sell his interest in the property and reasoned that since he was an asset to the Sands ' business , Hughes would buy his Cal - Neva shares in the interest of keeping the star happy . Hughes declined to buy Sinatra 's shares and would not acknowledge Sinatra 's phone calls . An angry Sinatra left the hotel for his Palm Springs home and the Sands had no headlining star for its Labor Day weekend . Jack Entratter was able to get Sammy Davis , Jr. , Della Reese , Nancy Ames and other entertainers to fill in for the missing Sinatra . Sinatra returned to the Sands after the Labor Day weekend and promptly asked for US $1,000 credit , which was denied on orders of Hughes . At the time of the golf cart incident , Sinatra was aware that the practice of the Sands extending him credit had ended . After Sinatra signed a contract with Caesar 's Palace , it was announced that Caesar 's Palace had purchased the Sinatra Cal - Neva shares . Jump up ^ Frank Sinatra was not the first Rat Pack member to leave the Sands ; Dean Martin signed a contract with The Riviera shortly after Hughes became the Sands ' owner . Jump up ^ Sinatra also destroyed the Sands penthouse apartment he was staying in during his engagement there . Jump up ^ Entertainer Paul Anka , who is also the author of Sinatra 's `` signature song '' , My Way , was at the Sands at the time and witnessed the incident . His account describes Sinatra as having had too much to drink when he drove the golf cart into the plate glass window of the Sands ; Sinatra 's wife , Mia Farrow , was his passenger . Sinatra then tried to set fire to sofas and curtains in the hotel 's lobby , but was not successful at starting a fire . When he was denied credit to continue gambling , Sinatra climbed onto a gaming table and declared that he would tear the hotel down to sand when he was done . Since this was taking place at around 1 : 30 am local time , casino manager Carl Cohen was awakened . Cohen went to the hotel 's coffee shop where he hoped to reason with Sinatra . Sinatra became angry during Cohen 's explanation and upset the table where Cohen was seated . Cohen was scalded with hot coffee and it was then that he punched Sinatra in the mouth . Jump up ^ Many newspapers printed editorials supportive of Carl Cohen 's actions . The New Hampshire newspaper , The Portsmouth Herald ran an editorial entitled `` Carl Cohen for President ? '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Sands Hotel '' . Onlinenevada.org . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Goertler , Pam ( Fall 2007 ) . `` The Las Vegas Strip : The Early Years '' ( PDF ) . Casino Chip and Token News . p. 33 -- 37 . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McCracken 1997 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Papa 2009 , p. 73 . ^ Jump up to : Fry 2011 , p. 39 . ^ Jump up to : Jones 1995 , p. 25 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis & Davis 1979 , p. 170 . ^ Jump up to : Randlett 1999 , p. 191 . Jump up ^ Investigation of organized crime in interstate commerce . Hearings before a Special Committee to Investigate Organized Crime in Interstate Commerce , United States Senate , Eighty - first Congress , second session , 1950 -- 1951 , retrieved December 19 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Fremont Hotel & Casino '' , Over50Vegas , retrieved December 19 , 2015 Jump up ^ Sheehan 1997 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ McCracken 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . December 27 , 1952 . p. 3 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . ^ Jump up to : Weatherford , Mike ( February 7 , 1999 ) . `` Frank Sinatra '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jack Entratter and the Copa Girls '' . University of Nevada . Las Vegas . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roggen 2001 , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Consiglio & Douskey 2011 , p. 136 . Jump up ^ Roman 2011 , p. 147 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke 2004 , p. 189 . ^ Jump up to : Consiglio & Douskey 2011 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ `` Sands ' Summit ' at Nevada State Museum concludes ' Copa Connection ' series '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . October 23 , 2014 . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sinatra Hit in Mouth in Vegas Melee '' . The Times ( San Mateo , California ) . September 12 , 1967 . p. 8 . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Roman 2011 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Roman 2011 , pp. 111 -- 12 . ^ Jump up to : Land & Land 2004 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Scott , Cathy ( November 26 , 1996 ) . `` Rat Pack made Sands ' the place ' '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nichols 2007 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Sheridan 2011 , p. 52 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sinatra Enraged '' . Ukiah Daily Journal . September 12 , 1967 . p. 5 . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Snyder , Jimmy `` the Greek '' ( July 3 , 1975 ) . `` Jimmy Despises Casino Gambling '' . San Antonio Express . p. 8 . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Shearer . Lloyd ( October 15 , 1967 ) . `` How to Keep Stars Happy '' . Parade Magazine . p. 9 . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Laytner , Ron ( January 26 , 1972 ) . `` Howard Hughes Likes to Play Secret Agent '' . El Paso Herald - Post . p. 13 . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ `` Ex-Casino Executive Carl Cohen ; Noted for Punching Frank Sinatra '' . The Los Angeles Times . December 30 , 1986 . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Frank Sinatra Part 11 '' . Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) . p. 1 . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sheridan 2011 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ `` Enraged Sinatra Dumped '' . Ukiah Daily Journal . September 12 , 1967 . p. 1 . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . ^ Jump up to : Anka & Dalton 2013 , pp. 168 -- 171 . Jump up ^ Sheridan 2011 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ `` Carl Cohen for Prrsident ? '' . The Portsmouth Herald . September 13 , 1967 . p. 4 . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Bakken 2010 , p. 364 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . July 2 , 2005 . p. 29 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Balboni & Edwards 2006 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` Tracinda unit completes buy '' . Wall Street Journal . February 3 , 1988 . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` MGM Grand posts loss of $955,000 '' . Daily Breeze . Torrance , CA . AP . November 4 , 1988 -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ `` L.A. briefly - developments '' . Los Angeles Daily News . May 20 , 1989 -- via NewsBank . Jump up ^ `` MGM Grand 's sale of Sands '' . Wall Street Journal . May 1 , 1989 . -- via Factiva ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Thompson 2015 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ Fodor 's 1995 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Block 2011 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Hawks & Higgins 2009 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Rose 1996 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Humble & Baldwin 2007 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Hess 1993 , p. 51 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gala Sands Opening Tonight '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCracken 1997 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ `` Sands Tram ( photograph ) '' . Westvegas.com . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McCracken 1997 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Raymond 2015 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Fishgall 2010 , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Sheehan 1992 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Gavin 2009 , p. 242 . Jump up ^ Bakish 1994 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Vermilye 1992 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Gubler 2008 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Sheldon 2005 , p. 341 . Jump up ^ Starr 2011 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . December 26 , 1974 . p. 2 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Willems 2006 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Jet . Johnson Publishing Company . October 28 , 1954 . p. 32 . ISSN 0021 - 5996 . Jump up ^ Newton & Maurice 1991 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Gehring 2008 , p. 300 . Jump up ^ `` Rat Pack reveled in Vegas ; revered by the world '' . Las Vegas Sun . May 15 , 2008 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fishgall 2010 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Holden 2015 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ `` The Rat Pack : Live at the Sands '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie 2009 , p. 417 . Jump up ^ James 2009 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Goya , Lynn In a League of Their Own , Nevada Magazine . March 2009 Jump up ^ Schwartz 2013 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Farren 2004 , p. 56 . Sources ( edit ) Anka , Paul ; Dalton , David ( 2013 ) . My Way : An Autobiography . Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 2500 - 3520 - 2 . Bakish , David ( December 1 , 1994 ) . Jimmy Durante : His Show Business Career , with an Annotated Filmography and Discography . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3022 - 2 . Bakken , Gordon Morris ( October 4 , 2010 ) . The World of the American West . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 93160 - 4 . Balboni , Alan Richard ; Edwards , Jerome E. ( 2006 ) . Beyond the Mafia : Italian Americans and the Development of Las Vegas . University of Nevada Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87417 - 681 - 0 . Block , Marcelline ( 2011 ) . World Film Locations : Las Vegas . Intellect Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84150 - 588 - 6 . Clarke , Norm ( January 8 , 2004 ) . Vegas Confidential : Norm Clarke ! Sin City 's Ace Insider 1,000 Naked Truths . Stephens Press , LLC . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932173 - 26 - 0 . Consiglio , Tony ; Douskey , Franz ( October 20 , 2011 ) . Sinatra and Me : The Very Good Years . Tantor eBooks . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61803 - 025 - 2 . Farren , Mick ( 2004 ) . Gene Vincent : There 's One in Every Town . Do - Not Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904316 - 37 - 4 . Fishgall , Gary ( June 15 , 2010 ) . Gonna Do Great Things : The Life of Sammy Davis , Jr . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 3157 - 2 . Fodor 's ( February 28 , 1995 ) . Las Vegas , Reno , Tahoe ' 95 : With Gambling Tips and Trips to Lake Mead and the Mountains . Fodor 's Travel Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 02730 - 0 . Fry , Colin ( November 25 , 2011 ) . The Krays - The Final Countdown : The Ultimate Biography Of Ron , Reg And Charlie Kray . Mainstream Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78057 - 396 - 0 . Gavin , James ( June 23 , 2009 ) . Stormy Weather : The Life of Lena Horne . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 6425 - 9 . Gehring , Wes ( 2008 ) . Red Skelton : The Mask Behind the Mask . Indiana Historical Society . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87195 - 275 - 2 . Gubler , Fritz ( 2008 ) . Waldorf Hysteria : Hotel Manners , Misbehaviour & Minibars . Great , Grand & Famous Hotels . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9804667 - 1 - 3 . Hawks , John ; Higgins , Tom ( February 3 , 2009 ) . The Complete Idiot 's Guide to Las Vegas . DK Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4406 - 8519 - 4 . Hess , Alan ( July 1 , 1993 ) . Viva Las Vegas : After - Hours Architecture . Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 0111 - 9 . Holden , Wendy ( June 23 , 2015 ) . The Beat of My Own Drum : A Memoir . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4767 - 1496 - 7 . Humble , John Kenneth ; Baldwin , Gordon ( 2007 ) . A Place in the Sun : Photographs of Los Angeles . Getty Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89236 - 881 - 5 . James , Ronald Michael ( 2009 ) . Nevada 's Historic Buildings : A Cultural Legacy . University of Nevada Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87417 - 798 - 5 . Jones , Delilah ( 1995 ) . Viva Las Vegas : Nightclub Greats . Friedman / Fairfax Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56799 - 233 - 5 . Land , Barbara ; Land , Myrick ( 2004 ) . A Short History of Las Vegas . University of Nevada Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87417 - 564 - 6 . Lewis , Georgia ; Davis , Nell ( 1979 ) . Las Vegas ... the way it was : diary of a pioneer Las Vegas woman . Las Vegas Sun . MacKenzie , Alex ( 2009 ) . The Life and Times of the Motown Stars . Together Publications LLP . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84226 - 014 - 2 . McCracken , Robert D. ( 1997 ) . Las Vegas : The Great American Playground . University of Nevada Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87417 - 301 - 7 . Newton , Wayne ; Maurice , Dick ( June 1 , 1991 ) . Once Before I Go . Avon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 380 - 71405 - 6 . Nichols , Chris ( January 2007 ) . The Leisure Architecture of Wayne McAllister . Gibbs Smith . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58685 - 699 - 1 . Papa , Paul W. ( October 1 , 2009 ) . It Happened in Las Vegas : Remarkable Events that Shaped History . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7627 - 5819 - 7 . Randlett , Victoria Schurz ( 1999 ) , Atomic Oasis : Las Vegas in Its Golden Age , 1946 - 1958 , University of California , Berkeley , retrieved December 19 , 2015 Raymond , Emilie ( June 1 , 2015 ) . Stars for Freedom : Hollywood , Black Celebrities , and the Civil Rights Movement . University of Washington Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 80607 - 5 . Roggen , Ted ( November 1 , 2001 ) . Press Releases . iUniverse . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 20359 - 8 . Roman , James ( October 1 , 2011 ) . Chronicles of Old Las Vegas : Exposing Sin City 's High - Stakes History . Museyon . ISBN 978 - 1 - 938450 - 02 - 0 . Rose , Frank ( 1996 ) . The Agency : William Morris and the Hidden History of Show Business . Frank Rose . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88730 - 807 - 9 . Schwartz , David G. ( August 21 , 2013 ) . Suburban Xanadu : The Casino Resort on the Las Vegas Strip and Beyond . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 75741 - 9 . Sheehan , Jack ( January 1 , 1992 ) . Las Vegas , southern Nevada : hometown living Las Vegas style : Las Vegas stories . Pioneer Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 881547 - 15 - 0 . Sheehan , Jack ( 1997 ) . The Players : The Men who Made Las Vegas . University of Nevada Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87417 - 306 - 2 . Sheldon , Sidney ( 2005 ) . The Other Side of Me . HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 716517 - 9 . Sheridan , John Harris ( September 6 , 2011 ) . Howard Hughes : The Las Vegas Years : The Women , the Mormons , the Mafia . AuthorHouse . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4634 - 0693 - 6 . Starr , Michael Seth ( March 2011 ) . Bobby Darin : A Life . Taylor Trade Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58979 - 598 - 3 . Thompson , William N. ( February 28 , 2015 ) . Gambling in America : An Encyclopedia of History , Issues , and Society . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61069 - 980 - 8 . Vermilye , Jerry ( 1992 ) . The Complete Films of Marlene Dietrich . Carol Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8065 - 1354 - 6 . Willems , Jos ( April 30 , 2006 ) . All of Me : The Complete Discography of Louis Armstrong . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4616 - 5622 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Sands Hotel and Casino at Wikimedia Commons History of Sands Hotel , Classiclasvegas.squarespace.com 1967 Tower architect Martin Stern , Jr. at gaming.unlv.edu Video of 1996 tower implosion Las Vegas area casinos Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Casino Royale Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Cromwell Encore Excalibur Flamingo Harrah 's The Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay MGM Grand Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood Slots - A-Fun SLS Treasure Island Tropicana Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Arizona Charlie 's Boulder Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Railroad Pass Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Gate Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D Resort corridor ( surrounds The Strip ) Aztec Inn Ellis Island Gold Coast Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Rio Silver Sevens Stratosphere Tuscany Westgate Wild Wild West Other areas Airport Slots Aliante Arizona Charlie 's Decatur Cannery Eldorado Fiesta Henderson Fiesta Rancho Green Valley Ranch Jerry 's Nugget Jokers Wild Klondike Sunset Lucky Club MonteLago Opera House Poker Palace Rampart Red Rock Santa Fe Station Silver Nugget Silverton Skyline South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Texas Station Proposed Casinos never opened Fontainebleau Grand Central Hotel Las Vegas Plaza Resorts World Las Vegas Former Aladdin Bill 's Boardwalk Bourbon Street California Club Castaways ( Las Vegas Strip ) Castaways ( Boulder Strip ) Clarion Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho Casino El Rancho Vegas Gold Spike Frontier Hacienda Holy Cow Imperial Palace Key Largo Klondike La Bayou Landmark Las Vegas Club Marina Hotel Mermaids Mint Moulin Rouge Northern Club Pioneer Club Riviera Sands Sahara Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Vacation Village Vegas World The Western Westin Westward Ho Las Vegas area hotels Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Casino Royale Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Cromwell Delano Encore Excalibur Flamingo Four Seasons Harrah 's The Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay Mandarin Oriental MGM Grand Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood SLS Signature Treasure Island Tropicana Trump Vdara Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Arizona Charlie 's Boulder Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Railroad Pass Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Gate Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Artisan Aztec Inn Gold Coast Grand Chateau Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Platinum Rio Rumor Silver Sevens Stratosphere Tuscany Westgate Westin Wild Wild West Other areas Aliante Arizona Charlie 's Decatur Cannery Fiesta Henderson Fiesta Rancho Grandview Green Valley Ranch JW Marriott Lucky Club Red Rock Santa Fe Station Silverton Skyline South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Tahiti Village Texas Station Proposed Alon Las Vegas Charlie Palmer Hotel Crown Las Vegas Resorts World Las Vegas Fontainebleau Grand Central Hotel Las Vegas Plaza Former Aladdin Boardwalk Bourbon Street Castaways ( Las Vegas Strip ) Castaways ( Boulder Strip ) Clarion Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho Casino El Rancho Vegas Gold Spike Frontier Hacienda Harmon Key Largo Klondike La Concha Las Vegas Club Landmark Marina Hotel Mint Moulin Rouge Riviera Sands Silver Slipper Stardust Vacation Village Vegas World The Western Westward Ho Las Vegas area skyscrapers Las Vegas Strip Aria Bally 's Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Delano Elara Encore Excalibur Flamingo Harrah 's Hilton Linq Luxor Mandalay Bay Mandarin Oriental MGM Grand Mirage Monte Carlo New York - New York Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood Riviera Signature Sky SLS Treasure Island Tropicana Trump Vdara Veer Venetian Wynn Boulder Strip Boulder Station Eastside Cannery Sam 's Town Downtown Las Vegas Binion 's California Downtown Grand El Cortez Four Queens Fremont Golden Nugget Main Street Station Plaza The D The Ogden World Market Center Resort corridor ( surrounds the Strip ) Allure Grand Chateau Hard Rock Hooters Lucky Dragon Orleans Palace Station Palms Palms Place Panorama Rio Stratosphere Turnberry Place Turnberry Towers Westgate Westin Other Aliante JW Marriott Red Rock Santa Fe Station South Point Suncoast Sunset Station Texas Station Proposed Alon Las Vegas Dynasty Flatiron Fontainebleau Grand Central St. Regis Resorts World Las Vegas Unbuilt Ivana Las Vegas Las Ramblas Resort Las Vegas Plaza Majestic / Conrad The Merrill Sandhurst Las Vegas W Las Vegas Former Aladdin Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes Hacienda Las Vegas Club Harmon Landmark Sands Stardust Vegas World Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sands_Hotel_and_Casino&oldid=811022313 '' Categories : Casinos completed in 1952 Hotel buildings completed in 1952 Hotel buildings completed in 1967 1996 disestablishments in Nevada Defunct casinos in the Las Vegas Valley Defunct hotels in the Las Vegas Valley Skyscraper hotels in Paradise , Nevada Demolished hotels in Clark County , Nevada Las Vegas Strip Resorts in the Las Vegas Valley Hotels established in 1952 1952 establishments in Nevada Casino hotels Hidden categories : Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Good articles Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 19 November 2017 , at 01 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the rat pack perform in vegas	[ "The Sands Hotel and Casino was a historic hotel and casino on the Las Vegas Strip in Nevada, United States, that operated from 1952 to 1996. Designed by the architect Wayne McAllister, with a prominent 56-foot (17 m) high sign, the Sands was the seventh resort to open on the Strip. During its heyday, the Sands was the center of entertainment and \"cool\" on the Strip, and hosted many famous entertainers of the day, most notably the Rat Pack." ]	[ "The Sands Hotel and Casino" ]
-3812532261253719454	That's How You Know (Disney song)	That 's How You Know ( Disney song ) - wikipedia That 's How You Know ( Disney song ) `` That 's How You Know '' Song by Amy Adams from the album Enchanted Released November 20 , 2007 Genre Popular music , pop , calypso Length 3 : 49 Label Walt Disney Songwriter ( s ) Alan Menken ( music ) Stephen Schwartz ( lyrics ) Producer ( s ) Alan Menken , Stephen Schwartz , Robbie Buchanan `` That 's How You Know '' is a musical number from the 2007 Disney film Enchanted , with music composed by Alan Menken and lyrics by Stephen Schwartz . It is performed by the film 's lead actress , Amy Adams , and features the vocals of Marlon Saunders and other singers in the background chorus . The song appears on the soundtrack of Enchanted , which was released on November 20 , 2007 in the United States . Like the film , the song was written as an homage to and a self - parody of past Disney works , specifically such big production numbers as `` Under the Sea '' from The Little Mermaid and `` Be Our Guest '' from Beauty and the Beast , both of which , not so coincidentally , also had music by Alan Menken . The song was nominated for Best Song at the 13th Critics ' Choice Awards , Best Original Song at the 65th Golden Globe Awards , and at the 80th Academy Awards in the Best Original Song category , in which two other songs from the film were also nominated . It was also nominated at the 51st Grammy Awards in the category of Best Song Written for Motion Picture , Television or Other Visual Media . Contents 1 Context 2 Chart performance 3 Cover versions 4 References 5 External links Context ( edit ) In the film , the song is performed by Giselle . During their walk through Central Park , Giselle questions Robert 's ( Patrick Dempsey ) view on love after finding out that he has been with his girlfriend , Nancy ( Idina Menzel ) , for five years and has yet to propose to her . She spontaneously starts to sing in order to explain to him how he should show his affection for Nancy . As Giselle sings and dances through the park , she is joined by other people in the park including buskers , a steelband , elderly dancers , Bavarian dancers , and rollerbladers . They follow her to Bethesda Fountain , where they finish the song . In addition to the aforementioned Disney numbers , That 's How You Know is played out like big numbers from other musical films such as Thank You Very Much from Scrooge and Consider Yourself from Oliver ! ( the latter also featuring dances from various people including butchers and fishmongers before ending in a flashmob ) . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2008 ) Peak position US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 99 Cover versions ( edit ) Although the song is sung by Amy Adams in the film , Tony award - winning actress / singer Kristin Chenoweth , who co-starred in the Broadway musical Wicked with Idina Menzel ( `` Nancy Tremaine '' in Enchanted ) , performed an abbreviated version ( the second verse and refrain following that were omitted ) at the 80th Academy Awards ceremony with Saunders and the dancers from the film at the ceremony . Adams had performed earlier in the broadcast , singing `` Happy Working Song '' solo . American recording artist Demi Lovato covered the song from 2008 compilation Disneymania 6 . Lovato performed the song for the first time at the 2008 Disney Channel Games , but was never shown . However , it was included as a music video on Disneymania 6 . Lovato performed the song in various concert tours such as her `` Warm Up Tour '' and the Jonas Brothers ' `` Burnin ' Up Tour '' . Dannii Minogue covered the song for the Australian We Love Disney album , released in 2014 . Japanese boy band SOLIDEMO ( 1 ) covered the song for the Japanese album , Thank You Disney released October 25 , 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Buckley , Michael ( 2007 - 11 - 18 ) . `` STAGE TO SCREENS : Menken & Schwartz Are `` Enchanted '' ; Plus Bosco , Chenoweth , `` Hairspray '' `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 08 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Amy Adams Chart History ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2008 - 4 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Amy Adams Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar presenters and performers announced '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2008 - 02 - 15 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Amazon.com : Disneymania , Vol. 6 : Various Artists : Music External links ( edit ) Official video on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Enchanted Music `` True Love 's Kiss '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' Video games Enchanted Related List of Disney references in Enchanted Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=That%27s_How_You_Know_(Disney_song)&oldid=848629751 '' Categories : 2007 songs Songs from Enchanted ( film ) Songs with music by Alan Menken Songs written by Stephen Schwartz ( composer ) Walt Disney Records singles Dannii Minogue songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Billboardbubbling100 Singlechart usages for Canada Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Português Slovenščina Suomi Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 3 July 2018 , at 06 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how do you know she loves you song	[]	[]
-7249244489996369859	Unequal Childhoods	Unequal Childhoods - wikipedia Unequal Childhoods Jump to : navigation , search Unequal Childhoods : Class , Race , and Family Life First Edition Cover Author Annette Lareau Country United States Language English Subject Sociology ; American Studies ; Ethnic Studies Genre non-fiction Publisher University of California Press Publication date September 2003 Pages 343 ISBN 0 - 520 - 23950 - 4 OCLC 315483187 Dewey Decimal 305.23 21 LC Class HQ767. 9 . L37 2003 Unequal Childhoods : Class , Race , and Family Life is a 2003 non-fiction book by an American Sociologist , Annette Lareau based upon a study of 88 African American , and white families ( of which only 12 were discussed ) to understand the impact of how social class makes a difference in family life , more specifically in children 's lives . The book argues that regardless of race , social economic class will determine how children cultivate skills they will use in the future . In the second edition , Lareau revisits the subjects from the original study a decade later in order to examine the impact of social class on the transition to adulthood . She covers the subjects ' awareness of their social class , high school experiences and the effect of organized activities as they went through their adolescent years . She emphasizes the use of concerted cultivation , and natural growth as tools parents in different social and economic classes use in order to raise their children and by continuing her research ten years later she is able to show how these methods of child rearing helped to cultivate the children into the adults they are today . After her initial fieldwork was completed , Lareau returned to the families featured in her book to examine the pathways each of their lives had followed and to determine if her original research conclusions that class influences educational and work outcomes held true . In most cases , they did . The majority of the poorer , working class participants had either dropped out of high school or not attended post-secondary institutions , or if they had , had not completed their courses . Many were working in jobs that did not require a college degree and had already been working full - time for several years , some had children and car payments to support . Some even gave money back to their parents as rent , for example , if they still lived at home . This made them appear older than the middle class participants who generally had less work experience , and the majority of whom had attended college after going through an extensive preparatory process of investigating various institutions and receiving much greater support and involvement of their parents in making their decision , both about the college to attend and the courses to take . The middle class youth were more likely to be in courses that would lead to professional type occupations like business , medicine and law . Lareau found her earlier conclusions remained true : social class and parenting approaches significantly impacted educational and work outcomes . Middle - class families had financial and knowledge resources that working - class families did not , and that was most visible as students worked their way through high school either successfully or not , and even more so when it came time to make decisions about attending college , what institution to attend and what courses to take . Middle - class parents took a different approach to interventions in their children 's lives than working - class parents and continued to play this support role and supervise as their children aged whereas working - class parents tended to stop once their children were 16 -- 18 years old and it was felt they were old enough to make their own decisions . Lareau comments in a lecture captured on YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xq_iCMgP2Q that , `` their lives had diverged in a profound way . '' Unequal Childhoods encourages us to better understand the impact social class has on our educational and life choices as such decisions as who we will marry , where we will live and how we find jobs are influenced by social class and the advantages it may or may not bring . Contents ( hide ) 1 Methodology 2 Parenting styles 3 Reviews 4 See also 5 External links 6 Further reading 7 References Methodology ( edit ) Lareau and her graduate researchers followed these families around in their daily lives . They attended sporting events , spent the night in the family 's home , and attended a doctor 's visit to observe the differences between the working - and lower - class families , and middle - class families . During her observations , she notices two different parenting styles . In her follow - up with families ten years later , Lareau admits that the ideal study would have involved on - going participant observation , but that was not feasible given the resources and time investment of the families that would have required . Instead , she conducted two hour recorded interviews with each of the twelve children , and had separate interviews with each of the mothers , fathers and siblings that agreed to be interviewed . Some declined . In response to the second edition of the book , critics continue to comment on the limitations of this study given its small sample size , while applying broad theoretical conclusions to North American society . Lareau briefly addresses race factors having an influence on outcomes for youth , but claims the class factors play a more significant role . Parenting styles ( edit ) Annette Lareau distinguishes between two different parenting styles : Concerted Cultivation and the Accomplishment of Natural Growth . Concerted Cultivation : The parenting style , favored by middle - class families , in which parents encourage negotiation and discussion and the questioning of authority , and enroll their children in extensive organized activity participation . This style helps children in middle - class careers , teaches them to question people in authority , develops a large vocabulary , and makes them comfortable in discussions with people of authority . However , it gives the children a sense of entitlement . Accomplishment of Natural Growth : The parenting style , favored by working - class and lower - class families , in which parents issue directives to their children rather than negotiations , encourage the following and trusting of people in authority positions , and do not structure their children 's daily activities , but rather let the children play on their own . This method has benefits that prepare the children for a job in the `` working '' or `` poor - class '' jobs , teaches the children to respect and take the advice of people in authority , and allows the children to become independent at a younger age . Reviews ( edit ) Margaret Foley , `` Class Matters '' , `` Mother 's Movement Online '' , October , 2005 . Harry Brighouse , `` David Brooks on Annette Lareau 's Unequal Childhoods '' , `` Crooked Timber '' , March 12 , 2006 ; BW05 Elizabeth Lower - Basch , `` Review : Unequal Childhoods '' , `` Half Changed World '' , May 4 , 2005 Gladwell , M. ( 2008 ) . Outliers : The story of success . New York : Little , Brown and Co . Linda Quirke , `` Book Review of Unequal Childhoods : Class , Race , and Family Life , Second Edition with an Update a Decade Later . ( https://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/CJS/article/viewFile/16651/13567 ) , Berkeley : University of California Press , pp480 , 2011 See also ( edit ) Concerted cultivation Middle class Working class Social class External links ( edit ) `` Unequal Childhoods '' , University of California Press , `` Annette Lareau , Ph. D '' University of Pennsylvania , Department of Sociology , from University of Pennsylvania `` Annette Lareau , Professor '' `` Department of Sociology '' , From University of Maryland , College Park Unequal Childhoods , by Annette Lareau from `` Beingnotdoing.org '' Unequal Childhoods and Unequal Adulthoods with Annette Lareau -- Knowledge by the Slice , UPenn ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2xq_iCMgP2Q ) A sociology presentation highlighting two individuals from Annette Lareau 's `` Unequal Childhoods '' , ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iKZxmGFo118 ) Further reading ( edit ) David R. Roediger : Colored White : Transcending the Racial Past . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 24070 - 4 `` Sharon Hays '' : Flat Broke with Children : Women in the Age of Welfare Reform . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 517601 - 8 `` Linda Stout '' : Bridging the Class Divide : And Other Lessons for Grassroots Organizing . Beacon Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 4309 - 7 Michael Katz : The Price of Citizenship : Redefining the American Welfare State ... ( Metropolitan Books . ) New York : Henry Holt , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5208 - 9 Viviana Zelizer : Pricing the Priceless Child : The Changing Social Value of Children , Princeton University Press , 1985 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 03459 - 1 `` William Corsaro '' : Sociology of Childhood , Pine Forge Press ( 2004 ) . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 8751 - 7 / 9780761987512 Nancy Darling : Parenting styles and its correlates . University of Illinois . 1999 . Christopher Spera : A Review of the Relationship Among Parenting Practices , Parenting Styles and Adolescent Achievement . Educational Psychology Review , Vol. 17 No. 2 , June 2005 . Waters , Tony : `` Schooling , Childhood , and Bureaucracy : Bureaucratizing the Child . '' Palgrave MacMillan 2012 . Print ISBN 9781137269713 References ( edit ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unequal_Childhoods&oldid=826428297 '' Categories : 2003 books Race in the United States Social class in the United States Sociology books Hidden categories : Books with missing cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 01 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	unequal childhoods class race and family life 2nd edition with an update a decade later	[]	[]
1934644406216427139	History of Las Vegas	History of Las Vegas - wikipedia History of Las Vegas Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This history of Las Vegas covers both the city of Las Vegas , Nevada , and the Las Vegas Valley . Southern Paiutes at Moapa wearing traditional Paiute cradleboard and rabbit robe The name Las Vegas was given to the area in 1821 by Rafael Rivera , a member of the Antonio Armijo trading party that was traveling to Los Angeles , and stopped for water there on the Old Spanish Trail from New Mexico . At that time , several parts of the valley contained artesian wells surrounded by extensive green areas ; Las Vegas means the meadows in Spanish . The flows from the wells fed the Las Vegas Wash , which runs to the Colorado River . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prehistory 2 1829 -- 1905 : origins 3 1905 -- 1929 : birth , growth and crisis 4 1930 -- 1941 : Hoover Dam and the first casinos 5 1941 -- 1945 war years 6 1946 -- 1955 : postwar boom 6.1 Atomic testing 7 1956 -- 1969 : the beginning of modern Las Vegas 7.1 Howard Hughes 7.2 Hank Greenspun 7.3 Local government 7.4 Desegregation 8 1970 - 1988 : Explosive growth 9 Since 1989 : the megaresort era 9.1 Downturn and recovery 10 See also 11 References 12 Sources Prehistory ( edit ) The prehistoric landscape of the Las Vegas Valley and most of Southern Nevada was once a marsh with water and vegetation . The rivers that created the marsh eventually went underground , and the marsh receded . The valley then evolved into a parched , arid landscape that only supported the hardiest animals and plants . At some point in the valley 's early geologic history , the water resurfaced and flowed into what is now the Colorado River . This created a luxurious plant life , forming a wetland oasis in the Mojave Desert landscape . Evidence of prehistoric life in Las Vegas Valley was found in 1993 , when a group of construction workers discovered the remains of a Columbian mammoth . Palaeontologists estimate that the mammoth roamed the area some 8,000 to 15,000 years ago . Native Americans lived in the Las Vegas Valley , beginning over 10,000 years ago . Archaeologists have discovered baskets , petroglyphs , pictographs and other evidence in diverse locations , including Gypsum Cave and Tule Springs . Paiutes moved into the area as early as AD 700 , migrating between nearby mountains in the summer and spending winter in the valley , near Big Springs . 1829 -- 1905 : origins ( edit ) A trade caravan of 60 men led by the Mexican merchant Antonio Armijo was charged with establishing a trade route to Los Angeles . Las Vegas was named by Mexicans in the Antonio Armijo party . By following the Pike and Smith routes through a tributary of Colorado River they came upon the Las Vegas Valley , described by Smith as the best point to re-supply before going onto California . The travelers named the area `` Las Vegas '' which is Spanish for `` The Meadows '' . John C. Frémont traveled into the Las Vegas Valley on May 3 , 1844 , while it was still part of Mexico . He was appointed by President John Tyler to lead a group of scientists , scouts , and spies for the United States Army Corps of Engineers who were preparing for a possible war with Mexico . Upon arriving in the valley they made camp at the Las Vegas Springs , establishing a clandestine fort there . A war with Mexico did occur , resulting in the region becoming United States territory . The fort was used in later years by travellers , mountain men , hunters , and traders seeking shelter , but was never permanently inhabited . In 1855 , William Bringhurst led a group of 29 Mormon missionaries from Utah to the Las Vegas Valley . The missionaries built a 150 - square - foot ( 14 m ) adobe fort near a creek and used flood irrigation to water their crops , a process still used at the park . However , because of tensions rising between leaders of the small Mormon community , the summer heat and difficulty growing crops , the missionaries returned to Utah in 1857 , abandoning the fort . For the next few years the area remained unoccupied by Americans except for travelers and traders . Then the U.S. Army , in an attempt to deceive Confederate spies active in southern California in 1864 , falsely publicized that it reclaimed the fort and had renamed it Fort Baker , briefly recalling the area to national attention . After the end of the war in 1865 , Octavius Gass , with a commission from the federal government , re-occupied the fort . The Paiute nation had declined in numbers and negotiated a new treaty with the United States , ceding the area around the fort to the United States in return for relocation and supplies of food and farming equipment . Consequently , Gass started irrigating the old fields and renamed the area ' Las Vegas Rancho . ' Gass made wine at his ranch and Las Vegas became known as the best stop on the Old Spanish Trail . In 1881 , because of mismanagement and intrigue with a Mormon syndicate , Gass lost his ranch to Archibald Stewart to pay off a lien Stewart had on the property . In 1884 , Archibald 's wife , Helen J. Stewart became the Las Vegas Postmaster . The property ( increased to 1,800 acres ( 730 ha ) ) , stayed with the family ( despite Archibald Stewart 's murder in July 1884 ) until it was purchased in 1902 by the San Pedro , Los Angeles , and Salt Lake Railroad , then being built across southern Nevada . The railroad was a project of Montana Senator William Andrews Clark . Clark enlisted Utah 's U.S. Senator and mining magnate Thomas Kearns to ensure the line 's completion through Utah to Las Vegas . The State Land Act of 1885 offered land at $1.25 per acre ( $3.09 / hectare ) . Clark and Kearns promoted the area to American farmers who quickly expanded the farming plots of the areas . Not until 1895 did the first large - scale migration of Mormons begin in the area , at long last fulfilling Brigham Young 's early dream . Through wells and arid irrigation , agriculture became the primary industry for the next 20 years and in return for his development , the farmers named the area Clark County in honor of the railroad tycoon and Senator . 1905 -- 1929 : birth , growth and crisis ( edit ) St. Joan of Arc Catholic Church near 4th and Bridger in downtown was founded in 1910 . By the early 20th century , water from wells was piped into the town , providing both a reliable source of fresh water and the means for additional growth . The increased availability of water in the area allowed Las Vegas to become a water stop , first for wagon trains and later railroads , on the trail between Los Angeles , California , and points east such as Albuquerque , New Mexico . The San Pedro , Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroad was completed in 1905 , linking Salt Lake City to southern California . U.S. Senator William Andrews Clark was the majority owner of the railroad , which was a corporation based in Utah . Among its original incorporators were Utah 's U.S. Senator Thomas Kearns and his business partner David Keith . Kearns , one of the richest and most powerful men in Utah , and Keith were the owners of Utah 's Silver King Coalition Mine , several mines in Nevada and The Salt Lake Tribune newspaper . Kearns and Keith helped Clark ensure the success of the new railroad across Utah and into Nevada to California . Curiously , for a time there were two towns named Las Vegas . The east - side of Las Vegas ( which encompassed the modern Main Street and Las Vegas Boulevard ) was owned by Clark , and the west - side Las Vegas ( which encompassed the area north of modern - day Bonanza Road ) was owned by J.T. McWilliams , who was hired by the Stewart family during the sale of the Las Vegas Rancho and bought available land west of the ranch . It was from their property that Las Vegas took form . Clark subsequently built another railroad branching off from Las Vegas to the boomtown of Bullfrog called the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad . With the revenue coming down both railways that intersected there , the area of Las Vegas was quickly growing . On May 15 , 1905 , Las Vegas officially was founded as a city , when 110 acres ( 45 ha ) , in what would later become downtown , were auctioned to ready buyers . Las Vegas was the driving force in the creation of Clark County , Nevada in 1909 and the city was incorporated in 1911 as a part of the county . The first mayor of Las Vegas was Peter Buol who served from 1911 - 1913 . Shortly after the city 's incorporation , the State of Nevada reluctantly became the last western state to outlaw gaming . This occurred at midnight , October 1 , 1910 , when a strict anti-gambling law became effective in Nevada . It even forbade the western custom of flipping a coin for the price of a drink . Nonetheless , Las Vegas had a diversified economy and a stable and prosperous business community , and therefore continued to grow until 1917 . In that year , a combination of economic influences and the redirection of resources by the federal government in support of the war effort forced the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad to declare bankruptcy . Although William Clark sold the remains of the company to the Union Pacific Railroad , a nationwide strike in 1922 left Las Vegas in a desperate state . 1930 -- 1941 : Hoover dam and the first casinos ( edit ) Hoover Dam in 1942 On July 3 , 1930 , President Herbert Hoover signed the appropriation bill for the Boulder Dam . The dam was later renamed the Hoover Dam during the Truman administration . Work started on the dam in 1931 and Las Vegas ' population swelled from around 5,000 citizens to 25,000 , with most of the newcomers looking for a job building the dam . However , the demographic of the work force consisting of males from across the country with no attachment to the area created a market for large scale entertainment . A combination of local Las Vegas business owners , and Mafia crime lords helped develop the casinos and showgirl theaters to entertain the largely male dam construction workers . Despite the influx of known crime figures , the local business community tried to cast Las Vegas in a respectable light when the Secretary of the Interior Ray Lyman Wilbur visited in 1929 to inspect the dam site . However a subordinate was found with alcohol on his breath ( this was during the time of Prohibition ) after a visit to Block 16 in Las Vegas . The government ultimately decided that a federal - controlled town , Boulder City , would be erected for the dam workers . Realizing that gambling would be profitable for local business , the Nevada state legislature legalized gambling at the local level in 1931 . Las Vegas , with a small but already well - established illegal gambling industry , was poised to begin its rise as the gaming capital of the world . The county issued the first gambling license in 1931 to the Northern Club , and soon other casinos were licensed on Fremont Street like the Las Vegas Club and the Apache Hotel . Fremont Street became the first paved street in Las Vegas and received the city 's first traffic light in 1931 . In reply , the federal government restricted movement of the dam workers to Las Vegas . Smuggling and circuitous routes then were developed . In 1934 , to curtail these activities and the resulting growth of criminal figures in the gambling industry , the city 's leading figures purged gambling dens and started an effort to stem the flow of workers from the dam . This only emboldened some dam workers who still contrived to visit Las Vegas . A celebration of this era has become known as Helldorado Days . Although the suppression efforts resulted in declines at gambling venues and resulted in a business downturn , the city was recharged -- both literally and figuratively -- when the dam was completed in 1935 . In 1937 , Southern Nevada Power became the first utility to supply power from the dam , and Las Vegas was its first customer . Electricity flowed into Las Vegas and Fremont Street became known as Glitter Gulch due to the many bright lights powered by electricity from Hoover Dam . Meanwhile , although the dam worker population disappeared , Hoover Dam and its reservoir , Lake Mead , turned into tourist attractions on their own and the need for additional higher class hotels became clear . In 1940 , U.S. Route 95 was finally extended south into Las Vegas , giving the city two major access roads . Also in 1940 Las Vegas 's first permanent radio station , KENO , began broadcasting replacing the niche occupied earlier by transient broadcasters . 1941 -- 1945 war years ( edit ) Main article : Las Vegas in the 1940s On January 25 , 1941 the U.S. Army established a flexible gunnery school for the United States Army Air Corps in Las Vegas . Mayor John L. Russell signed over land to the U.S. Army Quartermaster Corps for this development . The gunnery school later would become Nellis Air Force Base . The U.S Army was not pleased with the legal prostitution in Las Vegas and in 1942 forced Las Vegas to outlaw the practice , putting Block 16 , the local red light district permanently out of business . On April 3 , 1941 , hotel owner Thomas Hull opened the El Rancho Vegas . It was the first resort on what would become the Las Vegas Strip . The hotel gained much of its fame from the gourmet buffet that it offered . On October 30 , 1942 , R.E. Griffith rebuilt on the site of a nightclub called Pair - O - Dice , that first opened in 1930 , and renamed it Hotel Last Frontier . A few more resorts were built on and around Fremont Street but the next hotel on the Strip publicly demonstrated the influence of organized crime on Las Vegas . Although ethnic organized crime figures had been involved in some of the operations at the hotels , the Mafia bosses never owned or controlled the hotels and clubs which remained monopolized by hard - bitten local Las Vegas families who were unwilling to cede ground to the crime bosses and proved strong enough to push back . This changed in post-war Las Vegas when Jewish gangster Bugsy Siegel , with help from friend and fellow mob boss Meyer Lansky , poured money through Mormon - owned banks for cover of legitimacy and built The Flamingo in 1946 . 1946 -- 1955 : post-war boom ( edit ) Main articles : Las Vegas in the 1940s and Las Vegas in the 1950s The Flamingo initially lost money and Siegel died in a hail of gunfire in Beverly Hills , California in the summer of 1947 . Additionally , local police and Clark County Sheriff deputies were notorious for their heavy - handed tactics toward mobsters who `` grew too big for their pants . '' However , many mobsters saw the potential that gambling offered in Las Vegas . From 1952 to 1957 , through money and institutional lending provided by the Teamsters Union and some Mormon bankers they built the Sahara , the Sands , the New Frontier , the Royal Nevada , the Showboat , The Riviera , The Fremont , Binion 's Horseshoe ( which was the Apache Hotel ) , and finally The Tropicana . Owned and operated by a joint combination of Mormon elders who provided political and business legitimacy and people involved with organized crime who provided unreported income and street muscle , such as Meyer Lansky , these crime hotels became regarded as the epitome of gambling entertainment . Even with the general knowledge that some of the owners of these casino resorts had dubious backgrounds , by 1954 , over 8 million people were visiting Las Vegas yearly pumping $200 million into casinos . Gambling was no longer the only attraction ; the biggest stars of films and music like Frank Sinatra , Dean Martin , Andy Williams , Liberace , Bing Crosby , Carol Channing , and others performed in intimate settings . After coming to see these stars , the tourists would resume gambling , and then eat at the gourmet buffets that have become a staple of the casino industry . However , the confluence of various marginal and / or suspected groups such as Jews , Sicilians , and Mormons into the gambling enterprises in Las Vegas and the subsequent cornering of the gambling market in the city by these groups sparked a two - year investigation by Senator Estes Kefauver and his Senate Special Committee to Investigate Crime in Interstate Commerce in 1950 -- 51 . The hearing concluded that organized crime money was incontrovertibly tied to the Las Vegas casinos and was becoming the controlling interest in the city thereby earning for the groups vast amounts of income which was strengthening their influence in the country . This led to a proposal by the Senate to institute federal gambling control . Only through the power and influence of Nevada 's Senator Pat McCarran did the proposal die in committee . Along with their connections in Hollywood and New York City , these interests in Las Vegas were able to use publicity provided by these media capitals to steer the rapid growth of tourism into Las Vegas thereby dooming Galveston , Texas ; Hot Springs , Arkansas ; and other illegal gaming centers around the nation . Nevada 's legal gaming as well as the paradoxical increased scrutiny by local and federal law enforcement in these other locales during the 1950s made their demise inevitable . Atomic testing ( edit ) Nuclear testing at the Nevada Test Site While the Strip was booming , the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission on January 27 , 1951 detonated the first of over a hundred atmospheric explosions at the Nevada Test Site . These atmospheric tests would continue until enactment of the Partial Test Ban Treaty in 1963 when the tests moved underground . The last test explosion was in 1992 . Despite the dangers and risks , greatly underestimated at the time , of radiation exposure from the fallout , Las Vegas advertised the explosions as another tourist attraction and offered Atomic Cocktails in Sky Rooms that offered a great view of the mushroom clouds . The influx of government employees for the Atomic Energy Commission and from the Mormon - controlled Bank of Las Vegas spearheaded by E. Parry Thomas during those years funded the growing boom in casinos . But Las Vegas was doing more than growing casinos . In 1948 , McCarran Field was established for commercial air traffic . In 1957 the University of Nevada , Las Vegas was first established , initially as a branch of the University of Nevada , Reno and becoming independent in 1969 . In 1959 the Clark County Commission built the Las Vegas Convention Center , which would become a vital part of the area 's economy . A new utility company , Southwest Gas expanded into Las Vegas in 1954 . 1956 -- 1969 : the beginning of modern Las Vegas ( edit ) Main article : Las Vegas in the 1950s Howard Hughes ( edit ) In 1966 , Howard Hughes , the eccentric hero of the American aviation industry , and noted American entrepreneurial financier with vast connections to long established networks in the country , moved to Las Vegas . Initially staying in the Desert Inn , he refused to vacate his room and instead decided to purchase the entire hotel . Hughes extended his financial empire to include Las Vegas real estate , hotels and media outlets , spending an estimated $300 million and using his considerable powers to take over many of the well known hotels , especially the organized crime connected venues and he quickly became one of the most powerful men in Las Vegas . He was instrumental in changing the image of Las Vegas from its Wild West roots into a more refined cosmopolitan city . Hank Greenspun ( edit ) The local newspaper Las Vegas Sun and its editor Hank Greenspun led a crusade in those days to expose all the criminal ties , activities , and government corruption in Las Vegas . His investigative reporting and editorials led to the exposure of Clark County Sheriff Glen Jones ' ownership of a brothel and the resignation of Lieutenant Governor Clifford A. Jones as the state 's national committeeman for the Democratic Party . Before his death in 1989 , Hank Greenspun founded The Greenspun Corporation to manage his family 's assets , and it remains a major influence in Las Vegas , with media holdings in print , television and the Internet ; substantial real estate holdings ; and ownership stakes in a number of casinos . Local government ( edit ) One problem for the City of Las Vegas was that the Strip did not reside in Las Vegas . Because of this , the city lost tax revenue . There was a push to annex the Strip by the City of Las Vegas , but The Syndicate used the Clark County Commissioners to pull a legal maneuver by organizing the Las Vegas Strip properties into an unincorporated township called Paradise . Under Nevada Law , an incorporated town , Las Vegas , can not annex an unincorporated township . To this day , virtually all of the Strip remains outside the City of Las Vegas . Desegregation ( edit ) Much like in other American settled counties and towns throughout the United States , entertainment venues were segregated between black - and white - owned businesses . With almost all of the businesses owned and operated by whites , Black Americans were barred from entering the venues which remained focused , regardless of their legitimacy or criminality , on entertaining a white - only clientele . As a result of property deeds , businesses owned by or mainly serving non-whites were confined to clubs on the `` west side '' of the tracks . This also was enforced in many of the work positions . Thus , African Americans ( except those who provided the labor for low - paying menial positions or entertainment ) and Hispanics were limited in employment occupations at the white - owned clubs . However , because of employment deals with black worker groups , many clubs favored black workers , and the Hispanic population actually decreased ninety percent from 2,275 to just 236 by the mid-1950s . Organized crime - owned businesses saw an opportunity in not dividing their clientele by race and , despite property deeds and city and county codes barring such activities , made several attempts at desegregating their businesses in the hopes of putting out of operation the non-white owned clubs and expanding their own market share . An attempt was made at forming an all - integrated night - club modeled on the Harlem Clubs of New York City during the 1920s and 1930s , like those owned by German - Jewish gangster Dutch Schultz . On May 24 , 1955 , Jewish crime boss Will Max Schwartz , along with other investors , opened the Moulin Rouge . It was a very upscale and racially integrated casino that actually competed against the resorts on the Strip , especially the non-white owned strips on the west side . By the end of the year , the casino closed as Schwartz and his partners had a falling out , but the seeds for racial integration were sown . Many sources have credited Frank Sinatra and the Rat Pack as a significant driving force behind desegregation in the casinos . One famous story tells of Sinatra 's refusal to perform at the Sands Hotel unless the hotel provided Sammy Davis Jr. with a room . The famed performing group made similar demands at other venues , forcing owners to amend their policies over time . However , it took political action , most often supported by Jewish crime groups , for racial desegregation to occur . In 1960 , the NAACP threatened a protest of the city 's casinos for their policies . A meeting between the NAACP , the mayor and local businessmen resulted in citywide casino desegregation , starting with the employees . Many whites were attritioned from positions and their jobs given to the black unions . Along with the rest of the country , Las Vegas experienced the struggle for civil rights . Activists like James B. McMillan , Grant Sawyer , Bob Bailey , and Charles Keller dragged Las Vegas to racial integration . Aside from seeing no business advantage to excluding non-white customers from casinos and clubs , the organized crime groups themselves were composed of people of ethnicities ( Jewish and Italian ) that faced discrimination from WASP America and thus could understand the plight of blacks . This was also a driving force behind the integration advocated by ethnic performers such as Sinatra and Martin . Another big force for equality was Mayor Oran Gragson . Spurred into local politics by a vigilante ring of cops who repeatedly broke into his appliance store , he implemented infrastructure improvements for the minority neighborhoods in Las Vegas , backed the NAACP in its actions , and promoted black workers for jobs . He also championed the cause of the Paiute tribe that owned a small portion of Las Vegas . Gragson stopped the U.S. government from evicting the tribe and actually made infrastructure improvements for them . His work helped reverse the decrease of minority populations in Las Vegas . Local legislation kept up with the national legislation and integration was finally established . The only real violence came as a result of school integration , with violent riots and fights occurring in Clark High School when black gangs and youths began attacking the whites . Integration sparked white flight from the school district from 1965 to 1971. that school was then later destroyed . 1970 - 1988 : explosive growth ( edit ) On a percentage basis , Las Vegas and Clark County experienced incredibly high growth rates starting in the 1930s and lasting until the late 2000s recession . During that period , the population of the city more than doubled in most decades . The rate slowed down in the 1970s with the decrease of the white birth rate , but never dropped below 60 % ( 1980 -- 1990 ) , and even accelerated after 1990 due to immigration . By 2000 , Las Vegas was the largest city founded in the 20th century , and by 2006 it was the 28th largest city in the US , with a population of 552,000 in the city and nearly 1.8 million in Clark County . The explosive growth resulted in rapid development of commercial and residential areas throughout the Las Vegas Valley . The strong boom in the resort business led to many new condominium developments all along the Strip and downtown area . Also urban sprawl development of single - family homes continued across the valley , building the areas of Henderson , North Las Vegas , Centennial Hills , and Summerlin . The rapid development and population growth both halted abruptly in the late 2000s recession . During this period of time , American author and journalist Hunter S. Thompson wrote and published his seminal novel , Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas , detailing the experience of his 1971 trip to the city . On November 21 , 1980 the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino , suffered a devastating fire . A total of 85 people died and 785 were injured in what remains the worst disaster in Nevada history . The property was eventually sold and reopened as Bally 's Las Vegas , while MGM moved south to Tropicana Avenue . Since 1989 : the megaresort era ( edit ) The Strip resorts in late 2009 The `` Mafia / Rat Pack '' Las Vegas of the mid-20th century came to a gradual end in the 1980s with the aging out of the World War II generation , the decline of organized crime elements , and the rise of baby boomer entrepreneurs who began a new chapter in the city 's history , the so - called megaresort era . Las Vegas began to become a more commercialized , family - oriented place with large corporations coming to own the hotels , casinos , and nightclubs in place of Mafia bosses . The megaresort era kicked off in 1989 with the construction of The Mirage . Built by developer Steve Wynn , it was the first resort built with money from Wall Street , selling $630 million in junk bonds . Its 3,044 rooms , each with gold tinted windows , set a new standard for Vegas luxury and attracted tourists in droves , leading to additional financing and rapid growth on the Las Vegas Strip . Numerous landmark hotels and other structures were razed to make way for ever - larger and more opulent resorts including : 1990 : Rio and Excalibur 1993 : MGM Grand , Treasure Island , and Luxor , 1996 : Stratosphere Tower and Monte Carlo 1997 : New York - New York 1998 : Bellagio 1999 : Mandalay Bay , Venetian , and Paris 2000 : Planet Hollywood ( Formerly Aladdin ) 2001 : Palms 2005 : Wynn ( opened in April by Wynn Resorts Limited opened its new flagship , the constructed at a cost of US $2.7 billion . ) 2007 : Palazzo 2008 : Encore 2009 : CityCenter 2010 : The Cosmopolitan Helldorado Days was resumed in 2005 for the City of Las Vegas ' centennial celebration . Downturn and recovery ( edit ) Despite the success , the home mortgage crisis and the late 2000s recession affected the economic success . Soon after , new home construction was stalled , and construction projects were either canceled , postponed , or continued with financial troubles . Some of these projects included the MGM Mirage property of CityCenter , Fontainebleau , Echelon , and The Plaza . The global financial situation also had a negative effect on gaming and tourism revenue , causing many of the companies to report net loss . However starting in 2013 , the sector began to turn around with the proposal of the Resorts World projects replacing the Echelon currently under construction . The Alon resort is planned to resume the site formerly the Frontier and originally planned for the Plaza . Fontainbleau is currently being on the process of being sold and resumed . Wynn Resorts is also planning an additional tower with a central lake planned for 2020 and a new stadium opened near the New York New York hotel on 2016 . Las Vegas has still managed to host many conventions and major events , such as the annual Latin Grammy Awards , & the Consumer Electronics Show . Many analysts agree that the Las Vegas economy is recovering , with improving conditions in tourism and the housing market for 2013 . Prices are rising and there has been a large increase in the million dollar home market , with many new custom homes being built . January 2013 marks the 19th consecutive month with home sales higher than the same month in the previous year . In addition , Las Vegas was named America 's Top Turn Around Market for 2012 by Trulia . In June 2017 , a heat wave grounded more than 40 airline flights of small aircraft were grounded , with American Airlines reducing sales on certain flights to prevent the vehicles from being over the maximum weight permitted for safe takeoff and Las Vegas tying its record high at 117 degrees Fahrenheit . See also ( edit ) Timeline of Las Vegas Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign References ( edit ) Jump up ^ History of Las Vegas Jump up ^ Robert D. McCracken . Las Vegas : the great American playground . University of Nevada Press . 1997 . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 87417 - 301 - 9 Jump up ^ Lake , Richard ( December 17 , 2008 ) . `` Road Warrior Q&A : Foliage removed for widening '' . Retrieved October 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.lvol.com/lvoleg/hist/lvhist.html Jump up ^ Moehring , Eugene P. ; & Green , Michael S. ( 2005 ) . Las Vegas : A Centennial History . University of Nevada Press . p. 2 . ISBN 0 - 87417 - 615 - 8 Jump up ^ Barbara Land , Myrick Land , `` A short history of Las Vegas '' , University of Nevada Press , 2004 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ http://lasvegas.sdsu.edu/ Jump up ^ `` Clark County , NV -- FAQs / History '' . Retrieved December 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ H2O University -- 6 through 12 Jump up ^ Chung , Su Kim . Las Vegas Then and Now . Thunder Bay Press . San Diego , California : 2005 . p. 36 Jump up ^ Las Vegas Made Safe , TIME Magazine , June 1 , 1931 Jump up ^ `` Fremont Street History '' . Retrieved 9 December 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Koch , Ed ( 2005 - 01 - 08 ) . `` A history of change '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas : An Unconventional History '' . American Experience . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Utley Robert Marshall ( 2007 ) . Lone Star Lawmen . Oxford . pp. 217 -- 218 . ISBN 9780198035169 . Waldron , Lamar ; Hartmann , Thom ( 2006 ) . Ultimate Sacrifice : John and Robert Kennedy , the Plan for a Coup in Cuba . Basic Books . p. 294 . ISBN 9780786718320 . John Dombrink ; William Norman Thompson ( 1990 ) . The last resort : success and failure in campaigns for casinos . University of Nevada Press . pp. 138 -- 139 . Jump up ^ Sammy Davis jr , `` Hollywood in a suitcase '' , William Morrow and company , 1980 Jump up ^ `` Sammy Davis Jr . '' . Nevada Humanities . Jump up ^ `` The Best Bet : Frank Sinatra in Las Vegas '' . Frank Sinatra Enterprises . Jump up ^ City of Las Vegas History , retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 Jump up ^ Vegas Building Boom Goes Bust , retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 Jump up ^ Downturn douses Nevada 's population - growth streak , retrieved 2012 - 06 - 20 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ http://www.cnn.com/2017/06/20/us/weather-west-heat-wave/ Sources ( edit ) See also : Timeline of Las Vegas § Bibliography Las Vegas website Ainlay , Thomas , Jr. , & Gabaldon , Judy Dixon . Las Vegas : The Fabulous First Century , Arcadia Publishing , 2003 . Denton , Sally & Morris , Howard . The Money and the Power : The Making of Las Vegas and Its Hold on America -- 1947 -- 2000 . Knopf , Borzoi Books , 2001 . Land , Barbara & Land , Myrick . A Short History of Las Vegas . University of Nevada Press , Reno , 1999 Paher , Stanley W. Las Vegas : As It Began -- As It Grew , Nevada Publications , Las Vegas , NV , 1971 . Orleck , Annelise . `` Storming Caesar 's Palace '' , 1971 demonstration and community organizing by Las Vegas welfare mothers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Las_Vegas&oldid=798917257 '' Categories : History of Nevada History of Las Vegas Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from June 2007 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 15 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the mob take over las vegas	[]	[]
-996761993122086424	Yankee Stadium	Yankee Stadium - Wikipedia Yankee Stadium This article is about the stadium that opened in 2009 . For the original stadium , see Yankee Stadium ( 1923 ) . For other uses , see Yankee Stadium ( disambiguation ) . Yankee Stadium The Stadium , The House That Jeter Built , The House That George Built 2011 photo Address 1 East 161st Street Location Bronx , New York Coordinates 40 ° 49 ′ 45 '' N 73 ° 55 ′ 35 '' W / 40.82917 ° N 73.92639 ° W / 40.82917 ; - 73.92639 Coordinates : 40 ° 49 ′ 45 '' N 73 ° 55 ′ 35 '' W / 40.82917 ° N 73.92639 ° W / 40.82917 ; - 73.92639 Public transit Metro - North Railroad : Hudson Line at Yankees -- East 153rd Street New York City Subway : at 161st Street -- Yankee Stadium New York City Bus : Bx1 , Bx2 , Bx6 , Bx6 SBS , Bx13 Owner New York City Industrial Development Agency Operator Yankee Stadium LLC Capacity Baseball : 47,309 ( 2018 -- present ) 47,422 ( 2017 ) 49,469 ( 2016 ) 49,638 ( 2015 ) 49,642 ( 2014 ) 50,291 ( 2011 -- 2013 ) 50,287 ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Soccer : 28,743 ( Expandable to 47,309 ) Football : 54,251 Record attendance Baseball : 50,960 Soccer : 49,653 Football : 54,251 Field size Baseball : Left field -- 318 feet ( 97 m ) Left center -- 399 feet ( 122 m ) Center field -- 408 feet ( 124 m ) Right center -- 385 feet ( 117 m ) Right field -- 314 feet ( 96 m ) Backstop -- 52 feet 4 inches ( 16 m ) Soccer : 110 yards ( 101 m ) x 70 yards ( 64 m ) Surface Kentucky Bluegrass Construction Broke ground August 19 , 2006 Opened April 2 , 2009 ( re-opening ) ( workout day ) April 3 , 2009 ( exhibition game ) April 16 , 2009 ( regular season ) Construction cost US $2.3 billion Architect Populous ( formerly HOK Sport ) Project manager Tishman Speyer / International Facilities Group , LLC . Structural engineer Thornton Tomasetti Services engineer M-E Engineers , Inc . General contractor Turner Construction Tenants New York Yankees ( MLB ) ( 2009 -- present ) Pinstripe Bowl ( NCAA ) ( 2010 -- present ) New York City FC ( MLS ) ( 2015 -- present ) Yankee Stadium is a stadium located in the Concourse neighborhood of the Bronx in New York City . It serves as the home ballpark for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , and is also the home park for New York City FC of Major League Soccer ( MLS ) . The $2.3 billion stadium , built with $1.2 billion in public subsidies , replaced the original Yankee Stadium in 2009 . It is located one block north of the original , on the 24 - acre ( 9.7 ha ) former site of Macombs Dam Park ; the 8 - acre ( 3.2 ha ) site of the original stadium is now a public park called Heritage Field . The stadium incorporates replicas of some design elements from the original Yankee Stadium , and like its predecessor , it has hosted additional events , including college football games , soccer matches , two outdoor NHL games , and concerts . Although Yankee Stadium 's construction began in August 2006 , the project spanned many years and faced many controversies , including the high public cost and the loss of public parkland . The overall price tag makes the new Yankee Stadium the most expensive stadium ever built . Contents 1 History 1.1 Planning 1.2 Construction 2 Features 2.1 Design and layout 2.2 Field dimensions and playing surface 2.2. 1 Comparison with the 1923 Stadium 2.3 Amenities and facilities 3 Public opinion 3.1 Opening and public perception 3.2 Propensity for home runs 4 Stadium firsts 5 Accessibility and transportation 6 Non-baseball uses 6.1 Soccer 6.1. 1 International soccer matches 6.2 College football 6.3 Hockey 6.4 Concerts 6.5 Boxing 6.6 Other events 7 Ticket policy 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Planning ( edit ) New York Yankees owner George Steinbrenner began campaigning for a new stadium in the early 1980s , just a few years after the remodeled Yankee Stadium opened . Steinbrenner at the time was reportedly considering a move to the Meadowlands Sports Complex in New Jersey . New Jersey Governor Thomas Kean in 1984 authorized the use of land for a new baseball stadium in the Meadowlands , but the state legislature did not provide financing for the stadium . In a statewide referendum in 1987 , New Jersey taxpayers rejected $185 million in public financing for a baseball stadium for the Yankees . Despite the rejection from New Jersey , Steinbrenner frequently used a threatened move there as leverage in negotiations with New York City . In 1988 , Mayor Ed Koch agreed to have city taxpayers spend $90 million on a second renovation of Yankee Stadium that included luxury boxes and restaurants inside the stadium and parking garages and traffic improvements outside . Steinbrenner agreed in principle , but then backed out of the deal . In 1993 , Mayor David Dinkins expanded on Koch 's proposal by offering his Bronx Center vision for the neighborhood , including new housing , a new courthouse , and relocating the Police Academy nearby . In 1993 , New York Governor Mario Cuomo proposed using the West Side Yard , a 30 - acre rail yard along the West Side of Manhattan and owned by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority , as the location for a new stadium for the Yankees . However , Cuomo lost his re-election bid a few months later . By 1995 , Steinbrenner had rejected 13 proposals to keep the Yankees in the Bronx . In 1998 , Bronx Borough President Fernando Ferrer proposed spending $600 million in public money to add dozens of luxury boxes to the stadium , to improve highway and public transportation access , and to create a Yankee Village , with shops , restaurants , and a museum . Steinbrenner rejected this as well . That same year , Mayor Rudy Giuliani unveiled a plan to relocate the Yankees to the West Side Yard for a $1 billion stadium . However , with most of the funding coming from taxpayers , Giuliani tabled the proposal , fearing rejection in a citywide referendum . The West Side Stadium plan resurfaced in December 2001 , and by January 2002 , months after the September 11 attacks , Giuliani announced `` tentative agreements '' for both the New York Yankees and New York Mets to build new stadiums . He estimated that both stadiums would cost $2 billion , with city and state taxpayers contributing $1.2 billion . Michael Bloomberg , who succeeded Giuliani as mayor in 2002 , called the former mayor 's agreements `` corporate welfare '' and exercised the escape clause in the agreements to back out of both deals , saying that the city could not afford to build new stadiums for the Yankees and Mets . Bloomberg said that Giuliani had inserted a clause in this deal which loosened the teams ' leases with the city and would allow the Yankees and Mets to leave the city on 60 days ' notice to find a new home elsewhere if the city backed out of the agreement . At the time , Bloomberg said that publicly funded stadiums were a poor investment . Bloomberg 's blueprint for the stadium was unveiled in 2004 , at the same time as the plan for the Mets ' new stadium , Citi Field . The final cost for the two stadiums was more than $3.1 billion ; taxpayer subsidies accounted for $1.8 billion . Construction ( edit ) The stadium under construction in 2007 The completed venue next to the remains of the former facility in 2010 Groundbreaking ceremonies for the stadium took place on August 16 , 2006 , the 58th anniversary of Babe Ruth 's death , with Steinbrenner , Bloomberg and then - Governor of New York George Pataki among the notables donning Yankees hard hats and wielding ceremonial shovels to mark the occasion . The Yankees continued to play in the previous Yankee Stadium during the 2007 and 2008 seasons while their new home stadium was built across the street . The community was left without parkland for five years . During construction of the new stadium , a construction worker and avid Boston Red Sox fan buried a replica jersey of Red Sox player David Ortiz underneath the visitors ' dugout with the objective of placing a `` hex '' on the Yankees , much like the `` Curse of the Bambino '' that had allegedly plagued the Red Sox long after trading Ruth to the Yankees . After the worker was exposed by co-workers , he was forced to help exhume the jersey . The Yankees organization then donated the retrieved jersey to the Jimmy Fund , a charity started in 1948 by the Red Sox ' National League rivals , the Boston Braves , but long championed by the Red Sox and particularly associated with Ted Williams . The worker has since claimed to have buried a 2004 American League Championship Series program / scorecard , but has not said where he placed it . These attempts did n't have much effect upon the home team , though : the Yankees went on to win the 2009 World Series at the end of their first MLB season in the new stadium . Features ( edit ) The new stadium is meant to evoke elements of the original Yankee Stadium , both in its original 1923 state and its post-renovation state in 1976 . The exterior resembles the original look of the 1923 Yankee Stadium . The interior , a modern ballpark with greater space and increased amenities , features a playing field that closely mimics the 1988 -- 2008 dimensions of the old stadium . The current stadium features 4,300 club seats and 68 luxury suites . Design and layout ( edit ) The Indiana limestone exterior , shown at Gate 4 , mirrors that used on the original Yankee Stadium in 1923 The stadium was designed by the architectural firm Populous . The exterior was made from 11,000 pieces of Indiana limestone , along with granite and pre-cast concrete . It features the building 's name V - cut and gold - leaf lettered above each gate . The interior of the stadium is adorned with hundreds of photographs capturing the history of the Yankees . The New York Daily News newspaper partnered with the Yankees for the exhibition `` The Glory of the Yankees Photo Collection '' , which was selected from the Daily News ' collection of over 2,000 photographs . Sports & The Arts was hired by the Yankees to curate the nearly 1,300 photographs that adorn the building from sources including the Daily News , Getty Images , the Baseball Hall of Fame and Major League Baseball . The seats are laid out similar to the original stadium 's stands , with grandstand seating that stretches beyond the foul poles , as well as bleacher seats beyond the outfield fences . The Field Level and Main Level comprise the lower bowl , with suites on the H&R Block Level , and the Upper Level and Grandstand Level comprising the upper bowl . Approximately ⁄ of the stadium 's seating is in the lower bowl , the inverse from the original Yankee Stadium . 50,287 fans can be seated , with a standing room capacity of 52,325 . The new stadium 's seating is spaced outward in a bowl , unlike the stacked - tiers design at the old stadium . This design places most fans farther back but lower to the field , by about an average of 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) . Over 56 suites are located within the ballpark , triple the amount from the previous stadium . Seats are 19 -- 24 inches ( 48 -- 61 cm ) wide , up from the previous stadium 's 18 -- 22 - inch ( 46 -- 56 cm ) wide seats , while there is 33 -- 39 inches ( 84 -- 99 cm ) of leg room , up from 29.5 inches ( 75 cm ) of leg room in the previous stadium . Many lower level seats are cushioned , while all seats are equipped with cupholders . To allow for the extra seating space , the stadium 's capacity is reduced by more than 4,000 seats in comparison to the previous stadium . The iconic frieze that lined the roof of the original Yankee Stadium from 1923 to 1973 is replicated on the current stadium 's roof Many design elements of the ballpark 's interior are inspired by the original Yankee Stadium . The roof of the new facility features a replica of the frieze that was a trademark of the previous ballpark . In the original Yankee Stadium , a copper frieze originally lined the roof of the upper deck stands , but it was torn down during the 1974 -- 75 renovations and replicated atop the wall beyond the bleachers . The new stadium replicates the frieze in its original location along the upper deck stands . Made of steel coated with zinc for rust protection , it is part of the support system for the cantilevers holding up the top deck and the lighting on the roof . The wall beyond the bleacher seats is `` cut out '' to reveal the 4 subway trains as they pass by , like they were in the original facility . A manually operated auxiliary scoreboard is built into the left and right field fences , in the same locations it existed in the pre-renovation iteration of the original Yankee Stadium . The Great Hall is situated along the southern front of the stadium Between the exterior perimeter wall and interior of the stadium is the `` Great Hall '' , a large concourse that runs between Gates 4 and 6 . With seven - story ceilings , the Great Hall features more than 31,000 square feet ( 2,900 m ) of retail space and is lined with 20 banners of past and present Yankees superstars . The Great Hall features a 5 - by - 383 - foot ( 1.5 by 116.7 m ) LED ( light - emitting diode ) ribbon display as well as a 25 ' by 36 ' LED video display above the entrance to the ballpark from Daktronics , a company in Brookings , South Dakota . Monument Park , which features the Yankees ' retired numbers , as well as monuments and plaques dedicated to distinguished Yankees , has been moved from its location beyond the left field fences in the original Yankee Stadium to its new location beyond the center field fences at the new facility . The newly relocated Monument Park is now situated under the sports bar ; black shades cover the monuments on the back wall during games to prevent interference with the vision of the batter . The new location of the monuments is meant to mirror their original placement in center field at the original pre-renovation Yankee Stadium , albeit when they were on the playing field . The transfer of Monument Park from the old stadium to the new stadium began on November 10 , 2008 . The first monuments were put in place on February 23 , 2009 . Yankees pitcher Mariano Rivera requested that the Yankees reposition the team 's bullpen , as well as add a door to connect the Yankees ' bullpen to Monument Park , in order to allow access to it by Yankee relievers . The organization complied with his request . Field dimensions and playing surface ( edit ) The view from the Grandstand Level ( 400 Level ) The field dimensions for the outfield fences have the same distance markers as the original facility prior to closing yet the dimensions are not identical . Due to the design of the right - field stands and the inclusion of an embedded manual scoreboard , the right - field wall is an average of 5 feet ( 1.5 m ) closer to home plate . Overall , the fences measure 318 feet ( 97 m ) to left field , 399 feet ( 122 m ) to left - center field , 408 feet ( 124 m ) to center field , 385 feet ( 117 m ) to right - center field , and 314 feet ( 96 m ) to right field . At the old Yankee Stadium , the right field wall curved from the right - field corner to straightaway center , while at the new ballpark the fence takes a sharp , almost entirely straight angle . This results in a difference at certain points between the right field markers of as much as 9 feet ( 2.7 m ) . The dimensions in left field are substantially the same despite the presence of an embedded auxiliary scoreboard there as well . The outfield fences measure 8 feet 5 inches ( 2.57 m ) high from the left - field foul pole until the Yankees ' bullpen , when the fences begin to gradually descend in height until the right field foul pole , where they are only 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) tall . This also marks a decrease from the previous Yankee Stadium , where the outfield walls stood at a height of approximately 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) . The distance from home plate to the backstop is 52 feet 4 inches ( 15.95 m ) , a reduction of 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) from the previous facility . The field is made up of Kentucky bluegrass , the same surface as the previous stadium , which is grown on a 1,300 acres ( 530 ha ) farm in Bridgeton , New Jersey . The grass is equipped with a drainage system ( featuring over 14,000 feet ( 4,300 m ) of pipe ) that makes the field playable an hour after taking 2 inches ( 51 mm ) of rain . Comparison with the 1923 Stadium ( edit ) Characteristic Old Stadium ( as of 2008 ) New Stadium Opening Day April 18 , 1923 April 16 , 2009 Capacity 56,886 50,287 Seat width 18 inches ( 46 cm ) -- 22 inches ( 56 cm ) 19 inches ( 48 cm ) -- 24 inches ( 61 cm ) Seat Length 29.5 inches ( 75 cm ) 33 inches ( 84 cm ) -- 39 inches ( 99 cm ) Concourse width ( average ) 17 feet ( 5.2 m ) 32 feet ( 9.8 m ) Cup holders Select Field Level Seating For every seat in General Seating Luxury box Luxury suites 19 56 Club Seats -- 4,300 Team stores 6,800 square feet ( 630 m ) 11,560 square feet ( 1,074 m ) Restroom fixture ratio 1 per 89 fans 1 per 60 fans Public elevators ( passenger lifts ) ( Otis Traction ) 16 ( KONE Traction ) Video scoreboard 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) by 33 feet ( 10 m ) ( Standard - definition LED ) 59 feet ( 18 m ) by 101 feet ( 31 m ) ( High - definition LED ) Distance from Home Plate to : Backstop 72 feet 4 inches ( 22 m ) 52 feet 4 inches ( 16 m ) Left Field 318 feet ( 97 m ) Left Center 399 feet ( 120 m ) Center Field 408 feet ( 124 m ) Right Center 385 feet ( 120 m ) Right Field 314 feet ( 96 m ) Source : New York Yankees Amenities and facilities ( edit ) A signature by Babe Ruth is one of many autographs in the `` ball wall '' , the centerpiece of the Yankee Museum . Yankee Stadium features a wide array of amenities . It contains 63 % more space , 500,000 square feet ( 46,000 m ) more in total , than the previous stadium , with wider concourses and open sight lines on concourses . Along with 227 miles ( 365 km ) of wired Ethernet cable , the building has sufficient fiber - optic cable wiring that Cisco Vice President and Treasurer David Holland calls the building `` future proof '' . Over 1,100 high - definition video monitors are placed within the stadium and approximately $10 million worth of baseball merchandise is housed within the ballpark . The center field scoreboard , manufactured by Mitsubishi Diamond Vision , measures 59 x 101 feet ( 31 m ) and offers 5,925 square feet ( 550.5 m ) of viewing area . It was the third - largest high definition scoreboard in the world when it opened ( behind the 8,736 - square - foot ( 811.6 m ) board at newly renovated Kauffman Stadium and the new 8,066 - square - foot ( 749.4 m ) board at the renovated Tokyo Racecourse ) . Since then , it has also been surpassed by the world 's largest scoreboard at AT&T Stadium and the new scoreboard at the Philadelphia Phillies ' Citizens Bank Park . Displaying 5,925 ft ( 1,806 m ) 2 of video , the scoreboard can display four 1080p high definition images simultaneously . The Yankees clubhouse features 30,000 square feet ( 2,880 m2 ) of space , over 2.5 times the space of the clubhouse from the previous facility . The dressing area alone features 3,344 sq ft ( 310.7 m ) of space , with each locker equipped with a safety deposit box and touch - screen computer . The Yankees clubhouse features a weight room , training room , video room , and lounge area , while both teams ' clubhouses have their own indoor batting cages . The Yankees ' therapy room features a hydrotherapy pool with an underwater treadmill . The Yankees are believed to be the first team to chemically treat their uniforms , as well as the showering surfaces with an anti-bacterial agent that reduces the risk of infection . The New York Yankees Museum , located on the lower level at Gate 6 , displays a wide range of Yankees ' memorabilia . A `` Ball Wall '' features hundreds of balls autographed by past and present Yankees , and there are plans to eventually add autographs for every living player who has played for the Yankees . The centerpiece of the museum is a tribute to Don Larsen 's perfect game in the 1956 World Series , with a commemorative home plate in the floor and statues of Larsen pitching to Yogi Berra . Along with a facsimile of a current locker from the Yankees ' clubhouse , fans can view the locker of the late Thurman Munson , which sat unoccupied in the previous stadium 's Yankee clubhouse in honor of Munson . The ballpark offers a wide choice of restaurants . There are 25 fixed concessions stands , along with 112 movable ones . A Hard Rock Cafe is located within the ballpark , but it is open to anyone at the 161st St. and River Ave . entrance year round . The Hard Rock Cafe at Yankee Stadium officially opened on March 30 , 2009 , and an opening ceremony took place on April 2 , 2009 . A steakhouse called NYY Steak is located beyond right field . Celebrity chefs will occasionally make appearances at the ballpark 's restaurants and help prepare food for fans in premium seating over the course of the season . Above Monument Park in center field is the Mohegan Sun sports bar , whose tinted black glass acts as the ballpark 's batter 's eye . After the 2016 season , the Yankees began doing updates to Yankee Stadium including the Masterpass Batter 's Eye Deck and Frank 's Red Hot Terrace and Toyota Terrace . The Masterpass Batter 's Eye Deck above the Mohegan Sun sports bar is an outdoor gathering space in center field with clear full views of the playing field available to all ticketed guests . The Frank 's Red Hot Terrace and Toyota Terrace overlook the visitors ' and Yankees ' bullpens respectively . The new AT&T Sports Lounge is behind section 134 on the main level and features a full bar , tables , stools and large screen TVs . The new Budweiser Party Decks located at sections 311 and 328 in the upper deck feature shaded standalone bar areas serving beer , cocktails and food . There is a new SunRun Kids Clubhouse located on the 300 level in right field and outfitted with Yankees - themed playground equipment . Public opinion ( edit ) Opening and public perception ( edit ) The stadium , as seen from the upper deck in 2010 Although Yankee Stadium has been praised for its amenities , it also has been widely criticized for high ticket prices . Seats within the first eight rows in the lower bowl , called the `` Legends Suite '' , are among the highest - priced tickets in professional sports . Tickets cost $510 on average ; the most expensive tickets cost $2,600 each . Legends Suite Seats have been regularly empty , with many ticket holders in this section having given up their tickets , and others remaining unsold , despite most other seats in the ballpark selling out . This has created an embarrassing image on television of the seats behind home plate being almost completely vacant . Consequently , a surplus of tickets for Legends Seats have emerged in the secondary market , and with supply exceeding demand , resale prices have dropped . Empty seats in the Legends Suite could even be seen during the 2009 playoffs , including World Series games . Even though all playoff games were sellouts , Legends Suite ticket holders were in the lounges and the restaurant underneath instead of their seats . Overall , the average ticket price is $63 , the highest in baseball . Legends Suite seats are also separate from the other lower bowl seating and are vigorously patrolled by stadium security , with the divider being described as a `` concrete moat . '' Fans who do not have tickets within this premium section in the front rows are not allowed in the section . This includes standing behind the dugouts during batting practice and to seek autographs . The least expensive seats , the bleachers , initially left many fans disappointed , as the indoor club seating area in center field obstructed the views from bleacher seats on both sides in sections 201 and 239 . These severely obstructed sections would ultimately be removed during the 2016 - 2017 off - season in favor of outdoor bars and patio called Franks Red Hot Terrace in left center and Toyota Terrace in right center . These new areas are complete with standing terraces accessible to all ticket holders , in addition to replacing the seating on top of the center field club with standing terraces , drastically reducing the number of obstructed views from center field in the process . The Yankee Stadium staff was also criticized for an incident during a May 4 , 2009 game , which was interrupted by a rain delay . Fans were told by some staff members that the game was unlikely to resume and consequently , many fans exited the stadium , only for the game to eventually resume play . The fans that left the ballpark were not permitted to re-enter , per the stadium 's re-entry policy , and many subsequently got into arguments with stadium personnel . In response to the backlash the Yankees received for the incident , the staff members were required to sign a gag order preventing them from speaking to media , but they did indicate that communication for rain delays would be improved . Late in the stadium 's first season , cracks were seen on the concrete ramps of the Stadium . The Yankees are trying to determine whether there was something wrong with the concrete , or the ramps ' installation or design . The company involved in inspecting the concrete was indicted on charges that its employees either faked or failed to perform some required tests and falsified the results of others . The stadium has also been criticized for its lack of fan noise . During a Sunday Night Baseball telecast in 2012 , commentator and former Red Sox manager Terry Francona spoke about the different atmospheres in the old and new stadiums saying that `` As a visiting team , especially for the Red Sox , by the time the ( national ) anthem was over , you could n't wait to get back in the dugout . Now ( there is ) a little different ( kind ) of fan sitting around down there by the dugout . '' Games at the new stadium do not feature the same deafening crowd moments and often sound eerily silent . The lack of fan noise was noticeable in the 2012 playoffs as well , with thousands of unsold seats for Game 5 of the ALDS and Games 1 and 2 of the ALCS . `` This is a very easy place to play now '' , said Quintin Berry of the Detroit Tigers , the Yankees ' ALCS opponents . `` Coming from Oakland , the fans there were so rowdy . It was easier to come here . '' In his autobiography `` The Closer '' , the Yankees ' longtime relief pitcher Mariano Rivera wrote these comments about the new stadium 's atmosphere : `` It does n't hold noise , or home - team fervor , anywhere near the way the old place did . The old Stadium was our 10th man -- a loud and frenzied cauldron of pinstriped passion , with a lot of lifers in the stands . Maybe I 'm wrong , but it 's hard to see that the new place can ever quite duplicate that . '' Derek Jeter echoed this sentiment in a September 2014 article in New York magazine , in which he said he missed the original Yankee Stadium : `` It was a different feel . The new stadium , it 's second to none -- all the amenities . For the players , it really does n't get any better . The old stadium , if you were at the stadium , in the stands , the only place you could see the game was in your seat . Now there 's so many suites and places people can go . So a lot of times it looks like it 's empty , but it 's really not . The old stadium , it was more intimidating . The fans were right on top of you . '' Propensity for home runs ( edit ) In 2009 , the stadium was criticized for its propensity for allowing home runs , with 237 hit in its opening season In its first season , Yankee Stadium quickly acquired a reputation as a `` bandbox '' and a `` launching pad '' because of the high number of home runs hit at the new ballpark . Through its first 23 games , 87 home runs were hit at the venue , easily besting Enron Field 's ( now called Minute Maid Park ) previous record set in 2000 . Early in the season , Yankee Stadium was on pace to break Coors Field 's 1999 single - season record of 303 home runs allowed , and the hometown Daily News ( using the back - page headline `` HOMERS ODYSSEY '' ) started publishing a daily graphic comparing each stadium 's home run totals through a similar number of games . ESPN commentator Peter Gammons denounced the new facility as `` one of the biggest jokes in baseball '' during an appearance on Mike and Mike in the Morning , and concluded that `` ( it ) was not a very well - planned ballpark '' . Likewise , Gammons ' ESPN colleague Buster Olney described the stadium as `` a veritable wind tunnel '' and likened it to his childhood Wiffle - ball park . Newsday columnist Wallace Matthews joined in the criticism , labeling the stadium `` ridiculous '' and accused `` the franchise that took ownership of the home run '' of cheapening it . He suggested that Babe Ruth could have potentially hit 120 or more homers if he played in the new Stadium . For his column , Matthews interviewed former Yankee Reggie Jackson , who termed the park `` too small '' to contain current player Alex Rodriguez . Jackson estimated that the park might enable the third baseman to hit 75 home runs in a season . A variety of theories have been posited to account for the dramatic increase in home runs at the new Yankee Stadium over the original stadium , foremost among these the sharper angles of the outfield walls and the speculated presence of a wind tunnel . During construction of the new ballpark , engineers commissioned a wind study , the results of which indicated there would be no noticeable difference between the two stadiums . The franchise planned a second study , but Major League rules prohibit a team from making any changes to the playing field until the off - season . An independent study by the weather service provider AccuWeather in June 2009 concluded that the shape and height of the right field wall , rather than the wind , is responsible for the proliferation of home runs at the stadium . AccuWeather 's analysis found that roughly 20 % of the home runs hit at the new ballpark would not have been home runs at the old ballpark due to the gentle curve of its right field corner , and its 10 - foot ( 3.0 m ) wall height . Nothing was observed in wind speeds and patterns that would account for the increase . The number of home runs hit at the new stadium slowed significantly as the season progressed , but a new single - season record for most home runs hit at a Yankee home ballpark was nonetheless set in the Yankees ' 73rd home game of 2009 when Vladimir Guerrero of the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim hit the 216th home run of the season at the venue , surpassing the previous record of 215 set at the original Yankee Stadium in 2005 . However , the Yankees offense , as in previous years , had employed many home run hitters in 2009 . The Yankees hit 108 home runs while playing on the road , the second most in baseball behind the Philadelphia Phillies . In 2010 , the early rate of home runs were markedly less through May 15 , 2010 , with 35 home runs hit in 14 games for 2.5 per game ( a projection of 205 -- in 2009 , the stadium finished at 2.93 per game for a total of 237 ) . Even though the stadium 's home run rate decreased slightly for the 2010 season to 2.73 per game , it was still the highest figure in the majors . However , the prolific home run rate of April and May 2009 that drew criticism has not sustained itself over any season thus far , and while through the first two months of the 2011 season the Yankees hit far more homers than any other team in the majors , Yankee Stadium was not the top home run park . Stadium firsts ( edit ) Four F - 16C Fighting Falcons from the 174th Fighter Wing fly over the `` New '' Yankee Stadium on Opening Day Before the official Opening Day against the Cleveland Indians on April 16 , 2009 , the Yankees hosted a two - game exhibition series at the stadium in early April against the Chicago Cubs . Grady Sizemore of the Indians was the first player to hit a grand slam off of Yankee pitcher Dámaso Marte . The Indians and 2008 Cy Young Award winner Cliff Lee spoiled the opening of the new stadium by winning 10 -- 2 . Before the Yankees went to bat for the first time , the bat that Babe Ruth used to hit his first home run at the old Yankee Stadium in 1923 was placed momentarily on home plate . Jorge Posada hit the first Yankee home run in the new ballpark hitting his off Lee in the same game . Russell Branyan , while playing for the Seattle Mariners , was the first player to hit a home run off of the Mohegan Sun Restaurant in center field . Like its predecessor , the new Yankee Stadium hosted the World Series in its very first season ; in the 2009 World Series , the Yankees defeated the Philadelphia Phillies 4 games to 2 . It also became the latest stadium to host a World Series - clinching victory by its home team in the venue 's first season ( after the St. Louis Cardinals won the World Series at Busch Stadium in 2006 ) , when , on November 4 , 2009 , the Yankees won their 27th World Series championship against the Phillies . The Yankees are the only team to inaugurate two stadiums with World Series wins and also appeared in the 1976 World Series following the refurbishment of the original Yankee Stadium , losing to the Big Red Machine in four straight . On October 6 , 2011 Detroit Tigers in game five of the ALDS were the first team to eliminate the Yankees at the new Yankee Stadium in the postseason . Statistic Exhibition Regular season Postseason First game April 3 , 2009 Yankees 7 , Cubs 4 April 16 , 2009 Indians 10 , Yankees 2 October 7 , 2009 Yankees 7 , Twins 2 Ceremonial First Pitch Reggie Jackson Yogi Berra Eric T. Olson First pitch Chien - Ming Wang CC Sabathia CC Sabathia First batter Aaron Miles ( Cubs ) Grady Sizemore ( Indians ) Denard Span ( Twins ) First hit Aaron Miles ( Cubs ) Johnny Damon Denard Span ( Twins ) First Yankees hit Derek Jeter Johnny Damon Derek Jeter First home run Robinson Canó Jorge Posada Derek Jeter First win Chien - Ming Wang Cliff Lee ( Indians ) CC Sabathia First save Jonathan Albaladejo Mariano Rivera ( April 17 ) Mariano Rivera Many historic milestones and records have been achieved at Yankee Stadium . In 2009 , Derek Jeter became the Yankees all - time hits leader with his 2,722 nd hit , surpassing Lou Gehrig 's 72 - year record . The following season , Alex Rodriguez hit his 600th home run at the Stadium , becoming the youngest player to accomplish the feat . In 2011 , three significant milestones were achieved at the stadium . In July , Jeter became the first Yankee to join the 3,000 hit club and collect all 3,000 hits with the franchise . The following month , the Yankees became the first team in history to hit three grand slams in a single game . As the regular season drew to a close , Mariano Rivera became the all - time leader in regular season saves , when he earned his 602nd save . On April 20 , 2016 , the Oakland Athletics ' Kendall Graveman became the first starting pitcher to bat at Yankee Stadium . Accessibility and transportation ( edit ) The stadium is serviced via subway by the 161st Street station on the IRT Jerome Avenue Line ( shown ) as well as the IND Concourse Line ( underground , not shown ) . Commuter railroad service is provided by the East 153rd Street Metro - North Railroad station . The stadium is reachable via the 161st Street -- Yankee Stadium station complex , the same that served the old Yankee Stadium , by the 4 , B , and D trains of the New York City Subway . It is also served by the Yankees -- East 153rd Street station of the Metro - North Railroad , opened on May 23 , 2009 ; this station routinely features Hudson Line train service , but on game days , Harlem Line and New Haven Line trains from upstate New York and Connecticut -- as well as shuttle trains from Grand Central Terminal -- also stop there . The stadium is also served by the Bx1 , Bx2 , Bx6 , Bx6 SBS , and Bx13 New York City Bus routes . For selected games , SeaStreak provides high - speed ferry service to Highlands , New Jersey . Yankee Stadium is accessible by car via the Major Deegan Expressway ( I - 87 ) , with connections to the Cross Bronx Expressway ( I - 95 ) , Bruckner Expressway ( I - 278 ) , and other highways and roads . Aside from existing parking lots and garages serving the stadium , construction for additional parking garages is planned . The New York State Legislature agreed to $70 million in subsidies for a $320 million parking garage project . On October 9 , 2007 , the New York City Industrial Development Agency approved $225 million in tax - exempt bonds to finance construction of three new parking garages that will have 3,600 new parking spaces , and renovation of the existing 5,569 parking spaces nearby . Plans initially called for a fourth new garage , but this was eliminated before the final approval . The garages will be built ( and renovated ) by the Community Initiatives Development Corporation of Hudson , New York , a nonprofit entity that will use the parking revenue to repay the bonds and pay a $3 million yearly land lease to the City of New York . Parking is expected to cost $25 per game . Non-baseball uses ( edit ) Yankee Stadium hosting a New York City FC soccer match in 2015 . Soccer ( edit ) As part of the 2012 World Football Challenge , Chelsea played Paris Saint - Germain on July 22 , 2012 in the first soccer ( football ) match at Yankee Stadium , the match ended in a 1 -- 1 tie , before a crowd of 38,202 . The Stadium hosted another soccer match between A.C. Milan and Real Madrid on August 8 , 2012 . Real Madrid won 5 - 1 , before a crowd of 49,474 . Chelsea also played Manchester City there on May 25 , 2013 , which ended in a 5 - 3 win for City . On June 11 , 2013 , Spain defeated the Republic of Ireland 2 - 0 in a friendly match at the stadium . On April 21 , 2014 , it was announced that New York City FC , a Major League Soccer expansion team owned jointly by the New York Yankees and Manchester City , would play in Yankee Stadium from 2015 until their new stadium site is determined and the stadium is built . NYCFC played their first game at Yankee Stadium on March 15 , 2015 . Because of the unique dimensions of the Yankee Stadium field , the playing surface of the soccer pitch is 110 yards ( 100 m ) long by 70 yards ( 64 m ) wide -- the smallest field in all of Major League Soccer , and the smallest allowed by FIFA 's international guidelines . International soccer matches ( edit ) Date Winning Team Result Losing Team Tournament Attendance July 22 , 2012 Paris Saint - Germain F.C. ( Tie ) 1 -- 1 Chelsea F.C. ( Tie ) World Football Challenge 38,202 August 8 , 2012 Real Madrid C.F. 5 -- 1 A.C. Milan World Football Challenge 49,474 May 25 , 2013 Manchester City F.C. 5 -- 3 Chelsea F.C. Club Friendly 39,462 June 11 , 2013 Spain 2 -- 0 Republic of Ireland International Friendly 39,368 July 30 , 2014 Liverpool F.C. 2 - 2 3 - 1 ( pens . ) Manchester City F.C. International Champions Cup 49,653 College football ( edit ) Yankee Stadium in football configuration for a game between Army and Rutgers The Notre Dame Fighting Irish played a college football game at Yankee Stadium against The Army Black Knights on November 20 , 2010 , with the Irish defeating the Black Knights 27 -- 3 . This marked the two teams ' first meeting in the Bronx since 1969 . Army played Rutgers in 2011 ( Rutgers defeated Army 27 -- 12 ) , and played against Connecticut in 2014 . Also in 2014 , Lehigh and Lafayette played the 150th edition of their college football rivalry game at Yankee Stadium on November 22 , 2014 . Both teams played to a sold out stadium ; Lafayette winning , 27 - 7 . On November 12 , 2016 , Fordham University beat Holy Cross 54 -- 14 in the 53rd meeting of the Ram -- Crusader Cup . Since 2010 , Yankee Stadium has hosted the Pinstripe Bowl , an annual college football bowl game . The inaugural bowl pitted Syracuse ( 3rd place Big East ) against Kansas State ( 7th place Big 12 ) on December 30 , 2010 . Syracuse defeated Kansas State 36 -- 34 in a shootout , before a crowd of 38,274 . The stadium was intended to host a game between Rutgers and Maryland on November 4 , 2017 , but this event was cancelled in October 2017 due to potential conflicts with the Yankees ' postseason . Date Winning Team Result Losing Team Event Attendance November 20 , 2010 Notre Dame 27 -- 3 Army Rivalry / Shamrock Series 54,251 December 30 , 2010 Syracuse 36 - 34 Kansas State 2010 Pinstripe Bowl 38,274 November 12 , 2011 Rutgers 12 -- 27 Army 30,028 December 30 , 2011 Rutgers 27 - 13 Iowa State 2011 Pinstripe Bowl 38,328 December 29 , 2012 Syracuse 38 - 14 West Virginia 2012 Pinstripe Bowl 39,098 December 28 , 2013 Notre Dame 29 - 16 Rutgers 2013 Pinstripe Bowl 47,122 November 8 , 2014 Army 35 -- 21 Connecticut 27,453 November 22 , 2014 Lafayette 27 -- 7 Lehigh The Rivalry 48,256 December 27 , 2014 Penn State 31 - 30 ( OT ) Boston College 2014 Pinstripe Bowl 49,012 December 26 , 2015 Duke 44 - 41 ( OT ) Indiana 2015 Pinstripe Bowl 37,218 November 12 , 2016 Fordham 54 -- 14 Holy Cross Ram -- Crusader Cup 21,375 December 28 , 2016 Northwestern 31 - 24 # 23 Pittsburgh 2016 Pinstripe Bowl 37,918 December 27 , 2017 Iowa 27 - 20 Boston College 2017 Pinstripe Bowl 37,667 November 17 , 2018 Notre Dame Syracuse Shamrock Series December 27 , 2018 2018 Pinstripe Bowl November 9 , 2019 Dartmouth Princeton Hockey ( edit ) The first National Hockey League event took place on January 26 , 2014 , between the New York Rangers and the New Jersey Devils as part of the 2014 NHL Stadium Series . The Rangers also faced off against the New York Islanders on January 29 , 2014 , under the deep cold outdoor weather . The Rangers won both games , 7 - 3 and 2 - 1 respectively . Both games drew a little more than 50,000 spectators , almost the full capacity of the stadium . The Devils and Islanders never played an outdoor game before this series . Date Winning Team Result Losing Team Event Attendance January 26 , 2014 New York Rangers 7 - 3 New Jersey Devils 2014 NHL Stadium Series 50,105 January 29 , 2014 New York Rangers 2 - 1 New York Islanders 50,027 Concerts ( edit ) Date Artist ( s ) Opening act ( s ) Tour Tickets sold Revenue Additional notes September 13 , 2010 Jay - Z Eminem B.o.B J. Cole The Home & Home Tour -- -- Special guests with Eminem : D12 , B.o.B , 50 Cent , Lloyd Banks and Dr. Dre . Special guests with Jay - Z : Kanye West , Nicki Minaj , Swizz Beatz , Eminem , Chris Martin of Coldplay , Drake , Beyoncé and Bridget Kelly . September 14 , 2010 Special guests with Eminem : D12 , B.o.B , 50 Cent , G - Unit and Dr. Dre . Special guests with Jay - Z : Kanye West , Nicki Minaj , Swizz Beatz , Eminem , Mary J. Blige , Drake , Beyoncé . July 15 , 2011 Paul McCartney DJ Chris Holmes On the Run Tour -- -- July 16 , 2011 Special guest : Billy Joel . September 14 , 2011 Metallica Slayer Megadeth Anthrax -- Big Four Festival 41,762 / 41,762 $5,371,167 Concert by the `` Big Four '' of thrash metal . July 6 , 2012 Roger Waters -- The Wall Live 62,188 / 62,188 $7,375,030 July 7 , 2012 September 6 , 2012 Madonna Avicii The MDNA Tour 79,775 / 79,775 $12,599,540 The first show sold out in 20 minutes . During the second performance , Madonna performed `` Holiday . '' September 8 , 2012 July 19 , 2013 Justin Timberlake Jay - Z DJ Cassidy Legends of the Summer Stadium Tour 89,023 / 89,023 $12,041,096 Surprise guest : Alicia Keys . July 20 , 2013 Surprise guest : Timbaland . July 11 , 2014 Romeo Santos -- Formula , Vol. 2 Sold Out both dates ( total ) -- Surprise guest : Tego Calderón , Bernie Williams , Luis Vargas , Antony Santos , and Fefita La Grande . July 12 , 2014 Surprise guest : Bernie Williams , Prince Royce , Marc Anthony and Aventura reunion . July 8 , 2016 Garth Brooks Trisha Yearwood -- The Garth Brooks World Tour with Trisha Yearwood -- -- On November 10 , a special showcasing the tour 's shows from the ballpark aired in 4K exclusively through AT&T and DirecTV on Audience . July 9 , 2016 Boxing ( edit ) The promotional tour for the Manny Pacquiao -- Miguel Cotto fight began with an event at Yankee Stadium on September 10 , 2009 . On June 5 , 2010 , Yuri Foreman fought Cotto in the first boxing match in The Bronx since 1976 . The fight was referred to as the `` Stadium Slugfest '' . Cotto defeated Foreman with a TKO in the ninth round . Cotto captured the WBA super welterweight title and his fourth world title , before a crowd of 20,272 . Other events ( edit ) The first non-baseball event at the current version of Yankee Stadium took place on the evening of Saturday , April 25 , 2009 , when Senior Pastor Joel Osteen of Lakewood Church held what was dubbed as a `` Historic Night of Hope '' Christian prayer service . A New York University graduation ceremony took place on May 13 , 2009 with the address being delivered by U.S. Secretary of State and former New York Senator Hillary Clinton . The 2010 NYU ceremony featured alumnus Alec Baldwin as a speaker . President Bill Clinton spoke at the 2011 ceremony . Ticket policy ( edit ) Effective 2016 , printed electronic tickets can not be used at New York Yankees and New York City FC matches at Yankee Stadium . Only traditional hard - stock tickets , and those issued via a mobile ticketing system , are accepted . The team justified the decision by stating that it was meant to combat fraud associated with printed digital tickets . However , it was also believed that the team was trying to specifically hinder the ticket resale service StubHub , which competed against an official resale service run by TicketMaster known as the Yankees Ticket Exchange . The YTE is subject to a price flooring policy , meaning that tickets may only be discounted up to a certain amount . Although StubHub is the official ticket resale partner of Major League Baseball , the Yankees , as well as the Los Angeles Angels and Chicago Cubs , had opted out of this agreement . Owing to the Yankees ' ownership of the team , New York City FC announced on March 11 , 2016 that its matches would also be subject to this policy . At the team 's March 13 , 2016 home opener , although the team stated that they would be phasing in mobile ticketing by introducing additional verification steps for printed tickets before the policy takes full effect in April , reports indicated that the stadium was turning away fans with printed tickets , leading to long queue lines , as well as few attendees inside the stadium itself . In an interview with WFAN radio , Yankees COO Lonn Trost explained that the measures were to help combat ticket resale , arguing that the team did not want fans to purchase `` premium '' seats at bargain prices , because they would be filled by `` someone who has never sat in a premium location ( before ) '' . On the April 3 , 2016 episode of the HBO news - comedy series Last Week Tonight , host John Oliver responded to Trost 's remarks , arguing that he was `` saying that rich people could n't bear to sit next to people who are n't as rich . '' As a further satire of Trost 's arguments against discounted resale , Oliver then announced a contest in which viewers were invited to send photos of themselves dressed as if they had `` never sat in a premium location before '' , with winners offered the ability to purchase a pair of Legends Seats from one of the first three home games of the season for 25 cents . The stunt was successful , leading to the presence of several costumed attendees in Legends Seats during the opening games . Team president Randy Levine responded positively to the stunt , thanking Oliver for having bought tickets to begin with , and remarked that everyone was welcome at Yankee Stadium . On June 27 , 2016 , the Yankees announced that it had reached a deal with StubHub for it to become its new official ticket resale partner beginning on July 7 , 2016 , and allow season ticket holders to sell electronic tickets , rather than mail physical tickets to the buyer . The service will still be subject to a price flooring policy , but the team stated that the new arrangement would provide a `` superior , more secure , ( and ) better experience '' . See also ( edit ) List of most expensive buildings in the world Baseball portal American football portal Soccer in the United States portal New York City portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mushnick , Phil . `` Yankees brass turned Stadium games into a funeral '' . nypost.com . The New York Post . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Given the Stadium was short roughly 15,000 who might 've otherwise been there ... Jump up ^ Popper , Daniel . `` Young star Aaron Judge the talk of Yankees ' Old - Timers ' Day at the Stadium '' . nydailynews.com . The New York Daily News . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Many of the greatest living Yankees from the past half - century graced the field at the Stadium Sunday for Old - Timers ' Day ... Jump up ^ `` The House That Jeter Built '' . MLB.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Russ , Hilary . `` New York Yankees baseball team to refinance $1 billion of stadium debt '' . Reuters.com . ^ Jump up to : `` S&P raises Yankee Stadium bonds to ' BBB ' '' . Reuters.com . Jump up ^ Brown , Maury . `` Yankees parent group carrying nearly $2 billion in debt '' . TheFreeLibrary.com ( Business of Sports Network ) . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Official Media Guide and Record Book '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . February 22 , 2018 . p. 347 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees on the Forbes MLB Team Valuations List '' . Forbes . April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kronheim , David P. ( 2016 ) . `` 2015 MLB Attendance Analysis '' ( PDF ) . Flushing , NY : Number Tamer . pp. 11 , 165 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New York Yankees on the Forbes MLB Team Valuations List '' . Forbes . March 25 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Marchand , Andrew ; Matthews , Wallace ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` Question 4 : Will Jeter Lure 4 Million Fans ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perrotto , John ( October 12 , 2012 ) . `` Yankee Stadium Sea of Blue -- Empty Seats -- at Game Time '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Shpigel , Ben ( October 14 , 2010 ) . `` Vazquez 's Final Pitch in Pinstripes ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Booth , Mark . `` What 's New for NYCFC This Season ? '' . NYCFC.com . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New York City FC outline plans for Yankee Stadium 's baseball - to - soccer conversion '' . Major League Soccer. April 21 , 2014 . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Notre Dame Shut Downs Army , Rolls In New Yankee Stadium Debut '' . University of Notre Dame Official Athletic Site . Associated Press . November 20 , 2010 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tigers Beat Yankees 3 - 2 , Head to ALCS vs Texas '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . October 6 , 2011 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Manchester City 2 - 2 Liverpool : Simon Mignolet the hero as Reds win on spot - kicks Jump up ^ Notre Dame Shut Downs Army , Rolls In New Yankee Stadium Debut ^ Jump up to : http://www.fieldofschemes.com/documents/Yanks-Mets-costs.pdf Jump up ^ `` Yankee Stadium '' . Populous . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Scarangello , Thomas Z. ; Squarzini , Michael J. ( July 2009 ) . `` New Yankee Stadium respects its rich history '' . Structural Engineer . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yankee Stadium '' . Ballparks Munsey and Suppes . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` NYC baseball stadium subsidies : Do I hear $1.8 B ? '' . Field of Schemes . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/16/nyregion/controlled-pitch.html Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/25/sports/baseball/25yankees.html?ref=sports&_r=0 Jump up ^ New York magazine , February 13 , 1995 , p. 82 Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/09/nyregion/13-stadium-renovation-plans-later-yankees-are-still-dissatisfied.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Ar%2C%7B%221%22%3A%22RI%3A9%22%7D Jump up ^ `` Bonus Season for Baseball '' . The New York Times . January 17 , 2002 . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees break ground on new $1 billion home '' . ESPN . Associated Press . August 16 , 2006 . Retrieved August 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` New Yankee Stadium '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved August 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Lengel , David ( April 17 , 2007 ) . `` Yankees Dig Deep to Rid New Stadium of Curse '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Fund Auctions Buried Red Sox Jersey On eBay '' . WBZ . Boston . Associated Press . April 17 , 2008 . Retrieved July 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Jimmy Fund '' . Jimmy Fund . Retrieved July 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael S. ( May 20 , 2008 ) . `` Yanks May Be Scratching Surface of Sox Items at New Stadium '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kernan , Kevin ( November 10 , 2009 ) . `` No Papi Jinx for Yankees '' . New York Post . Retrieved January 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tour the new House -- Welcome Home '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2009 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Tour the New House -- The Daily News on Display '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2009 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tour the New House -- A Closer Look '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2009 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Yankee Stadium Comparison '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved September 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( April 14 , 2009 ) . `` A Distinctive Facade Is Recreated at New Yankee Stadium '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tour the New House -- Hall of a Place '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2009 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brown , Maury ( December 19 , 2007 ) . `` Daktronics : Video System for New Yankee Stadium '' . Biz of Baseball . Retrieved December 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Abraham , Peter ( June 17 , 2009 ) . `` Dog Bites ( Krazy ) Man '' . The Journal News . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Monument Park transition under way MLB.com Jump up ^ Coffey , Wayne ( February 25 , 2009 ) . `` Babe Ruth , Other Monuments Settle in New Yankee Stadium Home '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved March 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Yes Network broadcast of Yankees vs. Cubs , April 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` AccuWeather : Smaller Stadium Causes HR Surge '' . Newsday . Associated Press . June 9 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kepner , Tyler ( April 20 , 2009 ) . `` Over the Wall and Under the Microscope in the Bronx '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Kansas City Royals to Get ' World 's Largest ' HD LED Scoreboard '' . End Gadeget . October 3 , 2007 . Retrieved May 18 , 2009 . Jump up ^ MJD ( June 12 , 2008 ) . `` Jerry Jones Aims to Make All Cowboys ' Fans Blind by 2010 '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Fraser , Adam ( January 21 , 2011 ) . `` Daktronics Takes Phillies ' Screens to Next Level '' . SportsPro Media . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tour the New House -- Inside the Clubhouse '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2009 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tour the New House -- Pinstripe Pride '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2009 . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bloomberg News ( June 18 , 2008 ) . `` New York Yankees - Owned Steakhouse Will Be Part of New Stadium '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved January 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ http://newyork.yankees.mlb.com/nyy/ballpark/enhancements/ ^ Jump up to : Green , Sarah ( May 5 , 2009 ) . `` New Yankee Stadium Strikes Out With Customers '' . Harvard Business Review . Retrieved May 7 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Kepner , Tyler ( May 6 , 2009 ) . `` New Home , New Atmosphere '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Miller , Scott ( October 29 , 2009 ) . `` Yankees Create No Excitement , and Now Pressure 's On '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Best , Neil ( October 29 , 2009 ) . `` Empty Seats at Yankee Stadium Not What They Seem '' . Newsday . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` # 1 New York Yankees '' . Forbes . March 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Yankee Stadium Enhancements '' . New York Yankees . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gagne , Matt ( May 6 , 2009 ) . `` Fallout From Yankeegate Lingers with Stadium Workers , Irate Fans '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved May 7 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Rashbaum , William K. ; Belson , Ken ( October 23 , 2009 ) . `` Cracks Emerge in Ramps at New Yankee Stadium '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Raissman , Bob ( July 30 , 2012 ) . `` ESPN critiques of new Yankee Stadium keeps building on broadcasts '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Passan , Jeff ( October 15 , 2012 ) . `` Yankees Deserve Boo - Birds and Empty Seats After Looking Like $200 M bust in ALCS '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mo Rivera : Old Yankee Stadium Had Far Better Atmosphere Than New One `` CBS New York '' . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/09/derek-jeter-private-photos.html ^ Jump up to : Olney , Buster ( April 21 , 2009 ) . `` New Yankee Stadium on Steroids ? '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Matthews , Wallace ( May 20 , 2009 ) . `` Home Runs a Cheap Thrill at Yankee Stadium '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2009 . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yankee Stadium : Biggest Joke in Baseball '' . New York Post . Associated Press . May 22 , 2009 . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Keown , Tim ( April 28 , 2009 ) . `` Trouble at the House that George Built '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Jeff ( May 23 , 2009 ) . `` Ruthian Blasts Now a Common Sight '' . North Jersey Media Group . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McKee , Don ( May 21 , 2009 ) . `` Bronx Launching Pad Awaits Phils '' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Phillies ' Ruiz Finishes Yanks in 11th , Takes Lidge Off Hook '' . ESPN . Associated Press . May 29 , 2009 . Retrieved May 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Olney , Buster ( May 23 , 2009 ) . `` Too Many Homers to Right ? Add a Chicken Coop '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Feinsand , Mark ( April 21 , 2009 ) . `` Homer 's Odyssey : News Tries to Solve New Yankee Stadium 's Quandary '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved May 23 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Dittmeier , Bobbie ( June 10 , 2009 ) . `` Study : Design Cause of Stadium Homers '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved June 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sciacco , Steve ( August 11 , 2009 ) . `` The New Stadium 's a Bandbox '' . Yankee Analysts . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( September 14 , 2009 ) . `` Guerrero 's Homer Sets Yankee Stadium Mark '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved September 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Major League Teams , 2009 '' . Fangraphs 2009 Splits by Team . Fangraphs . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ballpark Detail '' . Hit Tracker Online . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Major League Baseball Season Summary '' . Baseball Reference . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( April 16 , 2009 ) . `` Getting Ready for the Real Thing '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cleveland 10 , New York 2 '' . USA Today . April 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2009 . Retrieved April 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ DiComo , Anthony ( September 12 , 2009 ) . `` Jeter Passes Gehrig with 2,722 nd Hit '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved April 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Britton , Tim ( August 4 , 2010 ) . `` A-Rod Youngest in History to 600 Homers '' . MLB.com . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( July 9 , 2011 ) . `` With Homer , Jeter Joins 3,000 - Hit Club '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( August 25 , 2011 ) . `` Yanks Rout A 's with MLB Record Three Slams '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Taube , Aaron ( September 19 , 2011 ) . `` Rivera New Saves King as Yanks Top Twins '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved July 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ AP Sports ( @ AP_Sports ) ( 21 April 2016 ) . `` Kendall Graveman became the first starting pitcher to bat at the current Yankee Stadium '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Train Service to MTA Metro - North Railroad 's Newest Station Yankees -- E. 153rd Street Begins Saturday May 23 , 2009 '' ( Press release ) . Metro - North Railroad. April 1 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Events '' . SeaStreak . Retrieved December 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` N.Y.C. IDA Approves $325.3 Million , Most for Yankee Stadium Garages '' . The Bond Buyer . October 10 , 2007 . Retrieved October 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` More Soccer At Yankee Stadium : AC Milan vs. Real Madrid In August ! '' . Gothamist . May 24 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2012 . Retrieved May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spain 2 Republic of Ireland 0 '' . Daily Mail . London . June 12 , 2013 . Retrieved June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yankee Stadium Dimensions Cramping New York City FC 's Style '' . Wall Street Journal . New York City . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Liverpool tops City in Shootout ICC.com July 30 , 2014 Retrieved August 2 , 2014 Jump up ^ Hoch , Bryan ( July 20 , 2009 ) . `` Yanks to Host Notre Dame - Army Game '' . Major League Baseball Advanced Media . Retrieved January 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sanu Sets Big East Record , Rutgers Outlasts Army '' . The Wall Street Journal . Associated Press . November 12 , 2011 . Retrieved December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` First Pinstripe Bowl to Be Held Dec. 30 '' . ESPN . Associated Press . March 9 , 2010 . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` MD - Rutgers game moved from Yankee Stadium '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ Klein , Jeff Z . ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` At Yankee Stadium , Rangers Will Share Glamour with Rivals '' . New York Times . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hardeep Phull ( September 7 , 2012 ) . `` Madonna scores at Yankee Stadium '' . New York Post . Retrieved September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Madonna Treats Yankee Stadium To A Holiday On Her MDNA Tour ! '' . PerezHilton.com . September 9 , 2012 . Retrieved September 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Jeff Rosenthal ( July 20 , 2013 ) . `` Jay Z and Justin Timberlake Take Over Yankee Stadium as Legends of the Summer '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Garth Brooks / Yankee Stadium / Live '' . DirecTV . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Weichselbaum , Simone ; Schapiro , Rich ( June 6 , 2010 ) . `` Yankee Stadium Slugfest : Miguel Cotto Beats Junior Middleweight Champ Yuri Foreman '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved June 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gibson , David ( April 19 , 2009 ) . `` God 's Will in Hard Times '' . New York Magazine . Retrieved January 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Paddock , Barry ( May 12 , 2010 ) . `` ' 30 Rock 's ' Alec Baldwin Ditches Comedy for Emotional Speech to NYU Graduates at Yankee Stadium '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` President Bill Clinton to Speak at NYU 's 2011 Commencement '' . New York University . March 8 , 2011 . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's why the Yankees are getting rid of print - at - home tickets '' . Washington Post . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` New York City fans left stranded over ticket farce in Toronto draw '' . ESPN FC . ESPN . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nobody Could Get Into The NYCFC Game At Yankee Stadium Because Of The Yankees ' Stupid Ticket Policies '' . Deadspin . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees exec gets snobby when defending new ticket policy '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yankees glad John Oliver is a paying customer '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Oliver Offers Premium Yankees Seats for 25 Cents Apiece on ' Last Week Tonight ' '' . Speakeasy ( The Wall Street Journal ) . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` John Oliver sent ' riff - raff ' dressed as unicorns and ' left sharks ' to the Yankees game '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` StubHub Will Serve as Yankees ' Ticket Reseller '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Isidore , Chris ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Yankees reach deal with StubHub '' . CNN Money . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yankee Stadium . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did the yankees move to new stadium	[ "Yankee Stadium is a stadium located in the Concourse neighborhood of the Bronx in New York City. It serves as the home ballpark for the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball (MLB), and is also the home park for New York City FC of Major League Soccer (MLS). The $2.3 billion stadium, built with $1.2 billion in public subsidies,[20] replaced the original Yankee Stadium in 2009. It is located one block north of the original, on the 24-acre (9.7 ha) former site of Macombs Dam Park; the 8-acre (3.2 ha) site of the original stadium is now a public park called Heritage Field.\n" ]	[ "in 2009" ]
-801113410831026390	Ralphie the Buffalo	Ralphie the Buffalo - wikipedia Ralphie the Buffalo Ralphie IV on the sidelines at the 2005 Big 12 Conference football championship game Ralphie the Buffalo is the name of the live mascot of the University of Colorado Buffaloes . Ralphie has been called one of the best live mascots in sports , and she is often erroneously labeled male . The team of `` Ralphie Handlers , '' who are varsity student - athletes , run Ralphie around Folsom Field , the University of Colorado 's football field , in a horse shoe pattern before each half of each home game . It takes five Ralphie Handlers to run her around the field : two up front on each side to steer her around the field , two in the back on each side to help guide her , and one in far back to control her speed , called the `` loop '' position . Ralphie can reach speeds of 25 miles per hour ( 40 km / h ) . Female bison are used because they are smaller and less aggressive , as well as for insurance reasons , although Ralphie has knocked over her handlers on more than one occasion . Because of this , whether or not Ralphie runs is at the sole discretion of her handlers , and her run may be canceled if she is unusually nervous or upset . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ralphie I 1.2 Ralphie II 1.3 Ralphie III 1.4 Ralphie IV 1.5 Ralphie V 2 Traditions 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The tradition began in 1934 , three weeks after the selection of Buffaloes as a nickname for the University in a contest by the school newspaper , the Silver & Gold . Live bison continued to make sporadic appearances at CU games . Ralphie I ( edit ) Ralphie I served 1966 -- 78 Ralphie I ( 1966 -- 1978 ) was donated to the school in 1966 by John Lowery , the father of a CU freshman from Lubbock , Texas , when she was six months old . Initially , she was given the name `` Ralph , '' because of the noise she made while running . After a sharp - eyed sister of Colorado 's Delta Delta Delta pointed out that the bison was a female , however , the name was changed to Ralphie . The tradition of running Ralphie around in a loop on the field started October 28 , 1967 during CU 's homecoming game against the Oklahoma State Cowboys which CU lost 10 -- 7 . Ralphie attended all football home games and bowl games until her retirement in 1978 , a 13 - year career . Her final game was on November 4 , 1978 against Oklahoma , CU lost 7 - 28 . She achieved national celebrity status and was kidnapped in 1970 by Air Force Academy cadets . She was also voted the homecoming queen in 1971 . Ralphie II ( edit ) Ralphie II served 1978 -- 87 Ralphie II ( 1975 -- September 19 , 1987 ) , originally named `` Moon '' ( short for Moonshine ) , made her debut on November 18 , 1978 , the final home game of the season and last game for head coach Bill Mallory for CU , a 16 - 20 loss to the Iowa State Cyclones . Her name was changed to Ralphie II because the name had become so popular . Ralphie II suddenly and unexpectedly died on September 19 , 1987 , following a 31 -- 17 win over the Stanford Cardinal . She was expected to retire at the end of the 1987 season and was kept at the Parker Ranch . Featured in the picture are : Ken Kramer ( 83 ) , Todd Benson ( 84 ) , and Kirk Petrik ( 83 ) . Ralphie III ( edit ) Ralphie III served 1987 -- 97 Ralphie III was pressed into service with only five weeks of training due to the sudden and unexpected death of Ralphie II ( 1987 ) . She was nicknamed `` Tequila '' . She was being trained to replace Ralphie II , who was due to retire at the end of the 1987 season . Ralphie III made her first appearance on November 7 , 1987 in a 27 -- 10 win against the Missouri Tigers . John and Shaaron Parker donated the orphan , who was also kept at the Parker Ranch . At the 1993 Fiesta Bowl , four of the five students running with Ralphie III slipped and fell on the slick field . Only the student in front was left . Ralphie was loose for a period of time . Her final game was against Nebraska on November 28 , 1997 , Colorado lost 24 - 27 . After Ralphie 's death , the Colorado State Senate passed State Resolution 98 -- 10 by Senator Elsie Lacy -- concerning a tribute to Ralphie III the University of Colorado bison mascot , stating : `` That the University of Colorado and fans alike have lost a most beloved mascot and are saddened by the occasion of Ralphie III 's death . '' The first Division I female athlete to run Ralphie was Anne C. Griggs , who first ran Ralphie III in 1994 . Ralphie IV ( edit ) Ralphie IV ( born April 1997 - March 19th , 2017 ) was born at Ted Turner 's Flying D Ranch in Gallatin Gateway , Montana and donated to the University in response to an article in Bison World magazine . John Parker retired as Ralphie 's caretaker in May 2000 . At the end of the 2009 Football season Kevin Priola retired as one of the Directors of the program and was replaced by John Graves , a former Ralphie Handler and CU graduate . Ralphie IV made her debut at Mile High Stadium on September 5 , 1998 against Colorado State . Colorado won 42 - 14 . Her home is now in nearby Henderson , Colorado . Her exact location remains a secret because of previous attempts by rival schools to kidnap Ralphie , or otherwise render her unable to run . Ralphie IV has only refused to run twice . She got spooked November 21 , 2003 as she charged out of her pen for her routine run across Folsom Field to mark the start of the game versus CU 's nemesis , the Nebraska Cornhuskers . Instead of mightily rumbling over the turf , she halted at the 20 - yard line , dug her hoofs into the grassy field and refused to budge . CU lost the game 22 -- 31 . She also refused to even leave the gates on November 26 , 1999 , also against Nebraska in another loss , 33 -- 30 in overtime . A Kansas State Wildcats player was once run over by Ralphie . She also has provided the team 's only serious accident in 2000 when she tossed Meghan McCarthy `` like a bale of hay , '' leaving permanent scars from her horns . In November 2002 Violet Stromberg , a 96 - year - old lifelong CU football fan , left her life savings of $40,730 to create the Ralphie Fund which helps pay for Ralphie 's care . Ralphie IV ran in her final regular - season football against Colorado State on August 31 , 2008 , CU won 38 - 17 . Her final post-season game appearance before Colorado 's loss to the Alabama Crimson Tide in the Independence Bowl on December 30 , 2007 . Ralphie IV passed away on March 19 , 2017 . Ralphie V ( edit ) Ralphie V at her public introduction on November 17 , 2007 . She was 13 months old and weighed 450 lbs . Ralphie V ( born October 2006 ) was introduced to the public on November 17 , 2007 in a major public event called `` Ralphie 's Salute to a New Era . '' According to CU officials , Ralphie V will not take over all Ralphie duties immediately ; both Ralphie IV and V will share duties as long as Ralphie IV remains healthy . Ralphie IV will retain duties that require a relatively sedate and experienced bison while Ralphie V will take over the most physically strenuous duties . Like her predecessor , Ralphie V was donated to Colorado by Ted Turner . She was born in October 2006 at the Vermejo Park Ranch in northern New Mexico and was named `` Blackout . '' She began training at the age of two months to prepare her to take the field . When she was introduced at the `` Ralphie 's Salute to a New Era '' event she weighed in at 500 pounds ( 227 kg ) . Ralphie V runs faster than Ralphie IV and still somewhat wild , according to handlers , and will be larger than the past Ralphies . Her debut game came against Eastern Washington on September , 6th 2008 , Colorado won 31 - 24 . Ralphie V escapes from her handlers at the 2008 Spring Game . Ralphie V took the field with the football team for the first time at the spring game on April 19 , 2008 . In her pre-game run Ralphie ran perfectly , but slipped out of her harness at the very start of the halftime run , bumping , but not trampling , one handler and shedding all but one of her other handlers . Zeb Kopasz was the only handler to hold on to her . They were able to get her under control on the far 25 - yard line and return her to her trailer . Traditions ( edit ) Ralphie IV in her pen at the Georgia game on September 23 , 2006 . Also seen is the trailer in which she travels . She rarely travels to away games -- bowl games excluded -- and only when permitted by the rules of the host stadium . Ralphie IV traveled to the September 23 , 2006 game against the Georgia Bulldogs along with an ESPN producer and cameraman who documented the trip and aired a special on that weekend 's College Gameday . She also traveled to the 2005 Champs Sports Bowl . She wears a custom - made banner that reads `` GO CU '' on one side , and `` Beat ( the opposing team ) '' on the other side with the CU Logo , such as `` Beat CSU . '' Ralphie travels to games and appearances in a black custom stock trailer emblazoned with her name in gold . Ralphie and her trailer are pulled through the University Hill neighborhood before games on her way to the stadium . Ralphie is held in a secret location so that she will not be harassed or harmed by the public , keeping her and the public safe from harm . A tradition of the Ralphie Handler Team is to eat a large team breakfast or lunch at a local diner prior to game - day events . Gallery ( edit ) Ralphie IV running at Colorado 's first win of the 2006 season , and head coach Dan Hawkins ' first win at Colorado on October 14 , 2006 against the Texas Tech Red Raiders . Notice the `` BEAT TECH '' on Ralphie 's outfit . Ralphie IV running at the game against the Kansas State Wildcats on November 4 , 2006 . Notice the `` BEAT KSU '' on Ralphie 's outfit . The handlers often lose their cowboy hats . Ralphie IV is made available to the public during football season so they can take pictures and touch her . This picture taken on October 6 , 2006 , the day before she made her appearance at the game against the Baylor Bears which CU lost , 31 -- 34 in triple overtime . Ralphie IV making her run in the game against the Nebraska Cornhuskers on November 25 , 2005 . Notice the football team following her out . See also ( edit ) Colorado Buffaloes football University of Colorado Boulder # Mascot ; spirit program Colorado Buffaloes # Mascots References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kevin Donahue ( 2005 - 12 - 27 ) . `` Let the firings begin : Hawkins cans Ralphie ? '' . fanblogs.com . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Nathan ( 2006 - 06 - 14 ) . `` The Only Analysis That Matters - Part 4 '' . goldentornado.blogspot.com . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Pete Fiutak ( 2007 - 08 - 25 ) . `` College Football 's Top 25 Mascots '' . CollegeFootballNews.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Kyle Ringo ( 2007 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Ralphie best college mascot '' . DailyCamera.com . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Joe Walljasper ( 2005 - 11 - 06 ) . `` On field , Colorado steady as they come in Big 12 North '' . Columbia Tribune . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Gigantino , Artie ( 2003 - 09 - 22 ) . `` Buffaloes have traveled a rough road to Florida State '' . Accessmylibrary.com . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Drew ( 2006 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Blushing buffs '' . Rocky Mountain News . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 24 . ( The author states lower on the page the `` him '' was done on purpose . ) ^ Jump up to : Zac Reicks ( 2002 - 11 - 22 ) . `` Colorado 's mascot handlers get workout with Ralphie '' . Iowa State Daily . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Jake Schaller ( 2006 - 08 - 30 ) . `` What Ralphie wants , 1,300 - pounder gets '' . The Gazette ( Colorado Springs , CO ) . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Ralphie I '' . CUBuffs.com. 2003 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Mary Jarrett ( 2005 ) . `` Sugar and Spice : CU 's `` Little Girl '' `` . GetBoulder.com . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ralphie II '' . CUBuffs.com. 2003 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` SENATE JOURNAL , Sixty - first General Assembly , STATE OF COLORADO , Second Regular Session '' . State of Colorado . 100th Legislative Day , Thursday , April 16 , 1998 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 24 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Ralphie III '' . CUBuffs.com. 2003 - 08 - 23 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` All about Ralphie '' . DailyCamera.com. 1998 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ Christine Reid ( November 23 , 2003 ) . `` BAD DAY FOR BUFFALOES Ralphie 's runs stops short '' . Boulder Daily Camera . Jump up ^ Adam Klinker ( 1999 - 11 - 29 ) . `` CU 's comeback a ' small victory ' against Huskers '' . Daily Nebraskan . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 24 . Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/CUBuffsRalphie/?hc_ref=NEWSFEED&fref=nf Jump up ^ Brian Howell ( 2017 - 03 - 20 ) . `` Ralphie IV , CU Buffs ' retired mascot , passes away '' . Daily Camera . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Alyssa Urish ( 2007 - 11 - 18 ) . `` Fans welcome new Ralphie '' . Dailycamera.com . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Neill Woelk ( 2008 - 04 - 19 ) . `` Woelk : Ralphie V steals show at spring finale '' . DailyCamera.com . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ David Plati ( 2006 - 09 - 19 ) . `` 2006 Colorado Football : Game 4 -- Georgia '' . CUBuffs.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2006 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Wire services ( 2006 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Watch out , Uga - here comes Ralphie '' . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 24 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ralphie . University of Colorado Ralphie official site ESPN Page 2 - article about Ralphie and her handlers Colorado Traditions College football 's 12 coolest mascots : 1 . Ralphie the Buffalo , Colorado . FoxSports.com . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 01 . University of Colorado Boulder Located in : Boulder , Colorado Academics College of Architecture and Planning College of Arts and Sciences College of Engineering and Applied Science College of Music Graduate School Leeds School of Business School of Education School of Journalism and Mass Communication Boulder School of Law University of Colorado Engineering Management Program Student life Fight Song `` Golden Buffalo '' Marching Band KVCU CU Triathlon Team CU Independent JILA Mazal Holocaust Collection University of Colorado Museum of Natural History Society for the Advancement of Central and East European Cultures University of Colorado Student Government Athletics Crew Football Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Folsom Field Coors Events Center Pac - 12 Conference Mascot People Alumni Residence halls Cheyenne Arapaho Hall Founded : 1876 Students : 32,201 Endowment : $1.09 billion Colorado Buffaloes football Venues Campus fields ( 1890 -- 1901 ) Gamble Field ( 1901 -- 1924 ) Folsom Field ( 1924 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Colorado State : Rocky Mountain Showdown Nebraska Utah : Rumble in the Rockies Culture & lore Ralphie the Buffalo `` CU Fight Song '' `` Golden Buffalo '' Marching band Fifth Down Game ( 1990 ) Miracle at Michigan People Head coaches Statistical leaders NFL draftees Seasons 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1991 2017 2018 National championship seasons in bold Colorado Buffaloes men 's basketball Venues Carlson Gymnasium ( 1924 -- 1937 ) Balch Fieldhouse ( 1937 -- 1979 ) Coors Events Center ( 1979 -- present ) Culture & lore History `` CU Fight Song '' Ralphie the Buffalo CU Pep Band People Head coaches Seasons 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1915 -- 16 1916 -- 17 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 NCAA Final Four appearances in italics Mascots of the Pac - 12 Conference Wilbur and Wilma Wildcat ( Arizona ) Sparky the Sun Devil ( Arizona State ) Oski the Bear ( California ) Joe and Josephine Bruin ( UCLA ) Ralphie the Buffalo / Chip ( Colorado ) The Oregon Duck ( Oregon ) Benny Beaver ( Oregon State ) Traveler ( USC ) Stanford Tree ( Stanford ) ( * unofficial ) Swoop ( Utah ) Harry the Husky ( Washington ) Butch T. Cougar ( Washington State ) Live animal mascots in college sports The American Jonathan ( Connecticut ) Shasta ( Houston ) TOM ( Memphis ) Bill the Goat ( Navy ) Peruna ( SMU ) Stella ( Temple ) ACC Osceola and Renegade ( Florida State ) Tuffy ( NC State ) Rameses ( North Carolina ) Big 12 Judge ( Baylor ) Boomer and Sooner ( Oklahoma ) Bullet ( Oklahoma State ) Bevo ( Texas ) Big East Butler Blue ( Butler ) Jack the Bulldog ( Georgetown ) Conference USA Tech ( Louisiana Tech ) Ivy League Handsome Dan ( Yale ) Independent Army Mules ( Army ) Mountain West Aurora ( Air Force ) CAM the Ram ( Colorado State ) Pac - 12 Ralphie the Buffalo ( Colorado ) Traveler ( Southern California ) Dubs ( Washington ) SEC Tusk ( Arkansas ) War Eagle ( Auburn ) Uga ( Georgia ) Blue ( Kentucky ) Mike the Tiger ( LSU ) Bully ( Mississippi State ) Sir Big Spur ( South Carolina ) Smokey ( Tennessee ) Reveille ( Texas A&M ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralphie_the_Buffalo&oldid=845793833 '' Categories : Colorado Buffaloes football Individual bovines Pac - 12 Conference mascots Individual animals in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 05 : 25 . About Wikipedia	university of colorado boulder mascot ralphie the buffalo	[]	[]
782507138844214034	Potential energy	Potential energy - wikipedia Potential energy Jump to : navigation , search Potential energy In the case of a bow and arrow , when the archer does work on the bow , drawing the string back , some of the chemical energy of the archer 's body is transformed into elastic potential energy in the bent limbs of the bow . When the string is released , the force between the string and the arrow does work on the arrow . The potential energy in the bow limbs is transformed into the ( kinetic energy ) ) of the arrow as it takes flight . Common symbols PE , U , or V SI unit joule ( J ) Derivations from other quantities U = m g h ( gravitational ) U = 1⁄2 k x U = 1⁄2 C V ( electric ) U = - m B ( magnetic ) Classical mechanics F → = m a → ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) = m ( \ vec ( a ) ) ) Second law of motion History Timeline Branches ( show ) Applied Celestial Continuum Dynamics Kinematics Kinetics Statics Statistical Fundamentals ( show ) Acceleration Angular momentum Couple D'Alembert's principle Energy kinetic potential Force Frame of reference Impulse Inertia / Moment of inertia Mass Mechanical power Mechanical work Moment Momentum Space Speed Time Torque Velocity Virtual work Formulations ( show ) Newton 's laws of motion Analytical mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton -- Jacobi equation Appell 's equation of motion Udwadia -- Kalaba equation Koopman -- von Neumann mechanics Core topics ( show ) Damping ( ratio ) Displacement Equations of motion Euler 's laws of motion Fictitious force Friction Harmonic oscillator Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame Mechanics of planar particle motion Motion ( linear ) Newton 's law of universal gravitation Newton 's laws of motion Relative velocity Rigid body dynamics Euler 's equations Simple harmonic motion Vibration Rotation ( show ) Circular motion Rotating reference frame Centripetal force Centrifugal force reactive Coriolis force Pendulum Tangential speed Rotational speed Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity Scientists ( show ) Galileo Newton Kepler Horrocks Halley Euler d'Alembert Clairaut Lagrange Laplace Hamilton Poisson Daniel Bernoulli Johann Bernoulli Cauchy In physics , potential energy is the energy possessed by an object because of its position relative to other objects , stresses within itself , its electric charge , or other factors . Common types of potential energy include the gravitational potential energy of an object that depends on its mass and its distance from the center of mass of another object , the elastic potential energy of an extended spring , and the electric potential energy of an electric charge in an electric field . The unit for energy in the International System of Units ( SI ) is the joule , which has the symbol J . The term potential energy was introduced by the 19th century Scottish engineer and physicist William Rankine , although it has links to Greek philosopher Aristotle 's concept of potentiality . Potential energy is associated with forces that act on a body in a way that the total work done by these forces on the body depends only on the initial and final positions of the body in space . These forces , that are called conservative forces , can be represented at every point in space by vectors expressed as gradients of a certain scalar function called potential . Since the work of potential forces acting on a body that moves from a start to an end position is determined only by these two positions , and does not depend on the trajectory of the body , there is a function known as potential or potential energy that can be evaluated at the two positions to determine this work . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Work and potential energy 2.1 Derivable from a potential 2.2 Computing potential energy 3 Potential energy for near Earth gravity 4 Potential energy for a linear spring 5 Potential energy for gravitational forces between two bodies 5.1 Derivation 6 Potential energy for electrostatic forces between two bodies 7 Reference level 8 Gravitational potential energy 8.1 Local approximation 8.2 General formula 8.3 Why choose a convention where gravitational energy is negative ? 8.4 Uses 9 Chemical potential energy 10 Electric potential energy 10.1 Electrostatic potential energy 10.2 Magnetic potential energy 11 Nuclear potential energy 12 Forces and potential energy 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Overview ( edit ) There are various types of potential energy , each associated with a particular type of force . For example , the work of an elastic force is called elastic potential energy ; work of the gravitational force is called gravitational potential energy ; work of the Coulomb force is called electric potential energy ; work of the strong nuclear force or weak nuclear force acting on the baryon charge is called nuclear potential energy ; work of intermolecular forces is called intermolecular potential energy . Chemical potential energy , such as the energy stored in fossil fuels , is the work of the Coulomb force during rearrangement of mutual positions of electrons and nuclei in atoms and molecules . Thermal energy usually has two components : the kinetic energy of random motions of particles and the potential energy of their mutual positions . Forces derivable from a potential are also called conservative forces . The work done by a conservative force is W = − Δ U ( \ displaystyle \ , W = - \ Delta U ) where Δ U ( \ displaystyle \ Delta U ) is the change in the potential energy associated with the force . The negative sign provides the convention that work done against a force field increases potential energy , while work done by the force field decreases potential energy . Common notations for potential energy are U , V , also E . Potential energy is the energy by virtue of an object 's position relative to other objects . Potential energy is often associated with restoring forces such as a spring or the force of gravity . The action of stretching a spring or lifting a mass is performed by an external force that works against the force field of the potential . This work is stored in the force field , which is said to be stored as potential energy . If the external force is removed the force field acts on the body to perform the work as it moves the body back to the initial position , reducing the stretch of the spring or causing a body to fall . Suppose a ball which mass is m , and it is in h position in height . If the acceleration of free fall is g , the weight of the ball is mg . So the total work or energy is force × displacement = mg × h = mgh E p = m g h ( \ displaystyle E_ ( p ) = mgh ) The more formal definition is that potential energy is the energy difference between the energy of an object in a given position and its energy at a reference position . Work and potential energy ( edit ) Potential energy is closely linked with forces . If the work done by a force on a body that moves from A to B does not depend on the path between these points , then the work of this force measured from A assigns a scalar value to every other point in space and defines a scalar potential field . In this case , the force can be defined as the negative of the vector gradient of the potential field . If the work for an applied force is independent of the path , then the work done by the force is evaluated at the start and end of the trajectory of the point of application . This means that there is a function U ( x ) , called a `` potential , '' that can be evaluated at the two points x and x to obtain the work over any trajectory between these two points . It is tradition to define this function with a negative sign so that positive work is a reduction in the potential , that is W = ∫ C F ⋅ d x = U ( x A ) − U ( x B ) ( \ displaystyle W = \ int _ ( C ) ( \ mathbf ( F ) ) \ cdot \ mathrm ( d ) ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) = U ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( A ) ) - U ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( B ) ) ) where C is the trajectory taken from A to B. Because the work done is independent of the path taken , then this expression is true for any trajectory , C , from A to B . The function U ( x ) is called the potential energy associated with the applied force . Examples of forces that have potential energies are gravity and spring forces . Derivable from a potential ( edit ) In this section the relationship between work and potential energy is presented in more detail . The line integral that defines work along curve C takes a special form if the force F is related to a scalar field φ ( x ) so that F = ∇ φ = ( ∂ φ ∂ x , ∂ φ ∂ y , ∂ φ ∂ z ) . ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) = ( \ nabla \ varphi ) = \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ partial \ varphi ) ( \ partial x ) ) , ( \ frac ( \ partial \ varphi ) ( \ partial y ) ) , ( \ frac ( \ partial \ varphi ) ( \ partial z ) ) \ right ) . ) In this case , work along the curve is given by W = ∫ C F ⋅ d x = ∫ C ∇ φ ⋅ d x , ( \ displaystyle W = \ int _ ( C ) ( \ mathbf ( F ) ) \ cdot \ mathrm ( d ) ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) = \ int _ ( C ) \ nabla \ varphi \ cdot \ mathrm ( d ) ( \ mathbf ( x ) ) , ) which can be evaluated using the gradient theorem to obtain W = φ ( x B ) − φ ( x A ) . ( \ displaystyle W = \ varphi ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( B ) ) - \ varphi ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( A ) ) . ) This shows that when forces are derivable from a scalar field , the work of those forces along a curve C is computed by evaluating the scalar field at the start point A and the end point B of the curve . This means the work integral does not depend on the path between A and B and is said to be independent of the path . Potential energy U = - φ ( x ) is traditionally defined as the negative of this scalar field so that work by the force field decreases potential energy , that is W = U ( x A ) − U ( x B ) . ( \ displaystyle W = U ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( A ) ) - U ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( B ) ) . ) In this case , the application of the del operator to the work function yields , ∇ W = − ∇ U = − ( ∂ U ∂ x , ∂ U ∂ y , ∂ U ∂ z ) = F , ( \ displaystyle ( \ nabla W ) = - ( \ nabla U ) = - \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ partial U ) ( \ partial x ) ) , ( \ frac ( \ partial U ) ( \ partial y ) ) , ( \ frac ( \ partial U ) ( \ partial z ) ) \ right ) = \ mathbf ( F ) , ) and the force F is said to be `` derivable from a potential . '' This also necessarily implies that F must be a conservative vector field . The potential U defines a force F at every point x in space , so the set of forces is called a force field . Computing potential energy ( edit ) Given a force field F ( x ) , evaluation of the work integral using the gradient theorem can be used to find the scalar function associated with potential energy . This is done by introducing a parameterized curve γ ( t ) = r ( t ) from γ ( a ) = A to γ ( b ) = B , and computing , ∫ γ ∇ φ ( r ) ⋅ d r = ∫ a b ∇ φ ( r ( t ) ) ⋅ r ′ ( t ) d t , = ∫ a b d d t φ ( r ( t ) ) d t = φ ( r ( b ) ) − φ ( r ( a ) ) = φ ( x B ) − φ ( x A ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ int _ ( \ gamma ) \ nabla \ varphi ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) \ cdot d \ mathbf ( r ) & = \ int _ ( a ) ^ ( b ) \ nabla \ varphi ( \ mathbf ( r ) ( t ) ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( r ) ' ( t ) dt , \ \ & = \ int _ ( a ) ^ ( b ) ( \ frac ( d ) ( dt ) ) \ varphi ( \ mathbf ( r ) ( t ) ) dt = \ varphi ( \ mathbf ( r ) ( b ) ) - \ varphi ( \ mathbf ( r ) ( a ) ) = \ varphi \ left ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( B ) \ right ) - \ varphi \ left ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( A ) \ right ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) For the force field F , let v = dr / dt , then the gradient theorem yields , ∫ γ F ⋅ d r = ∫ a b F ⋅ v d t , = − ∫ a b d d t U ( r ( t ) ) d t = U ( x A ) − U ( x B ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ int _ ( \ gamma ) \ mathbf ( F ) \ cdot d \ mathbf ( r ) & = \ int _ ( a ) ^ ( b ) \ mathbf ( F ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( v ) dt , \ \ & = - \ int _ ( a ) ^ ( b ) ( \ frac ( d ) ( dt ) ) U ( \ mathbf ( r ) ( t ) ) dt = U \ left ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( A ) \ right ) - U \ left ( \ mathbf ( x ) _ ( B ) \ right ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) The power applied to a body by a force field is obtained from the gradient of the work , or potential , in the direction of the velocity v of the point of application , that is P ( t ) = − ∇ U ⋅ v = F ⋅ v . ( \ displaystyle P ( t ) = - ( \ nabla U ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( v ) = \ mathbf ( F ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( v ) . ) Examples of work that can be computed from potential functions are gravity and spring forces . Potential energy for near Earth gravity ( edit ) A trebuchet uses the gravitational potential energy of the counterweight to throw projectiles over two hundred metres The following function is called the potential energy of a near earth gravity field : U ( r ) = m g h ( r ) , ( \ displaystyle U ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) = mg \ , h ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) , ) where m is in kg , g is 9.81 for earth and h is in metres . In classical physics , gravity exerts a constant downward force F = ( 0 , 0 , F ) on the center of mass of a body moving near the surface of the Earth . The work of gravity on a body moving along a trajectory r ( t ) = ( x ( t ) , y ( t ) , z ( t ) ) , such as the track of a roller coaster is calculated using its velocity , v = ( v , v , v ) , to obtain W = ∫ t 1 t 2 F ⋅ v d t = ∫ t 1 t 2 F z v z d t = F z Δ z . ( \ displaystyle W = \ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( \ boldsymbol ( F ) ) \ cdot ( \ boldsymbol ( v ) ) \ mathrm ( d ) t = \ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) F_ ( z ) v_ ( z ) \ mathrm ( d ) t = F_ ( z ) \ Delta z . ) where the integral of the vertical component of velocity is the vertical distance . Notice that the work of gravity depends only on the vertical movement of the curve r ( t ) . Potential energy for a linear spring ( edit ) Main article : Elastic potential energy Springs are used for storing elastic potential energy Archery is one of humankind 's oldest applications of elastic potential energy A horizontal spring exerts a force F = ( − kx , 0 , 0 ) that is proportional to its deflection in the x direction . The work of this spring on a body moving along the space curve s ( t ) = ( x ( t ) , y ( t ) , z ( t ) ) , is calculated using its velocity , v = ( v , v , v ) , to obtain W = ∫ 0 t F ⋅ v d t = − ∫ 0 t k x v x d t = − 1 2 k x 2 . ( \ displaystyle W = \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( t ) \ mathbf ( F ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( v ) \ mathrm ( \ , ) ( d ) t = - \ int _ ( 0 ) ^ ( t ) kxv_ ( x ) \ mathrm ( \ , ) ( d ) t = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) kx ^ ( 2 ) . ) For convenience , consider contact with the spring occurs at t = 0 , then the integral of the product of the distance x and the x-velocity , xv , is x / 2 . The function U ( x ) = 1 2 k x 2 , ( \ displaystyle U ( x ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) kx ^ ( 2 ) , ) is called the potential energy of a linear spring . Elastic potential energy is the potential energy of an elastic object ( for example a bow or a catapult ) that is deformed under tension or compression ( or stressed in formal terminology ) . It arises as a consequence of a force that tries to restore the object to its original shape , which is most often the electromagnetic force between the atoms and molecules that constitute the object . If the stretch is released , the energy is transformed into kinetic energy . Potential energy for gravitational forces between two bodies ( edit ) The gravitational potential function , also known as gravitational potential energy , is : U = − G M m r , ( \ displaystyle U = - ( \ frac ( GMm ) ( r ) ) , ) The negative sign follows the convention that work is gained from a loss of potential energy . Derivation ( edit ) Gravitational potential energy between two bodies in space is obtained from the force exerted by a mass M on another mass m is given by F = − G M m r 3 r , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) = - ( \ frac ( GMm ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \ mathbf ( r ) , ) where r is the position vector from the object with mass M to the object with mass m , and G is the gravitational constant . This can also be expressed as F = − G M m r 2 r ^ , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) = - ( \ frac ( GMm ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ mathbf ( \ hat ( r ) ) , ) where r ^ ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( \ hat ( r ) ) ) is a vector of length 1 pointing from M to m . Let the mass m move at the velocity v then the work of gravity on this mass as it moves from position r ( t ) to r ( t ) is given by W = − ∫ r ( t 1 ) r ( t 2 ) G M m r 3 r ⋅ d r = − ∫ t 1 t 2 G M m r 3 r ⋅ v d t . ( \ displaystyle W = - \ int _ ( \ mathbf ( r ) ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ) ^ ( \ mathbf ( r ) ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \ frac ( GMm ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \ mathbf ( r ) \ cdot d \ mathbf ( r ) = - \ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( \ frac ( GMm ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \ mathbf ( r ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( v ) \ mathrm ( d ) t . ) Notice that the position and velocity of the mass m are given by r = r e r , v = r _̇ e r + r θ _̇ e t , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( r ) = r \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( r ) , \ qquad \ mathbf ( v ) = ( \ dot ( r ) ) \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( r ) + r ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( t ) , ) where e and e are the radial and tangential unit vectors directed relative to the vector from M to m . Use this to simplify the formula for work of gravity to , W = − ∫ t 1 t 2 G m M r 3 ( r e r ) ⋅ ( r _̇ e r + r θ _̇ e t ) d t = − ∫ t 1 t 2 G m M r 3 r r _̇ d t = G M m r ( t 2 ) − G M m r ( t 1 ) . ( \ displaystyle W = - \ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( \ frac ( GmM ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) ( r \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( r ) ) \ cdot ( ( \ dot ( r ) ) \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( r ) + r ( \ dot ( \ theta ) ) \ mathbf ( e ) _ ( t ) ) \ mathrm ( d ) t = - \ int _ ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ^ ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ( \ frac ( GmM ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) r ( \ dot ( r ) ) \ mathrm ( d ) t = ( \ frac ( GMm ) ( r ( t_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) - ( \ frac ( GMm ) ( r ( t_ ( 1 ) ) ) ) . ) This calculation uses the fact that d d t r − 1 = − r − 2 r _̇ = − r _̇ r 2 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ mathrm ( d ) ) ( \ mathrm ( d ) t ) ) r ^ ( - 1 ) = - r ^ ( - 2 ) ( \ dot ( r ) ) = - ( \ frac ( \ dot ( r ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) Potential energy for electrostatic forces between two bodies ( edit ) The electrostatic force exerted by a charge Q on another charge q is given by F = 1 4 π ε 0 Q q r 3 r , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 \ pi \ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ) ( \ frac ( Qq ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \ mathbf ( r ) , ) where r is the position vector from Q to q and ε is the vacuum permittivity . This may also be written using Coulomb 's constant k = 1 ⁄ 4πε . The work W required to move q from A to any point B in the electrostatic force field is given by the potential function U ( r ) = 1 4 π ε 0 Q q r . ( \ displaystyle U ( ( r ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 \ pi \ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ) ( \ frac ( Qq ) ( r ) ) . ) Reference level ( edit ) The potential energy is a function of the state a system is in , and is defined relative to that for a particular state . This reference state is not always a real state , it may also be a limit , such as with the distances between all bodies tending to infinity , provided that the energy involved in tending to that limit is finite , such as in the case of inverse - square law forces . Any arbitrary reference state could be used , therefore it can be chosen based on convenience . Typically the potential energy of a system depends on the relative positions of its components only , so the reference state can also be expressed in terms of relative positions . Gravitational potential energy ( edit ) Main articles : Gravitational potential , Gravitational energy , and Gravity field Gravitational energy is the potential energy associated with gravitational force , as work is required to elevate objects against Earth 's gravity . The potential energy due to elevated positions is called gravitational potential energy , and is evidenced by water in an elevated reservoir or kept behind a dam . If an object falls from one point to another point inside a gravitational field , the force of gravity will do positive work on the object , and the gravitational potential energy will decrease by the same amount . Gravitational force keeps the planets in orbit around the Sun Consider a book placed on top of a table . As the book is raised from the floor , to the table , some external force works against the gravitational force . If the book falls back to the floor , the `` falling '' energy the book receives is provided by the gravitational force . Thus , if the book falls off the table , this potential energy goes to accelerate the mass of the book and is converted into kinetic energy . When the book hits the floor this kinetic energy is converted into heat , deformation and sound by the impact . The factors that affect an object 's gravitational potential energy are its height relative to some reference point , its mass , and the strength of the gravitational field it is in . Thus , a book lying on a table has less gravitational potential energy than the same book on top of a taller cupboard , and less gravitational potential energy than a heavier book lying on the same table . An object at a certain height above the Moon 's surface has less gravitational potential energy than at the same height above the Earth 's surface because the Moon 's gravity is weaker . Note that `` height '' in the common sense of the term can not be used for gravitational potential energy calculations when gravity is not assumed to be a constant . The following sections provide more detail . Local approximation ( edit ) The strength of a gravitational field varies with location . However , when the change of distance is small in relation to the distances from the center of the source of the gravitational field , this variation in field strength is negligible and we can assume that the force of gravity on a particular object is constant . Near the surface of the Earth , for example , we assume that the acceleration due to gravity is a constant g = 9.8 m / s ( `` standard gravity '' ) . In this case , a simple expression for gravitational potential energy can be derived using the W = Fd equation for work , and the equation W F = − Δ U F . ( \ displaystyle W_ ( F ) = - \ Delta U_ ( F ). \ ! ) The amount of gravitational potential energy possessed by an elevated object is equal to the work done against gravity in lifting it . The work done equals the force required to move it upward multiplied with the vertical distance it is moved ( remember W = Fd ) . The upward force required while moving at a constant velocity is equal to the weight , mg , of an object , so the work done in lifting it through a height h is the product mgh . Thus , when accounting only for mass , gravity , and altitude , the equation is : U = m g h ( \ displaystyle U = mgh \ ! ) where U is the potential energy of the object relative to its being on the Earth 's surface , m is the mass of the object , g is the acceleration due to gravity , and h is the altitude of the object . If m is expressed in kilograms , g in m / s and h in metres then U will be calculated in joules . Hence , the potential difference is Δ U = m g Δ h . ( \ displaystyle \ , \ Delta U = mg \ Delta h. \ ) General formula ( edit ) However , over large variations in distance , the approximation that g is constant is no longer valid , and we have to use calculus and the general mathematical definition of work to determine gravitational potential energy . For the computation of the potential energy we can integrate the gravitational force , whose magnitude is given by Newton 's law of gravitation , with respect to the distance r between the two bodies . Using that definition , the gravitational potential energy of a system of masses m and M at a distance r using gravitational constant G is U = − G m 1 M 2 r + K ( \ displaystyle U = - G ( \ frac ( m_ ( 1 ) M_ ( 2 ) ) ( r ) ) \ + K ) , where K is an arbitrary constant dependent on the choice of datum from which potential is measured . Choosing the convention that K = 0 ( i.e. in relation to a point at infinity ) makes calculations simpler , albeit at the cost of making U negative ; for why this is physically reasonable , see below . Given this formula for U , the total potential energy of a system of n bodies is found by summing , for all n ( n − 1 ) 2 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( n ( n - 1 ) ) ( 2 ) ) ) pairs of two bodies , the potential energy of the system of those two bodies . Gravitational potential summation U = − m ( G M 1 r 1 + G M 2 r 2 ) ( \ displaystyle U = - m ( G ( \ frac ( M_ ( 1 ) ) ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ) + G ( \ frac ( M_ ( 2 ) ) ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ) ) ) Considering the system of bodies as the combined set of small particles the bodies consist of , and applying the previous on the particle level we get the negative gravitational binding energy . This potential energy is more strongly negative than the total potential energy of the system of bodies as such since it also includes the negative gravitational binding energy of each body . The potential energy of the system of bodies as such is the negative of the energy needed to separate the bodies from each other to infinity , while the gravitational binding energy is the energy needed to separate all particles from each other to infinity . U = − m ( G M 1 r 1 + G M 2 r 2 ) ( \ displaystyle U = - m \ left ( G ( \ frac ( M_ ( 1 ) ) ( r_ ( 1 ) ) ) + G ( \ frac ( M_ ( 2 ) ) ( r_ ( 2 ) ) ) \ right ) ) therefore , U = − m ∑ G M r ( \ displaystyle U = - m \ sum G ( \ frac ( M ) ( r ) ) ) , Why choose a convention where gravitational energy is negative ? ( edit ) As with all potential energies , only differences in gravitational potential energy matter for most physical purposes , and the choice of zero point is arbitrary . Given that there is no reasonable criterion for preferring one particular finite r over another , there seem to be only two reasonable choices for the distance at which U becomes zero : r = 0 ( \ displaystyle r = 0 ) and r = ∞ ( \ displaystyle r = \ infty ) . The choice of U = 0 ( \ displaystyle U = 0 ) at infinity may seem peculiar , and the consequence that gravitational energy is always negative may seem counterintuitive , but this choice allows gravitational potential energy values to be finite , albeit negative . The singularity at r = 0 ( \ displaystyle r = 0 ) in the formula for gravitational potential energy means that the only other apparently reasonable alternative choice of convention , with U = 0 ( \ displaystyle U = 0 ) for r = 0 ( \ displaystyle r = 0 ) , would result in potential energy being positive , but infinitely large for all nonzero values of r , and would make calculations involving sums or differences of potential energies beyond what is possible with the real number system . Since physicists abhor infinities in their calculations , and r is always non-zero in practice , the choice of U = 0 ( \ displaystyle U = 0 ) at infinity is by far the more preferable choice , even if the idea of negative energy in a gravity well appears to be peculiar at first . The negative value for gravitational energy also has deeper implications that make it seem more reasonable in cosmological calculations where the total energy of the universe can meaningfully be considered ; see inflation theory for more on this . Uses ( edit ) Gravitational potential energy has a number of practical uses , notably the generation of pumped - storage hydroelectricity . For example , in Dinorwig , Wales , there are two lakes , one at a higher elevation than the other . At times when surplus electricity is not required ( and so is comparatively cheap ) , water is pumped up to the higher lake , thus converting the electrical energy ( running the pump ) to gravitational potential energy . At times of peak demand for electricity , the water flows back down through electrical generator turbines , converting the potential energy into kinetic energy and then back into electricity . The process is not completely efficient and some of the original energy from the surplus electricity is in fact lost to friction . Gravitational potential energy is also used to power clocks in which falling weights operate the mechanism . It 's also used by counterweights for lifting up an elevator , crane , or sash window . Roller coasters are an entertaining way to utilize potential energy - chains are used to move a car up an incline ( building up gravitational potential energy ) , to then have that energy converted into kinetic energy as it falls . Another practical use is utilizing gravitational potential energy to descend ( perhaps coast ) downhill in transportation such as the descent of an automobile , truck , railroad train , bicycle , airplane , or fluid in a pipeline . In some cases the kinetic energy obtained from potential energy of descent may be used to start ascending the next grade such as what happens when a road is undulating and has frequent dips . The commercialization of stored energy ( in the form of rail cars raised to higher elevations ) that is then converted to electrical energy when needed by an electrical grid , is being undertaken in the United States in a system called Advanced Rail Energy Storage ( ARES ) . Further information : Gravitational potential energy storage Chemical potential energy ( edit ) Main article : Chemical energy Chemical potential energy is a form of potential energy related to the structural arrangement of atoms or molecules . This arrangement may be the result of chemical bonds within a molecule or otherwise . Chemical energy of a chemical substance can be transformed to other forms of energy by a chemical reaction . As an example , when a fuel is burned the chemical energy is converted to heat , same is the case with digestion of food metabolized in a biological organism . Green plants transform solar energy to chemical energy through the process known as photosynthesis , and electrical energy can be converted to chemical energy through electrochemical reactions . The similar term chemical potential is used to indicate the potential of a substance to undergo a change of configuration , be it in the form of a chemical reaction , spatial transport , particle exchange with a reservoir , etc . Electric potential energy ( edit ) Main article : Electric potential energy An object can have potential energy by virtue of its electric charge and several forces related to their presence . There are two main types of this kind of potential energy : electrostatic potential energy , electrodynamic potential energy ( also sometimes called magnetic potential energy ) . Plasma formed inside a gas filled sphere Electrostatic potential energy ( edit ) Electrostatic potential energy between two bodies in space is obtained from the force exerted by a charge Q on another charge q which is given by F = − 1 4 π ε 0 Q q r 3 r , ( \ displaystyle \ mathbf ( F ) = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 \ pi \ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ) ( \ frac ( Qq ) ( r ^ ( 3 ) ) ) \ mathbf ( r ) , ) where r is the position vector from Q to q and ε is the vacuum permittivity . This may also be written using Coulomb 's constant k = 1 ⁄ 4πε . If the electric charge of an object can be assumed to be at rest , then it has potential energy due to its position relative to other charged objects . The electrostatic potential energy is the energy of an electrically charged particle ( at rest ) in an electric field . It is defined as the work that must be done to move it from an infinite distance away to its present location , adjusted for non-electrical forces on the object . This energy will generally be non-zero if there is another electrically charged object nearby . The work W required to move q from A to any point B in the electrostatic force field is given by the potential function U ( r ) = 1 4 π ε 0 Q q r . ( \ displaystyle U ( ( \ mathbf ( r ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 4 \ pi \ varepsilon _ ( 0 ) ) ) ( \ frac ( Qq ) ( r ) ) . ) A related quantity called electric potential ( commonly denoted with a V for voltage ) is equal to the electric potential energy per unit charge . Magnetic potential energy ( edit ) The energy of a magnetic moment m in an externally produced magnetic B - field B has potential energy U = − m ⋅ B . ( \ displaystyle U = - \ mathbf ( m ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( B ) . ) The magnetization M in a field is U = − 1 2 ∫ M ⋅ B d V , ( \ displaystyle U = - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ int \ mathbf ( M ) \ cdot \ mathbf ( B ) \ mathrm ( d ) V , ) where the integral can be over all space or , equivalently , where M is nonzero . Magnetic potential energy is the form of energy related not only to the distance between magnetic materials , but also to the orientation , or alignment , of those materials within the field . For example , the needle of a compass has the lowest magnetic potential energy when it is aligned with the north and south poles of the Earth 's magnetic field . If the needle is moved by an outside force , torque is exerted on the magnetic dipole of the needle by the Earth 's magnetic field , causing it to move back into alignment . The magnetic potential energy of the needle is highest when its field is in the same direction as the Earth 's magnetic field . Two magnets will have potential energy in relation to each other and the distance between them , but this also depends on their orientation . If the opposite poles are held apart , the potential energy will be the highest when they are near the edge of their attraction , and the lowest when they pull together . Conversely , like poles will have the highest potential energy when forced together , and the lowest when they spring apart . Nuclear potential energy ( edit ) Nuclear potential energy is the potential energy of the particles inside an atomic nucleus . The nuclear particles are bound together by the strong nuclear force . Weak nuclear forces provide the potential energy for certain kinds of radioactive decay , such as beta decay . Nuclear particles like protons and neutrons are not destroyed in fission and fusion processes , but collections of them can have less mass than if they were individually free , in which case this mass difference can be liberated as heat and radiation in nuclear reactions ( the heat and radiation have the missing mass , but it often escapes from the system , where it is not measured ) . The energy from the Sun is an example of this form of energy conversion . In the Sun , the process of hydrogen fusion converts about 4 million tonnes of solar matter per second into electromagnetic energy , which is radiated into space . Forces and potential energy ( edit ) Potential energy is closely linked with forces . If the work done by a force on a body that moves from A to B does not depend on the path between these points , then the work of this force measured from A assigns a scalar value to every other point in space and defines a scalar potential field . In this case , the force can be defined as the negative of the vector gradient of the potential field . For example , gravity is a conservative force . The associated potential is the gravitational potential , often denoted by φ ( \ displaystyle \ phi ) or V ( \ displaystyle V ) , corresponding to the energy per unit mass as a function of position . The gravitational potential energy of two particles of mass M and m separated by a distance r is U = − G M m r , ( \ displaystyle U = - ( \ frac ( GMm ) ( r ) ) , ) The gravitational potential ( specific energy ) of the two bodies is φ = − ( G M r + G m r ) = − G ( M + m ) r = − G M m μ r = U μ . ( \ displaystyle \ phi = - \ left ( ( \ frac ( GM ) ( r ) ) + ( \ frac ( Gm ) ( r ) ) \ right ) = - ( \ frac ( G ( M + m ) ) ( r ) ) = - ( \ frac ( GMm ) ( \ mu r ) ) = ( \ frac ( U ) ( \ mu ) ) . ) where μ ( \ displaystyle \ mu ) is the reduced mass . The work done against gravity by moving an infinitesimal mass from point A with U = a ( \ displaystyle U = a ) to point B with U = b ( \ displaystyle U = b ) is ( b − a ) ( \ displaystyle ( b-a ) ) and the work done going back the other way is ( a − b ) ( \ displaystyle ( a-b ) ) so that the total work done in moving from A to B and returning to A is U A → B → A = ( b − a ) + ( a − b ) = 0 . ( \ displaystyle U_ ( A \ to B \ to A ) = ( b-a ) + ( a-b ) = 0. \ , ) If the potential is redefined at A to be a + c ( \ displaystyle a + c ) and the potential at B to be b + c ( \ displaystyle b + c ) , where c ( \ displaystyle c ) is a constant ( i.e. c ( \ displaystyle c ) can be any number , positive or negative , but it must be the same at A as it is at B) then the work done going from A to B is U A → B = ( b + c ) − ( a + c ) = b − a ( \ displaystyle U_ ( A \ to B ) = ( b + c ) - ( a + c ) = b-a \ , ) as before . In practical terms , this means that one can set the zero of U ( \ displaystyle U ) and φ ( \ displaystyle \ phi ) anywhere one likes . One may set it to be zero at the surface of the Earth , or may find it more convenient to set zero at infinity ( as in the expressions given earlier in this section ) . A conservative force can be expressed in the language of differential geometry as a closed form . As Euclidean space is contractible , its de Rham cohomology vanishes , so every closed form is also an exact form , and can be expressed as the gradient of a scalar field . This gives a mathematical justification of the fact that all conservative forces are gradients of a potential field . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jain , Mahesh C. `` Fundamental forces and laws : a brief review '' . Textbook Of Engineering Physics , Part 1 . PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 10 . ISBN 9788120338623 . Jump up ^ McCall , Robert P. ( 2010 ) . `` Energy , Work and Metabolism '' . Physics of the Human Body . JHU Press . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9455 - 8 . Jump up ^ William John Macquorn Rankine ( 1853 ) `` On the general law of the transformation of energy , '' Proceedings of the Philosophical Society of Glasgow , vol. 3 , no . 5 , pages 276 - 280 ; reprinted in : ( 1 ) Philosophical Magazine , series 4 , vol. 5 , no . 30 , pages 106 - 117 ( February 1853 ) ; and ( 2 ) W.J. Millar , ed. , Miscellaneous Scientific Papers : by W.J. Macquorn Rankine , ... ( London , England : Charles Griffin and Co. , 1881 ) , part II , pages 203 - 208 . Jump up ^ Smith , Crosbie ( 1998 ) . The Science of Energy - a Cultural History of Energy Physics in Victorian Britain . The University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 76420 - 6 . Jump up ^ Brown , Theodore L. ( 2006 ) . Chemistry The Central Science . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Education , Inc. p. 168 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 109686 - 9 . Jump up ^ John Robert Taylor ( 2005 ) . Classical Mechanics . University Science Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 891389 - 22 - 1 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Burton Paul ( 1979 ) . Kinematics and dynamics of planar machinery . Prentice - Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 516062 - 6 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Feynman , Richard P. ( 2011 ) . `` Work and potential energy '' . The Feynman Lectures on Physics , Vol . I. Basic Books . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 02493 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Hyperphysics - Gravitational Potential Energy '' . Jump up ^ `` Energy storage - Packing some power '' . The Economist. 2011 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 11 . Jump up ^ Jacob , Thierry. Pumped storage in Switzerland - an outlook beyond 2000 Stucky . Accessed : 13 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Levine , Jonah G. Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage and Spatial Diversity of Wind Resources as Methods of Improving Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources page 6 , University of Colorado , December 2007 . Accessed : 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Yang , Chi - Jen . Pumped Hydroelectric Storage Duke University . Accessed : 12 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Energy Storage Hawaiian Electric Company . Accessed : 13 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Packing Some Power : Energy Technology : Better ways of storing energy are needed if electricity systems are to become cleaner and more efficient , The Economist , 3 March 2012 Jump up ^ Downing , Louise . Ski Lifts Help Open $25 Billion Market for Storing Power , Bloomberg News online , 6 September 2012 Jump up ^ Kernan , Aedan . Storing Energy on Rail Tracks , Leonardo-Energy.org website , 30 October 2013 Jump up ^ Aharoni , Amikam ( 1996 ) . Introduction to the theory of ferromagnetism ( Repr . ed . ) . Oxford : Clarendon Pr . ISBN 0 - 19 - 851791 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jackson , John David ( 1975 ) . Classical electrodynamics ( 2d ed . ) . New York : Wiley . ISBN 0 - 471 - 43132 - X . Jump up ^ Livingston , James D. ( 2011 ) . Rising Force : The Magic of Magnetic Levitation . President and Fellows of Harvard College . p. 152 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Narinder ( 2004 ) . Comprehensive Physics XII . Laxmi Publications . p. 713 . References ( edit ) Serway , Raymond A. ; Jewett , John W. ( 2010 ) . Physics for Scientists and Engineers ( 8th ed . ) . Brooks / Cole cengage . ISBN 1 - 4390 - 4844 - 4 . Tipler , Paul ( 2004 ) . Physics for Scientists and Engineers : Mechanics , Oscillations and Waves , Thermodynamics ( 5th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 0809 - 4 . External links ( edit ) What is potential energy ? 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-2892999373161720018	Romeo and Juliet	Romeo and Juliet - wikipedia Romeo and Juliet Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Romeo and Juliet ( disambiguation ) . An 1870 oil painting by Ford Madox Brown depicting the play 's famous balcony scene `` Romeo and Juliet : Act I '' The opening act of Romeo and Juliet . See also : Acts II , III , IV , V Problems playing this file ? See media help . Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare early in his career about two young star - crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately reconcile their feuding families . It was among Shakespeare 's most popular plays during his lifetime and along with Hamlet , is one of his most frequently performed plays . Today , the title characters are regarded as archetypal young lovers . Romeo and Juliet belongs to a tradition of tragic romances stretching back to antiquity . The plot is based on an Italian tale translated into verse as The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke in 1562 and retold in prose in Palace of Pleasure by William Painter in 1567 . Shakespeare borrowed heavily from both but expanded the plot by developing a number of supporting characters , particularly Mercutio and Paris . Believed to have been written between 1591 and 1595 , the play was first published in a quarto version in 1597 . The text of the first quarto version was of poor quality , however , and later editions corrected the text to conform more closely with Shakespeare 's original . Shakespeare 's use of his poetic dramatic structure ( especially effects such as switching between comedy and tragedy to heighten tension , his expansion of minor characters , and his use of sub-plots to embellish the story ) has been praised as an early sign of his dramatic skill . The play ascribes different poetic forms to different characters , sometimes changing the form as the character develops . Romeo , for example , grows more adept at the sonnet over the course of the play . Romeo and Juliet has been adapted numerous times for stage , film , musical , and opera venues . During the English Restoration , it was revived and heavily revised by William Davenant . David Garrick 's 18th - century version also modified several scenes , removing material then considered indecent , and Georg Benda 's Romeo und Julie omitted much of the action and added a happy ending . Performances in the 19th century , including Charlotte Cushman 's , restored the original text and focused on greater realism . John Gielgud 's 1935 version kept very close to Shakespeare 's text and used Elizabethan costumes and staging to enhance the drama . In the 20th and into the 21st century , the play has been adapted in versions as diverse as George Cukor 's 1935 film Romeo and Juliet , Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 version Romeo and Juliet , and Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 MTV - inspired Romeo + Juliet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 2 Synopsis 3 Sources 3.1 Modern form 4 Date and text 5 Themes and motifs 5.1 Love 5.2 Fate and chance 5.3 Duality ( light and dark ) 5.4 Time 6 Criticism and interpretation 6.1 Critical history 6.2 Dramatic structure 6.3 Language 6.4 Psychoanalytic criticism 6.5 Feminist criticism 6.6 Queer theory 6.7 The balcony scene 7 Legacy 7.1 Shakespeare 's day 7.2 Restoration and 18th - century theatre 7.3 19th - century theatre 7.4 20th - century theatre 7.4. 1 Ballet 7.5 Music 7.6 Literature and art 7.7 Screen 7.8 Modern social media and virtual world productions 8 Scene by scene 9 See also 10 References 10.1 Notes 10.2 Secondary sources 11 External links Characters Main article : Characters in Romeo and Juliet Ruling house of Verona Prince Escalus is the ruling Prince of Verona . Count Paris is a kinsman of Escalus who wishes to marry Juliet . Mercutio is another kinsman of Escalus , a friend of Romeo . House of Capulet Capulet is the patriarch of the house of Capulet . Lady Capulet is the matriarch of the house of Capulet . Juliet is the 13 - year - old daughter of Capulet , the play 's female protagonist . Tybalt is a cousin of Juliet , the nephew of Lady Capulet . The Nurse is Juliet 's personal attendant and confidante . Rosaline is Lord Capulet 's niece , Romeo 's love in the beginning of the story . Peter , Sampson , and Gregory are servants of the Capulet household . House of Montague Montague is the patriarch of the house of Montague . Lady Montague is the matriarch of the house of Montague . Romeo is the son of Montague , the play 's male protagonist . Benvolio is Romeo 's cousin and best friend . Abram and Balthasar are servants of the Montague household . Others Friar Laurence is a Franciscan friar and Romeo 's confidant . Friar John is sent to deliver Friar Laurence 's letter to Romeo . An Apothecary who reluctantly sells Romeo poison . A Chorus reads a prologue to each of the first two acts . Synopsis L'ultimo bacio dato a Giulietta da Romeo by Francesco Hayez . Oil on canvas , 1823 . The play , set in Verona , Italy , begins with a street brawl between Montague and Capulet servants who , like their masters , are sworn enemies . Prince Escalus of Verona intervenes and declares that further breach of the peace will be punishable by death . Later , Count Paris talks to Capulet about marrying his daughter Juliet , but Capulet asks Paris to wait another two years and invites him to attend a planned Capulet ball . Lady Capulet and Juliet 's nurse try to persuade Juliet to accept Paris 's courtship . Meanwhile , Benvolio talks with his cousin Romeo , Montague 's son , about Romeo 's recent depression . Benvolio discovers that it stems from unrequited infatuation for a girl named Rosaline , one of Capulet 's nieces . Persuaded by Benvolio and Mercutio , Romeo attends the ball at the Capulet house in hopes of meeting Rosaline . However , Romeo instead meets and falls in love with Juliet . Juliet 's cousin , Tybalt , is enraged at Romeo for sneaking into the ball but is only stopped from killing Romeo by Juliet 's father , who does not wish to shed blood in his house . After the ball , in what is now called the `` balcony scene '' , Romeo sneaks into the Capulet orchard and overhears Juliet at her window vowing her love to him in spite of her family 's hatred of the Montagues . Romeo makes himself known to her and they agree to be married . With the help of Friar Laurence , who hopes to reconcile the two families through their children 's union , they are secretly married the next day . Tybalt , meanwhile , still incensed that Romeo had sneaked into the Capulet ball , challenges him to a duel . Romeo , now considering Tybalt his kinsman , refuses to fight . Mercutio is offended by Tybalt 's insolence , as well as Romeo 's `` vile submission '' , and accepts the duel on Romeo 's behalf . Mercutio is fatally wounded when Romeo attempts to break up the fight . Grief - stricken and wracked with guilt , Romeo confronts and slays Tybalt . Montague argues that Romeo has justly executed Tybalt for the murder of Mercutio . The Prince , now having lost a kinsman in the warring families ' feud , exiles Romeo from Verona , under penalty of death if he ever returns . Romeo secretly spends the night in Juliet 's chamber , where they consummate their marriage . Capulet , misinterpreting Juliet 's grief , agrees to marry her to Count Paris and threatens to disown her when she refuses to become Paris 's `` joyful bride '' . When she then pleads for the marriage to be delayed , her mother rejects her . Juliet visits Friar Laurence for help , and he offers her a potion that will put her into a deathlike coma for `` two and forty hours '' . The Friar promises to send a messenger to inform Romeo of the plan so that he can rejoin her when she awakens . On the night before the wedding , she takes the drug and , when discovered apparently dead , she is laid in the family crypt . The messenger , however , does not reach Romeo and , instead , Romeo learns of Juliet 's apparent death from his servant , Balthasar . Heartbroken , Romeo buys poison from an apothecary and goes to the Capulet crypt . He encounters Paris who has come to mourn Juliet privately . Believing Romeo to be a vandal , Paris confronts him and , in the ensuing battle , Romeo kills Paris . Still believing Juliet to be dead , he drinks the poison . Juliet then awakens and , finding Romeo dead , stabs herself with his dagger . The feuding families and the Prince meet at the tomb to find all three dead . Friar Laurence recounts the story of the two `` star - cross 'd lovers '' . The families are reconciled by their children 's deaths and agree to end their violent feud . The play ends with the Prince 's elegy for the lovers : `` For never was a story of more woe / Than this of Juliet and her Romeo . '' Sources Title page of Arthur Brooke 's poem , Romeus and Juliet . Romeo and Juliet borrows from a tradition of tragic love stories dating back to antiquity . One of these is Pyramus and Thisbe , from Ovid 's Metamorphoses , which contains parallels to Shakespeare 's story : the lovers ' parents despise each other , and Pyramus falsely believes his lover Thisbe is dead . The Ephesiaca of Xenophon of Ephesus , written in the 3rd century , also contains several similarities to the play , including the separation of the lovers , and a potion that induces a deathlike sleep . One of the earliest references to the names Montague and Capulet is from Dante 's Divine Comedy , who mentions the Montecchi ( Montagues ) and the Cappelletti ( Capulets ) in canto six of Purgatorio : Come and see , you who are negligent , Montagues and Capulets , Monaldi and Filippeschi One lot already grieving , the other in fear . However , the reference is part of a polemic against the moral decay of Florence , Lombardy , and the Italian Peninsula as a whole ; Dante , through his characters , chastises German King Albert I for neglecting his responsibilities towards Italy ( `` you who are negligent '' ) , and successive popes for their encroachment from purely spiritual affairs , thus leading to a climate of incessant bickering and warfare between rival political parties in Lombardy . History records the name of the family Montague as being lent to such a political party in Verona , but that of the Capulets as from a Cremonese family , both of whom play out their conflict in Lombardy as a whole rather than within the confines of Verona . Allied to rival political factions , the parties are grieving ( `` One lot already grieving '' ) because their endless warfare has led to the destruction of both parties , rather than a grief from the loss of their ill - fated offspring as the play sets forth , which appears to be a solely poetic creation within this context . The earliest known version of the Romeo and Juliet tale akin to Shakespeare 's play is the story of Mariotto and Gianozza by Masuccio Salernitano , in the 33rd novel of his Il Novellino published in 1476 . Salernitano sets the story in Siena and insists its events took place in his own lifetime . His version of the story includes the secret marriage , the colluding friar , the fray where a prominent citizen is killed , Mariotto 's exile , Gianozza 's forced marriage , the potion plot , and the crucial message that goes astray . In this version , Mariotto is caught and beheaded and Gianozza dies of grief . Modern form Luigi da Porto ( 1485 -- 1529 ) adapted the story as Giulietta e Romeo and included it in his Historia novellamente ritrovata di due Nobili Amanti , written in 1524 and published posthumously in 1531 in Venice . Da Porto drew on Pyramus and Thisbe , Boccacio 's Decameron , and Salernitano 's Mariotto e Ganozza , but it is likely that his story is also autobiographical : present as a soldier at a ball on 26 February 1511 , at a residence of the Savorgnan clan in Udine , following a peace ceremony with the opposite Strumieri , Da Porta fell in love with Lucina , the daughter of the house , but relationships of their mentors prevented advances . The next morning , the Savorgnans led an attack on the city , and many members of the Strumieri were murdered . When years later , half - paralyzed from a battle - wound , he wrote Giulietta e Romeo in Montorso Vicentino ( from where he could see the `` castles '' of Verona ) , he dedicated the novella to bellisima e leggiadra madonna Lucina Savorgnan . Da Porto presented his tale as historically true and claimed it took place a century earlier than Salernitano had it , in the days Verona was ruled by Bartolomeo II della Scala ( anglicized as Prince Escalus ) . Da Porto gave Romeo and Juliet most of its modern form , including the names of the lovers , the rival families of Montecchi and Capuleti , and the location in Verona . He named the friar Laurence ( frate Lorenzo ) and introduced the characters Mercutio ( Marcuccio Guertio ) , Tybalt ( Tebaldo Cappelleti ) , Count Paris ( conti ( Paride ) di Lodrone ) , the faithful servant , and Giulietta 's nurse . Da Porto originated the remaining basic elements of the story : the feuding families , Romeo - left by his mistress - meeting Giulietta at a dance at her house , the love scenes ( including the balcony scene ) , the periods of despair , Romeo killing Giulietta 's cousin ( Tebaldo ) , and the families ' reconciliation after the lovers ' suicides . In da Porto 's version , Romeo takes poison and Giulietta stabs herself with his dagger . In 1554 , Matteo Bandello published the second volume of his Novelle , which included his version of Giuletta e Romeo , probably written between 1531 and 1545 . Bandello lengthened and weighed down the plot while leaving the storyline basically unchanged ( though he did introduce Benvolio ) . Bandello 's story was translated into French by Pierre Boaistuau in 1559 in the first volume of his Histories Tragiques . Boaistuau adds much moralising and sentiment , and the characters indulge in rhetorical outbursts . In his 1562 narrative poem The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet , Arthur Brooke translated Boaistuau faithfully but adjusted it to reflect parts of Chaucer 's Troilus and Criseyde . There was a trend among writers and playwrights to publish works based on Italian novelles -- Italian tales were very popular among theatre - goers -- and Shakespeare may well have been familiar with William Painter 's 1567 collection of Italian tales titled Palace of Pleasure . This collection included a version in prose of the Romeo and Juliet story named `` The goodly History of the true and constant love of Romeo and Juliett '' . Shakespeare took advantage of this popularity : The Merchant of Venice , Much Ado About Nothing , All 's Well That Ends Well , Measure for Measure , and Romeo and Juliet are all from Italian novelle . Romeo and Juliet is a dramatisation of Brooke 's translation , and Shakespeare follows the poem closely but adds extra detail to both major and minor characters ( in particular the Nurse and Mercutio ) . Christopher Marlowe 's Hero and Leander and Dido , Queen of Carthage , both similar stories written in Shakespeare 's day , are thought to be less of a direct influence , although they may have helped create an atmosphere in which tragic love stories could thrive . Date and text Title page of the first edition It is unknown when exactly Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet . Juliet 's nurse refers to an earthquake she says occurred 11 years ago . This may refer to the Dover Straits earthquake of 1580 , which would date that particular line to 1591 . Other earthquakes -- both in England and in Verona -- have been proposed in support of the different dates . But the play 's stylistic similarities with A Midsummer Night 's Dream and other plays conventionally dated around 1594 -- 95 , place its composition sometime between 1591 and 1595 . One conjecture is that Shakespeare may have begun a draft in 1591 , which he completed in 1595 . Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet was published in two quarto editions prior to the publication of the First Folio of 1623 . These are referred to as Q1 and Q2 . The first printed edition , Q1 , appeared in early 1597 , printed by John Danter . Because its text contains numerous differences from the later editions , it is labelled a so - called ' bad quarto ' ; the 20th - century editor T.J.B. Spencer described it as `` a detestable text , probably a reconstruction of the play from the imperfect memories of one or two of the actors '' , suggesting that it had been pirated for publication . An alternative explanation for Q1 's shortcomings is that the play ( like many others of the time ) may have been heavily edited before performance by the playing company . However , ' the theory , formulated by ( Alfred ) Pollard , '' that the ' bad quarto ' was `` reconstructed from memory by some of the actors is now under attack . Alternative theories are that some or all of ' the bad quartos ' are early versions by Shakespeare or abbreviations made either for Shakespeare 's company or for other companies . '' In any event , its appearance in early 1597 makes 1596 the latest possible date for the play 's composition . The superior Q2 called the play The Most Excellent and Lamentable Tragedie of Romeo and Juliet . It was printed in 1599 by Thomas Creede and published by Cuthbert Burby . Q2 is about 800 lines longer than Q1 . Its title page describes it as `` Newly corrected , augmented and amended '' . Scholars believe that Q2 was based on Shakespeare 's pre-performance draft ( called his foul papers ) since there are textual oddities such as variable tags for characters and `` false starts '' for speeches that were presumably struck through by the author but erroneously preserved by the typesetter . It is a much more complete and reliable text and was reprinted in 1609 ( Q3 ) , 1622 ( Q4 ) and 1637 ( Q5 ) . In effect , all later Quartos and Folios of Romeo and Juliet are based on Q2 , as are all modern editions since editors believe that any deviations from Q2 in the later editions ( whether good or bad ) are likely to arise from editors or compositors , not from Shakespeare . The title page from the First Folio , printed in 1623 . The First Folio text of 1623 was based primarily on Q3 , with clarifications and corrections possibly coming from a theatrical prompt book or Q1 . Other Folio editions of the play were printed in 1632 ( F2 ) , 1664 ( F3 ) , and 1685 ( F4 ) . Modern versions -- that take into account several of the Folios and Quartos -- first appeared with Nicholas Rowe 's 1709 edition , followed by Alexander Pope 's 1723 version . Pope began a tradition of editing the play to add information such as stage directions missing in Q2 by locating them in Q1 . This tradition continued late into the Romantic period . Fully annotated editions first appeared in the Victorian period and continue to be produced today , printing the text of the play with footnotes describing the sources and culture behind the play . Themes and motifs Scholars have found it extremely difficult to assign one specific , overarching theme to the play . Proposals for a main theme include a discovery by the characters that human beings are neither wholly good nor wholly evil , but instead are more or less alike , awaking out of a dream and into reality , the danger of hasty action , or the power of tragic fate . None of these have widespread support . However , even if an overall theme can not be found it is clear that the play is full of several small , thematic elements that intertwine in complex ways . Several of those most often debated by scholars are discussed below . Love `` Romeo If I profane with my unworthiest hand This holy shrine , the gentle sin is this : My lips , two blushing pilgrims , ready stand To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss . Juliet Good pilgrim , you do wrong your hand too much , Which mannerly devotion shows in this ; For saints have hands that pilgrims ' hands do touch , And palm to palm is holy palmers ' kiss . '' -- Romeo and Juliet , Act I , Scene V Romeo and Juliet is sometimes considered to have no unifying theme , save that of young love . Romeo and Juliet have become emblematic of young lovers and doomed love . Since it is such an obvious subject of the play , several scholars have explored the language and historical context behind the romance of the play . On their first meeting , Romeo and Juliet use a form of communication recommended by many etiquette authors in Shakespeare 's day : metaphor . By using metaphors of saints and sins , Romeo was able to test Juliet 's feelings for him in a non-threatening way . This method was recommended by Baldassare Castiglione ( whose works had been translated into English by this time ) . He pointed out that if a man used a metaphor as an invitation , the woman could pretend she did not understand him , and he could retreat without losing honour . Juliet , however , participates in the metaphor and expands on it . The religious metaphors of `` shrine '' , `` pilgrim '' , and `` saint '' were fashionable in the poetry of the time and more likely to be understood as romantic rather than blasphemous , as the concept of sainthood was associated with the Catholicism of an earlier age . Later in the play , Shakespeare removes the more daring allusions to Christ 's resurrection in the tomb he found in his source work : Brooke 's Romeus and Juliet . Watercolor by John Massey Wright of Act II , Scene ii ( the balcony scene ) . In the later balcony scene , Shakespeare has Romeo overhear Juliet 's soliloquy , but in Brooke 's version of the story , her declaration is done alone . By bringing Romeo into the scene to eavesdrop , Shakespeare breaks from the normal sequence of courtship . Usually , a woman was required to be modest and shy to make sure that her suitor was sincere , but breaking this rule serves to speed along the plot . The lovers are able to skip courting and move on to plain talk about their relationship -- agreeing to be married after knowing each other for only one night . In the final suicide scene , there is a contradiction in the message -- in the Catholic religion , suicides were often thought to be condemned to hell , whereas people who die to be with their loves under the `` Religion of Love '' are joined with their loves in paradise . Romeo and Juliet 's love seems to be expressing the `` Religion of Love '' view rather than the Catholic view . Another point is that although their love is passionate , it is only consummated in marriage , which keeps them from losing the audience 's sympathy . The play arguably equates love and sex with death . Throughout the story , both Romeo and Juliet , along with the other characters , fantasise about it as a dark being , often equating it with a lover . Capulet , for example , when he first discovers Juliet 's ( faked ) death , describes it as having deflowered his daughter . Juliet later erotically compares Romeo and death . Right before her suicide , she grabs Romeo 's dagger , saying `` O happy dagger ! This is thy sheath . There rust , and let me die . '' Fate and chance `` O , I am fortune 's fool ! '' -- Romeo , Act III Scene I Scholars are divided on the role of fate in the play . No consensus exists on whether the characters are truly fated to die together or whether the events take place by a series of unlucky chances . Arguments in favour of fate often refer to the description of the lovers as `` star - cross 'd '' . This phrase seems to hint that the stars have predetermined the lovers ' future . John W. Draper points out the parallels between the Elizabethan belief in the four humours and the main characters of the play ( for example , Tybalt as a choleric ) . Interpreting the text in the light of humours reduces the amount of plot attributed to chance by modern audiences . Still , other scholars see the play as a series of unlucky chances -- many to such a degree that they do not see it as a tragedy at all , but an emotional melodrama . Ruth Nevo believes the high degree to which chance is stressed in the narrative makes Romeo and Juliet a `` lesser tragedy '' of happenstance , not of character . For example , Romeo 's challenging Tybalt is not impulsive ; it is , after Mercutio 's death , the expected action to take . In this scene , Nevo reads Romeo as being aware of the dangers of flouting social norms , identity , and commitments . He makes the choice to kill , not because of a tragic flaw , but because of circumstance . Duality ( light and dark ) `` O brawling love , O loving hate , O any thing of nothing first create ! O heavy lightness , serious vanity , Misshapen chaos of well - seeming forms , Feather of lead , bright smoke , cold fire , sick health , Still - waking sleep , that is not what it is ! '' -- Romeo , Act I Scene I Scholars have long noted Shakespeare 's widespread use of light and dark imagery throughout the play . Caroline Spurgeon considers the theme of light as `` symbolic of the natural beauty of young love '' and later critics have expanded on this interpretation . For example , both Romeo and Juliet see the other as light in a surrounding darkness . Romeo describes Juliet as being like the sun , brighter than a torch , a jewel sparkling in the night , and a bright angel among dark clouds . Even when she lies apparently dead in the tomb , he says her `` beauty makes This vault a feasting presence full of light . '' Juliet describes Romeo as `` day in night '' and `` Whiter than snow upon a raven 's back . '' This contrast of light and dark can be expanded as symbols -- contrasting love and hate , youth and age in a metaphoric way . Sometimes these intertwining metaphors create dramatic irony . For example , Romeo and Juliet 's love is a light in the midst of the darkness of the hate around them , but all of their activity together is done in night and darkness while all of the feuding is done in broad daylight . This paradox of imagery adds atmosphere to the moral dilemma facing the two lovers : loyalty to family or loyalty to love . At the end of the story , when the morning is gloomy and the sun hiding its face for sorrow , light and dark have returned to their proper places , the outward darkness reflecting the true , inner darkness of the family feud out of sorrow for the lovers . All characters now recognise their folly in light of recent events , and things return to the natural order , thanks to the love and death of Romeo and Juliet . The `` light '' theme in the play is also heavily connected to the theme of time since light was a convenient way for Shakespeare to express the passage of time through descriptions of the sun , moon , and stars . Time `` These times of woe afford no time to woo . '' -- Paris , Act III Scene IV Time plays an important role in the language and plot of the play . Both Romeo and Juliet struggle to maintain an imaginary world void of time in the face of the harsh realities that surround them . For instance , when Romeo swears his love to Juliet by the moon , she protests `` O swear not by the moon , th'inconstant moon , / That monthly changes in her circled orb , / Lest that thy love prove likewise variable . '' From the very beginning , the lovers are designated as `` star - cross 'd '' referring to an astrologic belief associated with time . Stars were thought to control the fates of humanity , and as time passed , stars would move along their course in the sky , also charting the course of human lives below . Romeo speaks of a foreboding he feels in the stars ' movements early in the play , and when he learns of Juliet 's death , he defies the stars ' course for him . Another central theme is haste : Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet spans a period of four to six days , in contrast to Brooke 's poem 's spanning nine months . Scholars such as G. Thomas Tanselle believe that time was `` especially important to Shakespeare '' in this play , as he used references to `` short - time '' for the young lovers as opposed to references to `` long - time '' for the `` older generation '' to highlight `` a headlong rush towards doom '' . Romeo and Juliet fight time to make their love last forever . In the end , the only way they seem to defeat time is through a death that makes them immortal through art . Time is also connected to the theme of light and dark . In Shakespeare 's day , plays were most often performed at noon or in the afternoon in broad daylight . This forced the playwright to use words to create the illusion of day and night in his plays . Shakespeare uses references to the night and day , the stars , the moon , and the sun to create this illusion . He also has characters frequently refer to days of the week and specific hours to help the audience understand that time has passed in the story . All in all , no fewer than 103 references to time are found in the play , adding to the illusion of its passage . Criticism and interpretation Critical History Portrait of the earliest recorded critic of the play , Samuel Pepys , by John Hayls . Oil on canvas , 1666 . The earliest known critic of the play was diarist Samuel Pepys , who wrote in 1662 : `` it is a play of itself the worst that I ever heard in my life . '' Poet John Dryden wrote 10 years later in praise of the play and its comic character Mercutio : `` Shakespear show 'd the best of his skill in his Mercutio , and he said himself , that he was forc 'd to kill him in the third Act , to prevent being killed by him . '' Criticism of the play in the 18th century was less sparse , but no less divided . Publisher Nicholas Rowe was the first critic to ponder the theme of the play , which he saw as the just punishment of the two feuding families . In mid-century , writer Charles Gildon and philosopher Lord Kames argued that the play was a failure in that it did not follow the classical rules of drama : the tragedy must occur because of some character flaw , not an accident of fate . Writer and critic Samuel Johnson , however , considered it one of Shakespeare 's `` most pleasing '' plays . In the later part of the 18th and through the 19th century , criticism centred on debates over the moral message of the play . Actor and playwright David Garrick 's 1748 adaptation excluded Rosaline : Romeo abandoning her for Juliet was seen as fickle and reckless . Critics such as Charles Dibdin argued that Rosaline had been purposely included in the play to show how reckless the hero was and that this was the reason for his tragic end . Others argued that Friar Laurence might be Shakespeare 's spokesman in his warnings against undue haste . With the advent of the 20th century , these moral arguments were disputed by critics such as Richard Green Moulton : he argued that accident , and not some character flaw , led to the lovers ' deaths . Dramatic structure In Romeo and Juliet , Shakespeare employs several dramatic techniques that have garnered praise from critics ; most notably the abrupt shifts from comedy to tragedy ( an example is the punning exchange between Benvolio and Mercutio just before Tybalt arrives ) . Before Mercutio 's death in Act three , the play is largely a comedy . After his accidental demise , the play suddenly becomes serious and takes on a tragic tone . When Romeo is banished , rather than executed , and Friar Laurence offers Juliet a plan to reunite her with Romeo , the audience can still hope that all will end well . They are in a `` breathless state of suspense '' by the opening of the last scene in the tomb : If Romeo is delayed long enough for the Friar to arrive , he and Juliet may yet be saved . These shifts from hope to despair , reprieve , and new hope , serve to emphasise the tragedy when the final hope fails and both the lovers die at the end . Shakespeare also uses sub-plots to offer a clearer view of the actions of the main characters . For example , when the play begins , Romeo is in love with Rosaline , who has refused all of his advances . Romeo 's infatuation with her stands in obvious contrast to his later love for Juliet . This provides a comparison through which the audience can see the seriousness of Romeo and Juliet 's love and marriage . Paris ' love for Juliet also sets up a contrast between Juliet 's feelings for him and her feelings for Romeo . The formal language she uses around Paris , as well as the way she talks about him to her Nurse , show that her feelings clearly lie with Romeo . Beyond this , the sub-plot of the Montague -- Capulet feud overarches the whole play , providing an atmosphere of hate that is the main contributor to the play 's tragic end . Language Shakespeare uses a variety of poetic forms throughout the play . He begins with a 14 - line prologue in the form of a Shakespearean sonnet , spoken by a Chorus . Most of Romeo and Juliet is , however , written in blank verse , and much of it in strict iambic pentameter , with less rhythmic variation than in most of Shakespeare 's later plays . In choosing forms , Shakespeare matches the poetry to the character who uses it . Friar Laurence , for example , uses sermon and sententiae forms , and the Nurse uses a unique blank verse form that closely matches colloquial speech . Each of these forms is also moulded and matched to the emotion of the scene the character occupies . For example , when Romeo talks about Rosaline earlier in the play , he attempts to use the Petrarchan sonnet form . Petrarchan sonnets were often used by men to exaggerate the beauty of women who were impossible for them to attain , as in Romeo 's situation with Rosaline . This sonnet form is used by Lady Capulet to describe Count Paris to Juliet as a handsome man . When Romeo and Juliet meet , the poetic form changes from the Petrarchan ( which was becoming archaic in Shakespeare 's day ) to a then more contemporary sonnet form , using `` pilgrims '' and `` saints '' as metaphors . Finally , when the two meet on the balcony , Romeo attempts to use the sonnet form to pledge his love , but Juliet breaks it by saying `` Dost thou love me ? '' By doing this , she searches for true expression , rather than a poetic exaggeration of their love . Juliet uses monosyllabic words with Romeo but uses formal language with Paris . Other forms in the play include an epithalamium by Juliet , a rhapsody in Mercutio 's Queen Mab speech , and an elegy by Paris . Shakespeare saves his prose style most often for the common people in the play , though at times he uses it for other characters , such as Mercutio . Humour , also , is important : scholar Molly Mahood identifies at least 175 puns and wordplays in the text . Many of these jokes are sexual in nature , especially those involving Mercutio and the Nurse . Psychoanalytic criticism Early psychoanalytic critics saw the problem of Romeo and Juliet in terms of Romeo 's impulsiveness , deriving from `` ill - controlled , partially disguised aggression '' , which leads both to Mercutio 's death and to the double suicide . Romeo and Juliet is not considered to be exceedingly psychologically complex , and sympathetic psychoanalytic readings of the play make the tragic male experience equivalent with sicknesses . Norman Holland , writing in 1966 , considers Romeo 's dream as a realistic `` wish fulfilling fantasy both in terms of Romeo 's adult world and his hypothetical childhood at stages oral , phallic and oedipal '' -- while acknowledging that a dramatic character is not a human being with mental processes separate from those of the author . Critics such as Julia Kristeva focus on the hatred between the families , arguing that this hatred is the cause of Romeo and Juliet 's passion for each other . That hatred manifests itself directly in the lovers ' language : Juliet , for example , speaks of `` my only love sprung from my only hate '' and often expresses her passion through an anticipation of Romeo 's death . This leads on to speculation as to the playwright 's psychology , in particular to a consideration of Shakespeare 's grief for the death of his son , Hamnet . Feminist criticism Feminist literary critics argue that the blame for the family feud lies in Verona 's patriarchal society . For Coppélia Kahn , for example , the strict , masculine code of violence imposed on Romeo is the main force driving the tragedy to its end . When Tybalt kills Mercutio , Romeo shifts into this violent mode , regretting that Juliet has made him so `` effeminate '' . In this view , the younger males `` become men '' by engaging in violence on behalf of their fathers , or in the case of the servants , their masters . The feud is also linked to male virility , as the numerous jokes about maidenheads aptly demonstrate . Juliet also submits to a female code of docility by allowing others , such as the Friar , to solve her problems for her . Other critics , such as Dympna Callaghan , look at the play 's feminism from a historicist angle , stressing that when the play was written the feudal order was being challenged by increasingly centralised government and the advent of capitalism . At the same time , emerging Puritan ideas about marriage were less concerned with the `` evils of female sexuality '' than those of earlier eras and more sympathetic towards love - matches : when Juliet dodges her father 's attempt to force her to marry a man she has no feeling for , she is challenging the patriarchal order in a way that would not have been possible at an earlier time . Queer theory The playbill from a 1753 production at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane starring David Garrick A number of critics have found the character of Mercutio to have unacknowledged homoerotic desire for Romeo . Jonathan Goldberg examined the sexuality of Mercutio and Romeo utilising `` queer theory '' in Queering the Renaissance , comparing their friendship with sexual love . Mercutio , in friendly conversation , mentions Romeo 's phallus , suggesting traces of homoeroticism . An example is his joking wish `` To raise a spirit in his mistress ' circle ... letting it there stand / Till she had laid it and conjured it down . '' Romeo 's homoeroticism can also be found in his attitude to Rosaline , a woman who is distant and unavailable and brings no hope of offspring . As Benvolio argues , she is best replaced by someone who will reciprocate . Shakespeare 's procreation sonnets describe another young man who , like Romeo , is having trouble creating offspring and who may be seen as being a homosexual . Goldberg believes that Shakespeare may have used Rosaline as a way to express homosexual problems of procreation in an acceptable way . In this view , when Juliet says `` ... that which we call a rose , by any other name would smell as sweet '' , she may be raising the question of whether there is any difference between the beauty of a man and the beauty of a woman . The balcony scene The balcony scene was introduced by Da Porto in 1524 . He had Romeo walk frequently by her house , `` sometimes climbing to her chamber window '' and wrote , `` It happened one night , as love ordained , when the moon shone unusually bright , that whilst Romeo was climbing the balcony , the young lady ... opened the window , and looking out saw him '' . After this they have a conversation in which they declare eternal love to each other . A few decades later , Bandello greatly expanded this scene , diverging from the familiar one : Julia has her nurse deliver a letter asking Romeo to come to her window with a rope ladder , and he climbs the balcony with the help of his servant , Julia and the nurse ( the servants discreetly withdraw after this ) . Nevertheless , in October 2014 , Lois Leveen speculated in The Atlantic that the original Shakespeare play did not contain a balcony . The word , balcone , did not exist in the English language until two years after Shakespeare 's death . The balcony was certainly used in Thomas Otway 's 1679 play , The History and Fall of Caius Marius , which had borrowed much of its story from Romeo and Juliet and placed the two lovers in a balcony reciting a speech similar to that between Romeo and Juliet . Leveen suggested that during the 18th century , David Garrick chose to use a balcony in his adaptation and revival of Romeo and Juliet and modern adaptations have continued this tradition . Legacy Shakespeare 's day Richard Burbage , probably the first actor to portray Romeo Romeo and Juliet ranks with Hamlet as one of Shakespeare 's most performed plays . Its many adaptations have made it one of his most enduring and famous stories . Even in Shakespeare 's lifetime , it was extremely popular . Scholar Gary Taylor measures it as the sixth most popular of Shakespeare 's plays , in the period after the death of Christopher Marlowe and Thomas Kyd but before the ascendancy of Ben Jonson during which Shakespeare was London 's dominant playwright . The date of the first performance is unknown . The First Quarto , printed in 1597 , says that `` it hath been often ( and with great applause ) plaid publiquely '' , setting the first performance before that date . The Lord Chamberlain 's Men were certainly the first to perform it . Besides their strong connections with Shakespeare , the Second Quarto actually names one of its actors , Will Kemp , instead of Peter , in a line in Act Five . Richard Burbage was probably the first Romeo , being the company 's actor , and Master Robert Goffe ( a boy ) the first Juliet . The premiere is likely to have been at `` The Theatre '' , with other early productions at `` The Curtain '' . Romeo and Juliet is one of the first Shakespearean plays to have been performed outside England : a shortened and simplified version was performed in Nördlingen in 1604 . Restoration and 18th - century Theatre All theatres were closed down by the puritan government on 6 September 1642 . Upon the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , two patent companies ( the King 's Company and the Duke 's Company ) were established , and the existing theatrical repertoire divided between them . Mary Saunderson , probably the first woman to play Juliet professionally Sir William Davenant of the Duke 's Company staged a 1662 adaptation in which Henry Harris played Romeo , Thomas Betterton Mercutio , and Betterton 's wife Mary Saunderson Juliet : she was probably the first woman to play the role professionally . Another version closely followed Davenant 's adaptation and was also regularly performed by the Duke 's Company . This was a tragicomedy by James Howard , in which the two lovers survive . Thomas Otway 's The History and Fall of Caius Marius , one of the more extreme of the Restoration adaptations of Shakespeare , debuted in 1680 . The scene is shifted from Renaissance Verona to ancient Rome ; Romeo is Marius , Juliet is Lavinia , the feud is between patricians and plebeians ; Juliet / Lavinia wakes from her potion before Romeo / Marius dies . Otway 's version was a hit , and was acted for the next seventy years . His innovation in the closing scene was even more enduring , and was used in adaptations throughout the next 200 years : Theophilus Cibber 's adaptation of 1744 , and David Garrick 's of 1748 both used variations on it . These versions also eliminated elements deemed inappropriate at the time . For example , Garrick 's version transferred all language describing Rosaline to Juliet , to heighten the idea of faithfulness and downplay the love - at - first - sight theme . In 1750 , a `` Battle of the Romeos '' began , with Spranger Barry and Susannah Maria Arne ( Mrs. Theophilus Cibber ) at Covent Garden versus David Garrick and George Anne Bellamy at Drury Lane . The earliest known production in North America was an amateur one : on 23 March 1730 , a physician named Joachimus Bertrand placed an advertisement in the Gazette newspaper in New York , promoting a production in which he would play the apothecary . The first professional performances of the play in North America were those of the Hallam Company . 19th - century Theatre The American Cushman sisters , Charlotte and Susan , as Romeo and Juliet in 1846 Garrick 's altered version of the play was very popular , and ran for nearly a century . Not until 1845 did Shakespeare 's original return to the stage in the United States with the sisters Susan and Charlotte Cushman as Juliet and Romeo , respectively , and then in 1847 in Britain with Samuel Phelps at Sadler 's Wells Theatre . Cushman adhered to Shakespeare 's version , beginning a string of eighty - four performances . Her portrayal of Romeo was considered genius by many . The Times wrote : `` For a long time Romeo has been a convention . Miss Cushman 's Romeo is a creative , a living , breathing , animated , ardent human being . '' Queen Victoria wrote in her journal that `` no - one would ever have imagined she was a woman '' . Cushman 's success broke the Garrick tradition and paved the way for later performances to return to the original storyline . Professional performances of Shakespeare in the mid-19th century had two particular features : firstly , they were generally star vehicles , with supporting roles cut or marginalised to give greater prominence to the central characters . Secondly , they were `` pictorial '' , placing the action on spectacular and elaborate sets ( requiring lengthy pauses for scene changes ) and with the frequent use of tableaux . Henry Irving 's 1882 production at the Lyceum Theatre ( with himself as Romeo and Ellen Terry as Juliet ) is considered an archetype of the pictorial style . In 1895 , Sir Johnston Forbes - Robertson took over from Irving and laid the groundwork for a more natural portrayal of Shakespeare that remains popular today . Forbes - Robertson avoided the showiness of Irving and instead portrayed a down - to - earth Romeo , expressing the poetic dialogue as realistic prose and avoiding melodramatic flourish . American actors began to rival their British counterparts . Edwin Booth ( brother to John Wilkes Booth ) and Mary McVicker ( soon to be Edwin 's wife ) opened as Romeo and Juliet at the sumptuous Booth 's Theatre ( with its European - style stage machinery , and an air conditioning system unique in New York ) on 3 February 1869 . Some reports said it was one of the most elaborate productions of Romeo and Juliet ever seen in America ; it was certainly the most popular , running for over six weeks and earning over $60,000 ( equal to about $1,080,000 today ) . The programme noted that : `` The tragedy will be produced in strict accordance with historical propriety , in every respect , following closely the text of Shakespeare . '' The first professional performance of the play in Japan may have been George Crichton Miln 's company 's production , which toured to Yokohama in 1890 . Throughout the 19th century , Romeo and Juliet had been Shakespeare 's most popular play , measured by the number of professional performances . In the 20th century it would become the second most popular , behind Hamlet . 20th - century Theatre In 1933 , the play was revived by actress Katharine Cornell and her director husband Guthrie McClintic and was taken on a seven - month nationwide tour throughout the United States . It starred Orson Welles , Brian Aherne and Basil Rathbone . The production was a modest success , and so upon the return to New York , Cornell and McClintic revised it and for the first time , the play was presented with almost all the scenes intact , including the Prologue . The new production opened on Broadway in December 1934 . Critics wrote that Cornell was `` the finest Juliet of her time '' , `` endlessly haunting '' , and `` the most lovely and enchanting Juliet our present - day theatre has seen '' . John Gielgud , who was among the more famous 20th - century actors to play Romeo , Friar Laurence and Mercutio on stage John Gielgud 's New Theatre production in 1935 featured Gielgud and Laurence Olivier as Romeo and Mercutio , exchanging roles six weeks into the run , with Peggy Ashcroft as Juliet . Gielgud used a scholarly combination of Q1 and Q2 texts and organised the set and costumes to match as closely as possible to the Elizabethan period . His efforts were a huge success at the box office , and set the stage for increased historical realism in later productions . Olivier later compared his performance and Gielgud 's : `` John , all spiritual , all spirituality , all beauty , all abstract things ; and myself as all earth , blood , humanity ... I 've always felt that John missed the lower half and that made me go for the other ... But whatever it was , when I was playing Romeo I was carrying a torch , I was trying to sell realism in Shakespeare . '' Peter Brook 's 1947 version was the beginning of a different style of Romeo and Juliet performances . Brook was less concerned with realism , and more concerned with translating the play into a form that could communicate with the modern world . He argued , `` A production is only correct at the moment of its correctness , and only good at the moment of its success . '' Brook excluded the final reconciliation of the families from his performance text . Throughout the century , audiences , influenced by the cinema , became less willing to accept actors distinctly older than the teenage characters they were playing . A significant example of more youthful casting was in Franco Zeffirelli 's Old Vic production in 1960 , with John Stride and Judi Dench , which would serve as the basis for his 1968 film . Zeffirelli borrowed from Brook 's ideas , altogether removing around a third of the play 's text to make it more accessible . In an interview with The Times , he stated that the play 's `` twin themes of love and the total breakdown of understanding between two generations '' had contemporary relevance . Recent performances often set the play in the contemporary world . For example , in 1986 , the Royal Shakespeare Company set the play in modern Verona . Switchblades replaced swords , feasts and balls became drug - laden rock parties , and Romeo committed suicide by hypodermic needle . In 1997 , the Folger Shakespeare Theatre produced a version set in a typical suburban world . Romeo sneaks into the Capulet barbecue to meet Juliet , and Juliet discovers Tybalt 's death while in class at school . The play is sometimes given a historical setting , enabling audiences to reflect on the underlying conflicts . For example , adaptations have been set in the midst of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict , in the apartheid era in South Africa , and in the aftermath of the Pueblo Revolt . Similarly , Peter Ustinov 's 1956 comic adaptation , Romanoff and Juliet , is set in a fictional mid-European country in the depths of the Cold War . A mock - Victorian revisionist version of Romeo and Juliet 's final scene ( with a happy ending , Romeo , Juliet , Mercutio , and Paris restored to life , and Benvolio revealing that he is Paris 's love , Benvolia , in disguise ) forms part of the 1980 stage - play The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby . Shakespeare 's R&J , by Joe Calarco , spins the classic in a modern tale of gay teenage awakening . A recent comedic musical adaptation was The Second City 's The Second City 's Romeo and Juliet Musical : The People vs. Friar Laurence , the Man Who Killed Romeo and Juliet , set in modern times . In the 19th and 20th century , Romeo and Juliet has often been the choice of Shakespeare plays to open a classical theatre company , beginning with Edwin Booth 's inaugural production of that play in his theatre in 1869 , the newly re-formed company of the Old Vic in 1929 with John Gielgud , Martita Hunt , and Margaret Webster , as well as the Riverside Shakespeare Company in its founding production in New York City in 1977 , which used the 1968 film of Franco Zeffirelli 's production as its inspiration . In 2013 , Romeo and Juliet ran on Broadway at Richard Rodgers Theatre from 19 September to 8 December for 93 regular performances after 27 previews starting on 24 August with Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad in the starring roles . Ballet The best - known ballet version is Prokofiev 's Romeo and Juliet . Originally commissioned by the Kirov Ballet , it was rejected by them when Prokofiev attempted a happy ending and was rejected again for the experimental nature of its music . It has subsequently attained an `` immense '' reputation , and has been choreographed by John Cranko ( 1962 ) and Kenneth MacMillan ( 1965 ) among others . In 1977 , Michael Smuin 's production of one of the play 's most dramatic and impassioned dance interpretations was debuted in its entirety by San Francisco Ballet . This production was the first full - length ballet to be broadcast by the PBS series `` Great Performances : Dance in America '' ; it aired in 1978 . Dada Masilo , a South African dancer and choreographer , reinterpreted Romeo and Juliet in a new modern light . She introduced changes to the story notably that of presenting the two familes as multiracial . Music `` Romeo loved Juliet Juliet , she felt the same When he put his arms around her He said Julie , baby , you 're my flame Thou givest fever ... '' -- Peggy Lee 's rendition of `` Fever '' . At least 27 operas have been based on Romeo and Juliet . The earliest , Romeo und Julie in 1776 , a Singspiel by Georg Benda , omits much of the action of the play and most of its characters and has a happy ending . It is occasionally revived . The best - known is Gounod 's 1867 Roméo et Juliette ( libretto by Jules Barbier and Michel Carré ) , a critical triumph when first performed and frequently revived today . Bellini 's I Capuleti ei Montecchi is also revived from time to time , but has sometimes been judged unfavourably because of its perceived liberties with Shakespeare ; however , Bellini and his librettist , Felice Romani , worked from Italian sources -- principally Romani 's libretto for Giulietta e Romeo by Nicola Vaccai -- rather than directly adapting Shakespeare 's play . Among later operas , there is Heinrich Sutermeister 's 1940 work Romeo und Julia . Roméo et Juliette by Berlioz is a `` symphonie dramatique '' , a large - scale work in three parts for mixed voices , chorus , and orchestra , which premiered in 1839 . Tchaikovsky 's Romeo and Juliet Fantasy - Overture ( 1869 , revised 1870 and 1880 ) is a 15 - minute symphonic poem , containing the famous melody known as the `` love theme '' . Tchaikovsky 's device of repeating the same musical theme at the ball , in the balcony scene , in Juliet 's bedroom and in the tomb has been used by subsequent directors : for example , Nino Rota 's love theme is used in a similar way in the 1968 film of the play , as is Des'ree 's Kissing You in the 1996 film . Other classical composers influenced by the play include Henry Hugh Pearson ( Romeo and Juliet , overture for orchestra , Op. 86 ) , Svendsen ( Romeo og Julie , 1876 ) , Delius ( A Village Romeo and Juliet , 1899 -- 1901 ) , Stenhammar ( Romeo och Julia , 1922 ) , and Kabalevsky ( Incidental Music to Romeo and Juliet , Op. 56 , 1956 ) . The play influenced several jazz works , including Peggy Lee 's `` Fever '' . Duke Ellington 's Such Sweet Thunder contains a piece entitled `` The Star - Crossed Lovers '' in which the pair are represented by tenor and alto saxophones : critics noted that Juliet 's sax dominates the piece , rather than offering an image of equality . The play has frequently influenced popular music , including works by The Supremes , Bruce Springsteen , Tom Waits , Lou Reed , and Taylor Swift . The most famous such track is Dire Straits ' `` Romeo and Juliet '' . The most famous musical theatre adaptation is West Side Story with music by Leonard Bernstein and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim . It débuted on Broadway in 1957 and in the West End in 1958 and became a popular film in 1961 . This version updated the setting to mid-20th - century New York City and the warring families to ethnic gangs . Other musical adaptations include Terrence Mann 's 1999 rock musical William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet , co-written with Jerome Korman , Gérard Presgurvic 's 2001 Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour and Riccardo Cocciante 's 2007 Giulietta & Romeo . Literature and art Romeo at Juliet 's Deathbed , Henry Fuseli , 1809 Romeo and Juliet had a profound influence on subsequent literature . Before then , romance had not even been viewed as a worthy topic for tragedy . In Harold Bloom 's words , Shakespeare `` invented the formula that the sexual becomes the erotic when crossed by the shadow of death '' . Of Shakespeare 's works , Romeo and Juliet has generated the most -- and the most varied -- adaptations , including prose and verse narratives , drama , opera , orchestral and choral music , ballet , film , television , and painting . The word `` Romeo '' has even become synonymous with `` male lover '' in English . Romeo and Juliet was parodied in Shakespeare 's own lifetime : Henry Porter 's Two Angry Women of Abingdon ( 1598 ) and Thomas Dekker 's Blurt , Master Constable ( 1607 ) both contain balcony scenes in which a virginal heroine engages in bawdy wordplay . The play directly influenced later literary works . For example , the preparations for a performance form a major plot arc in Charles Dickens ' Nicholas Nickleby . Romeo and Juliet is one of Shakespeare 's most - illustrated works . The first known illustration was a woodcut of the tomb scene , thought to be by Elisha Kirkall , which appeared in Nicholas Rowe 's 1709 edition of Shakespeare 's plays . Five paintings of the play were commissioned for the Boydell Shakespeare Gallery in the late 18th century , one representing each of the five acts of the play . The 19th - century fashion for `` pictorial '' performances led to directors drawing on paintings for their inspiration , which , in turn , influenced painters to depict actors and scenes from the theatre . In the 20th century , the play 's most iconic visual images have derived from its popular film versions . In 2014 , Simon & Schuster published Juliet 's Nurse , a novel by historian and former college professor Lois M. Leveen imagining the fourteen years leading up to the events in the play from the point of view of the nurse . The nurse has the third largest number of lines in the original play ; only the eponymous characters have more lines . The play was the subject of a 2017 GCSE question by the Oxford , Cambridge and RSA Examinations board that was administered to c. 14000 students . The board attracted widespread media criticism and derision after the question appeared to confuse the Capulets and the Montagues . with Ofqual describing the error as unacceptable . Screen Main article : Romeo and Juliet on screen Romeo and Juliet may be the most - filmed play of all time . The most notable theatrical releases were George Cukor 's multi-Oscar - nominated 1936 production , Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 version , and Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 MTV - inspired Romeo + Juliet . The latter two were both , in their time , the highest - grossing Shakespeare film ever . Romeo and Juliet was first filmed in the silent era , by Georges Méliès , although his film is now lost . The play was first heard on film in The Hollywood Revue of 1929 , in which John Gilbert recited the balcony scene opposite Norma Shearer . Leslie Howard as Romeo and Norma Shearer as Juliet , in the 1936 MGM film directed by George Cukor . Shearer and Leslie Howard , with a combined age over 75 , played the teenage lovers in George Cukor 's MGM 1936 film version . Neither critics nor the public responded enthusiastically . Cinemagoers considered the film too `` arty '' , staying away as they had from Warner 's A Midsummer Night Dream a year before : leading to Hollywood abandoning the Bard for over a decade . Renato Castellani won the Grand Prix at the Venice Film Festival for his 1954 film of Romeo and Juliet . His Romeo , Laurence Harvey , was already an experienced screen actor . By contrast , Susan Shentall , as Juliet , was a secretarial student who was discovered by the director in a London pub and was cast for her `` pale sweet skin and honey - blonde hair '' . Stephen Orgel describes Franco Zeffirelli 's 1968 Romeo and Juliet as being `` full of beautiful young people , and the camera and the lush technicolour , make the most of their sexual energy and good looks '' . Zeffirelli 's teenage leads , Leonard Whiting and Olivia Hussey , had virtually no previous acting experience but performed capably and with great maturity . Zeffirelli has been particularly praised , for his presentation of the duel scene as bravado getting out - of - control . The film courted controversy by including a nude wedding - night scene while Olivia Hussey was only fifteen . Baz Luhrmann 's 1996 Romeo + Juliet and its accompanying soundtrack successfully targeted the `` MTV Generation '' : a young audience of similar age to the story 's characters . Far darker than Zeffirelli 's version , the film is set in the `` crass , violent and superficial society '' of Verona Beach and Sycamore Grove . Leonardo DiCaprio was Romeo and Claire Danes was Juliet . The play has been widely adapted for TV and film . In 1960 , Peter Ustinov 's cold - war stage parody , Romanoff and Juliet was filmed . The 1961 film of West Side Story -- set among New York gangs -- featured the Jets as white youths , equivalent to Shakespeare 's Montagues while the Sharks , equivalent to the Capulets , are Puerto Rican . The 1994 film The Punk uses both the rough plot outline of Romeo and Juliet and names many of the characters in ways that reflect the characters in the play . In 2006 , Disney 's High School Musical made use of Romeo and Juliet 's plot , placing the two young lovers in different high school cliques instead of feuding families . Film - makers have frequently featured characters performing scenes from Romeo and Juliet . The conceit of dramatising Shakespeare writing Romeo and Juliet has been used several times , including John Madden 's 1998 Shakespeare in Love , in which Shakespeare writes the play against the backdrop of his own doomed love affair . An anime series produced by Gonzo and SKY Perfect Well Think , called Romeo x Juliet , was made in 2007 and the 2013 version is the latest English - language film based on the play . In 2013 , Sanjay Leela Bhansali directed the Bollywood film Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela , a contemporary version of the play which starred Ranveer Singh and Deepika Padukone in leading roles . The film was a commercial and critical success . In February 2014 , BroadwayHD released a filmed version of the 2013 Broadway Revival of Romeo and Juliet . The production starred Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad . The film was released internationally in April 2014 . Modern social media and virtual world productions In April and May 2010 , the Royal Shakespeare Company and the Mudlark Production Company presented a version of the play , entitled Such Tweet Sorrow , as an improvised , real - time series of tweets on Twitter . The production used RSC actors who engaged with the audience as well each other , performing not from a traditional script but a `` Grid '' developed by the Mudlark production team and writers Tim Wright and Bethan Marlow . The performers also make use of other media sites such as YouTube for pictures and video . Scene by scene Title page of the Second Quarto of Romeo and Juliet published in 1599 Act I prologue Act I scene 1 : Quarrel between Capulets and Montagues Act I scene 2 Act I scene 3 Act I scene 4 Act I scene 5 Act I scene 5 : Romeo 's first interview with Juliet Act II prologue Act II scene 3 Act II scene 5 : Juliet intreats her nurse Act II scene 6 Act III scene 5 : Romeo takes leave of Juliet Act IV scene 5 : Juliet 's fake death Act IV scene 5 : Another depiction Act V scene 3 : Juliet awakes to find Romeo dead See also Shakespeare portal Book : Romeo and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Mem and Zin References Notes All references to Romeo and Juliet , unless otherwise specified , are taken from the Arden Shakespeare second edition ( Gibbons , 1980 ) based on the Q2 text of 1599 , with elements from Q1 of 1597 . Under its referencing system , which uses Roman numerals , II. ii. 33 means act 2 , scene 2 , line 33 , and a 0 in place of a scene number refers to the prologue to the act . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 73 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. v. 115 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , IV. i. 105 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V. iii. 308 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 93 ) . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 33 ) . Jump up ^ Moore ( 1930 : 264 -- 77 ) . Jump up ^ Higgins ( 1998 : 223 ) . ^ Jump up to : Higgins ( 1998 : 585 ) ^ Jump up to : Hosley ( 1965 : 168 ) . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 33 -- 34 ) ; Levenson ( 2000 : 4 ) . ^ Jump up to : Luigi da Porto di Vicenza , Giulietta e Romeo , original novella with introduction and footnotes ( in Italian ) Jump up ^ Prunster , Nicole ( 2000 ) . Romeo and Juliet Before Shakespeare : Four Early Stories of Star - crossed Love . Toronto : Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies . pp. 2 -- 3 . ISBN 0 - 7727 - 2015 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Moore ( 1937 : 38 -- 44 ) . Jump up ^ Muir , Edward ( 1998 ) . Mad Blood Stirring : Vendetta and Factions in Friuli During the Renaissance . Johns Hopkins University Press . pp. 86 -- 89 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5849 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Scarci , Manuela ( 2015 ) . `` From Mariotto and Ganozza to Romeo and Guilietta : Metamorphoses of a Renaissance Tale '' . Scripta Mediterranea . Canadian Institute for Mediterranean Studies . 14 . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 34 -- 35 ) . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 35 -- 36 ) . ^ Jump up to : Gibbons ( 1980 : 37 ) . Jump up ^ Keeble ( 1980 : 18 ) . Jump up ^ Roberts ( 1902 : 41 -- 44 ) . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 32 , 36 -- 37 ) . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 8 -- 14 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet : I. iii. 23 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbons ( 1980 : 26 -- 27 ) . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 29 -- 31 ) . As well as A Midsummer Night 's Dream , Gibbons draws parallels with Love 's Labour 's Lost and Richard II . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 29 ) . ^ Jump up to : Spencer ( 1967 : 284 ) . ^ Jump up to : Halio ( 1998 : 1 -- 2 ) . Jump up ^ Wells ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : 21 ) . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : ix ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 8 -- 9 ) . ^ Jump up to : Bowling ( 1949 : 208 -- 220 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 65 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 92 -- 99 . ^ Jump up to : Honegger ( 2006 : 73 -- 88 ) . Jump up ^ Groves ( 2007 : 68 -- 69 ) . Jump up ^ Groves ( 2007 : 61 ) Jump up ^ Siegel ( 1961 : 371 -- 392 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. v. 38 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , V. iii. 169 -- 170 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie ( 2007 : 22 -- 42 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 138 . Jump up ^ Evans ( 1950 : 841 -- 865 ) . ^ Jump up to : Draper ( 1939 : 16 -- 34 ) . ^ Jump up to : Nevo ( 1969 : 241 -- 258 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.i. 167 -- 171 . ^ Jump up to : Parker ( 1968 : 663 -- 674 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 42 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 26 -- 32 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I.v. 85 -- 86 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. ii. 17 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 55 -- 56 ) . ^ Jump up to : Tanselle ( 1964 : 349 -- 361 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. iv. 8 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 109 -- 111 Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , I. 0.6 . Levenson ( 2000 : 142 ) defines `` star - cross 'd '' as `` thwarted by a malign star '' . Jump up ^ Muir ( 2005 : 34 -- 41 ) . Jump up ^ Lucking ( 2001 : 115 -- 126 ) . Jump up ^ When performed in the central yard of an inn and in public theaters such as the Globe Theatre the only source of lighting was daylight . When performed at Court , inside the stately home of a member of the nobility and in indoor theaters such as the Blackfriars theatre candle lighting was used and plays could be performed even at night . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 55 -- 58 ) ; Driver ( 1964 : 363 -- 370 ) . ^ Jump up to : Scott ( 1987 : 415 ) . Jump up ^ Scott ( 1987 : 410 ) . Jump up ^ Scott ( 1987 : 411 -- 412 ) . Jump up ^ Shapiro ( 1964 : 498 -- 501 ) . Jump up ^ Bonnard ( 1951 : 319 -- 327 ) . ^ Jump up to : Halio ( 1998 : 20 -- 30 ) . ^ Jump up to : Halio ( 1998 : 51 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 47 -- 48 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 48 -- 49 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 90 . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 49 -- 50 ) . Jump up ^ Levin ( 1960 : 3 -- 11 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 51 -- 52 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 52 -- 55 ) . Jump up ^ Bloom ( 1998 : 92 -- 93 ) . Jump up ^ Wells ( 2004 : 11 -- 13 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 82 ) quoting Karl A. Meninger 's 1938 Man Against Himself . Jump up ^ Appelbaum ( 1997 : 251 -- 272 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet V.i. 1 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 83 , 81 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet I.v. 137 . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 84 -- 85 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 85 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. i. 112 . Jump up ^ Kahn ( 1977 : 5 -- 22 ) ; Halio ( 1998 : 87 -- 88 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 89 -- 90 ) . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 25 -- 26 ) Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 85 -- 86 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. i. 24 -- 26 Jump up ^ Rubinstein ( 1989 : 54 ) Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , II. ii. 43 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Goldberg ( 1994 : 221 -- 227 ) . Jump up ^ `` Avenne una notte , come Amor volse , la luna più del solito rilucendo , che mentre Romeo era per salire sopra il detto balcone , la giovane ... '' Pace - Sanfelice , G ( 1868 ) . The original story of Romeo and Juliet by Luigi da Porto . From which Shakespeare evidently drew the subject of his drama . Being the Italian text of 1530 , and an English translation , together with a critical preface , historical and bibliographical notes and illustrations . Cambridge : Deighton , Bell , and co . ^ Jump up to : Leveen , Lois ( 28 October 2014 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet Has No Balcony '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Balcony '' . Merriam-Webster.com . Retrieved 30 January 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Halio ( 1998 : 97 ) . ^ Jump up to : Halio ( 1998 : ix ) . Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2002 : 18 ) . The five more popular plays , in descending order , are Henry VI , Part 1 , Richard III , Pericles , Hamlet and Richard II . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 62 ) . Jump up ^ Dawson ( 2002 : 176 ) Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2002 : 21 ) . ^ Jump up to : Halio ( 1998 : 100 -- 102 ) . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 71 ) . Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2002 : 26 -- 27 ) . Jump up ^ Branam ( 1984 : 170 -- 179 ) ; Stone ( 1964 : 191 -- 206 ) . Jump up ^ Pedicord ( 1954 : 14 ) . Jump up ^ Morrison ( 2007 : 231 ) . Jump up ^ Morrison ( 2007 : 232 ) . Jump up ^ Gay ( 2002 : 162 ) . Jump up ^ Halliday ( 1964 : 125 , 365 , 420 ) . Jump up ^ The Times 30 December 1845 , cited by Gay ( 2002 : 162 ) . Jump up ^ Potter ( 2001 : 194 -- 195 ) . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 84 ) Jump up ^ Schoch ( 2002 : 62 -- 63 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 104 -- 105 ) . Jump up ^ Winter ( 1893 : 46 -- 47 , 57 ) . Booth 's Romeo and Juliet was rivalled in popularity only by his own `` hundred night Hamlet '' at The Winter Garden of four years before . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ First page of the program for the opening night performance of Romeo and Juliet at Booth 's Theatre , 3 February 1869 . Jump up ^ Holland ( 2002 : 202 -- 203 ) Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 69 -- 70 ) . Jump up ^ Tad Mosel , Leading Lady : The World and Theatre of Katharine Cornell , Little , Brown & Co. , Boston ( 1978 ) Jump up ^ Smallwood ( 2002 : 102 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 105 -- 107 ) . Jump up ^ Smallwood ( 2002 : 110 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 107 -- 109 ) . ^ Jump up to : Levenson ( 2000 : 87 ) . Jump up ^ Holland ( 2001 : 207 ) . Jump up ^ The Times 19 September 1960 , cited by Levenson ( 2000 : 87 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 110 ) . Jump up ^ Halio ( 1998 : 110 -- 112 ) . Jump up ^ Pape ( 1997 : 69 ) . Jump up ^ Quince ( 2000 : 121 -- 125 ) . Jump up ^ Lujan ( 2005 ) . ^ Jump up to : Howard ( 2000 : 297 ) . Jump up ^ Edgar ( 1982 : 162 ) . Jump up ^ Marks ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Houlihan Mary , `` Wherefore Art Thou , Romeo ? To Make Us Laugh at Navy Pier '' , Chicago Sun - Times ( 16 May 2004 ) Jump up ^ Barranger ( 2004 : 47 ) . Jump up ^ New York Times ( 1977 ) . Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam & Andrew Gans ( 2013 - 11 - 19 ) . `` Broadway Revival of Romeo and Juliet , Starring Orlando Bloom and Condola Rashad , Will Close Dec. 8 '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Nestyev ( 1960 : 261 ) . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 66 -- 67 ) Jump up ^ Winn , Steven ( 24 April 2007 ) . `` Michael Smuin : 1938 - 2007 / Prolific dance director had showy career '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 14 October 2013 . Jump up ^ CNN , From Robyn Curnow , . `` Dada Masilo : South African dancer who breaks the rules '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Buhler ( 2007 : 156 ) ; Sanders ( 2007 : 187 ) . Jump up ^ Meyer ( 1962 : 34 -- 37 ) . Jump up ^ Sadie ( 1996 : 31 ) ; Holden ( 1993 : 393 ) . Jump up ^ Collins ( 1982 : 532 -- 538 ) . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 43 -- 45 ) . Jump up ^ Stites ( 1995 : 5 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet I.v , II. ii , III. v , V. iii . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 42 -- 43 ) . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 42 ) . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 187 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet I. 0.6 . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 20 ) . Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 187 - 8 ) Jump up ^ `` Interview with Taylor Swift '' . Time . Time Warner . 23 April 2009 . Retrieved 21 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Buhler ( 2007 : 157 ) Jump up ^ Sanders ( 2007 : 75 -- 76 ) . Jump up ^ Ehren ( 1999 ) . Jump up ^ Arafay ( 2005 : 186 ) . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 49 -- 50 ) . Jump up ^ Bloom ( 1998 : 89 ) . Jump up ^ Levenson ( 2000 : 91 ) , crediting this list of genres to Stanley Wells . Jump up ^ `` Romeo '' , Merriam - Webster Online . Jump up ^ Bly ( 2001 : 52 ) Jump up ^ Muir ( 2005 : 352 -- 362 ) . Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1996 : 111 ) Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet V. iii . Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1996 : 112 -- 113 ) . Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1996 : 120 ) . Jump up ^ Fowler ( 1996 : 126 -- 127 ) Jump up ^ Orgel ( 2007 : 91 ) . Jump up ^ Simon & Schuster author page , retrieved 4 / 19 / 2014 http://books.simonandschuster.com/Juliets-Nurse/Lois-Leveen/9781476757445 Jump up ^ Rozina Sabur ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Exam board apologises after error in English GCSE paper which confused characters in Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet '' . Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Marsh ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` A plague o ' both your houses : error in GCSE exam paper forces apology '' . Guardian newspapers . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Hannah Richardson ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` GCSE exam error : Board accidentally rewrites Shakespeare '' . BBC news . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Raquel Pells ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Capulets and Montagues : UK exam board admit mixing names up in Romeo and Juliet paper '' . The Independent . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brode ( 2001 : 42 ) . Jump up ^ Rosenthal ( 2007 : 225 ) . Jump up ^ Brode ( 2001 : 43 ) . Jump up ^ Brode ( 2001 : 48 ) . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh ( 2000 : 138 ) . Jump up ^ Brode ( 2001 : 48 -- 9 ) Jump up ^ Brode ( 2001 : 51 ) quoting Renato Castellani . Jump up ^ Orgel ( 2007 : 91 ) . Jump up ^ Brode ( 2001 : 51 -- 52 ) ; Rosenthal ( 2007 : 218 ) . Jump up ^ For example , by Anthony West of Vogue and Mollie Panter - Downes of The New Yorker , cited by Brode ( 2001 : 51 -- 53 ) . Jump up ^ Brode ( 2001 : 53 ) . Jump up ^ Romeo and Juliet , III. v . Jump up ^ Rosenthal ( 2007 : 218 -- 20 ) . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh ( 2000 : 140 ) . Jump up ^ Tatspaugh ( 2000 : 142 ) . Jump up ^ Rosenthal ( 2007 : 215 -- 16 ) . Jump up ^ Symonds , Dominic ( 2017 ) . `` ' We 're all in this together ' : being girls and boys in High School Music ( 2006 ) '' . In Rodosthenous , George . The Disney Musical on Stage and Screen : Critical Approaches from ' Snow White ' to ' Frozen ' . Bloomsbury . ISBN 9781474234191 . Jump up ^ McKernan and Terris ( 1994 : 141 -- 56 ) list 39 instances of uses of Romeo and Juliet , not including films of the play itself . Jump up ^ Lanier ( 2007 : 96 ) ; McKernan and Terris ( 1994 : 146 ) . Jump up ^ Howard ( 2000 : 310 ) ; Rosenthal ( 2007 : 228 ) . Jump up ^ Goyal , Divya ( 6 December 2013 ) . `` ' Ram Leela ' box office collections hit massive Rs 100 crore , pulverises prediction '' . The Financial Express . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ram - leela ' Review Roundup : Critics Hail Film as Best Adaptation of ' Romeo and Juliet ' '' . International Business Times . 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Romeo & Juliet bloom becomes V day film '' , Big story , Associated press . Jump up ^ `` Cinemas & tickets '' , Romeo & Juliet cinema . Jump up ^ `` Modern take for Shakespeare play Romeo and Juliet '' . BBC News . 12 April 2010 . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Gibbons ( 1980 : vii ) . Secondary sources Appelbaum , Robert ( 1997 ) . `` '' Standing to the Wall `` : The Pressures of Masculinity in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 48 ( 38 ) : 251 -- 72 . doi : 10.2307 / 2871016 . ISSN 0037 - 3222 . JSTOR 2871016 . Arafay , Mireia ( 2005 ) . Books in Motion : Adaptation , Adaptability , Authorship . Rodopi . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 1957 - 7 . Barranger , Milly S. ( 2004 ) . Margaret Webster : A Life in the Theatre . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 472 - 11390 - 3 . Bauch , Marc A. ( 2007 ) . Friar Lawrence 's Plan in William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet And His Function as A Counsellor . Munich : Grin . ISBN 978 - 3 - 638 - 77449 - 9 . Bloom , Harold ( 1998 ) . Shakespeare : The Invention of the Human . New York : Riverhead Books . ISBN 1 - 57322 - 120 - 1 . Bly , Mary ( 2001 ) . `` The Legacy of Juliet 's Desire in Comedies of the Early 1600s '' . In Alexander , Margaret M. S ; Wells , Stanley . Shakespeare and Sexuality . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 52 -- 71 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 80475 - 2 . Bonnard , Georges A. ( 1951 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : A Possible Significance ? '' . Review of English Studies . II ( 5 ) : 319 -- 27 . doi : 10.1093 / res / II. 5.319 . Bowling , Lawrence Edward ( 1949 ) . `` The Thematic Framework of Romeo and Juliet '' . PMLA . Modern Language Association of America . 64 ( 1 ) : 208 -- 20 . doi : 10.2307 / 459678 . JSTOR 459678 . Branam , George C. ( 1984 ) . `` The Genesis of David Garrick 's Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 35 ( 2 ) : 170 -- 79 . doi : 10.2307 / 2869925 . JSTOR 2869925 . Brode , Douglas ( 2001 ) . Shakespeare in the Movies : From the Silent Era to Today . New York : Berkley Boulevard Books . ISBN 0 - 425 - 18176 - 6 . Buchanan , Judith ( 2009 ) . Shakespeare on Silent Film : An Excellent Dumb Discourse . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 87199 - 0 . Buhler , Stephen M. ( 2007 ) . `` Musical Shakespeares : attending to Ophelia , Juliet , and Desdemona '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 150 -- 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Collins , Michael ( 1982 ) . `` The Literary Background of Bellini 's ' I Capuleti ed i Montecchi ' '' . Journal of the American Musicological Society . 35 ( 3 ) : 532 -- 38 . doi : 10.1525 / jams. 1982.35. 3.03 a00050 . Dawson , Anthony B. ( 2002 ) . `` International Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 174 -- 193 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Draper , John W. ( 1939 ) . `` Shakespeare 's ' Star - Crossed Lovers ' '' . Review of English Studies . os - XV ( 57 ) : 16 -- 34 . doi : 10.1093 / res / os - XV. 57.16 . Driver , Tom F. ( 1964 ) . `` The Shakespearian Clock : Time and the Vision of Reality in Romeo and Juliet and The Tempest '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 15 ( 4 ) : 363 -- 370 . doi : 10.2307 / 2868094 . JSTOR 2868094 . Edgar , David ( 1982 ) . The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby . New York : Dramatists ' Play Service . ISBN 0 - 8222 - 0817 - 2 . Ehren , Christine ( 3 September 1999 ) . `` Sweet Sorrow : Mann - Korman 's Romeo and Juliet Closes Sept. 5 at MN 's Ordway '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 30 April 2008 . Retrieved 13 August 2008 . Evans , Bertrand ( 1950 ) . `` The Brevity of Friar Laurence '' . PMLA . Modern Language Association . 65 ( 5 ) : 841 -- 865 . doi : 10.2307 / 459577 . JSTOR 459577 . Fowler , James ( 1996 ) . Stanley Wells , ed . `` Picturing Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Survey . Shakespeare Survey . Cambridge University Press . 49 : 111 -- 129 . doi : 10.1017 / CCOL0521570476. 009 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 57047 - 6 . Gay , Penny ( 2002 ) . `` Women and Shakespearean Performance '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 155 -- 173 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Gibbons , Brian , ed. ( 1980 ) . Romeo and Juliet . The Arden Shakespeare Second Series . London : Thomson Learning . ISBN 978 - 1 - 903436 - 41 - 7 . Goldberg , Jonathan ( 1994 ) . Queering the Renaissance . Durham : Duke University Press . ISBN 0 - 8223 - 1385 - 5 . Groves , Beatrice ( 2007 ) . Texts and Traditions : Religion in Shakespeare , 1592 -- 1604 . Oxford , England : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 920898 - 0 . Halio , Jay ( 1998 ) . Romeo and Juliet : A Guide to the Play . Westport : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 30089 - 5 . Halliday , F.E. ( 1964 ) . A Shakespeare Companion 1564 -- 1964 . Baltimore : Penguin . Higgins , David H. , ed. ( 1998 ) . The Divine Comedy . Oxford World Classics . translated by C.H. Sisson . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 283502 - 5 . Holden , Amanda , ed. ( 1993 ) . The Viking Opera Guide . London : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 81292 - 7 . Holland , Peter ( 2001 ) . `` Shakespeare in the Twentieth - Century Theatre '' . In Wells , Stanley ; deGrazia Margreta . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 199 -- 215 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65881 - 0 . Holland , Peter ( 2002 ) . `` Touring Shakespeare '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 194 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Honegger , Thomas ( 2006 ) . `` ' Wouldst thou withdraw love 's faithful vow ? ' : The negotiation of love in the orchard scene ( Romeo and Juliet Act II ) '' . Journal of Historical Pragmatics. 7 ( 1 ) : 73 -- 88 . doi : 10.1075 / jhp. 7.1. 04hon . Hosley , Richard ( 1965 ) . Romeo and Juliet . New Haven : Yale University Press . Howard , Tony ( 2000 ) . `` Shakespeare 's Cinematic Offshoots '' . In Jackson , Russell . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 295 -- 313 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63975 - 1 . Kahn , Coppélia ( 1977 ) . `` Coming of Age in Verona '' . Modern Language Studies . The Northeast Modern Language Association . 8 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 22 . doi : 10.2307 / 3194631 . ISSN 0047 - 7729 . JSTOR 3194631 . Keeble , N.H. ( 1980 ) . Romeo and Juliet : Study Notes . York Notes . Longman . ISBN 0 - 582 - 78101 - 9 . Lanier , Douglas ( 2007 ) . `` Shakespeare : myth and biographical fiction '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge University Press . pp. 93 -- 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Lanzara , Joseph ( 2010 ) . William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Uncensored . New Arts Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9639621 - 2 - 6 . Levenson , Jill L. , ed. ( 2000 ) . Romeo and Juliet . The Oxford Shakespeare ( Oxford World 's Classics ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 281496 - 6 . Levin , Harry ( 1960 ) . `` Form and Formality in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 11 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 11 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867423 . JSTOR 2867423 . Lucking , David ( 2001 ) . `` Uncomfortable Time in Romeo And Juliet '' . English Studies . 82 ( 2 ) : 115 -- 126 . doi : 10.1076 / enst. 82.2. 115.9595 . Lujan , James ( 2005 ) . `` A Museum of the Indian , Not for the Indian '' . The American Indian Quarterly . 29 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 510 -- 516 . doi : 10.1353 / aiq. 2005.0098 . ISSN 0095 - 182X . MacKenzie , Clayton G. ( 2007 ) . `` Love , sex and death in Romeo and Juliet '' . English Studies . 88 ( 1 ) : 22 -- 42 . doi : 10.1080 / 00138380601042675 . McKernan , Luke ; Terris , Olwen ( 1994 ) . Walking Shadows : Shakespeare in the National Film and Television Archive . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 0 - 85170 - 486 - 7 . Marks , Peter ( 29 September 1997 ) . `` Juliet of the Five O'Clock Shadow , and Other Wonders '' . New York Times . Retrieved 10 November 2008 . Marsden , Jean I. ( 2002 ) . `` Shakespeare from the Restoration to Garrick '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Stage . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 21 -- 36 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79711 - 5 . Meyer , Eve R. ( 1968 ) . `` Measure for Measure : Shakespeare and Music '' . Music Educators Journal . The National Association for Music Education . 54 ( 7 ) : 36 -- 38 , 139 -- 143 . doi : 10.2307 / 3391243 . ISSN 0027 - 4321 . JSTOR 3391243 . Moore , Olin H. ( 1930 ) . `` The Origins of the Legend of Romeo and Juliet in Italy '' . Speculum . Medieval Academy of America . 5 ( 3 ) : 264 -- 277 . doi : 10.2307 / 2848744 . ISSN 0038 - 7134 . JSTOR 2848744 . Moore , Olin H. ( 1937 ) . `` Bandello and `` Clizia '' `` . Modern Language Notes . Johns Hopkins University Press . 52 ( 1 ) : 38 -- 44 . doi : 10.2307 / 2912314 . ISSN 0149 - 6611 . JSTOR 2912314 . Morrison , Michael A. ( 2007 ) . `` Shakespeare in North America '' . In Shaughnessy , Robert . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare and Popular Culture . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 230 -- 258 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 60580 - 9 . Muir , Kenneth ( 2005 ) . Shakespeare 's Tragic Sequence . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35325 - 0 . Nestyev , Israel ( 1960 ) . Prokofiev . Stanford : Stanford University Press . Nevo , Ruth ( 1972 ) . Tragic Form in Shakespeare . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 06217 - X . `` Shakespeare on the Drive '' . 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Romeo and Juliet . The New Penguin Shakespeare . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 070701 - 4 . Stites , Richard , ed. ( 1995 ) . Culture and Entertainment in Wartime Russia . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 20949 - 8 . Stone , George Winchester Jr ( 1964 ) . `` Romeo and Juliet : The Source of its Modern Stage Career '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 15 ( 2 ) : 191 -- 206 . doi : 10.2307 / 2867891 . JSTOR 2867891 . Tanselle , G. Thomas ( 1964 ) . `` Time in Romeo and Juliet '' . Shakespeare Quarterly . Folger Shakespeare Library . 15 ( 4 ) : 349 -- 61 . doi : 10.2307 / 2868092 . JSTOR 2868092 . Tatspaugh , Patricia ( 2000 ) . `` The tragedies of love on film '' . In Jackson , Russell . The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare on Film . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp. 135 -- 59 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63975 - 1 . Taylor , Gary ( 2002 ) . `` Shakespeare plays on Renaissance Stages '' . In Wells , Stanley ; Stanton , Sarah . 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External links Find more aboutRomeo and Julietat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Romeo and Juliet Plain vanilla text from Project Gutenberg Romeo and Juliet at the British Library Romeo and Juliet HTML version at MIT Romeo and Juliet Complete Annotated Text on One Page Without Ads or Images Romeo and Juliet HTML Annotated Play Easy Read Romeo and Juliet Full text with portraits and location drawings to make the play easy to follow from the printed page . Romeo and Juliet public domain audiobook at LibriVox William Shakespeare Plays Tragedies Antony and Cleopatra Coriolanus Hamlet Julius Caesar King Lear Macbeth Othello Romeo and Juliet Timon of Athens Titus Andronicus Troilus and Cressida Comedies All 's Well That Ends Well As You Like It The Comedy of Errors Cymbeline Love 's Labour 's Lost Measure for Measure The Merchant of Venice The Merry Wives of Windsor A Midsummer Night 's Dream Much Ado About Nothing Pericles , Prince of Tyre * The Taming of the Shrew The Tempest Twelfth Night The Two Gentlemen of Verona The Two Noble Kinsmen * The Winter 's Tale Histories King John Edward III * Richard II Henry IV Henry V Henry VI * Richard III Henry VIII * See also Problem plays Late romances Characters A -- K L -- Z Ghost character Chronology Performances Settings Quarto publications First Folio Second Folio Poems Shakespeare 's sonnets comparison to Petrarch Venus and Adonis The Rape of Lucrece The Phoenix and the Turtle A Lover 's Complaint Apocrypha Arden of Faversham * Cardenio * Double Falsehood * Love 's Labour 's Won Sejanus His Fall * Sir Thomas More * The Spanish Tragedy * The Passionate Pilgrim * Life and works Birthplace and childhood home Bibliography Complete Works of William Shakespeare Translations Early editions Editors English Renaissance theatre Globe Theatre Handwriting Lord Chamberlain 's Men / King 's Men The Theatre Curtain Theatre New Place Portraits Religious views Sexuality Spelling of his name Stratford - upon - Avon Style Legacy Attribution studies Authorship question Influence Memorials Screen adaptations Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Folger Shakespeare Library Shakespeare Quarterly Shakespeare 's Globe ( replica ) Bardolatry Titles of works taken from Shakespeare Family Anne Hathaway ( wife ) Susanna Hall ( daughter ) Hamnet Shakespeare ( son ) Judith Quiney ( daughter ) Elizabeth Barnard ( granddaughter ) John Shakespeare ( father ) Mary Arden ( mother ) Gilbert Shakespeare ( brother ) Joan Shakespeare ( sister ) Edmund Shakespeare ( brother ) Richard Shakespeare ( grandfather ) John Hall ( son - in - law ) Thomas Quiney ( son - in - law ) Thomas Nash ( grandson - in - law ) * Shakespeare and other authors Lost William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) The Secret Sex Lives of Romeo and Juliet ( 1969 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Gnomeo & Juliet : Sherlock Gnomes ( 2018 ) Foreign Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Romeo and Juliet ( Spanish 1940 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) Los Tarantos ( Spanish 1963 ) Fury of Johnny Kid ( Italian 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( Italian 1971 ) Maro Charitra ( Telugu 1978 ) Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( Portuguese 1979 ) Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( Hindi 1981 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( Hindi 1988 ) Saudagar ( Hindi 1991 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( Telugu 1996 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Kalisundam Raa ( Telugu 2000 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( Hindi 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( English / Hindi 2002 ) Amar te duele ( Spanish 2002 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( Portuguese 2005 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Maro Charitra ( Telugu 2010 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( Hindi 2013 ) Issaq ( Hindi 2013 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Book : Romeo and Juliet Arthur Laurents , Leonard Bernstein and Stephen Sondheim 's West Side Story ( 1957 ) Characters Maria Inspiration William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Adaptations West Side Story ( 1961 film ) West Side Story Suite ( 1995 ballet ) Variations Deaf Side Story ( c. 2002 musical ) Swango ( 2002 musical ) West Bank Story ( 2005 parody film ) Boogie Town ( 2012 film ) Songs Act 1 `` Something 's Coming '' `` Maria '' `` Tonight '' `` America '' `` Cool '' `` One Hand , One Heart '' `` Tonight ( Quintet & Chorus ) '' Act 2 `` I Feel Pretty '' `` Somewhere '' `` A Boy Like That '' Albums West Side Story ( 1957 original cast ) West Side Story ( 1959 Previn ) West Side Story ( 1961 soundtrack ) West Side Story ( 1961 Tjader ) Bernstein Plays Brubeck Plays Bernstein ( 1961 Brubeck Quartet ) West Side Story ( 1962 Peterson Trio ) Kenton 's West Side Story ( 1962 Kenton ) Toshiko -- Mariano Quartet ( in West Side ) ( 1963 Akiyoshi ) West Side Story ( 1974 Earl Hines ) Related `` The First Time '' `` Upper West Side Story '' Wild Side Story China Girl `` Roses '' Play It Again Josh Superjail ! VIAF : 313670221 LCCN : n82116107 GND : 4099369 - 3 SUDOC : 02814385X BNF : cb12003684p ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romeo_and_Juliet&oldid=808835013 '' Categories : Romeo and Juliet 1590s plays English Renaissance plays Literary duos Love stories British plays adapted into films Plays adapted into operas Plays adapted into radio programs Plays adapted into television programs Suicide in fiction Plays set in Italy Plays set in the 16th century Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use British English from August 2012 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with LibriVox links Featured articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 13 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who died first in the play romeo and juliet	[ "The messenger, however, does not reach Romeo and, instead, Romeo learns of Juliet's apparent death from his servant, Balthasar. Heartbroken, Romeo buys poison from an apothecary and goes to the Capulet crypt. He encounters Paris who has come to mourn Juliet privately. Believing Romeo to be a vandal, Paris confronts him and, in the ensuing battle, Romeo kills Paris. Still believing Juliet to be dead, he drinks the poison. Juliet then awakens and, finding Romeo dead, stabs herself with his dagger. The feuding families and the Prince meet at the tomb to find all three dead. Friar Laurence recounts the story of the two \"star-cross'd lovers\". The families are reconciled by their children's deaths and agree to end their violent feud. The play ends with the Prince's elegy for the lovers: \"For never was a story of more woe / Than this of Juliet and her Romeo.\"[4]" ]	[ "Romeo" ]
410585742970447621	Dissolution of Czechoslovakia	Dissolution of Czechoslovakia - wikipedia Dissolution of Czechoslovakia Jump to : navigation , search This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of a series on the History of Czechoslovakia Origins 1918 First Republic 1918 -- 1938 Second Republic / Occupation 1938 -- 1945 Third Republic 1945 -- 1948 Communist era 1948 -- 1989 Velvet Revolution Post-revolution 1989 -- 1992 Dissolution The Dissolution of Czechoslovakia ( Czech : Rozdělení Československa , Slovak : Rozdelenie Česko - Slovenska ) , which took effect on 1 January 1993 , was an event that saw the self - determined split of the federal state of Czechoslovakia into the Czech Republic and Slovakia , entities which had arisen before as the Czech Socialist Republic and the Slovak Socialist Republic in 1969 within the framework of Czechoslovak federalisation . It is sometimes known as the Velvet Divorce , a reference to the bloodless Velvet Revolution of 1989 that led to the end of the rule of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and the formation of a democratic government . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Separation 3 Reasons for the division 4 Legal aspects 4.1 National symbols 4.2 Territory 4.3 Division of national property 4.4 Currency division 4.5 International law 5 Consequences 5.1 Economy 5.2 Citizenship 5.2. 1 Roma people 5.3 Language contacts 5.4 Sport 5.5 Telecommunications 6 Legacy 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) Main article : History of Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia between 1968 ( Constitutional Law of Federation ) and 1989 ( Velvet Revolution ) Czechoslovakia was created with the dissolution of Austria - Hungary at the end of World War I. In 1917 , a meeting took place in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , USA , where the future Czechoslovak president Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk and other Czech and Slovak representatives signed the Pittsburgh Agreement which promised a common state consisting of two equal nations , Slovaks and Czechs . Soon after , the philosophy of Edvard Beneš pushed for greater unity and a single nation . Some Slovaks were not in favour of this change , and in March 1939 , with pressure from Adolf Hitler , the First Slovak Republic was created as a satellite state of Germany with limited sovereignty . Occupation by the Soviet Union after World War II oversaw their reunification into the third Czechoslovak republic . In 1968 , the Constitutional Law of Federation reinstated an official federal structure ( of the 1917 type ) , but during the `` Normalization period '' in the 1970s , Gustáv Husák ( although a Slovak himself ) returned most of the control to Prague . This approach encouraged a regrowth of separatism after the fall of communism . Separation ( edit ) Czech Republic Slovakia By 1991 , the Czech Republic 's GDP per capita was some 20 % higher than Slovakia 's . Transfer payments from the Czech budget to Slovakia , which had been the rule in the past , were stopped in January 1991 . Many Czechs and Slovaks desired the continued existence of a federal Czechoslovakia . Some major Slovak parties , however , advocated a looser form of co-existence and the Slovak National Party complete independence and sovereignty . In the next years , political parties re-emerged , but Czech parties had little or no presence in Slovakia , and vice versa . In order to have a functional state , the government demanded continued control from Prague , while Slovaks continued to ask for decentralization . In 1992 , the Czech Republic elected Václav Klaus and others who demanded either an even tighter federation ( `` viable federation '' ) or two independent states . Vladimír Mečiar and other leading Slovak politicians of the day wanted a kind of confederation . The two sides opened frequent and intense negotiations in June . On 17 July , the Slovak parliament adopted the declaration of independence of the Slovak nation . Six days later , Klaus and Mečiar agreed to dissolve Czechoslovakia at a meeting in Bratislava . Czechoslovak president Václav Havel resigned rather than oversee the dissolution which he had opposed ; in a September 1992 opinion poll , only 37 % of Slovaks and 36 % of Czechs favoured dissolution . The goal of negotiations switched to achieving a peaceful division . On 13 November , the Federal Assembly passed Constitution Act 541 which settled the division of property between the Czech lands and Slovakia . With Constitution Act 542 , passed on 25 November , they agreed to the dissolution of Czechoslovakia as of 31 December 1992 . The separation occurred without violence , and was thus said to be `` velvet '' , much like the `` Velvet Revolution '' which preceded it , which was accomplished through massive peaceful demonstrations and actions . In contrast , other post-communist break - ups ( such as the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia ) involved violent conflict . Czechoslovakia is the only former socialist state to have an entirely peaceful breakup . Reasons for the division ( edit ) A number of reasons are given for the dissolution of Czechoslovakia , with the main debates focusing on whether dissolution was inevitable or whether dissolution occurred in conjunction with , or even in contrast to , the events that occurred between the Velvet Revolution of 1989 and the end of the joined state in 1992 . Those who argue from the inevitability stance tend to point to the stereotypes between the two nations , which date back to the Austro - Hungarian Empire , and other issues . There are ethnic differences between the Czechs and Slovaks . These issues included , but were not limited to , problems with the shared state during communism , the success of the communist state in Czech lands and its failure in the Slovak lands which still resulted in the adoption of communism , because the Czechs were more influential in the running of the state than Slovaks , and the 1968 constitution , which had a minority veto . Those who argue that events between 1989 and 1992 led to dissolution point to international factors such as the breakaway of the Soviet satellite nations , the lack of unified media between the Czech and Slovak republics , and , most importantly , the actions of the political leaders of the two nations ( most specifically the disagreements between prime ministers Klaus and Mečiar ) . Legal aspects ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) National symbols ( edit ) Since the coat of arms of Czechoslovakia was a composition of those of the historic geographic areas forming the country , each republic simply kept its own symbol -- the Czechs the lion and the Slovaks the double cross . The same principle was applied to the two - part bilingual Czechoslovak national anthem that comprised two separate pieces of music , the Czech stanza Kde domov můj ? and the Slovak stanza Nad Tatrou sa blýska . Disputes occurred only with respect to the Czechoslovak national flag . During the 1992 negotiations about the details of dissolution of Czechoslovakia , on demand made by Vladimír Mečiar and Václav Klaus , a clause forbidding the use of the state symbols of Czechoslovakia by its successor states was inserted into the Constitutional Law about the Dissolution of Czechoslovakia . From 1990 to 1992 , the red and white Flag of Bohemia ( differing from the Polish flag only by the proportion of the colours ) officially served as the flag of the Czech Republic . Eventually , after a search for new symbols , the Czech Republic unilaterally decided to ignore the constitutional law on the dissolution of Czechoslovakia ( article 3 of law 542 / 1992 says the `` Czech republic and Slovak republic shall not use the national symbols of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic after its dissolution . '' ) and to keep the Czechoslovak flag with an altered meaning . Territory ( edit ) The national territory was divided along the existing internal borders . Nevertheless , the border was not clearly defined at some points and , in some areas , the border cut across streets , access roads and communities that had co-existed for centuries . The most serious issues occurred around the following areas : U Sabotů or Šance ( cs : Šance ( Vrbovce ) ) - historically part of Moravia , awarded to Slovakia in 1997 Sidonie or Sidónia ( cs : Sidonie ) - historically part of Hungary ( which contained all present - day Slovak territory until 1918 ) , awarded to the Czech Republic in 1997 Kasárna ( cs : Kasárna ( Makov ) ) recreational area - historically Moravian , disputed between Moravia and Hungary since the 16th century , formally part of Hungary since 1734 ; accessible by car only from the Czech side until early 2000s ; remained in Slovakia despite heavy objections from the ( mostly Czech ) property owners whose real estates effectively fell into a foreign country The newly born countries were able to solve the difficulties via mutual negotiations , financial compensation and , finally , an international treaty covering the border modifications . People living or owning property in the border area , however , continued to experience practical problems until both new countries entered the Schengen Agreement Area in 2007 , after which the borders became less significant . Division of national property ( edit ) Most federal assets were divided in a ratio of 2 to 1 ( the approximate ratio between the Czech and Slovak population within Czechoslovakia ) , including army equipment , rail and airliner infrastructure . Some minor disputes ( e.g. about gold reserves stored in Prague , federal know - how valuation ) lasted for a few years after dissolution . Currency division ( edit ) 1000 korun československých from 1945 Initially the old Czechoslovak currency , the Czechoslovak koruna , was still used in both countries . Fears of economic loss on the Czech side caused the two states to adopt two national currencies as early as 8 February 1993 . At the beginning , the currencies had an equal exchange rate , but later on , for most of the time , the value of the Slovak koruna was lower than that of the Czech koruna ( up to ca . 30 % , in 2004 around 25 -- 27 % ) . Starting on 2 August 1993 , the two currencies were distinguished by different stamps first affixed to and then printed on the old ( Czechoslovak koruna ) banknotes . On 1 January 2009 Slovakia adopted the Euro as its currency with the exchange rate of 30.126 SK / € , and the € 2 commemorative coin for 2009 , Slovakia 's first , featured the 20th anniversary of the Velvet Revolution in remembrance of the common struggle of the Czechoslovak people for democracy . By a quirk of fate , the welcoming speech on the behalf of the European Union on the occasion of Slovakia 's entry to the Eurozone was delivered by Mirek Topolánek , the prime minister of the then - EU presiding country , the Czech Republic , naturally in his native language while other guest speakers used English . The Czech Republic continues to use the Czech koruna , or crown . International law ( edit ) Neither the Czech Republic nor Slovakia sought recognition as the sole successor state to Czechoslovakia . This can be contrasted to the dissolution of the Soviet Union , where the Russian Federation was recognized as successor state to not only the RSFSR but the USSR itself . Therefore , Czechoslovakia 's membership in the UN ceased upon dissolution of the country , but on 19 January 1993 the Czech and Slovak Republics were admitted to the UN as new and separate states . With respect to other international treaties the Czechs and Slovaks agreed to honour the treaty obligations of Czechoslovakia . The Slovaks transmitted a letter to the Secretary General of the United Nations on 19 May 1993 expressing their intent to remain a party to all treaties signed and ratified by Czechoslovakia , and to ratify those treaties signed but not ratified before dissolution of Czechoslovakia . This letter acknowledged that under international law all treaties signed and ratified by Czechoslovakia would remain in force . For example , both countries are recognized as signatories of the Antarctic Treaty from the date Czechoslovakia signed the agreement in 1962 . Both the Czech and Slovak Republics have ratified the Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of Treaties . However , it was not a factor in the dissolution of Czechoslovakia since it did not enter into force until 1996 . Consequences ( edit ) Economy ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The dissolution had some negative impact on the two economies , especially in 1993 , as traditional links needed to accommodate the bureaucracy of international trade were severed , but the impact was considerably less than expected by many people . Many Czechs hoped that dissolution would quickly start an era of high economic growth in the Czech Republic ( without the need to `` sponsor the less developed Slovakia '' ) . Similarly others looked forward to a stand - alone , unexploited Slovakia which might become a new `` economic tiger '' . According to the Prague Post ( September 8 , 2014 : Is the Czech Republic richer than Slovakia ? ) , `` Slovak GDP reached 95 percent of the Czech GDP , and it is likely to draw level with it . The Slovak gross national product ( GNP ) , which includes citizens ' incomes abroad and deducts the money multinational companies move out of the country , is higher than the Czech one . Old - age pensions are more or less at the same level in both countries , and the consumption per capita is slightly higher in Slovakia . However , salaries are 10 percent lower on average in Slovakia than in the Czech Republic . But Martin Filko , head of the Institute of Financial Policy of the Slovak Finance Ministry , pointed out that Slovakia is among the EU countries where salaries form the lowest portion of GDP . In other words , a part of people 's incomes comes from sources other than their main employment , and this reduces the real difference between the Czech and Slovak salaries , Respekt says . Slovakia has higher political stability than the Czech Republic : as of 2018 , Slovaks have had only four prime ministers since 1998 , while the Czechs have had ten . Slovaks have become a more integral part of the EU thanks to their adoption of the euro , and they are more resolved to take part in the banking and fiscal unions , Respekt writes . In the Czech Republic , the right wing opened the economy , and the left wing privatized banks and attracted foreign investors . Until 2005 the GDP of the two countries was growing at a similar rate . But in 2005 -- 08 , the Slovak economy grew faster than the Czech one . Economists agree this was thanks to the right - wing reforms of the Mikuláš Dzurinda government and the promise of the euro adoption , which attracted investors . When left - wing populist Robert Fico replaced Dzurinda as Slovak prime minister after eight years in 2006 , he reduced the right - wing reforms only moderately , but he did not abolish them , unlike the Czech Social Democrats ( ČSSD ) . In this period , the Czechs had three ČSSD prime ministers in four years ( 2002 -- 06 ) , followed by a shaky center - right cabinet that cut and simplified taxes but failed to push through other reforms and did not want to adopt the euro , due to the financial crisis and the Civic Democrats ' ( ODS ) ideological prejudices . Why have the Czech reforms and modernization failed ? This is rather unclear as the detailed reasons are obscured by the fog of the political operation . The pension reform failed due to the left - wing 's disapproval and the right wing lacking courage , while the healthcare reform failed due to the hospital lobby and government disunity . The university and labor market reforms have not even been prepared yet . A reform making the civil service independent of politicians was approved but did not take effect because the government was afraid of losing influence over state bodies . It says other serious problems of the Czech economy include complicated business rules , widespread corruption and a highly overpriced and slow motorway construction . `` Slovaks proved to be more consistent in choosing their priorities . They were more capable of reaching agreement , which is important for the economy and the state , '' Czech economist Petr Zahradník told Respekt . Experts addressed by Respekt say the Czech economy might grow faster if the country were capable of using EU subsidies more effectively , modernizing the energy sector , attracting foreign investments , and quicker and cheaper building of motorways and modern railways . Citizenship ( edit ) Since the federalization in 1968 , Czechoslovakia had divided citizenship , either of the Czech Socialist Republic or of the Slovak Socialist Republic ( the word ' Socialist ' was dropped from both names shortly after the Velvet Revolution ) . This distinction , however , had little effect on the citizen 's life . On January 1 , 1993 , all Czechoslovak citizens automatically became citizens either of the Czech Republic or the Slovak Republic , based on their previous citizenship , permanent residence address , birthplace , family ties , job , and other criteria . Additionally , people had one year 's time to claim the other citizenship under certain conditions . Slovak legislation allowed dual citizenship until 2010 when this possibility was abolished ( see Citizenship Act ( Slovakia ) ) . Only a handful of people have exercised this right ; however , the significance of this is lessened by both nations ' membership in the EU as the freedom of movement for workers policy guarantees EU citizens the right to work and live anywhere in the Union . In the case of movement between the Czech Republic and Slovakia , this policy took effect from 2004 . By contrast , the Czech Republic has formerly prohibited dual citizenship for naturalized citizens , requiring them to give up existing citizenship ( s ) prior to receiving citizenship of the Czech Republic . This requirement could only be waived if giving up an existing citizenship might put the applicant or their relatives in danger of persecution in their homeland , which was not the case of applicants from Slovakia . This situation changed with the new Citizenship Act of 2013 ( 186 / 2013 Sb . ) , in force since January 1 , 2014 . However , most Slovak citizens are still unable to become dual citizens of both the Czech Republic and Slovakia , since they automatically lose Slovak citizenship upon voluntarily acquiring another one ( see previous paragraph ) . Exempt from this law are only those Slovak citizens who obtain a foreign citizenship by virtue of marriage with a foreign national . Some Slovak politicians have speculated in the media about softening the Citizenship Act , but no change has yet materialized as of January 2015 . People of both countries were allowed to cross the border without a passport and were allowed to work anywhere without the need to obtain an official permit . Border checks were completely removed on 21 December 2007 when both countries joined the Schengen Agreement . Customs union between the Czech Republic and Slovakia remained in place from the dissolution until May 1 , 2004 , when both countries entered the European Union . Under the current European regulations , citizens of either country are entitled to the diplomatic protection of any other EU country and , therefore , the Czech and Slovak Republics have been considering merging their embassies together with nations of the Visegrád Group in order to reduce costs . Roma people ( edit ) One of the problems not solved during dissolution was the question of a large number of Romani living in the Czech Republic , who were born and officially registered in today 's Slovakia . Most of them did not re-register their official place of stay during the months before dissolution , and so the question of their citizenship was left open . The 1992 Czech Nationality Act allowed a grant of automatic citizenship only to those born on Czech territory . For others , the right to citizenship required proof of a five - year period of residence , an `` unobjectionable '' criminal record , significant fees and a complicated bureaucratic process ; this reportedly excluded a rather large percentage of Roma . The Slovak government did not want to grant citizenship to non-residents . Significant numbers of Roma living in Czech orphanages did not have their legal status clarified , and were released from care as adult non-citizens without any right to work or live in the Czech Republic . Under pressure from the European Union , the Czech government made amendments to its nationality law in 1999 and 2003 which effectively solved the problem ; however , compensation has not been provided to those rendered stateless in 1992 . Language contacts ( edit ) In the former Czechoslovakia , the first television channel was a federal one and the Czech and Slovak languages were used in equal ratios in the TV news there , although foreign films and TV series were almost exclusively dubbed into Czech , for example . This ( and the fact that the languages are very similar ) made almost all people of both nations passively bilingual , i.e. , they were able to understand but not necessarily speak the other language . After the dissolution in 1990s the new TV channels in the Czech Republic practically stopped using Slovak , and young Czech people now have a much lower understanding of the Slovak language . Also , the number of Slovak - language books and newspapers sold in the Czech Republic dropped drastically . The Czech TV news , however , started to reintroduce Slovak - language coverage from Slovakia and Slovak TV ( STV2 ) rebroadcasts the Czech TV newscast Události ČT daily , ten minutes after midnight . On Slovak state TV , it is common to have at least one daily newscast from the Czech Republic during prime time news . Furthermore , many TV programmes on Slovak TV channels are still dubbed into Czech , some films in cinemas are subtitled in Czech and there are far more Czech - language books and periodicals on the market than before the dissolution . The major boost for the language interchange has come from private TV channel providers like CS Link ( Czech Republic ) and Sky Link ( Slovakia ) that offer Slovak channels in the Czech Republic and vice versa . Additionally , several channels , regardless of their national origin , offer programs both in Czech and Slovak ( CSFilm , TV Barrandov ) or even mix like TV Nova 's Nova Sport coverage of the English Premier League . New impulses to mutual contacts coming via TV are also common shows like the Intelligence Test of Nations , Czechoslovakia 's Got Talent broadcast by PRIMA and TV JOJ , and Czecho - Slovak SuperStar , the latter being the first international edition of the Pop Idol song contest broadcast by TV Nova and Markíza , which also organized joint versions of MasterChef and The Voice in 2012 . Also , the New Year 's Eve Program for 2009 was prepared and broadcast jointly by ČT and STV and for 2010 by the Czech TV PRIMA and the Slovak TV JOJ , this time even including the singing of the Czechoslovak national anthem . Young Slovak people still have the same knowledge of the Czech language as their predecessors , if not better . Even today , in Slovakia , Czech may be used automatically in all judicial proceedings , plus all documents written in Czech are acknowledged by Slovak authorities , and vice versa . Further , the Slovak Official Language Act passed in 2009 did reconfirm the right of Czechs to use their language in all official communication when dealing with Slovak authorities ( however , the Act explicitly limited the use of Czech in Slovakia only to persons with Czech as their mother tongue ) . The same is true about using the Slovak language in the Czech Republic owing to the Administration Procedure Act of 2004 . Gustáv Slamečka , Slovak citizen who was the Czech transport minister ( 2009 - 2010 ) , used the Slovak language exclusively in his official communication . The upward trend in the language contacts demonstrates that Czechs and Slovaks do not regard each other as foreigners . The interview surveys from 2010 showed that the majority of the population of Prague ( Czechs ) still considers the division of the country a mistake ; similarly , the general representative survey in Slovakia ( from 2008 ) showed that society is still divided in opinion on the dissolution : 47 % favouring the dissolution , while 44 % considering it as a mistake . For the language comparison see differences between Slovak and Czech languages . Sport ( edit ) The official break - up occurred right in the middle of the 1993 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships , which took place in Sweden . The team representing Czechoslovakia was called `` Czech - Slovak '' starting on 1 January . In international ice hockey tournaments , the Czech Republic took over Czechoslovakia 's place in the A-groups , while Slovakia had to start in the lower divisions . During the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1993 in Falun , Sweden , the ski jumping team competed as a combined Czech Republic - Slovakia team in the team large hill event , winning a silver . The team had been selected prior to the dissolution . Jaroslav Sakala won two medals in the individual hill events for the Czech Republic at those games along with his silver in the team event . In their qualifying section for the 1994 FIFA World Cup , the Czechoslovakia national football team competed under the name RCS which stood for `` Representation of Czechs and Slovaks '' . It was after this that the teams were then officially split up into Czech Republic and Slovakia . The team failed to qualify after they could only draw their final match against Belgium , a match they needed to win to qualify . The mutual encounters between the national teams of the two countries in many sports are followed by a majority of the populations , and the number of players and coaches active in the other republic is endless . Martin Lipták , a Slovak handball coach , successfully led the Czech national team to the EHF 2010 Handball European Championship in Austria . A Slovak team under his coaching , Tatran Prešov , won the Czech national league in 2008 and 2009 . Czech ice hockey coach Vladimír Vůjtek led the Slovak national team to the silver medal at the 2012 IIHF World Championship , having beaten the Czech team in the semifinals . Several sports did or do feature a common league , and discussions about having a common football or ice hockey league continue . Telecommunications ( edit ) The two successor states continued to use the country code + 42 until 28 February 1997 , when this was replaced by two separate codes : + 420 for the Czech Republic and + 421 for Slovakia . Since then , telephone calls between the two countries have required international dialing . Legacy ( edit ) No movement to re-unite Czechoslovakia has appeared and no political party advocates it in its programme . Political influences between the countries are minimal , but social democrats tend to cooperate very closely on regional and European topics in recent years . Furthermore , it has become customary that the elected presidents pay their first and last official foreign visits during their term to the other republic of the former Czechoslovakia . Appointed foreign ministers tend to follow this unwritten rule . On 29 October 2012 , in order to commemorate Czechoslovakia 's declaration of independence , which occurred on 28 October 1918 , the Czech and the Slovak governments held for the first time a joint cabinet meeting in the communities of Trenčín and Uherské Hradiště in the vicinity of the common border . Also , peace keeping troops stationed in the former Yugoslavia were put under joint command on several occasions . For example , from 2002 until July 2005 , the Czech Armed Forces joined with the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic to form a joint Czech - Slovak KFOR battalion in Kosovo that contributed to the Multinational Brigade CENTRE . Trade relationships were re-established and stabilized , and the Czech Republic continues to be Slovakia 's most important business partner . After a short interruption , Slovakia 's resorts in the Carpathian mountains are again the target of a growing number of Czech tourists . Following the death of the last Czechoslovak president Václav Havel on 18 December 2011 , both the Czech and the Slovak Republics observed the day of national mourning . During the funeral mass in Prague 's St. Vitus Cathedral prayers were recited in an equal ratio in the Czech and the Slovak languages . See also ( edit ) Hyphen War Czech Republic -- Slovakia relations Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden ( another example of a peaceful dissolution ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Skalnik Leff , Carol ( 1997 ) . The Czech and Slovak Republics . Nation versus state . Westview Press . pp. 129 -- 139 . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 2922 - 1 . Jump up ^ Vaclav Havel : Still Puckish , Still a Politician , No Longer President , The New York Times , July 21 , 1992 Jump up ^ Kamm , Henry . `` At Fork in Road , Czechoslovaks Fret '' , New York Times , dateline 9 October 1992 . Retrieved 1 January 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mrak , Mojmir ( 1999 ) . Succession of States . Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 978 - 90 - 411 - 1145 - 6 . Jump up ^ Innes , Abby ( 2001 ) . Czechoslovakia : The Short Goodbye . Yale University Press . Jump up ^ Kraus , Michael ( 2000 ) . `` International Forces and Factors '' . Irreconcilable Differences ? Explaining Czechoslovakia 's Dissolution . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , Inc . Jump up ^ Czechoslovakia Breaks in Two , To Wide Regret , The New York Times , January 1 , 1993 Jump up ^ Musil , Jiri ( 1995 ) . The End of Czechoslovakia . Oxford University Press Inc . Jump up ^ Ústavný zákon č. 542 / 1992 Zb . o zániku Českej a Slovenskej Federatívnej Republiky , Čl. 3 ods. 2 ( Constitutional act . No. 542 / 1992 Col. on the dissolution of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic , art . 3 sect. 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Czech society of vexicologists about the origin of the Czechoslovak state flag '' ( MS Word ) ( in Czech ) . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ Treaty between the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic on Common Borders ( 1996 ) - published in Slovakia under Announcement 274 / 1997 Z.z. Jump up ^ `` The Significance of Stamps Used on Bank Notes '' ( PDF ) . thecurrencycollector.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Pamätné mince 2 € -- 2009 '' . Ecb.int . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Zákon Národnej rady Slovenskej republiky o štátnom občianstve Slovenskej republiky '' . NR SR . January 1993 . Retrieved 12 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Zákon o nabývání a pozbývání státního občanství České republiky '' . Česká národní rada . December 1992 . Retrieved 12 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Country Report : Slovakia '' ( PDF ) . EUDO Citizen Observatory . January 2013 . Retrieved 12 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Informace k novému zákonu o státním občanství ČR '' . Ministry of Interior of the Czech Republic . January 2014 . Retrieved 11 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` V4 wants common embassies '' . Noviny.joj.sk . Archived from the original on 16 July 2012 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dedić , Jasminka . Roma and Stateless . European Parliament Committee on Civil Liberties , Justice and Home Affairs Jump up ^ The manufactured troubles of L'udovit Gorej , Roma Rights Quarterly , Summer 1997 Jump up ^ `` Úvod Česko Slovensko má Talent '' . Csmatalent.sk. 30 November 2010 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 500 / 2004 Coll . ACT of 24th June 2004 Code of Administrative Procedure '' ( PDF ) . Ducr.cz . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 7 January 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rozdelenie Československa : Čo hovorí pražská ulica ? '' . Tv.sme.sk . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Slovaks have not come to terms with the breakup '' . Hnonline.sk . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Lipták trénerom hádzanárov Česka '' . Sportky.topky.sk. 18 July 2008 . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ pdrbjak . `` Tatran Prešov Web Page '' . Tatranpresov.sk . Retrieved 14 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Česi i Slováci chcú spoločnú futbalovú ligu . Prekážok je ešte veľa '' . sport.pravda.sk. 19 November 2012 . Retrieved 19 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of Country Codes '' . World Country Codes . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Spoločné vyhlásenie - zasadnutie vlád Slovenskej republiky a Českej republiky '' . Vlada.gov.sk . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` 15th ACR Contingent in KFOR '' . Army.cz . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 19 . References ( edit ) Innes , Abby ( 2001 ) , Czechoslovakia : The Short Goodbye ( New Haven : Yale University Press ) . Rupnik , Jacques ( 2001 ) , `` Divorce à l'amiable ou guerre de sécession ? ( Tchécoslovaquie - Yougoslavie ) , '' Transeuropéennes no . 19 / 20 . Wehrlé , Frédéric ( 1994 ) , Le Divorce Tchéco - Slovaque : Vie et mort de la Tchécoslovaquie 1918 -- 1992 ( Paris : L'Harmattan ) . Paal Sigurd Hilde , `` Slovak Nationalism and the Break - Up of Czechoslovakia . '' Europe - Asia Studies , Vol. 51 , No. 4 ( Jun. 1999 ) : 647 -- 665 . External links ( edit ) ( in Czech ) Constitutional changes from Velvet revolution until dissolution , detailed overview at the Wayback Machine ( archived 5 February 2005 ) Krejčí , Oskar : `` Geopolitics of the Central European Region . The view from Prague and Bratislava '' Bratislava : Veda , 2005 . 494 pp . Timeline of Czechoslovak statehood Pre-1918 1918 -- 1938 1938 -- 1945 1945 -- 1948 1948 -- 1989 1989 -- 1992 1993 -- Bohemia Moravia Silesia Austrian Empire First Republic Sudetenland Third Republic Czechoslovak Republic 1948 -- 1960 Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 1960 -- 1990 Czech and Slovak Federative Republic 1990 -- 1992 Czech Republic Second Republic 1938 -- 1939 Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia 1939 -- 1945 Slovakia Kingdom of Hungary Slovak Republic 1939 -- 1945 Slovak Republic ( Slovakia ) Southern Slovakia and Carpatho - Ukraine Carpathian Ruthenia Zakarpattia Oblast 1944 / 1946 -- 1991 Zakarpattia Oblast 1991 -- present Austria - Hungary Czechoslovak government - in - exile ČSR ; boundaries and government established by the 1920 constitution . Annexed by Nazi Germany . ČSR ; included the autonomous regions of Slovakia and Carpathian Ruthenia . Annexed by Hungary ( 1939 -- 1945 ) . ČSR ; declared a `` people 's democracy '' ( without formal name change ) under the Ninth - of - May Constitution following the 1948 coup . ČSSR ; from 1969 , after the Prague Spring , consisted of the Czech Socialist Republic ( ČSR ) and Slovak Socialist Republic ( SSR ) . Oblast of the Ukrainian SSR . Oblast of Ukraine . Eastern Bloc Soviet Union Communism Formation Secret Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact protocol Soviet invasion of Poland Soviet occupations Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina Baltic states Hungary Romania Yalta Conference Annexed as , or into , SSRs Eastern Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Memel East Prussia West Belarus Western Ukraine Moldavia Satellite states Hungarian People 's Republic Polish People 's Republic Czechoslovak Socialist Republic Socialist Republic of Romania German Democratic Republic People 's Republic of Albania ( to 1961 ) People 's Republic of Bulgaria Federal People 's Republic of Yugoslavia ( to 1948 ) Annexing SSRs Russian SFSR Ukrainian SSR Byelorussian SSR Organizations Cominform COMECON Warsaw Pact World Federation of Trade Unions ( WFTU ) World Federation of Democratic Youth ( WFDY ) Revolts and opposition Welles Declaration Goryani Movement Forest Brothers Ukrainian Insurgent Army Operation Jungle Baltic state continuity Baltic Legations ( 1940 -- 1991 ) Cursed soldiers Rebellion of Cazin 1950 1953 uprising in Plzeň 1953 East German uprising 1956 Georgian demonstrations 1956 Poznań protests 1956 Hungarian Revolution Novocherkassk massacre 1965 Yerevan demonstrations Prague Spring / Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia Brezhnev Doctrine 1968 Red Square demonstration 1968 student demonstrations in Belgrade 1968 protests in Kosovo 1970 Polish protests Croatian Spring 1972 unrest in Lithuania SSR June 1976 protests Solidarity / Soviet reaction / Martial law 1981 protests in Kosovo Reagan Doctrine Jeltoqsan Karabakh movement April 9 tragedy Romanian Revolution Black January Cold War events Marshall Plan Berlin Blockade Tito -- Stalin split 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 1961 Berlin Wall crisis Conditions Emigration and defection ( list of defectors ) Sovietization of the Baltic states Information dissemination Politics Economies Telephone tapping Decline Revolutions of 1989 Fall of the Berlin Wall Romanian Revolution Fall of communism in Albania Singing Revolution Collapse of the Soviet Union Dissolution of Czechoslovakia January 1991 events in Lithuania January 1991 events in Latvia Post-Cold War topics Baltic Assembly Collective Security Treaty Organization Commonwealth of Independent States Craiova Group European Union European migrant crisis Eurasian Economic Union NATO Post-Soviet states Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Visegrad Group Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages Agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - Soviet split 1960s Congo Crisis 1960 U-2 incident Bay of Pigs Invasion 1960 Turkish coup d'état Soviet -- Albanian split Berlin Wall Portuguese Colonial War Angolan War of Independence Guinea - Bissau War of Independence Mozambican War of Independence Cuban Missile Crisis Sino - Indian War Communist insurgency in Sarawak Iraqi Ramadan Revolution Sand War 1963 Syrian coup d'état Vietnam War 1964 Brazilian coup d'état United States occupation of the Dominican Republic ( 1965 -- 66 ) South African Border War Transition to the New Order Domino theory ASEAN Declaration Laotian Civil War 1966 Syrian coup d'état Argentine Revolution Korean DMZ Conflict Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 USS Pueblo incident Six - Day War War of Attrition Dhofar Rebellion Protests of 1968 French May Cultural Revolution Prague Spring Communist insurgency in Malaysia Invasion of Czechoslovakia Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution Goulash Communism Sino - Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Realpolitik Ping - 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-7530506202633871743	C. Thomas Howell	C. Thomas Howell - wikipedia C. Thomas Howell Jump to : navigation , search For the rugby league footballer of the 1890s and 1900s , see Tommy Howell . This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) C. Thomas Howell Howell at the 2013 Peabody Awards Christopher Thomas Howell ( 1966 - 12 - 07 ) December 7 , 1966 ( age 50 ) Van Nuys , California , U.S. Other names Tommy Howell Tom Howell Grey Beast Grey man Mr. Howell Ponyboy ( mainly by his friends and family ) Occupation Actor , film director Years active 1977 -- present Spouse ( s ) Rae Dawn Chong ( 1989 - 1990 ) Sylvie Anderson ( 1992 - 2016 ) Significant other ( 2016 - present ) Children Christopher Thomas Howell ( born December 7 , 1966 ) , known as C. Thomas Howell , is an American actor and director . He has starred in the films The Outsiders , The Hitcher , Grandview U.S.A. , Red Dawn , Secret Admirer , and Soul Man ; he has also appeared in Gettysburg as Colonel Thomas Chamberlain , E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial , The Amazing Spider - Man , and Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 1980s 2.2 1990s 2.3 2000s 2.4 2010s 2.5 Television work 2.6 Off - screen 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video Games 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Howell was born in Van Nuys , California , the son of Christopher N and Candace Howell . He has two sisters , Stacy and Candi , and a brother , John . His father worked as a stunt coordinator and rodeo performer . As a young boy , Howell wanted to be a stuntman and was even a child stunt performer . He began acting at the age of four , when he was cast in the Brian Keith Show episode `` The Little People '' . When Howell was young , his parents divorced , leaving his mother with both of her sons and daughter Stacy , and his father took little Candi with him to raise on his own . Howell shared his time with each parent and started his career through his father 's job . When he was 12 , he became a rodeo champion at the California Junior Rodeo Association and was named `` All - Around Cowboy '' in August 1979 . While growing up , he also spent time golfing with his grandfather ( he earned his nickname `` CT '' as that was how his name was recorded on the screen boards ) . Howell graduated from Saugus High School in 1984 . Howell attended The National Conservatory for Drama Arts . Career ( edit ) Howell 's showbiz debut was acting in The Brian Keith Show episode `` The Little People '' as a little boy whose ears are being checked out by a doctor . When he got older , he tried stunt acting like his father and worked on commercials for a while . He tried rodeo riding for a few years . In 1982 , he made his film debut as Tyler in Steven Spielberg 's E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial . Afterward , he was cast as the lead role Ponyboy Curtis in Francis Ford Coppola 's The Outsiders , which earned him a Young Artist Award . Following The Outsiders , he became a teen idol , appearing in teen magazines like Tiger Beat and 16 Magazine , which referred to him as `` Tommy '' and `` Tom '' . 1980s ( edit ) In 1984 he and Outsiders co-star , Patrick Swayze , reunited for Grandview , U.S.A. , also with Jamie Lee Curtis , and Red Dawn , with Charlie Sheen and Lea Thompson . Howell also had a pivotal role in Tank , with James Garner and Jenilee Harrison . In 1985 he again starred in the lead role in Secret Admirer , opposite Lori Loughlin and Kelly Preston . Howell was one of two final actors in the running to play Marty McFly in Back to the Future the other being Eric Stoltz , who was eventually selected . Michael J. Fox would later go on to replace Stoltz after filming had begun . In 1986 he played a hitchhiker 's target in the film The Hitcher , another of his successful movies . The sequel , in which he also starred , was released in 2003 . He starred as a white student who pretends to be black to receive a scholarship , in the poorly received Soul Man , which currently holds an aggregated score of 14 % at Rotten Tomatoes. Howell has since stated that he does not regret playing the main character in blackface and that Soul Man was `` an important part of ( Howell 's ) life '' and `` an important film '' for racial relations in the United States . In 1988 Howell played Arturo Toscanini in the story of the world - renowned conductor in Franco Zeffirelli 's Giovane Toscanini with Irma Capece Minutolo and Elizabeth Taylor , which was one of his very first straight - to - video releases . Howell and Kelly Preston reunited as lovers in A Tiger 's Tale . 1990s ( edit ) At the end of the 1980s and beginning of the 1990s , Howell appeared in The Return of the Musketeers and Side Out . In 1993 , he starred with Linda Fiorentino and Nancy Allen in the campy thriller Acting on Impulse . After several straight - to - DVD features and a starring role in That Night , he achieved success again in the movie Gettysburg , which was popular with history buffs and history classrooms . He starred as Mike , a motorcycle courier in Mad Dogs and Englishmen ( U.S. title : Shameless ) with Elizabeth Hurley . His made - for - television movie credits include Suspect Device , Sealed with a Kiss and Dead Fire . He starred in Dads , an unsold sitcom pilot . He also appeared in the short - lived TV series Kindred : The Embraced . He started an interest in crime - thrillers after starring in Payback and playing gangster Baby Face Nelson in a film of the same name . He went on to direct and star in the 1996 direct - to - video release , Pure Danger , featuring alongside Teri Ann Linn and prop comic , Carrot Top . 2000s ( edit ) Howell returned to acting in the 2000s in movies such as Asylum Days , the Gods and Generals prequel to Gettysburg , and The Hillside Strangler , in which he played serial killer Kenneth Bianchi . In 2006 , Howell starred in Hoboken Hollow . He also became a supporter of the production company The Asylum , which produced his straight - to - DVD movies . In 2005 , he starred in H.G. Wells ' War of the Worlds , one of three 2005 adaptations of the novel The War of the Worlds by H.G. Wells . Because of its success , Howell directed and starred in a straight - to - DVD sequel War of the Worlds 2 : The Next Wave in 2008 , which was heavily criticized . In 2005 , he also reunited with his Secret Admirer co-star Lori Loughlin , when he had a recurring role on her television show Summerland as Zac Efron 's father . After War of the Worlds , he spent time directing unsuccessful straight to - DVD movies . Also , in 2008 , he directed and starred in The Day the Earth Stopped , a mockbuster intended to capitalize on The Day the Earth Stood Still . For these reasons , 20th Century Fox have threatened legal action against The Asylum , but no action has yet been taken . He also appeared as a doctor in The Poseidon Adventure , an adaptation of the 1972 film of the same name . Coincidentally , his father 's first stunt co-ordination was for the original movie , though uncredited . He briefly hosted a show on KLSX later that year . 2010s ( edit ) Howell appeared in the 2012 film The Amazing Spider - Man . Television work ( edit ) After filming The Outsiders , Howell co-starred in his own television series , Two Marriages , which ended after four episodes , but letters of support got it back on air . Howell later expressed disappointment in the series , but eventually found it more satisfying . After Two Marriages , Howell made guest appearances in shows like Moonlighting and The Hitchhiker . In 2000 , Howell played a doctor stranded on a deserted island after a plane crash in Amazon . He initially turned down a guest role in ER after missing out on a role he wanted , but his wife signed him up after yet another offer . Following ER , he guest appeared in 24 . He guest starred in five episodes of Criminal Minds on CBS as serial killer George Foyet / The Boston Reaper , a recurring villain based on the Zodiac Killer . Howell has played the role of Officer Bill ' Dewey ' Dudek , a wild , loudmouth , but efficient police officer recovering from alcoholism , in the L.A. police drama Southland since 2009 . He appeared in Seasons 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 and was promoted to a series regular for Season 5 , which began in February 2013 . The series was cancelled on May 10 , 2013 . In 2011 , he guest starred on The Glades and in Torchwood : Miracle Day . Starting in 2015 , Howell has had a recurring role as Dr. Daniel Stinger in the Freeform show Stitchers Off - screen ( edit ) Howell has worked with Francis Ford Coppola many times and in other areas of making motion pictures including writing , producing , and directing . In 1995 , he wrote and directed Hourglass , in which he starred with Sofia Shinas . The following year , he helped produce The Big Fall and Pure Danger. Howell did not write or direct another movie until 2004 . He and his father co-wrote the made - for - television movie Hope Ranch and Howell produced the film as well . The film was a success and Howell went on to write and produce Blind Injustice the next year . Two years later he produced The Stolen Moments of September . Personal life ( edit ) In his single days , Howell shared a place with Darren Dalton , with whom he co-starred in The Outsiders , Red Dawn , and The Jailhouse . From 1989 to 1990 , he was married to actress Rae Dawn Chong , his Soul Man co-star . He married Sylvie Anderson in 1992 . They have three children : Isabelle ( born February 17 , 1993 ) , Dashiell ( born January 2 , 1997 ) , and Liam ( born April 24 , 2001 ) . His family currently resides in Stevenson Ranch , California . In March 2016 , Anderson filed for divorce . Howell and actress Brooke Langton have a son , August Moon . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1982 E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial Tyler Credited as Tom Howell The Outsiders Ponyboy Curtis hot 1984 Grandview , U.S.A. Tim Pearson 1984 Tank William `` Billy '' Carey 1984 Red Dawn Robert Morris 1985 Secret Admirer Michael Ryan 1986 The Hitcher Jim Halsey 1986 Soul Man Mark Watson 1988 A Tiger 's Tale Bubber Drums 1988 Young Toscanini Arturo Toscanini 1989 The Return of the Musketeers Raoul 1990 Far Out Man Himself 1990 Side Out Monoroe Clark 1990 Kid The Kid 1990 Curiosity Kills Cat Thomas 1992 Tattle Tale Bernard Sprat 1992 Nickel & Dime Jack Stone 1992 To Protect and Serve Egan 1992 Breaking the Rules Gene Michaels 1992 That Night Rick Gettysburg Thomas Chamberlain 1994 Jailbait Sgt. Lee Teffler 1994 Dangerous Indiscretion Jim Lomax 1994 Teresa 's Tattoo Carl 1994 Treacherous Micky Stewert 1994 Natural Selection Ben Braden / Alex Connelly 1995 Payback Oscar Bonsetter 1995 Baby Face Nelson Baby Face Nelson 1995 Hourglass Michael Jardine 1995 Mad Dogs and Englishmen Mike Also known as Shameless 1995 Suspect Device Dan Jerico The Big Fall Blaise Rybeck Sealed with a Kiss Detective Mick Cullen The Sweeper Mark Goddard Pure Danger Jonnie Dean 1997 Matter of Trust Michael D'Angelo Also known as The Surgeon 1997 Laws of Deception Evan Marino 1997 Dilemma Detective Thomas Quinlan 1997 Dead Fire Tucker 1997 Last Lives Aaron 1998 Fatal Affair Malcolm Maddox Also known as Stalker 1998 Sleeping Dogs Sanchez Boon 1998 Charades Evan Also known as Felons 1999 The Crimson Code J.B. Gaines Also known as Red Team 1999 Hot Boyz Roberts 1999 Enemy Action John Reed 1999 The Shepherd Boris Dakota Also known as Cyber City 1999 The Glass Jar Lanois 1999 Avalanche Jack Also known as Escape from Alaska 1999 Hitman 's Run Tom Holly 1999 The Prince and the Surfer Dean 2000 Lawless : Dead Evidence Dean Riley 2000 The Million Dollar Kid Valentino 2001 Separate Ways Tom Milton 2001 Asylum Days Nathan Devine 2001 WillFull Nat Wolff 2001 XCU : Extreme Close Up Geoffrey Liddy 2001 Askari Joss McKinley 2002 Night of the Wolf Sheriff Wade Messer 2002 Killer Bees ! Sheriff Lyndon Harris 2003 Net Games Adam Vance Also known as Deadly Web 2003 Gods and Generals Thomas Chamberlain 2003 The Hitcher II : I 've Been Waiting Jim Halsey The Lost Angel Kuratha Hidalgo Preston Webb The Hillside Strangler Kenneth Bianchi A Killer Within Addison Terrill Zolar Hedion 2005 The Keeper : The Legend of Omar Khayyam Coach Fielding 2005 Crimson Force Captain Baskin 2005 H.G. Wells ' War of the Worlds George Herbert 2005 Glass Trap Curtis 2005 Nursie Zack 2005 Ordinary Miracles Jim Powell 2005 The Poseidon Adventure Doctor Matthew Ballard 2006 The Da Vinci Treasure Michael Archer 2006 Hoboken Hollow Clayton Connelly 2006 The Far Side of Jericho Little Jimmy Thorton 2007 Dead Letters KC 2007 The Haunting of Marsten Manor Captain Williams 2007 Fighting Words David Settles Also known as Street Poet 2007 The Stolen Moments of September Sisner 2008 Xenophobia Stone 2008 Mutant Vampire Zombies from the ' Hood ! David 2008 House of Fallen Thomas 2008 Big Game Cody `` Sully '' Sullivan 2008 A Gunfighter 's Pledge Horn 2008 Toxic Joe 2008 The Grind Luke 2008 The Thirst : Blood War Jed 2008 War of the Worlds 2 : The Next Wave George Herbert Director 2008 The Day the Earth Stopped Josh Myron Director 2009 The Land That Time Forgot Frost Michaels Director 2009 Razor Virgil 2009 Fuel Shane 2009 Camouflage Stanley 2009 Secret at Arrow Lake Daniel Williams Also known as Mia 's Father 2009 American Pie Presents : The Book of Love Alumnus Guy # 2 2009 The Jailhouse Seth Delray Cupid 's Arrow Professor Grimes The Terror Experiment Chief Grasso Also known as Fight or Flight Flatline Mr. Thomas 2011 Camel Spiders Sheriff Beaumont 2011 Restitution John Youngstown 2012 Wedding Day Russ 2012 Home Invasion Ray 2012 Commander and Chief Shrub 2012 The Amazing Spider - Man Crane Dad 2012 Chilly Christmas Patrick Cole 2012 MoniKa Double 2012 Escape Paul Jordan 2013 An Amish Murder Nathan Detrick 2013 Do n't Pass Me By Jack 2013 The Devil 's Dozen Tom 2013 Lost on Purpose Delbert Ferguson 2013 Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Eobard Thawne / Professor Zoom Voice 2013 Storm Rider Mitch 2013 Christmas Belle Rex Everhart Also known as A Fairytale Christmas 2014 Confessions of a Womanizer Tony Also known as Confessions of a Sex Addict 2014 Bigfoot Wars Zeke 2014 Category 5 Charlie DuPuis 2014 A Magic Christmas Jack Carter 2014 Borrowed Moments Jack Also known as Sleight of Hand 2015 Spirit Riders Keith 2015 Rivers 9 Sheriff Quentin 2015 Justice League : Gods and Monsters Dr. Will Magnus Voice 2015 Woodlawn Coach George `` Shorty '' White 2015 A Christmas Eve Miracle Jack Carter 2015 Magic Hour Tom Worthy 2015 Lazarus Rising Silent Cal 2015 Blood Lust Ryan Also known as Siren Song 2016 Dirty Dealing Carter 2016 Beast Mode Breen Nash 2016 Sick People Dr. Sam Zimmerman Also known as Intensive Care 2016 The Shadow People Kaine completed 2016 Advance & Retreat Nathan Shapiro post-production 2017 LBJ Walter Jenkins 2017 Mac Daddy 's Vegas Adventure Alfieri Conti completed 2017 My B.F.F. Ben Wilkins post-production 2017 Blue Weekend Robert Crawford post-production 2017 The Rack Pack Ted post-production 2017 A Question of Faith John Danielson post-production 2017 RIch Boy , Rich Girl Blake filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Two Marriages Scott Morgan Episode : `` Relativity '' 1989 Nightmare Classics Jenner Brading Episode : `` The Eyes of the Panther '' Kindred : The Embraced Frank Kohanek 8 episodes 1998 The Outer Limits Captain Miles Davidlow Episode : `` The Joining '' 1998 V.I.P Phil Sherman Episode : `` Val Got Game '' 1998 The Love Boat : The Next Wave Episode : `` Affairs to Remember '' 1999 Dead Man 's Gun Henry Hubble Episode : `` The Phrenologist '' 1999 -- 2000 Amazon Dr. Alex Kennedy 2000 Twice in a Lifetime Tony Episode : `` The Escaped Artist '' 2002 Son of the Beach Jason Dudikoff Episode : `` In the Line of Booty '' The District Chris Gunner Episode : `` On Guard '' 2004 -- 2005 Summerland Kyle Bale 2 episodes 2005 ER Vincent Janeson Episode : `` The Human Shield '' 2006 24 Barry Landes 2 episodes 2008 Celebracadabra Himself ( contestant ) Crowned `` Best Celebrity Magician '' 2009 -- 2013 Criminal Minds George Foyet / The Boston Reaper 5 episodes 2009 -- 2013 Southland Bill `` Dewey '' Dudek Psych Agent Camden Driggs Episode : `` One , Maybe Two , Ways Out '' 2011 The Glades Peyton Robinson Episode : `` Second Skin '' 2011 Torchwood : Miracle Day The Gentleman Episode : `` Escape to L.A. '' 2011 CHAOS Carson Simms Episode : `` Proof of Life '' 2012 Alphas Eli Aquino Episode : `` The Quick and the Dead '' 2012 Revolution Bounty Hunter Episode : `` Chained Heat '' 2012 Castle John Campbell Episode : `` Swan Song '' 2012 Longmire Ray Stewart Episode : `` A Damn Shame '' 2012 Hawaii Five - 0 Martin Cordova Episode : `` Death Wish '' 2013 Horror Haiku John Asher Episode : `` I Know What You Know '' 2013 Sons Of Anarchy Agent Frank Eagan Episode : `` One One Six '' 2013 Blue Bloods Alex Polanski Episode : `` Justice Served '' 2014 Grimm Agent Weston Steward 5 episodes 2014 -- 2015 Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Nate 4 episodes 2014 -- 2015 Stitchers Daniel Stinger 3 episodes 2015 Motive Joe Hillis Episode : `` Reversal of Fortune '' 2015 Stitchers Daniel Stinger 3 episodes 2015 Ties That Bind Mr. Witherspoon Episode : `` Controlled Substance '' 2015 Sleepy Hollow Agent Mick Granger Episode : `` I , Witness '' 2016 Animal Kingdom Paul Belmont 8 episodes 2017 Ray Donovan Dr. Brogan Episode : `` Abby '' 2017 Outcast Simon Barnes 2 episodes Video Games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2017 Injustice 2 Leonard Snart / Captain Cold References ( edit ) Jump up ^ aboutct . Cthomashowell.net . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Tommy Howell : I 'm Just a Normal Kid ! . Cthowell.net . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Marriage . Cthowell.net . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Cooking . Cthowell.net . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Rotten Tomatoes : Soul Man ( 1986 ) '' . Jump up ^ Harris , Will . `` C. Thomas Howell on The Outsiders , blackface , and how Marlboros got him cast in E.T '' . The Onion AV Club . The Onion AV Club . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Other Works for C. Thomas Howell '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Pure Danger ( 1996 Video ) : Full Cast and Crew '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Interview for the Poseidon Adventure Remake . Cthomashowell.net . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Barrett , Annie. ( 2011 - 01 - 10 ) ' Spider - Man ' : C. Thomas Howell joins the reboot Inside Movies EW.com . Insidemovies.ew.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Two Marriages . cthowell.net Jump up ^ Torchwood : Miracle Day casting news . Den of Geek . Retrieved on 2011 - 12 - 03 . External links ( edit ) Official website C. Thomas Howell on IMDb Review of Baby Face Nelson at Manor on Movies Films directed by C. Thomas Howell War of the Worlds 2 : The Next Wave ( 2008 ) The Day the Earth Stopped ( 2008 ) The Land That Time Forgot ( 2009 ) The Genesis Code ( 2010 ) Young Artist Award for Best Leading Young Actor in a Feature Film 1979 -- 1990 Dennis Christopher ( 1979 ) Justin Henry ( 1980 ) Ricky Schroder ( 1981 ) Henry Thomas ( 1982 ) C. Thomas Howell ( 1983 ) Anthony Michael Hall ( 1984 ) Sean Astin ( 1985 ) Peter Billingsley ( 1986 ) River Phoenix ( 1987 ) Fred Savage ( 1987 ) Patrick Dempsey ( 1987 ) Corey Feldman ( 1987 ) Christian Bale ( 1988 ) Corey Feldman ( 1988 ) Corey Haim ( 1988 ) Lukas Haas ( 1988 ) Sean Astin ( 1989 ) Macaulay Culkin ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2010 Ethan Embry ( 1991 ) Elijah Wood ( 1993 ) Edward Furlong ( 1994 ) Jason James Richter ( 1994 ) Mason Gamble ( 1994 ) Brad Renfro ( 1995 ) Wil Horneff ( 1996 ) Lucas Black ( 1997 ) Blake Heron ( 1998 ) Kevin Zegers ( 1998 ) Miko Hughes ( 1999 ) Haley Joel Osment ( 2000 ) Rob Brown ( 2001 ) Anton Yelchin ( 2002 ) Tyler Hoechlin ( 2003 ) Jeremy Sumpter ( 2004 ) Jamie Bell ( 2005 ) Josh Hutcherson ( 2006 ) Logan Lerman ( 2007 ) Josh Hutcherson ( 2008 ) Nate Hartley ( 2009 ) Max Records ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Jaden Smith ( 2011 ) Dakota Goyo ( 2012 ) Tom Holland ( 2013 ) Miles Elliot ( 2014 ) Reese Hartwig ( 2015 ) Michael Grant ( 2016 ) Julian Feder ( 2017 ) VIAF : 14967705 LCCN : n94003799 ISNI : 0000 0001 1873 3294 GND : 140641777 SUDOC : 176490205 BNF : cb13987978w ( data ) IATH : w6w67gmg Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._Thomas_Howell&oldid=810057453 '' Categories : 1966 births Male actors from Los Angeles American male child actors American male film actors American male television actors Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors People from Van Nuys , Los Angeles Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from September 2010 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Malagasy Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 03 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the actor that played ponyboy in the outsiders	[]	[]
-1643376268932982556	Severus Snape	Severus Snape - wikipedia Severus Snape Jump to : navigation , search Severus Snape Harry Potter character Alan Rickman as Severus Snape in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix First appearance Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone Last appearance Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Created by J.K. Rowling Portrayed by Alan Rickman ( adult ) Alec Hopkins ( teenager ) Benedict Clarke ( child ) Mick Ignis ( young adult ) House Slytherin Severus Snape is a fictional character in J.K. Rowling 's Harry Potter series . An exceptionally skilful wizard , his coldly sarcastic and controlled exterior conceals deep emotions and anguish . A Professor at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry , Snape is hostile to the series ' protagonist , Harry , the moment he sets foot in Snape 's classroom ; this hostility is rooted in Harry 's resemblance to Harry 's father James , who bullied and harassed Snape during their time at Hogwarts . Though philosophically attracted to the Dark Arts and Lord Voldemort 's ideology of wizard supremacy , Snape 's love for Muggle - born Lily Evans , Harry 's mother , eventually compels him to defect from the Death Eaters . Snape becomes a double agent on behalf of Albus Dumbledore and the Order of the Phoenix , and protects Harry throughout the series . A central mystery of the series concerns Snape 's loyalties . For much of the series , Snape 's actions seem to serve Harry 's nemesis , Lord Voldemort , although Harry 's mentor , Dumbledore , insists that he trusts Snape . Snape dies at the hands of Voldemort in the final chapters of the seventh book , at which time his back story is revealed : as a teenager , Snape was a close friend of Harry 's mother Lily , and he turned on Voldemort after the latter sought to kill Lily and her family . Snape 's character , which becomes more layered and enigmatic as the series progresses , was widely acclaimed by readers and critics . Rowling described him as `` a gift of a character '' whose story she had known since the first book , and Elizabeth Hand of The Washington Post opined that Snape 's life `` is the most heartbreaking , surprising and satisfying of all of Rowling 's achievements '' . Actor Alan Rickman portrayed Snape in all eight Harry Potter films , released between 2001 and 2011 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character development 2 Appearances 2.1 Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone 2.2 Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets 2.3 Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban 2.4 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire 2.5 Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix 2.6 Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince 2.7 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows 2.7. 1 Epilogue 3 Appearances in other material 3.1 Harry Potter and the Cursed Child 4 Portrayal in films 5 Characterisation 5.1 Outward appearance 5.2 Personality 5.3 Magical abilities and skills 5.4 Family 5.5 Loyalties 6 Reception 7 In popular culture 8 References 9 External links Character development In an interview , Rowling described Snape 's character as an `` antihero '' . She has said that she drew inspiration for Snape 's character from a disliked teacher from her own childhood , and described Snape as a horrible teacher , saying the `` worst , shabbiest thing you can do as a teacher is to bully students . '' However , she does suggest in the books that he is generally an effective teacher . Although Rowling has said that Gilderoy Lockhart is her only character that she `` deliberately based on a real person '' , Snape was reportedly based , at least in part , on John Nettleship , who taught Rowling chemistry and employed her mother as an assistant at Wyedean School near Chepstow . For Snape 's surname , Rowling borrowed the name of the village of Snape , Suffolk . In a 1999 interview and again in 2004 , Rowling singled out Snape as one of her favourite characters to write . Rowling was less forthcoming about Snape than she was for other characters , because his true loyalties and motivations were not revealed until the final book . However , she hinted numerous times at Snape 's important role , suggesting that people should `` keep their eye on Snape '' . In 1999 , answering a question regarding Snape 's love life and the redemptive pattern to his character , Rowling expressed her surprise at the foresight . Rowling also disclosed that after the publication of Prisoner of Azkaban , there was one female fan who guessed Snape loved Lily Potter , making Rowling wonder how she had given herself away . After the completion of the series , Rowling began to speak openly about Snape , discussing the contrast between his character arc and that of Albus Dumbledore . Rowling said `` the series is built around ( the Dumbledore and Snape storylines ) '' , and maintained that she always knew what Snape would turn out to be at the end and that she carefully plotted his storyline throughout the series . `` I had to drop clues all the way through because as you know in the seventh book when you have the revelation scene where everything shifts and you realise ... what Snape 's motivation was . I had to plot that through the books because at the point where you see what was really going on , it would have been an absolute cheat on the reader at that point just to show a bunch of stuff you 've never seen before . '' Rowling further said in an interview that she wanted Snape to find redemption and forgiveness : `` Snape is a complicated man ... he was a flawed human being , like all of us . Harry forgives him ... Harry really sees the good in Snape ultimately ... I wanted there to be redemption . '' Appearances Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's stone Snape first appears in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone , shortly after Harry arrives at Hogwarts . He is the school 's Potions Master , though he is widely rumoured to covet the Defence Against the Dark Arts post . Snape himself confirms the rumour in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix . Snape is a sinister and malicious teacher who makes frequent snide and disparaging remarks at Harry 's expense . He quickly becomes the primary antagonist of the book , as Harry suspects him of plotting to steal the philosopher 's stone , and of attempting to kill him . Only the climax of the book reveals that Professor Quirrell , in league with Lord Voldemort , is the real enemy ; Snape , suspicious of Quirrell , had been looking out for Harry throughout the book . In the final chapter , Dumbledore suggests that because Harry 's father James had saved Snape 's life when they were both students , even though the two detested each other , Snape felt responsible for Harry in return . As the final book reveals , this is not the full story . In any case , even after Quirrell 's true role is revealed , Harry retains feelings of suspicion and resentment towards Snape , and their relationship remains tense . Snape 's behaviour and attitude towards Harry also remain unchanged . Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Snape has a minor role in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , where he helps Gilderoy Lockhart oversee Hogwarts ' short - lived Duelling Club , but he has little interaction with the main plot . It is while attending the Duelling Club that Harry learns the Expelliarmus spell , which plays a significant role in later books , by seeing Snape use it . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban In Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban , Snape demonstrates his expertise with potions by brewing the complex Wolfsbane potion for the new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor , Remus Lupin . Throughout the third book , Snape suspects that Lupin may be helping Harry 's godfather Sirius Black enter Hogwarts castle ; Sirius had been convicted ( wrongly , as it is later revealed ) of murdering Peter Pettigrew and innocent bystanders , and betraying the Potter family 's hiding place to Voldemort . This suspicion stems from Lupin 's friendship with Sirius and Harry 's father , James , while they were all at Hogwarts as students . Near the climax of the book , Snape attempts to apprehend Sirius , but Sirius escapes with Harry 's aid . Snape informs Dumbledore of this circumstance , and when Harry and Lupin are not punished , Snape retaliates by revealing to the entire school that Lupin is a werewolf , forcing the latter to resign his post . Prisoner of Azkaban reveals more details about the connection between Snape and James . While in school together , Sirius once tricked Snape into almost entering the Shrieking Shack while Lupin was there , transformed into a werewolf . James realised the danger and stopped Snape , saving his life ; this is the incident Dumbledore referred to at the end of the first book . Snape , however , believes James ' actions were self - serving , to avoid being expelled . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Snape 's role in the fourth novel , Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire , is not substantially different from that of the previous three books . He is apoplectic when Harry is unexpectedly entered into the Triwizard Tournament . Later Harry accidentally falls into Dumbledore 's Pensieve and views memories of several Death Eater trials from years before . At one point , Snape is named as a Death Eater by Igor Karkaroff , but Dumbledore comes to Snape 's defence , claiming that although Snape had indeed been a Death Eater , he changed sides before Voldemort 's downfall and turned spy against him . Later , Dumbledore assures Harry that Snape 's reformation is genuine , though he refuses to tell Harry how he knows this , saying the information `` is a matter between Professor Snape and myself '' . At the end of the book , Dumbledore attempts to convince a disbelieving Minister for Magic , Cornelius Fudge , that Voldemort has returned . As proof , Snape willingly shows Fudge the restored Dark Mark on his arm . He is subsequently sent on a secret mission by Dumbledore . This mission , as had been implied in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and revealed in Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , was to rejoin the Death Eaters and spy on Voldemort as a re-doubled agent , while pretending to spy on Dumbledore on behalf of Voldemort . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Teenage Severus Snape ( Alec Hopkins ) in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix In the fifth novel , Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , Snape returns to a more prominent role . With Voldemort having returned to a fully corporeal body , Snape continues working as a re-doubled agent for Dumbledore . He is seen prior to the start of school at Number 12 , Grimmauld Place giving reports to the Order of the Phoenix . He has a very strained relationship with Sirius , who owns Grimmauld Place and must remain there in hiding . The two trade frequent snide remarks and at one point almost begin a duel . Snape taunts Sirius about the latter 's not being able to take an active role in the Order 's missions because of his fugitive status . Harry feels later that this taunting contributed to Sirius ' willingness to take unsafe risks . Back at school , Snape 's allegiance to the Order has no effect on his dislike for Harry . Later in the book , Dumbledore has Snape teach Harry Occlumency , the protection of the mind from outside intrusion or influence . The sessions are made difficult by their mutual hostility and end prematurely when Harry uses Dumbledore 's Pensieve to view one of Snape 's worst childhood memories without the latter 's permission . He sees the memory of Snape being bullied by James and Sirius , and of calling Harry 's mother Lily a Mudblood ( a highly offensive term ) . Only in the final book is it revealed that , prior to this confrontation , Snape and Lily had been close friends . Towards the end of the novel , Dolores Umbridge -- the school 's politically appointed headmistress -- captures Harry and interrogates him about Dumbledore 's whereabouts . She sends for Snape , demanding that he provide the magical truth serum Veritaserum in order to force Harry to reveal any information he may be hiding . Snape claims that his supplies of the serum have been exhausted after Umbridge used the drug to force information about Dumbledore 's Army from Cho Chang . It is later revealed that Snape had in fact supplied Umbridge with fake Veritaserum on the prior attempt . Snape then carries Harry 's cryptic warning about Sirius ' capture to the other Order members , allowing them to come to the rescue in the Department of Mysteries . Harry still holds Snape partly responsible for Sirius ' death , believing Snape 's goading spurred Sirius into joining the battle . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince In the second chapter of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , Bellatrix Lestrange and Narcissa Malfoy visit Snape at his home in Spinner 's End . Narcissa 's son Draco has been given a difficult task by Voldemort , and Narcissa swears Snape to an Unbreakable Vow that he will protect Draco , help him complete Voldemort 's task , and finish the task himself if Draco fails . When questioned by Bellatrix about his loyalties , Snape says he has been working for Voldemort ever since Voldemort 's return , and explains his actions in the previous books in that light . He points out that gaining Dumbledore 's trust and protection has kept him out of Azkaban and free to operate on Voldemort 's behalf . At the start - of - term feast at Hogwarts , Dumbledore announces Snape as the new Defence Against the Dark Arts professor . Horace Slughorn , a retired Hogwarts teacher , replaces Snape as Potions Master . With Snape no longer teaching Potions , Harry enrolls in Slughorn 's class and is lent an old textbook until his new one arrives . Harry finds marginalia , including a variety of hexes and jinxes seemingly invented by an unknown student , and substantial improvements to the book 's standard potion - making instructions . The text is inscribed as being `` the Property of the Half - Blood Prince '' . The notes greatly bolster Harry 's performance in Potions , so much so that he impresses Slughorn . Snape , who maintains that he `` never had the impression that ( he ) had been able to teach Potter anything at all '' , is suspicious of Harry 's newfound Potions success . Later , during a fight with Draco , Harry casts one of the Prince 's spells marked `` For Enemies , '' and is horrified by the devastating wounds it inflicts to Draco 's face and chest . Snape rushes to the scene and heals Draco , then interrogates Harry regarding the spell , using Legilimency to extract the source of Harry 's knowledge ( the Potions textbook ) from Harry 's mind . When Snape insists that Harry show him his Potions textbook , Harry hides the Prince 's book and gives him Ron Weasley 's book instead . As punishment for the attack and knowing Harry is lying about the textbook , Snape assigns Harry detention during the final Quidditch match of the year . Before leaving Hogwarts to accompany Dumbledore in locating another horcrux -- part of Voldemort 's soul -- Harry discovers from Professor Trelawney that it was Snape who overheard the prophecy and told it to Voldemort , resulting in Voldemort hunting down Harry and his parents . Despite this and Harry 's angry questions , Dumbledore avers his trust in Snape . Returning to Hogwarts after retrieving Voldemort 's Horcrux , Harry and Dumbledore alight atop the school 's astronomy tower . Gravely weakened by the horcrux 's protective potion , Dumbledore tells Harry he must fetch Snape , but before Harry can leave , Draco suddenly arrives , intending to carry out Voldemort 's order to assassinate Dumbledore , closely followed by other Death Eaters ( followers of Voldemort ) , and Snape . Snape interrupts the planned murder , killing the headmaster himself . Harry , who is paralysed under his invisibility cloak by Dumbledore for his own protection , witnesses the kill , and is released upon Dumbledore 's death . Enraged , he pursues Snape , Draco , and the Death Eaters as they flee the castle . Snape easily blocks Harry 's spells and jeeringly points out Harry 's mistakes , but never strikes back . During the confrontation , Snape reveals himself as the eponymous `` Half - Blood Prince '' ( being the half - blood son of Muggle Tobias Snape and pure - blood Eileen Prince ) . Snape passes through the school gates and Disapparates with Draco in tow at the book 's end . The full relationship between Dumbledore and Snape and the reason for Snape 's actions remain unknown until the final book . In an interview , Rowling mentioned that at this point in the series , the Harry -- Snape relationship has become `` as personal , if not more so , than Harry -- Voldemort . '' Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows , Voldemort and his Death Eaters have tightened their grip on the wizarding world . Snape is named Headmaster of Hogwarts , while Death Eaters Alecto and Amycus Carrow are appointed as Hogwarts staff . The novel focuses largely on Harry and his friends and events outside the school ; therefore Snape plays a limited role at the start . In the course of the book , Harry and his friends find out that a few students attempted to steal the Sword of Godric Gryffindor , and that Snape subsequently sent it to be stored at Gringotts Wizarding Bank ; however , that sword was only a copy . Later on , Harry and Ron are led to find the real sword by a Patronus taking the form of a doe . ( Towards the end of the book , Harry learns that this was Snape 's Patronus , taking the same shape as Harry 's mother Lily 's Patronus , a visible sign of his lifelong love for Harry 's mother , and that Dumbledore had asked Snape to ensure that Harry gained possession of the sword . The novel also reveals that Snape had covertly used his position as Headmaster to protect the students and to contain the Carrows . ) Towards the end of the school year , Professors McGonagall , Flitwick , and Sprout force Snape to flee the school . Voldemort summons Snape to the Shrieking Shack . Erroneously believing Snape is the master of the Elder Wand and that Snape 's death will make him the master of the Wand , Voldemort kills Snape by having his pet snake Nagini bite him through the neck . The dying Snape releases a cloud of memories and tells Harry , who has watched the entire scene from a hidden spot , to take and view them . From these memories , Harry sees Snape 's childhood and learns his true loyalties . In this vision , Harry learns that Snape befriended Lily as a child when they lived near each other . Upon their arrival at Hogwarts , the Sorting Hat placed Snape and Lily into Slytherin and Gryffindor Houses , respectively . They remained friends for the next few years until they were driven apart by Snape 's interest in the Dark Arts ; the friendship finally ended following the bullying episode that Harry had briefly seen in the fifth book , in which Snape calls Lily `` Mudblood '' . Despite this separation and Snape 's enduring animosity toward Lily 's eventual husband James Potter , Snape continued to love Lily for the rest of his life . The memories also show that as a Death Eater , Snape had revealed to Voldemort a prophecy made by Sybill Trelawney , causing Voldemort to attempt to prevent it by killing Harry and his parents . Snape , who had not realised until too late that the prophecy was referring to Lily and her family , asked Voldemort to spare Lily . Still in terror for her life , he also approached Dumbledore , admitted his actions , and begged him to protect the Potters . Dumbledore chided him for thinking only of himself and not of Lily 's husband and child , but agreed and ensured that they were placed under the Fidelius Charm . In return , Snape secretly allied himself with Dumbledore and the Order of the Phoenix as a double agent against Voldemort , using his powers of Occlumency to hide his betrayal from Voldemort . However , Snape demanded of Dumbledore that his love for Lily ( his reason for switching sides ) be kept a secret , especially from Harry , because of the deep animosity he felt towards Harry 's father and his mixed feelings towards Harry ( who reminded him of both his love for Lily Potter and her death , and his animosity towards James Potter ) . Dumbledore agreed and kept the secret throughout his life , although questioning Snape 's request to `` never reveal the best of you '' . Even with his efforts to protect her , Snape felt responsible for Lily 's death at Voldemort 's hands . Snape 's memories then reveal that Dumbledore had impetuously tried to use the Gaunt ring , which had been cursed by Voldemort , and had been suffering from a powerful curse . Snape 's knowledge of the Dark Arts enabled him to slow the spread of the curse from Dumbledore 's hand through his body , but he would have died within a year . Dumbledore , aware that Voldemort had ordered Draco to kill him , had asked Snape to kill him instead as a way of sparing the boy 's soul and of preventing his own otherwise slow , painful death . Although Snape was reluctant , even asking about the impact of such an action on his own soul , Dumbledore implied that this kind of coup de grâce would not damage a human 's soul in the same way murder would . Snape agreed to do as the Headmaster requested . Snape 's memories also provide Harry with the information he needs to ensure Voldemort 's final defeat , in the form of conversations Snape had with Dumbledore . Rowling noted in an interview that because Snape abandoned his post before dying or officially retiring , a portrait of him does not immediately appear in the Headmaster 's office following his death . She adds , however , that she would like to think Harry made Snape 's true loyalty and heroism known in the Wizarding world , and that he lobbied to ensure that a portrait be installed in the office . In a separate interview , Rowling discussed Snape 's back story , saying she had planned it ever since she wrote the first book because the whole series is built around it and she considers him one of the most important characters of the seventh book . Epilogue In the epilogue to Deathly Hallows , set nineteen years after Harry defeats Voldemort , Harry has named his second - born son Albus Severus , after Albus Dumbledore and Severus Snape . As Albus is about to enter his first year at Hogwarts , he expresses concern that he will be sorted into Slytherin . Harry tells his son , `` you were named for two headmasters of Hogwarts . One of them ( Snape ) was a Slytherin and he was probably the bravest man I ever knew . '' Appearances in other material Harry Potter and the cursed child When Draco and Astoria Greengrass ' son Scorpius Malfoy finds himself in an alternate timeline in which Voldemort won the Battle of Hogwarts , killed Harry and his allies and instituted a terrible reign of terror , he desperately searches for help in restoring history to its original course . He finds that in this reality Snape is still alive and still teaches at Hogwarts , and asks for his help . At first Snape is suspicious of him , since this timeline 's version of Scorpius is a bully and a Voldemort stalwart . But when Scorpius shows that he knows of Snape having been in love with Lily , Harry 's mother - Snape 's most closely guarded secret - Snape becomes convinced that he does indeed come from a different timeline where Harry and his friends won . Snape then reveals that he , together with the fugitive Ron and Hermione Granger , maintain the last remnants of Dumbledore 's Army - still waging hopeless resistance against the all - powerful Voldemort . In talking with Scorpius , Snape had learned that Harry would name his son `` Albus Severus '' and would regard Snape as `` probably the bravest man I ever knew '' - and is deeply moved . Though having guessed that in the other timeline he would die , Snape nevertheless willingly helps Scorpius recreate this timeline - and being discovered by Dementors , Snape sacrifices himself in order to cover Scorpius ' escape . Portrayal in films Severus Snape appears in all eight Harry Potter films , portrayed by British actor Alan Rickman . Rickman was Rowling 's personal choice to portray the character . He had conversations with Rowling about his character and is one of the few Harry Potter actors that she spoke to prior to the completion of the book series about the future direction of the character . `` He knew very early on that he 'd been in love with Lily , '' said Rowling . `` He needed to understand ( ... ) where this bitterness towards this boy who 's the living example of her preference for another man came from . '' Rickman used this knowledge of Snape 's ultimate loyalties throughout the films to decide how to play certain scenes , deliver specific lines , or use body language to convey specific emotions . When the directors of the films would ask him why he was doing a scene a certain way or delivering a line in a specific manner , Rickman would simply reply that he knew something they did n't . Rickman himself refrained from talking about Snape , asking readers to wait and `` see what unfolds '' in the course of the novels ; however , he did say Snape is a complicated person , very rigid and full of himself ; in an interview he went further , saying : `` Snape is n't one who enjoys jokes and I strongly fear that his sense of humour is extremely limited ... But in his defence , I will add that he did n't have an easy adolescence , particularly during his studies at Hogwarts . '' He also said Snape is a fascinating character , and that he takes immense pleasure in playing such an ambiguous person . Rickman 's performance as Snape was widely acclaimed by critics , fans and Rowling herself . Entertainment Weekly listed Rickman as one of the most popular movie stars in 2007 for his performance as Snape , saying : `` As the icy , humourless magic instructor Severus Snape , Rickman may not be on screen long -- but he owns every minute . '' Rickman also noted fans ' reactions ; in an interview , he said he found `` that people in general adore Snape . He is sarcastic , stubborn , etc , etc . But he is also fascinating . I have a lot of fun impersonating him . '' Rickman was nominated for several awards for his portrayal of Snape , and in 2011 , was elected the best character portrayal in all the Harry Potter films series . In 2011 , Empire magazine published an open letter from Rickman to J.K. Rowling , ruminating on the ten years of working on the Potter films and thanking her for telling the story . In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix , the fifteen - year - old Snape ( portrayed by Alec Hopkins ) makes a brief appearance in a flashback to Snape 's youth . In the final film , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 , the younger Snape , perhaps ten or eleven , is played by Benedict Clarke . In 2016 , a fan film prequel , Severus Snape and the Marauders , was released online and Snape was played by Mick Ignis . Before Alan Rickman was offered the role of Severus Snape , the role was originally offered to Tim Roth , who turned the role down in favour of portraying General Thade in Planet of the Apes . Characterisation Outward appearance Snape is described as a thin man with sallow skin , a large , hooked nose , and yellow , uneven teeth . He has shoulder - length , greasy black hair which frames his face , and cold , black eyes . He wears black , flowing robes which give him the appearance of `` an overgrown bat '' . The youthful Snape had a `` stringy , pallid look '' , being `` round - shouldered yet angular '' , having a `` twitchy '' walk `` that recalled a spider '' and `` long oily hair that jumped about his face '' . In the chapter illustrations by Mary GrandPré in the American editions of The Prisoner of Azkaban , The Order of the Phoenix , and The Half - Blood Prince , Snape is depicted with a moustache and goatee , long black hair , and a receding hairline . Personality Snape is generally depicted as being cold , calculating , precise , sarcastic , and bitter . He strongly dislikes Harry and often insults him by insulting his father James . As the series progresses , it is revealed that his treatment of Harry stems from Snape 's bitter rivalry with James when they were in school together . In particular , James and Sirius bullied Snape , which according to Alan Rickman caused the already lonely boy to further `` shut himself in '' . Rowling further described the young Snape as insecure and vulnerable : `` Given his time over again ( Snape ) would not have become a Death Eater , but like many insecure , vulnerable people he craved membership of something big and powerful , something impressive. ( ... ) ( He ) was so blinded by his attraction to the dark side he thought ( Lily ) would find him impressive if he became a real Death Eater . '' The adult Snape , on the other hand , is portrayed as very self - assured and confident of his abilities , to a degree that Rickman described as `` full of himself . '' Director David Yates said Snape is a character with gravitas , authority and power . Snape typically displays a very calm and collected demeanour , rarely at a loss for words or taken off guard . His temper , however , is sometimes short where Harry is concerned and positively flares when dealing with his erstwhile tormentor Sirius , or when accused of cowardice . His otherwise impassive and aloof attitude seems to stem from his belief that people who can not control their emotions are weak . Like some other prominent members of Slytherin house , Snape is shown to be a clever and cunning wizard . He is intelligent and has a keen , analytical mind . In an interview , Rowling adds that Snape is immensely brave , and when asked if she considers Snape a hero , replied : `` Yes , I do ; though a very flawed hero . An anti-hero , perhaps . He is not a particularly likeable man in many ways . He remains rather cruel , a bully , riddled with bitterness and insecurity -- and yet he loved , and showed loyalty to that love and , ultimately , laid down his life because of it . That 's pretty heroic ! '' Magical abilities and skills All seven novels show Snape to be a very powerful wizard and to have been outstanding while a student . He specialises in potion making and has talent and passion for the Dark Arts . Sirius claimed that Snape knew more hexes and curses as a first - year student at Hogwarts than most seventh - years knew . Particularly gifted in potion making , Snape added major improvements to his Potions textbook while still a student . Also as a student , Snape shows a rare gift for discovering new spells . Lupin describes Sectumsempra as Snape 's `` speciality '' in Deathly Hallows . Snape is shown using this spell as a teenager against Harry 's father James and in the aerial battle in the last novel when he accidentally hits George Weasley ( acting as a Potter decoy ) with it while actually aiming for a Death Eater who was trying to attack Lupin , causing George 's right ear to be severed off permanently . Despite Sectumsempra 's deadly power , Snape can also heal the wounds it causes . Snape is adept at reversing or containing fatal damage from other dark curses as well , due to his vast knowledge of Dark Arts , as he does when Dumbledore and then Katie Bell are cursed . Skilful in the arts of Legilimency and especially Occlumency , Snape is able to both access the minds of others and protect his own thoughts -- indeed , though Snape does not care for the term himself , Harry forms the uncomfortable impression early in the series that the Potions Master is able to `` read minds . '' Being an Occlumens , Snape is able to keep his betrayal from Voldemort , who is himself described as being `` the greatest Legilimens '' in history . According to Rowling , Snape is the only Death Eater capable of producing a full Patronus , which , like Lily 's , is a doe . Snape is a talented duellist , able to hold off by himself ( if only briefly ) a group of three Hogwarts professors that included former duelling champion Filius Flitwick . Professor McGonagall later implies that Snape learned to fly without the use of a broom , a rare skill previously displayed only by Voldemort . Family Snape 's family background is mostly shown in flashbacks during the course of the last three novels . Snape was born to Eileen Prince , a witch , and Tobias Snape , a Muggle , making him a half - blood ( hence the name , `` Half - Blood Prince '' ) . This is rare for a Death Eater , as remarked in the last book , though Voldemort himself also had a Muggle father . Snape spent his early childhood living with his parents in a small house in Spinner 's End . Snape 's family was a poor one and he is described as wearing ill - fitting clothes `` that were so mis - matched that it looked deliberate '' . As a child , Snape was apparently neglected and his parents often fought with one another . Snape was very eager to leave his home to go to Hogwarts . Towards the end of the last novel , Harry draws parallels between his childhood , Snape 's , and Voldemort 's . Loyalties Snape 's true loyalty was one of the most significant questions in the series up until the end of the final instalment , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . Although the first five novels depict him as unfair and vindictive towards Harry and his friends , he invariably ends up protecting or otherwise helping them when they or their allies are in danger . Several characters express doubts about his loyalty , but Dumbledore 's trust in him is generally taken to be the final word . The sixth novel , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , departs from that model . In the second chapter , Snape claims to have been working for Voldemort ever since the latter 's return , and only pretending to help Dumbledore . By killing Dumbledore toward the end of the novel , Snape seems to place himself firmly in Voldemort 's camp . Rowling maintains this impression through the early chapters of the seventh novel . However , near the climax of the book , Snape leaves Harry his dying thoughts ( to be viewed in the Pensieve ) and ultimately reveals to Harry that he had been loyal to Albus Dumbledore throughout the series . Snape 's fierce devotion to and love of his childhood friend Lily , Harry 's mother , is the foundation of that loyalty . After Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , Snape 's loyalty was a matter of intense debate among the fans . The issue was given special attention in the marketing campaigns on behalf of the last book , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . `` Is Snape Good or Evil ? '' was one of the questions in Scholastic Inc. 's seven - question series , part of its marketing campaign for the book . As part of the Waldenbooks marketing campaign , two free stickers , one that said `` Trust Snape '' and another that stated `` Snape Is A Very Bad Man '' were available with the book . Borders Group published a separate book on the topic , The Great Snape Debate , containing essays and arguments from both sides of the debate . Reception The secretive attitude and gradual unfolding of Snape 's character was broadly admired , with Stephen Fry , the UK audio books narrator , saying in 2003 : `` Most characters like Snape are hard to love but there is a sort of ambiguity -- you ca n't quite decide -- something sad about him -- lonely and it 's fascinating when you think he 's going to be the evil one ... , then slowly you get this idea he 's not so bad after all . '' David Yates , who directed the final four films of the series , also expressed his views on the character , saying : `` A character like Snape , where you 're not really sure if he 's a good guy or a bad guy , that gives you a latent tension ... I think the coolest thing you can do with an audience is deny them a little bit of information . '' Despite being less than kind , the character quickly gained popularity within fandom to a level that surprised Rowling herself . Joyce Millman suggests in her essay `` To Sir with Love '' in the book Mapping the World of Harry Potter , that Snape is derived from a tradition of Byronic heroes such as Wuthering Heights ' Heathcliff . Jenny Sawyer from The Christian Science Monitor commented on the character 's development in the series . She claimed that Snape is the only protagonist who genuinely has a choice to make and who struggles to do the right thing , hence the only one to face a `` compelling inner crisis '' . She believed the popularity of the character is due to the moral journey and inner conflict that Snape undergoes within the series , as it is the hero 's struggle and costly redemption that really matter : `` ( Snape 's ) character ached for resolution . And it is precisely this need for resolution -- our desire to know the real Snape and to understand his choices -- that makes him the most compelling character in the Potter epic . '' The final revelation of Snape 's loyalty in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows was viewed positively by fans and critics alike . Daniel Radcliffe , who portrays Harry Potter in the movie series , expressed his delight , saying he was pleased to see that his theory that Snape would end up being a sort of tragic hero came through . Elizabeth Hand from The Washington Post wrote , `` The much - maligned loner Snape does not come onstage until the latter part of `` Deathly Hallows , '' but when he does the book becomes his : Snape 's fate , more than Voldemort 's , perhaps more even than Harry 's , is the most heartbreaking , surprising and satisfying of all of Rowling 's achievements . '' IGN listed Snape as their 4th top Harry Potter character , saying that he makes `` quite an impact in the Harry Potter series '' , and IGN 's Joe Utichi called Snape his favourite Harry Potter character and praised his character development . Shortly after the release of the final film , MTV held a public poll for fans to vote for the best character in the series , and Snape was voted # 1 . Around the same time , Empire magazine held a public poll for fans to vote for the 25 greatest characters in the series , and Snape once again came in at # 1 . In May 2011 , Snape was again voted as the # 1 favourite Harry Potter character in a public poll held by the Bloomsbury publishing house . In 2014 , Watchmojo.com ranked him # 1 on their `` Top 10 Harry Potter Characters '' list ( beating Harry Potter ; who is ranked # 2 ) while they ranked him # 3 on their `` Top 10 Most Gut - Wrenching Harry Potter Deaths '' list two years later . In popular culture The character of Severus Snape has appeared in various animated parodies of Harry Potter . He is a starring character in Neil Cicierega 's online Potter Puppet Pals parodies , and has a centric episode titled Bothering Snape . Also , the video The Mysterious Ticking Noise with the chorus `` Snape , Snape , Severus Snape '' was the winner for `` Best Comedy '' of the year 2007 at YouTube ; it currently has over 170 million views . Snape is also parodied as Professor Santory Snapekin in Sluggy Freelance 's webcomic entitled Torg Potter . In the first parody , Torg defeats a plot by Professor Snapekin to achieve ultimate power . In a 2004 sketch on Saturday Night Live in which Lindsay Lohan appears as Hermione Granger , Snape is portrayed by Will Forte . Snape has also been parodied in UK television . Comic Relief released a story called Harry Potter and the Secret Chamberpot of Azerbaijan , in which Snape is played by Jeremy Irons . Alan Rickman appeared himself as Snape in a Harry Potter parody named `` Louis Potter and the Philosopher 's Scone '' in Alistair McGowan 's Big Impression show . In the Harry Bladder sketches in All That , Snape appears as Professor Chafe ( portrayed by Jeremy Rowley ) , whose legs were badly chafed , causing him to be unnecessarily mean . Many sketches feature students brewing potions that did silly things , like enlarge students ' behinds , give males large breasts , or change people into bras . In a sketch comedy named `` Cooking With ... '' on Australian TV series The Wedge , Snape catches Harry and Hermione making love . In A Very Potter Musical , Snape is played by actor Joe Moses . References Jump up ^ `` Rowling on Snape '' . half-bloodprince.org . Archived from the original on 26 July 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth Hand ( 22 July 2007 ) . `` Harry 's Final Fantasy : Last Time 's the Charm '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Web Chat with J.K. Rowling 30 July 2007 on Bloomsbury.com '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 2 October 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` J.K. Rowling interview transcript '' . The Connection . WBUR Radio . 12 October 1999 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Barnes and Noble and Yahoo ! chat with J.K. Rowling '' . barnesandnoble.com. 20 October 2000 . Retrieved 15 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Conversations with JK Rowling , p. 21 , quoted at JKR Quotes about Severus Snape : Accio Quote ! Jump up ^ ^ Jump up to : `` J.K. Rowling at the Edinburgh Book Festival '' . J.K. Rowling Official Site. 15 August 2004 . Archived from the original on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 4 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rowling 's ' spell ' on science teacher '' . BBC News . 28 December 2001 . Retrieved 8 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The name 's Snape , Severus Snape '' . This Is Gloucestershire . Northcliffe Media . 25 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 1 January 2011 . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Hind , Lia ( 16 March 2011 ) . `` Chepstow inspiration for Harry Potter prof dies '' . South Wales Argus . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rowling eToys Interview '' . 2000 . Retrieved 16 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Abel , Katy ( 1999 ) . `` Harry Potter Author Works Her Magic '' . Family Education . Pearson . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 3 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World Book Day Chat '' . 4 March 2004 . Retrieved 3 September 2007 . I 'm not going to tell you ( what form Professor Snape 's Boggart and Patronus will take ) , but that 's because it would give so much away . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Stephen Fry at Royal Albert Hall '' . 26 June 2003 . Retrieved 3 September 2007 . It is worth keeping an eye on old Severus definitely ! Jump up ^ `` J.K. Rowling interview transcript '' . The Connection . WBUR Radio . 12 October 1999 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . I 'm slightly stunned that you 've said that ... and you 'll find out why I 'm so stunned if you read book 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` JKR : Snape and Dumbledore Two of the Most Important Characters in ' Deathly Hallows ' '' . The Leaky Cauldron. 3 April 2008 . Retrieved 7 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Adler , Shawn ( 15 October 2007 ) . `` ' Harry Potter ' Author J.K. Rowling Meets With L.A. Students , Plots Her Next Move '' . MTV News . Retrieved 14 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Vieira , Meredith ( 29 July 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter : The Final Chapter '' . Dateline . NBC . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Jump up ^ ^ Jump up to : Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Jump up ^ ^ Jump up to : Jump up ^ ^ Jump up to : Jump up ^ ^ Jump up to : ^ Jump up to : Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Melissa Anelli and Emerson Spartz ( 16 July 2005 ) . `` The Leaky Cauldron and MuggleNet interview Joanne Kathleen Rowling : Part One '' . The Leaky Cauldron . Retrieved 2 April 2008 . Jump up ^ ^ Jump up to : ^ Jump up to : ^ Jump up to : Jump up ^ `` Transcript of webchat with J.K. Rowling '' . the-leaky-cauldron.org. 30 July 2007 . Retrieved 2 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` UPDATED Videos : First Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows : Part II ABC Family preview - SnitchSeeker.com '' . www.snitchseeker.com . Jump up ^ Jess Cagle ( 5 November 2001 ) . `` The First Look At Harry '' . time.com . Retrieved 31 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` JK Rowling interview in full '' . CBBC. 2 November 2001 . Retrieved 29 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Anelli , Melissa , John Noe and Sue Upton . `` PotterCast Interviews J.K. Rowling , part two . '' `` . Retrieved 31 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Boucher , Geoff . `` ' Harry Potter ' : Alan Rickman looks back on decade of dark magic '' . Hero Complex . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 9 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alan Rickman Interviews Transcripts about Snape '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Alan Rickman -- French Interview Translation '' . Jump up ^ `` The movie stars we 're loving right now '' . EW.com . Retrieved 23 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Serjeant , Jill ( 14 July 2011 ) . `` Snape voted greatest `` Potter '' character in MTV poll `` . Reuters . Jump up ^ `` jeffkatz.typepad.com '' . Jump up ^ Fraser Mcalpine ( 4 August 2017 ) . `` Harry Potter Fan Film ' Severus Snape and the Marauders ' '' . BBC America . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Shawn Adler ( 7 December 2007 ) . `` What Would `` Potter '' Have Been Like With Tim Roth As Snape ? `` . MTV . Retrieved 8 December 2007 . Jump up ^ The Nerdist Podcast episode 776 : `` Tim Roth '' . 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ ^ Jump up to : `` Director ' denies ' Potter audience ... just a little '' . 13 July 2007 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` Scholastic asks `` Is Snape Good or Evil ? '' `` . 1 May 2007 . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Severus Snape : Friend or Foe ? '' . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . Link includes video . Jump up ^ `` The Great Snape Debate -- Borders Exclusive '' . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Stephen Fry at Royal Albert Hall '' . 2003 . Retrieved 3 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Mercedes Lackey , ed. ( 2006 ) . Mapping the World of Harry Potter . BenBella Books , Inc . pp. 39 -- 52 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932100 - 59 - 4 . Retrieved 30 July 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Missing from ' Harry Potter ' '' . 25 July 2007 . Retrieved 23 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Steve Daly . `` Daniel Radcliffe Talks ' Deathly Hallows ' '' . EW.com . Retrieved 18 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Brian Linder ; Phil Pirrello ; Eric Goldman ; Matt Fowler ( 14 July 2009 ) . `` Top 25 Harry Potter Characters '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 19 July 2009 . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Joe Utichi ( 3 November 2010 ) . `` The Top 10 Harry Potter Characters '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 6 November 2010 . Retrieved 3 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Jill Serjeant ; Bob Tourtellotte ( 14 July 2011 ) . `` Snape voted greatest `` Potter '' character in MTV poll `` . Reuters . Retrieved 25 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The 25 Greatest Harry Potter Characters '' . Empire . Jump up ^ `` Snape wins favourite Harry Potter character '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` PotterPuppetPals Top at YouTube Awards '' . the-leaky-cauldron.org. 22 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Torg Potter and the Sorcerer 's Nuts '' . Retrieved 18 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Night Live Transcripts '' . Retrieved 27 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Secret Chamberpot of Azerbaijan '' . tv.com . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` French and Saunders : Harry Potter and the Secret Chamberpot of Azerbaijan '' ... frenchandsaunders.com . Retrieved 8 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` BBC One press release '' ( PDF ) . 2001 . Retrieved 20 May 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Australian television : The Wedge episode guide '' . Retrieved 25 May 2007 . External links Harry Potter portal Fictional characters portal Book : Harry Potter Severus Snape on Harry Potter Wiki , an external wiki Snape Character profile from the Harry Potter Lexicon ( hide ) The Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling Novels The Philosopher 's Stone ( 1997 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 1998 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 1999 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2000 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2003 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) The Deathly Hallows ( 2007 ) Film series Films The Philosopher 's Stone ( 2001 ) The Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) The Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) The Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) The Order of the Phoenix ( 2007 ) The Half - Blood Prince ( 2009 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 ( 2010 ) The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Music The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Related Cast members Production of The Deathly Hallows Characters Main Harry Potter Ron Weasley Hermione Granger Lord Voldemort Albus Dumbledore Severus Snape Rubeus Hagrid Draco Malfoy Supporting Hogwarts staff Order of the Phoenix Dumbledore 's Army Death Eaters Fictional universe Hogwarts Magic Magical creatures Magical objects Ministry of Magic Muggle Places Potions Quidditch Related works Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them Quidditch Through the Ages The Tales of Beedle the Bard Prequel Pottermore The Cursed Child Hogwarts : An Incomplete and Unreliable Guide Short Stories from Hogwarts of Power , Politics and Pesky Poltergeists Short Stories from Hogwarts of Heroism , Hardship and Dangerous Hobbies Games and toys Quidditch World Cup Lego Creator : Harry Potter Lego Harry Potter : Years 1 -- 4 Lego Harry Potter : Years 5 -- 7 The Philosopher 's Stone The Chamber of Secrets The Prisoner of Azkaban The Goblet of Fire The Order of the Phoenix The Half - Blood Prince The Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 The Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 Book of Spells Book of Potions Trading Card Game Lego Harry Potter Hogwarts Mystery Wizards Unite Attractions The Wizarding World of Harry Potter Orlando Japan Hollywood Dragon Challenge Flight of the Hippogriff Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts Harry Potter and the Forbidden Journey Hogwarts Express Harry Potter Movie Magic Experience Warner Bros. Studio Tour London Fandom Harry Potter Alliance The Leaky Cauldron MuggleNet LeakyCon Wizard rock Wrockstock Severus Snape and the Marauders Voldemort : Origins of the Heir My Immortal Related Influences and analogues Legal disputes Parodies Politics Religious debates Translation A Very Potter Musical The Harry Potter Lexicon The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter Potter Puppet Pals Portkey Games Book Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Severus_Snape&oldid=826051533 '' Categories : Fictional English people Fictional characters introduced in 1997 Fictional principals and headteachers Fictional schoolteachers Fictional double agents Harry Potter characters Fictional bullies Fictional chemists Fictional victims of bullies Fictional murderers Fictional members of secret societies Male characters in film Male characters in literature Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from November 2013 EngvarB from January 2015 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 22 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the meaning of the half blood prince	[ "Before leaving Hogwarts to accompany Dumbledore in locating another horcrux –part of Voldemort's soul– Harry discovers from Professor Trelawney that it was Snape who overheard the prophecy and told it to Voldemort, resulting in Voldemort hunting down Harry and his parents. Despite this and Harry's angry questions, Dumbledore avers his trust in Snape. Returning to Hogwarts after retrieving Voldemort's Horcrux, Harry and Dumbledore alight atop the school's astronomy tower. Gravely weakened by the horcrux's protective potion, Dumbledore tells Harry he must fetch Snape, but before Harry can leave, Draco suddenly arrives, intending to carry out Voldemort's order to assassinate Dumbledore, closely followed by other Death Eaters (followers of Voldemort), and Snape. Snape interrupts the planned murder, killing the headmaster himself.[36] Harry, who is paralysed under his invisibility cloak by Dumbledore for his own protection, witnesses the kill, and is released upon Dumbledore's death. Enraged, he pursues Snape, Draco, and the Death Eaters as they flee the castle. Snape easily blocks Harry's spells and jeeringly points out Harry's mistakes, but never strikes back. During the confrontation, Snape reveals himself as the eponymous \"Half-Blood Prince\" (being the half-blood son of Muggle Tobias Snape and pure-blood Eileen Prince). Snape passes through the school gates and Disapparates with Draco in tow at the book's end.[37] The full relationship between Dumbledore and Snape and the reason for Snape's actions remain unknown until the final book. In an interview, Rowling mentioned that at this point in the series, the Harry–Snape relationship has become \"as personal, if not more so, than Harry–Voldemort.\"[38]" ]	[ "being the half-blood son of Muggle Tobias Snape and pure-blood Eileen Prince" ]
-198400077259353573	The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time	The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time - wikipedia The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time Jump to : navigation , search For the stage adaptation of the book , see The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time ( play ) . The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time Front cover of first edition ( quote from Ian McEwan ) Author Mark Haddon Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Mystery novel Publisher Jonathan Cape ( UK ) Doubleday ( US ) Anchor Canada ( Canada ) Publication date May 2003 Media type Print ( hardback and paperback ) Pages 226 ISBN 0 - 09 - 945025 - 9 OCLC 59267481 The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time is a 2003 mystery novel by British writer Mark Haddon . Its title quotes the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes in Arthur Conan Doyle 's 1892 short story `` Silver Blaze '' . Haddon and The Curious Incident won the Whitbread Book Awards for Best Novel and Book of the Year , the Commonwealth Writers ' Prize for Best First Book , and the Guardian Children 's Fiction Prize . Unusually , it was published simultaneously in separate editions for adults and children . The novel is narrated in the first - person perspective by Christopher John Francis Boone , a 15 - year - old boy who describes himself as `` a mathematician with some behavioural difficulties '' living in Swindon , Wiltshire . Although Christopher 's condition is not stated , the book 's blurb refers to Asperger syndrome , high - functioning autism , or savant syndrome . In July 2009 , Haddon wrote on his blog that `` Curious Incident is not a book about Asperger 's ... if anything it 's a novel about difference , about being an outsider , about seeing the world in a surprising and revealing way . The book is not specifically about any specific disorder , '' and that he , Haddon , is not an expert on autism spectrum disorder or Asperger syndrome . The book uses prime numbers to number the chapters , rather than the conventional successive numbers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Themes 3.1 Social disability 3.2 Metaphor 4 Reception 4.1 Awards 4.2 Critical reaction 4.3 Medical professionals ' reviews 4.4 Texas community reactions 5 Adaptations 5.1 Stage 5.2 Film 6 References 7 External links Plot Christopher , a fifteen - year - old boy with an autism spectrum condition , lives with his father , who has told him that his mother , Judy , died two years ago . The boy discovers the dead body of the neighbour 's dog , Wellington , speared by a garden fork . Mrs Shears , the dog 's owner , calls the police , and Christopher comes under suspicion . When a policeman touches him , he hits the policeman , and is arrested , then released with a police caution . He decides to investigate the dog 's death , despite his father 's orders to stay out of other people 's business . He is severely limited by his fears and difficulties when interpreting the world around him . Throughout his adventures , Christopher records his experiences in a book , which he calls a `` murder mystery novel '' . During his investigation , Christopher meets people whom he has never before encountered , even though they live on the same street , including the elderly Mrs Alexander , who informs Christopher that his mother had an affair with Mr Shears and had been with him for a long time . Christopher 's father , Ed , discovers the book and confiscates it after a brief fight with the boy . While searching for the confiscated book , Christopher uncovers a trove of letters which his mother wrote to him , dated after her supposed death , which his father has also hidden . He is so shocked by his father lying about his mother 's death that he is unable to move , curls up on the bed , vomits and groans for several hours until his father returns home . Ed realizes that Christopher has read the letters and cleans him up . He then confesses that he had indeed lied about Judy 's death and also that it was he who killed Wellington , stating that it was a mistake resulting from his anger after a heated argument with Mrs Shears . Christopher , having lost all trust in his father and fearing that Ed might try to kill him since he had already killed the dog , decides to live with his mother and runs away . He remembers his mother 's address from the letters and embarks on an adventurous trip to London , where his mother lives with Mr Shears . After a long and event - filled journey , evading policemen and feeling ill from the overwhelmingly large amount of information and stimuli from the trains and crowds around him , he finally finds his way to his mother and Mr Shears 's home , and waits outside until they arrive . Judy is delighted that Christopher has come to her ; she is upset that Ed told Christopher that she was dead . Mr Shears does not want Christopher living with them and never did . Very soon after arriving , Christopher wants to return to Swindon in order to take his mathematics A-level . His mother leaves Mr Shears , their relationship having broken down because of their conflict about Christopher and Mr Shears 's rejection of Christopher . Judy then moves into a rented room in Swindon . After an argument with Ed , she agrees to let Ed meet Christopher for daily brief visits . Christopher remains terrified of his father and makes repeated attempts to prevent him from talking . He hopes Ed will be imprisoned for killing Wellington , although his mother explains that for this to happen , Mrs Shears would have to press charges . The story ends with Ed getting Christopher a Golden Retriever puppy , whom Christopher gets to name , and promising that he will rebuild trust with Christopher slowly , `` no matter how long it takes '' . Christopher asserts that he will take further A-level exams and attend university . He completes his mathematics A-level with top grades despite having eaten and slept very little . Earlier in the story he talks about wanting to become an astronaut , but at the end he declares that his goal is to become a scientist . The book ends with Christopher optimistic about his future , having solved the mystery of the murdered dog , gone to London on his own , found his mother , written a book about his adventures , and achieved an A in his A-level maths exam . Characters Christopher John Francis Boone The 15 - year - old protagonist and narrator of the novel , who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears ' large black poodle . Ed Boone Christopher 's father , a boiler engineer . Prior to the beginning of the story , he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years . Judy Boone Christopher 's mother . Early in the book , Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book 's events . Siobhan Christopher 's paraprofessional and mentor at school . She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines . Roger Shears One of the neighbours who lived near the Boones , but who has left his wife before the story begins . Eileen Shears Mr Shears 's wife , who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother 's death . Mrs Alexander An old lady , who is one of Christopher 's neighbours , who offers information to help Christopher 's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears . Rhodri Ed Boone 's employee . Toby Christopher 's pet rat . Wellington Mrs Shears ' large black poodle , which Christopher finds dead in her garden , with a garden fork sticking out of him . Themes Social disability In a June 2003 interview with NPR 's Terry Gross on her program Fresh Air , Haddon said about Christopher , `` If he were diagnosed , he would be diagnosed as having Asperger 's syndrome , which is a form of autism . I suppose you 'd call it high - function autism in that he can function on , you know , a day - to - day basis , in a kind of rudimentary way . But he has a serious difficulty with life in that he really does n't empathize with other human beings . He ca n't read their faces . He ca n't put himself in their shoes . And he ca n't understand anything more than the literal meaning of whatever 's said to him , although I 'm very careful in the book not to actually use the word ' Asperger 's ' or ' autism . ' ... Because I do n't want him to be labelled , and because , as with most people who have a disability , I do n't think it 's necessarily the most important thing about him ... And as a good friend of mine said after reading the book , a friend who is himself a mathematician , it 's not a novel about a boy who has Asperger 's syndrome ; it 's a novel about a young mathematician who has some strange behavioural problems . And I think that 's right . '' Haddon added , in the conversation with Terry Gross , `` I have to say honestly that I did more research about the London Underground and the inside of Swindon Railway Station , where some of the novel takes place , than I did about Asperger 's syndrome . I gave him kind of nine or 10 rules that he would live his life by , and then I did n't read any more about Asperger 's because I think there is no typical person who has Asperger 's syndrome , and they 're as large and diverse a group of people as any other group in society . And the important thing is that I did a lot of imagining , that I did a lot of putting myself into his shoes in trying to make him come alive as a human being rather than getting him right , whatever that might mean . '' Haddon states on his website that , although he had read `` a handful of newspaper and magazine articles about , or by , people with Asperger 's and autism '' in preparation for writing the book , he knows `` very little '' about Asperger 's syndrome and that Christopher Boone is inspired by two different people . According to Haddon , none of these people can be labelled as having a disability . Haddon added that he `` slightly regret ( s ) '' that the term Asperger 's syndrome appeared on the cover of his novel . In 2010 , in an interview with The Independent , he was described as `` now thoroughly irritated that the word Asperger 's appeared on subsequent editions of the novel , because now everyone imagines that he is an expert and he keeps getting phone calls asking him to appear at lectures . '' In a critical essay on the novel , Vivienne Muller quotes some praise by experts on disability theory : `` In its presentation of Christopher 's everyday experiences of the society in which he lives , the narrative offers a rich canvas of experiences for an ethnographic study of this particular cognitive condition , and one which places a positive spin on the syndrome . The reader in this instance acts as ethnographer , invited to see what Mark Osteen claims is a ' quality in autistic lives that is valuable in and of itself ' ( cited in ( S . ) Adams 2005 , p. 1 ) . Along similar lines , ( Alex ) McClimens writes that Haddon 's novel is ' an ethnographic delight ' and that ' Haddon 's achievement is to have written a novel that turns on the central character 's difference without making that difference a stigmatising characteristic ' ( 2005 , p. 24 ) . '' Muller adds that the novel `` works with a strong sense of the disabled speaking subject , drawing readers into Christopher 's cognitive / corporeal space through an incremental layering of his perspectives and reactions ... The narrative also bristles with diagrams , maps , drawings , stories , texts that inform Christopher 's lexicon for mapping meaning in a world of bewildering signs and sounds . '' She also admires such elements as `` the digressive stream - of - connectedness - and - disconnectedness way in which Christopher writes and thinks ; the obsessive focus on minutiae ; his musings about why animals behave the way they do ; his quasi philosophizing on death and life and the afterlife ; his ambition to be an astronaut ... '' In a survey of children 's books which `` teach about emotional life , '' Laura Jana wrote , `` On the one hand , this is a story of how an undeniably quirky teenage boy clings to order , deals with a family crisis , and tries to make sense of the world as he sees it . But it also provides profound insight into a disorder -- autism -- that leaves those who have it struggling to perceive even the most basic of human emotions . In so doing , The Curious Incident leaves its readers with a greater appreciation of their own ability to feel , express , and interpret emotions . This mainstream literary success made its way to the top of the New York Times bestseller list for fiction at the same time it was being touted by experts in Asperger 's syndrome and autism - spectrum disorder as an unrivaled fictional depiction of the inner workings of an autistic teenage boy . '' Metaphor Christopher often comments on his inability to appreciate some metaphors and similes . He gives as an example a quote that he found in `` a proper novel '' : `` I am veined with iron , with silver and with streaks of common mud . I can not contract into the firm fist which those clench who do not depend on stimulus . '' Haddon told Terry Gross , `` Funnily enough , it 's actually a quote from Virginia Woolf . It 's Virginia Woolf on an off day , in the middle , I think , of The Waves . An author whom I love actually , but who sometimes got a little too carried away . '' Reception Awards The book was joint winner of the 2004 Boeke Prize , won the 2003 Whitbread Book of the Year award and sold more than two million copies . Haddon also was one of the winners of the 2004 Alex Awards , which `` honor the 10 top adult books with appeal for adolescents . '' As well as winning the Guardian Children 's Fiction Prize , Haddon earned the Book Trust teenage fiction award . The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time was also long - listed for the Man Booker Prize , and `` many observers were surprised that it did not advance to the shortlist . '' John Carey , chairman of the Booker panel of judges , told The Guardian , `` We have several clashes of opinion among the judges but I found Haddon 's book about a boy with Asperger 's syndrome breathtaking . '' Critical Reaction A survey in Great Britain , conducted by the BBC 's literacy campaign for World Book Day , found Curious Incident to be among `` the top five happy endings , as voted on by readers '' in novels ( the others were Pride and Prejudice , To Kill a Mockingbird , Jane Eyre and Rebecca , the last of which Curious outranked ) . School Library Journal praised it as a `` rich and poignant novel . '' The San Jose Mercury News said , `` Haddon does something audacious here , and he does it superbly . He shows us the way consciousness orders the world , even when the world does n't want to be ordered , '' adding that `` the great achievement of this novel is that it transcends its obvious cleverness . It 's more than an exercise in narrative ingenuity . Filled with humor and pain , it verges on profundity in its examination of those things -- customs , habits , language , symbols , daily routines , etc. -- that simultaneously unite and separate human beings . '' A reviewer for The Christian Century described it as `` an absorbing , plausible book '' : `` The reader becomes absorbed not only in the mystery of a murdered dog and a missing mom , but also in the mysterious world of an autistic child . '' A reviewer for The Atlanta Journal - Constitution wrote that the story is `` a touching evolution , one that Haddon scripts with tenderness and care ... a unique window into the mind of a boy who thinks a little differently , but like many kids his age , does n't quite know how to feel . '' Professor Roger Soder called it `` visceral '' and a `` delightful story , '' declaring , `` All of us in our Spokane Book Club are special education professionals and so have considerable experience with kids with this disability , and we found the story believable . '' Medical professionals ' reviews Dr. Alex McClimens , whom Muller quoted above , also wrote , `` This magnificent essay in communication is compulsory reading for anyone with the slightest interest in autistic spectrum disorders . This book is also required reading for those who simply enjoy a fascinating story ... we are offered a first person narrative to match anything by contemporary writers . Mark Haddon has created a true literary character and his handling of the teenage Asperger 's heroic adventure is brilliantly crafted . He uses the literal mind - set of his hero to mask the true direction of the plot . '' Reviewer Paul Moorehead calls the book `` a fairly ripping adventure story '' and writes , `` It 's also quite a feat of writing . The actual use of language is somewhat austere -- an unavoidable consequence of having a boy with autism as a narrator -- but it has its own beauty , and it works . So persuasive and so effective is the construction of Christopher , not only is he a character you 're rooting for , he 's also the character in the story you understand the best . It 's startling how believably and comfortably this story puts you into what you might have thought were likely to be some pretty alien shoes . '' Reviewer David Ellis , naming Curious Incident an `` ambitious and innovative novel , '' wrote that Haddon `` manages to avoid the opposing pitfalls of either offending people with autism and their families or turning Christopher into an object of pity . Instead of becoming the focus of the plot , the autism enhances it . The unemotional descriptions amplify many moments of observational comedy , and misfortunes are made extremely poignantly . '' He concludes that Christopher 's story is `` far more enjoyable and likely to stay with you for far longer than any medical textbook . '' Texas community reactions The novel was selected as a recommended book for the 2006 Galveston Reads program , a literacy encouragement program in Galveston County , Texas . Kimball Brizendine , the Mayor of Friendswood , issued a proclamation declaring `` Galveston County Reads Day '' and encouraging `` all citizens , teens to seniors '' to read the novel . Five days later , he retracted the statement , declaring that it was `` not ( his ) intention to endorse this readership ( sic ) for our younger readers . '' The journal American Libraries reported , `` City Council member Chris Peden went a step further , asserting to the January 28 Galveston County Daily News that while he had n't read Curious Incident in its entirety , he had noted that the ' F word ' appeared on page four and that ' later in the book , the ( lead character ) says there is no God and there is no life after death . Clearly , these are not ideas we should promote to kids ' . '' In August , 2007 , some parents in Bryan , Texas , `` were appalled to see what their kids were reading '' and protested the inclusion of the book in high school libraries , with one parent claiming that Curious Incident and another book ( Catalyst by Laurie Halse Anderson ) were `` unsuitable for not just some but all high school students . '' Adaptations Stage Main article : The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time ( play ) A stage adaptation , by Simon Stephens and directed by Marianne Elliott , premiered at the National Theatre on 2 August 2012 . It starred Luke Treadaway as Christopher , Nicola Walker as his mother Judy , Paul Ritter as his father Ed , Una Stubbs as Mrs Alexander and Niamh Cusack as Siobhan . The production , which ran until late October 2012 , was broadcast live to cinemas worldwide on 6 September 2012 through the National Theatre Live programme . The show transferred to the Apollo Theatre in Shaftesbury Avenue , London , from March 2013 . On 19 December 2013 , during a performance of The Curious Incident at the Apollo , parts of the ceiling fell down injuring around 80 of the over 700 patrons inside . The production re-opened at the Gielgud Theatre on 24 June 2014 . The new West End cast was led by Sion Daniel Young as Christopher Boone , with Rebecca Lacey as Siobhan , Nicolas Tennant as Ed , Mary Stockley as Judy , Jacqueline Clarke as Mrs Alexander , Indra Ové as Mrs Shears , Stephen Beckett as Roger Shears , Matthew Trevannion as Mr Thompson , Pearl Mackie as No. 40 / Punk Girl , Sean McKenzie as Reverend Peters and Kaffe Keating plays alternate Christopher . They were joined by Mark Rawlings , Penelope McGhie , Naomi Said and Simon Victor . An adaptation and translation into Spanish by María Renée Prudencio played at the Teatro de los Insurgentes in Mexico City in June 2014 . The character of Christopher was played by Luis Gerardo Méndez and by Alfonso Dosal on alternate days . An Israeli adaptation ( translation into Hebrew by Daniel Efrat ) has been staged at the Beit Lessin Theater in Tel Aviv since March 2014 , starring Nadav Netz as Christopher . Netz won the Best Actor category at the 2015 Israeli Theater Awards for the role . Film The film rights for the novel were optioned by Brad Grey and Brad Pitt for Warner Brothers . In 2011 Steve Kloves was attached to write and direct the project , but as of 2017 it has not yet been produced . References Jump up ^ `` Ethan Frome '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 October 2007 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Commonwealth Writers Prize Awarded '' . State Library of Victoria . 15 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 27 March 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ The Guardian Children 's Fiction Prize 2003 ( top page ) . guardian.co.uk. 6 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ezard , John ( 13 November 2003 ) . `` Curious incident of writer 's literary hat trick : Whitbread list means Haddon could be three time winner '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Asperger 's & Autism '' . Mark Haddon . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Terry ( 26 June 2003 ) . `` Interview : Mark Haddon Talks About His New Book , The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time '' . NPR . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Haddon : The Curious Incident of the Novelist Turned Playwright '' . The Independent . UK . 31 March 2010 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Muller , Vivienne ( December 2006 ) . `` Constituting Christopher : Disability Theory and Mark Haddon 's The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - time '' . Papers : Explorations into Children 's Literature. 16 ( 2 ) : 118 + . Jump up ^ Jana , Laura A. ( February 2005 ) . `` Feelings 101 : Teaching about Emotional Life through Literature '' . Contemporary Pediatrics. 22 ( 2 ) : 87 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Books that Appeal to Teens '' . Reading Today . Newark , Delaware : International Reading Association . 22 ( 1 ) : 7 . August -- September 2004 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Sarvas , Mark ( 27 January 2004 ) . `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time '' . The Modern Word . Archived from the original on 2 April 2013 . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Endings '' . Reading Today . Newark , Delaware : International Reading Association . 23 ( 5 ) : 4 . April -- May 2006 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Haddon , Mark . The Curious Incident of the Dog on Night - Time '' . School Library Journal . 50 ( 4 ) : S64. April 2004 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Matthews , Charles ( 22 June 2003 ) . `` Narrator is Autistic -- Reasoning is Artistic '' . San Jose Mercury News . Jump up ^ `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time '' . The Christian Century . 122 ( 25 ) : 23 . 13 December 2005 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Freeman , John ( 29 June 2003 ) . `` BOOKS : Whodunit Unveils Autistic Boy 's Mind '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Jump up ^ Soder , Roger ( June 2005 ) . `` Books for Summer Reading '' . Phi Delta Kappan . Phi Delta Kappa. 86 ( 10 ) : 777 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ McClimens , Alex ( May 2005 ) . `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time ( Adult version ) '' . Learning Disability Practice . Royal College of Nursing. 8 ( 4 ) : 24 . Jump up ^ Moorehead , Paul ( 25 April 2006 ) . `` Comfortable in Alien Shoes '' . Canadian Medical Association Journal . Canadian Medical Association . 174 ( 9 ) : 1307 . doi : 10.1503 / cmaj. 060083 . Jump up ^ Ellis , David S.J. ( February 2004 ) . `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - time '' . Student BMJ . British Medical Association . 12 : 84 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Curious Incident Triggers Curious Reaction in Texas '' . American Libraries . American Library Association . 37 ( 3 ) : 19 . March 2006 . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Roggenkamp , Karen . `` Challenges to The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Nighttime '' . Commerce , TX : Texas A&M University . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time -- Cast & Creative '' . NationalTheatre.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time '' . NationalTheatre.org.uk . Archived from the original on 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Geoghegan , Kev ( 5 August 2012 ) . `` National Theatre adapts Mark Haddon 's Curious Incident '' . BBC News Online . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live Homepage '' . National Theatre . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` London 's Apollo Theatre 's roof collapses '' . BBC News . 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.londontheatre1.com/news/97103/curious-incident-dog-night-time/ at Gielgud Theatre 2013 , London Theatre 1 , 23 June 2015 Jump up ^ https://www.londontheatre1.com/news/108677/production-images-for-the-curious-incident-of-the-dog-in-the-night-time/ Production photographs June 2015 , London Theatre 1 , 23 June 2015 Jump up ^ Beit Lessin Theater play page ( Hebrew ) Jump up ^ Thompson , Bill ( 26 June 2003 ) . `` Actress shows off her knack for comedy '' . The Post and Courier . Charleston , South Carolina . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( 24 April 2011 ) . `` Wonderful Novel The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Time Being Adapted into a Film by Harry Potter Writer '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra . `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time '' . Movies.nytimes.com . Archived from the original on 2 March 2012 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Guardian and Observer Film Season 2010 's Power 100 : David Heyman '' . Guardian.co.uk. 24 September 2010 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . External links Powell 's interview with author Mark Haddon Works by Mark Haddon Youth titles Gilbert 's Gobstopper Mikie Joy Toni and the Tomato Soup A Narrow Escape for Princess Sharon Agent Z Meets the Masked Crusader Titch Johnson , Almost World Champion Agent Z Goes Wild At Home At Playgroup In the Garden On Holiday The Real Porky Phillips Agent Z and the Penguin from Mars The Sea of Tranquility Secret Agent Handbook Agent Z and the Killer Bananas Ocean Star Express The Ice Bear 's Cave Gridzbi Spudvetch ! Footprints on the Moon Boom ! Adult titles The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - time A Spot of Bother Poetry The Talking Horse and the Sad Girl and the Village Under the Sea Television Agent Z and the Penguin from Mars Coming Down the Mountain Plays Polar Bears Autism resources Autism outline spectrum Awareness Autism friendly Autism Sunday Communication Shutdown World Autism Awareness Day Culture Autistic art Autism spectrum disorders in the media Fictional characters Films about autism Circle of Friends Neurodiversity Medical model of autism Sociological and cultural aspects of autism Therapies Psychotropic medication ( antipsychotics ) Aripiprazole Risperidone Applied behavior analysis ( ABA ) Cognitive behavior therapy social skills training Discrete trial training ( Lovaas ) Early start denver model Pivotal response treatment Schoolwide positive behavior support Developmental Floortime ( The PLAY Project ) Controversial Auditory integration training Aversive therapy / Electric shocks ( Judge Rotenberg Educational Center ) Chelation of mercury Ethical challenges to autism treatment Facilitated communication Gluten - free casein - free diet Hug machine Hyperbaric oxygen therapy Holding therapy Relationship development intervention Secretin Sensory integration therapy Son - Rise Vitamin B12 Related Occupational therapy Picture Exchange Communication System ( PECS ) Social Stories Speech therapy SSRI antidepressants Structured teaching ( TEACCH ) Centers Research United States Association for Science in Autism Treatment Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative Autism Research Institute Autism Science Foundation National Alliance for Autism Research Yale Child Study Center United Kingdom Autism Research Centre ( UK ) other / see also Conditions and research areas Researchers Therapy United States Center for Autism and Related Disorders ( CARD ) MIND Institute Schools ESPA College ( UK ) Exceptional Minds ( USA ) Pathlight School ( Singapore ) Sunfield Children 's Home ( UK ) TreeHouse School ( UK ) Western Autistic School ( Australia ) List of schools Organizations Americas United States Autism National Committee Autism Network International Autism Science Foundation Autistic Self Advocacy Network Autism Society of America Autism Speaks Daniel Jordan Fiddle Foundation Generation Rescue Interactive Autism Network LENA Foundation Talk About Curing Autism other Centro Ann Sullivan ( Peru ) Filipino - Canadian Autism Parent Support Group ( Canada ) Asia Action for Autism ( India ) Autism Resource Centre ( Singapore ) GetVidya ( India ) Caribbean Autistic Society ( Trinidad and Tobago ) Maia Chung Autism and Disabilities Foundation ( Jamaica ) Europe UK Autism Anglia The Autism Directory Autism Awareness Campaign UK Autism Cymru Autism Plus Autistica National Autistic Society Sacar other Specialisterne ( Denmark ) Aspies For Freedom Alliance Autiste Oceania Luke Priddis Foundation ( Australia ) International Autism rights movement Wrong Planet ( hide ) Literature Non-fiction The Accidental Teacher : Life Lessons from My Silent Son Aspergirls : Empowering Females with Asperger 's Syndrome Animals in Translation In a Different Key Life Animated Neurotribes Autism 's False Prophets Freaks , Geeks , and Asperger Syndrome : A User Guide to Adolescence Like Colour to the Blind Look Me in the Eye Mother Warriors Nobody Nowhere Overcoming Autism Somebody Somewhere Son - Rise : The Miracle Continues Strange Son Switched On Unstrange Minds Extreme Love : Autism Fiction The Mu Rhythm Bluff The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time Dear John House Rules Mockingbird Saving Max Speed of Dark The Winter Journey With the Light For younger people Everybody Is Different : A Book for Young People Who Have Brothers or Sisters With Autism Ian 's Walk : A Story about Autism Marcelo in the Real World Rage : A Love Story Rules Journals Autism Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders Molecular Autism Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders Autism - related films Documentary Autism Every Day Autism Is a World Autism : The Musical Best Kept Secret Children of the Stars Dad 's in Heaven with Nixon The Horse Boy How to Dance in Ohio Life , Animated Normal People Scare Me Recovered : Journeys Through the Autism Spectrum and Back Refrigerator Mothers Too Sane for This World The Wall or psychoanalysis put to the test for autism Docudrama and biopic After Thomas Cries from the Heart Marathon Miracle Run Son - Rise : A Miracle of Love Temple Grandin Wretches & Jabberers Educational The Transporters Fictional Adam Backstreet Dreams Barfi ! 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	curious incident of the dog in the nighttime character	[ "\nChristopher John Francis Boone\nThe 15-year-old protagonist and narrator of the novel, who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears' large black poodle.\nEd Boone\nChristopher's father, a boiler engineer. Prior to the beginning of the story, he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years.\nJudy Boone\nChristopher's mother. Early in the book, Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book's events.\nSiobhan\nChristopher's paraprofessional and mentor at school. She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines.\nRoger Shears\nOne of the neighbours who lived near the Boones, but who has left his wife before the story begins.\nEileen Shears\nMr Shears's wife, who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother's death.\nMrs Alexander\nAn old lady, who is one of Christopher's neighbours, who offers information to help Christopher's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears.\nRhodri\nEd Boone's employee.\nToby\nChristopher's pet rat.\nWellington\nMrs Shears' large black poodle, which Christopher finds dead in her garden, with a garden fork sticking out of him.\n", "\nChristopher John Francis Boone\nThe 15-year-old protagonist and narrator of the novel, who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears' large black poodle.\nEd Boone\nChristopher's father, a boiler engineer. Prior to the beginning of the story, he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years.\nJudy Boone\nChristopher's mother. Early in the book, Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book's events.\nSiobhan\nChristopher's paraprofessional and mentor at school. She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines.\nRoger Shears\nOne of the neighbours who lived near the Boones, but who has left his wife before the story begins.\nEileen Shears\nMr Shears's wife, who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother's death.\nMrs Alexander\nAn old lady, who is one of Christopher's neighbours, who offers information to help Christopher's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears.\nRhodri\nEd Boone's employee.\nToby\nChristopher's pet rat.\nWellington\nMrs Shears' large black poodle, which Christopher finds dead in her garden, with a garden fork sticking out of him.\n", "\nChristopher John Francis Boone\nThe 15-year-old protagonist and narrator of the novel, who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears' large black poodle.\nEd Boone\nChristopher's father, a boiler engineer. Prior to the beginning of the story, he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years.\nJudy Boone\nChristopher's mother. Early in the book, Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book's events.\nSiobhan\nChristopher's paraprofessional and mentor at school. She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines.\nRoger Shears\nOne of the neighbours who lived near the Boones, but who has left his wife before the story begins.\nEileen Shears\nMr Shears's wife, who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother's death.\nMrs Alexander\nAn old lady, who is one of Christopher's neighbours, who offers information to help Christopher's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears.\nRhodri\nEd Boone's employee.\nToby\nChristopher's pet rat.\nWellington\nMrs Shears' large black poodle, which Christopher finds dead in her garden, with a garden fork sticking out of him.\n", "\nChristopher John Francis Boone\nThe 15-year-old protagonist and narrator of the novel, who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears' large black poodle.\nEd Boone\nChristopher's father, a boiler engineer. Prior to the beginning of the story, he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years.\nJudy Boone\nChristopher's mother. Early in the book, Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book's events.\nSiobhan\nChristopher's paraprofessional and mentor at school. She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines.\nRoger Shears\nOne of the neighbours who lived near the Boones, but who has left his wife before the story begins.\nEileen Shears\nMr Shears's wife, who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother's death.\nMrs Alexander\nAn old lady, who is one of Christopher's neighbours, who offers information to help Christopher's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears.\nRhodri\nEd Boone's employee.\nToby\nChristopher's pet rat.\nWellington\nMrs Shears' large black poodle, which Christopher finds dead in her garden, with a garden fork sticking out of him.\n", "\nChristopher John Francis Boone\nThe 15-year-old protagonist and narrator of the novel, who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears' large black poodle.\nEd Boone\nChristopher's father, a boiler engineer. Prior to the beginning of the story, he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years.\nJudy Boone\nChristopher's mother. Early in the book, Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book's events.\nSiobhan\nChristopher's paraprofessional and mentor at school. She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines.\nRoger Shears\nOne of the neighbours who lived near the Boones, but who has left his wife before the story begins.\nEileen Shears\nMr Shears's wife, who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother's death.\nMrs Alexander\nAn old lady, who is one of Christopher's neighbours, who offers information to help Christopher's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears.\nRhodri\nEd Boone's employee.\nToby\nChristopher's pet rat.\nWellington\nMrs Shears' large black poodle, which Christopher finds dead in her garden, with a garden fork sticking out of him.\n", "\nChristopher John Francis Boone\nThe 15-year-old protagonist and narrator of the novel, who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears' large black poodle.\nEd Boone\nChristopher's father, a boiler engineer. Prior to the beginning of the story, he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years.\nJudy Boone\nChristopher's mother. Early in the book, Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book's events.\nSiobhan\nChristopher's paraprofessional and mentor at school. She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines.\nRoger Shears\nOne of the neighbours who lived near the Boones, but who has left his wife before the story begins.\nEileen Shears\nMr Shears's wife, who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother's death.\nMrs Alexander\nAn old lady, who is one of Christopher's neighbours, who offers information to help Christopher's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears.\nRhodri\nEd Boone's employee.\nToby\nChristopher's pet rat.\nWellington\nMrs Shears' large black poodle, which Christopher finds dead in her garden, with a garden fork sticking out of him.\n", "\nChristopher John Francis Boone\nThe 15-year-old protagonist and narrator of the novel, who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears' large black poodle.\nEd Boone\nChristopher's father, a boiler engineer. Prior to the beginning of the story, he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years.\nJudy Boone\nChristopher's mother. Early in the book, Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book's events.\nSiobhan\nChristopher's paraprofessional and mentor at school. She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines.\nRoger Shears\nOne of the neighbours who lived near the Boones, but who has left his wife before the story begins.\nEileen Shears\nMr Shears's wife, who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother's death.\nMrs Alexander\nAn old lady, who is one of Christopher's neighbours, who offers information to help Christopher's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears.\nRhodri\nEd Boone's employee.\nToby\nChristopher's pet rat.\nWellington\nMrs Shears' large black poodle, which Christopher finds dead in her garden, with a garden fork sticking out of him.\n", "\nChristopher John Francis Boone\nThe 15-year-old protagonist and narrator of the novel, who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears' large black poodle.\nEd Boone\nChristopher's father, a boiler engineer. Prior to the beginning of the story, he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years.\nJudy Boone\nChristopher's mother. Early in the book, Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book's events.\nSiobhan\nChristopher's paraprofessional and mentor at school. She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines.\nRoger Shears\nOne of the neighbours who lived near the Boones, but who has left his wife before the story begins.\nEileen Shears\nMr Shears's wife, who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother's death.\nMrs Alexander\nAn old lady, who is one of Christopher's neighbours, who offers information to help Christopher's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears.\nRhodri\nEd Boone's employee.\nToby\nChristopher's pet rat.\nWellington\nMrs Shears' large black poodle, which Christopher finds dead in her garden, with a garden fork sticking out of him.\n", "\nChristopher John Francis Boone\nThe 15-year-old protagonist and narrator of the novel, who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears' large black poodle.\nEd Boone\nChristopher's father, a boiler engineer. Prior to the beginning of the story, he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years.\nJudy Boone\nChristopher's mother. Early in the book, Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book's events.\nSiobhan\nChristopher's paraprofessional and mentor at school. She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines.\nRoger Shears\nOne of the neighbours who lived near the Boones, but who has left his wife before the story begins.\nEileen Shears\nMr Shears's wife, who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother's death.\nMrs Alexander\nAn old lady, who is one of Christopher's neighbours, who offers information to help Christopher's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears.\nRhodri\nEd Boone's employee.\nToby\nChristopher's pet rat.\nWellington\nMrs Shears' large black poodle, which Christopher finds dead in her garden, with a garden fork sticking out of him.\n", "\nChristopher John Francis Boone\nThe 15-year-old protagonist and narrator of the novel, who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears' large black poodle.\nEd Boone\nChristopher's father, a boiler engineer. Prior to the beginning of the story, he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years.\nJudy Boone\nChristopher's mother. Early in the book, Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book's events.\nSiobhan\nChristopher's paraprofessional and mentor at school. She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines.\nRoger Shears\nOne of the neighbours who lived near the Boones, but who has left his wife before the story begins.\nEileen Shears\nMr Shears's wife, who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother's death.\nMrs Alexander\nAn old lady, who is one of Christopher's neighbours, who offers information to help Christopher's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears.\nRhodri\nEd Boone's employee.\nToby\nChristopher's pet rat.\nWellington\nMrs Shears' large black poodle, which Christopher finds dead in her garden, with a garden fork sticking out of him.\n" ]	[ "Christopher John Francis Boone", "Ed Boone", "Judy Boone", "Siobhan", "Roger Shears", "Eileen Shears", "Mrs Alexander", "Rhodri", "Toby", "Wellington" ]
-4298403082324231252	Uruguay national football team	Uruguay national football team - wikipedia Uruguay national football team Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the men 's team . For the women 's team , see Uruguay women 's national football team . Uruguay Nickname ( s ) La Celeste ( The Sky Blue ) Los Charrúas ( The Charrúa ) La Garra Charrúa ( The Charrúa Claw ) Association Asociación Uruguaya de Fútbol ( AUF ) Confederation CONMEBOL ( South America ) Head coach Óscar Tabárez Captain Diego Godín Most caps Maxi Pereira ( 124 ) Top scorer Luis Suárez ( 50 ) Home stadium Estadio Centenario , Montevideo FIFA code URU First colours Second colours FIFA ranking Current 17 ( 17 May 2018 ) Highest 2 ( July 2011 ) Lowest 55 ( December 1998 ) Elo ranking Current 13 ( 18 April 2018 ) Highest 1 ( Various dates 1920 -- 31 ) Lowest 48 ( 5 September 1979 ) First international Uruguay 2 -- 3 Argentina ( Montevideo , Uruguay ; 16 May 1901 ) Biggest win Uruguay 9 -- 0 Bolivia ( Lima , Peru ; 9 November 1927 ) Biggest defeat Uruguay 0 -- 6 Argentina ( Montevideo , Uruguay ; 20 July 1902 ) World Cup Appearances 13 ( first in 1930 ) Best result Champions , 1930 and 1950 Copa América Appearances 45 ( first in 1916 ) Best result Champions , 1916 , 1917 , 1920 , 1923 , 1924 , 1926 , 1935 , 1942 , 1956 , 1959 , 1967 , 1983 , 1987 , 1995 and 2011 Confederations Cup Appearances 2 ( first in 1997 ) Best result Fourth Place , 1997 and 2013 Medal record ( show ) Olympic medal record Men 's football 1924 Paris Team 1928 Amsterdam Team The Uruguay national football team represents Uruguay in international association football and is controlled by the Uruguayan Football Association , the governing body for football in Uruguay . The current head coach is Óscar Tabárez . The Uruguayan team is commonly referred to as La Celeste ( The Sky Blue ) . The Uruguayan team recently won the 2011 Copa América . They have won the Copa América 15 times , being the team that has won the tournament on most occasions . The team has won the FIFA World Cup twice , including the first World Cup in 1930 as hosts , defeating Argentina 4 -- 2 in the final . They won their second title in 1950 , upsetting host Brazil 2 -- 1 in the final match , which received an attendance higher than any football match ever . They have won the Gold Medals in football at the Summer Olympics twice , in 1924 and 1928 recognized by FIFA as World Championship , before the creation of the World Cup . Uruguay also won the 1980 Mundialito , a tournament among former World Cup champions . In total , Uruguay have won 20 official titles , a world record for the most international titles held by any country . Another unique achievement of Uruguay is that it _́ s the only nation in world football to organize multiple major international tournaments in own country and win them all . La Celeste won 7 Copa América tournaments , 1 World Cup and Mundialito , all staged in Uruguay . Their success is amplified by the fact that the nation has a very small population of around 3.4 million inhabitants ( 2011 est . ) . Uruguay is by far the smallest country in the world to have won a World Cup in terms of population , 1.75 million inhabitants in 1930 . The second - smallest country , by population , to have won the World Cup is Argentina with a population of nearly 28 million people in 1978 . Uruguay is also the smallest country ever to win any World Cup medals ; only six FIFA member nations with a currently smaller population than Uruguay 's have ever qualified to any World Cup : Northern Ireland ( three times ) , Slovenia ( twice ) , Wales , Jamaica , Trinidad and Tobago and Iceland . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Stadium 3 Kits 3.1 Kit providers 4 Recent results and fixtures 5 Players 5.1 Current squad 5.2 Recent call - ups 6 Competitive record 6.1 FIFA World Cup 6.2 FIFA World Cup Interconfederations Qualification Games 6.3 FIFA Confederations Cup 6.4 South American Championship 6.5 Copa América 6.6 Olympics record 6.7 Pan American Games 7 Honours 7.1 Minor tournaments 7.2 FIFA World Cup matches 7.3 Official matches 7.4 Records 7.5 World Cup winning captains 7.6 Most participations in the World Cups 7.7 Most goals scored in the World Cups 7.8 Most games played in the World Cups 7.9 Previous squads 8 Coaches 9 Emblem 10 Rivalries 10.1 Argentina 10.2 Brazil 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Uruguay before its second official match ( vs. Argentina ) , in July 1902 The team that won its second Gold Medal at the 1928 Summer Olympics . In 1901 , Uruguay played against Argentina in their first ever match , a close contest won by Argentina 3 -- 2 . Prior to 1916 , Uruguay played more than 30 matches , of which all but one were against Argentina . The inaugural Copa America provided Uruguay with more varied opposition . Victories over Chile and Brazil , along with a tie against Argentina , enabled Uruguay to win the tournament . The following year Uruguay hosted the competition , and retained the title by winning every game . The 1919 Copa América saw Uruguay 's first defeat in the tournament , a 1 -- 0 defeat in a playoff with Brazil which went to two periods of extra time , the longest Copa América match in history . In 1924 , the Uruguay team traveled to Paris to become the first South American team to compete in the Olympic Games . In contrast to the physical style of the European teams of the era , Uruguay played a style based around short passes , and won every game , defeating Switzerland 3 -- 0 in the gold medal match . In the 1928 Summer Olympics , Uruguay went to Amsterdam to defend their title , again winning the gold medal after defeating Argentina 2 -- 1 in the replay of the final ( the first match was a draw after extra time ) . FIFA assumed the responsibility of the organization of the Football Games to be played by FIFA rules and the tournaments would be recognized as World Championships . It only happened twice ( 1924 / 1928 Summer Olympics Games ) until the creation of its own FIFA World Championship , the FIFA World Cup , in 1930 . The team that beat Argentina in the final match of the 1930 FIFA World Cup to win Uruguay 's first FIFA World Cup . Following the double Olympic triumph , Uruguay was chosen as the host nation for the first World Cup , held in 1930 , the centenary of Uruguay 's first constitution . During the World Cup , Uruguay won all its matches , and converted a 1 -- 2 half - time deficit to a 4 -- 2 victory against Argentina at the Estadio Centenario . Due to the refusal of some European teams to participate in the first World Cup , the Uruguayan Football Association urged other countries to reciprocate by boycotting the 1934 World Cup played in Italy . For the 1938 World Cup , France was chosen as host , contrary to a previous agreement to alternate the championships between South America and Europe , so Uruguay again refused to participate . The team that beat Brazil in the decisive match of the 1950 FIFA World Cup to win Uruguay 's second FIFA World Cup . Uruguay again won the World Cup in 1950 , beating hosts Brazil in one of the biggest upsets in World Cup history . The decisive match was at the Maracanã Stadium in Brazil . Uruguay came from behind to beat the host nation in a match which would become known as the Maracanazo . Many Brazilians had to be treated for shock after the event , such was the surprise of Uruguay 's victory . Uruguay in January 1981 After their fourth - place finish in the 1954 World Cup , the team had mixed performances and after the fourth - place finish in 1970 , their dominance , quality and performance dropped . They were no longer a world football power and failed to qualify for the World Cup on five occasions in the last nine competitions . They reached an all - time low and at one time ranked 76th in the FIFA World Rankings . In 2010 , however , a new generation of footballers , led by Luis Suárez , Diego Forlán and Edinson Cavani , formed a team considered to be Uruguay 's best in the last four decades , catching international attention after finishing fourth in the 2010 World Cup . Uruguay opened the tournament with a goalless draw against France , followed by defeats of South Africa ( 3 -- 0 ) in and Mexico ( 1 -- 0 ) respectively , finishing at the top of their group with seven points . In the second round , they played South Korea , defeating them 2 -- 1 with star striker Luis Suárez scoring a brace and earning Uruguay a spot in the quarter - finals for the first time since 1970 . Against Ghana , the match finished 1 -- 1 , forcing the game into extra-time . Ghana nearly scored a winning goal but , to the outrage of the Ghanaians , Suárez purposely blocked the ball with his hand in the penalty area , earning him a red card . Ghana striker Asamoah Gyan missed the subsequent penalty , forcing the game to go into penalties where Uruguay would win 4 -- 2 , sending them into the last four . They played the Netherlands in the semifinals but were beaten 3 -- 2 . For the third - place match , they played Germany , again losing 3 -- 2 . This placed Uruguay in fourth place for the tournament , their best result in 40 years . Diego Forlan was awarded the Player of The Tournament . A year later , they won the Copa America for the first time in 16 years and broke the record for the most successful team in South America . Luis Suárez ended up as the Player of The Tournament In the 2014 World Cup Uruguay was placed in Group D alongside Costa Rica , England , and Italy . They were upset by Costa Rica in the opening match , losing 3 -- 1 despite taking the lead in the first half . They rebounded with a 2 -- 1 victory over England , in which Suárez scored a brace right after coming back from an injury , and a 1 -- 0 victory over Italy , placing them second in their group and earning a spot in the last 16 . During the match against Italy , forward Luis Suárez bit Italian defender Giorgio Chiellini on his left shoulder . Two days after the match , the FIFA Disciplinary Committee banned Suárez for nine international matches , the longest such ban in World Cup history , exceeding the eight - match ban handed to Italy 's Mauro Tassotti for breaking the nose of Spain 's Luis Enrique in 1994 . Suárez was also banned from taking part in any football - related activity ( including entering any stadium ) for four months and fined CHF 100,000 ( approx . £ 65,700 / € 82,000 / US $ 119,000 ) . In the round of 16 , Uruguay played Colombia but were beaten 2 -- 0 , eliminating them from the tournament . At the 2015 and 2016 Copa América , Uruguay , missing banned striker Luis Suárez , were eliminated in the quarter - finals and group stages respectively . Stadium ( edit ) Since 1930 , Uruguay have played their home games at the Estadio Centenario in the Uruguayan capital Montevideo . The stadium was built as a celebration of the centenary of Uruguay 's first constitution , and had a capacity of 90,000 when first fully opened . The stadium hosted several matches in the 1930 World Cup , including the final , which was watched by a crowd of 93,000 . Crowds for Uruguay 's home matches vary greatly depending on the importance of the match and the quality of the opposition . World Cup qualifying matches often attract crowds of between 50,000 and 73,000 . Uruguay 's stadium Estadio Centenario is one of the biggest stadiums in the world over 100m wide and 100m long . Kits ( edit ) Uruguay at the 2014 FIFA World Cup , wearing the light blue shirt they have worn since 1910 . Between 1901 and 1910 , Uruguay wore a variety of different shirts during matches , including solid green and white tops , and even a shirt modeled from the Flag of Artigas . On 10 April 1910 , now - defunct River Plate F.C. defeated Argentine team Alumni by 2 -- 1 , being the first time an Uruguayan team beat legendary Alumni . That day River Plate wore its alternate jersey , a light blue one due to the home jersey was similar to Alumni 's . Ricardo LeBas proposed Uruguay to wear a light blue jersey as a tribute to the victory of River Plate over Alumni . This was approved by president of the Uruguayan Association , Héctor Gómez . The red jersey that was used in some previous away strips was first used at the 1935 Copa América , held in Santa Beatriz in Peru , which Uruguay won . It was not worn again ( except for a 1962 FIFA World Cup match , against Colombia ) until 1991 , when it was officially adopted as the away jersey . Four stars appear above the team logo on the jersey . Two represent Uruguay 's 1930 and 1950 World Cup victories , and the other two represent the gold medals received at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics and recognised by FIFA as World Championships . 1901 1901 -- 1910 1901 -- 10 1901 -- 10 1901 -- 10 1901 -- 10 1910 -- present 1992 -- 2010 ( away ) Albion F.C kit . Diverse uniforms worn until 1910 when the light blue color was definitely adopted . Based in the Flag of Artigas . Introduced as the away jersey due to the 1935 South American Championship final game vs. Argentina . Kit providers ( edit ) Kit provider Period Adidas 1974 -- 1982 Le Coq Sportif 1983 -- 1986 Puma 1987 -- 1991 Enerre 1992 -- 1998 Meta 1999 -- 2001 L - Sporto 2002 -- 2004 Uhlsport 2004 -- 2006 Puma 2006 -- present Recent results and fixtures ( edit ) Uruguay v Czech Republic 23 March 2018 2018 China Cup Uruguay 2 -- 0 Czech Republic ( show ) Nanning , China 19 : 35 CST ( UTC + 8 ) Suárez 10 ' ( pen . ) Cavani 37 ' Report Stadium : Guangxi Sports Center Referee : Saoud Al - Athbah ( Qatar ) Uruguay v Wales 26 March 2018 2018 China Cup Uruguay 1 -- 0 Wales ( show ) Nanning , China 19 : 35 CST ( UTC + 8 ) Cavani 49 ' Stadium : Guangxi Sports Center Attendance : 41,056 Referee : Salman Ahmad Falahi ( Qatar ) Uruguay v Uzbekistan 7 June 2018 Friendly Uruguay Uzbekistan ( show ) Montevideo , Uruguay the-uff.com Stadium : Estadio Centenario Egypt v Uruguay 15 June 2018 2018 FIFA World Cup Group A Egypt Uruguay ( show ) Yekaterinburg , Russia 17 : 00 YEKT ( UTC + 5 ) Stadium : Central Stadium , Yekaterinburg Uruguay v Saudi Arabia 20 June 2018 2018 FIFA World Cup Group A Uruguay Saudi Arabia ( show ) Rostov - on - Don , Russia 18 : 00 MSK ( UTC + 3 ) Stadium : Rostov Arena Russia v Uruguay 25 June 2018 2018 FIFA World Cup Group A Russia Uruguay ( show ) Samara , Russia 18 : 00 SAMT ( UTC + 4 ) Stadium : Cosmos Arena Players ( edit ) Current squad ( edit ) The following 26 players were named in the preliminary squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . Caps and goals correct as of 26 March 2018 , subsequent to the match against Wales . No . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club 1GK Fernando Muslera ( 1986 - 06 - 16 ) 16 June 1986 ( age 31 ) 96 0 Galatasaray 23 1GK Martín Silva ( 1983 - 03 - 25 ) 25 March 1983 ( age 35 ) 11 0 Vasco da Gama 12 1GK Martín Campaña ( 1989 - 05 - 29 ) 29 May 1989 ( age 29 ) 0 Independiente 16 2DF Maxi Pereira ( 1984 - 06 - 08 ) 8 June 1984 ( age 33 ) 124 Porto 2DF Diego Godín ( captain ) ( 1986 - 02 - 16 ) 16 February 1986 ( age 32 ) 115 8 Atlético Madrid 22 2DF Martín Cáceres ( 1987 - 04 - 07 ) 7 April 1987 ( age 31 ) 75 Lazio 2DF José María Giménez ( 1995 - 01 - 20 ) 20 January 1995 ( age 23 ) 41 Atlético Madrid 19 2DF Sebastián Coates ( 1990 - 10 - 07 ) 7 October 1990 ( age 27 ) 30 Sporting CP 13 2DF Gastón Silva ( 1994 - 03 - 05 ) 5 March 1994 ( age 24 ) 17 0 Independiente 2DF Guillermo Varela ( 1993 - 03 - 24 ) 24 March 1993 ( age 25 ) 0 Peñarol 7 3MF Cristian Rodríguez ( 1985 - 09 - 30 ) 30 September 1985 ( age 32 ) 104 11 Peñarol 14 3MF Nicolás Lodeiro ( 1989 - 03 - 21 ) 21 March 1989 ( age 29 ) 53 Seattle Sounders 20 3MF Gastón Ramírez ( 1990 - 12 - 02 ) 2 December 1990 ( age 27 ) 43 0 Sampdoria 5 3MF Carlos Sánchez ( 1984 - 12 - 02 ) 2 December 1984 ( age 33 ) 35 Monterrey 15 3MF Matías Vecino ( 1991 - 08 - 24 ) 24 August 1991 ( age 26 ) 21 Internazionale 10 3MF Giorgian De Arrascaeta ( 1994 - 06 - 01 ) 1 June 1994 ( age 23 ) 13 Cruzeiro 8 3MF Nahitan Nández ( 1995 - 12 - 28 ) 28 December 1995 ( age 22 ) 11 0 Boca Juniors 6 3MF Rodrigo Bentancur ( 1997 - 06 - 25 ) 25 June 1997 ( age 20 ) 6 0 Juventus 3MF Diego Laxalt ( 1993 - 02 - 07 ) 7 February 1993 ( age 25 ) 5 0 Genoa 3MF Federico Valverde ( 1998 - 07 - 22 ) 22 July 1998 ( age 19 ) Deportivo La Coruña 3MF Jonathan Urretaviscaya ( 1990 - 03 - 19 ) 19 March 1990 ( age 28 ) 0 Monterrey 3MF Lucas Torreira ( 1996 - 02 - 11 ) 11 February 1996 ( age 22 ) 0 Sampdoria 21 4FW Edinson Cavani ( 1987 - 02 - 14 ) 14 February 1987 ( age 31 ) 100 42 Paris Saint - Germain 9 4FW Luis Suárez ( 1987 - 01 - 24 ) 24 January 1987 ( age 31 ) 97 50 Barcelona 11 4FW Cristhian Stuani ( 1986 - 10 - 12 ) 12 October 1986 ( age 31 ) 40 5 Girona 18 4FW Maxi Gómez ( 1996 - 08 - 14 ) 14 August 1996 ( age 21 ) 0 Celta Vigo Recent call - ups ( edit ) The following players have also been called up to the Uruguay squad in the past 12 months . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club Latest call - up GK Esteban Conde ( 1983 - 03 - 04 ) 4 March 1983 ( age 35 ) 0 Nacional v. Bolivia , 10 October 2017 GK Gastón Guruceaga ( 1995 - 03 - 15 ) 15 March 1995 ( age 23 ) 0 0 Guaraní v. Italy , 7 June 2017 DF Mauricio Lemos ( 1995 - 12 - 28 ) 28 December 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 Sassuolo 2018 China Cup DF Federico Ricca ( 1994 - 12 - 01 ) 1 December 1994 ( age 23 ) 0 Málaga 2018 China Cup DF Alejandro Silva ( 1989 - 09 - 04 ) 4 September 1989 ( age 28 ) 0 Montreal Impact v. Italy , 7 June 2017 MF Gastón Pereiro ( 1995 - 06 - 11 ) 11 June 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 PSV 2018 China Cup MF Álvaro González ( 1984 - 10 - 29 ) 29 October 1984 ( age 33 ) 73 Nacional v. Austria , 17 November 2017 MF Egidio Arévalo Ríos ( 1982 - 01 - 01 ) 1 January 1982 ( age 36 ) 90 0 Unattached v. Bolivia , 10 October 2017 MF Mathías Corujo ( 1986 - 05 - 08 ) 8 May 1986 ( age 32 ) 22 Peñarol v. Bolivia , 10 October 2017 FW Sebastián Fernández ( 1985 - 05 - 23 ) 23 May 1985 ( age 33 ) 14 Nacional v. Paraguay , 5 September 2017 FW Abel Hernández ( 1990 - 08 - 08 ) 8 August 1990 ( age 27 ) 29 11 Hull City v. Argentina , 31 August 2017 FW Diego Rolán ( 1993 - 03 - 24 ) 24 March 1993 ( age 25 ) 25 Málaga v. Argentina , 31 August 2017 Withdrew due to injury . Preliminary squad . Retired from international football . Competitive record ( edit ) FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Champions Runners - up Third Place Fourth Place FIFA World Cup record FIFA World Cup qualification record Year Round Position Pld Won Drawn * Lost GF GA WCQP Pld Won Drawn Lost GF GA Pos 1930 Champions 1st 0 0 15 Qualified as Hosts 1934 Refused to participate Qualified as defending champions 1938 1950 Champions 1st 0 15 5 Qualified automatically * * * 1954 Fourth Place 4th 5 0 16 9 Qualified as defending champions 1958 Did Not Qualify 1958 6 2 / 3 1962 Group Stage 13th 0 6 1962 0 1 / 2 1966 Quarter - Finals 7th 5 1966 0 0 11 1 / 2 1970 Fourth Place 4th 6 5 1970 0 5 0 1 / 3 Group Stage 13th 0 6 6 1 / 3 1978 Did Not Qualify 1978 5 2 / 3 1982 Did Not Qualify 1982 5 5 2 / 3 1986 Round of 16 16th 0 8 1986 0 6 1 / 3 1990 Round of 16 16th 5 1990 0 7 1 / 3 1994 Did Not Qualify 1994 8 10 7 3 / 5 1998 Did Not Qualify 1998 16 6 7 18 21 7 / 9 2002 Group Stage 26th 0 5 2002 20 8 6 6 22 14 5 / 10 2006 Did Not Qualify 2006 20 7 7 6 24 29 5 / 10 Fourth Place 4th 7 2 ( 1 * ) 11 8 20 7 7 6 30 21 5 / 10 2014 Round of 16 12th 0 6 2014 18 8 5 5 30 25 5 / 9 2018 Qualified 2018 18 9 5 32 20 2 / 10 2022 To be determined 2022 Total 2 titles 13 / 21 51 20 12 19 80 71 Total 154 69 42 43 218 164 5 / 10 FIFA World Cup interconfederations qualification Games ( edit ) FIFA World Cup Interconfederations Qualification Games Record Year Against Pld Won Drawn * Lost GF GA Dif Result 2002 Australia 0 Q 2006 Australia 0 0 NQ Costa Rica 0 Q 2014 Jordan 0 5 0 5 Q Total Various 8 11 8 3 / 4 All Time Totals Various 154 69 42 43 218 164 54 10 / 16 * Denotes draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks . Darker color indicates win , normal color indicates lost . * * Red border color indicates tournament was held on home soil . * * * Uruguay , Chile , Bolivia and Paraguay qualified automatically after the withdrawal of Argentina , Ecuador and Peru by default . FIFA Confederations Cup ( edit ) Champions Runners - up Third Place Fourth Place FIFA Confederations Cup record Year Round Position Pld Won Drawn * Lost GF GA Squad Did Not Qualify 1995 1997 Fourth Place 4th 5 0 8 6 Squad 1999 Did Not Qualify 2001 2003 2005 2009 2013 Fourth Place 4th 5 14 7 Squad 2017 Did Not Qualify 2021 To Be Determined Total Fourth Place 2 / 11 10 5 22 13 - South American Championship ( edit ) Champions Runners - up Third Place Fourth Place South American Championship Year Round Position GP Won Drawn * Lost GS GA 1916 Champions 1st 0 06 01 1917 Champions 1st 0 0 09 00 1919 Runners - up 2nd 0 07 04 1920 Champions 1st 0 09 02 1921 Third Place 3rd 0 03 04 1922 Third Place 3rd 03 01 1923 Champions 1st 0 0 06 01 1924 Champions 1st 0 08 01 1925 Withdrew 1926 Champions 1st 0 0 17 02 1927 Runners - up 2nd 0 15 03 1929 Third Place 3rd 0 04 06 1935 Champions 1st 0 0 06 01 1937 Third Place 3rd 5 0 11 14 1939 Runners - up 2nd 0 13 05 1941 Runners - up 2nd 0 10 01 1942 Champions 1st 6 6 0 0 21 02 1945 Fourth Place 4th 6 0 14 06 1946 Fourth Place 4th 5 0 11 09 1947 Third Place 3rd 7 5 0 21 08 1949 Sixth Place 6th 7 14 20 1953 Third Place 3rd 6 15 06 1955 Fourth Place 4th 5 12 12 1956 Champions 1st 5 0 09 03 1957 Third Place 3rd 6 0 15 12 1959 Sixth Place 6th 6 0 15 14 1959 Champions 1st 0 13 01 1963 Withdrew 1967 Champions 1st 5 0 13 02 Total 11 Titles 27 / 29 119 75 11 33 300 141 Copa América ( edit ) Champions Runners - up Third Place Fourth Place Copa América Year Round Position GP D * GS GA Fourth Place 4th 0 1979 Group Stage 6th 5 5 Champions 1st 8 5 12 6 Champions 1st 0 0 0 1989 Runners - up 2nd 7 0 11 1991 Group Stage 5th 0 1993 Quarter - Finals 6th 5 5 1995 Champions 1st 6 0 11 1997 Group Stage 9th 0 1999 Runners - up 2nd 6 9 2001 Fourth Place 4th 6 7 7 Third Place 3rd 6 12 10 2007 Fourth Place 4th 6 8 9 2011 Champions 1st 6 0 9 2015 Quarter - Finals 7th 2016 Group Stage 11th 0 2019 Qualified 2023 Total 4 Titles 16 / 16 77 33 23 21 99 76 Olympics record ( edit ) Gold Silver Bronze Olympics record Year Round Position GP Won Drawn * Lost GS GA 1908 Did not participate 1912 1920 1924 Gold medal 1st 5 5 0 0 20 1928 Gold medal 1st 5 0 12 5 1936 Withdrew 1948 to 1972 Did not Qualify 1976 Withdrew 1980 to 2008 Did not Qualify 2012 Group Stage 9th 0 2016 Did not Qualify 2020 To be determined Total 2 Gold Medal 3 / 25 13 10 34 11 Pan American Games ( edit ) Pan American Games record Year Round Position GP D * GS GA 1951 to 1959 Did not enter - - - - - - - 1963 Fourth Place 4th 0 6 1967 to 1971 Did not enter - - - - - - - Preliminary Round 11th 0 1979 Did not enter - - - - - - - Champions 1st 0 0 5 1987 to 1995 Did not enter - - - - - - - 1999 Preliminary Round 9th 0 9 2003 to 2007 Did not enter - - - - - - - 2011 Third Place 3rd 5 6 8 2015 Champions 1st 5 0 8 Total 2 Titles 6 / 16 24 11 10 26 28 Honours ( edit ) Note : The list above is for Senior and Olympic teams . FIFA World Cup : Champions ( 2 ) : 1930 , 1950 Fourth Place ( 3 ) : 1954 , 1970 , 2010 FIFA Confederations Cup : Fourth Place ( 2 ) : 1997 , 2013 South American Championship / Copa América : Champions ( 15 ) : 1916 , 1917 , 1920 , 1923 , 1924 , 1926 , 1935 , 1942 , 1956 , 1959 , 1967 , 1983 , 1987 , 1995 , 2011 Runners - up ( 6 ) : 1919 , 1927 , 1939 , 1941 , 1989 , 1999 Third Place ( 8 ) : 1921 , 1922 , 1929 , 1939 , 1941 , 1947 , 1953 , 1957 , 2004 Fourth Place ( 3 ) : 1989 , 2001 , 2007 Summer Olympics : Gold medal ( 2 ) : 1924 , 1928 Minor tournaments ( edit ) ( show ) Year Round Position GP D * GS GA 1905 Copa Lipton Champions 1st 0 0 0 0 1906 Copa Lipton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 0 1906 Copa Newton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1907 Copa Lipton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1907 Copa Newton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1908 Copa Lipton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1908 Copa Newton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1908 Copa Premier Honor Argentino Champions 1st 0 0 0 1909 Copa Lipton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1909 Copa Newton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1909 Copa Premio Honor Argentino Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1910 Copa Centenario de la Revolución de Mayo Runners - up 2nd 0 1910 Copa Lipton Champions 1st 0 0 1910 Copa Premio Honor Argentino Champions 1st 0 7 1911 Copa Lipton Champions 1st 0 0 0 1911 Copa Newton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1911 Copa Premio Honor Argentino Runners - up 2nd 0 0 0 1911 Copa Premio Honor Uruguayo Champions 1st 0 1912 Copa Lipton Champions 1st 0 0 0 1912 Copa Premio Honor Uruguayo Champions 1st 0 0 0 1912 Copa Newton Champions 1st 0 0 1912 Copa Montevideo Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1913 Copa Presidente Roque Sáenz Peña Runners - up 2nd 0 1913 Copa Lipton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 0 1913 Copa Premio Honor Uruguayo Champions 1st 0 0 0 1913 Copa Newton Champions 1st 0 0 0 1915 Copa Premio Honor Uruguayo Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1915 Copa Lipton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1915 Copa Newton Champions 1st 0 0 0 1916 Copa Lipton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1916 Copa Newton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1916 Copa Premio Honor Uruguayo Runners - up 2nd 0 0 0 1916 Copa Círculo de la Empresa Runners - up 2nd 0 5 8 1917 Copa Lipton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 0 1917 Copa Newton Champions 1st 0 0 0 1918 Copa Premio Honor Uruguayo Champions 1st 0 1918 Copa Premio Honor Argentino Runners - up 2nd 0 1918 Copa Lipton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1918 Copa Newton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 0 1919 Copa Premio Honor Uruguayo Champions 1st 0 0 1919 Copa Lipton Champions 1st 0 0 1919 Copa Newton Champions 1st 0 0 1919 Copa Premio Honor Argentino Runners - up 2nd 0 0 6 1919 Copa Círculo de Prensa Champions 1st 0 0 1920 Copa Premio Honor Uruguayo Champions 1st 0 0 0 1920 Copa Newton Champions 1st 0 0 1920 Copa Premio Honor Argentino Runners - up 2nd 0 0 0 1922 Copa Lipton Champions 1st 0 0 0 1922 Copa Premio Honor Uruguayo Champions 1st 0 0 0 1922 Copa Newton Champions 1st 0 0 1923 Copa Lipton Champions 1st 0 0 0 0 1923 Copa Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores Champions 1st 0 0 1923 Copa Premio Honor Uruguayo Runners - up 2nd 0 1924 Copa Newton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 0 1924 Copa Lipton Champions 1st 0 0 0 1925 Copa Bossio Champions 1st 5 1927 Copa Newton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 0 1927 Copa Lipton Champions 1st 0 0 0 1928 Copa Newton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 0 1928 Copa Lipton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1929 Copa Newton Champions 1st 0 0 1929 Copa Lipton Champions 1st 0 0 0 0 1930 Copa Newton Champions 1st 0 0 1931 Taça Rio Branco Runners - up 2nd 0 0 0 1932 Taça Rio Branco Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1935 Copa Héctor Gómez Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1935 Copa Juan Mignaburu Runners - up 2nd 0 0 0 ( show ) Year Round Position GP D * GS GA 1936 Copa Juan Mignaburu Runners - up 2nd 0 0 0 1936 Copa Héctor Gómez Champions 1st 0 0 1937 Copa Newton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 0 1937 Copa Lipton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 5 1938 Copa Juan Mignaburu Runners - up 2nd 0 0 0 1938 Copa Héctor Gómez Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1940 Taça Rio Branco Champions 1st 0 5 1940 Copa Héctor Gómez Champions 1st 0 0 0 1940 Copa Juan Mignaburu Runners - up 2nd 0 0 0 5 1942 Copa Newton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1942 Copa Lipton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1943 Copa Juan Mignaburu Champions 1st 0 0 1943 Copa Héctor Gómez Runners - up 2nd 0 0 0 1945 Copa Lipton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1945 Copa Newton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 6 1946 Taça Rio Branco Champions 1st 0 5 1947 Taça Rio Branco Runners - up 2nd 0 1948 Taça Rio Branco Champions 1st 0 5 1950 Copa Trompowski Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1950 Taça Rio Branco Runners - up 2nd 0 6 7 1956 Taça do Atlântico Third - Place 3rd 0 0 1957 Copa Newton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 0 0 1957 Copa Lipton Champions 1st 0 0 1960 Taça do Atlântico Third - Place 3rd 0 5 1957 Copa Lipton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1963 Copa Juan Pinto Durán Champions 1st 0 1965 Copa Artigas Champions 1st 0 5 1965 Copa Juan Pinto Durán Champions 1st 0 1966 Copa Artigas Champions 1st 0 5 1967 Taça Rio Branco Champions 1st 0 0 1968 Copa Lipton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 0 Taça Rio Branco Runners - up 2nd 0 0 0 6 1968 Copa Newton Champions 1st 0 0 1971 Copa Juan Pinto Durán Runners - up 2nd 0 5 1972 Brazilian Independence Cup Final Round 8th 0 1973 Copa Lipton Champions 1st 0 0 1973 Copa Newton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1975 Copa Artigas Champions 1st 0 1975 Copa Juan Pinto Durán Champions 1st 0 0 1975 Copa Newton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1976 Copa Lipton † Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1976 Taça Rio Branco † Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1976 Copa Newton † Runners - up 2nd 0 0 0 1976 Taça do Atlântico Fourth - Place 4th 6 0 5 5 14 1977 Copa Artigas Champions 1st 0 1976 -- 77 Copa Juan Pinto Durán Champions 1st 0 0 1979 Copa Juan Pinto Duran Runners - up 2nd 0 1980 -- 81 Mundialito Champions 1st 0 0 6 1981 Copa Juan Pinto Durán Champions 1st 0 1982 Nehru Cup Champions 1st 0 7 1983 Copa Artigas Champions 1st 0 0 1984 Copa William Poole Champions 1st 0 0 0 1985 Copa Artigas Champions 1st 0 0 1985 Kirin Cup Runners - up 2nd 6 18 10 1985 Artemio Franchi Trophy Runners - up 2nd 0 0 0 1986 Miami Cup Champions 1st 0 1988 Copa Jiménez de Quesada Runners - up 2nd 0 0 1988 Copa Boquerón Runners - up 2nd 0 1988 Copa Juan Pinto Durán Champions 1st 0 1988 Copa MUFP Champions 1st 0 0 0 1990 Marlboro Cup Champions 1st 0 0 0 1992 Copa Lipton Runners - up 2nd 0 0 0 0 1994 Copa Parra del Riego Champions 1st 0 0 0 1995 Copa El Inca Champions 1st 0 0 0 2002 Phillips Cup Champions 1st 0 0 0 2002 Tiger Beer Challenge Trophy Champions 1st 0 0 2003 Carlsberg Cup Champions 1st 0 2003 LG Cup Champions 1st 0 0 9 2006 LG Cup Champions 1st 0 2008 Kirin Challenge Cup Champions 1st 0 0 2011 Copa Confraternidad Antel Champions 1st 0 0 2011 Copa 100 Años del Banco de Seguros del Estado Champions 1st 0 0 0 2018 China Cup Champions 1st 0 0 0 Total - 70 Titles 199 80 52 67 279 256 † played consecutively with Taça do Atlantica in 1976 FIFA World Cup matches ( edit ) World Cup matches ( By team ) Total : 51 games played -- 20 Wins -- 12 Draws -- 19 Losses -- 80 Goals for -- 71 Goals against Team GP GF GA Team GP GF GA Team GP GF GA France 0 Soviet Union 0 Colombia 0 Sweden 0 6 Spain 0 0 Peru 0 0 0 West Germany 0 6 Italy Senegal 0 0 England 0 6 Netherlands 0 0 5 Bulgaria 0 0 South Korea 0 0 Bolivia 0 0 8 0 Ghana 0 0 Scotland 0 7 0 Denmark 0 0 8 Germany 0 0 Mexico 0 0 Romania 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 Argentina 0 South Africa 0 0 0 Austria 0 0 Brazil 0 Israel 0 0 0 Belgium 0 0 Yugoslavia 0 7 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 Official matches ( edit ) Below is a list of all matches Uruguay have played against FIFA recognised teams Updated as 26 March 2018 . ( show ) Team GP GF GA GD Best Result Algeria 0 0 0 − 1 Algeria 1 -- 0 Uruguay ( Algiers , Algeria ; 12 August 2009 ) Angola 0 0 0 + 2 Angola 0 -- 2 Uruguay ( Lisbon , Portugal ; 11 August 2010 ) Argentina 172 50 42 80 201 276 − 75 Uruguay 5 -- 0 Argentina ( Guayaquil , Ecuador ; 16 December 1959 ) Australia 9 8 6 + 2 Uruguay 3 -- 0 Australia ( Montevideo , Uruguay ; 25 November 2001 ) Austria 5 6 - 1 Austria 0 -- 2 Uruguay ( Vienna , Austria ; 14 May 1964 ) Belgium 0 0 5 − 4 Belgium 3 -- 1 Uruguay ( Verona , Italy ; 17 June 1990 ) Bolivia 42 28 7 7 104 30 + 74 Uruguay 9 -- 0 Bolivia ( Lima , Peru ; 6 November 1927 ) Bosnia and Herzegovina 0 0 − 1 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 -- 2 Uruguay ( Cochin , India ; 18 January 2001 ) Brazil 75 20 20 35 97 135 − 38 Uruguay 6 -- 0 Brazil ( Valparaíso , Chile ; 18 September 1920 ) Bulgaria 0 0 0 Bulgaria 1 -- 1 Uruguay ( Hanover , West Germany ; 19 June 1974 ) Canada 0 0 + 2 Canada 1 -- 3 Uruguay ( Miami , United States ; 2 February 1986 ) Chile 78 42 18 18 137 81 + 56 Uruguay 6 -- 0 Chile ( Guayaquil , Ecuador ; 6 December 1947 ) China PR 5 0 9 + 8 China PR 0 -- 4 Uruguay ( Wuhan , China ; 12 October 2010 ) Colombia 41 19 10 12 59 47 + 12 Uruguay 7 -- 0 Colombia ( Santiago , Chile ; 28 January 1945 ) Costa Rica 11 6 19 15 + 4 Uruguay 2 -- 0 Costa Rica ( Miami , United States ; 4 February 1990 ) Czechoslovakia 0 8 5 + 3 Uruguay 2 -- 0 Czechoslovakia ( Bern , Switzerland ; 16 June 1954 ) Czech Republic 0 + 2 Czech Republic 0 -- 2 Uruguay ( Nanning , China ; 23 March 2018 ) Denmark 0 0 8 − 6 Uruguay 1 -- 2 Denmark ( Ulsan , Korea Republic ; 1 June 2002 ) East Germany 6 7 − 3 Uruguay 3 -- 0 East Germany ( Montevideo , Uruguay ; 29 January 1985 ) Ecuador 45 29 10 6 107 40 + 67 Uruguay 7 -- 0 Ecuador ( Montevideo , Uruguay ; 18 January 1942 ) Egypt 0 0 0 + 2 Egypt 0 -- 2 Uruguay ( Cairo , Egypt ; 16 August 2006 ) England 11 5 15 11 + 4 Uruguay 4 -- 2 England ( Basel , Switzerland ; 26 June 1954 ) Estonia 0 + 1 Uruguay 3 -- 0 Estonia ( Rivera , Uruguay ; 23 June 2011 ) France 8 8 + 4 France 1 -- 5 Uruguay ( Colombes , France ; 1 June 1924 ) Finland 0 0 8 + 7 Uruguay 6 -- 0 Finland ( Montevideo , Uruguay ; 8 December 1984 ) Georgia 0 0 0 − 2 Georgia 2 -- 0 Uruguay ( Tbilisi , Georgia ; 15 November 2006 ) Germany 5 0 8 15 − 7 Germany 1 -- 4 Uruguay ( Amsterdam , Netherlands ; 3 June 1928 ) Ghana 0 0 0 Uruguay 1 -- 1 Ghana ( Johannesburg , South Africa ; 2 July 2010 ) Guatemala 0 0 5 + 4 Uruguay 5 -- 1 Guatemala ( Montevideo , Uruguay ; 6 June 2015 ) Haiti 0 0 + 1 Haiti 0 -- 1 Uruguay ( Port - au - Prince , Haiti ; 23 March 1974 ) Honduras 0 − 1 Uruguay 2 -- 2 Honduras ( Bogotá , Colombia ; 29 July 2001 ) Hungary 0 6 − 2 Uruguay 2 -- 0 Hungary ( Maldonado , Uruguay ; 17 February 2000 ) Iceland 0 0 + 1 Uruguay 2 -- 1 Iceland ( Montevideo , Uruguay ; 10 January 2001 ) India 0 0 + 2 India 1 -- 3 Uruguay ( Kolkata , India ; 25 February 1982 ) Indonesia 0 11 5 + 6 Indonesia 1 -- 7 Uruguay ( Jakarta , Indonesia ; 8 October 2010 ) Iran 0 0 0 Uruguay 1 -- 1 Iran ( Hong Kong , Hong Kong ; 4 February 2003 ) Iraq 0 0 5 + 3 Iraq 2 -- 5 Uruguay ( Tehran , Iran ; 15 August 2003 ) Israel 6 15 6 + 9 Uruguay 4 -- 1 Israel ( Montevideo , Uruguay ; 26 May 2010 ) Italy 11 11 12 - 1 Uruguay 2 -- 0 Italy ( Montevideo , Uruguay ; 3 January 1981 ) Jamaica 0 7 + 5 Jamaica 0 -- 3 Uruguay ( Kingston , Jamaica ; 28 March 1974 ) Japan 6 18 11 + 7 Japan 1 -- 4 Uruguay ( Tokyo , Japan ; 26 May 1985 ) Jordan 0 5 0 + 5 Jordan 0 -- 5 Uruguay ( Amman , Jordan ; 13 November 2011 ) Libya 0 0 5 + 2 Libya 2 -- 3 Uruguay ( Tripoli , Libya ; 11 February 2009 ) Luxembourg 0 0 0 + 1 Luxembourg 0 -- 1 Uruguay ( Esch - sur - Alzette , Luxembourg ; 26 March 1980 ) Malta 0 0 6 0 + 6 Malta 0 -- 6 Uruguay ( Osaka , Japan ; 1 June 1985 ) Mexico 20 5 7 8 24 29 − 5 Mexico 1 -- 3 Uruguay ( Santiago , Chile ; 23 March 1952 ) Morocco 0 0 0 + 2 Morocco 0 -- 1 Uruguay ( Casablanca , Morocco ; 25 April 1964 ) Netherlands 6 9 7 + 2 Uruguay 2 -- 0 Netherlands ( Amsterdam , Netherlands ; 30 May 1928 ) ( Montevideo , Uruguay ; 30 December 1980 ) New Zealand 0 9 + 7 Uruguay 7 -- 0 New Zealand ( Paysandú , Uruguay ; 25 June 1995 ) Nigeria 0 0 + 1 Nigeria 1 -- 2 Uruguay ( Salvador , Bahia , Brazil ; 20 June 2013 ) Norway 0 + 1 Norway 0 -- 1 Uruguay ( Oslo , Norway ; 14 June 1972 ) Northern Ireland 0 − 2 Northern Ireland 0 -- 1 Uruguay ( East Rutherford , New Jersey , United States ; 21 May 2006 ) Oman 0 0 0 + 3 Oman 0 -- 3 Uruguay ( Muscat , Oman ; 13 October 2014 ) Panama 0 0 7 + 6 Uruguay 6 -- 1 Panama ( Santiago , Chile ; 6 April 1952 ) Paraguay 74 31 18 25 114 94 + 20 Uruguay 6 -- 1 Paraguay ( Santiago , Chile ; 1 November 1926 ) Peru 64 36 13 15 107 58 + 50 Uruguay 6 -- 0 Peru ( Montevideo , Uruguay ; 18 June 2008 ) Poland 5 + 1 Poland 1 -- 3 Uruguay ( Gdańsk , Poland ; 14 November 2012 ) Portugal 0 − 3 Portugal 1 -- 1 Uruguay ( Rio de Janeiro , Brazil ; 2 July 1972 ) Republic of Ireland 7 6 + 1 Uruguay 2 -- 0 Republic of Ireland ( Montevideo , Uruguay ; 8 May 1974 ) Romania 5 8 + 5 Uruguay 4 -- 0 Romania ( Montevideo , Uruguay ; 21 July 1930 ) Russia 0 0 0 Russia 1 -- 1 Uruguay ( Moscow , Russia ; 25 May 2012 ) Saar 0 0 7 6 Saar 1 -- 7 Uruguay ( Saarbrücken , Germany ; 5 June 1954 ) Saudi Arabia 0 − 1 Saudi Arabia 1 -- 1 Uruguay ( Jeddah , Saudi Arabia ; 10 October 2014 ) Scotland 10 + 6 Uruguay 7 -- 0 Scotland ( Basel , Switzerland ; 19 June 1954 ) Senegal 0 0 0 Senegal 3 -- 3 Uruguay ( Suwon , Korea Republic ; 11 June 2002 ) Serbia and Montenegro 0 0 0 Serbia and Montenegro 1 -- 1 Uruguay ( Belgrade , Serbia ; 27 May 2006 ) Singapore 0 0 + 1 Singapore 1 -- 2 Uruguay ( Singapore City , Singapore ; 21 May 2002 ) Slovenia 0 0 0 + 4 Slovenia 0 -- 2 Uruguay ( Koper , Slovenia ; 28 February 2001 ) South Africa 0 7 + 4 South Africa 0 -- 3 Uruguay ( Pretoria , South Africa ; 16 June 2010 ) South Korea 7 6 0 12 + 8 South Korea 0 -- 2 Uruguay ( Seoul , South Korea ; 24 March 2007 ) Soviet Union 7 0 6 14 − 10 Uruguay 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Soviet Union ( Mexico DF , Mexico ; 14 June 1970 ) Spain 10 0 5 5 8 16 − 8 Spain 0 -- 0 Uruguay ( São Paulo , Brazil ; 9 July 1950 ) ( A Coruña , Spain ; 18 January 1995 ) Sweden 0 6 − 3 Uruguay 3 -- 2 Sweden ( São Paulo , Brazil ; 13 July 1950 ) Switzerland 0 13 + 9 Uruguay 4 -- 0 Switzerland ( Montevideo , Uruguay ; 18 December 1980 ) Tahiti 0 0 8 0 + 8 Tahiti 0 -- 8 Uruguay ( Recife , Brazil ; 23 June 2013 ) Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 + 2 Uruguay 3 -- 1 Trinidad and Tobago ( Montevideo , Uruguay ; 28 May 2016 ) Tunisia 0 0 0 0 0 Tunisia 0 -- 0 Uruguay ( Radès , Tunisia ; 2 June 2006 ) Turkey 0 0 + 1 Turkey 2 -- 3 Uruguay ( Bochum , Germany ; 25 May 2008 ) United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 + 2 United Arab Emirates 0 -- 2 Uruguay ( Riyadh , Saudi Arabia ; 13 December 1997 ) Ukraine 0 0 + 1 Ukraine 2 -- 3 Uruguay ( Kharkiv , Ukraine ; 2 September 2011 ) United States 6 8 7 + 1 Uruguay 3 -- 0 United States ( Colombes , France ; 29 May 1924 ) Venezuela 31 18 8 5 60 22 + 38 Uruguay 5 -- 0 Venezuela ( Montevideo , Uruguay ; 23 May 1975 ) Wales 0 0 + 1 Uruguay 1 -- 0 Wales ( Nanning , China ; 26 March 2018 ) West Germany 6 0 14 − 10 West Germany 3 -- 3 Uruguay ( Stuttgart , West Germany ; 25 April 1990 ) Yugoslavia 5 0 15 7 + 8 Yugoslavia 0 -- 7 Uruguay ( Colombes , France ; 26 May 1924 ) Total ( 85 ) 877 386 212 279 1401 1087 + 314 Uruguay 9 -- 0 Bolivia ( Lima , Peru ; 6 November 1927 ) Records ( edit ) As of 26 March 2018 . Most caps # Name Career Caps Goals Maxi Pereira 2005 -- 124 Diego Godín 2005 -- 115 8 Diego Forlán 2002 -- 2014 112 36 Cristian Rodríguez 2003 -- 104 11 5 Edinson Cavani 2008 -- 100 42 6 Luis Suárez 2007 -- 97 50 7 Fernando Muslera 2009 -- 96 0 8 Diego Lugano 2003 -- 2014 95 9 9 Egidio Arévalo Ríos 2006 -- 2017 90 0 10 Diego Pérez 2001 -- 2014 89 Top goalscorers # Player Career Goals Caps Luis Suárez ( list ) 2007 -- 50 97 Edinson Cavani 2008 -- 42 100 Diego Forlán 2002 -- 2014 36 112 Héctor Scarone 1917 -- 1930 31 52 5 Ángel Romano 1913 -- 1927 28 69 6 Óscar Míguez 1950 -- 1958 27 39 7 Sebastián Abreu 1996 -- 2012 26 70 8 Pedro Petrone 1923 -- 1930 24 29 9 Carlos Aguilera 1982 -- 1997 22 64 Fernando Morena 1971 -- 1983 22 53 World Cup winning captains ( edit ) Year Name Career Caps Goals 1930 José Nasazzi 1923 - 1937 41 0 1950 Obdulio Varela 1939 - 1954 45 9 Most participations in the World Cups ( edit ) Name Participations World Cups Pedro Rocha 1962 -- 1974 Ladislao Mazurkiewicz 1966 -- 1974 Julio César Cortés 1962 -- 1970 William Martínez 1950 -- 1954 , 1962 Víctor Espárrago 1966 -- 1974 Luis Cubilla 1962 , 1970 -- 1974 Diego Forlán 2002 , 2010 -- 2014 Most goals scored in the World Cups ( edit ) Name Goals World Cups Oscar Míguez 8 ( 5 -- 3 ) 1950 -- 1954 Diego Forlán 6 ( 1 -- 5 -- 0 ) 2002 , 2010 -- 2014 Pedro Cea 5 1930 Juan Schiaffino 5 ( 3 -- 2 ) 1950 -- 1954 Luis Suárez 5 ( 3 -- 2 ) 2010 -- 2014 Carlos Borges 1954 Alcides Ghiggia 1950 Peregrino Anselmo 1930 Juan Hohberg 1954 Most games played in the World Cups ( edit ) Name Games World Cups Ladislao Mazurkiewicz 13 ( 4 -- 6 -- 3 ) 1966 -- 1974 Egidio Arévalo Ríos 11 ( 7 -- 4 ) 2010 -- 2014 Fernando Muslera 11 ( 7 -- 4 ) 2010 -- 2014 Julio César Cortés 11 ( 1 -- 4 -- 6 ) 1962 - 1966 - 1970 Edinson Cavani 10 ( 6 -- 4 ) 2010 -- 2014 Diego Forlán 10 ( 1 -- 7 -- 2 ) 2002 , 2010 -- 2014 Maximiliano Pereira 10 ( 7 -- 3 ) 2010 -- 2014 Pedro Rocha 10 ( 2 -- 4 -- 1 -- 3 ) 1962 -- 1974 Luis Ubina 10 ( 4 -- 6 ) 1966 -- 1970 Previous squads ( edit ) FIFA World Cup 1930 FIFA World Cup squad 1950 FIFA World Cup squad 1954 FIFA World Cup squad 1962 FIFA World Cup squad 1966 FIFA World Cup squad 1970 FIFA World Cup squad 1974 FIFA World Cup squad 1986 FIFA World Cup squad 1990 FIFA World Cup squad 2002 FIFA World Cup squad 2010 FIFA World Cup squad 2014 FIFA World Cup squad Copa América 1983 Copa América squad 1987 Copa América squad 1989 Copa América squad 1991 Copa América squad 1993 Copa América squad 1995 Copa América squad 1997 Copa América squad 1999 Copa América squad 2001 Copa América squad 2004 Copa América squad 2007 Copa América squad 2011 Copa América squad 2015 Copa América squad Copa América Centenario squad Coaches ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Competitive matches only as of 14 June 2016 ( show ) Years Coach GF GA Win % Tournaments 1902 -- 1914 Selection committee 7001300000000000000 ♠ 30 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7001450000000000000 ♠ 45 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 7001333300000000000 ♠ 33.33 1905 Copa Lipton -- Champions 1906 Copa Lipton -- Runners - up 1906 Copa Newton -- Runners - up 1907 Copa Lipton -- Runners - up 1907 Copa Newton -- Runners - up 1908 Copa Lipton -- Runners - up 1908 Copa Newton -- Runners - up 1908 Copa Premio Honor Argentino -- Champions 1909 Copa Lipton -- Runners - up 1909 Copa Premio Honor Argentino -- Runners - up 1909 Copa Newton -- Runners - up 1910 Copa Centenario de la Revolución de Mayo -- Runners - up 1910 Copa Lipton -- Champions 1910 Copa Premio Honor Argentino -- Champions 1911 Copa Lipton -- Champions 1911 Copa Newton -- Runners - up 1911 Copa Premio Honor Argentino -- Runners - up 1911 Copa Premio Honor Uruguayo -- Champions 1912 Copa Lipton -- Champions 1912 Copa Premio Honor Uruguayo -- Champions 1912 Copa Newton -- Champions 1912 Copa Montevideo -- Runners - up 1913 Copa Presidente Roque Sáenz Peña -- Runners - up 1913 Copa Lipton -- Runners - up 1913 Copa Premio Honor Uruguayo -- Champions 1913 Copa Newton -- Champions 1915 -- 1916 Jorge Pacheco Alfredo Foglino 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7001363600000000000 ♠ 36.36 1915 Copa Premio Honor Uruguayo -- Runners - up 1915 Copa Lipton -- Runners - up 1915 Copa Newton -- Champions 1916 Copa Lipton -- Runners - up 1916 Copa Newton -- Runners - up 1916 South American Championship -- Champions 1916 Copa Premio Honor Uruguayo -- Runners - up 1916 Copa Círculo de la Empresa -- Runners - up 1917 -- 1919 Ramón Platero 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7001310000000000000 ♠ 31 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001588200000000000 ♠ 58.82 1917 Copa Lipton -- Runners - up 1917 Copa Newton -- Champions 1917 South American Championship -- Champions 1918 Copa Premio Honor Uruguayo -- Champions 1918 Copa Premio Honor Argentino -- Runners - up 1918 Copa Lipton -- Runners - up 1918 Copa Newton -- Runners - up 1919 Copa Premio Honor Uruguayo -- Champions 1919 Copa Lipton -- Champions 1919 Copa Newton -- Champions 1919 South American Championship -- Runners - up 1919 -- 1920 Severino Castillo 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 1919 Copa Premio Honor Argentino -- Champions 1919 Copa Círculo de Prensa -- Champions 1920 Copa Premio Honor Uruguayo -- Champions 1920 Copa Newton 1920 -- 1922 Ernesto Fígoli 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7001555600000000000 ♠ 55.56 1920 South American Championship -- Champions 1921 South American Championship -- Third Place 1922 Copa pitote -- Champions 1922 Copa Premio Honor Uruguayo -- Champions 1922 -- 1923 Pedro Olivieri 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7001333300000000000 ♠ 33.33 1922 South American Championship -- Third Place 1922 Copa Newton -- Champions 1923 Copa Lipton -- Champions 1923 -- 1924 Leonardo De Lucca 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 1923 Copa Premio Honor Uruguayo -- Runners - up 1923 South American Championship -- Champions 1924 Copa Newton -- Runners - up 1924 Ernesto Fígoli ( 2nd time ) 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 1924 Olympics -- Champions 1924 -- 1925 Ernesto Meliante 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001625000000000000 ♠ 62.50 1924 South American Championship -- Champions 1925 Copa Bossio -- Champions 1926 Andrés Mazali Ernesto Fígoli ( 3rd time ) 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100.00 1926 South American Championship -- Champions 1927 -- 1928 José Lago Millán Luis Grecco 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 1927 Copa Newton -- Runners - up 1927 South American Championship -- Runners - up 1927 Copa Lipton -- Champions 1928 Copa Newton -- Runners - up 1928 Primo Giannoti 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7001800000000000000 ♠ 80.00 1928 Olympics -- Champions 1928 -- 1932 Alberto Suppici 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 1928 Copa Lipton -- Runners - up 1929 Copa Newton -- Champions 1929 Copa Lipton -- Champions 1929 South American Championship -- Third Place 1930 FIFA World Cup -- Champions 1931 Taça Rio Branco -- Runners - up 1932 Taça Rio Branco -- Runners - up 1932 -- 1935 Raúl Blanco 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75.00 1935 Copa Héctor Gómez -- Runners - up 1935 South American Championship -- Champions 1935 -- 1941 Alberto Suppici ( 2nd time ) 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 7001470000000000000 ♠ 47 7001460000000000000 ♠ 46 7001458300000000000 ♠ 45.83 1935 Copa Juan Mignaburu -- Runners - up 1936 Copa Juan Mignaburu -- Runners - up 1936 Copa Héctor Gómez -- Champions 1937 South American Championship -- Third Place 1937 Copa Newton -- Runners - up 1937 Copa Lipton -- Runners - up 1938 Copa Juan Mignaburu -- Runners - up 1938 Copa Héctor Gómez -- Runners - up 1939 South American Championship -- Runners - up 1940 Taça Rio Branca -- Champions 1940 Copa Héctor Gómez -- Champions 1940 Copa Juan Mignaburu -- Runners - up 1941 South American Championship -- Runners - up 1941 -- 1942 Pedro Cea 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 1942 Copa Newton -- Runners - up 1942 -- 1945 José Nasazzi 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7001410000000000000 ♠ 41 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 7001625000000000000 ♠ 62.50 1942 South American Championship -- Champions 1942 Copa Lipton -- Runners - up 1943 Copa Juan Mignaburu -- Champions 1943 Copa Héctor Gómez -- Runners - up 1945 South American Championship -- Fourth Place 1945 Copa Lipton -- Runners - up 1945 -- 1946 Aníbal Tejada 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 7001333300000000000 ♠ 33.33 1945 Copa Newton -- Runners - up 1946 Taça Rio Branco -- Champions 1946 Guzmán Vila Gomensoro 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40.00 1946 South American Championship -- Fourth Place 1988 -- 1990 Óscar Tabárez ( 1st time ) 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 7001280000000000000 ♠ 28 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50.00 1989 Copa América -- Runners - up 2006 -- Óscar Tabárez ( 2nd time ) 7002133000000000000 ♠ 133 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 7001350000000000000 ♠ 35 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 7002225000000000000 ♠ 225 7002187000000000000 ♠ 187 7001496200000000000 ♠ 49.62 2007 Copa América -- Fourth Place 2010 FIFA World Cup -- Fourth Place 2011 Copa América -- Champions 1946 -- 1955 : Juan López 1955 : Juan Carlos Corazzo 1955 -- 1957 : Hugo Bagnulo 1957 -- 1959 : Juan López 1959 : Héctor Castro 1959 -- 1961 : Juan Carlos Corazzo 1961 -- 1962 : Enrique Fernández 1962 -- 1964 : Juan Carlos Corazzo 1964 -- 1965 : Rafael Milans 1965 -- 1967 : Ondino Viera 1967 -- 1969 : Enrique Fernández 1969 -- 1970 : Juan Hohberg 1970 -- 1973 : Hugo Bagnulo 1974 : Roberto Porta 1974 -- 1975 : Juan Alberto Schiaffino 1975 -- 1977 : José María Rodríguez 1977 : Juan Hohberg 1977 -- 1979 : Raúl Bentancor 1979 -- 1982 : Roque Máspoli 1982 -- 1987 : Omar Borrás 1987 -- 1988 : Roberto Fleitas 1988 -- 1990 : Óscar Tabárez 1990 -- 1993 : Luis Cubilla 1993 -- 1994 : Ildo Maneiro 1994 -- 1996 : Héctor Núñez 1996 -- 1997 : Juan Ahuntchaín 1997 -- 1998 : Roque Máspoli 1998 -- 2000 : Víctor Púa 2000 -- 2001 : Daniel Passarella 2001 -- 2003 : Víctor Púa 2003 : Gustavo Ferrín 2003 -- 2004 : Juan Ramón Carrasco 2004 -- 2006 : Jorge Fossati 2006 : Gustavo Ferrín 2006 -- present : Óscar Tabárez Emblem ( edit ) Uruguay national team fans at 2014 FIFA World Cup Uruguay have 4 stars in the emblem , 2 stars from the Gold medals earned in the 1924 and 1928 Olympic Games ( recognized by FIFA as World Championships in accordance with the IOC ) and 2 stars from the two World Cups from 1930 and 1950 . Rivalries ( edit ) Argentina ( edit ) Uruguay has a long - standing rivalry with Argentina , that came into existence when they beat their South American neighbors 4 -- 2 in the first World Cup final , held in Montevideo in 1930 . As a response , the following day saw an angry mob threw stones at the Uruguayan consulate in the Argentinian capital Buenos Aires . Brazil ( edit ) Uruguay has an old rivalry with their South American neighbors . Their best known match was played at the 1950 World Cup which was held in Brazil where they defeated the host with the result 2 - 1 in front of almost 200 000 spectators at the Maracanã Stadium , thus winning the competition and earning their second World Cup title . Notes ( edit ) 1. ^ The match between Uruguay and Argentina on 16 May 1901 was organized by Uruguayan club Albion , from whom the team , reinforced with players from rival club Nacional , was selected . The match ended 2 -- 3 in favor of the Argentines . However , since clubs are not allowed to organize official international matches , the match is not considered official . Jump up ^ Extra edition References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pelayes , Héctor Darío ( 24 September 2010 ) . `` ARGENTINA - URUGUAY Matches 1902 -- 2009 '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 7 November 2010 . Jump up ^ After 1988 , the tournament has been restricted to squads with no more than 3 players over the age of 23 , and these matches are not regarded as part of the national team 's record , nor are caps awarded . Jump up ^ `` Football 's debt to Uruguay '' . BBC Sport. 8 April 2002 . Retrieved 27 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Archived 11 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Football , football , football '' . UruguayNow . Retrieved 13 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : De Menezes , Jack ( 26 June 2014 ) . `` Luis Suarez banned : Fifa hand striker record nine - game ban AND a four month football ban for biting Giorgio Chiellini in biggest ever World Cup suspension '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on 12 July 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luis Suárez banned for four months for biting in World Cup game '' . The Guardian . 26 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 6 July 2014 . Retrieved 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Suspends and Fines Suarez for 9 Games and 4 Months After Biting Player '' . ABC News . 26 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Suárez suspended for nine matches and banned for four months from any football - related activity '' . FIFA. 26 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2014 . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Jump up ^ David Goldblatt ( 2008 ) . The Ball Is Round : A Global History of Soccer . Penguin . p. 249 . ISBN 1 - 59448 - 296 - 9 . Jump up ^ FIFA World Cup Origin , FIFA Media Release . Retrieved on 16 October 2006 . ^ Jump up to : `` La historia de la Celeste '' at Montevideo Wanderers website Jump up ^ `` Historical football kits : 1962 World Cup '' at Historical Kits website Jump up ^ `` Camisetas alternativas '' , La Selección website Jump up ^ `` Dos ' mexicanos ' en la lista de Uruguay para Rusia 2018 '' . ESPN.com ( in Spanish ) . 15 May 2018 . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Southamerican Championship 1935 '' . Rsssf.com. 23 November 2007 . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Games of the XXI . Olympiad -- Football Qualifying Tournament '' . Rsssf.com . Retrieved 23 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Head - to - Head Search '' . Jump up ^ Uruguay -- Record International Players Jump up ^ Orígenes de la Copa Mundial de la FIFA ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA / IFFHS : Reasons for excluding or including full A internationals ( 1901 -- 1910 ) '' . IFFHS . Retrieved 7 November 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Uruguay national football team . The Official Uruguay football association website RSSSF archive of results 1902 -- Preceded by Inaugural Champions FIFA World Cup Champions 1930 ( 1st title ) Succeeded by 1934 Italy Preceded by 1938 Italy FIFA World Cup Champions 1950 ( 2nd title ) Succeeded by 1954 West Germany Preceded by 1920 Belgium Olympic Football Champions 1924 ( 1st title ) 1928 ( 2nd title ) Succeeded by 1936 Italy Preceded by Inaugural Champions South American Championship Winners 1916 ( 1st title ) 1917 ( 2nd title ) Succeeded by 1919 Brazil Preceded by 1919 Brazil South American Championship Winners 1920 ( 3rd title ) Succeeded by 1921 Argentina Preceded by 1922 Brazil South American Championship Winners 1923 ( 4th title ) 1924 ( 5th title ) Succeeded by 1925 Argentina Preceded by 1925 Argentina South American Championship Winners 1926 ( 6th title ) Succeeded by 1927 Argentina Preceded by 1929 Argentina South American Championship Winners 1935 ( 7th title ) Succeeded by 1937 Argentina Preceded by 1941 Argentina South American Championship Winners 1942 ( 8th title ) Succeeded by 1945 Argentina Preceded by 1955 Argentina South American Championship Winners 1956 ( 9th title ) Succeeded by 1957 Argentina Preceded by 1959 Argentina South American Championship Winners 1959 ( 10th title ) Succeeded by 1963 Bolivia Preceded by 1963 Bolivia South American Championship Winners 1967 ( 11th title ) Succeeded by 1975 Peru Preceded by 1979 Paraguay Copa América Champions 1983 ( 12th title ) 1987 ( 13th title ) Succeeded by 1989 Brazil Preceded by 1993 Argentina Copa América Champions 1995 ( 14th title ) Succeeded by 1997 Brazil Preceded by 2007 Brazil Copa América Champions 2011 ( 15th title ) Succeeded by 2015 Chile FIFA World Cup winners 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany Copa América -- Champions 1916 : Uruguay 1917 : Uruguay 1919 : Brazil 1920 : Uruguay 1921 : Argentina 1922 : Brazil 1923 : Uruguay 1924 : Uruguay 1925 : Argentina 1926 : Uruguay 1927 : Argentina 1929 : Argentina 1935 : Uruguay 1937 : Argentina 1939 : Peru 1941 : Argentina 1942 : Uruguay 1945 : Argentina 1946 : Argentina 1947 : Argentina 1949 : Brazil 1953 : Paraguay 1955 : Argentina 1956 : Uruguay 1957 : Argentina 1959 : Argentina 1959 : Uruguay 1963 : Bolivia 1967 : Uruguay 1975 : Peru 1979 : Paraguay 1983 : Uruguay 1987 : Uruguay 1989 : Brazil 1991 : Argentina 1993 : Argentina 1995 : Uruguay 1997 : Brazil 1999 : Brazil 2001 : Colombia 2004 : Brazil 2007 : Brazil 2011 : Uruguay 2015 : Chile 2016 : Chile FIFA World Cup hosts 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : France 1950 : Brazil 1954 : Switzerland 1958 : Sweden 1962 : Chile 1966 : England 1970 : Mexico 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Spain 1986 : Mexico 1990 : Italy 1994 : United States 1998 : France 2002 : South Korea & Japan 2006 : Germany 2010 : South Africa 2014 : Brazil 2018 : Russia 2022 : Qatar Football in Uruguay Uruguayan Football Association National teams Men : Senior team Olympic ( U-23 ) team U-20 team U-17 team Futsal Beach Women : Women team U-17 team League system Primera División Segunda ( Profesional ) Segunda ( Amateur ) Women 's Unofficial leagues Federación Uruguaya ( 1923 -- 25 ) Consejo Provisorio ( 1926 ) Domestic Cups Supercopa Uruguaya Copa de Competencia ( defunct ) Copa de Honor ( defunct ) Others List of clubs Men 's Players Women 's Players Uruguayan Clásico Expatriate footballers Managers Referees Stadiums British clubs tours National football teams of South America ( CONMEBOL ) Men 's Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Women 's Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Men 's U-20 Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Men 's U-17 Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Women 's U-20 Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Women 's U-17 Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela National football teams head to head AFC Australia Bangladesh Bhutan China Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Jordan Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Northern Mariana Islands Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Timor - Leste Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen CAF Algeria Botswana Central African Republic Chad Comoros Egypt Lesotho Malawi Mali Niger Nigeria São Tomé and Príncipe South Africa Uganda CONCACAF Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Belize Bonaire Canada Cayman Islands Costa Rica Curaçao Dominican Republic El Salvador French Guiana Honduras Mexico Montserrat Nicaragua Sint Maarten Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Paraguay Uruguay Venezuela OFC American Samoa New Zealand Samoa UEFA Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Denmark England Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Turkey Ukraine Wales Uruguay FIFA World Cup squads Uruguay squad -- 1930 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) MF Andrade FW Anselmo GK Ballestrero FW Calvo GK Capuccini FW Castro FW Cea FW Dorado DF Fernández MF Gestido FW Iriarte DF Mascheroni MF Melogno DF Nasazzi ( c ) FW Petrone MF Píriz DF Recoba MF Riolfo FW Saldombide FW Scarone DF Tejera FW Urdinarán Coach : Suppici Uruguay squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup winners ( 2nd title ) GK Máspoli GK Paz DF Gambetta DF J. González DF M. González DF Martínez DF Tejera DF Vilches MF Ortuño MF Pini MF Rodríguez Andrade MF Varela ( c ) FW Britos FW Burgueño FW Ghiggia FW Míguez FW Morán FW Pérez FW Rijo FW Romero FW Schiaffino FW Vidal Coach : López Uruguay squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup Fourth Place 1 Máspoli 2 Santamaría 3 Martínez 4 Rodríguez Andrade 5 Varela ( c ) 6 Leopardi 7 Abbadie 8 Hohberg 9 Míguez 10 Schiaffino 11 Borges 12 Maceiras 13 Davoine 14 Tejera 15 Rivera 16 Carballo 17 Cruz 18 Souto 19 Ambrois 20 Méndez 21 Pérez 22 Castro Coach : López Uruguay squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Sosa 2 Troche ( c ) 3 Emilio Álvarez 4 Méndez 5 Gonçalves 6 P. Cubilla 7 Pérez 8 Cortés 9 Sasía 10 Rocha 11 L. Cubilla 12 Maidana 13 Martínez 14 Soria 15 E. González 16 R. González 17 Eliseo Álvarez 18 Langón 19 Bergara 20 Silva 21 Cabrera 22 Escalada Coach : Corazzo Uruguay squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup 1 Mazurkiewicz 2 Troche ( c ) 3 Manicera 4 Forlán 5 Gonçalves 6 Caetano 7 Cortés 8 Urruzmendi 9 Sasía 10 Rocha 11 Pérez 12 Sosa 13 Díaz 14 Emilio Álvarez 15 Ubiña 16 Eliseo Álvarez 17 Salva 18 M. Viera 19 Silva 20 Ramos 21 Espárrago 22 Taibo Coach : O. Viera Uruguay squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup Fourth Place 1 Mazurkiewicz 2 Ancheta 3 Matosas 4 Ubiña 5 Montero Castillo 6 Mujica 7 Cubilla 8 Rocha ( c ) 9 Espárrago 10 Maneiro 11 Morales 12 Santos 13 Sandoval 14 Cámera 15 Fontes 16 Caetano 17 Bareño 18 Gómez 19 Zubía 20 Cortés 21 Losada 22 Corbo Coach : Hohberg Uruguay squad -- 1974 FIFA World Cup 1 Mazurkiewicz 2 Jáuregui 3 Masnik ( c ) 4 Forlán 5 Montero Castillo 6 Pavoni 7 Cubilla 8 Espárrago 9 Morena 10 Rocha 11 Corbo 12 Santos 13 de Simone 14 Garisto 15 González 16 Cardaccio 17 Jiménez 18 Mantegazza 19 Milar 20 Silva 21 Gómez 22 Fernández Coach : Porta Uruguay squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Rodríguez 2 Gutiérrez 3 Acevedo 4 Diogo 5 Bossio 6 Batista 7 Alzamendi 8 Barrios ( c ) 9 Da Silva 10 Francescoli 11 Santín 12 Alvez 13 Vega 14 Pereyra 15 Rivero 16 Saralegui 17 Zalazar 18 Paz 19 Ramos 20 Aguilera 21 Cabrera 22 Otero Coach : Borrás Uruguay squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup 1 Alvez 2 Gutiérrez 3 de León 4 Herrera 5 Perdomo 6 Domínguez 7 Alzamendi 8 Ostolaza 9 Francescoli ( c ) 10 Paz 11 Sosa 12 E. Pereira 13 Revelez 14 Pintos Saldanha 15 Correa 16 Bengoechea 17 Martínez 18 Aguilera 19 Fonseca 20 R. Pereira 21 Castro 22 Zeoli Coach : Tabárez Uruguay squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Carini 2 Méndez 3 Lembo 4 Montero ( c ) 5 García 6 Rodríguez 7 Guigou 8 Varela 9 Silva 10 O'Neill 11 Magallanes 12 Munúa 13 Abreu 14 Sorondo 15 Olivera 16 Romero 17 Regueiro 18 Morales 19 Bizera 20 Recoba 21 Forlán 22 De los Santos 23 Elduayen Coach : Púa Uruguay squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup Fourth Place 1 Muslera 2 Lugano ( c ) 3 Godín 4 Fucile 5 Gargano 6 Victorino 7 Cavani 8 Eguren 9 Suárez 10 Forlán 11 Á . Pereira 12 Castillo 13 Abreu 14 Lodeiro 15 Pérez 16 M. Pereira 17 Arévalo 18 I. González 19 Scotti 20 Á . Fernández 21 S. Fernández 22 Cáceres 23 Silva Coach : Tabárez Uruguay squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Muslera 2 Lugano ( c ) 3 Godín 4 Fucile 5 Gargano 6 Á . Pereira 7 Rodríguez 8 Hernández 9 Suárez 10 Forlán 11 Stuani 12 Muñoz 13 Giménez 14 Lodeiro 15 Pérez 16 M. Pereira 17 Arévalo 18 Ramírez 19 Coates 20 González 21 Cavani 22 Cáceres 23 Silva Coach : Tabárez Uruguay FIFA Confederations Cup squads Uruguay squad -- 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup Fourth Place 1 Nicola 2 López 3 Montero ( c ) 4 Méndez 5 de los Santos 6 Adinolfi 7 García 8 Vespa 9 Zalayeta 10 Olivera 11 Silva 12 Flores 13 Hernández 14 Callejas 15 Díaz 16 Pellegrín 17 Coelho 18 Rivas 19 Pacheco 20 Recoba Coach : Púa Uruguay squad -- 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup Fourth Place 1 Muslera 2 Lugano ( c ) 3 Godín 4 Coates 5 Gargano 6 Á . Pereira 7 Rodríguez 8 Eguren 9 Suárez 10 Forlán 11 Hernández 12 Castillo 13 Aguirregaray 14 Lodeiro 15 Pérez 16 M. Pereira 17 Arévalo 18 Ramírez 19 Scotti 20 González 21 Cavani 22 Cáceres 23 Silva Coach : Tabárez Uruguay Copa América squads 1916 South American Championship squad ( 1st title ) 1917 South American Championship squad ( 2nd title ) 1919 South American Championship squad 1920 South American Championship squad ( 3rd title ) 1921 South American Championship squad 1922 South American Championship squad 1923 South American Championship squad ( 4th title ) 1924 South American Championship squad ( 5th title ) 1926 South American Championship squad ( 6th title ) 1927 South American Championship squad 1929 South American Championship squad 1935 South American Championship squad ( 7th title ) 1937 South American Championship squad 1939 South American Championship squad 1941 South American Championship squad 1942 South American Championship squad ( 8th title ) 1945 South American Championship squad 1946 South American Championship squad 1947 South American Championship squad 1949 South American Championship squad 1953 South American Championship squad 1955 South American Championship squad 1956 South American Championship squad ( 9th title ) 1957 South American Championship squad 1959 South American Championship squad ( Argentina ) 1959 South American Championship squad ( Ecuador ) ( 10th title ) 1967 South American Championship squad ( 11th title ) 1975 Copa América squad 1979 Copa América squad 1983 Copa América squad ( 12th title ) 1987 Copa América squad ( 13th title ) 1989 Copa América squad 1991 Copa América squad 1993 Copa América squad 1995 Copa América squad ( 14th title ) 1997 Copa América squad 1999 Copa América squad 2001 Copa América squad 2004 Copa América squad 2007 Copa América squad 2011 Copa América squad ( 15th title ) 2015 Copa América squad Uruguay Summer Olympics football squads Uruguay football squad -- 1924 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal GK Casella GK Mazali DF Arispe DF Nasazzi ( c ) DF Tomassina DF A. Urdinarán * MF Andrade MF Ghierra MF Vidal MF Zibecchi MF Zingone FW Cea FW Chiappara * FW Etchegoyen FW Naya FW Petrone FW Romano FW Saldombide FW Scarone FW S. Urdinarán Coach : Fígoli * Although included in the official squad submitted to FIFA , stayed in reserve separately from the team . Uruguay football squad -- 1928 Summer Olympics -- Gold medal MF Andrade FW Anselmo DF Arispe FW Arremón FW Bartibás GK Batignani FW Borjas FW Campolo DF Canavesi FW Castro FW Cea MF Fernández FW Figueroa MF Gestido GK Mazali MF Melogno DF Nasazzi FW Petrone MF Píriz FW Scarone DF Tejera FW Urdinarán Coach : Gianotti Uruguay men 's football squad -- 2012 Summer Olympics 1 Campaña 2 Arias 3 Polenta 4 Coates 5 Albín 6 Rolín 7 Cavani 8 Calzada 9 Suárez 10 Ramírez 11 Hernández 12 Urretaviscaya 13 Aguirregaray 14 Lodeiro 15 Rodríguez 16 Viúdez 17 Arévalo Ríos ( c ) 18 Gelpi Coach : Tabárez Uruguay at the FIFA World Cup 1930 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Uruguay Runners - up Argentina Third United States Fourth Yugoslavia Group stage Belgium Bolivia Brazil Chile France Mexico Paraguay Peru Romania 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 1950 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Uruguay Runners - up Brazil Third place Sweden Fourth place Spain Group stage Bolivia Chile England Italy Mexico Paraguay Switzerland United States Yugoslavia 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 1954 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions West Germany Runners - up Hungary Third place Austria Fourth place Uruguay Quarter - finals Brazil England Switzerland Yugoslavia Group stage Belgium Czechoslovakia France Italy Mexico Scotland South Korea Turkey 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 1962 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Brazil Runners - up Czechoslovakia Third place Chile Fourth place Yugoslavia Quarter - finals England Hungary Soviet Union West Germany Group stage Argentina Bulgaria Colombia Italy Mexico Spain Switzerland Uruguay 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 1966 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions England Runners - up West Germany Third place Portugal Fourth place Soviet Union Quarter - finals Argentina Hungary North Korea Uruguay Group stage Brazil Bulgaria Chile France Italy Mexico Spain Switzerland 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 1970 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Brazil Runners - up Italy Third place West Germany Fourth place Uruguay Quarter - finals England Mexico Peru Soviet Union Group stage Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia El Salvador Israel Morocco Romania Sweden 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 1974 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions West Germany Runners - up Netherlands Third place Poland Fourth place Brazil Second group stage Argentina East Germany Sweden Yugoslavia First group stage Australia Bulgaria Chile Haiti Italy Scotland Uruguay Zaire 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 1986 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Argentina Runners - up West Germany Third place France Fourth place Belgium Quarter - finals Brazil England Mexico Spain Round of 16 Bulgaria Denmark Italy Morocco Paraguay Poland Soviet Union Uruguay Group stage Algeria Canada Hungary Iraq Northern Ireland Portugal Scotland South Korea 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 1990 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions West Germany Runners - up Argentina Third place Italy Fourth place England Quarter - final Cameroon Czechoslovakia Republic of Ireland Yugoslavia Round of 16 Belgium Brazil Colombia Costa Rica Netherlands Romania Spain Uruguay Group stage Austria Egypt Scotland South Korea Soviet Union Sweden United Arab Emirates United States 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2002 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Brazil Runners - up Germany Third place Turkey Fourth place South Korea Quarter - final England Senegal Spain United States Round of 16 Belgium Denmark Italy Japan Mexico Paraguay Republic of Ireland Sweden Group stage Argentina Cameroon China PR Costa Rica Croatia Ecuador France Nigeria Poland Portugal Russia Saudi Arabia Slovenia South Africa Tunisia Uruguay 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2010 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Spain Runners - up Netherlands Third place Germany Fourth place Uruguay Quarter - finals Argentina Brazil Ghana Paraguay Round of 16 Chile England Japan Mexico Portugal Slovakia South Korea United States Group stage Algeria Australia Cameroon Denmark France Greece Honduras Italy Ivory Coast New Zealand Nigeria North Korea Serbia Slovakia South Africa Switzerland 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 2014 FIFA World Cup finalists Champions Germany Runners - up Argentina Third place Netherlands Fourth place Brazil Quarter - finals Belgium Colombia Costa Rica France Round of 16 Algeria Chile Greece Mexico Nigeria Switzerland United States Uruguay Group stage Australia Bosnia and Herzegovina Cameroon Croatia Ecuador England Ghana Honduras Iran Italy Ivory Coast Japan Portugal Russia South Korea Spain 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uruguay_national_football_team&oldid=843667604 '' Categories : South American national association football teams Uruguay national football team Football in Uruguay FIFA World Cup - 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-8100352919909758661	Cargo (2017 film)	Cargo ( 2017 film ) - Wikipedia Cargo ( 2017 film ) Cargo Theatrical release poster Directed by Ben Howling Yolanda Ramke Produced by Russell Ackerman Kristina Ceyton Samantha Jennings Mark Patterson Screenplay by Yolanda Ramke Based on Cargo by Ben Howling Yolanda Ramke Starring Martin Freeman Anthony Hayes Caren Pistorius Cinematography Geoffrey Simpson Edited by Dany Cooper Sean Lahiff Production company Umbrella Entertainment Addictive Pictures Causeway Films Head Gear Films Distributed by Netflix Release date October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) ( Adelaide Film Festival ) May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) ( Worldwide ) Running time 105 minutes Country Australia Language English Cargo is a 2017 Australian post-apocalyptic thriller film directed by Ben Howling and Yolanda Ramke with a screenplay by Ramke based on their 2013 short film of the same name . The film stars Martin Freeman , Anthony Hayes , and Caren Pistorius. . It premiered at the Adelaide Film Festival on 6 October 2017 and was released worldwide on 18 May 2018 by Netflix . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Release 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In a world overtaken by a virus that turns people into zombies within 48 hours , husband and wife , Andy and Kay , and their one - year - old daughter , Rosie , are living safely on a houseboat in rural Australia . While relocating for the night , Andy spots two children playing on the shore of the river . He shouts out to them , but the father , noticing Andy , flashes a revolver in his belt . Kay mentions their food rations are starting to run out , but Andy debates her plans to go on land . Andy spots an abandoned sailboat and proceeds to investigate it . He retrieves food , and , on his return , reassures her the sailboat he ransacked was safe , Kay decides to return by herself to try and collect more supplies , but is attacked by a zombie emerging from a cupboard . Andy discovers Kay in the bathroom of the houseboat , trying to restrain the bloodflow from a bite on her knee . She is next seen investigating a pack that was previously acquired by Andy from the river . In it is contained a bracelet that measures the amount of time left for an infected , which Kay puts on , and a spring - loaded dagger that can be used on a zombie 's temple to kill them . Andy and Kay discuss their plans , confirming her vulnerability . The family abandons the houseboat and drive to a hospital . On a deserted stretch of road , Andy stops the car and Kay change Rosie 's diaper . She collapses , convulsing and throwing up blood . Kay comes to her senses and checks her wound in the car to see it is oozing yellow slime . In a fit she exits the car and has a shouting match with Andy , angered he has been trying to keep her developments from her . He subdues her and convinces her to continue with him . Andy breaks the door handle to keep Kay from trying to escape again . On the road , Andy is distracted by a lone man and consequentially crashes the car into a tree , impaling Kay . Andy faints from shock , leaving Rosie strapped in her seat . He comes to hours later and tries to wake Kay , but realizes she has already converted , as evidenced by pus around her eyes and mouth . He takes Rosie out of the car , but is bitten by his wife during the process. He kills her and takes her bracelet and places it on himself instead , then begins travelling on foot with Rosie on his back . While resting , he spots the man that had caused their crash , but realizing he is a zombie , prepares to defend himself . An Aboriginal girl , Thoomi dissuades Andy from hurting the man , her father , and cuts her hand with a rock to draw blood and lead him away . Andy arrives at the town he intended to reach , entering a school and meeting Etta , a retired teacher . She helps him clean his wounds , and informs him that all the Aboriginal people have returned to their ancestral homelands , including all of her former students . Andy steps outside and sees fires in the distance , started by the Aboriginals . A woman is seen calling for Thoomi . That night , in a hospital room , Andy has his first seizure . He awakens the next morning , going outside to meet Etta , who tells him to seek a man named Willie , Thoomi 's father , to take care of Rosie . She explains the purpose of the fires , started by Aboriginal hunting parties that are cleansing the land by killing zombies they encounter . Etta warns Andy to stay out of their range . On his journey Andy is followed by a zombie . He finds a truck and attempts to hijack it , but is stopped by a man named Vic , who saves Andy from the zombie that had been after him . Vic is trapped under a tank and gives Andy the keys , making him promise to rescue him first , and then they can escape approaching zombies together . Vic takes Andy to his shelter , an outpost formerly part of a gas plant . He meets Vic 's wife , Lorraine . Andy hides his infection from the couple . Vic encourages Andy to leave Rosie with Lorraine so the two men can go to work . Work is shooting groups of zombies and collecting their valuables , as Vic believes when the country returns to normal people will want riches again . Vic attracts the zombies by imprisoning live , healthy humans inside cages as bait . Andy is perturbed to see Thoomi trapped , along with an old man in a cage . At the shelter , Lorraine is taking care of Rosie . As the power goes out , Rosie becomes uncomfortable . Lorraine attempts to cheer her up , but discovers slime on her stomach . Vic visits another cage with Andy . He uses entrails , a radio , and blood to lure zombies , all factors which make Andy question himself for a moment . The men return to the shelter , where Lorraine briefly mentions cleaning up Rosie . Andy plays with his daughter before setting her down in a makeshift crib , his hand starting to spasm . He leaves the shelter with a dagger , but can not bring himself to use it . Lorraine comes upon him , confessing that she is not Vic 's wife , and that Vic let her husband die along with other gas plant workers to save himself . Vic approaches them and knocks Andy out with the butt of his rifle out of suspicion , the latter awakening chained in the same cage as Thoomi . They agree to help each other escape by using the combined force of many zombies to open their cage , returning successfully to the shelter , rescuing Lorraine , Rosie , and the keys to both cages and chains . They do n't get very far before Vic emerges from the shelter and shoots at them . Lorraine sacrifices herself for them to escape . Thoomi leads Andy to the cage he visited earlier , but the man inside ( who she tells him is her tribe 's `` Clever Man '' or shaman ) is gone . They evade Vic tracking them down , and spend the night in a small gulch . After releasing each other of their chain , they are presumed to fall asleep , until later in the night Thoomi wakes up to heavy breathing and hides with Rosie while Andy rubs his face against blood on the wall . The following morning Andy and Thoomi have a conversation about her father 's health , which results in Thoomi running off after Andy asserts her father will not get better . The same woman who has been seen calling for Thoomi ( later revealed by Thoomi to Andy to be her mother and Willie 's wife ) leaves Willie 's jacket on a tree limb . Thoomi arrives to see her father has been straddled atop the tree , dead ( as part of Aboriginal burial traditions ) . Andy arrives to comfort her , but leaves promptly when he can not console Thoomi , as she irrationally blames him for delaying her ( she believed the Clever Man could restore her father 's soul to his body , as she is unaware that the zombie phenomenon is biological rather than supernatural ) . He has another breakdown and begins to try and burrow his head into the ground . Thoomi remains at the tree grieving , but is able to hear Rosie 's cry and goes to retrieve her . Andy is confronted by Thoomi after he rouses , who has decided to help him reach the river . They travel by motorboat to the campsite where Andy last saw the family , inspecting the RV in which the family was staying . Andy leaves with Rosie to go find the family , while Thoomi stays in the RV . He meets the father , who has been bitten , and once again shows him his revolver . The father says it contains six bullets , and that Andy can have the remaining two once he uses them on himself and his family . Andy retreats as three gunshots are heard in the distance . The fourth is delayed while the father follows Andy , using it on himself and collapsing behind him . Andy collects the gun as intended and debates whether to shoot himself as well . Thoomi rushes to them , having removed her leaves and claiming she is ready to go home . They set off together towards the sight of smoke on a nearby hill . As they pass through a train tunnel , they encounter Vic . Thoomi hides with Rosie inside a parked vehicle on the tracks , while Andy tries to distract Vic . The two men fight , and Andy shoots once , hitting Vic in the abdomen . During the struggle , Vic manages to obtain the revolver and also shoot Andy . Andy , briefly defeated , is unable to help Thoomi , who Vic pulls from the car , in the process hitting her head on the rails . She lies in pain , Vic grabbing hold of Rosie . Andy rises to check on Thoomi , who is still alive , and then Rosie , who Vic is cradling , lamenting the incidental death of Lorraine . He tearfully hands over Rosie so that Andy can renew his walk with a hurt Thoomi . On the way Andy has another lapse , almost indulging in decayed meat . With little time left , Andy asks of Thoomi to promise to look after Rosie , with whom Andy shares a farewell before preparing himself for the finalization by placing a guard in his mouth , binding his wrists , and wrapping the meat from earlier on a stick . He then succumbs , his eyes crusted over . The Aboriginal warriors have finished their raid , but Thoomi calls out to them with a whistle , drawing attention of the woman , her mother . Thoomi and Rosie are riding Andy , who is guided by the meat on the stick , and being perfectly harmless is detained by the warriors while Thoomi and Rosie are welcomed back by her mother . One of the warriors , the Clever Man who managed to escape his cage on his own , attempts to strike Andy with his spear , but Thoomi stops him . She takes out Kay 's perfume bottle , and sprays it one last time , the smell pacifying Andy , for a moment returning his consciousness as he realizes Rosie is finally safe . Thoomi then allows the Clever Man to put Andy out of his misery . The Aboriginal people are seen traveling to a refuge of many of their people where they are welcomed heartily . As Thoomi and her mother inspect Rosie , the words Thank You are read on her stomach , written in white paint which Thoomi and the warriors have used to disguise their scent from the zombies . The final shots of the movie are of Andy 's plaid shirt and Rosie 's fishing bait mobile hung on a tree . Cast ( edit ) Martin Freeman as Andy Rose Anthony Hayes as Vic Carter Caren Pistorius as Lorraine Cassidy David Gulpilil as Daku - Cleverman Susie Porter as Kay Caine Kris McQuade as Etta Bruce R. Carter as Willie Natasha Wanganeen as Josie Simone Landers as Thoomi Release ( edit ) The film was originally scheduled to be released on 8 June 2018 . However , it was later brought forward to 18 May 2018 . The film is dedicated in memory of Dr. G. Yunupingu , an Aboriginal Australian singer who died aged 46 on 26 July 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Cargo received positive reviews from critics , praising its emotional depth and Freeman 's performance . On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 84 % , based on 57 reviews , and an average rating of 7.1 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Cargo takes a refreshingly character - driven approach to the zombie genre that 's further distinguished by its Australian setting and Martin Freeman 's terrific lead performance . '' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 65 out of 100 , based on 12 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The film has been described as a tribute to the 2009 film The Road . In a positive review , Brian Tallerico of RogerEbert.com stated he believed George A. Romero would have enjoyed the film . Clark Collins of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a ' B ' , saying : `` The Australian setting brings a fresh , and epic , quality to this now done - to - death genre '' . However , Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter criticized the film for being `` unlikely to satisfy either viewers looking for serious - minded fare or horror fans looking for genuine frights '' , but praised Freeman 's `` quietly intense '' performance . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Giroux , Jack ( 24 September 2016 ) . `` ' Cargo ' First Look : Martin Freeman Stars in the Zombie - Infested Drama '' . / Film . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , Andrea ( 9 February 2017 ) . `` Netflix swoops on world rights to Martin Freeman zombie movie '' . Screen Daily . Screen International . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Barkan , Johnathon ( 12 May 2016 ) . `` Martin Freeman Joins Zombie Thriller ' Cargo ' '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Parfitt , Orlando ( 24 January 2018 ) . `` 15 Netflix Original movies to look out for in 2018 '' . Screen Daily . Screen International . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Karl ( 3 May 2018 ) . `` When is a zombie film not a zombie film ? When it 's Martin Freeman 's Cargo '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Fairfax Media . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . Cargo was written by Yolanda Ramke and co-directed by her and Ben Howling ( they 're mates , but not a couple ) . It 's their first feature , an extended reworking of the seven - minute film they made for Tropfest in 2013 , which became a YouTube sensation ( it 's been watched more than 14 million times ) . ^ Jump up to : Wise , Josh ( 23 April 2018 ) . `` Cargo '' . Slant . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . In the post-apocalyptic world of Cargo , the undead shuffle about with eyes that seem to weep marmalade , a symptom of a mysterious disease that 's swept across Australia . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Raz ( 22 April 2018 ) . `` The NetFlix film about a baby - toting dad Fighting Zombies is Apparently Good '' . Fatherly . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Flook , Ray ( 7 March 2018 ) . `` Netflix Announces 2018 Tribeca Film Festival Films and Documentaries '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Russell ( 26 July 2017 ) . `` Dr. G. Yunupingu , Australian Aboriginal Singer , Dies at 46 '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 23 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cargo ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cargo Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Tallerico , Brian ( 18 May 2018 ) . `` Cargo '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Collins , Clark ( 10 May 2018 ) . `` Martin Freeman must protect his baby from zombies in horror movie ' Cargo ' : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Scheck , Frank ( 16 May 2018 ) . `` ' Cargo ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . External links ( edit ) Cargo on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cargo_(2017_film)&oldid=856474368 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2010s thriller films Australian films Australian thriller films Dystopian films Features based on short films Post-apocalyptic films Zombie films Netflix original films Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2018 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 13 : 47 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	where is the movie cargo based out of	[ "In a world overtaken by a virus that turns people into zombies within 48 hours, husband and wife, Andy and Kay, and their one-year-old daughter, Rosie, are living safely on a houseboat in rural Australia. \n" ]	[ "Australia" ]
-7091899169769344593	List of people who have won Academy, Emmy, Grammy, and Tony Awards	List of people who have won Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Awards - wikipedia List of people who have won Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Awards Jump to : navigation , search `` EGOT '' redirects here . For other uses , see EGOT ( disambiguation ) . Twelve people have won all four major annual American entertainment awards in a competitive , individual ( non-group ) category of the Emmy , Grammy , Oscar , and Tony Awards . Respectively , these awards honor outstanding achievements in television , recording , film , and theater . Winning all four awards has been referred to as winning the `` grand slam '' of American show business . The acronym EGOT was coined by actor Philip Michael Thomas in late 1984 , when his role on the new hit show Miami Vice brought instant fame , gregariously stating a desire to complete his own EGOT - winning collection . When coining the acronym , Thomas stated that it also means `` energy , growth , opportunity and talent '' . However , he also intended that the `` E '' should only stand for the Primetime Emmy Award , and not a Daytime Emmy nor any of the awards presented at the other types of Emmy ceremonies . Nevertheless , two of 12 people listed as EGOT winners have `` only '' won the Daytime Emmy . Contents ( hide ) 1 Winners of all four awards 1.1 Additional major awards 2 Including non-competitive or special 2.1 Additional major awards or honors 3 Qualifying awards summary ( competitive only ) 3.1 Richard Rodgers 3.2 Helen Hayes 3.3 Rita Moreno 3.4 John Gielgud 3.5 Audrey Hepburn 3.6 Marvin Hamlisch 3.7 Jonathan Tunick 3.8 Mel Brooks 3.9 Mike Nichols 3.10 Whoopi Goldberg 3.11 Scott Rudin 3.12 Robert Lopez 4 Winners including non-competitive awards 4.1 Barbra Streisand 4.2 Liza Minnelli 4.3 James Earl Jones 4.4 Alan Menken 4.5 Harry Belafonte 4.6 Quincy Jones 5 Three competitive awards 5.1 Notes 6 Three awards ( non-competitive ) 6.1 Notes 7 Four nominations 7.1 Notes 8 PEGOT 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Winners of all four Awards ( edit ) To date , twelve individuals have won all four awards in competitive categories . Name Completed ( year span ) Emmy Grammy Oscar Tony Completion Year Category ( s ) Rodgers , Richard Richard Rodgers 17 1962 1960 1945 1950 1962 Composer Hayes , Helen Helen Hayes 45 1953 1977 1932 1947 1977 Actress Moreno , Rita Rita Moreno 16 1977 1972 1961 1977 Actress / Singer Gielgud , John John Gielgud 30 1991 1979 1981 1961 1991 Actor / Director Hepburn , Audrey Audrey Hepburn 41 1993 1994 1953 1954 1993 Actress Hamlisch , Marvin Marvin Hamlisch 23 1995 1973 1976 1995 Composer Tunick , Jonathan Jonathan Tunick 20 1982 1988 1977 1997 1997 Composer / Conductor Brooks , Mel Mel Brooks 34 1967 1998 1968 2001 2001 Writer / Composer / Actor Nichols , Mike Mike Nichols 40 2001 1961 1967 1964 2001 Director / Actor Goldberg , Whoopi Whoopi Goldberg 17 2002 1985 1990 2002 2002 Actress / Host Rudin , Scott Scott Rudin 28 1984 2012 2007 1994 2012 Producer Lopez , Robert Robert Lopez 10 2008 2012 2014 2014 Composer Notes : ^ 1 The artist also subsequently won one or more additional competitive awards . ^ 2 The artist also received one or more honorary or non-competitive awards . ^ 3 The artist also earned the Triple Crown of Acting , with singular ( non-group / ensemble / company ) acting wins in the Emmy , Oscar and Tony awards . ^ 4 The artist has won a Daytime Emmy Award , not a Primetime Emmy Award . ^ 5 The artist was awarded posthumously . ^ 6 The artist has subsequently achieved multiple EGOTs . Additional major Awards ( edit ) Marvin Hamlisch and Richard Rodgers have also won the Pulitzer Prize . Gielgud , Goldberg , Hamlisch , Hepburn , Moreno , Nichols , and Rudin have been awarded one or more Golden Globe Awards . Mel Brooks , Helen Hayes , Rita Moreno , Mike Nichols , and Richard Rodgers have also been awarded the Kennedy Center Honors . Helen Hayes , Audrey Hepburn , and Rita Moreno have been awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Mel Brooks , Helen Hayes , Rita Moreno , and Mike Nichols have been awarded the National Medal of Arts . Mel Brooks and Mike Nichols have been awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award . Audrey Hepburn and Rita Moreno have been awarded the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award . Audrey Hepburn has also been awarded the Cecil B. DeMille Award . Including non-competitive or Special ( edit ) Six other artists -- Liza Minnelli , James Earl Jones , Barbra Streisand , Alan Menken , Harry Belafonte and Quincy Jones -- have also received all four awards , even though at least one of the awards was non-competitive , i.e. special or honorary in nature ( Streisand 's Tony , both Jones ' Oscars , Minnelli 's Grammy , Menken 's Emmy and Belafonte 's Oscar ) . The following are the six artists who also have won the four major awards but not exclusively in the main competitive categories . Artist Years to complete 1st Award 2nd Award 3rd Award 4th Award Streisand , Barbra Barbra Streisand 6 1964 Grammy 1965 Emmy 1968 Oscar 1970 Special Tony Award Minnelli , Liza Liza Minnelli 25 1965 Tony 1972 Oscar 1973 Emmy 1990 Grammy Legend Award Jones , James Earl James Earl Jones 42 1969 Tony 1977 Grammy 1991 Emmy 2011 Academy Honorary Award ( Oscar ) Menken , Alan Alan Menken 23 1989 Oscar 1990 Special Emmy Award 1991 Grammy 2012 Tony Belafonte , Harry Harry Belafonte 61 1953 Tony 1960 Emmy 1961 Grammy 2014 Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award ( Oscar ) Jones , Quincy Quincy Jones 52 1964 Grammy 1977 Emmy 1994 Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award ( Oscar ) 2016 Tony Additional major Awards or Honors ( edit ) James Earl Jones , Alan Menken , Liza Minnelli , and Barbra Streisand have been awarded one or more Golden Globe Awards . Harry Belafonte , James Earl Jones , Quincy Jones , and Barbra Streisand have been awarded the Kennedy Center Honors . Harry Belafonte , James Earl Jones , Quincy Jones , and Barbra Streisand have been awarded the National Medal of Arts . Harry Belafonte , Quincy Jones , Alan Menken , Liza Minnelli , and Barbra Streisand have been inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame . James Earl Jones and Liza Minnelli have been inducted into the American Theatre Hall of Fame . Barbra Streisand has been awarded the AFI Life Achievement Award , Cecil B. DeMille Award , and the Presidential Medal of Freedom . James Earl Jones has been awarded the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award . Qualifying Awards summary ( competitive only ) ( edit ) Richard Rodgers ( edit ) Richard Rodgers became the first person to win all four awards in 1962 . Richard Rodgers ( 1902 -- 1979 ) , a composer , received his fourth distinct award in 1962 . Between 1945 and 1979 , Rodgers received a total of 13 awards . Academy Awards : 1945 : Best Song -- `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' from State Fair Emmy Awards : 1962 : Outstanding Achievement in Original Music Composed -- Winston Churchill : The Valiant Years Grammy Awards : 1960 : Best Show Album ( Original Cast ) -- The Sound of Music 1962 : Best Original Cast Show Album -- No Strings Tony Awards : 1950 : Best Musical -- South Pacific 1950 : Tony Award for Producers , Musical -- South Pacific 1950 : Best Score -- South Pacific 1952 : Best Musical -- The King and I 1960 : Best Musical -- The Sound of Music 1962 : Best Composer -- No Strings Special Awards : 1962 : Special Tony Award `` for all he has done for young people in the theatre and for taking the men of the orchestra out of the pit and putting them onstage in No Strings '' 1972 : Special Tony Award 1979 : Special Tony Award , Lawrence Langner Memorial Award for Distinguished Lifetime Achievement in the American Theatre Helen Hayes ( edit ) Helen Hayes became the second person and first woman to win all four awards in 1977 . Helen Hayes ( 1900 -- 1993 ) , an actress , received her fourth distinct award in 1977 . Between 1932 and 1980 , Hayes received a total of 7 awards . She was the first woman to win all four . Hayes was also the first person to win the Triple Crown of Acting , with singular ( non-group / ensemble / company ) acting wins in each of the Emmy , Oscar and Tony awards , winning her third in 1953 . Counting only the first award of each type , she also has the distinction of the longest timespan ( 45 years ) between her first and fourth award of any showbiz Grand Slam winner . Academy Awards : 1932 : Best Actress in a Leading Role -- The Sin of Madelon Claudet 1970 : Best Actress in a Supporting Role -- Airport Emmy Awards : 1953 : Best Actress -- Schlitz Playhouse of Stars for the episode `` Not a Chance '' Grammy Awards : 1977 : Best Spoken Word Recording -- Great American Documents Tony Awards : 1947 : Best Actress , Dramatic -- Happy Birthday 1958 : Best Actress , Dramatic -- Time Remembered Special Awards : 1980 : Special Tony Award , Lawrence Langner Memorial Award for Distinguished Lifetime Achievement in the American Theatre Rita Moreno ( edit ) Rita Moreno became the third person and first Latino person to win all four awards in 1977 . Rita Moreno ( born 1931 ) , an actress , received her fourth distinct award in 1977 . Between 1961 and 1978 , Moreno received a total of five awards . She is also the first Hispanic winner and the first winner to win a Grammy as their second award ( both previous winners won Tonys as their second award ) . In addition , she became a Kennedy Center Honoree in 2015 . Academy Awards : 1961 : Best Actress in a Supporting Role -- West Side Story Emmy Awards : 1977 : Outstanding Continuing or Single Performance by a Supporting Actress in Variety or Music -- The Muppet Show 1978 : Outstanding Lead Actress for a Single Appearance in a Drama or Comedy Series -- The Rockford Files for the episode `` The Paper Palace '' Grammy Awards : 1972 : Best Recording for Children -- The Electric Company Tony Awards : 1975 : Best Featured or Supporting Actress in a Play -- The Ritz John Gielgud ( edit ) In 1991 , John Gielgud became the fourth person and , at age 87 , the oldest person to win all four awards . John Gielgud ( 1904 -- 2000 ) , an actor , received his fourth distinct award in 1991 . Between 1948 and 1991 , Gielgud received a total of six awards . Gielgud was the first winner to win any award other than the Oscar as their first award ( his first award was a Tony ) . At age 87 when he won his Emmy , he was also the oldest winner . Academy Awards : 1981 : Best Actor in a Supporting Role -- Arthur Emmy Awards : 1991 : Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Special -- Summer 's Lease Grammy Awards : 1979 : Best Spoken Word , Documentary or Drama Recording -- Ages of Man Tony Awards : 1948 : Outstanding Foreign Company -- The Importance of Being Earnest 1961 : Best Director of a Drama -- Big Fish , Little Fish Special Awards : 1959 : Special Tony Award `` for contribution to theatre for his extraordinary insight into the writings of Shakespeare as demonstrated in his one - man play Ages of Man '' Audrey Hepburn ( edit ) Audrey Hepburn became the fifth person to win all four awards , and the first to complete it posthumously . Audrey Hepburn ( 1929 -- 1993 ) , an actress , received her fourth distinct award posthumously in 1994 . Between 1953 and 1994 , Hepburn received a total of six awards . She was the fifth person to complete the feat and the first to do so posthumously . She was also the first winner to win two of their awards in consecutive awards shows ( the 1994 Grammys were the first Grammys since her posthumous win at the 1993 Emmys ) . She is one of the only two EGOT winners ( the other being Jonathan Tunick ) to not win multiple awards in any of the four award fields . Academy Awards : 1953 : Best Actress in a Leading Role -- Roman Holiday Emmy Awards : 1993 : Outstanding Individual Achievement , Informational Programming -- Gardens of the World with Audrey Hepburn Grammy Awards : 1994 : Best Spoken Word Album for Children -- Audrey Hepburn 's Enchanted Tales Tony Awards : 1954 : Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play -- Ondine Special Awards : 1968 : Special Tony Award , Special Achievement Award 1993 : Special Academy Award , Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award Marvin Hamlisch ( edit ) Marvin Hamlisch ( shown with his wife Terre Blair ) became the sixth person to win all four awards in 1995 . He has the most Oscars of any EGOT winners . Marvin Hamlisch ( 1944 -- 2012 ) , a composer , received his fourth distinct award in 1995 . Between 1973 and 2001 , Hamlisch received a total of 12 awards . Hamlisch has the most Oscars of any Grand Slam winners ( three ) . In 1974 he became the first winner to have won a `` General Field '' Grammy -- taking Song of the Year and Best New Artist . He was also the first Grand Slam winner to have won multiple legs of the feat for the same work -- an Oscar and a Grammy for song `` The Way We Were '' . Academy Awards : 1973 : Best Music , Original Dramatic Score -- The Way We Were 1973 : Best Music , Original Song -- `` The Way We Were '' 1973 : Best Music , Scoring Original Song Score and / or Adaptation -- The Sting Emmy Awards : 1995 : Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music Direction -- Barbra : The Concert 1995 : Outstanding Individual Achievement in Music and Lyrics -- Barbra : The Concert 1999 : Outstanding Music and Lyrics -- AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies 2001 : Outstanding Music Direction -- Timeless : Live in Concert Grammy Awards : 1974 : Song of the Year -- `` The Way We Were '' 1974 : Best New Artist of the Year 1974 : Best Pop Instrumental Performance -- The Entertainer 1974 : Album of Best Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special -- The Way We Were Tony Awards : 1976 : Best Musical Score -- A Chorus Line Jonathan Tunick ( edit ) Jonathan Tunick ( born 1938 ) , a composer , conductor , and music arranger , received his fourth distinct award in 1997 . Between 1977 and 1997 , Tunick received a total of four awards . Tunick is the first Grand Slam winner to have won an Emmy as their second award as well as the first to win the Tony as their fourth award . He is also the second person ( after Audrey Hepburn ) to not win any multiple awards in any of the four award fields . Academy Awards : 1977 : Best Music , Original Song Score and Its Adaptation or Best Adaptation Score -- A Little Night Music Emmy Awards : 1982 : Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction -- Night of 100 Stars Grammy Awards : 1988 : Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocals -- `` No One is Alone , '' Cleo Laine Tony Awards : 1997 : Best Orchestrations -- Titanic Mel Brooks ( edit ) Mel Brooks became the eighth person to win all four awards in 2001 as well as the first person to win the Emmy as the first of the four awards . Mel Brooks ( born 1926 ) , a director , writer and actor , received his fourth distinct award in June 2001 . Between 1968 and 2002 , Brooks received a total of 11 awards . Brooks was the first person to win the Emmy as the first award , and the first winner to have won his Oscar for screenwriting . Academy Awards : 1968 : Best Writing , Story and Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen -- The Producers Emmy Awards : 1967 : Outstanding Writing Achievement in Variety -- The Sid Caesar , Imogene Coca , Carl Reiner , Howard Morris Special 1997 : Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series -- Mad About You 1998 : Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series -- Mad About You 1999 : Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series -- Mad About You Grammy Awards : 1998 : Best Spoken Comedy Album -- The 2000 Year Old Man in the Year 2000 2002 : Best Long Form Music Video -- Recording ' The Producers ' : A Musical Romp with Mel Brooks 2002 : Best Musical Show Album -- The Producers Tony Awards : 2001 : Best Book of a Musical -- The Producers 2001 : Best Original Score -- The Producers 2001 : Best Musical -- The Producers When he appeared on January 30 , 2015 episode of Real Time with Bill Maher , Brooks called himself an EGOTAK , noting that he had also received awards from the American Film Institute and Kennedy Center . Mike Nichols ( edit ) Mike Nichols became the ninth person to win all four awards , and had the longest timespan - fifty - one years - of all the grand slam winners . Mike Nichols ( 1931 -- 2014 ) , a director , received his fourth distinct award in November 2001 . Between 1961 and 2012 , Nichols received a total of 15 awards . Nichols was the first slam winner to win the Grammy as their first award , the first winner to have won multiple awards ( an Oscar , several Tonys , and two Emmys ) for directing . When counting all awards won -- not just the first of each type -- Nichols has the longest timespan of awards among Grand Slam winners , at 51 years . Academy Awards : 1967 : Best Director -- The Graduate Emmy Awards : 2001 : Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special -- Wit 2001 : Outstanding Made for Television Movie -- Wit ( as Executive Producer ) 2004 : Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special -- Angels in America 2004 : Outstanding Miniseries -- Angels in America ( as Executive Producer ) Grammy Awards : 1961 : Best Comedy Performance -- An Evening with Mike Nichols and Elaine May Tony Awards : 1964 : Best Director , Dramatic -- Barefoot in the Park 1965 : Best Director , Dramatic -- Luv and The Odd Couple 1968 : Best Director , Dramatic -- Plaza Suite 1972 : Best Director , Dramatic -- The Prisoner of Second Avenue 1977 : Best Musical -- Annie ( as producer ) 1984 : Best Director , Play -- The Real Thing 1984 : Best Play -- The Real Thing ( as producer ) 2005 : Best Director , Musical -- Monty Python 's Spamalot 2012 : Best Director , Play -- Death of a Salesman Whoopi Goldberg ( edit ) Whoopi Goldberg became the tenth winner , first winner to win two of their awards in the same year , and first African American winner , in 2002 . Whoopi Goldberg ( born 1955 ) , an actress , comedian and talk - show host , received her fourth distinct award in 2002 . Between 1985 and 2009 , Goldberg received a total of 6 awards . Goldberg is the first African American winner , the first to win the Oscar as their second award , and the first to win two of their awards in the same year ( she won both her first Daytime Emmy and her Tony in 2002 ) . Academy Awards : 1990 : Best Actress in a Supporting Role -- Ghost Daytime Emmy Awards : 2002 : Outstanding Special Class Special -- Beyond Tara : The Extraordinary Life of Hattie McDaniel ( Host ) 2009 : Outstanding Talk Show Host -- The View Grammy Awards : 1985 : Best Comedy Recording -- Whoopi Goldberg : Original Broadway Show Recording Tony Awards : 2002 : Best Musical -- Thoroughly Modern Millie Special Awards : 1997 : Special Emmy Award , Governors Award , for the seven Comic Relief Benefit Specials Notes : Although she has not won a competitive Primetime Emmy award , she has been nominated several times . The fact that she does not have a competitive Primetime Emmy Award has led to debate over her inclusion in the `` official list . '' In the 30 Rock episode `` Dealbreakers Talk Show * # 0001 '' , Goldberg ( playing herself ) addresses this when questioned by character Tracy Jordan about her Daytime Emmy : `` It still counts ! Girl 's got ta eat ! '' Scott Rudin ( edit ) Scott Rudin ( born 1958 ) received his fourth distinct award in 2012 . Between 1984 and 2017 , Rudin received a total of 18 awards making him the record holder for most awards won among the people who have won all four awards in competitive categories . Rudin is the first winner who is primarily a producer . Academy Awards : 2007 : Best Picture -- No Country For Old Men Primetime Emmy Awards : 1984 : Outstanding Children 's Program -- He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin ' Grammy Awards : 2012 : Best Musical Theater Album -- The Book of Mormon : Original Broadway Cast Recording Tony Awards : 1994 : Best Musical -- Passion 2000 : Best Play -- Copenhagen 2002 : Best Play -- The Goat , or Who Is Sylvia ? 2005 : Best Play -- Doubt 2006 : Best Play -- The History Boys 2009 : Best Play -- God of Carnage 2010 : Best Revival of a Play -- Fences 2011 : Best Musical -- The Book of Mormon 2012 : Best Revival of a Play -- Death of a Salesman 2014 : Best Revival of a Play -- A Raisin in the Sun 2015 : Best Play -- The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time 2015 : Best Revival of a Play -- Skylight 2016 : Best Play -- The Humans 2016 : Best Revival of a Play -- A View From the Bridge 2017 : Best Revival of a Musical -- Hello , Dolly ! Robert Lopez ( edit ) Robert Lopez ( right , shown with Avenue Q partner Jeff Marx ) became the twelfth person to win all four awards , the first Filipino and Asian and the youngest person to achieve this feat , the fastest to achieve the feat ( 10 years ) , and the only person to achieve multiple EGOTs . Robert Lopez ( born 1975 ) , a songwriter , received his fourth distinct award in 2014 . Between 2004 and 2018 , Lopez received a total of 10 awards . Like fellow EGOT winner Whoopi Goldberg , his Emmy awards are Daytime Emmys ( although he has been nominated for three competitive Primetime Emmy awards ) . Lopez is the first Filipino and Asian to achieve this feat . He is also the youngest winner to receive all four awards in competitive categories , as well as the fastest to complete his qualifying run of EGOT award wins ( 10 years ) , and has the shortest time to complete any run of EGOT wins ( 4 years ) . He received his Grammy Award for The Book of Mormon in collaboration with fellow EGOT winner Scott Rudin ( among others ) , making them the first pair of Grand Slam winners to have been co-winners of the same award . Lopez is also the first person to have won the Oscar last , which he won with his wife Kristen Anderson - Lopez . He is also the first winner to also win the so - called `` Double EGOT '' , winning each EGOT award twice . He is the second Grand Slam winner , behind only Marvin Hamlisch , to have won multiple legs of the feat for the same work -- an Oscar and a Grammy for the song `` Let It Go . '' Academy Awards 2014 : Best Original Song -- `` Let It Go '' from Frozen 2018 : Best Original Song -- `` Remember Me '' from Coco Daytime Emmy Awards 2008 : Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition -- Wonder Pets 2010 : Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition -- Wonder Pets Grammy Awards 2012 : Best Musical Theater Album -- The Book of Mormon : Original Broadway Cast Recording 2015 : Best Compilation Soundtrack for Visual Media -- Frozen 2015 : Best Song Written for Visual Media -- `` Let It Go '' from Frozen Tony Awards 2004 : Best Original Score -- Avenue Q 2011 : Best Book of a Musical -- The Book of Mormon 2011 : Best Original Score -- The Book of Mormon Winners including non-competitive Awards ( edit ) The following artists have also received all of the four major awards . However , in each case , one of these awards has been received only in an honorary or other non-competitive category . ( Streisand has not received a competitive Tony , Minnelli has not received a competitive Grammy , Menken has not received a competitive Emmy and Belafonte and Jones have not received a competitive Oscar . ) Barbra Streisand ( edit ) Barbra Streisand became the youngest winner in 1970 at the age of 28 . With just seven years elapsing between her first Grammy and her Tony , she also completed the feat in the shortest amount of time of any winner . However her Tony is a non-competitive award . Barbra Streisand ( born 1942 ) , a singer and actress , received her fourth distinct award in 1970 . Between 1963 and 2001 , Streisand received a total of 18 awards . Having completed the showbiz Grand Slam at age 28 , she is the youngest winner , and with just six years elapsing between her first award ( a 1964 Grammy ) and her final award ( a 1970 Special Tony ) , Streisand also completed the Grand Slam in the shortest amount of time . She is also the only winner to have won an Oscar in both a music and an acting category . She is also the only winner to have won all of her competitive awards for her debut performances ( her first musical album , feature film and television special , respectively ) . In addition , she also received the AFI Life Achievement Award , the Kennedy Center Honor , the Cecil B. DeMille Award , the National Medal of Arts , the American Society of Cinematographers Board of Governors Award , the Presidential Medal of Freedom . Academy Awards : 1968 : Best Actress in a Leading Role -- Funny Girl 1976 : Best Music , Song -- Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) Emmy Awards : 1965 : Outstanding Individual Achievements in Entertainment -- Actors and Performers -- My Name is Barbra 1995 : Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program -- Barbra Streisand : The Concert 1995 : Outstanding Variety , Music or Comedy Special -- Barbra Streisand : The Concert 2001 : Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program -- Timeless : Live in Concert Daytime Emmy Awards : 2001 : Outstanding Special Class Special -- Reel Models : The First Women of Film Grammy Awards : 1964 : Best Vocal Performance , Female -- The Barbra Streisand Album 1964 : Album Of The Year ( Other Than Classical ) -- The Barbra Streisand Album 1965 : Best Vocal Performance , Female -- `` People '' ( from the musical Funny Girl ) 1966 : Best Vocal Performance , Female -- My Name Is Barbra 1977 : Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female -- `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' 1977 : Song Of The Year -- Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) 1980 : Best Pop Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal -- `` Guilty '' ( with Barry Gibb ) 1986 : Best Pop Vocal Performance , Female -- The Broadway Album 1992 : Special Grammy Award : Grammy Legend Award ( non-competitive ) 1995 : Special Grammy Award : Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award ( non-competitive ) Tony Awards : 1970 : Special Tony Award : Star of the Decade ( non-competitive ) Liza Minnelli ( edit ) Liza Minnelli has each of the four awards , having won her fourth in 1990 , but her Grammy is a non-competitive award . Liza Minnelli ( born 1946 ) , an actress and singer , received her fourth distinct award in 1990 . Between 1965 and 2009 , Minnelli received a total of 7 awards . Academy Awards : 1972 : Best Actress in a Leading Role ( Cabaret ) Emmy Awards : 1973 : Outstanding Single Program − Variety and Popular Music ( Liza with a ' Z ' . A Concert for Television ) Grammy Awards : 1990 : Special Grammy Award : Grammy Legend Award ( non-competitive ) Tony Awards : 1965 : Best Leading Actress in a Musical ( Flora the Red Menace ) 1974 : Special Tony Award for `` adding lustre to the Broadway season '' ( non-competitive ) 1978 : Best Leading Actress in a Musical ( The Act ) 2009 : Best Special Theatrical Event ( Liza 's at The Palace ... ! ) James Earl Jones ( edit ) James Earl Jones has each of the four awards , having won his fourth in 2012 , but his Oscar is a non-competitive award . James Earl Jones ( born 1931 ) , an actor , received his fourth distinct award in 2011 . Between 1969 and 2011 , Jones received a total of 7 awards . Academy Awards : 2011 : Academy Honorary Award ( non-competitive ) Emmy Awards : 1991 : Outstanding Lead Actor − Drama Series ( Gabriel 's Fire ) 1991 : Outstanding Supporting Actor − Miniseries or a Movie ( Heat Wave ) Daytime Emmy Awards : 2000 : Outstanding Performer − Children 's Special ( Summer 's End ) Grammy Awards : 1977 : Best Spoken Word Recording ( Great American Documents ) Tony Awards : 1969 : Best Leading Actor in a Play ( The Great White Hope ) 1987 : Best Leading Actor in a Play ( Fences ) 2017 : Special Tony Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre ( non-competitive ) Alan Menken ( edit ) Alan Menken has won a Tony as well as multiple Grammys and Oscars . He also received an honorary award presented by the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Alan Menken ( born 1949 ) , composer and songwriter , received his fourth distinct award in 2012 . Between 1989 and 2012 , Menken received a total of 21 awards . He has the most Oscar wins ( 8 ) by a grand slam winner and is the second most prolific Oscar winner in the music categories after Alfred Newman . He is also notable for frequently having multiple songs from the same film nominated for major awards . Academy Awards : 1989 : Best Original Score -- The Little Mermaid 1989 : Best Original Song -- `` Under the Sea '' from The Little Mermaid 1991 : Best Original Score -- Beauty and the Beast 1991 : Best Original Song -- `` Beauty and the Beast '' from Beauty and the Beast 1992 : Best Original Score -- Aladdin 1992 : Best Original Song -- `` A Whole New World '' from Aladdin 1995 : Best Original Musical or Comedy Score -- Pocahontas 1995 : Best Original Song -- `` Colors of the Wind '' from Pocahontas Emmy Awards : 1990 : Outstanding contribution to the success of the Academy 's anti-drug special for children -- `` Wonderful Ways to Say No '' from the TV special Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue ( non-competitive ) Grammy Awards : 1991 : Best Recording for Children -- The Little Mermaid : Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack 1991 : Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television -- `` Under the Sea '' from The Little Mermaid 1993 : Best Album for Children -- Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 1993 : Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television -- Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 1993 : Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television -- `` Beauty and the Beast '' from Beauty and the Beast 1994 : Song of the Year -- `` A Whole New World ( Aladdin 's Theme ) '' from Aladdin 1994 : Best Musical Album for Children -- Aladdin : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 1994 : Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television -- Aladdin : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 1994 : Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television -- `` A Whole New World '' from Aladdin 1996 : Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television -- `` Colors of the Wind '' from Pocahontas 2012 : Best Song Written for Visual Media -- `` I See the Light '' from Tangled Tony Awards : 2012 : Best Original Score -- Newsies Harry Belafonte ( edit ) Belafonte has each of the four awards , but his Oscar is a non-competitive award . Harry Belafonte ( born 1927 ) , an actor , received his fourth distinct award in 2014 . Between 1953 and 2014 , Belafonte received a total of 6 awards . Academy Awards : 2014 : Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award ( non-competitive ) Emmy Awards : 1960 : Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program ( Tonight with Belafonte - The Revlon Revue ) Grammy Awards : 1961 : Best Performance Folk -- Swing Dat Hammer 1966 : Best Folk Performance -- An Evening With Belafonte / Makeba 2000 : Grammy Hall of Fame Award Tony Awards : 1953 : Best Featured Actor in a Musical -- John Murray Anderson 's Almanac Quincy Jones ( edit ) Quincy Jones received his fourth award in 2016 , as a producer for the musical The Color Purple . Quincy Jones ( born 1933 ) , an American record producer , actor and composer , received his fourth distinct award in 2016 . Between 1964 and 2016 , Jones received a total of 31 awards -- the highest number of awards of any grand slam winner . He also has the most Grammy wins ( 28 ) by a grand slam winner . Academy Awards : 1994 : Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award ( non-competitive ) Emmy Awards : 1977 : Outstanding Music Composition for a Series ( for Roots ) Grammy Awards : 1964 : Best Instrumental Arrangement -- `` I Ca n't Stop Loving You '' 1970 : Best Instrumental Jazz Performance - Large Group Or Soloist With Large Group -- Walking in Space 1972 : Best Pop Instrumental Performance -- Smackwater Jack 1974 : Best Instrumental Arrangement -- `` Summer in the City '' 1979 : Best Instrumental Arrangement -- `` The Wiz Main Title ( Overture , Part One ) '' 1981 : Best Instrumental Arrangement -- `` Dinorah , Dinorah '' 1982 : Producer Of The Year 1982 : Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal ( s ) -- `` Ai No Corrida '' 1982 : Best Arrangement On An Instrumental Recording -- `` Velas '' 1982 : Best Cast Show Album -- Lena Horne : The Lady and Her Music 1982 : Best R&B Performance By A Duo Or Group With Vocal -- The Dude 1984 : Producer Of The Year ( Non-Classical ) 1984 : Best Recording For Children -- E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial 1984 : Album Of The Year -- Thriller 1984 : Record Of The Year -- `` Beat It '' 1985 : Best Arrangements On An Instrumental -- `` Grace ( Gymnastics Theme ) '' 1986 : Best Music Video , Short Form -- `` We Are the World -- The Video Event '' 1986 : Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal -- `` We Are the World '' 1986 : Record Of The Year -- `` We Are the World '' 1990 : Producer Of The Year ( Non-Classical ) 1990 : Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal ( s ) -- `` The Places You Find Love '' 1990 : Best Arrangement On An Instrumental -- `` Birdland '' 1990 : Best Jazz Fusion Performance -- `` Birdland '' 1990 : Best Rap Performance By A Duo Or Group -- `` Back on the Block '' 1990 : Album Of The Year -- Back on the Block 1991 : Grammy Legend Award 1994 : Best Large Jazz Ensemble Performance -- Miles & Quincy Live At Montreux 2002 : Best Spoken Word Album -- Q : The Autobiography Of Quincy Jones Tony Awards : 2016 : Best Revival of a Musical ( The Color Purple ) Three competitive Awards ( edit ) The following people have each won three out of the four major entertainment awards in competitive categories . Missing a Tony Award John Addison Julie Andrews Burt Bacharach Alan Bergman Marilyn Bergman George Burns Cher Common Michael Giacchino Brian Grazer Ron Howard James Moll Randy Newman Sid Ramin Martin Scorsese Barbra Streisand Peter Ustinov John Williams Robin Williams Kate Winslet Missing a Grammy Award Jack Albertson Anne Bancroft Ingrid Bergman Shirley Booth Ralph Burns Ellen Burstyn Viola Davis Melvyn Douglas Bob Fosse Jeremy Irons Jessica Lange Frances McDormand Liza Minnelli Helen Mirren Thomas Mitchell Al Pacino Christopher Plummer Vanessa Redgrave Jason Robards Geoffrey Rush Paul Scofield Maggie Smith Maureen Stapleton Jessica Tandy Tony Walton Missing an Emmy Award Henry Fonda Oscar Hammerstein II Elton John John Legend Alan Jay Lerner Andrew Lloyd Webber Frank Loesser Alan Menken Benj Pasek Justin Paul Tim Rice Stephen Sondheim Jule Styne Missing an Academy Award ( Oscar ) Harry Belafonte Leonard Bernstein Jerry Bock Martin Charnin Cy Coleman Fred Ebb Cynthia Erivo Anne Garefino Julie Harris James Earl Jones Quincy Jones Rachel Bay Jones John Kander Cyndi Lauper Audra McDonald Bette Midler Lin - Manuel Miranda Cynthia Nixon Trey Parker Ben Platt Marc Shaiman Bill Sherman Matt Stone Charles Strouse Lily Tomlin Dick Van Dyke James Whitmore Notes ( edit ) † -- Person is deceased . ◊ -- Person has been nominated at least once for a competitive category of the missing award , but has failed to win . TC -- Person joins EGOT winners Hayes and Moreno as winners of the Triple Crown of Acting , with singular ( non-group / ensemble / company ) acting wins in each of the Emmy , Oscar and Tony awards . NCA -- Person won a Non-Competitive Award in this category ( see section above ) . P -- Person has won the Pulitzer Prize Jump up ^ In 1996 , Julie Andrews refused a Tony Award nomination for her role in Victor / Victoria in protest that the production received no other nominations . She was also Tony - nominated for My Fair Lady and Camelot . Jump up ^ With his 2012 Oscar win , Plummer became the oldest ( 82 ) to win the `` Triple Crown Of Acting '' Jump up ^ Tony Walton is the only costume / set designer to win three different awards . Jump up ^ Miranda would also be the first MacArthur Fellow to win the EGOT Jump up ^ Trey Parker placed second in the narrative / dramatic division of 1993 's Student Academy Awards for his college short American History . Three Awards ( non-competitive ) ( edit ) In addition to the above winners , the following people have each won three out of the four major entertainment awards in either competitive categories or non-competitive special and honorary categories . Howard Ashman won two competitive Oscars , five competitive Grammy Awards , and a Special Award for outstanding contribution to the success of the Academy of Television Arts and Sciences ' anti-drug special for children . Fred Astaire won three competitive Emmy Awards , a Special Academy Award , and a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . Robert Russell Bennett won a competitive Emmy Award , a competitive Oscar , and two Special Tony Awards . Irving Berlin won an Academy Award , a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award , and a competitive Tony award . Carol Burnett won 6 competitive Emmy Awards , a competitive Grammy , and a Special Tony award . Walt Disney won 26 competitive Academy Awards , seven competitive Emmy Awards , and a Grammy Trustees Award . Ray Dolby won an Academy Scientific and Technical Award , two Technology & Engineering Emmy Awards , and a Special Merit / Technical Grammy Award . Judy Garland won an Academy Juvenile Award , two competitive Grammy Awards , and a Special Tony Award . Eileen Heckart won a competitive Academy Award , a competitive Emmy Award , and a Special Tony Award . Barry Manilow won two competitive Emmy Awards , a competitive Grammy Award , and a Special Tony Award . Steve Martin won the Honorary Academy Award , a competitive Emmy Award , and five competitive Grammy Awards . Stephen Schwartz won three competitive Oscars , three competitive Grammys and the Isabelle Stevenson Award , a non-competitive Tony Award . Bruce Springsteen won 20 competitive Grammys , a competitive Academy Award , and a Special Tony Award . Eli Wallach won a competitive Tony Award , a competitive Emmy Award , and an Academy Honorary Award . Oprah Winfrey won competitive Emmy Awards , a competitive Tony Award , and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award , a non-competitive Academy Award . Notes ( edit ) † -- Person is deceased . ◊ -- Person has been nominated at least once for a competitive category of the missing award , but has failed to win . Four nominations ( edit ) The following people have not won all four awards in competitive categories , but have received at least one nomination for each of them : Lynn Ahrens Alan Alda Woody Allen Judith Anderson Kristen Anderson - Lopez Julie Andrews Howard Ashman Burt Bacharach Elmer Bernstein Leonard Bernstein Ralph Burns Ellen Burstyn Richard Burton Sammy Cahn Keith Carradine Diahann Carroll Glenn Close Cy Coleman Fred Ebb Henry Fonda Jane Fonda Judy Garland Brian Grazer Joel Grey Julie Harris Katharine Hepburn Jeremy Irons James Earl Jones Quincy Jones John Kander Angela Lansbury Michel Legrand John Lithgow Kenny Loggins Steve Martin Alan Menken Bette Midler Liza Minnelli Lin - Manuel Miranda Trey Parker Dolly Parton Sidney Poitier André Previn Lynn Redgrave Diana Ross Mark Ruffalo Adam Schlesinger Paul Scofield Marc Shaiman Paul Simon Glenn Slater Tom Snow Kevin Spacey Bruce Springsteen Sting Barbra Streisand Meryl Streep Lily Tomlin Stanley Tucci Peter Ustinov Jimmy Van Heusen Denzel Washington James Whitmore Paul Williams Hans Zimmer Notes ( edit ) † -- Person is deceased . Jump up ^ Howard Ashman was never nominated for an Emmy , but won a special Emmy Award for his contributions to Cartoon All - Stars to the Rescue . Jump up ^ Judy Garland was never nominated for a Tony , but did receive a Special Tony Award . Jump up ^ Steve Martin has not received an Oscar nomination , but has won an Academy Honorary Award . Jump up ^ Lynn Redgrave is the only person to date to be nominated at least once for each of the four awards , without winning any . Jump up ^ Diana Ross has not received a Tony nomination , but received a Special Tony Award . Jump up ^ Bruce Springsteen has not received a Tony nomination , but received a Special Tony Award . PEGOT ( edit ) The little used expression PEGOT was fabricated by a reporter at the Wall Street Journal in 2016 , decades after Richard Rodgers ( 1962 EGOT after 1950 Pulitzer Prize ) and Marvin Hamlisch ( 1995 EGOT after 1975 Pulitzer ) had already completed an EGOT plus a win of the Pulitzer Prize . PEGOT winners : Richard Rodgers Marvin Hamlisch People who have won a Pulitzer , and are only missing one EGOT award : Jerry Bock ( missing an Oscar ) Oscar Hammerstein II ( missing an Emmy ) Frank Loesser ( missing an Emmy ) Lin - Manuel Miranda ( missing an Oscar ) Stephen Sondheim ( missing an Emmy ) Of these five , only Miranda and Sondheim are still alive . Miranda was nominated for a 2017 Oscar for Best Original Song but did not win . See also ( edit ) Book : EGOT winners Triple Crown of Acting Academy Award Emmy Award Daytime Emmy Award Primetime Emmy Award Grammy Award Tony Award References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Quinn , Dave ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` What Is an EGOT ? The Grand Slam of Show Business -- Explained '' . People.com . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , Liz ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Phyllis Newman Honored ! '' Archived March 3 , 2014 , at Archive.is . wowowow . Jump up ^ Sheehan , Paul ( April 2 , 2007 ) . `` Emmy alert : what to watch on TV '' . The Envelope . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2012 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Graham , Renee ( August 19 , 2003 ) . `` Looking to the stars for a little Hope '' . Boston Globe . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Long , Tim ( February 26 , 2008 ) . `` The Oscars : Where Is the Love for Philip Michael Thomas ? '' Archived December 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Vanity Fair . `` ... Thomas took to wearing a gold medallion emblazoned with the letters `` EGOT '' , which stood for `` Emmy , Grammy , Oscar , and Tony . '' As Thomas told an interviewer in 1984 , `` Hopefully in the next five years I will win all of those awards . '' As of February 2008 , ... only twelve people in history have ever won all four -- among them , Mike Nichols , Audrey Hepburn , Rita Moreno , and Marvin Hamlisch . Jump up ^ Mifflin , Lawrie ( May 22 , 1995 ) . `` More Awards Programs , More Winners , More Money '' Archived May 31 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... The New York Times . Jump up ^ McIntee , Michael ( January 12 , 2010 ) . `` Wahoo Gazette . Show # 3244 '' . CBS . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Carol ( December 9 , 1985 ) . `` The Ego Has Landed '' . People Magazine . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marotta , Jenna ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Fact - Checking the Egot , with Philip Michael Thomas '' . Thrillist.com . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castro , Iván A. ( 2006 ) . `` Rita Moreno '' . 100 Hispanics you should know . Libraries Unlimited . ISBN 1 - 59158 - 327 - 6 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert ( June 4 , 2001 ) . `` With Producers , Mel Brooks Has Won Tony , Oscar , Grammy and Emmy '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Waldron , Clarence ( April 14 , 2008 ) . `` The view according to Whoopi '' . Jet . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` As it happened : 12 years a slave , Gravity are big Oscar winners '' . FirstPost. Bollywood . March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Dana ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Oscars 2018 : Robert Lopez becomes the first person in history to double EGOT '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Oscars 2018 : Robert Lopez Is The First Double EGOT Winner '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Tom ( August 15 , 2008 ) . `` Who will be the next winner of the showbiz awards grand slam ? '' . Gold Derby . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2010 . Retrieved January 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Marks , Peter ( May 9 , 1996 ) . `` Adding Drama to a Musical , Andrews Spurns the Tonys '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About '' . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gamerman , Ellen ( April 18 , 2016 ) . `` With Pulitzer Prize , Lin - Manuel Miranda Becomes Leading Contender for MacPEGOT '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Forget the coveted ' EGOT ' -- short for the quadruple win of Emmy , Grammy , Oscar and Tony awards to a single person -- Miranda is rewriting the acronym ... Skipping the genius grant , `` PEGOT '' winners include composer Richard Rodgers and Marvin Hamlisch . External links ( edit ) Official website of the Emmy Awards Official website of the Grammy Awards Official website of the Academy Awards Official website of the Tony Awards Links to related articles People who have won Academy , Emmy , Grammy , and Tony Awards listed by duration and year of completion Competitive EGOTs Richard Rodgers ( 1945 -- 1962 ) Helen Hayes ( 1932 -- 1976 ) Rita Moreno ( 1961 -- 1977 ) John Gielgud ( 1961 -- 1991 ) Audrey Hepburn ( 1953 -- 1994 ) Marvin Hamlisch ( 1973 -- 1995 ) Jonathan Tunick ( 1977 -- 1997 ) Mel Brooks ( 1967 -- 2001 ) Mike Nichols ( 1964 -- 2001 ) Whoopi Goldberg ( 1985 -- 2002 ) Scott Rudin ( 1984 -- 2012 ) Robert Lopez ( 2004 -- 2014 ) Honorary recipients Barbra Streisand ( 1963 -- 1970 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1965 -- 1990 ) James Earl Jones ( 1969 -- 2011 ) Alan Menken ( 1989 -- 2012 ) Harry Belafonte ( 1953 -- 2014 ) Quincy Jones ( 1964 -- 2016 ) Book : EGOT winners Academy Awards lists Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences ( AMPAS ) 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Ceremonies Families Fictitious LGBT Multi-win years Posthumous Best Picture Presenters Trophy displays Oldest & Youngest Awards for Walt Disney Women in Non-gendered Categories Book Portal Emmy Awards ATAS NATAS International TV Academy Primetime Emmy Award ( categories winners most awards per ceremony ) Main ceremonies 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Creative Arts 2007 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Daytime Emmy Award ( categories winners ) Main ceremonies 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Creative Arts 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 International ( categories winners ) 1973 1976 1977 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Sports ( categories ) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Technology & Engineering 2006 2007 2008 2009 News & Documentary 2011 2012 2013 Regional Chicago / Midwest Heartlands Lone Star Los Angeles Lower Great Lakes Michigan Mid-America Mid-Atlantic Midsouth National Capital / Chesapeake Bay New England New York Northwest Ohio Valley Pacific Southwest Rocky Mountain / Southwest San Francisco / Northern California Atlanta / Southeast Suncoast Upper Midwest Bob Hope Humanitarian Award EGOT winners Grammy Award Categories Grammy Nominees Records Locations EGOT Special awards Legend Award Lifetime Achievement Award Trustees Award Special Merit / Technical Grammy Award Hall of Fame MusiCares Person of the Year Ceremony year 1959 May Nov 1961 1962 1963 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1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_people_who_have_won_Academy,_Emmy,_Grammy,_and_Tony_Awards&oldid=843077892 '' Categories : Academy Award winners Academy Awards lists Emmy Award winners Grammy Award winners Tony Award winners Lists of actors Lists of composers Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Norsk Português Suomi Tiếng Việt 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 18 : 29 . 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2943299998894667973	Grace and Frankie	Grace and Frankie - Wikipedia Grace and Frankie Jump to : navigation , search Grace and Frankie Genre Comedy Created by Marta Kauffman Howard J. Morris Starring Jane Fonda Lily Tomlin Sam Waterston Martin Sheen Brooklyn Decker Ethan Embry June Diane Raphael Baron Vaughn Opening theme `` Stuck in the Middle with You '' performed by Grace Potter Composer ( s ) Sam KS Michael Skloff Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 52 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Marta Kauffman Howard J. Morris Jane Fonda Lily Tomlin Tate Taylor ( pilot ) Paula Weinstein Dana Goldberg David Ellison Marcy Ross Alexa Junge Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Cinematography Gale Tattersall Editor ( s ) Lisa Zeno Churgin Michael Jablow Sarah Lucky Camera setup Single - camera Running time 25 -- 35 minutes Production company ( s ) Okay Goodnight Skydance Television Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) Original release May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) -- present External links Official website Grace and Frankie is an American comedy web television series created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris for Netflix . The series stars Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin in the title roles of Grace and Frankie , two unlikely friends who are brought together after their husbands announce that they are in love and plan to get married . Sam Waterston , Martin Sheen , Brooklyn Decker , Ethan Embry , June Diane Raphael , and Baron Vaughn co-star in supporting roles . It premiered on Netflix on May 8 , 2015 , with all 13 episodes of the first season released simultaneously . The second , third , and fourth seasons , also consisting of 13 episodes each , have been released on May 6 , 2016 , March 24 , 2017 , and January 19 , 2018 , respectively . Despite mixed reviews upon its debut , the series was met with a more positive critical reception towards its later seasons and has received several nominations , including four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series and a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy . On February 15 , 2018 , Grace and Frankie was renewed for a fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast 2.1 Main and Recurring 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production and development 4.1 Casting 4.2 Filming 5 Reception 5.1 Accolades 5.2 Controversy 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows Grace , a retired cosmetics mogul , and Frankie , a hippie art teacher , whose husbands , Robert and Sol , are successful divorce lawyers in San Diego . Grace and Frankie 's lives are turned upside down when Robert and Sol announce that they are in love with each other and are leaving their wives . Now , the women , who have never particularly liked each other , are forced to live together and learn to unite and cope with difficulties . Cast ( edit ) Main and Recurring ( edit ) Actor Character Season 5 Jane Fonda Grace Hanson Lead Lily Tomlin Frances ' Frankie ' Bergstein Lead Sam Waterston Sol Bergstein -- Hanson Lead Martin Sheen Robert Bergstein -- Hanson Lead Brooklyn Decker Mallory Hanson Main June Diane Raphael Brianna Hanson Main Ethan Embry Coyote Bergstein Main Baron Vaughn Nwabudike ' Bud ' Bergstein Main Recurring ( edit ) Actor Character Season 5 Ernie Hudson Jacob Recurring Brittany Ishibashi Erica Guest Recurring Guest Geoff Stults Mitch Recurring Guest Tim Bagley Peter Recurring Guest Recurring Peter Cambor Barry Recurring Guest Recurring Craig T. Nelson Guy Recurring Michael Charles Roman Adam Guest Recurring Guest Recurring Marsha Mason Arlene Guest Recurring Swoosie Kurtz Janet Guest Guest Lindsey Kraft Allison Giampietro - Smikowitz Recurring Megan Ferguson Nadia Guest Recurring Peter Gallagher Nick Skolka Recurring Jack Plotnick Paul Recurring Lisa Kudrow Sheree Recurring Talia Shire Teddie Recurring Sam Elliott Phil Milstein Recurring Mark Deklin Roy Recurring Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Grace and Frankie episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 May 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 08 ) 13 May 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 06 ) 13 March 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 24 ) 13 January 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 19 ) Production and Development ( edit ) In March 2014 , Netflix finalized a deal for a 13 - episode straight - to - series order for Grace and Frankie , with Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin attached to star in the lead roles . The series was written and created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris , who also serve as executive producers alongside Fonda , Tomlin , Paula Weinstein and Tate Taylor , and Skydance Productions ' Dana Goldberg , David Ellison and Marcy Ross . On May 26 , 2015 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season which premiered on May 6 , 2016 . On December 10 , 2016 , the series was renewed for a third season which premiered on March 24 , 2017 . On April 12 , 2017 , the series was renewed for a fourth season , which premiered on January 19 , 2018 . On February 15 , 2018 , the series was renewed for a fifth season , with RuPaul announced to guest star as a rival of Grace & Frankie . Casting ( edit ) Casting announcements began in June 2014 , with Martin Sheen cast in the role of Robert , Grace 's husband . The following month , Sam Waterston was cast in the role of Sol , Frankie 's husband . June Diane Raphael and Baron Vaughn were then added to the cast , with Raphael cast in the role of Brianna , Grace and Robert 's elder daughter , who rebels against Grace 's decorum . Vaughn signed onto the role of Nwabudike , Frankie and Sol 's son . Shortly afterwards , Ethan Embry and Brooklyn Decker were cast in the remaining roles on the series . Embry joined in the role of Coyote , Frankie and Sol 's recovering drug addicted son , while Decker signed onto the role of Mallory , Grace and Robert 's younger daughter . In October 2015 , it was announced Sam Elliott would appear in the second season as Grace 's love interest . In April 2017 , it was reported that Lisa Kudrow will appear in the fourth season as Sheree , Grace 's manicurist . In February 2018 , the same day as the fifth season was commissioned , RuPaul was confirmed to appear in the fifth season as a rival of Grace and Frankie . Filming ( edit ) Production on season one of Grace and Frankie began in Los Angeles , California , in early August 2014 , and ended in late November . Production on season two of the series began in July 2015 , and ended in November the same year . Reception ( edit ) The first season of Grace and Frankie received mixed reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes it has a rating of 50 % , based on 32 reviews , with an average rating of 6.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Grace and Frankie 's stellar cast adds an undeniable appeal , although its sloppy dialogue and clichéd sitcom setup will still leave most viewers wanting . '' On Metacritic the season has a score of 58 out of 100 , based on 27 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . The second season received a more positive reception from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a rating of 89 % , based on 9 reviews , with an average rating of 7.2 / 10 . On Metacritic , the season has a score of 62 out of 100 , based on 6 critics , indicating `` generally favourable reviews '' . Jasef Wisener of TVOvermind gave the second season a 4.5 / 5 , calling it `` heartfelt and hilarious '' and `` a huge improvement over the sometimes sluggish first season . '' The third season received critical acclaim . On Rotten Tomatoes , it has a rating of 100 % , based on 5 reviews , with an average rating of 7.5 / 10 . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2015 67th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated 20th Satellite Awards Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated 73rd Golden Globe Awards Best Actress -- Television Series Musical or Comedy Lily Tomlin Nominated Dorian Awards TV Comedy of the Year Nominated TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Jane Fonda Nominated TV Performance of the Year -- Actress Lily Tomlin Nominated LBGTQ TV Show of the Year Nominated 27th GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Nominated 19th OFTA Awards Best Comedy Series Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Won Best Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Sam Waterston Nominated Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated Best Direction in a Comedy Series Nominated Best Writing in a Comedy Series Nominated 2016 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series , Limited Series , or Movie Allyson Fanger , Lori DeLapp Nominated 23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards Outstanding Contemporary Television Series Allyson B. Fanger Nominated 28th GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Nominated Artios Awards Outstanding Achievement in Casting - Television Pilot - Comedy Tracy Lilienfield , Emily Towler Nominated 20th OFTA Awards Best Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series Nominated 2017 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series , Limited Series , or Movie Designers ( show ) Allyson B. Fanger , Heather Pain , Lori DeLapp Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Program ( Half - Hour or Less ) Designers ( show ) Devorah Herbert , Ben Edelberg , Christopher Carlson Nominated 2018 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Jane Fonda Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series Lily Tomlin Nominated Controversy ( edit ) After the show 's release , Tomlin and Fonda expressed displeasure once it became public that their salaries were just equal to those of Sheen and Waterston , even though `` the show is not ' Sol and Robert ' , it 's ' Grace and Frankie , ' '' in the words of Lily Tomlin , and contended this constituted a significant pay inequity . Shortly thereafter , Sheen and Waterston went on the record to support their co-stars ' demands for a salary increase , with Waterston being quoted as saying : `` I think they 're being cheated '' . After fans of the show gathered nearly 200,000 signatures on a petition protesting the disparity , the two actresses issued a public statement backing away from criticism , saying : `` This just reminds us to be mindful of how things come across in interviews . We appreciate everyone 's support and the attention to this issue , but the structure of Grace and Frankie is fair , and we could n't be happier to work with Skydance , Netflix and the great cast of this show . '' Fonda and Tomlin made a statement to The Wrap that they were never unhappy with the salaries to start with and that they had `` made a joke in an interview about our salaries , which was taken out of context . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Erik , Pedersen ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grace And Frankie ' Renewed For Season 5 On Netflix ; RuPaul To Guest Star '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Back Together Again in `` Grace and Frankie , '' A New Original Comedy Series on Netflix `` . The Futon Critic . March 19 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Grace And Frankie ' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix '' . Deadline.com . May 26 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Renews ' Grace and Frankie ' for Season 3 '' . Variety.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grace And Frankie ' Gets Season 3 Premiere Date On Netflix & Teaser '' . Deadline . ^ Jump up to : Otterson , Joe ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grace and Frankie ' Renewed for Season 4 at Netflix , Adds Lisa Kudrow '' . Variety.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Kasey ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Grace and Frankie Season 4 : Official Renewal Status and Release Date '' . whats-on-netflix.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ; Goldberg , Lesley ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` Martin Sheen to Star in Netflix 's Jane Fonda - Lily Tomlin Comedy ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kaitlin ( July 7 , 2014 ) . `` Sam Waterston and Jane Fonda Reunite for Netflix 's Grace and Frankie '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` June Diane Raphael & Baron Vaughn Join Netflix Comedy ' Grace & Frankie ' '' . Deadline.com . July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Development Update : Tuesday , July 29 '' . The Futon Critic . July 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fonda , Jane ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Grace & Frankie nearing end of Season 2 '' . JaneFonda.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Starting the New Series , Grace & Frankie , with Lily Tomlin , Martin Sheen & Sam Waterston '' . JaneFonda.com . August 17 , 2014 . Retrieved August 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gearing Up for Grace and Frankie Season II '' . JaneFonda.com . July 2 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Last day on Season II of Grace & Frankie '' . JaneFonda.com . November 13 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 1 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 1 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 2 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 2 reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wisener , Jasef ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Grace and Frankie Season 2 Review '' . TVOvermind . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Grace and Frankie : Season 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emmy Awards 2015 : The complete winners list '' . CNN.com . September 21 , 2015 . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards ( 2015 ) '' . International Press Academy . IPA . December 2 , 2015 . pressacademy.com . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` 2016 Golden Globes : Lady Gaga , Transparent and Orange Is the New Black Leads the Race '' . Variety . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` GALECA 2015 / 16 DORIAN AWARDS '' . GALECA. 2016 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 / 01 / 2016 - glaad - media - award - nominations '' . vulture.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` 19th Annual TV Awards ( 2014 - 15 ) '' . Online Film & Television Association . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Anderson and Lauren Graham to Announce Emmy Nominations '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards '' . Los Angeles Times . July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : https://variety.com/2016/film/news/2017-sag-awards-nominations-nominees-list-1201941897/ Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Contemporary TV Series '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GLAAD Media Awards Nominees # glaadawards '' . GLAAD . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.castingsociety.com/awards/artios/2016 Jump up ^ http://www.oftaawards.com/television-awards/20th-annual-tv-awards-2015-16/ Jump up ^ http://www.emmys.com/awards/nominations/award-search?search_api_views_fulltext=Grace+and+Frankie&submit=Search&field_celebrity_details_field_display_name=&field_show_details_field_nominee_show_nr_title=&field_show_details_field_network=All&field_show_details_field_production_company=All&field_nominations_year=1949-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_nominations_year_1=2017-01-01+00%3A00%3A00&field_award_category=All Jump up ^ Kang , Inkoo . `` Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Go Public About Their Unfair ' Grace and Frankie ' Paychecks '' . Women and Hollywood . Indiewire.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Vanmetre , Elizabeth ( May 11 , 2015 ) . `` Martin Sheen , Sam Waterston agree ' Grace and Frankie ' , stars Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin deserve pay raise '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gennis , Sadie . `` Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin Say They 're Okay with Grace and Frankie Gender Pay Disparity '' . TV Guide . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . 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6026481824965087635	List of most-followed Instagram accounts	List of most - followed Instagram accounts - wikipedia List of most - followed Instagram accounts Jump to : navigation , search Selena Gomez is the most followed individual on Instagram , with over 132 million followers . This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo - sharing platform Instagram . As of December 2017 , the most followed user is Instagram 's own account , with over 230 million followers . Selena Gomez is the most followed individual , with over 132 million followers . Eight accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site . Contents ( hide ) 1 Top accounts 1.1 All - time 1.2 By country 2 See also 3 References Top accounts ( edit ) All - time ( edit ) The following table lists the top 25 most followed accounts on Instagram , with each total rounded to the nearest million followers , as well as the profession of each user and country of origin . Rank Chg Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession Country 1 . @ instagram Instagram 231 Social media platform USA 2 . @ selenagomez Selena Gomez 132 Musician and actress 3 . @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 119 Footballer POR 4 . @ arianagrande Ariana Grande 117 Musician and actress USA 5 . @ beyonce Beyoncé 110 Musician and actress 6 . @ kimkardashian Kim Kardashian 106 Reality TV personality 7 . @ taylorswift Taylor Swift 106 Musician and actress 8 . @ kyliejenner Kylie Jenner 100 Reality TV personality 9 . @ therock Dwayne Johnson 99 Actor and professional wrestler 10 . @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 96 Musician CAN 11 . @ neymarjr Neymar 88 Footballer BRA 12 . @ kendalljenner Kendall Jenner 86 Model USA 13 . @ leomessi Lionel Messi 86 Footballer ARG 14 . @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 85 Musician TRI 15 . @ natgeo National Geographic 85 Magazine USA 16 . @ nike Nike 75 Sportswear multinational corporation 17 . @ mileycyrus Miley Cyrus 73 Musician and actress 18 . @ jlo Jennifer Lopez 71 Musician and actress 19 . @ khloekardashian Khloé Kardashian 71 Reality TV personality 20 . @ katyperry Katy Perry 68 Musician 21 . @ ddlovato Demi Lovato 65 Musician and actress 22 . @ kourtneykardash Kourtney Kardashian 60 Reality TV personality 23 . @ badgalriri Rihanna 59 Musician BAR 24 . @ victoriassecret Victoria 's Secret 58 Lingerie retailer USA 25 . @ kevinhart4real Kevin Hart 56 Comedian As of January 21 , 2018 By country ( edit ) Rank Chg Country Account name Owner Followers ( millions ) Profession 1 . United States @ instagram Instagram 231 Social media platform 2 . Portugal @ cristiano Cristiano Ronaldo 119 Footballer 3 . Canada @ justinbieber Justin Bieber 96 Musician 4 . Brazil @ neymarjr Neymar 88 Footballer 5 . Argentina @ leomessi Lionel Messi 86 Footballer 6 . Trinidad and Tobago @ nickiminaj Nicki Minaj 85 Musician 7 . Barbados @ badgalriri Rihanna 59 Musician 8 . Spain @ realmadrid Real Madrid C.F. 55 Football club 9 . Colombia @ shakira Shakira 45 Musician 10 . Hong Kong @ 9gag 9GAG 44 Social media platform 11 . United Kingdom @ davidbeckham David Beckham 42 Model 12 . Sweden @ iamzlatanibrahimovic Zlatan Ibrahimović 30 Footballer As of January 14 , 2018 See also ( edit ) List of most - liked Instagram pictures List of most - followed Twitter accounts List of most - subscribed YouTube channels List of most - viewed YouTube videos List of most streamed songs on Spotify References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Top 100 Instagram Users by Followers - Socialblade Instagram Stats - Instagram Statistics '' . Socialblade . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Selena Gomez holds on to Instagram crown with most followers in 2017 , Entertainment . Retrieved January 14 , 2018 Facebook Website Features Beacon Graph Search EdgeRank Platform Payments Facebook like button facebookcorewwwi. onion Facebook Live Facebook Zero Facebook Stories Facebook Watch ( List of original programs ) Other products Current Instagram liked pictures Messenger MSQRD Oculus Rift tbh WhatsApp Workplace Former Camera FriendFeed Home HTC First Paper Poke ( app ) Riff Slingshot M ( virtual assistant ) Wirehog People Founders Mark Zuckerberg ( 28 % equity ) Dustin Moskovitz ( 7 % ) Eduardo Saverin ( 5 % , formerly ) Chris Hughes ( 1 % , formerly ) Andrew McCollum Board Mark Zuckerberg Jim Breyer ( 11 % ) Peter Thiel ( 2 % ) Sheryl Sandberg Marc Andreessen Erskine Bowles Susan Desmond - Hellmann Donald E. Graham Reed Hastings Executive officers Current Mark Zuckerberg ( Chairman and CEO ) Sheryl Sandberg ( COO ) David Wehner ( CFO ) Mike Schroepfer ( CTO ) Former Sean Parker ( 4 % , formerly ) Owen Van Natta Gideon Yu Adam D'Angelo Chris Kelly Bret Taylor David Ebersman Notable employees Current Chris Cox ( VP of Product ) Elliot Schrage ( VP of Global Communications , Marketing and Public Policy ) Lars Rasmussen ( Graph Search director ) John Carmack ( CTO of Oculus VR ) Hugo Barra ( VP of Oculus VR ) Naomi Gleit ( VP of social good ) Caryn Marooney ( VP of Communications ) Former Blake Ross ( Director of Product ) Ted Ullyot ( VP , General Counsel , and Secretary ) Matt Cohler Charlie Cheever Randi Zuckerberg Yishan Wong George Hotz Joe Lockhart Andrei Alexandrescu ( research scientist ) Open source Apache Cassandra Apache Hive Apache Thrift FQL Hack HHVM HipHop for PHP Phabricator React RocksDB Scribe Open Compute Project Tornado ( web server ) Mass media The Facebook Effect The Accidental Billionaires The Social Network Concepts Activity stream Social graph Friending and following Reblogging Fan - gating Facebook diplomacy Facebook like button Business History Timeline Acquisitions f8 conference IPO Censorship Criticism Litigation Divisions Facebook AI Research Facebook Creative Labs Related Priscilla Chan ( wife of Mark Zuckerberg ) Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Aquila Internet relay drone Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_most-followed_Instagram_accounts&oldid=821553794 '' Categories : 21st century - related lists Lists of Internet - related superlatives Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2018 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 05 : 35 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	2017 who has the most followers on instagram	[ "This list contains the top 25 accounts with the most followers on the social photo-sharing platform Instagram.[1] As of December 2017, the most followed user is Instagram's own account, with over 230 million followers. Selena Gomez is the most followed individual, with over 132 million followers.[2] Eight accounts have exceeded 100 million followers on the site." ]	[ "Instagram" ]
-4412336949475276686	Texas A&M University	Texas A&M University - wikipedia Texas A&M University Jump to : navigation , search Texas A&M University Former names The Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas ( 1871 -- 1963 ) Type Land - grant university Sea - grant university Space - grant university Senior military college Established 1876 Endowment $9.754 billion ( 2015 ) President Michael K. Young Provost Carol A. Fierke Academic staff 4,900 Students 68,825 ( Fall 2017 ) Undergraduates 53,690 ( Fall 2017 ) Postgraduates 15,135 ( Fall 2017 ) Doctoral students 4,997 ( Fall 2017 ) Location College Station , Texas , U.S. Campus College town , 5,500 acres ( 20 km ) Colors Maroon and white Athletics NCAA Division I -- SEC Nickname Aggies Affiliations Texas A&M University System AAU CONAHEC ORAU URA APLU Mascot Reveille IX Website www.tamu.edu Texas A&M University ( Texas A&M , TAMU / ˈtæmuː / , or A&M ) is a coeducational public research university in College Station , Texas , United States . It is a state university and is a member of the Texas A&M University System . The Texas A&M system endowment is one of the 10 biggest in the nation . Texas A&M 's student body is the largest in Texas and one of the largest in the United States . Texas A&M 's designation as a land , sea , and space grant institution -- the only university in Texas to hold all three designations -- reflects a range of research with ongoing projects funded by organizations such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) , the National Institutes of Health , the National Science Foundation , and the Office of Naval Research . In 2001 , Texas A&M was inducted as a member of the Association of American Universities . The school 's students , alumni -- over 450,000 strong -- and sports teams are known as Aggies . The Texas A&M Aggies athletes compete in 18 varsity sports as a member of the Southeastern Conference . The first public institution of higher education in Texas , the school opened on October 4 , 1876 , as the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas under the provisions of the Morrill Land - Grant Acts . Originally , the college taught no classes in agriculture , instead concentrating on classical studies , languages , literature , and applied mathematics . After four years , students could attain degrees in scientific agriculture , civil and mechanical engineering , and language and literature . Under the leadership of President James Earl Rudder in the 1960s , A&M desegregated , became coeducational , and dropped the requirement for participation in the Corps of Cadets . To reflect the institution 's expanded roles and academic offerings , the Texas Legislature renamed the school to Texas A&M University in 1963 . The letters `` A&M '' , originally short for `` Agricultural and Mechanical '' , are retained only as a link to the university 's past . The main campus is one of the largest in the United States , spanning 5,200 acres ( 21 km ) , and is home to the George Bush Presidential Library . About one - fifth of the student body lives on campus . Texas A&M has over 1,000 officially recognized student organizations . Many students also observe the traditions , which govern daily life , as well as special occasions , including sports events . Working with agencies such as the Texas AgriLife Research and Texas AgriLife Extension Service , Texas A&M has a direct presence in each of the 254 counties in Texas . The university offers degrees in over 150 courses of study through ten colleges and houses 18 research institutes . As a Senior Military College , Texas A&M is one of six American public universities with a full - time , volunteer Corps of Cadets who study alongside civilian undergraduate students . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Beginning years 1.2 World Wars era 1.3 University era 2 Academics 2.1 Student body 2.2 Rankings 2.3 Endowment 2.4 Research 2.5 Worldwide 3 Campus 4 Student life 4.1 Residential life 4.2 Greek life 4.3 Corps of Cadets 4.4 Activities 4.5 Media 5 Traditions 5.1 Sports 5.1. 1 12th Man 5.1. 2 Bonfire 6 Athletics 6.1 Football 6.2 Basketball 7 Notable alumni 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of Texas A&M University Statue of Lawrence Sullivan `` Sul '' Ross located in front of the Academic Building Texas A&M in 1902 Beginning years ( edit ) The U.S. Congress laid the groundwork for the establishment of Texas A&M in 1862 with the adoption of the Morrill Act . The act auctioned land grants of public lands to establish endowments for colleges where the `` leading object shall be , without excluding other scientific and classical studies and including military tactics , to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and mechanical arts ... to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life '' . In 1871 , the Texas Legislature used these funds to establish the state 's first public institution of higher education , the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas , then known as Texas A.M.C. Brazos County donated 2,416 acres ( 10 km ) near Bryan , Texas , for the school 's campus . Enrollment began on October 2 , 1876 . Six students enrolled on the first day , and classes officially began on October 4 , 1876 , with six faculty members . During the first semester , enrollment increased to 48 students , and by the end of the spring 1877 semester , 106 students had enrolled . Admission was limited to white males , and all students were required to participate in the Corps of Cadets and receive military training . Although traditional Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets `` campusologies '' indicate 40 students began classes on October 4 , 1876 , the exact number of students enrolled on that day is unknown . Enrollment climbed to 258 students before declining to 108 students in 1883 , the year the University of Texas opened in Austin , Texas . Though originally envisioned and annotated in the Texas Constitution as a branch of the University of Texas , Texas A.M.C. had a separate Board of Directors from the University of Texas from the first day of classes and was never enveloped into the University of Texas System . In the late 1880s , many Texas residents saw no need for two colleges in Texas and clamored for an end of Texas A.M.C. In 1891 , Texas A&M was saved from potential closure by its new president Lawrence Sullivan Ross , former governor of Texas , and well - respected Confederate Brigadier General . Ross made many improvements to the school and enrollment doubled to 467 cadets as parents sent their sons to Texas A&M `` to learn to be like Ross '' . During his tenure , many enduring Aggie traditions were born , including the creation of the first Aggie Ring . After his death in 1898 , a statue was erected in front of what is now Academic Plaza to honor Ross and his achievements in the history of the school . In 2017 , the status of this statue was in doubt after other , lesser known schools removed their own statues of former Confederate officers . At Texas A&M , it was announced by the Chancellor and President that the Sul Ross statue would remain . Under pressure from the legislature , in 1911 the school began allowing women to attend classes during the summer semester . At the same time , A&M began expanding its academic pursuits with the establishment of the School of Veterinary Medicine in 1915 . World Wars era ( edit ) Many Texas A&M graduates served during World War I. By 1918 , 49 % of all graduates of the college were in military service , more than any other school . In early September 1918 , the entire senior class enlisted , with plans to send the younger students at staggered dates throughout the next year . Many of the seniors were fighting in France when the war ended two months later . Over 1,200 alumni served as commissioned officers . After the war , Texas A&M grew rapidly and became nationally recognized for its programs in agriculture , engineering , and military science . The first graduate school was organized in 1924 and the school awarded its first PhD in 1940 . In 1925 , Mary Evelyn Crawford Locke became the first female to receive a diploma from Texas A&M , although she was not allowed to participate in the graduation ceremony . The following month the Board of Directors officially prohibited all women from enrolling . Many Aggies again served in the military during World War II , with the college producing 20,229 combat troops . Of those , 14,123 Aggies served as officers , more than any other school and more than the combined total of the United States Naval Academy and the United States Military Academy . During the war , 29 A&M graduates reached the rank of general . At the start of World War II , Texas A&M was selected as one of six engineering colleges to participate in the Electronics Training Program , a ten - month activity of 12 - hour study days to train Navy personnel who were urgently needed to maintain the then - new , highly complex electronic equipment such as radar . These colleges provided the Primary School , wherein the key topics of the first two years of a college electrical engineering curriculum were condensed into three months . The instructional effort at College Station was developed and led by Frank Bolton , EE department head and future Texas A&M president . At a given time , some 500 Navy students were on the campus , a significant fraction of the then - years enrollment . Students graduating from the Primary Schools then went to a secondary school , one of which was at Ward Island , Texas ( the future location of Texas A&M University - Corpus Christi ) . Enrollment soared after the war as many former soldiers used the G.I. Bill to further their education . In 1948 , the state legislature formally recognized Texas A&M as a separate university system from the University of Texas System , codifying the de facto arrangement between the schools . University era ( edit ) Texas A&M University Chemistry Plaza On March 26 , 1960 , Major General James Earl Rudder , class of 1932 , became the 16th president of the college . Rudder 's tenure ( 1959 -- 1970 ) marked a critical turning point in the school 's history . Under his leadership , Texas A&M underwent a dramatic expansion in its physical plant construction , but more importantly , it diversified and expanded its student body by admitting women and minorities . The Corps of Cadets became voluntary . In the face of growing student activism during the 1960s , Rudder worked diligently to ensure that the school continue to fulfill its mission of providing a quality education for all Aggies . By his death in 1970 , Rudder had overseen the growth of the school from 7,500 to 14,000 students from all 50 states and 75 nations . In 1963 , the 58th Legislature of Texas approved of Rudder 's changes , and officially renamed the school `` Texas A&M University '' , specifying that the `` A '' and the `` M '' were purely symbolic , reflecting the school 's past , and no longer stood for `` Agricultural and Mechanical '' . In the following 35 years , Texas A&M more than tripled its enrollment from 14,000 students to over 45,000 . Much of the legislative work allowing the expansion of Texas A&M and the admission of women was pushed by State Senator William T. `` Bill '' Moore , who served from 1949 to 1981 . Known as `` the Bull of the Brazos '' and `` the father of the modern Texas A&M University '' , Moore was a Bryan attorney and businessman originally from Wheelock in Robertson County . He also taught economics at TAMU before his entry into World War II . Texas A&M became one of the first four universities given the designation sea - grant for its achievements in oceanography and marine resources development in 1971 . In 1989 , the university earned the title space - grant by NASA , to recognize its commitment to space research and participation in the Texas Space Grant Consortium . George Bush Presidential Library In 1997 , the school became the home of the George Bush Presidential Library . Operated by the National Archives and Records Administration , it is one of thirteen American presidential libraries . Former President George Bush remains actively involved with the university , frequently visiting the campus and participating in special events . In 1998 , activists on campus ( including Professor Patrick Slattery ) suggested the statue of former university president Lawrence Sullivan Ross should be removed on the basis that he was a member of the Ku Klux Klan . Instead , Slattery and others wanted to create a `` diversity plaza '' , with a statue of Matthew Gaines , an African - American politician . The project was abandoned in the wake of the Aggie Bonfire tragedy , in 1999 . Texas A&M received national media attention on November 18 , 1999 , when Aggie Bonfire , a ninety - year - old student tradition , collapsed during construction . Twelve enrolled students and alumni died and twenty - seven others were injured . The accident was later attributed to improper design and poor construction practices . The victims ' family members filed six lawsuits against Texas A&M officials , the Aggie Bonfire officials and the university . Half of the defendants settled their portion of the case in 2005 , and a federal appeals court dismissed the remaining lawsuits against the university in 2007 . With strong support from Rice University and the University of Texas at Austin , the Association of American Universities inducted Texas A&M in May 2001 , on the basis of the depth of the university 's research and academic programs . Texas A&M left the Big 12 Conference for the Southeastern Conference on July 1 , 2012 . This ended Texas A&M 's scheduled NCAA athletic competitions with three former Southwest Conference rivals -- UT Austin , Baylor , and Texas Tech -- for the foreseeable future . The university underwent several large expansions in 2013 . On July 12 , 2013 , Texas A&M Health Science Center was formally merged into the university . On August 12 , 2013 the university purchased the Texas Wesleyan University School of Law and renamed it the Texas A&M School of Law . Texas A&M on October 23 , 2013 announced plans to build a new branch campus , Texas A&M University at Nazareth - Peace Campus , in Israel . Academics ( edit ) TAMU College / school founding College / school Year founded College of Agriculture and Life Sciences 1911 College of Architecture 1905 The Bush School of Government and Public Service Mays Business School 1961 College of Education and Human Development 1969 Dwight Look College of Engineering 1880 College of Geosciences 1949 Health Science Center 2013 School of Law 2013 College of Liberal Arts 1924 College of Science 1966 College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences 1916 Student body ( edit ) Then - President George W. Bush smiles with his parents , former President George H.W. Bush , left , and former First Lady Barbara Bush following his commencement address at Texas A&M 's December 2008 convocation . In the fall 2013 semester , Texas A&M was the fourth largest American university with an enrollment of 56,255 students pursuing degrees in 10 academic colleges . The student body represents all 50 US states and 124 foreign countries . Texas residents account for 85.9 % of the student population , and 33.3 % are either of international origin or members of ethnic minority groups . The student body consists of 47.3 % women and 52.7 % men . Although Texas A&M is a secular institution , its student body has a reputation for being religious and conservative . According to a 2005 student survey published in the Princeton Review , Texas A&M ranked 13th highest in the category `` students pray on a regular basis '' . Breakaway , a weekly , student - organized , on - campus prayer gathering , has attracted over 10,000 students in 2012 , and is one of the largest of its kind in the United States . In 2009 , the Princeton Review ranked Texas A&M the eighth most socially conservative campus in the nation . The Princeton Review also ranked the university in 2012 as the `` 10th least friendly '' college in the United States for LGBT people , and the least friendly among public schools for LGBT people . The university consistently ranks among the top ten public universities each year in enrollment of National Merit scholars . According to the College Board , the fall 2008 entering freshman class consisted of 54 % students in the top 10 % of their high school graduating class , 86 % in the top quarter , and 99 % in the top half . Seventy - four percent of these students took the SAT . The middle 50 % of the freshmen had average scores as follows : in critical reading , 520 -- 630 , math , 560 -- 670 , and in writing 500 -- 610 . Twenty - six percent of the incoming freshmen took the ACT , with the middle 50 % scoring between a 23 and 29 . About 80 percent of the student body receives about $420 million in financial aid annually . The admission rate for students who applied as undergraduates in 2012 was 67 % . The school is rated as `` selective '' by US News & World Report . In the fall 2008 semester , the Dwight Look College of Engineering had the largest enrollment of 20.5 % . The College of Liberal Arts and the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences followed , enrolling 15 % and 14 % of the student body , respectively . The College of Education and Human Development enrolls 12 % , and Mays Business School enrolled about 11 % . Colleges with less than 10 % enrollment included the College of Architecture , the College of Science , the George Bush School of Government and Public Service , the College of Geosciences , and the College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences . Approximately 8 % of the student body had not declared a major . In the fall 2011 semester , enrollment at Texas A&M surpassed 50,000 for the first time . A record 50,054 students were enrolled on the census day . Rankings ( edit ) University rankings National ARWU 51 Forbes 115 U.S. News & World Report 68 Washington Monthly Global ARWU 96 QS 165 Times 193 U.S. News & World Report 88 In a comparison of educational quality , faculty quality , and research output , Shanghai Jiao Tong University ranked Texas A&M 51st nationally and 96th internationally in its 2014 rankings . In its 2014 -- 2015 rankings , The Times Higher Education Supplement listed Texas A&M 61st among North America 's universities , and 141st among world universities . The 2012 / 2013 QS World University Rankings ranked the university 165th overall in the world . In its 2013 edition , the Center for World University Rankings ranked Texas A&M as the 80th university globally and 50th university nationally . In the 2014 edition of the U.S. News and World Report ranking of national universities , the school is 68th . In the U.S. News and World Report ranking , Texas A&M tied with Worcester Polytechnic Institute . According to The Washington Monthly criteria , which weigh research , community service , and social mobility , Texas A&M ranks third nationally in 2015 . The John Templeton Foundation listed Texas A&M as one of the thirty - five American college programs that `` communicate ( s ) the values of honesty , trust , respect , responsibility , integrity , and fairness in the classroom '' . The 2011 Kiplinger 's Personal Finance ranked the school as the 23rd best - value public university on the basis of in - state tuition , and the 35th best - value public university on the basis of out - of - state tuition . After conducting a survey of leading employment recruiters , The Wall Street Journal ranked Texas A&M 2nd nationally , as `` most likely to help students land a job in key careers and professions '' . In 2009 the National Science Foundation has recognized Texas A&M as one of the top 20 research institutions . Endowment ( edit ) The Michel T. Halbouty Geosciences Building houses the Department of Geology and Geophysics . Texas A&M University System ( which includes Texas A&M , ten other universities , and a health center that are in the Texas A&M University System ) has an endowment valued at more than $11 billion , which would rank second among U.S. public universities and 7th overall ( if the University System was counted as one university ) . Apart from revenue received from tuition and research grants , the university , as part of the Texas A&M University System ( TAMUS ) , is partially funded from two endowments . The smaller endowment , totaling $1.17 billion in assets , is run by the private Texas A&M Foundation . A larger sum is distributed from the Texas Permanent University Fund ( PUF ) . TAMUS holds a minority stake ( one - third ) in this fund ; the remaining two - thirds belongs to the University of Texas System . As of 2006 , the PUF ending net asset value stood at $10.3 billion ; $400.7 million was distributed to the two university systems in fiscal year 2007 . Combined , the total endowment for the TAMUS stands at $11.1 billion , as of 2015 . Endowment assets dedicated solely to the College Station campus ( as of December 31 , 2015 ) are $259.9 million . Research ( edit ) The Century Tree , a famous campus landmark and subject to several traditions The Texas A&M University system , in 2006 , was the first to explicitly state in its policy that technology commercialization was a criterion that could be used for tenure . Passage of this policy was intended to give faculty more academic freedom and strengthen the university 's industry partnerships . Texas A&M works with both state and university agencies on various local and international research projects to forge innovations in science and technology that can have commercial applications . This work is concentrated in two primary locations -- Research Valley and Research Park . Research Valley , an alliance of educational and business organizations , consists of 11,400 acres ( 50 km ) with 2,500,000 square feet ( 232,000 m ) of dedicated research space . An additional 350 acres ( 1 km ) , with 500,000 square feet ( 46,000 m ) of research space , is located in Research Park . Among the school 's research entities are the Texas Institute for Genomic Medicine , the Texas Transportation Institute , the Cyclotron Institute , the Institute of Biosciences and Technology , and the Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology . Texas A&M University is a member of the SEC Academic Consortium . In 2013 with $955 million Texas A&M ranked in the top three universities for research expenditures ; third behind only MIT and UC Berkeley . In 2004 , Texas A&M System faculty and research submitted 121 new inventions and established 78 new royalty - bearing licensing agreements ; the innovations resulted in income of $8 million . The Texas A&M Technology Licensing Office filed for 88 patents for protection of intellectual property in 2004 . Spearheaded by the College of Veterinary Medicine , Texas A&M scientists created the first cloned pet , a cat named ' cc ' , on December 22 , 2001 . Texas A&M was also the first academic institution to clone each of six different species : cattle , a Boer goat , pigs , a cat , a deer and a horse . In 2004 , Texas A&M joined a consortium of universities and countries to build the Giant Magellan Telescope in Chile ; the largest optical telescope ever constructed , the facility has seven mirrors , each with a diameter of 8.4 meters ( 9.2 yd ) . This gives the telescope the equivalent of a 24.5 meters ( 26.8 yd ) primary mirror and is ten times more powerful than the Hubble Space Telescope . Ground - breaking for the construction of the telescope began in November 2015 . As part of a collaboration with the U.S. Department of Energy 's National Nuclear Security Administration , Texas A&M completed the first conversion of a nuclear research reactor from using highly enriched uranium fuel ( 70 % ) to utilizing low - enriched uranium ( 20 % ) . The eighteen - month project ended on October 13 , 2006 , after the first ever refueling of the reactor , thus fulfilling a portion of U.S. President George W. Bush 's Global Nuclear Threat Reduction Initiative . TAMU researchers have named the largest volcano on Earth , Tamu Massif , after the university . In December 2016 , the university became the focus of a PETA campaign hoping to close down certain veterinary laboratories , which it alleges perform abusive experiments on dogs with muscular dystrophy , including breeding dogs to worsen their illnesses and housing them in inhumane cages . The campaign urged supporters to write letters to the school in protest of experimenting on the dogs . Texas A&M responded that a video had been posted by PETA with insufficient context , and it said that the animals in question receive high - quality care with oversight from the National Institutes of Health and Muscular Dystrophy Association . Worldwide ( edit ) Two professors , a graduate , and an undergraduate student at the TAMUQ branch campus Texas A&M has participated in over 500 research projects in over 80 countries and leads the Southwestern United States in annual research expenditures . The university conducts research on every continent and has formal research and exchange agreements with 100 institutions in 40 countries . Texas A&M ranks 13th among U.S. research universities in exchange agreements with institutions abroad and student participation in study abroad programs , and has strong research collaborations with the National Natural Science Foundation of China and many leading universities in China . Texas A&M owns three international facilities , a multipurpose center in Mexico City , Mexico , the Soltis Research and Education Center near the town of San Isidro , Costa Rica , and the Santa Chiara Study Abroad Center in Castiglion Fiorentino , Italy . In 2003 , over 1,200 Aggie students , primarily undergraduates , studied abroad . Marine research occurs on the university 's branch campus , Texas A&M University at Galveston . It also has collaborations with international facilities such as the Hacienda Santa Clara in San Miguel de Allende , Guanajuato . Texas A&M 's Center for International Business Studies is one of 28 supported by the U.S. Department of Education . The university is also one of only two American universities in partnership with CONACyT , Mexico 's equivalent of the National Science Foundation , to support research in areas including biotechnology , telecommunications , energy , and urban development . In addition , the university is the home of `` Las Americas Digital Research Network '' , an online architecture network for 26 universities in 12 nations , primarily in Central and South America . Texas A&M has a campus in Education City , Doha , Qatar . The campus is part of Qatar 's `` massive venture to import elite higher education from the United States '' . TAMUQ was set up through an agreement between Texas A&M and the Qatar Foundation for Education , Science , and Community Development , a foundation started in 1995 by then - emir Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani and his wife and mother of the current emir , Sheikha Moza bint Nasser . TAMUQ was opened in 2003 , and the current contract extends through 2023 . The campus offers undergraduate degrees in chemical , electrical , mechanical and petroleum engineering and a graduate degree in chemical engineering . TAMUQ has received numerous awards for its research . Texas A&M receives $76.2 million per year from the Qatar Foundation for the campus . In the agreement with the Qatar Foundation , TAMU agreed that 70 % of its undergraduate population at its Qatar campus would be Qatari citizens . The curriculum aims to `` duplicate as closely as possible '' the curriculum at College Station , but questions constantly arise over whether this is possible due to Qatar 's strict stance on some of the freedoms granted to U.S. students . TAMU has also been the subject of criticism over its Qatari campus due to Qatar 's support of global terrorism and appalling human rights record . Texas A&M Aggie Conservatives , a campus activism group , has spoken out against the campus and called for its immediate closure on the grounds that it violates a commitment to educating Texans , and diminishes the credibility of engineering degrees earned by students at College Station . In late 2013 , Texas A&M signed an agreement to open a $200 million campus in Nazareth , Israel as a `` peace campus '' for Arabs and Israelis . The agreement led to protests from students at the Qatari campus who claimed that it was `` an insult to ( their ) people '' . The campus was never opened . Instead , Texas A&M opened a $6 million marine biology center in Haifa , Israel . Campus ( edit ) A view of the main campus , looking north from Kyle Field . At the center is the Academic Building with its copper dome . Main article : Campus of Texas A&M University Texas A&M 's College Station campus , one of the largest in America , spans 5,200 acres ( 21 km ) plus 350 acres ( 1 km ) for Research Park . The university is part of the Bryan - College Station metropolitan area located within Brazos County in the Brazos Valley ( Southeast Central Texas ) region , an area often referred to as `` Aggieland '' . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , as of 2008 , the population of Brazos County is estimated at 175,122 . Money Magazine , in 2006 , named College Station the most educated city in Texas , and the 11th most educated American city , due largely to the presence of the university and the size and scope of its research . Aggieland is centrally located within 200 miles ( 320 km ) of 3 of the 10 largest cities in the US and 75 % of the Texas and Louisiana populations ( approximately 13 million people ) . The area 's major roadway is State Highway 6 , and several smaller state highways and Farm to Market Roads connect the area to larger highways such as Interstate 45 . The campus is bisected by a railroad track operated by Union Pacific . The area east of the tracks , known as Main Campus , includes buildings for the colleges of engineering , architecture , geosciences , science , education and liberal arts . Dormitories , as well as the main dining centers and many campus support facilities , are also on Main Campus . Notable buildings on Main Campus include Kyle Field , Sterling C. Evans Library , the Academic Building , Harrington Hall , the Memorial Student Center , the Administration Building , Rudder Tower , Albritton Bell Tower , and the Bonfire Memorial . To the west of the railroad tracks lies West Campus , which includes most of the sports facilities , the business school , agricultural programs , life sciences , the veterinary college , the political science and economics school , the George Bush School of Government and Public Service , the George Bush Presidential Library and two schools within the Texas A&M Health Science Center . Research Park , the area of West Campus along Kimbrough Boulevard , includes many research facilities . Outside the main campus , the institution formally includes two additional branch campuses : Texas A&M at Qatar located in Education City in Doha , Qatar devoted to engineering disciplines and Texas A&M University at Galveston in Galveston , Texas , devoted to marine research and host to the Texas A&M Maritime Academy . All degrees at the Qatar campus are granted by the university 's Dwight Look College of Engineering . On October 23 , 2013 , plans were announced for a third ( second international ) branch campus , Texas A&M University at Nazareth - Peace Campus , in Israel . The Texas A&M School of Law is located in Fort Worth , Texas . Texas A&M also maintains the RELLIS campus formally , Texas A&M Riverside Campus or Bryan Air Force Base . This extension of the main campus is located 10 miles ( 16 km ) to the northwest adjacent to Texas State Highways 47 and 21 . RELLIS stands for `` Respect '' , `` Excellence '' , `` Leadership '' , `` Loyalty '' , `` Integrity '' , and `` Selfless service '' . Blinn College will also maintain a campus presence at RELLIS to partner with other institutions and organizations . The Bryan City Council is considering annexing the 2,000 - acre campus and nearby land . Annexation would allow the city to regulate development at the site , provide various municipal services , and expand the tax base though RELLIS itself as a public entity would not contribute to city property tax revenues . Related private businesses attracted to the RELLIS area would produce such revenues . Student Life ( edit ) Residential Life ( edit ) Sbisa Dining Hall and central utility plant water tower sporting the greeting , `` Welcome to Aggieland '' During the 2006 fall semester , 20.5 percent of the student body lived on campus in one of two distinct housing sections located on opposite ends of campus . Both the Northside and Southside areas contain student dormitories , also known as residence halls . While some halls are single - sex , others are co-educational . Usually students of different genders live on alternate floors , although some halls are segregated by room or suite . Residence hall styles vary . Many halls offer only indoor access to individual rooms , but other halls locate room entrances on an outdoor balcony . Room sizes vary by building . Halls with larger rooms include en - suite or private bathrooms , while halls with smaller rooms have a common bathroom on each floor . Several halls include a `` substance - free '' floor , where residents pledge to avoid bringing alcohol , drugs , or cigarettes into the hall . Northside consists of 17 student residence halls , including the 3 university honors dorms . Two of the university honors dorms are freshman only . The halls are located near local entertainment district Northgate , and offer convenient access to campus dining establishments : Sbisa Dining Hall and The Underground , a food court located in the Sbisa basement . Several of the residence halls located on Southside are reserved for members of the Corps of Cadets . Non-corps halls in this area center around the Commons , a hub for activities and dining . Southside has two Learning Living Communities , which allow freshmen to live in a cluster with other students who share common interests . Facilities for the Corps of Cadets are located in the Quadrangle , or `` The Quad '' , an area consisting of dormitories , Duncan Dining Hall , and the Corps training fields . The Corps Arches , a series of 12 arches that `` ( symbolize ) the spirit of the 12th Man of Texas A&M '' , mark the entrance to the Quadrangle . All cadets , except those who are married or who have had previous military service , must live in the Quad with assigned roommates from the same unit and graduating class . Reveille , the Aggie mascot , lives with her handlers in the Quadrangle . Greek Life ( edit ) At Texas A&M , about 10 % of the undergraduate population is affiliated with a Greek fraternity or sorority . Texas A&M is home to 58 nationally or internationally recognized Greek letter organizations . There are 20 IFC fraternities , including Delta Kappa Epsilon , Sigma Alpha Epsilon , Sigma Alpha Mu , Phi Gamma Delta , Phi Delta Theta , Alpha Tau Omega , Beta Theta Pi , Delta Tau Delta , Sigma Chi , Pi Kappa Alpha , Kappa Alpha Order , Kappa Sigma , and Sigma Nu . There are 13 Panhellenic Council Sororities , including Alpha Kappa Alpha , Delta Sigma Theta , Alpha Chi Omega , Alpha Delta Pi , Chi Omega , Delta Gamma , Delta Zeta , Delta Delta Delta , Gamma Phi Beta , Kappa Alpha Theta , Kappa Delta , Kappa Kappa Gamma , Pi Beta Phi and Zeta Tau Alpha . Major philanthropic events include Chi Omega 's variety show and production Songfest , Sigma Alpha Epsilon 's Paddy Murphy week - long fundraiser , Zeta Tau Alpha 's Big Man on Campus competition , Delta Kappa Epsilon 's Ducky Derby and Sigma Chi 's annual Fight Night . Corps of Cadets ( edit ) Main article : Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets The Fightin ' Texas Aggie Band 's Bugle Rank leads the band at halftime at a football game . Texas A&M is one of six United States Senior Military Colleges . The schools ' Corps of Cadets ( or the Corps ) is one of the largest uniformed student bodies outside the service academies . Many members participate in ROTC programs and earn commissions in the United States Armed Forces upon graduation . Members of the Corps have served in every armed conflict fought by the United States since 1876 . There were 20,229 Aggies who served in World War II , and of these , 14,123 served as officers , more than any other school , including the combined totals of the United States Military Academy and the United States Naval Academy . Since 1876 , 225 Aggies have served as generals or Flag Officers . Until 1965 , Corps membership was mandatory . The Corps welcomed female members in the fall of 1974 , and as of spring 2012 , the co-ed Corps boasts an enrollment of more than 2000 cadets . Robert Gates and senior cadets from the Corps of Cadets give the `` gig ' em '' sign at the Pentagon . The Corps is composed of three Air Force Wings , three Army Brigades , three Navy and Marine Regiments , as well as the Fightin ' Texas Aggie Band , whose members may be affiliated with any military branch . Parson 's Mounted Cavalry is the only mounted ROTC unit in the United States . The Ross Volunteer Company , the oldest student - run organization in the state , is the official honor guard for the Governor of Texas . The Fish Drill Team , a precision , close - order rifle drill team composed entirely of Corps freshmen , represents the school in local and national competitions . They have won the national championship almost every year since their creation in 1946 , and have appeared in several Hollywood productions , with prominent roles in the movies A Few Good Men and Courage Under Fire . The Fightin ' Texas Aggie Band , the world 's largest precision military marching band , provides music for University functions and presents intricate halftime performances at football games . Some band drills are so complicated that they require band members to step between each other 's feet to complete the maneuvers . These drills must be drawn by hand as computer marching programs have returned errors ; their calculations require two people to be in the same spot at the same time . Corps of Cadets membership is a requirement to join the Aggie Band , and bandsmen live by the same standards , schedules , and regimens as the rest of the Corps . Activities ( edit ) The Texas A&M University Singing Cadets Texas A&M has over 1,000 student organizations , including academic , service , religious , Greek and common interest organizations . Orientation programs encourage students to become involved in campus activities and organizations from the beginning . An April 2005 campus survey found that 74 % of the students were involved with at least one organization and that 88 % participated in a campus organization in the past . Since 1955 , the MSC Student Conference on National Affairs has held conferences , lectures , and other programs to bring the wider world to Texas A&M by discussing issues of national and international importance with top - caliber speakers like then - Chairman of the Joint Chiefs General Martin Dempsey , Texas A&M students , and those from across the nation . One of the oldest student organizations is the Singing Cadets , founded in 1893 . Known as the `` Voice of Aggieland '' , the Singing Cadets are an all - male choral group with about 70 members not affiliated with the Corps of Cadets . The group travels nationally and has completed several international tours ; most recently , China in 2013 . Texas A&M Hillel , the oldest Hillel organization in the United States , was founded in 1920 at the original college . The organization occurred three years before the national Hillel Foundation was organized at the University of Illinois . Student Rec Center GLBT Aggies is the descendant organization of Gay Student Services ( GSS ) , the only student organization to ever successfully sue the institution for official recognition . In the decision Gay Student Services v. Texas A&M University , the Fifth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals held that the First Amendment required public universities to recognize student organizations aimed at gay students . The Graduate Student Council , founded in 1995 , serves as the student government for Texas A&M University 's graduate and professional students . It is a council representing all TAMU graduate students with a purpose to improve graduate students ' academic , living and social experiences . The GSC represents students ' concerns and is their liaison with the University Administration . The Department of Recreational Sports provides drop - in recreation , intramural sports , sport clubs , indoor climbing , strength and conditioning , fitness classes , Outdoor Adventures , aquatics classes , and more . Rec Sports facilities include the flagship Student Recreation Center , which is undergoing a renovation and expansion that will increase the size of the facility to approximately 400,000 square feet ; a natatorium ; the Penberthy Rec Sports Complex ; and the Omar Smith Instructional Tennis Center . Some national service organizations originated at A&M . Aggie students founded the largest one - day student - run service project in America known as The Big Event . The annual service project allows students to give back to their community by assisting local residents . The organization CARPOOL , a student - run , safe ride program has provided over 250,000 free rides ( as of February 2016 ) to Aggies unable to transport themselves home . Its organizers also assist other universities in establishing similar programs . In addition , the Corporation for National and Community Service listed A&M among the 500 academic institutions in the 2005 -- 06 President 's Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll . The Student Government Association ( SGA ) , one of A&M 's largest organizations , consists of over 1,300 student members in 3 branches , 15 committees , and 4 commissions . SGA has changed little since 1972 , except its relative position within the official framework of the university . Media ( edit ) The Princeton Review ranked The Battalion , founded in 1893 , as the 5th best college newspaper in America in 2010 . The Aggieland , formerly known as The Olio and The Longhorn , is one of America 's largest college yearbooks in number of pages and copies sold . The university houses the public broadcasting stations : KAMU - TV , a PBS member station since 1970 , KAMU - FM an NPR affiliate since 1977 , and the student - run KANM , `` the college station of College Station '' . W5AC broadcast the first live , play - by - play broadcast of a college football game , at Kyle Field , in November 1921 . The game , played in Dallas between the Aggies and the University of Texas , ended in a scoreless tie . Traditions ( edit ) Main article : Traditions of Texas A&M University See also : Glossary of Texas A&M University terms Aggie Ring for the class of 2004 The Texas A&M culture is a product of the university 's founding as a rural military and agricultural school . Although the school and surrounding community have grown , and military training is no longer required , the school 's history has instilled in students `` the idealized elements of a small - town life : community , tradition , loyalty , optimism , and unabashed sentimentality . '' Texas Monthly posits that Texas A&M students ' respect for school traditions and values is the university 's greatest strength . Some of the school traditions date to the 1890s , while others have been introduced more recently . These traditions enable enrolled students and alumni to cultivate the Aggie Spirit , a sense of loyalty and respect for the school . They dictate many aspects of student life , including how to greet others ( using the official school greeting `` Howdy ! '' ) , how to act at an A&M sporting event , and often , what words a student may use in conversation . A visible designation tradition among senior undergraduates and former students is the wearing of the Aggie Ring , whose design has been relatively unchanged since its introduction in 1894 . Students may order a ring after completing 90 credit hours of coursework , including at least 45 hours at A&M , or after graduation . Graduate students may receive a ring after 75 % of their graduate coursework is completed or after the acceptance of their dissertation or thesis . Though unsanctioned by the university , many students `` dunk '' their newly acquired Aggie Rings into a pitcher of beer and quickly chug the entire pitcher to `` earn '' the ring . Some students dunk their rings in alternative substances , including ice cream or nonalcoholic beverages . The Ross Volunteers perform a rifleman 's salute as candles are lit for the deceased at the 2007 Aggie Muster at Reed Arena . In keeping with the idea that all enrolled students and `` former students '' comprise a family ( the term alumni is not generally used , as `` former students '' include those who could not complete their education , such as those who entered military service ) , Aggies have created two traditions to honor members of the Aggie family who have died . Aggie Muster is held annually on the anniversary of the Battle of San Jacinto , April 21 , to honor the death during the previous year of any enrolled student or alumni . Over 300 Musters are held around the world , with the largest taking place at Reed Arena on the Texas A&M University campus . All Muster ceremonies feature the Roll Call for the Absent . As the names of the deceased Aggies are called , a family member or friend answers `` Here '' and lights a candle , to symbolize that although their loved one is not present in body , his or her spirit will shine forever . The event received worldwide attention during World War II , when 25 Aggies `` mustered '' during the battle for the island of Corregidor . Students who die while enrolled at Texas A&M are also honored at Silver Taps , a ceremony held , when necessary , on the first Tuesday of the month . This tradition began as a memorial for former Texas A&M president Lawrence Sullivan Ross . On the day of the ceremony , flags fly half - staff and notices are posted throughout campus . At 10 : 15 pm the lights around campus are extinguished and hymns chime from Albritton Tower while students and faculty collect in the Academic Plaza . Following a 21 - gun salute by the Ross Volunteer Firing Squad , six buglers play an A&M version of the song Taps , Silver Taps , three times from the dome of the school 's Academic Building : once to the north , the south and to the west . The song is not played to the east symbolizing that the sun will never rise on that Aggie again . Sports ( edit ) The 2007 Student Bonfire 12th Man ( edit ) Aggie football fans are called the 12th Man , meaning that they support the 11 players on the field and would be willing , if it were possible , to enter the game if necessary . To further symbolize their `` readiness , desire , and enthusiasm , '' it is traditional for students in attendance to stand throughout the game . The tradition began on January 2 , 1922 , at the Dixie Classic where A&M played Centre College . A&M had so many injuries in the first half of the game that Coach Dana X . Bible feared he would not have enough men to finish the game . He called into the stands for E. King Gill , a reserve who had left football after the regular season to play basketball . Although he did not actually play , his readiness symbolized the willingness of all Aggies to support their team to the point of actually entering the game . A&M won 22 -- 14 , but E. King Gill was the only man left standing on the sidelines for the Aggies . In recent decades , the 12th Man is represented on the field by a walk - on player who wears the No. 12 jersey and participates in kick - offs . The 12th Man uses a variety of school yells , rather than cheers , to support Aggie teams . Each year the student body elects five students to serve as the Yell Leaders . At midnight before each home football game at Kyle Field or at a predesignated location at away games , the fans gather together to practice the yells for the next day 's game . Led by the Yell Leaders , and the Fightin ' Texas Aggie Band , the Twelfth Man files into the stadium to participate in Midnight Yell Practice to practice yells , sing the War Hymn , and joke about their opponents . At the conclusion of the yell practice , the stadium lights are extinguished and fans kiss their dates . This is also done as practice , because Aggies are expected to `` mug down '' , or kiss their dates , every time the football team scores on the field . Sports Illustrated named Midnight Yell as one of the `` 100 Things You Gotta Do Before You Graduate . '' On November 12 , 2015 , Texas A&M sued the Indianapolis Colts for infringing on its trademark of the 12th Man . Bonfire ( edit ) Almost every year since 1909 , A&M students have built a large bonfire to celebrate their `` burning desire to beat the hell outta U.T. '' ( the University of Texas ) . Aggie Bonfire was traditionally lit around Thanksgiving in conjunction with the festivities surrounding the annual college football game between the schools . Though it began as a trash pile , Aggie Bonfire evolved into a massive six - tiered structure , the world record being held at 109 feet ( 30 m ) . The collapse of the 1999 structure , causing the deaths of 12 students and an alumnus , prompted the university to suspend the official sanction of the bonfire , but the tradition continues off - campus . Athletics ( edit ) Main article : Texas A&M Aggies The Aggies are a member of the Southeastern Conference in all sports as of July 1 , 2012 . Previously a charter member of the Southwest Conference until its dissolution in 1996 , A&M competed in the Big 12 Conference until June 30 , 2012 . The school 's 20 sports teams are known as the Aggies , and the school 's colors are maroon and white . As of April 2011 , Aggies have earned 138 Southwest and Big 12 conference regular - season and tournament titles and 11 team national championships . The women 's soccer team , formed in 1993 , earned 15 consecutive NCAA Tournament appearances from 1995 to 2009 , advancing at least as far as the round of 16 in seven of the last eight appearances . The women 's volleyball team earned 12 consecutive NCAA Tournament appearances from 1993 to 2004 , advancing past the first round each time . In 2004 Sports Illustrated on Campus ranked Olsen Field `` the best college baseball venue '' . Sports Illustrated ranked the university 46th , in a 2002 analysis of `` America 's Best Sports College ( s ) '' and College Station the 9th best college sports town . A&M 's archrival was the University of Texas until joining the SEC . In 2004 , sporting events between the Aggies and Longhorns became known as the Lone Star Showdown . The most - watched event in the rivalry was the annual football game held the day of Thanksgiving . Other rivalries have included Texas Tech , Baylor University , and the recently renewed rivalries with the University of Arkansas and Louisiana State University . Football ( edit ) Main article : Texas A&M Aggies football A view from the student section of Kyle Field during a 2007 football game Founded in 1894 , the football team has won 18 Southwest Conference championships , 3 Big 12 South Division championships , and 1 Big 12 championship . The university also claims 3 national championships , two of which it claimed retroactively in 2012 . The team has appeared in 30 bowl games , winning 13 , and has produced 41 first Team All - Americans , 5 Academic All - Americans , and 2 Heisman Trophy winners , John David Crow in 1957 and Johnny Manziel in 2012 . Twenty - one Aggies play in the NFL , including the Super Bowl MVP for Super Bowl 50 , Von Miller , a player for the Denver Broncos . Former Broncos head coach Gary Kubiak also played college football at Texas A&M . Since 1904 , home football games have been played at Kyle Field , a stadium with a current capacity of 106,500 . In 2004 , CBS SportsLine.com ranked Kyle Field the top football stadium while Sporting News ranked it fourth . The same year Sports Illustrated on Campus ranked an A&M football weekend the third best college football experience . Basketball ( edit ) A men 's basketball game at Reed Arena in January 2008 Main articles : Texas A&M Aggies men 's basketball and Texas A&M Aggies women 's basketball Founded in 1912 , the men 's basketball team won 11 Southwest Conference championships and 2 Southwest Conference Tournament championships . The team has appeared in the National Invitation Tournament 6 times and in the NCAA Tournament 11 times , of which 3 resulted in Sweet Sixteen appearances , most recently in the 2015 -- 16 season , which is the highest round to which the Aggies have advanced . The women 's basketball team has 1 Southwest Conference Tournament championship , 1 regular season Big 12 Conference championship and 2 Big 12 Tournament championships , most recently in 2011 . The women have advanced to 8 NCAA Tournament appearances , winning the National Championship in 2011 . They have also competed in the WNIT twice , winning that tournament in 1995 . The men 's basketball team was coached by head coach Mark Turgeon for four years until he left for the head coaching position at the University of Maryland . The current head basketball coach is Billy Kennedy ; he is entering his third season and leading the Aggies into the Southeastern Conference . The women 's team has been coached by Gary Blair since 2003 . Home games are played at the 12,989 - seat Reed Arena . G. Rollie White Coliseum , formerly the home of the volleyball and basketball teams , hosted basketball games before Reed Arena opened in 1998 . Notable alumni ( edit ) Main article : List of Texas A&M University people The Clayton W. Williams , Jr. , Alumni Center is the home of The Association of Former Students . Specimen Medals of Honor were on display at the Memorial Student Center ( MSC ) on the Texas A&M campus for each of the University 's seven recipients , including Horace S. Carswell 's medal ( pictured above ) . The medals were temporarily on display in Rudder Tower during renovation of the MSC . With over 450,000 alumni , A&M has one of the largest and most active alumni groups in America . Many Aggies have attained local , national , and international prominence . Jorge Quiroga and Martin Torrijos have served as heads of state for Bolivia and Panama , respectively , and Rick Perry is the current United States Secretary of Energy , and former Governor of Texas and 2012 US Presidential candidate . Robert Gates , United States Secretary of Defense in the George W. Bush and Obama administrations , is a past president of the university . Congressmen Joe Barton , Bill Flores , Jeb Hensarling , and Louie Gohmert , and former Austin , Texas , mayor Will Wynn are all graduates . William A. Pailes , Michael E. Fossum , and Steven Swanson became NASA astronauts . Aggies made their mark on the gridiron with former All Pro Green Bay Packer Lee Roy Caffey , 1 Pro-Bowl , 4 World Championships , including 3 Super Bowls , title - winning coach Gene Stallings , Oakland Raiders head coach Dennis Allen , Houston Oilers defensive tackle Ray Childress , Heisman Trophy winners John David Crow and Johnny Manziel , Heisman runner - up , legislator , and actor John Kimbrough , punt returner Dante Hall , offensive tackle Richmond Webb , Detroit Lions defensive end and punter Yale Lary , former Dallas Cowboys assistant coach and former player Dat Nguyen , punter Shane Lechler , Denver Broncos linebacker Von Miller , and defensive end Ty Warren . Paul `` Bear '' Bryant coached at A&M where `` survivors '' of his grueling football practice camp at Junction , Texas were nicknamed named The Junction Boys . Other famous Aggie athletes include Randy Barnes , indoor / outdoor shotput world record holder , World Series champion player and manager Davey Johnson , baseball standouts Chuck Knoblauch and Wally Moon ; along with Stacy Sykora , Libero for the USA national volleyball team . Aggies have also made a mark on pop culture . Robert Earl Keen and Lyle Lovett , who often strummed their guitars on the porch of their Northgate home , have become popular country singers . Rip Torn is a veteran of the silver screen and Neal Boortz is a nationally syndicated talk show host with the sixth largest listening audience in the United States . Wen Ho Lee , a doctoral graduate of A&M , became the subject of a 1999 espionage investigation ; though arrested , charges were dropped in 2000 . Aggies in business , particularly in the fields of energy , construction , communications , law , and chemistry , include Lowry Mays , chairman and CEO of Clear Channel Communications ; Jeffrey DeBruin , principal , Trammell Crow Company ; George P. Mitchell , chairman and CEO , Mitchell Energy and Development Corp. ; Khalid A. Al - Falih , President and CEO of Saudi Aramco ; Eduardo Castro - Wright , CEO of Wal - Mart Stores USA . Alum Charles E. Toberman was known as the `` Father of Hollywood '' for his role in developing many of the city 's most recognizable landmarks , including the Hollywood Bowl , Grauman 's Chinese Theater , El Capitan Theatre , the Roosevelt Hotel , the Grauman 's Egyptian Theatre and the Hollywood Masonic Temple . Architect Greg Pappas , now - deceased member and Vice President of the Pappas Restaurants family , is known for his design of the many different Pappas Family restaurants . J. William Harbour M.D. , is an ocular oncologist , cancer researcher and vice chairman at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute in Miami . Dallas Attorney , William Mahomes , Jr. , the first black student to graduate from Texas A&M University 's Corps of Cadets . He is managing partner of a Dallas - based law firm , with his primary concentration in the areas of public finance and commercial real estate transactions . Mr. Mahomes was appointed to the Board of Regents by Governor Greg Abbott in 2015 . He serves as a member of the Committee on Audit and the Committee on Academic and Student Affairs . He also serves as a liaison to the Development Foundations of A&M System Members and the Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets and System Military Training Programs . Because of A&M 's military roots , many Aggies have become leaders in the armed forces , and were featured in the 1943 propaganda film We 've Never Been Licked . George H. Gay , Jr. , was the sole survivor of Torpedo Squadron 8 in the Battle of Midway . Lieutenant General Jay T. Robbins became a fighter ace in World War II with 22 aerial victories . Major General Robert B. Williams led World War II raid on the Schweinfurt ball bearing factories . General Bernard Adolph Schriever , known as `` the architect of the Air Force 's ballistic missile and military space program '' , became the namesake of Schriever Air Force Base , Colorado . General Michael Moseley is a former Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force . Seven Aggies received the Medal of Honor in World War II . Horace S. Carswell , Jr. , class of 1938 Thomas W. Fowler , class of 1943 William G. Harrell , class of 1943 Lloyd H. Hughes , class of 1943 George D. Keathley , class of 1937 Turney W. Leonard , class of 1942 Eli L. Whiteley , class of 1941 One Aggie received the Medal of Honor in the Vietnam War prior to enrolling at the school . Clarence E. Sasser , class of 1973 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Note that the seal contains the date 1876 , the year in which Texas A&M began classes . This is not a discrepancy as both 1871 ( the year the Texas Legislature appropriated funds to begin A&M 's construction ) and 1876 can be considered the dates of establishment depending on the definition used and the reference sourced ( even within the Texas A&M University system ) . Jump up ^ The institution 's branch campuses , Texas A&M University at Galveston and Texas A&M University at Qatar , are considered part of Texas A&M proper . These are in Galveston , Texas and in Education City , Doha , Qatar respectively . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Texas A&M University . Archived from the original on 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` About Texas A&M '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 08 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` History and Development '' . Texas A&M University . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Universities With the Biggest Endowments '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : Watson responds to being removed from Texas A&M provost position , interim named until replacement starts Sept. 1 '' . The Bryan - College Station Eagle . July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Provost and Executive Vice President for Academics '' . Texas A&M University . Retrieved August 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas A&M University Enrollment Profile : Fall 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Texas A&M University . pp. i . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M UAC Bulletin '' ( PDF ) . Texas A&M University . p. 4 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved February 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brand Colors '' . Texas A&M University Brand Guide . Texas A&M University Marketing & Communications . October 17 , 2015 . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Higher Education Enrollments '' . Jump up ^ `` Fall 2012 Executive Summary '' . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M University Facts '' ( PDF ) . Texas A&M University . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 10 , 2010 . Retrieved September 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dethloff , Henry C. ( 1975 ) . A Pictorial History of Texas A&M University , 1876 -- 1976 . College Station , Texas : Texas A&M University Press , p 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Texas A&M University '' . Texas A&M University . Retrieved February 20 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas A&M University '' . Handbook of Texas . Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Texas Constitution , Article 7 -- Education , Section 13 -- Agricultural and Mechanical College '' . State of Texas . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2007 . Retrieved August 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dethloff , Henry C. ( 1975 ) . `` A Pictorial History of Texas A&M University , 1876 -- 1976 '' . College Station , Texas , Texas : Texas A&M University Press : 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Texas A&M University ( 1 August 2012 ) . The Cadence . Texas A&M University Corps of Cadets . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Adams Jr. , John A. ( 2001 ) . Keepers of the Spirit . Texas A&M University Press . p. 16 , table 1 -- 1 . ISBN 1 - 58544 - 127 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Ferrell , Christopher ( 2001 ) . `` Ross Elevated College from `` Reform School '' `` . The Bryan - College Station Eagle . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2009 . Retrieved March 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Surette , Rusty . `` A&M to review historical artifacts , but Sul Ross statue will remain on campus '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ reports , Staff and wire . `` Texas A&M officials say Sul Ross statue will remain '' . The Eagle . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Henkhaus , Luke . `` University Chancellor and President say Sul Ross statue will not be removed '' . The Battalion . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Kavanagh , Colleen ( 2001 ) . `` Questioning Tradition '' . The Bryan - College Station Eagle . Archived from the original ( -- ) on December 26 , 2004 . Retrieved June 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Liffick , Brandie ( October 30 , 2001 ) . `` Tradition spanning generations '' . The Battalion . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . Retrieved March 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Texas A&M Foundation Magazine Spring 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Texas A&M University Foundation . Retrieved February 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Adams Jr. , John A. ( 2001 ) . Keepers of the Spirit . Texas A&M University Press . pp. 160 , 163 . ISBN 1 - 58544 - 127 - 9 . Jump up ^ Watson , Raymond C. , Jr. ; Solving the Naval Radar Crisis , Trafford Publishing , 2007 , pp. 210 -- 211 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4251 - 6173 - 6 Jump up ^ Gillentine , Kristy ( March 11 , 2007 ) . `` Aggies recall days at Annex '' . The Bryan - College Station Eagle . Retrieved June 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A&M System History '' . Texas A&M University System . Retrieved February 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dethloff , Henry C. ( 1975 ) . A Pictorial History of Texas A&M University , 1876 -- 1976 . College Station , Texas : Texas A&M University Press . p. 184 . ^ Jump up to : Ferrell , Christopher ( n.d. ) . `` Rudder 's influence is evident on campus '' . The Eagle . Bryan - College Station . Retrieved June 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bean , Christopher B. `` James Earl Rudder and the Transformation of Texas A&M University , '' Journal of South Texas ( Fall 2008 ) , Vol. 21 Issue 2 , pp 119 -- 31 Jump up ^ Borden , Robert C. `` Bull of the Brazos dies : Moore was champion of Texas A&M '' , Bryan - College Station Eagle , May 28 , 1999 , pp. 1 -- 3 Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M University '' . Britannica. 1 . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved May 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bush Library '' . George Bush Presidential Library and Museum . Retrieved April 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` George Bush Presidential Library and Museum Opens '' . NARA . January 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Slattery , Patrick ( 2006 ) . `` Deconstructing Racism One Statue at a Time : Visual Culture Wars at Texas A&M University and the University of Texas at Austin '' . Visual Arts Research . 32 ( 2 ) : 28 -- 31 . JSTOR 20715415 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Cook , John Lee , Jr . `` Bonfire Collapse '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Homeland Security . Retrieved March 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kapitan , Craig ( September 3 , 2006 ) . `` Bonfire case under scrutiny by court '' . The Eagle . Bryan - College Station . Retrieved April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Van Der Werf , Martin ( April 25 , 2007 ) . `` Appeals Court Upholds Dismissal of Lawsuits Over Texas A&M Bonfire Accident '' . The Chronicle of Higher Education . Retrieved May 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M Selected For Membership In Association Of American Universities '' ( Press release ) . Texas A&M University . May 7 , 2001 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2009 . Retrieved April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SEC : Texas A&M to join in July 2012 '' . Associated Press . September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M Health Science Center Moves Under Administration Of Texas A&M University '' ( Press release ) . Texas A&M University . 12 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 21 July 2013 . Retrieved 16 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Garrett , Robert ( 23 October 2013 ) . `` Rick Perry visits Israel , touts new Texas A&M campus '' . Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 25 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Departments - Texas A&M University , College Station , TX '' . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M University Fall 2014 . Enrollment '' ( PDF ) . Texas A&M University . pp. i . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miles , Allison ( August 30 , 2005 ) . `` Princeton Review ranks A&M '' . The Battalion . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2009 . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tee , John ( August 29 , 2012 ) . `` On - campus Bible study breaks 10,000 student mark '' . The Battalion . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Top 10 Most Socially Conservative Colleges . Microsoft Encarta . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2009 . Retrieved January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` LGBT - Unfriendly '' . The Princeton Review . 2011 . Retrieved June 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` National Freshmen Merit Scholars '' ( PDF ) . University of Florida . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Student Body '' . College Board . Retrieved April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SAT & ACT Policies '' . College Board . Retrieved April 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Facts About Student Life Texas A&M University , College Station , TX '' . Tamu.edu . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` The College Board '' . Retrieved 14 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M University -- College Station - Texas A&M College Station - Best College - US News '' . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M University Fall 2008 . Enrollment '' ( PDF ) . Texas A&M University . pp. 1 -- 2 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Enrollment Surpasses 50,000 For First Time In History '' . Texas A&M University . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2012 . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Ranking of World Universities 2017 : USA '' . Shanghai Ranking Consultancy . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Top Colleges '' . Forbes . July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Colleges 2017 : National Universities Rankings '' . U.S. News & World Report . September 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Rankings - National Universities '' . Washington Monthly . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Ranking of World Universities 2017 '' . Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. 2017 . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` QS World University Rankings ® 2018 '' . Quacquarelli Symonds Limited . 2017 . Retrieved 25 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World University Rankings 2016 - 17 '' . THE Education Ltd . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best Global Universities Rankings : 2017 '' . U.S. News & World Report LP . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Academic Ranking of World Universities -- 2012 '' . Shanghai Jiao Tong University . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World rankings - North America '' . THES . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` QS World University Rankings '' . Top Universities . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` CWUR : WORLD UNIVERSITY RANKINGS 2013 '' . Center for World University Rankings . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/texas-a-m-university-228723/overall-rankings Jump up ^ `` 2015 National Universities Rankings '' . Washington Monthly . n.d. Archived from the original on March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved September 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Templeton Guide : Academic Honesty Programs '' . John Templeton Foundation . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2007 . Retrieved May 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kiplinger 's Best Values in Public Colleges '' . Kiplinger . January 2011 . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2010 . Retrieved January 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 25 Recruiter Picks '' . Wall Street Journal . September 13 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Schools ' Rankings Calculated From 479 Recruiter Responses '' . Wall Street Journal . September 13 , 2010 . Retrieved September 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` National Science Foundations names Texas A&M member of Top 20 research performers '' . Battalion . November 4 , 2008 . Retrieved November 4 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Texas A&M University Texas A&M University , College Station , TX '' . Tamu.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2012 Endowment Market Value and Percentage Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2011 to FY 2012 '' ( PDF ) . 2012 NACUBO Endowment Study . National Association of College and University Business Officers . Jump up ^ `` Permanent University Fund '' . The University of Texas Investment Management Company . Retrieved May 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Permanent University Fund '' . Texas State Historical Association . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Audited TAMU Financial Statements ( see p. 38 / 39 ) '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Regents Approve Patents and Commercialization of Research as New Consideration for Faculty Tenure '' ( Press release ) . The Texas A&M University System . May 26 , 2006 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2007 . Retrieved April 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Butkus , Ben ( August 6 , 2007 ) . `` Texas A&M 's Use of Tech Commercialization As Basis for Awarding Tenure Gains Traction '' . Applied Biosystems . Retrieved April 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions '' . Research Park . Retrieved January 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M University Centers and Institutes '' . Texas A&M University . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Profile on Research and Graduate Studies '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Texas A&M University . 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 14 , 2007 . Retrieved January 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` First pet clone is a cat '' . BBC News . February 15 , 2002 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lozano , Juan A. ( June 27 , 2009 ) . `` Texas A&M Cloning project raises questions still '' . Bryan - College Station Eagle . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2009 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Partnerships , Giant Magellan Telescope '' . Giant Magellan Telescope . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GMTO '' . Giant Magellan Telescope . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GMTO Frequently Asked Questions '' . Giant Magellan Telescope Organization . Retrieved 27 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Images from Groundbreaking '' . Giant Magellan Telescope . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A&M reactor gets safer uranium '' . The Battalion . October 18 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2013 . Retrieved January 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ http://www.peta.org/action/action-alerts/texas-university-dog-laboratories/ Jump up ^ http://www.foxnews.com/us/2016/12/16/peta-bites-texas-m-over-cruel-golden-retriever-research.html Jump up ^ http://www.houstonpress.com/news/disturbing-footage-shows-aandm-dogs-used-in-medical-research-updated-9012763 Jump up ^ http://www.kbtx.com/content/news/Texas-AM-responds-to-PETA-video-featuring-dogs-used-in-medical-research-406097505.html ^ Jump up to : `` Texas A&M Rankings '' . Texas A&M University Research and Graduate Studies . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2007 . Retrieved February 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M University Facts '' . Texas A&M University . Retrieved January 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` International Programs Office '' . International Programs Office . Texas A&M University . Retrieved May 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Lee , Jane ( March 9 , 2009 ) . `` A piece of A&M in the rainforest of Costa Rica : Center offers students chance to study abroad amid preserved natural scene '' . The Battalion . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2009 . Retrieved March 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` International Programs Reports '' . International Programs Texas A&M University . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2007 . Retrieved February 16 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas A&M University at Galveston '' . The Handbook of Texas . Retrieved May 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Centers for International Business Education '' . U.S. Department of Education . February 16 , 2005 . Retrieved January 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Collaborative Research Grant Program '' . Texas A&M University - CONACYT . Retrieved January 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction '' . `` Las Americas '' Digital Research Network . Retrieved January 1 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas university gets $76 million each year to operate in Qatar , contract says '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Reeve . `` After 10 Years in Qatar , A&M is Ready for 10 More , by Reeve Hamilton '' . The Texas Tribune . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Texas A&M University at Qatar wins 23 awards at QNRF forum '' . Gulf News Journal . 2015 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` In Qatar 's Education City , U.S. colleges are building an academic oasis '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Advocate questions motive behind Qatar 's financial ties to U.S. colleges '' . Gulf News Journal . 2016 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` While U.S. universities see dollar signs in Qatari partnerships , some cry foul '' . Gulf News Journal . 2015 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 29 . 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-6584254279046344865	Speech recognition	Speech recognition - wikipedia Speech recognition Jump to : navigation , search For the human linguistic concept , see Speech perception . Speech recognition is the inter-disciplinary sub-field of computational linguistics that develops methodologies and technologies that enables the recognition and translation of spoken language into text by computers . It is also known as `` automatic speech recognition '' ( ASR ) , `` computer speech recognition '' , or just `` speech to text '' ( STT ) . It incorporates knowledge and research in the linguistics , computer science , and electrical engineering fields . Some speech recognition systems require `` training '' ( also called `` enrollment '' ) where an individual speaker reads text or isolated vocabulary into the system . The system analyzes the person 's specific voice and uses it to fine - tune the recognition of that person 's speech , resulting in increased accuracy . Systems that do not use training are called `` speaker independent '' systems . Systems that use training are called `` speaker dependent '' . Speech recognition applications include voice user interfaces such as voice dialing ( e.g. `` Call home '' ) , call routing ( e.g. `` I would like to make a collect call '' ) , domotic appliance control , search ( e.g. find a podcast where particular words were spoken ) , simple data entry ( e.g. , entering a credit card number ) , preparation of structured documents ( e.g. a radiology report ) , speech - to - text processing ( e.g. , word processors or emails ) , and aircraft ( usually termed direct voice input ) . The term voice recognition or speaker identification refers to identifying the speaker , rather than what they are saying . Recognizing the speaker can simplify the task of translating speech in systems that have been trained on a specific person 's voice or it can be used to authenticate or verify the identity of a speaker as part of a security process . From the technology perspective , speech recognition has a long history with several waves of major innovations . Most recently , the field has benefited from advances in deep learning and big data . The advances are evidenced not only by the surge of academic papers published in the field , but more importantly by the worldwide industry adoption of a variety of deep learning methods in designing and deploying speech recognition systems . These speech industry players include Google , Microsoft , IBM , Baidu , Apple , Amazon , Nuance , SoundHound , iFLYTEK many of which have publicized the core technology in their speech recognition systems as being based on deep learning . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early work 1.2 Practical speech recognition 1.3 Modern systems 2 Models , methods , and algorithms 2.1 Hidden Markov models 2.2 Dynamic time warping ( DTW ) - based speech recognition 2.3 Neural networks 2.3. 1 Deep feedforward and recurrent neural networks 2.4 End - to - end automatic speech recognition 3 Applications 3.1 In - car systems 3.2 Health care 3.2. 1 Medical documentation 3.2. 2 Therapeutic use 3.3 Military 3.3. 1 High - performance fighter aircraft 3.3. 2 Helicopters 3.3. 3 Training air traffic controllers 3.4 Telephony and other domains 3.5 Usage in education and daily life 3.6 People with disabilities 3.7 Further applications 4 Performance 4.1 Accuracy 4.2 Security concerns 5 Further information 5.1 Conferences and journals 5.2 Books 5.3 Software 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) Early work ( edit ) In 1952 three Bell Labs researchers built a system for single - speaker digit recognition . Their system worked by locating the formants in the power spectrum of each utterance . The 1950s era technology was limited to single - speaker systems with vocabularies of around ten words . Gunnar Fant developed the source - filter model of speech production and published it in 1960 , which proved to be a useful model of speech production . Unfortunately , funding at Bell Labs dried up for several years when , in 1969 , the influential John Pierce wrote an open letter that was critical of speech recognition research . Pierce defunded speech recognition research at Bell Labs where no research on speech recognition was done until Pierce retired and James L. Flanagan took over . Raj Reddy was the first person to take on continuous speech recognition as a graduate student at Stanford University in the late 1960s . Previous systems required the users to make a pause after each word . Reddy 's system was designed to issue spoken commands for the game of chess . Also around this time Soviet researchers invented the dynamic time warping ( DTW ) algorithm and used it to create a recognizer capable of operating on a 200 - word vocabulary . The DTW algorithm processed the speech signal by dividing it into short frames , e.g. 10ms segments , and processing each frame as a single unit . Although DTW would be superseded by later algorithms , the technique of dividing the signal into frames would carry on . Achieving speaker independence was a major unsolved goal of researchers during this time period . In 1971 , DARPA funded five years of speech recognition research through its Speech Understanding Research program with ambitious end goals including a minimum vocabulary size of 1,000 words . It was thought that speech understanding would be key to making progress in speech recognition , although that later proved to not be true . BBN , IBM , Carnegie Mellon and Stanford Research Institute all participated in the program . The government funding revived speech recognition research that had been largely abandoned in the United States after John Pierce 's letter . Despite the fact that CMU 's Harpy system met the original goals of the program , many predictions turned out to be nothing more than hype , disappointing DARPA administrators . This disappointment led to DARPA not continuing the funding . Several innovations happened during this time , such as the invention of beam search for use in CMU 's Harpy system . The field also benefited from the discovery of several algorithms in other fields such as linear predictive coding and cepstral analysis . In 1972 , the IEEE Acoustics , Speech , and Signal Processing group held a conference in Newton , Massachusetts . Four years later , the first ICASSP was held in Philadelphia , which since then has been a major venue for the publication of research on speech recognition . During the late 1960s Leonard Baum developed the mathematics of Markov chains at the Institute for Defense Analysis . A decade later , at CMU , Raj Reddy 's students James Baker and Janet M. Baker began using the Hidden Markov Model ( HMM ) for speech recognition . James Baker had learned about HMMs from a summer job at the Institute of Defense Analysis during his undergraduate education . The use of HMMs allowed researchers to combine different sources of knowledge , such as acoustics , language , and syntax , in a unified probabilistic model . Under Fred Jelinek 's lead , IBM created a voice activated typewriter called Tangora , which could handle a 20,000 word vocabulary by the mid 1980s . Jelinek 's statistical approach put less emphasis on emulating the way the human brain processes and understands speech in favor of using statistical modeling techniques like HMMs . ( Jelinek 's group independently discovered the application of HMMs to speech . ) This was controversial with linguists since HMMs are too simplistic to account for many common features of human languages . However , the HMM proved to be a highly useful way for modeling speech and replaced dynamic time warping to become the dominant speech recognition algorithm in the 1980s . IBM had a few competitors including Dragon Systems founded by James and Janet M. Baker in 1982 . The 1980s also saw the introduction of the n - gram language model . Katz introduced the back - off model in 1987 , which allowed language models to use multiple length n - grams . During the same time , also CSELT was using HMM ( the diphonies were studied since 1980 ) to recognize language like Italian . At the same time , CSELT led a series of European projects ( Esprit I , II ) , and summarized the state - of - the - art in a book , later ( 2013 ) reprinted . Much of the progress in the field is owed to the rapidly increasing capabilities of computers . At the end of the DARPA program in 1976 , the best computer available to researchers was the PDP - 10 with 4 MB ram . Using these computers it could take up to 100 minutes to decode just 30 seconds of speech . A few decades later , researchers had access to tens of thousands of times as much computing power . As the technology advanced and computers got faster , researchers began tackling harder problems such as larger vocabularies , speaker independence , noisy environments and conversational speech . In particular , this shifting to more difficult tasks has characterized DARPA funding of speech recognition since the 1980s . For example , progress was made on speaker independence first by training on a larger variety of speakers and then later by doing explicit speaker adaptation during decoding . Further reductions in word error rate came as researchers shifted acoustic models to be discriminative instead of using maximum likelihood estimation . In the mid-Eighties new speech recognition microprocessors were released : for example RIPAC , an independent - speaker recognition ( for continuous speech ) chip tailored for telephone services , was presented in the Netherlands in 1986 . It was designed by CSELT / Elsag and manufactured by SGS . Practical speech recognition ( edit ) The 1990s saw the first introduction of commercially successful speech recognition technologies . Two of the earliest products were Dragon Dictate , a consumer product released in 1990 and originally priced at $9,000 , and a recognizer from Kurzweil Applied Intelligence released in 1987 . AT&T deployed the Voice Recognition Call Processing service in 1992 to route telephone calls without the use of a human operator . The technology was developed by Lawrence Rabiner and others at Bell Labs . By this point , the vocabulary of the typical commercial speech recognition system was larger than the average human vocabulary . Raj Reddy 's former student , Xuedong Huang , developed the Sphinx - II system at CMU . The Sphinx - II system was the first to do speaker - independent , large vocabulary , continuous speech recognition and it had the best performance in DARPA 's 1992 evaluation . Handling continuous speech with a large vocabulary was a major milestone in the history of speech recognition . Huang went on to found the speech recognition group at Microsoft in 1993 . Raj Reddy 's student Kai - Fu Lee joined Apple where , in 1992 , he helped develop a speech interface prototype for the Apple computer known as Casper . Lernout & Hauspie , a Belgium - based speech recognition company , acquired several other companies , including Kurzweil Applied Intelligence in 1997 and Dragon Systems in 2000 . The L&H speech technology was used in the Windows XP operating system . L&H was an industry leader until an accounting scandal brought an end to the company in 2001 . The speech technology from L&H was bought by ScanSoft which became Nuance in 2005 . Apple originally licensed software from Nuance to provide speech recognition capability to its digital assistant Siri . In the 2000s DARPA sponsored two speech recognition programs : Effective Affordable Reusable Speech - to - Text ( EARS ) in 2002 and Global Autonomous Language Exploitation ( GALE ) . Four teams participated in the EARS program : IBM , a team led by BBN with LIMSI and Univ. of Pittsburgh , Cambridge University , and a team composed of ISCI , SRI and University of Washington . EARS funded the collection of the Switchboard telephone speech corpus containing 260 hours of recorded conversations from over 500 speakers . The GALE program focused on Arabic and Mandarin broadcast news speech . Google 's first effort at speech recognition came in 2007 after hiring some researchers from Nuance . The first product was GOOG - 411 , a telephone based directory service . The recordings from GOOG - 411 produced valuable data that helped Google improve their recognition systems . Google voice search is now supported in over 30 languages . In the United States , the National Security Agency has made use of a type of speech recognition for keyword spotting since at least 2006 . This technology allows analysts to search through large volumes of recorded conversations and isolate mentions of keywords . Recordings can be indexed and analysts can run queries over the database to find conversations of interest . Some government research programs focused on intelligence applications of speech recognition , e.g. DARPA 's EARS 's program and IARPA 's Babel program . Modern systems ( edit ) In the early 2000s , speech recognition was still dominated by traditional approaches such as Hidden Markov Models combined with feedforward artificial neural networks . Today , however , many aspects of speech recognition have been taken over by a deep learning method called Long short - term memory ( LSTM ) , a recurrent neural network published by Sepp Hochreiter & Jürgen Schmidhuber in 1997 . LSTM RNNs avoid the vanishing gradient problem and can learn `` Very Deep Learning '' tasks that require memories of events that happened thousands of discrete time steps ago , which is important for speech . Around 2007 , LSTM trained by Connectionist Temporal Classification ( CTC ) started to outperform traditional speech recognition in certain applications . In 2015 , Google 's speech recognition reportedly experienced a dramatic performance jump of 49 % through CTC - trained LSTM , which is now available through Google Voice to all smartphone users . The use of deep feedforward ( non-recurrent ) networks for acoustic modeling was introduced during later part of 2009 by Geoffrey Hinton and his students at University of Toronto and by Li Deng and colleagues at Microsoft Research , initially in the collaborative work between Microsoft and University of Toronto which was subsequently expanded to include IBM and Google ( hence `` The shared views of four research groups '' subtitle in their 2012 review paper ) . A Microsoft research executive called this innovation `` the most dramatic change in accuracy since 1979 . '' In contrast to the steady incremental improvements of the past few decades , the application of deep learning decreased word error rate by 30 % . This innovation was quickly adopted across the field . Researchers have begun to use deep learning techniques for language modeling as well . In the long history of speech recognition , both shallow form and deep form ( e.g. recurrent nets ) of artificial neural networks had been explored for many years during 1980s , 1990s and a few years into the 2000s . But these methods never won over the non-uniform internal - handcrafting Gaussian mixture model / Hidden Markov model ( GMM - HMM ) technology based on generative models of speech trained discriminatively . A number of key difficulties had been methodologically analyzed in the 1990s , including gradient diminishing and weak temporal correlation structure in the neural predictive models . All these difficulties were in addition to the lack of big training data and big computing power in these early days . Most speech recognition researchers who understood such barriers hence subsequently moved away from neural nets to pursue generative modeling approaches until the recent resurgence of deep learning starting around 2009 -- 2010 that had overcome all these difficulties . Hinton et al. and Deng et al. reviewed part of this recent history about how their collaboration with each other and then with colleagues across four groups ( University of Toronto , Microsoft , Google , and IBM ) ignited a renaissance of applications of deep feedforward neural networks to speech recognition . Models , Methods , and algorithms ( edit ) Both acoustic modeling and language modeling are important parts of modern statistically - based speech recognition algorithms . Hidden Markov models ( HMMs ) are widely used in many systems . Language modeling is also used in many other natural language processing applications such as document classification or statistical machine translation . Hidden Markov models ( edit ) Main article : Hidden Markov model Modern general - purpose speech recognition systems are based on Hidden Markov Models . These are statistical models that output a sequence of symbols or quantities . HMMs are used in speech recognition because a speech signal can be viewed as a piecewise stationary signal or a short - time stationary signal . In a short time - scale ( e.g. , 10 milliseconds ) , speech can be approximated as a stationary process . Speech can be thought of as a Markov model for many stochastic purposes . Another reason why HMMs are popular is because they can be trained automatically and are simple and computationally feasible to use . In speech recognition , the hidden Markov model would output a sequence of n - dimensional real - valued vectors ( with n being a small integer , such as 10 ) , outputting one of these every 10 milliseconds . The vectors would consist of cepstral coefficients , which are obtained by taking a Fourier transform of a short time window of speech and decorrelating the spectrum using a cosine transform , then taking the first ( most significant ) coefficients . The hidden Markov model will tend to have in each state a statistical distribution that is a mixture of diagonal covariance Gaussians , which will give a likelihood for each observed vector . Each word , or ( for more general speech recognition systems ) , each phoneme , will have a different output distribution ; a hidden Markov model for a sequence of words or phonemes is made by concatenating the individual trained hidden Markov models for the separate words and phonemes . Described above are the core elements of the most common , HMM - based approach to speech recognition . Modern speech recognition systems use various combinations of a number of standard techniques in order to improve results over the basic approach described above . A typical large - vocabulary system would need context dependency for the phonemes ( so phonemes with different left and right context have different realizations as HMM states ) ; it would use cepstral normalization to normalize for different speaker and recording conditions ; for further speaker normalization it might use vocal tract length normalization ( VTLN ) for male - female normalization and maximum likelihood linear regression ( MLLR ) for more general speaker adaptation . The features would have so - called delta and delta - delta coefficients to capture speech dynamics and in addition might use heteroscedastic linear discriminant analysis ( HLDA ) ; or might skip the delta and delta - delta coefficients and use splicing and an LDA - based projection followed perhaps by heteroscedastic linear discriminant analysis or a global semi-tied co variance transform ( also known as maximum likelihood linear transform , or MLLT ) . Many systems use so - called discriminative training techniques that dispense with a purely statistical approach to HMM parameter estimation and instead optimize some classification - related measure of the training data . Examples are maximum mutual information ( MMI ) , minimum classification error ( MCE ) and minimum phone error ( MPE ) . Decoding of the speech ( the term for what happens when the system is presented with a new utterance and must compute the most likely source sentence ) would probably use the Viterbi algorithm to find the best path , and here there is a choice between dynamically creating a combination hidden Markov model , which includes both the acoustic and language model information , and combining it statically beforehand ( the finite state transducer , or FST , approach ) . A possible improvement to decoding is to keep a set of good candidates instead of just keeping the best candidate , and to use a better scoring function ( re scoring ) to rate these good candidates so that we may pick the best one according to this refined score . The set of candidates can be kept either as a list ( the N - best list approach ) or as a subset of the models ( a lattice ) . Re scoring is usually done by trying to minimize the Bayes risk ( or an approximation thereof ) : Instead of taking the source sentence with maximal probability , we try to take the sentence that minimizes the expectancy of a given loss function with regards to all possible transcriptions ( i.e. , we take the sentence that minimizes the average distance to other possible sentences weighted by their estimated probability ) . The loss function is usually the Levenshtein distance , though it can be different distances for specific tasks ; the set of possible transcriptions is , of course , pruned to maintain tractability . Efficient algorithms have been devised to re score lattices represented as weighted finite state transducers with edit distances represented themselves as a finite state transducer verifying certain assumptions . Dynamic time warping ( DTW ) - based speech recognition ( edit ) Main article : Dynamic time warping Dynamic time warping is an approach that was historically used for speech recognition but has now largely been displaced by the more successful HMM - based approach . Dynamic time warping is an algorithm for measuring similarity between two sequences that may vary in time or speed . For instance , similarities in walking patterns would be detected , even if in one video the person was walking slowly and if in another he or she were walking more quickly , or even if there were accelerations and deceleration during the course of one observation . DTW has been applied to video , audio , and graphics -- indeed , any data that can be turned into a linear representation can be analyzed with DTW . A well - known application has been automatic speech recognition , to cope with different speaking speeds . In general , it is a method that allows a computer to find an optimal match between two given sequences ( e.g. , time series ) with certain restrictions . That is , the sequences are `` warped '' non-linearly to match each other . This sequence alignment method is often used in the context of hidden Markov models . Neural networks ( edit ) Main article : Artificial neural network Neural networks emerged as an attractive acoustic modeling approach in ASR in the late 1980s . Since then , neural networks have been used in many aspects of speech recognition such as phoneme classification , isolated word recognition , audiovisual speech recognition , audiovisual speaker recognition and speaker adaptation . In contrast to HMMs , neural networks make no assumptions about feature statistical properties and have several qualities making them attractive recognition models for speech recognition . When used to estimate the probabilities of a speech feature segment , neural networks allow discriminative training in a natural and efficient manner . Few assumptions on the statistics of input features are made with neural networks . However , in spite of their effectiveness in classifying short - time units such as individual phonemes and isolated words , neural networks are rarely successful for continuous recognition tasks , largely because of their lack of ability to model temporal dependencies . However , recently LSTM Recurrent Neural Networks ( RNNs ) and Time Delay Neural Networks ( TDNN 's ) have been used which have been shown to be able to identify latent temporal dependencies and use this information to perform the task of speech recognition . Deep Neural Networks and Denoising Autoencoders were also being experimented with to tackle this problem in an effective manner . Due to the inability of feedforward Neural Networks to model temporal dependencies , an alternative approach is to use neural networks as a pre-processing e.g. feature transformation , dimensionality reduction , for the HMM based recognition . Deep feedforward and recurrent neural networks ( edit ) Main article : Deep learning A deep feedforward neural network ( DNN ) is an artificial neural network with multiple hidden layers of units between the input and output layers . Similar to shallow neural networks , DNNs can model complex non-linear relationships . DNN architectures generate compositional models , where extra layers enable composition of features from lower layers , giving a huge learning capacity and thus the potential of modeling complex patterns of speech data . A success of DNNs in large vocabulary speech recognition occurred in 2010 by industrial researchers , in collaboration with academic researchers , where large output layers of the DNN based on context dependent HMM states constructed by decision trees were adopted . See comprehensive reviews of this development and of the state of the art as of October 2014 in the recent Springer book from Microsoft Research . See also the related background of automatic speech recognition and the impact of various machine learning paradigms including notably deep learning in recent overview articles . One fundamental principle of deep learning is to do away with hand - crafted feature engineering and to use raw features . This principle was first explored successfully in the architecture of deep autoencoder on the `` raw '' spectrogram or linear filter - bank features , showing its superiority over the Mel - Cepstral features which contain a few stages of fixed transformation from spectrograms . The true `` raw '' features of speech , waveforms , have more recently been shown to produce excellent larger - scale speech recognition results . End - to - end Automatic speech recognition ( edit ) Since 2014 , there has been much research interest in `` end - to - end '' ASR . Traditional phonetic - based ( i.e. , all HMM - based model ) approaches required separate components and training for the pronunciation , acoustic and language model . End - to - end models jointly learn all the components of the speech recognizer . This is valuable since it simplifies the training process and deployment process . For example , a n - gram language model is required for all HMM - based systems , and a typical n - gram language model often takes several gigabytes in memory making them impractical to deploy on mobile devices . Consequently , modern commercial ASR systems from Google and Apple ( as of 2017 ) are deployed on the cloud and require a network connection as opposed to the device locally . The first attempt of end - to - end ASR was with Connectionist Temporal Classification ( CTC ) based systems introduced by Alex Graves of Google DeepMind and Navdeep Jaitly of the University of Toronto in 2014 . The model consisted of recurrent neural networks and a CTC layer . Jointly , the RNN - CTC model learns the pronunciation and acoustic model together , however it is incapable of learning the language due to conditional independence assumptions similar to a HMM . Consequently , CTC models can directly learn to map speech acoustics to English characters , but the models make many common spelling mistakes and must rely on a separate language model to clean up the transcripts . Later , Baidu expanded on the work with extremely large datasets and demonstrated some commercial success in Chinese Mandarin and English . In 2016 , University of Oxford presented LipNet , the first end - to - end sentence - level lip reading model , using spatiotemporal convolutions coupled with an RNN - CTC architecture , surpassing human - level performance in a restricted grammar dataset . An alternative approach to CTC - based models are attention - based models . Attention - based ASR models were introduced simultaneously by Chan et al. of Carnegie Mellon University and Google Brain and Bahdanaua et al. of the University of Montreal in 2016 . The model named `` Listen , Attend and Spell '' ( LAS ) , literally `` listens '' to the acoustic signal , pays `` attention '' to different parts of the signal and `` spells '' out the transcript one character at a time . Unlike CTC - based models , attention - based models do not have conditional - independence assumptions and can learn all the components of a speech recognizer including the pronunciation , acoustic and language model directly . This means , during deployment , there is no need to carry around a language model making it very practical for deployment onto applications with limited memory . By the end of 2016 , the attention - based models have seen considerable success including outperforming the CTC models ( with or without an external language model ) . Various extensions have been proposed since the original LAS model . Latent Sequence Decompositions ( LSD ) was proposed by Carnegie Mellon University , MIT and Google Brain to directly emit sub-word units which are more natural than English characters ; University of Oxford and Google DeepMind extended LAS to `` Watch , Listen , Attend and Spell '' ( WLAS ) to handle lip reading surpassing human - level performance . Applications ( edit ) In - car systems ( edit ) Typically a manual control input , for example by means of a finger control on the steering - wheel , enables the speech recognition system and this is signalled to the driver by an audio prompt . Following the audio prompt , the system has a `` listening window '' during which it may accept a speech input for recognition . Simple voice commands may be used to initiate phone calls , select radio stations or play music from a compatible smartphone , MP3 player or music - loaded flash drive . Voice recognition capabilities vary between car make and model . Some of the most recent car models offer natural - language speech recognition in place of a fixed set of commands , allowing the driver to use full sentences and common phrases . With such systems there is , therefore , no need for the user to memorize a set of fixed command words . Health care ( edit ) Medical documentation ( edit ) In the health care sector , speech recognition can be implemented in front - end or back - end of the medical documentation process . Front - end speech recognition is where the provider dictates into a speech - recognition engine , the recognized words are displayed as they are spoken , and the dictator is responsible for editing and signing off on the document . Back - end or deferred speech recognition is where the provider dictates into a digital dictation system , the voice is routed through a speech - recognition machine and the recognized draft document is routed along with the original voice file to the editor , where the draft is edited and report finalized . Deferred speech recognition is widely used in the industry currently . One of the major issues relating to the use of speech recognition in healthcare is that the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 ( ARRA ) provides for substantial financial benefits to physicians who utilize an EMR according to `` Meaningful Use '' standards . These standards require that a substantial amount of data be maintained by the EMR ( now more commonly referred to as an Electronic Health Record or EHR ) . The use of speech recognition is more naturally suited to the generation of narrative text , as part of a radiology / pathology interpretation , progress note or discharge summary : the ergonomic gains of using speech recognition to enter structured discrete data ( e.g. , numeric values or codes from a list or a controlled vocabulary ) are relatively minimal for people who are sighted and who can operate a keyboard and mouse . A more significant issue is that most EHRs have not been expressly tailored to take advantage of voice - recognition capabilities . A large part of the clinician 's interaction with the EHR involves navigation through the user interface using menus , and tab / button clicks , and is heavily dependent on keyboard and mouse : voice - based navigation provides only modest ergonomic benefits . By contrast , many highly customized systems for radiology or pathology dictation implement voice `` macros '' , where the use of certain phrases -- e.g. , `` normal report '' , will automatically fill in a large number of default values and / or generate boilerplate , which will vary with the type of the exam -- e.g. , a chest X-ray vs. a gastrointestinal contrast series for a radiology system . As an alternative to this navigation by hand , cascaded use of speech recognition and information extraction has been studied as a way to fill out a handover form for clinical proofing and sign - off . The results are encouraging , and the paper also opens data , together with the related performance benchmarks and some processing software , to the research and development community for studying clinical documentation and language - processing . Therapeutic use ( edit ) Prolonged use of speech recognition software in conjunction with word processors has shown benefits to short - term - memory restrengthening in brain AVM patients who have been treated with resection . Further research needs to be conducted to determine cognitive benefits for individuals whose AVMs have been treated using radiologic techniques . Military ( edit ) High - performance fighter aircraft ( edit ) Substantial efforts have been devoted in the last decade to the test and evaluation of speech recognition in fighter aircraft . Of particular note have been the US program in speech recognition for the Advanced Fighter Technology Integration ( AFTI ) / F - 16 aircraft ( F - 16 VISTA ) , the program in France for Mirage aircraft , and other programs in the UK dealing with a variety of aircraft platforms . In these programs , speech recognizers have been operated successfully in fighter aircraft , with applications including : setting radio frequencies , commanding an autopilot system , setting steer - point coordinates and weapons release parameters , and controlling flight display . Working with Swedish pilots flying in the JAS - 39 Gripen cockpit , Englund ( 2004 ) found recognition deteriorated with increasing g - loads . The report also concluded that adaptation greatly improved the results in all cases and that the introduction of models for breathing was shown to improve recognition scores significantly . Contrary to what might have been expected , no effects of the broken English of the speakers were found . It was evident that spontaneous speech caused problems for the recognizer , as might have been expected . A restricted vocabulary , and above all , a proper syntax , could thus be expected to improve recognition accuracy substantially . The Eurofighter Typhoon , currently in service with the UK RAF , employs a speaker - dependent system , requiring each pilot to create a template . The system is not used for any safety - critical or weapon - critical tasks , such as weapon release or lowering of the undercarriage , but is used for a wide range of other cockpit functions . Voice commands are confirmed by visual and / or aural feedback . The system is seen as a major design feature in the reduction of pilot workload , and even allows the pilot to assign targets to his aircraft with two simple voice commands or to any of his wingmen with only five commands . Speaker - independent systems are also being developed and are under test for the F35 Lightning II ( JSF ) and the Alenia Aermacchi M - 346 Master lead - in fighter trainer . These systems have produced word accuracy scores in excess of 98 % . Helicopters ( edit ) The problems of achieving high recognition accuracy under stress and noise pertain strongly to the helicopter environment as well as to the jet fighter environment . The acoustic noise problem is actually more severe in the helicopter environment , not only because of the high noise levels but also because the helicopter pilot , in general , does not wear a facemask , which would reduce acoustic noise in the microphone . Substantial test and evaluation programs have been carried out in the past decade in speech recognition systems applications in helicopters , notably by the U.S. Army Avionics Research and Development Activity ( AVRADA ) and by the Royal Aerospace Establishment ( RAE ) in the UK . Work in France has included speech recognition in the Puma helicopter . There has also been much useful work in Canada . Results have been encouraging , and voice applications have included : control of communication radios , setting of navigation systems , and control of an automated target handover system . As in fighter applications , the overriding issue for voice in helicopters is the impact on pilot effectiveness . Encouraging results are reported for the AVRADA tests , although these represent only a feasibility demonstration in a test environment . Much remains to be done both in speech recognition and in overall speech technology in order to consistently achieve performance improvements in operational settings . Training air traffic controllers ( edit ) Training for air traffic controllers ( ATC ) represents an excellent application for speech recognition systems . Many ATC training systems currently require a person to act as a `` pseudo-pilot '' , engaging in a voice dialog with the trainee controller , which simulates the dialog that the controller would have to conduct with pilots in a real ATC situation . Speech recognition and synthesis techniques offer the potential to eliminate the need for a person to act as pseudo-pilot , thus reducing training and support personnel . In theory , Air controller tasks are also characterized by highly structured speech as the primary output of the controller , hence reducing the difficulty of the speech recognition task should be possible . In practice , this is rarely the case . The FAA document 7110.65 details the phrases that should be used by air traffic controllers . While this document gives less than 150 examples of such phrases , the number of phrases supported by one of the simulation vendors speech recognition systems is in excess of 500,000 . The USAF , USMC , US Army , US Navy , and FAA as well as a number of international ATC training organizations such as the Royal Australian Air Force and Civil Aviation Authorities in Italy , Brazil , and Canada are currently using ATC simulators with speech recognition from a number of different vendors . Telephony and other domains ( edit ) ASR is now commonplace In the field of telephony , and is becoming more widespread in the field of computer gaming and simulation . Despite the high level of integration with word processing in general personal computing . However , ASR in the field of document production has not seen the expected increases in use . The improvement of mobile processor speeds has made speech recognition practical in smartphones . Speech is used mostly as a part of a user interface , for creating predefined or custom speech commands . Leading software vendors in this field are : Google , Microsoft Corporation ( Microsoft Voice Command ) , Digital Syphon ( Sonic Extractor ) , LumenVox , Nuance Communications ( Nuance Voice Control ) , Voci Technologies , VoiceBox Technology , Speech Technology Center , Vito Technologies ( VITO Voice2Go ) , Speereo Software ( Speereo Voice Translator ) , Verbyx VRX and SVOX . Usage in education and daily life ( edit ) For language learning , speech recognition can be useful for learning a second language . It can teach proper pronunciation , in addition to helping a person develop fluency with their speaking skills . Students who are blind ( see Blindness and education ) or have very low vision can benefit from using the technology to convey words and then hear the computer recite them , as well as use a computer by commanding with their voice , instead of having to look at the screen and keyboard . Students who are physically disabled or suffer from Repetitive strain injury / other injuries to the upper extremities can be relieved from having to worry about handwriting , typing , or working with scribe on school assignments by using speech - to - text programs . They can also utilize speech recognition technology to freely enjoy searching the Internet or using a computer at home without having to physically operate a mouse and keyboard . Speech recognition can allow students with learning disabilities to become better writers . By saying the words aloud , they can increase the fluidity of their writing , and be alleviated of concerns regarding spelling , punctuation , and other mechanics of writing . Also , see Learning disability . Use of voice recognition software , in conjunction with a digital audio recorder and a personal computer running word - processing software has proven to be positive for restoring damaged short - term - memory capacity , in stroke and craniotomy individuals . People with disabilities ( edit ) People with disabilities can benefit from speech recognition programs . For individuals that are Deaf or Hard of Hearing , speech recognition software is used to automatically generate a closed - captioning of conversations such as discussions in conference rooms , classroom lectures , and / or religious services . Speech recognition is also very useful for people who have difficulty using their hands , ranging from mild repetitive stress injuries to involve disabilities that preclude using conventional computer input devices . In fact , people who used the keyboard a lot and developed RSI became an urgent early market for speech recognition . Speech recognition is used in deaf telephony , such as voicemail to text , relay services , and captioned telephone . Individuals with learning disabilities who have problems with thought - to - paper communication ( essentially they think of an idea but it is processed incorrectly causing it to end up differently on paper ) can possibly benefit from the software but the technology is not bug proof . Also the whole idea of speak to text can be hard for intellectually disabled person 's due to the fact that it is rare that anyone tries to learn the technology to teach the person with the disability . This type of technology can help those with dyslexia but other disabilities are still in question . The effectiveness of the product is the problem that is hindering it being effective . Although a kid may be able to say a word depending on how clear they say it the technology may think they are saying another word and input the wrong one . Giving them more work to fix , causing them to have to take more time with fixing the wrong word . Further applications ( edit ) Aerospace ( e.g. space exploration , spacecraft , etc . ) NASA 's Mars Polar Lander used speech recognition technology from Sensory , Inc. in the Mars Microphone on the Lander Automatic subtitling with speech recognition Automatic translation Court reporting ( Realtime Speech Writing ) eDiscovery ( Legal discovery ) Hands - free computing : Speech recognition computer user interface Home automation Interactive voice response Mobile telephony , including mobile email Multimodal interaction Pronunciation evaluation in computer - aided language learning applications Robotics Speech - to - text reporter ( transcription of speech into text , video captioning , Court reporting ) Telematics ( e.g. vehicle Navigation Systems ) Transcription ( digital speech - to - text ) Video games , with Tom Clancy 's EndWar and Lifeline as working examples Virtual assistant ( e.g. Apple 's Siri ) Performance ( edit ) The performance of speech recognition systems is usually evaluated in terms of accuracy and speed . Accuracy is usually rated with word error rate ( WER ) , whereas speed is measured with the real time factor . Other measures of accuracy include Single Word Error Rate ( SWER ) and Command Success Rate ( CSR ) . Speech recognition by machine is a very complex problem , however . Vocalizations vary in terms of accent , pronunciation , articulation , roughness , nasality , pitch , volume , and speed . Speech is distorted by a background noise and echoes , electrical characteristics . Accuracy of speech recognition may vary with the following : Vocabulary size and confusability Speaker dependence versus independence Isolated , discontinuous or continuous speech Task and language constraints Read versus spontaneous speech Adverse conditions Accuracy ( edit ) This article may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia 's quality standards , as section . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions . ( June 2012 ) As mentioned earlier in this article , accuracy of speech recognition may vary depending on the following factors : Error rates increase as the vocabulary size grows : e.g. the 10 digits `` zero '' to `` nine '' can be recognized essentially perfectly , but vocabulary sizes of 200 , 5000 or 100000 may have error rates of 3 % , 7 % or 45 % respectively . Vocabulary is hard to recognize if it contains confusable words : e.g. the 26 letters of the English alphabet are difficult to discriminate because they are confusable words ( most notoriously , the E-set : `` B , C , D , E , G , P , T , V , Z '' ) ; an 8 % error rate is considered good for this vocabulary . Speaker dependence vs. independence : A speaker - dependent system is intended for use by a single speaker . A speaker - independent system is intended for use by any speaker ( more difficult ) . Isolated , Discontinuous or continuous speech With isolated speech , single words are used , therefore it becomes easier to recognize the speech . With discontinuous speech full sentences separated by silence are used , therefore it becomes easier to recognize the speech as well as with isolated speech . With continuous speech naturally spoken sentences are used , therefore it becomes harder to recognize the speech , different from both isolated and discontinuous speech . Task and language constraints e.g. Querying application may dismiss the hypothesis `` The apple is red . '' e.g. Constraints may be semantic ; rejecting `` The apple is angry . '' e.g. Syntactic ; rejecting `` Red is apple the . '' Constraints are often represented by a grammar . Read vs. Spontaneous Speech When a person reads it 's usually in a context that has been previously prepared , but when a person uses spontaneous speech , it is difficult to recognize the speech because of the disfluencies ( like `` uh '' and `` um '' , false starts , incomplete sentences , stuttering , coughing , and laughter ) and limited vocabulary . Adverse conditions Environmental noise ( e.g. Noise in a car or a factory ) Acoustical distortions ( e.g. echoes , room acoustics ) Speech recognition is a multi-levelled pattern recognition task . Acoustical signals are structured into a hierarchy of units ; e.g. Phonemes , Words , Phrases , and Sentences ; Each level provides additional constraints ; e.g. Known word pronunciations or legal word sequences , which can compensate for errors or uncertainties at lower level ; This hierarchy of constraints are exploited ; By combining decisions probabilistically at all lower levels , and making more deterministic decisions only at the highest level , speech recognition by a machine is a process broken into several phases . Computationally , it is a problem in which a sound pattern has to be recognized or classified into a category that represents a meaning to a human . Every acoustic signal can be broken in smaller more basic sub-signals . As the more complex sound signal is broken into the smaller sub-sounds , different levels are created , where at the top level we have complex sounds , which are made of simpler sounds on lower level , and going to lower levels even more , we create more basic and shorter and simpler sounds . The lowest level , where the sounds are the most fundamental , a machine would check for simple and more probabilistic rules of what sound should represent . Once these sounds are put together into more complex sound on upper level , a new set of more deterministic rules should predict what new complex sound should represent . The most upper level of a deterministic rule should figure out the meaning of complex expressions . In order to expand our knowledge about speech recognition we need to take into a consideration neural networks . There are four steps of neural network approaches : Digitize the speech that we want to recognize For telephone speech the sampling rate is 8000 samples per second ; Compute features of spectral - domain of the speech ( with Fourier transform ) ; computed every 10 ms , with one 10 ms section called a frame ; Analysis of four - step neural network approaches can be explained by further information . Sound is produced by air ( or some other medium ) vibration , which we register by ears , but machines by receivers . Basic sound creates a wave which has 2 descriptions ; Amplitude ( how strong is it ) , and frequency ( how often it vibrates per second ) . The sound waves can be digitized : Sample a strength at short intervals like in picture above to get bunch of numbers that approximate at each time step the strength of a wave . Collection of these numbers represent analog wave . This new wave is digital . Sound waves are complicated because they superimpose one on top of each other . Like the waves would . This way they create odd - looking waves . For example , if there are two waves that interact with each other we can add them which creates new odd - looking wave . Neural network classifies features into phonetic - based categories ; Given basic sound blocks that a machine digitized , one has a bunch of numbers which describe a wave and waves describe words . Each frame has a unit block of sound , which are broken into basic sound waves and represented by numbers which , after Fourier Transform , can be statistically evaluated to set to which class of sounds it belongs . The nodes in the figure on a slide represent a feature of a sound in which a feature of a wave from the first layer of nodes to the second layer of nodes based on statistical analysis . This analysis depends on programmer 's instructions . At this point , a second layer of nodes represents higher level features of a sound input which is again statistically evaluated to see what class they belong to . Last level of nodes should be output nodes that tell us with high probability what original sound really was . Search to match the neural - network output scores for the best word , to determine the word that was most likely uttered . Security concerns ( edit ) Speech recognition can become a means of attack , theft , or accidental operation . For example , activation words like `` Alexa '' spoken in an audio or video broadcast can cause devices in homes and offices to start listening for input inappropriately , or possibly take an unwanted action . Voice - controlled devices are also accessible to visitors to the building , or even those outside the building if they can be heard inside . Attackers may be able to gain access to personal information , like calendar , address book contents , private messages , and documents . They may also be able to impersonate the user to send messages or make online purchases . Two attacks have been demonstrated that use artificial sounds . One transmits ultrasound and attempt to send commands without nearby people noticing . The other adds small , inaudible distortions to other speech or music that are specially crafted to confuse the specific speech recognition system into recognizing music as speech , or to make what sounds like one command to a human sound like a different command to the system . Further information ( edit ) Conferences and journals ( edit ) Popular speech recognition conferences held each year or two include SpeechTEK and SpeechTEK Europe , ICASSP , Interspeech / Eurospeech , and the IEEE ASRU . Conferences in the field of natural language processing , such as ACL , NAACL , EMNLP , and HLT , are beginning to include papers on speech processing . Important journals include the IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing ( later renamed IEEE Transactions on Audio , Speech and Language Processing and since Sept 2014 renamed IEEE / ACM Transactions on Audio , Speech and Language Processing -- after merging with an ACM publication ) , Computer Speech and Language , and Speech Communication . Books ( edit ) Books like `` Fundamentals of Speech Recognition '' by Lawrence Rabiner can be useful to acquire basic knowledge but may not be fully up to date ( 1993 ) . Another good source can be `` Statistical Methods for Speech Recognition '' by Frederick Jelinek and `` Spoken Language Processing ( 2001 ) '' by Xuedong Huang etc . More up to date are `` Computer Speech '' , by Manfred R. Schroeder , second edition published in 2004 , and `` Speech Processing : A Dynamic and Optimization - Oriented Approach '' published in 2003 by Li Deng and Doug O'Shaughnessey . The recently updated textbook of `` Speech and Language Processing ( 2008 ) '' by Jurafsky and Martin presents the basics and the state of the art for ASR . Speaker recognition also uses the same features , most of the same front - end processing , and classification techniques as is done in speech recognition . A most recent comprehensive textbook , `` Fundamentals of Speaker Recognition '' is an in depth source for up to date details on the theory and practice . A good insight into the techniques used in the best modern systems can be gained by paying attention to government sponsored evaluations such as those organised by DARPA ( the largest speech recognition - related project ongoing as of 2007 is the GALE project , which involves both speech recognition and translation components ) . A good and accessible introduction to speech recognition technology and its history is provided by the general audience book `` The Voice in the Machine . Building Computers That Understand Speech '' by Roberto Pieraccini ( 2012 ) . The most recent book on speech recognition is `` Automatic Speech Recognition : A Deep Learning Approach '' ( Publisher : Springer ) written by D. Yu and L. Deng published near the end of 2014 , with highly mathematically - oriented technical detail on how deep learning methods are derived and implemented in modern speech recognition systems based on DNNs and related deep learning methods . A related book , published earlier in 2014 , `` Deep Learning : Methods and Applications '' by L. Deng and D. Yu provides a less technical but more methodology - focused overview of DNN - based speech recognition during 2009 -- 2014 , placed within the more general context of deep learning applications including not only speech recognition but also image recognition , natural language processing , information retrieval , multimodal processing , and multitask learning . Software ( edit ) In terms of freely available resources , Carnegie Mellon University 's Sphinx toolkit is one place to start to both learn about speech recognition and to start experimenting . Another resource ( free but copyrighted ) is the HTK book ( and the accompanying HTK toolkit ) . For more recent and state - of - the - art techniques , Kaldi toolkit can be used . A Demo of an on - line speech recognizer is available on Cobalt 's webpage . For more software resources , see List of speech recognition software . See also ( edit ) AI effect ALPAC Applications of artificial intelligence Articulatory speech recognition Audio mining Audio - visual speech recognition Automatic Language Translator Cache language model Google Voice Search Keyword spotting Kinect Mondegreen Multimedia information retrieval Origin of speech Phonetic search technology Speaker diarisation Speaker recognition Speech analytics Speech interface guideline Speech recognition software for Linux Speech synthesis Speech verification VoiceXML VoxForge Windows Speech Recognition Lists List of emerging technologies Outline of artificial intelligence References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Speaker Independent Connected Speech Recognition - Fifth Generation Computer Corporation '' . Fifthgen.com . Archived from the original on 11 November 2013 . Retrieved 15 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British English definition of voice recognition '' . Macmillan Publishers Limited . Archived from the original on 16 September 2011 . 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Jump up ^ `` Listen Up : Your AI Assistant Goes Crazy For NPR Too '' . NPR. 6 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Claburn , Thomas ( 25 August 2017 ) . `` Is it possible to control Amazon Alexa , Google Now using inaudible commands ? Absolutely '' . The Register . Archived from the original on 2 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Attack Targets Automatic Speech Recognition Systems '' . vice.com. 31 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 3 March 2018 . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Pieraccini , Roberto . The Voice in the Machine . Building Computers That Understand Speech . The MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0262016858 . Woelfel , Matthias ; McDonough , John . Distant Speech Recognition . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0470517048 . Karat , Clare - Marie ; Vergo , John ; Nahamoo , David ( 2007 ) . `` Conversational Interface Technologies '' . In Sears , Andrew ; Jacko , Julie A . The Human - Computer Interaction Handbook : Fundamentals , Evolving Technologies , and Emerging Applications ( Human Factors and Ergonomics ) . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8058 - 5870 - 9 . Cole , Ronald ; Mariani , Joseph ; Uszkoreit , Hans ; Varile , Giovanni Battista ; Zaenen , Annie ; Zampolli ; Zue , Victor , eds. ( 1997 ) . Survey of the state of the art in human language technology . Cambridge Studies In Natural Language Processing . XII -- XIII . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 59277 - 1 . Junqua , J. - C. ; Haton , J. - P. ( 1995 ) . Robustness in Automatic Speech Recognition : Fundamentals and Applications . Kluwer Academic Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7923 - 9646 - 8 . Pirani , Giancarlo , ed. ( 2013 ) . Advanced algorithms and architectures for speech understanding . Springer Science & Business Media . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 84341 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Signer , Beat and Hoste , Lode : SpeeG2 : A Speech - and Gesture - based Interface for Efficient Controller - free Text Entry , In Proceedings of ICMI 2013 , 15th International Conference on Multimodal Interaction , Sydney , Australia , December 2013 Speech Technology at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Natural language processing General terms Natural language understanding Text corpus Speech corpus Stopwords Bag - of - words AI - complete n - gram ( Bigram , Trigram ) Text analysis Text segmentation Part - of - speech tagging Text chunking Compound term processing Collocation extraction Stemming Lemmatisation Named - entity recognition Coreference resolution Sentiment analysis Concept mining Parsing Word - sense disambiguation Terminology extraction Truecasing Automatic summarization Multi-document summarization Sentence extraction Text simplification Machine translation Computer - assisted Example - based Rule - based Automatic identification and data capture Speech recognition Speech synthesis Optical character recognition Natural language generation Topic model Pachinko allocation Latent Dirichlet allocation Latent semantic analysis Computer - assisted reviewing Automated essay scoring Concordancer Grammar checker Predictive text Spell checker Syntax guessing Natural language user interface Automated online assistant Chatbot Interactive fiction Question answering Voice user interface NDL : 00575465 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Speech_recognition&oldid=842871858 '' Categories : Automatic identification and data capture Computational linguistics Speech recognition User interface techniques History of human -- computer interaction Computer accessibility Machine learning task Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 errors : invisible characters Use dmy dates from February 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from June 2012 All articles needing rewrite Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012 Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from June 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 30 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018 , at 07 : 17 . 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3820840602306196443	The Pillars of the Earth (miniseries)	The Pillars of the Earth ( miniseries ) - wikipedia The Pillars of the Earth ( miniseries ) The Pillars of the Earth Genre Historical drama Based on The Pillars of the Earth by Ken Follett Screenplay by John Pielmeier Story by Ken Follett Directed by Sergio Mimica - Gezzan Starring Ian McShane Theme music composer Trevor Morris Country of origin Canada Germany Hungary Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 8 ( List of episodes ) Production Producer ( s ) Executive producers : David A. Rosemont Jonas Bauer Tim Halkin Michael Prupas David W. Zucker Rola Bauer Tony Scott Ridley Scott Producers : John Ryan Running time ( Episodes ) 45 minutes ( Full running time ) 428 minutes Production company ( s ) Tandem Communications Muse Entertainment Enterprises Scott Free Budget $40 million Release Original network The Movie Network Movie Central Starz Sat. 1 Original release July 23 ( 2010 - 07 - 23 ) -- August 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 27 ) Chronology Followed by World Without End External links Website The Pillars of the Earth is an eight - part 2010 TV miniseries , adapted from Ken Follett 's novel of the same name . It debuted in the U.S. on Starz and in Canada on The Movie Network / Movie Central on July 23 , 2010 . Its UK premiere was on Channel 4 in October 2010 at 9pm . In 2011 , the series was nominated for 3 Golden Globes , including Best Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television , Ian McShane for Best Actor and Hayley Atwell for Best Actress at the 68th Annual Golden Globe Awards . Contents 1 Overview 1.1 Differences from the novel 2 Cast 2.1 Additional Cast 3 Production 3.1 Historical accuracy 4 Broadcast 5 Episodes 6 Reception 7 Awards and nominations 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Overview ( edit ) Like the novel on which it is based , the miniseries centres on the construction of a cathedral in the fictional town of Kingsbridge during a tumultuous period of English history known as The Anarchy in the 12th century . Differences from the novel ( edit ) A number of character changes were made for the series . For example , Waleran is older and Remigius is younger in the series than the novel . Similarly the actors playing Alfred , Jack , Richard , and Aliena are initially older than those portrayed in the novel . Also , the characters of Henry of Blois , Andrew Sacrist , Milius the kitchener , and Thomas Becket are not introduced in the series . The incestuous fixation of Regan to her son William in episode 2 is not introduced in the novel . Further , the thief character who attacks Martha and steals their pig is merged to become the monk Johnny Eightpence . Character events were also modified on occasion . Shareburg , Ellen 's lover and the father of Jack , is not hanged but burnt at the stake , and does not sing the minstrel song seen in the novel . In the TV series , Ellen is not pregnant at that time ( but holds a baby ) and does not use a cockerel during her curse . The romantic tryst between Ellen and Tom in the woods after the death of Agnes as per the novel does not occur , rather they become closer after Ellen states that Jack needs a master builder to apprentice to . Similarly , Alfred is not seen physically bullying Martha or Jack in the series either . The execution scene of Bartholomew ( and Aliena 's appeal to Stephen for mercy , and Stephen 's offer of a knighthood to Richard ) in episode 3 do not occur in the novel , where he simply languishes and dies alone in prison . Also , Jack does not duel Walter for the rights to the quarry as shown in episode 3 , nor have his hand broken . In the novel Percy Hamleigh dies of unknown causes , whereas in episode 4 he is bled to death by his ambitious wife Regan , and the poisoning of Jack in episode 6 was added by the series . Several plot changes also happened . For example , the body of the saint in the burning church is not saved as per the novel , but the body-less skull is lost in the inferno . Also , in the series , Tom tells Jack to sculpt a stone statue of St. Adolphus . In the novel Henry of Blois ( and not Stephen ) visits the cathedral work - site , and in episode 4 , it is Jack ( and not Richard as per the novel ) who accompanies Philip to Lincoln . Episode 5 's lake scene where Aliena swims and later rescues Alfred from drowning is not seen in the novel . The tales of Jack and Aliena travelling in Spain are not shown in episode 7 . Further , rather than being given a weeping statue in Toledo as detailed in the novel , Jack carves one himself from wood and a rejected stone from St. Denis . Philip 's loss of the priorship to Remegius , Cuthbert 's assassination attempt on Jack , and William murdering Regan are also creations seen in episode 7 of the series . Alfred dies at the hands of Richard in the novel , rather than a poisoned knife as seen in episode 8 . Similarly , Waleran falls off the cathedral and dies in the series ( compared to being disgraced for his part in the murder of Thomas Becket portrayed in the novel ) . Finally , and perhaps most importantly , Waleran and the Hamleighs are not mentioned in the novel as being present on the White Ship nor attacking the young prince and his wife . Cast ( edit ) Ian McShane as Waleran Bigod Rufus Sewell as Tom Builder Matthew Macfadyen as Philip Eddie Redmayne as Jack Hayley Atwell as Aliena Sarah Parish as Regan Hamleigh Natalia Wörner as Ellen Anatole Taubman as Remigius John Pielmeier as Cuthbert Robert Bathurst as Percy Hamleigh Clive Wood as King Henry I Sam Claflin as Richard Liam Garrigan as Alfred David Oakes as William Hamleigh Götz Otto as Walter Tony Curran as Stephen Donald Sutherland as Bartholomew Alison Pill as Maud Gordon Pinsent as Archbishop Additional Cast ( edit ) In alphabetical order Feodor Atkine as Abbot Suger David Bark - Jones as Francis Skye Bennett as Martha young Freddie Boath as Henry 15 years old Douglas Booth as Eustace 15 years old Matt Devere as Gloucester Kate Dickie as Agnes Ken Follett as Merchant Jody Halse as Johnny Eightpence Emily Holt as Martha older Sidney Johnston as Jonathan 4 -- 5 years old Skye Lourie as Elizabeth Michael A. Mehlmann as Prior James Mark Phelan as Otto Tibor Pintér as Shareburg Kevin Rees as Jonathan 30 years old Brooke Dean as Maud - 6 years old Production ( edit ) Donald Sutherland , Hayley Atwell , Natalia Wörner , Rufus Sewell and Ken Follett The miniseries took about a year to produce , at a cost of US $40 million . The project was funded by the German production company Tandem Communications , the Canadian film company Muse Entertainment Enterprises , and the UK and U.S. based Scott Free Productions . It was filmed in Austria and Hungary in 2009 . The final aerial shot is of modern - day Salisbury with a CGI cathedral combining elements of Salisbury Cathedral and Wells Cathedral , to represent the complete fictional Kingsbridge Cathedral , which were the two cathedrals which inspired Follett during the writing of the novel . The series was followed by an adaptation of the sequel World Without End in 2012 . Historical accuracy ( edit ) Several ahistorical timelines of The Anarchy were modified or invented for the series , and in the view of one reviewer `` great liberties are taken with the actual history '' . For example , the birth of Henry II and the death of his grandfather Henry I timelines are shortened in episode 1 , given that young Henry was born in March 1133 , and the older Henry died in December 1135 . Further , geographically , Henry II was living in Maine when Henry I fell ill in Normandy while hunting . Similarly in episode 4 , both King Stephen and Robert of Gloucester are captured at the Battle of Lincoln . While it is accurate that Stephen was captured in Lincoln in early February 1141 ( and later imprisoned in Bristol ) , Gloucester was not captured until more than seven months later in the Rout of Winchester in mid-September . Similarly , other historical characters were given premature deaths . For example , the nameless Archbishop of Canterbury seen in episodes 1 - 6 ( historically Theobald of Bec ) was not murdered , but served throughout the period of The Anarchy from 1138 - 1161 , and he died after a long illness . Similarly Maud 's illegitimate half - brother , Robert of Gloucester , did not die nor was beheaded on the battlefield as shown in episode 7 . Rather he died in 1147 at Bristol Castle , where he had previously imprisoned King Stephen . Finally , while Eustace does precede his father Stephen in death , it was not at the hands of his cousin Henry in battle as shown in episode 8 , but probably due to a fit or seizure . Broadcast ( edit ) The premiere was simulcast on both Starz and Encore . On Starz 423,000 people watched , and on Encore 267,000 people watched , for a total of 690,000 total viewers . In the Starz broadcast , episodes 1 and 2 , as a series premiere , and episodes 7 and 8 , as a series finale , were broadcast together as a single episode . In the 2011 broadcast by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , the series was re-cut into nine episodes . In December 2012 , the series was shown in Australia by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in four parts at weekly intervals , combining pairs of episodes each with a single introduction . Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Anarchy '' Sergio Mimica - Gezzan John Pielmeier July 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 23 ) 0.690 The succession to the crown of England is left in doubt after the heir apparent to the throne dies in the White Ship disaster in 1120 . Eighteen years later , in 1138 , this lack of heir causes Henry I 's daughter , Maud , and nephew , Stephen , to compete for the throne . Church politics see Philip , a monk , elected as the new prior of Kingsbridge , which leaves him indebted to Archdeacon , and soon to be Bishop , Waleran . Lady Aliena of Shiring rejects the marriage proposal of William Hamleigh , and Tom Builder and his family are left destitute when William Hamleigh dismisses them from building his house . While in the forest , they meet Ellen and Jack , a mother and son living free in the woods . After the death of Tom 's wife , Agnes , in childbirth , and the abandoning of the newborn , the group end up at Shiring Castle just as it is attacked by the ever ambitious Hamleighs . `` Master Builder '' Sergio Mimica - Gezzan John Pielmeier July 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 23 ) 0.690 Tom , Ellen , and the children make their way to Kingsbridge Priory and encounter Tom 's abandoned baby taken in by the monks . A fire started by Jack destroys Kingsbridge church and its holy relic , giving Tom , his son Alfred , and stepson Jack the chance to settle down and build a new cathedral . Prior Philip learns the power of politics when he gets caught between Bishop Waleran and the Hamleighs ' machinations for Shiring Castle . Kingsbridge is rocked by Alfred 's accusation of Ellen being a witch , and a trial that Waleran personally oversees . William and his underling , Walter , ambush Aliena and Richard in a brutal attack at Shiring that leaves both siblings scarred . Aliena makes a life - long promise to her father , Earl Bartholomew to regain the family honour , and Ellen makes a daring escape . `` Redemption '' Sergio Mimica - Gezzan John Pielmeier July 30 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 30 ) 0.298 In Winchester , Aliena appeals to the king for clemency for her father , but Bartholomew is beheaded publicly anyway , and Richard is offered a knighthood . Aliena then starts a fleece middleman business to help earn money for Richard 's expenses . Tom , Philip and William find themselves in a standoff over access to the Shiring quarry , and Jack is injured in a duel with Walter . Waleran and Regan plot to have the cathedral moved from Kingsbridge to Shiring , and invite the king to Kingsbridge to observe the feast day of St. Adolphus . Despite his injury , Jack 's artistic talents take hold as he carves and paints a statue to honour the cathedral 's patron saint . After Philip recruits peasants to assist with building , King Stephen visits the cathedral work site but collapses in a nightmare - induced fit before the statue . `` Battlefield '' Sergio Mimica - Gezzan John Pielmeier August 6 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 06 ) 0.361 Four years later , in 1141 , in Shiring , Regan hastens her husband 's death for the sake of her son , and arranges to have Waleran absolve William of all past and future sins . Meanwhile , Maud is besieged at Lincoln Castle , and it is unclear when Robert of Gloucester can come to her aid . King Stephen holds court in Winchester , and William applies to have his father 's title transferred to him , only to learn that Richard , now a battle - hardened knight , is also a claimant . Aliena , now a wealthy merchant , is in town to support her brother . Later , Philip travels to Lincoln to reclaim quarry rights - but Stephen is frightened by Jack 's appearance and orders his death . The battle between Stephen and Gloucester sees each side 's leader being taken hostage . The Hamleighs and Waleran switch allegiance , and Philip is tortured under Waleran 's orders . 5 `` Legacy '' Sergio Mimica - Gezzan John Pielmeier August 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 13 ) 0.364 Philip is rescued by his brother Francis , and finds Jack `` risen from the dead '' . Waleran and Regan manipulate the prisoner exchange so that they remain on the winning side of the war , and Waleran helps Gloucester by suggesting a replacement for the king 's son , Eustace . The Hamleighs and Philip are offered terms by Maud to Shiring 's estate and resources , but at a steep price . Tom wants Jack and Alfred to be friends , but Alfred 's jealousy over Jack and inheriting his father 's tools is too intense , and he smashes all of Jack 's gargoyles . To resolve the tension , Jack is offered an assistant and overseer position by Philip , on the condition that he takes the vows of a monk - he accepts the deal against Ellen 's wishes . Meanwhile , William is encouraged by Waleran to attack Kingsbridge and stop the fleece fair . In the ensuing chaos and inferno , Aliena is burnt and Tom is murdered by William . 6 `` Witchcraft '' Sergio Mimica - Gezzan John Pielmeier August 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 20 ) 0.432 The dead from William 's raid are buried , and Richard returns from war to find his sister penniless and unable to support his knighthood . Alfred offers himself to Prior Philip as master builder , and also to Richard as sponsor , and Aliena has to choose between her feelings for Jack and her oath to her father . Both Alfred and William marry , although both brides are soon victims of cruelty . Ellen , having cursed the marriage , helps Jack escape the priory , and he leaves for France . Regan murders the Archbishop , and eight months later , forces Waleran to intercede about William 's long - delayed earldom . The ceiling disaster at Kingsbridge becomes a way for Waleran to replace Philip . In the rubble , Aliena gives birth to Jack 's son and is thrown out by Alfred , but Ellen encourages her to seek her lover . Meanwhile , Jack admires the revolutionary Gothic work being done at the Basilica of St Denis . 7 `` New Beginnings '' Sergio Mimica - Gezzan John Pielmeier August 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 27 ) 0.607 It is 1146 , and after his time in St. Denis , Jack learns how to fulfil Tom 's dream of a high cathedral filled with light . Aliena successfully tracks Jack in France and the two reunite . As they return , they arrive in Cherbourg where he learns of his father ( with author Ken Follett in a cameo role ) and meets his family . Meanwhile , Waleran offers Philip the archdeacon position but he declines it due to Waleran 's ambitions . In battle , Richard slays Gloucester , pleasing the king , who can only repay him by asking that he to go on crusade . With the arrival of Jack 's weeping statue , Kingsbridge becomes prosperous again , infuriating Regan and William , who plan another attack . Tipped off by Elizabeth , however , Philip is able to rally resistance from the townsfolk who unite to build a town wall . Philip regains control after Cuthbert dies in a failed attempt on Jack 's life , and William tires of his mother 's insatiable control over him . 8 `` The Work of Angels '' Sergio Mimica - Gezzan John Pielmeier August 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 27 ) 0.607 Ten years later , in 1156 , Richard returns from crusade seeking again his title , which is finally granted to him by Eustace . With the support of Elizabeth and Aliena , he is able to reclaim Shiring Castle after a duel with Walter . Meanwhile , Jack 's fixation with the cathedral and the appearance of cracks in its roof leads to tension with Aliena . Waleran 's continued scheming leads to the death of Alfred and the arrest of Jack by the newly appointed Sheriff , William . Stephen 's hopes are shattered with the death of his son in battle . At Jack 's trial , Ellen produces Shareburg 's letter , and Martha produces his ring , as evidence of Waleran 's complicity in the murder of Prince William on the White Ship . In the chaos of the trial , both William and Waleran die , and Jack and Aliena finally marry . 14 years later , in 1170 , the cathedral and its glass windows are finally finished . Reception ( edit ) The series was `` Certified Fresh '' with a rating of 86 % by the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes . As quoted on their website , `` With its talented cast and strong production values , Pillars of the Earth is the kind of satisfying , eventful miniseries that is rarely seen these days . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Recipient ( s ) Result Ref . 2011 Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Sound Editing for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special for ( one Hour ) for the episode `` The Work of Angels '' Marcel Pothier Christian Rivest Dominik Pagacz Guy Pelletier Antoine Morin Tom Trafalski Guy Francoeur Won 2011 Gemini Awards Outstanding Sound for a Miniseries , Movie or a Special for ( one Hour ) for the episode `` The Work of Angels '' Marcel Pothier Christian Rivest Dominik Pagacz Guy Pelletier Antoine Morin Tom Trafalski Guy Francoeur Won See also ( edit ) The Pillars of the Earth ( video game ) List of historical drama films References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chozick , Amy ( July 23 , 2010 ) . `` Small Screens , Big Budgets '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Pillars of the Earth - Muse Entertainment '' . Muse . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Follett : Is Kingsbridge real ? '' . Ken Follett . Retrieved December 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Follett on the Cathedrals in The Pillars of the Earth '' . Oprah.com . May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Pillars of the Earth -- A Few Final Words ( 1 ) Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 25 ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( July 26 , 2010 ) . `` Starz ' The Pillars of the Earth Draws 690,000 For Premiere Between Starz & Encore '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Bill ( August 2 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable : Huge Night for iCarly + Eureka , Haven , The Pillars of the Earth & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 9 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable : Phineas and Ferb + Eureka , Haven , The Pillars of the Earth & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 16 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable : Den Brother + Eureka , Haven , The Pillars of the Earth & More '' . TV but the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 23 , 2010 ) . `` Friday Cable : Eureka Down a Bit ; Suite Life on Deck Draws Over 4 Million & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( August 30 , 2010 ) . `` ' Pillars of the Earth Finishes on a High Note '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ PILLARS OF THE EARTH ( 2010 - 2010 ) https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/pillars-of-the-earth/ Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 26 Jump up ^ `` Person of Interest '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved September 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ . Academy.ca http://www.emmys.com/shows/ . Retrieved September 7 , 2011 . 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7712260767958421488	List of members of the NASCAR Hall of Fame	List of members of the NASCAR Hall of Fame - wikipedia List of members of the NASCAR Hall of Fame Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of members of the NASCAR Hall of Fame . A total of 45 individuals have been inducted into the NASCAR Hall of Fame . 32 were inducted as drivers , 21 of whom were inducted solely as drivers . The other 11 were inducted for their accomplishments as drivers , owners and / or broadcasters . 5 were inducted for their roles as owners in the sport . 4 were inducted as promoters of the sport . 3 members were inducted as crew chiefs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inductees into the Hall of Fame 1.1 Inaugural class ( 2010 ) 1.2 Class of 2011 1.3 Class of 2012 1.4 Class of 2013 1.5 Class of 2014 1.6 Class of 2015 1.7 Class of 2016 1.8 Class of 2017 1.9 Class of 2018 2 References Inductees into the Hall of Fame ( edit ) References : Inaugural class ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Person Image Role Notes Dale Earnhardt Driver and owner 7 - time Cup drivers champion , 76 race wins , 281 top - 5s , 428 top - 10s , 22 poles , 1998 Daytona 500 winner , 3 - time Coca - Cola 600 winner , 1995 Brickyard 400 winner , 3 - time Southern 500 winner , 3 - time All - Star Race winner , leads drivers in wins at Atlanta Motor Speedway ( 9 ) and Talladega Superspeedway ( 10 ) , 1979 Rookie of the Year , founder of Dale Earnhardt , Inc. , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) Bill France Sr . Promoter NASCAR founder and promoter , helped build Daytona International Speedway and Talladega Superspeedway Bill France Jr . Promoter NASCAR promoter , helped bring NASCAR to live television broadcasts Junior Johnson Driver and owner 50 race wins as a driver , 121 top - 5s , 148 top - 10s , 46 poles as a driver , 1960 Daytona 500 winner , 6 - time Cup owners champion , 132 wins as an owner , leads drivers in wins at Hickory Motor Speedway ( 7 ) , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) Richard Petty Driver and owner 7 - time Cup drivers champion , 200 race wins , 555 top - 5s , 712 top 10s , 123 poles , 7 - time Daytona 500 winner , 2 - time Coca - Cola 600 winner , 1967 Southern 500 winner , leads drivers in wins at Daytona International Speedway ( 10 ) , Martinsville Speedway ( 15 ) , Richmond International Raceway ( 13 ) , Nashville Speedway ( 9 ) , North Wilkesboro Speedway ( 15 ) , and Rockingham Speedway ( 11 ) , 1959 Rookie of the Year , record holder for most wins in a single season ( 1967 , 27 ) , record holder for most consecutive wins ( 1967 , 10 ) , most Starts in NASCAR ( 1,184 ) , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) Class of 2011 ( edit ) Person Image Role Notes Bobby Allison Driver 1983 Cup drivers champion , 84 race wins , 336 top - 5s , 446 top - 10s , 58 poles , 3 - time Daytona 500 winner , 3 - time Coca - Cola 600 winner , 4 - time Southern 500 winner , leads drivers in wins at Riverside International Raceway ( 6 ) , oldest driver to win a championship ( 1983 , 45 years old ) , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) Ned Jarrett Driver and broadcaster 2 - time Cup drivers champion , 50 race wins , 185 top - 5s , 239 top - 10s , 35 poles , 1965 Southern 500 winner , holder of the farthest margin of victory ( Darlington Raceway 1965 , 14 laps and 2 cars lengths ) , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) Bud Moore Owner and mechanic 3 - time Cup owners champion , 63 race wins , founder of Bud Moore Engineering David Pearson Driver 3 - time Cup drivers champion , 105 race wins , 301 top - 5s , 336 top - 10s , 113 poles , 1976 Daytona 500 winner , 3 - time Coca - Cola 600 winner , 3 - time Southern 500 winner , leads drivers in wins at Darlington Raceway ( 10 ) and Michigan International Speedway ( 9 ) , 1960 Rookie of the Year , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) Lee Petty Driver and owner 3 - time Cup drivers champion , 54 race wins , 231 top - 5s , 332 top - 10s , 18 poles , winner of the first Daytona 500 , founder of Petty Enterprises , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) Class of 2012 ( edit ) Person Image Role Notes Richie Evans Driver 9 - time Modified Tour champion , 475 race wins ( estimated ) , only driver to have their number retired in any division ( 61 ) , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) , # 1 of NASCAR 's Whelen Modified All - Time Top 10 Drivers ( 2003 ) Dale Inman Crew chief 8 - time Cup champion with Richard Petty and Terry Labonte , 193 wins Darrell Waltrip Driver and broadcaster 3 - time Cup drivers champion , 84 race wins , 276 top - 5s , 390 top - 10s , 59 poles , 1989 Daytona 500 winner , 5 - time Coca - Cola 600 winner , 1992 Southern 500 winner , 1985 All - Star Race winner , leads drivers in wins at Bristol Motor Speedway ( 12 ) , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) Glen Wood Owner Founder of Wood Brothers Racing , 99 race wins as owner , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) Cale Yarborough Driver 3 - time Cup drivers champion , 83 race wins , 255 top - 5s , 319 top - 10s , 69 poles , 4 - time Daytona 500 winner , 5 - time Southern 500 winner , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) Class of 2013 ( edit ) Person Image Role Notes Buck Baker Driver 2 - time Cup drivers champion , 46 race wins , 246 top - 5s , 372 top - 10s , 45 poles , 3 - time Southern 500 winner , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) Cotton Owens Driver and owner 9 race wins , 52 top - 5s , 84 top - 10s , 10 poles , owned cars driven by David Pearson and Junior Johnson , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) Herb Thomas Driver 2 - time Cup drivers champion , 48 race wins , 122 top - 5s , 156 top - 10s , 39 poles , 3 - time Southern 500 winner , holder of the highest winning percentage ( 21.053 % ) , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) Rusty Wallace Driver and broadcaster 1989 Cup champion , 55 race wins , 202 top - 5s , 349 top - 10s , 36 poles , 1990 Coca - Cola 600 winner , 1989 All - Star Race winner , 1984 Rookie of the Year , designer of Iowa Speedway , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) Leonard Wood Crew chief 96 race wins , helped innovate the modern pit stop Class of 2014 ( edit ) Person Image Role Notes Tim Flock Driver 2 - time Cup drivers champion , 39 race wins , 102 top - 5s , 129 top - 10s , 37 poles , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) Jack Ingram Driver 2 - time Xfinity champion , 31 race wins , 122 top - 5s , 164 top - 10s , 5 poles , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) Dale Jarrett Driver and broadcaster 1999 Cup champion , 32 race wins , 163 top - 5s , 260 top - 10s , 16 poles , 3 - time Daytona 500 winner , 1996 Coca - Cola 600 winner , 2 - time Brickyard 400 winner , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) Maurice Petty Owner , crew chief and engineer 200 Cup race wins , 7 - time Cup champion , and 7 - time Daytona 500 winner as Chief Engineer for Petty Enterprises Fireball Roberts Driver 33 race wins , 93 top - 5s , 122 top - 10s , 32 poles , 1962 Daytona 500 winner , 2 - time Southern 500 winner , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) Class of 2015 ( edit ) Person Image Role Notes Bill Elliott Driver 1988 Cup champion , 44 race wins , 175 top - 5s , 320 top - 10s , 55 poles , 2 - time Daytona 500 winner , 2002 Brickyard 400 winner , 3 - time Southern 500 winner , 1986 All - Star Race winner , 1985 Winston Million winner , record holder for fastest qualifying speed ( Talladega Superspeedway 1987 , 212.809 mph ) , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) , Voted Most Popular Driver a record 16 times ( 1984 - 1988 , 1991 - 2000 , 2002 ) Fred Lorenzen Driver 26 race wins , 75 top - 5s , 84 top - 10s , 32 poles , 1965 Daytona 500 winner , 2 - time Coca - Cola 600 winner , first driver to win over $100,000 in a season ( 1963 , $122,000 ) , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) Wendell Scott Driver 1 race win , 20 top - 5s , 147 top - 10s , 1 pole , first African - American driver to win a race in NASCAR 's premier series Joe Weatherly Driver 2 - time Cup drivers champion , 25 race wins , 105 top - 5s , 153 top - 10s , 18 poles , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) Rex White Driver 1960 Cup champion , 28 race wins , 110 top - 5s , 163 top - 10s , 36 poles , leads drivers in wins at Bowman Gray Stadium ( 6 ) , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) Class of 2016 ( edit ) Person Image Role Notes Jerry Cook Driver 6 - time Modified Tour Champion , 342 race wins , 26 poles , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) , # 3 of NASCAR 's Whelen Modified All - Time Top 10 Drivers ( 2003 ) Bobby Isaac Driver 1970 Cup Champion , 37 race wins , 134 top - 5s , 170 top - 10s , 49 poles , record holder for most poles in a single season ( 1969 , 20 ) , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) Terry Labonte Driver 2 - time Cup Champion , 22 race wins , 182 top - 5s , 361 top - 10s , 27 poles , 2 - time Southern 500 winner , 2 - time All - Star Race winner , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) Bruton Smith Promoter Chairman and CEO of Speedway Motorsports Incorporated , helped build Charlotte Motor Speedway Curtis Turner Driver 17 race wins , 54 top - 5s , 73 top - 10s , 16 poles , 1956 Southern 500 winner , helped build Charlotte Motor Speedway , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greastest Drivers ( 1998 ) Class of 2017 ( edit ) Person Image Role Notes Richard Childress Driver and owner Founder of Richard Childress Racing , 6 - time Cup Champion as an owner Rick Hendrick Owner Founder of Hendrick Motorsports , 12 - time Cup Champion as an owner Mark Martin Driver 40 race wins , 271 top - 5s , 453 top - 10s , 56 poles , 2002 Coca - Cola 600 winner , 2 - time Southern 500 winner , 2 - time All - Star race winner , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) Raymond Parks Owner NASCAR 's first champion car owner ( 1949 ) , 2 wins Benny Parsons Driver and broadcaster 1973 NASCAR Cup champion , 21 race wins , 199 top - 5s , 283 top - 10s , 20 poles , 1975 Daytona 500 winner , 1980 Coca - Cola 600 winner , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) Class of 2018 ( edit ) Person Image Role Notes Red Byron Driver NASCAR 's first champion driver ( 1949 ) , 2 race wins , 8 top - 5s , 9 top - 10s , 2 poles , named one of NASCAR 's 50 Greatest Drivers ( 1998 ) Ray Evernham Crew chief and owner 3 - time Cup champion as a crew chief for Jeff Gordon , 47 wins , founder of Evernham Motorsports , 13 wins as an owner Ron Hornaday Jr . Driver 4 - time Truck champion , 51 race wins , 158 top - 5s , 234 top - 10s , 27 poles Ken Squier Broadcaster Co-founder of Motor Racing Network , first announcer to give lap - by - lap commentary for the Daytona 500 , served as lap - by - lap announcer for NASCAR on CBS and NASCAR on TBS Robert Yates Owner and engineer Founder of Yates Racing , 1999 Cup owners champion , 58 race wins References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Class of 2010 Inductees . NASCAR Hall of Fame official website . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McGarr , Elizabeth ( December 23 , 2010 ) . `` The Class Of 2010 : The Hall 's inaugural class included a king , a former bootlegger , two members of NASCAR 's first family and the man they called the Intimidator '' . Sports Illustrated . Time Inc . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Class of 2011 . NASCAR Hall of Fame official website . Retrieved February 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . NASCAR Hall of Fame official website . Retrieved June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Official Release ( August 10 , 2012 ) . `` Thomas , Wood top vote - getters for 2013 class - May 23 , 2012 '' . NASCAR.com . NASCAR Media Group , LLC . Retrieved August 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NASCAR Hall of Fame Class Announced '' . MRN.com . Motor Racing Network . May 20 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reed , Steve ( May 25 , 2016 ) . `` Parsons , Martin , Hendrick selected to NASCAR Hall of Fame '' . Associated Press . Charlotte , North Carolina : AP Sports . Associated Press . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . NASCAR Chairmen and presidents Bill France Sr . Bill France Jr . Mike Helton Brian France Major national racing series Monster Energy Cup Series Daytona 500 Xfinity Series Camping World Truck Series Regional / local racing series K&N Pro Series East West Whelen Modified NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour Weekly Short Track Racing NASCAR Whelen All - American Series International series NASCAR Canada Pinty 's Series NASCAR Europe Whelen Euro Series NASCAR Mexico PEAK Mexico Series Online racing series NASCAR iRacing Series NASCAR iRacing.com Series NASCAR Peak Antifreeze Series Former series NASCAR Australia NASCAR in Australia AUSCAR AutoZone Elite Division Midwest Series Northwest Series Southeast Series Southwest Series Other series Baby Grand National / Dash Series Busch All - Star Tour Convertible Division Grand American Grand National East Mini Stocks Speedway Division NASCAR Whelen Southern Modified Tour Special events Toyota All - Star Showdown UNOH Battle at the Beach Television and radio CBS ESPN / ABC Fox / Fox Sports 1 Hot Pass IndyCar Radio Network Motor Racing Network NBC / NBCSN Performance Racing Network Speed TNT Lists Drivers Female drivers Fatalities Champions Cup Series Xfinity Series Truck Series Closest races Cup Series Xfinity Series Truck Series Cup Series Manufacturers ' champions All - time Cup Series winners Triple Threat winners Seasons Series Teams Former teams Tracks Video games Topics Buschwhacker Car of Tomorrow Generation 6 ( NASCAR ) Criticism Dash 4 Cash Drive for Diversity Fuel injection Hall of Fame Lore Playoffs Race Team Alliance Road course ringer Rookie of the Year Rules and regulations Safety in NASCAR Start and park Streamline Hotel Book Commons Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_members_of_the_NASCAR_Hall_of_Fame&oldid=819941972 '' Categories : 2010s - related lists NASCAR people NASCAR - related lists Sports hall of fame inductees Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 12 January 2018 , at 04 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was inducted into nascar hall of fame	[]	[]
-8291039327711947400	Maudie Hopkins	Maudie Hopkins - Wikipedia Maudie Hopkins Maudie Hopkins Maudie Hopkins Maudie Cecilia Acklin ( 1914 - 12 - 07 ) December 7 , 1914 Baxter County , Arkansas , U.S. August 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 08 - 17 ) ( aged 93 ) Lexa , Arkansas , U.S. Nationality American Known for Last publicly identified Civil War widow This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Maudie Hopkins ( December 7 , 1914 -- August 17 , 2008 ) was an American woman believed to be the last publicly known and identified surviving widow of a Civil War veteran . Contents 1 Life 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Life ( edit ) Born as Maudie Cecilia Acklin in Baxter County , Arkansas , she married William M. Cantrell ( aged 86 ) on February 2 , 1934 , when she was 19 . Cantrell had enlisted in the Confederate States Army at age 16 in Pikeville , Kentucky , and served in General Samuel G. French 's Battalion of Virginia Infantry . He was captured in 1863 , and was part of a prisoner exchange . He had a previous wife , who had died in 1929 . Cantrell supported her with a pension of US $25 every two or three months , and she inherited his home in 1937 . She received no further pension benefits after his death . She remarried later in 1937 , and twice thereafter , and had three children . It was not especially uncommon for young women in Arkansas to marry Confederate pensioners ; in 1937 the state passed a law stating that women who married Civil War veterans would not be eligible for a widow 's pension . The law was later changed in 1939 to state that widows born after 1870 were not eligible for pensions . Hopkins generally kept her first marriage a secret , fearing that the resulting gossip ( of marrying a much older man ) would damage her reputation . After researching records from Arkansas and United States Census Bureau data , Hopkins was certified by various historical organizations , most notably the United Daughters of the Confederacy . A spokeswoman for the UDC , Martha Boltz , has said that there may be two other widows , one in Tennessee and another in North Carolina , but if they are still alive , they choose to remain in anonymity . Maudie Hopkins died on August 17 , 2008 , in a nursing home in Lexa , Arkansas , aged 93 . See also ( edit ) Alberta Martin , one of the last known Confederate war widows and the last widow whose marriage to a Confederate soldier produced offspring . She died May 31 , 2004 . Gertrude Janeway , last known widow of a Union veteran of the Civil War . She died January 17 , 2003 . Irene Triplett , daughter of Mose Triplett , is the last known Civil War pension recipient . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Barron , James . `` The ' Last Civil War Widow ' Has a Successor , It Would Seem '' , The New York Times , June 16 , 2004 ; retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hopkins ' obituary , WashingtonTimes.com ; accessed September 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wall Street Journal , May 11 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Meet Maudie Hopkins CivilWarNews.com Infoplease article : Last Civil War Widows This article about a person of the American Civil War is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maudie_Hopkins&oldid=814931140 '' Categories : American Civil War biography stubs 1914 births 2008 deaths People from Baxter County , Arkansas People from Phillips County , Arkansas Disease - related deaths in Arkansas Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 19 : 13 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	when did the last civil war bride die	[ "Maudie Hopkins (December 7, 1914 – August 17, 2008) was an American woman believed to be the last publicly known and identified surviving widow of a Civil War veteran.\n" ]	[ "August 17, 2008" ]
8687399486633912102	Master (form of address)	Master ( form of address ) - wikipedia Master ( form of address ) Jump to : navigation , search Master is an English honorific for boys and young men . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin of the term 2 Current usage in UK 3 Current usage in USA 4 References Origin of the term ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Master was used in England for men of some rank , especially `` free masters '' of a trade guild and by any manual worker or servant employee addressing his employer ( his master ) , but also generally by those lower in status to gentlemen , priests , or scholars . In the Elizabethan period , it was used between equals , especially to a group ( `` My masters '' ) , mainly by urban artisans and tradespeople . It was later extended to all respectable men and was the forerunner of Mister . After its replacement in common speech by Mister , Master was retained as a form of address only for boys who have not yet entered society . By the late 19th century , etiquette dictated that men be addressed as Mister , and boys as Master . Current usage in UK ( edit ) The use of Master as a prefixed title was , according to Leslie Dunkling , `` until recently ... a way of addressing politely a boy who was too young to be called ' Mister ' . '' It was used as a title for the eldest son only ; younger sons had no form of address . Master is used sometimes , especially up to circa late - 19th century , especially in the UK to describe the male head of a large estate or household who employs domestic workers . The heir to a Scottish lordship , barony or viscountcy is given the style or dignity Master of followed by his father 's title . For instance , the heir of Lord Elphinstone is known as the Master of Elphinstone . Current usage in USA ( edit ) Nancy Tuckerman of the Amy Vanderbilt Complete Book of Etiquette writes that in the USA , unlike the UK , a boy can be addressed as master only until age 12 , then is addressed only by his name with no title until he turns 18 , when he takes the title of Mr. , although it is not improper to use Mr. if he is slightly younger . Robert Hickey , deputy director of the Protocol School of Washington , states that `` use of Master ( as ) an honorific when addressing boys is considered old fashioned outside of conservative circles . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Leslie Dunkling , Dictionary of Epithets and Terms of Address ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ 2nd edition ( 1953 ) of Valentine Heywood 's `` British Titles '' pp103 -- 108 Jump up ^ Nancy Dunnan & Nancy Tuckerman , The Amy Vanderbilt Complete Book of Etiquette ( 50th Anniversary ed . ) ( 1995 ) . Jump up ^ How to Address Children . ( hide ) English social honorific titles Feminine Mrs . Miss Ms . Mistress Madam Dame Lady Masculine Mr . Master Esquire Sir Sire Lord Neutral Mx Dr Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Master_(form_of_address)&oldid=841524686 '' Categories : Men 's social titles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia 日本語 ייִדיש Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 11 : 05 . About Wikipedia	what's the difference between master and mr	[]	[]
-1749718308029010920	Row echelon form	Row echelon form - wikipedia Row echelon form In linear algebra , a matrix is in echelon form if it has the shape resulting from a Gaussian elimination . Row echelon form means that Gaussian elimination has operated on the rows and column echelon form means that Gaussian elimination has operated on the columns . In other words , a matrix is in column echelon form if its transpose is in row echelon form . Therefore , only row echelon forms are considered in the remainder of this article . The similar properties of column echelon form are easily deduced by transposing all the matrices . Specifically , a matrix is in row echelon form if all nonzero rows ( rows with at least one nonzero element ) are above any rows of all zeroes ( all zero rows , if any , belong at the bottom of the matrix ) , and the leading coefficient ( the first nonzero number from the left , also called the pivot ) of a nonzero row is always strictly to the right of the leading coefficient of the row above it ( some texts add the condition that the leading coefficient must be 1 ) . These two conditions imply that all entries in a column below a leading coefficient are zeros . This is an example of a 3 × 5 matrix in row echelon form , which is not in reduced row echelon form ( see below ) : ( 1 a 0 a 1 a 2 a 3 0 0 2 a 4 a 5 0 0 0 1 a 6 ) ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ begin ( array ) ( ccccc ) 1&a_ ( 0 ) &a_ ( 1 ) &a_ ( 2 ) &a_ ( 3 ) \ \ 0&0&2&a_ ( 4 ) &a_ ( 5 ) \ \ 0&0&0&1&a_ ( 6 ) \ end ( array ) ) \ right ) ) Many properties of matrices may be easily deduced from their row echelon form , such as the rank and the kernel . Contents 1 Reduced row echelon form 2 Transformation to row echelon form 3 Systems of linear equations 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Reduced row echelon form ( edit ) A matrix is in reduced row echelon form ( also called row canonical form ) if it satisfies the following conditions : It is in row echelon form . The leading entry in each nonzero row is a 1 ( called a leading 1 ) . Each column containing a leading 1 has zeros everywhere else . The reduced row echelon form of a matrix may be computed by Gauss -- Jordan elimination . Unlike the row echelon form , the reduced row echelon form of a matrix is unique and does not depend on the algorithm used to compute it . For a given matrix , despite the row echelon form not being unique , all row echelon forms and the reduced row echelon form have the same number of zero rows and the pivots are located in the same indices . This is an example of a matrix in reduced row echelon form , which shows that the left of the matrix is not always an identity matrix : ( 1 0 a 1 0 b 1 0 1 a 2 0 b 2 0 0 0 1 b 3 ) ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ begin ( array ) ( ccccc ) 1&0&a_ ( 1 ) &0&b_ ( 1 ) \ \ 0&1&a_ ( 2 ) &0&b_ ( 2 ) \ \ 0&0&0&1&b_ ( 3 ) \ end ( array ) ) \ right ) ) For matrices with integer coefficients , the Hermite normal form is a row echelon form that may be calculated using Euclidean division and without introducing any rational number or denominator . On the other hand , the reduced echelon form of a matrix with integer coefficients generally contains non-integer coefficients . Transformation to row echelon form ( edit ) By means of a finite sequence of elementary row operations , called Gaussian elimination , any matrix can be transformed to row echelon form . Since elementary row operations preserve the row space of the matrix , the row space of the row echelon form is the same as that of the original matrix . The resulting echelon form is not unique ; any matrix that is in echelon form can be put in an ( equivalent ) echelon form by adding a scalar multiple of a row to one of the above rows , for example : ( 1 3 − 1 0 1 7 ) → add row 2 to row 1 ( 1 4 6 0 1 7 ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) 1&3& - 1 \ \ 0&1&7 \ \ \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ( \ xrightarrow ( \ text ( add row 2 to row 1 ) ) ) ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) 1&4&6 \ \ 0&1&7 \ \ \ end ( bmatrix ) ) . ) However , every matrix has a unique reduced row echelon form . In the above example , the reduced row echelon form can be found as ( 1 3 − 1 0 1 7 ) → subtract 3 × ( row 2 ) from row 1 ( 1 0 − 22 0 1 7 ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) 1&3& - 1 \ \ 0&1&7 \ \ \ end ( bmatrix ) ) ( \ xrightarrow ( \ text ( subtract 3 × ( row 2 ) from row 1 ) ) ) ( \ begin ( bmatrix ) 1&0& - 22 \ \ 0&1&7 \ \ \ end ( bmatrix ) ) . ) This means that the nonzero rows of the reduced row echelon form are the unique reduced row echelon generating set for the row space of the original matrix . Systems of linear equations ( edit ) A system of linear equations is said to be in row echelon form if its augmented matrix is in row echelon form . Similarly , a system of equations is said to be in reduced row echelon form or in canonical form if its augmented matrix is in reduced row echelon form . The canonical form may be viewed as an explicit solution of the linear system . In fact , the system is inconsistent , if and only if one of the equations of the canonical form is reduced to 0 = 1 . Otherwise , regrouping in the right hand side all the terms of the equations but the leading ones , expresses the variables corresponding to the pivots as constants or linear functions of the other variables , if any . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ See , for instance , Leon ( 2009 , p. 13 ) Jump up ^ Meyer 2000 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Meyer 2000 , p. 48 ^ Jump up to : Anton , Howard ; Rorres , Chris ( 2013 - 10 - 23 ) . Elementary Linear Algebra : Applications Version , 11th Edition . Wiley Global Education . p. 21 . ISBN 9781118879160 . Jump up ^ Cheney , Ward ; Kincaid , David R. ( 2010 - 12 - 29 ) . Linear Algebra : Theory and Applications . Jones & Bartlett Publishers . pp. 47 -- 50 . ISBN 9781449613525 . References ( edit ) Leon , Steve ( 2009 ) , Linear Algebra with Applications ( 8th ed . ) , Pearson , ISBN 978 - 0136009290 . Meyer , Carl D. ( 2000 ) , Matrix Analysis and Applied Linear Algebra , SIAM , ISBN 978 - 0 - 89871 - 454 - 8 . External links ( edit ) The Wikibook Linear Algebra has a page on the topic of : Row Reduction and Echelon Forms Interactive Row Echelon Form with rational output Numerical linear algebra Key concepts Floating point Numerical stability Problems Matrix multiplication ( algorithms ) Matrix decompositions Linear equations Sparse problems Hardware CPU cache TLB Cache - oblivious algorithm SIMD Multiprocessing Software BLAS Specialized libraries General purpose software Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Row_echelon_form&oldid=865656771 '' Categories : Numerical linear algebra Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Nederlands 日本語 Polski Русский Svenska Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2018 , at 09 : 56 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what is the difference between reduced row echelon and row echelon	[]	[]
1648152629454333942	Cliffhanger (film)	Cliffhanger ( film ) - wikipedia Cliffhanger ( film ) Cliffhanger Theatrical release poster Directed by Renny Harlin Produced by Alan Marshall Renny Harlin Screenplay by Michael France Sylvester Stallone Story by John Long ( premise ) Michael France Starring Sylvester Stallone John Lithgow Michael Rooker Janine Turner Leon Robinson Paul Winfield Ralph Waite Music by Trevor Jones Cinematography Alex Thomson Edited by Frank J. Urioste Production company Carolco Pictures Le Studio Canal+ Pioneer Corporation RCS Video Distributed by TriStar Pictures Release date May 28 , 1993 ( 1993 - 05 - 28 ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States France Italy Language English Budget $ 70 million Box office $255 million Cliffhanger is a 1993 American action adventure film directed by Renny Harlin and starring Sylvester Stallone , John Lithgow , Michael Rooker and Janine Turner . Based on a concept by climber John Long , the film follows Gabe ( played by Stallone , who co-wrote the screenplay ) , a mountain climber who becomes embroiled in the failed heist of a U.S. Treasury plane flying through the Rocky Mountains . The film earned $255 million worldwide . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Soundtrack 5 Reception 6 Distribution 7 Sequel and remake 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) Rangers Gabriel `` Gabe '' Walker and Jessie Deighan are dispatched to rescue their friend Hal Tucker and his girlfriend , Sarah , after Hal suffered a knee injury and stranded them on a peak in the Colorado Rockies . As they try to rescue Sarah , part of her harness breaks , and though Gabe is able to grab her , her gloved hand slips out , and she falls to her death . Hal blames Gabe for Sarah 's death and Gabe is overcome with guilt , taking an extended leave . Eight months later , Gabe returns to the ranger station to gather his remaining possessions and persuade Jessie to leave with him . While there , they receive a distress call from a group of stranded climbers . Hal goes to locate the climbers and Jessie is able to persuade Gabe to help out . Hal remains bitter towards Gabe over Sarah 's death , at one point threatening to push Gabe off a ledge . When they find the climbers , they discover the distress call was a ruse and are taken prisoner by former Military Intelligence operative Eric Qualen and several mercenaries . Qualen , along with turncoat U.S. Treasury agent Richard Travers , were able to steal three suitcases full of uncirculated bills valuing over $100 million . Their escape plan backfired , sending their plane crashing into the mountain , and they now require Gabe and Hal 's help to locate the cases with the help of beacon locators . At gunpoint , Gabe leads them to the first case , located at the top of a steep rock face . They force Gabe to tether himself to reach it , and Gabe uses the opportunity to escape . The mercenaries attempt to fire on Gabe , which causes an avalanche that kills one of their members . When they see the money from the first case fluttering away , Qualen believes Gabe is dead , and orders Hal to lead them onward . Gabe races ahead to find Jessie at an abandoned cabin . They recover old mountaineering gear to reach the second case before Qualen does . By the time Qualen arrives , Gabe and Jessie have emptied the case and left only a single bill with the taunting message `` Want to trade ? '' on it . Qualen orders his men to split up , allowing Gabe to dispatch two more of Qualen 's men . Gabe attempts to call for help from Frank , their rescue helicopter pilot , on one of the mercenaries ' radios , but Hal alerts him to explosives Qualen has rigged above them on the mountain . Gabe and Jessie escape the falling debris in time . Elsewhere , when Hal sees two friends , Evan and Brett , he warns them away before Qualen orders his men to open fire . Brett is killed while Evan is wounded , though he manages to ski off the mountain and parachute to safety . Night falls on the mountain and both groups take shelter . Frank , having not heard from Gabe or the others , scouts the mountain in the helicopter , spots Evan 's parachute , and is able to get him to safety while contacting the authorities . When morning breaks , Gabe and Jessie beat Qualen to the last case . Meanwhile , the mercenaries flag down Frank in the helicopter , and by the time he realizes it 's a trap it is too late . He is shot by one of the mercenaries and dies , but not before slipping Hal a knife . As the mercenaries split up to look for the other case , Hal is able to use the knife to wound one of the mercenaries , kill him with his own gun , and escape . Elsewhere Hal finds Gabe , and together they kill Travers . However , at the same time , Qualen takes Jessie hostage when she waves down the helicopter , believing that Frank was flying it . Qualen tells Gabe and Hal over the radio that he is holding Jessie captive on board the helicopter , demanding Gabe and Hal to surrender the money from the third case at a high elevated rendezvous point and threatens to kill her should they refuse to cooperate . Gabe and Hal agree , and they meet at a cliff side bridge . However , Qualen tries to challenge Gabe into throwing the case into the helicopter , but when he also threatens to kill Jessie again , Gabe orders Qualen to free her at a safe distance away from the cliff . Qualen reluctantly agrees , and uses a winch to lower Jessie to the ground . Once Jessie is safely down , however , Gabe throws the bag of money into the helicopter 's rotors , shredding the money . Enraged , Qualen attempts use the helicopter to kill Gabe , but Gabe has used the winch cable to tether the helicopter to a steel ladder up the cliff face . The ladder snaps and leaves Gabe and Qualen atop the wreckage of the helicopter hanging by the cable . Gabe fights Qualen and manages to climb to safety as the wreckage snaps off the cable , sending Qualen to his death . Gabe reunites with Jessie and Hal as federal agents arrive in helicopters to offer their assistance . Cast ( edit ) Sylvester Stallone as Gabriel `` Gabe '' Walker , a former mountain climber and rescue ranger haunted by his failure to save the girlfriend of his best friend , Hal Tucker John Lithgow as Eric Qualen , a sadistic former military intelligence officer , now leader of the gang of thieves trying to rob $100 million from the U.S. Treasury Michael Rooker as Hal Tucker , Gabe 's best friend and a mountain ranger who blames Gabe for failing to save Sarah Janine Turner as Jessie Deighan , a helicopter pilot and Gabe 's girlfriend working in the same mountain search - and - rescue group and whom Gabe has become distant from since failing to save Sarah Rex Linn as Richard Travers , a U.S. Treasury agent who is a double agent working with Qualen as his right - hand man Caroline Goodall as Kristel , Qualen 's pilot and companion Leon Robinson as Kynette , Qualen 's brutal main henchman Craig Fairbrass as Delmar , Qualen 's sadistic ex-soccer player - turned - henchman . Gregory Scott Cummins as Ryan , Qualen 's henchman Denis Forest as Heldon , Qualen 's henchman Michelle Joyner as Sarah , Hal 's ill - fated girlfriend who falls to her death after Gabe failed to save her Paul Winfield as Walter Wright , A U.S. Treasury agent who discovered Qualen 's plot to rob the money from the U.S. Treasury Ralph Waite as Frank , a search - and - rescue pilot working for Gabe , Jessie and Hal Max Perlich as Evan , a thrill - seeking young man who is friends with Gabe and Hal Trey Brownell as Brett , Evan 's friend who is also a thrill - seeker Vyto Ruginis as Matheson , an undercover FBI agent who foils the mid-air robbery John Finn as Agent Michaels Bruce McGill as Treasury Agent Jeff McCarthy as Pilot Wolfgang Güllich as Gabe Walker ( stunt double ) Production ( edit ) Carolco Pictures had originally signed Sylvester Stallone to appear opposite John Candy in a comedy about feuding neighbors titled Bartholomew Vs. Neff , which was going to be written and directed by John Hughes . When that project was dropped , Stallone became involved in another two Carolco projects . The first one was futuristic science fiction horror Isobar , which was about a genetically created monster who gets loose on a high speed runaway train . Between 1987 , when Carolco first bought the original script by Jim Uhls for $400,000 , and 1991 , directors Ridley Scott and Roland Emmerich were each at different points in time attached to direct the film which would have $90 million budget and Stallone and Kim Basinger were going to play the main roles . However , due to disagreements between them and Carolco and producer Joel Silver about the script changes and lack of artistic freedom , both Scott and Emmerich gave up on the project , which in the end was cancelled . The second Carolco project in which Stallone was involved was an action disaster thriller Gale Force , described as `` Die Hard in a hurricane '' , which Renny Harlin was going to direct , and in which Stallone would play an ex Navy SEAL who has to fight against a group of modern pirates who attack some coastal town during a large hurricane . The first version of the script for the film was written by David Chappe in 1984 , he wrote six more drafts between 1987 and 1989 , and after his final draft received some praise and following the bidding war between several studios for it in 1989 , Carolco bought his final draft for $500,000 , with a promise of an additional $200,000 if the movie gets made . Harlin was paid $3 million for directing the film , but because his contract also gave him full control of the project , he demanded many re-writes of the script to , amongst other things , increase the action sequences and make them bigger . Between 1990 and 1991 while they were working on the project , Carolco spent over $4 million on all the different screenwriters and versions of the script . One of the screenwriters who worked on it was Joe Eszterhas who was paid $500,000 to write his version of the script . However he re-wrote it into an erotic thriller , similar to his previous screenplays , so it was rejected . Because they thought that intended $40 million budget would be too big , and since they could n't figure out how to make special effects for the film , Carolco cancelled the project two weeks before production was supposed to begin , but Harlin still kept his $3 million , and he and Stallone and everyone else involved in it then moved to Cliffhanger , another Carolco project , which had a budget of $70 million , almost double that of Gale Force . Half of the film 's budget was provided by TriStar Pictures in exchange for complete distribution rights in North America , Mexico , Australia , New Zealand , Germany , and France . Other funding was provided by Rizzoli - Corriere della Sera , Le Studio Canal+ , and Pioneer Electric Corporation . The financing arrangement was the result of Carolco 's serious debt issues , and as a result , the studio would ultimately receive very little of the box office gross . The large majority of the film 's scenes were shot in Cortina d'Ampezzo , Dolomites , Italy . For example , the bridge scene was shot on Monte Cristallo in the via ferrata VF Ivano Dibona , which was reconstructed immediately after the movie . The climbing was mostly on the Tofane cliffs , and in some scenes toward the end of the movie the audience clearly sees the three Tofane , the Croda da Lago , the village of Cortina ; the location of this is on top of mount Faloria , at the arrival of the funivia Faloria . In other scenes viewers may recognize the sentiero ferrato Astaldi , over the Rifugio Dibona . The small house has been constructed on the sand of the river Boite , in Fiames , close to the heliport . Little filming took place in Durango , Colorado . The credits of the film also thank the Ute Tribe for filming in the Ute Mountain reservation . Cliffhanger is in the Guinness Book of World Records for the costliest aerial stunt ever performed . Stuntman Simon Crane was paid $1 million to perform the aerial transfer scene , where he crossed between two planes at an altitude of 15,000 feet ( 4,600 m ) . The principal climbing doubles were Ron Kauk and Wolfgang Güllich . The latter performed as Stallone 's climbing double before he died in a car accident in 1992 . Soundtrack ( edit ) Cliffhanger ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Studio album by Trevor Jones Released 23 May 1993 Recorded Music performed at CTS Studios London Genre Stage & Screen Length 42 : 18 Label Scotti Bros. Records 514 455 - 2 Producer Trevor Jones Trevor Jones chronology The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 ) Cliffhanger ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) ( 1993 ) Death Train ( 1993 ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The orchestral score to Cliffhanger was composed by film score veteran Trevor Jones . In his review for the Cliffhanger soundtrack , Filmtracks.com reviewer Christian Clemmensen said its similarities to Jones 's previous work on The Last of the Mohicans , stating : `` with Cliffhanger would come a title theme strikingly similar to that of Last of the Mohicans , possibly too reminiscent in fact for some listeners to tolerate . '' However , his review was still positive , giving the Cliffhanger score four out of a possible five stars concluding , `` No matter your view of whether or not composers should recycle their own material , Jones ' main identity for Cliffhanger stands on its own as a remarkable piece , and an often enjoyable action underscore will maintain your interest in between the theme 's statements . '' The soundtrack has been released twice ; through Scotti Bros. / BMG Music on 23 May 1993 and an extended version through Intrada Records on 21 February 2011 . Reception ( edit ) Stallone later said `` the director 's cut was met with a lot of disapproval at the screening and received some alarmingly low scores . Mainly because the stunts were absurdly overblown . For example , the average man can jump maybe twelve feet across a gorge , and the stunts had me leaping maybe three hundred feet or more , so situations like that had to be pared down and still then were fairly extreme ... so you 're probably better off with this cut . By the way , the 2nd unit crew that filmed the majority of the action was extraordinary . '' The film was screened in out of competition at the 1993 Cannes Film Festival . The film was nominated for three Academy Awards , Best Sound ( Michael Minkler , Bob Beemer , and Tim Cooney ) , Best Sound Effects Editing ( Gregg Baxter ) , and Best Visual Effects all losing to Jurassic Park . The film received a 68 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 49 reviews , based on 50 reviews , with an average rating of 6.2 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` While it ca n't escape comparisons to the movies it borrows from , Cliffhanger is a tense , action - packed thriller and a showcase for the talents that made Sylvester Stallone a star . '' It was nominated for Worst Picture , Worst Supporting Actor ( John Lithgow ) , Worst Supporting Actress ( Janine Turner ) , and Worst Screenplay at the 14th Golden Raspberry Awards . Although most people enjoyed Lithgow 's performance , he was criticized for his inauthentic - sounding English accent , especially when next to native English actors Fairbrass and Goodall . The film has been criticized for its unrealistic portrayal of rock climbing . One example is the feature of the bolt - gun which fires bolts directly into rock , forgoing the usual rock - drilling and bolt - hammering used in rock - climbing . This ignores certain material properties of rock that should cause the bolt - gun 's impact site to shatter and explode with flaky projectiles . The bolt gun is considered the most serious of the film 's technical inaccuracies . Further examples are showing athletic moves , which have no use in real climbing , or free soloing with -- then also completely useless -- gear . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B '' on an A+ to F scale . Distribution ( edit ) Theatrical international release poster by Renato Casaro The film was a box office hit . For its British cinema release , the film was cut by over a minute , then by a further 16 seconds on video and DVD to gain a ' 15 ' certificate . Chief victim was the scene where Delmar beats up Tucker , but other cuts included aggressive strong language and other moments of violence . However , the 2008 DVD release was passed ' 15 ' with no cuts made . The scene where Hal 's girlfriend , Sarah , falls to her death , was spoofed in the films Ace Ventura : When Nature Calls and Spy Hard . Sequel and remake ( edit ) Around 1994 , TriStar Pictures planned to make a sequel of the film titled The Dam ( or Cliffhanger 2 : The Dam ) , which would have Stallone 's character Gabe Walker fighting against terrorists who took over Hoover Dam , but it never went beyond development stage . In 2008 , once again there were plans to make this sequel , and even Stallone was interested , but it was cancelled . In May 2009 , it was announced that StudioCanal would be overseeing a remake of Cliffhanger . Neal H. Moritz was set to produce , with filming due to begin in 2010 . In May 2014 , Joe Gazzam was set to write the script for the film . In 2015 on his official Instagram , Stallone stated he would love to make a sequel to Cliffhanger , which puts doubt on whether a reboot will actually happen . See also ( edit ) List of American films of 1993 Cliffhanger ( the video game ) List of films featuring diabetes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Cliffhanger '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Money talks State Senate President Phil Rock is ... '' Articles.chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SCI FI Wire - The News Service of the SCI FI Channel - SCIFI.COM '' . Web.archive.org. 3 September 2007 . Archived from the original on 3 September 2007 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ The Greatest Sci - fi Movies Never Made by David Hughes Jump up ^ Brennan , Judy ( 1995 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Troubled Route to Pirate Epic ' Cutthroat ' ; Movies : As the swashbuckling adventure starring Geena Davis , directed by her husband , Renny Harlin , opens this weekend , financial woes surround its release '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` How Deals Get Done Over A Hot Script '' . Article.latimes.com . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sylvester Stallone 's Gale Force '' . Ew.com. 4 October 1991 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ WILLMAN , CHRIS ( 4 July 1990 ) . `` Renny Harlin Finds Plenty of Action in Hollywood : Movies : With ' Die Hard 2 ' and ' Ford Fairlane ' opening almost simultaneously , the Finnish director of adventure films is taking the industry by storm '' . Articles.latimes.com . Retrieved 30 September 2017 -- via LA Times . Jump up ^ Gelder , Lawrence Van ( 13 July 1990 ) . `` AT THE MOVIES '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 30 September 2017 -- via www.nytimes.com . Jump up ^ `` Total Free Fall '' . Europe.newsweek.com. 8 March 1992 . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Prince , Stephen ( 2000 ) A New Pot of Gold : Hollywood Under the Electronic Rainbow , 1980 - 1989 ( p. 148 ) . University of California Press , Berkeley / Los Angeles , California . ISBN 0 - 520 - 23266 - 6 Jump up ^ Bates , James ( August 30 , 1994 ) . `` COMPANY TOWN : SEC Filings Show Carolco Has Little to Sing About : Movies : The company expects to lose money this year and next , despite a major financial reorganization negotiated last year '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Stall , Bill ( 1993 - 06 - 02 ) . `` Making a Movie Out of a Mountain : Climbers Give High Marks to ' Cliffhanger 's ' Realistic High - Altitude Action Sequences '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ Janela , Mike ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Stallone vs. Schwarzenegger : Who wins the Escape Plan tale of the tape ? '' . Guinness Book of World Records . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ Stall , Bill ( June 2 , 1993 ) . `` Making a Movie Out of a Mountain : Climbers Give High Marks to ' Cliffhanger 's ' Realistic High - Altitude Action Sequences '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Ankeny , Jason . `` Trevor Jones , Cliffhanger ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . AllMusic.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Clemmensen , Christian . Cliffhanger soundtrack review . Filmtracks.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Stallone answers December 9th & 10th Questions in a double round - plus Harry 's Seen ROCKY BALBOA ... '' Aintitcoll.com . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes : Cliffhanger '' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The 66th Academy Awards ( 1994 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Cliffhanger ( 1993 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky 's Mountains '' . Chicago Tribune . May 28 , 1993 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Cliffhanger '' . Chicago Sun Times . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Denby , David ( June 14 , 1993 ) . `` Dim Peaks '' . New York . Vol. 26 no . 24 . New York City . p. 66 . Jump up ^ `` THIN PEAKS ' CLIFFHANGER ' HAS ITS ADRENALINE , BUT OH , THAT SCRIPT ... '' The Buffalo News . May 27 , 1993 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Broeske , Pat H. ( June 12 , 1994 ) . `` FILM ; Death is Hard ... Reincarnation Is Easy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rock Climbing Media Reviews : Books , Movies , and more '' . Chockstone.org . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Stallone Stumbles As Climber ' Cliffhanger ' Is About The Outdoors . At Least , That Was The Intent . - Philly.com '' . Articles.philly.com. 1994 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Fox , David J. ( 1993 - 06 - 01 ) . `` ` Cliffhanger ' grabs the largest opening for a non-sequel on any Memorial Day weekend . ` Made in America ' opens in second place '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` CLIFFHANGER rated 15 by the BBFC '' . Bbfc.co.uk. 2008 - 06 - 03 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Sylvester Stallone to Star in Cliffhanger 2 : The Dam ? -- / Film '' . Slashfilm.com. 16 February 2008 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` StudioCanal remounts ' Cliff ' - Entertainment News , Cannes News , Media '' . Variety . May 13 , 2009 . Retrieved May 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Climb Toward ' Cliffhanger ' Reboot Moving Forward ; Joe Gazzam Set To Write '' . deadline.com . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sylvester Stallone teases ' Cliffhanger ' sequel ( Photo ) '' . FanSided . May 31 , 2015 . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Cliffhanger on IMDb Cliffhanger at the TCM Movie Database Cliffhanger at AllMovie Cliffhanger at Box Office Mojo Cliffhanger at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Renny Harlin Born American ( 1986 ) Prison ( 1987 ) A Nightmare on Elm Street 4 : The Dream Master ( 1988 ) Die Hard 2 ( 1990 ) The Adventures of Ford Fairlane ( 1990 ) Cliffhanger ( 1993 ) Cutthroat Island ( 1995 ) The Long Kiss Goodnight ( 1996 ) Deep Blue Sea ( 1999 ) Driven ( 2001 ) Mindhunters ( 2004 ) Exorcist : The Beginning ( 2004 ) The Covenant ( 2006 ) Cleaner ( 2007 ) 12 Rounds ( 2009 ) 5 Days of War ( 2011 ) Devil 's Pass ( 2013 ) The Legend of Hercules ( 2014 ) Skiptrace ( 2016 ) Legend of the Ancient Sword ( 2018 ) Works by Sylvester Stallone Filmography Awards and nominations Director Paradise Alley ( 1978 ) Rocky II ( 1979 ) Rocky III ( 1982 ) Staying Alive ( 1983 ) Rocky IV ( 1985 ) Rocky Balboa ( 2006 ) Rambo ( 2008 ) The Expendables ( 2010 ) Writer The Lords of Flatbush ( 1974 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) F.I.S.T. ( 1978 ) First Blood ( 1982 ) Rhinestone ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II ( 1985 ) Cobra ( 1986 ) Over the Top ( 1987 ) Rambo III ( 1988 ) Rocky V ( 1990 ) Cliffhanger ( 1993 ) Driven ( 2001 ) Father Lefty ( 2002 ) The Expendables 2 ( 2012 ) Homefront ( 2013 ) The Expendables 3 ( 2014 ) Creed II ( 2018 ) Producer only Heart of a Champion : The Ray Mancini Story ( 1985 ) Creed ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cliffhanger_(film)&oldid=856562722 '' Categories : 1993 films English - language films 1990s action films 1990s adventure films 1990s action thriller films American films American adventure drama films American action thriller films Films about terrorism Films set in Colorado Films shot in Italy Mountaineering films StudioCanal films Carolco Pictures films Films directed by Renny Harlin Screenplays by Sylvester Stallone Screenplays by Michael France American action adventure films Films scored by Trevor Jones Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018 , at 03 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the opening scene of cliffhanger filmed	[]	[]
-8130498158558858922	Rowell–Sirois Commission	Rowell -- Sirois Commission - Wikipedia Rowell -- Sirois Commission Jump to : navigation , search The members of the Rowell -- Sirois Commission in 1938 , after Newton Rowell resigned as co-chair because he had suffered a stroke . Seated , from left to right : Prof. H.F. Angus , Mr. J.W. Dafoe , Prof. Joseph Sirois ( chairman ) and Prof. R.A. MacKay . Standing behind them are commission staff members . The Rowell -- Sirois Commission officially known as the Royal Commission on Dominion -- Provincial Relations was a Canadian Royal Commission looking into the Canadian economy and federal -- provincial relations . It was called in 1937 and reported in 1940 . The Commission was chaired first by Newton Wesley Rowell and then by Joseph Sirois . James McGregor Stewart acted as chief counsel . It was called as a result of the Great Depression . The attempts to manage the Depression by the government illustrated grave flaws with the Canadian constitution . While the federal government had most of the revenue gathering powers , the provinces had unexpectedly greater expenditure responsibilities . The founders had given the provinces responsibility for health care , education , and welfare when these were only minor concerns ; by 1937 , however , these had all become massive expenditure areas . The Commission recommended that the federal government take over control of unemployment insurance and pensions . It also recommended the creation of equalization payments and large transfers of money from the federal government to the province each year . Other recommendations were not adopted due to resistance from the provinces or the federal government . External links ( edit ) Index to Federal Royal Commissions The Rowell -- Sirois Report and Canadian Federalism during the Great Depression ( 1929 -- 1939 ) This Canadian history article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rowell -- Sirois_Commission&oldid = 797830203 '' Categories : Canadian commissions and inquiries Canada in the World Wars and Interwar Years Constitution of Canada Constitutional commissions Great Depression in Canada 1937 in Canada 1940 in Canada Canadian history stubs Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 12 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what were the main recommendations of the rowell-sirois report	[ "The Commission recommended that the federal government take over control of unemployment insurance and pensions. It also recommended the creation of equalization payments and large transfers of money from the federal government to the province each year. Other recommendations were not adopted due to resistance from the provinces or the federal government.", "The Commission recommended that the federal government take over control of unemployment insurance and pensions. It also recommended the creation of equalization payments and large transfers of money from the federal government to the province each year. Other recommendations were not adopted due to resistance from the provinces or the federal government." ]	[ "that the federal government take over control of unemployment insurance and pensions", "the creation of equalization payments and large transfers of money from the federal government to the province each year" ]
-4156025961814280003	Fleetwood Mac	Fleetwood Mac - wikipedia Fleetwood Mac Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Fleetwood Mac ( disambiguation ) . Fleetwood Mac Fleetwood Mac photographed for the release of their 1977 album Rumours . ( Left to right : Mick Fleetwood , Christine McVie , John McVie , Stevie Nicks , Lindsey Buckingham ) Background information Origin London , England Genres Pop rock soft rock blues rock art pop British blues Years active 1967 ( 1967 ) -- 1995 ( 1995 ) 1997 ( 1997 ) -- present Labels Blue Horizon Reprise Warner Bros . LMJS Productions Associated acts John Mayall 's Bluesbreakers Savoy Brown Chicken Shack Buckingham Nicks Lindsey Buckingham / Christine McVie Bekka & Billy Tramp Eddie Boyd Duster Bennett Website fleetwoodmac.com Members Mick Fleetwood John McVie Christine McVie Lindsey Buckingham Stevie Nicks Past members Peter Green Jeremy Spencer Bob Brunning Danny Kirwan Bob Welch Bob Weston Dave Walker Billy Burnette Rick Vito Bekka Bramlett Dave Mason Fleetwood Mac are a British - American rock band , formed in London in 1967 . The band have sold more than 100 million records worldwide , making them one of the world 's best - selling bands . In 1998 , selected members of Fleetwood Mac were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , and received the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music . Fleetwood Mac were founded by guitarist Peter Green , drummer Mick Fleetwood and guitarist Jeremy Spencer . They lacked a permanent bass guitarist for the first few months before Green convinced John McVie to join , establishing the first stable line - up in time to record their self - titled debut album . Danny Kirwan joined as a third guitarist in 1969 , and keyboardist Christine Perfect , who was used as a session musician starting with the second album , later married John McVie and joined the band in 1970 . During this time period , the band was primarily a British blues outfit , scoring a UK number one with `` Albatross '' ; and had lesser hits with the singles `` Oh Well '' and `` Black Magic Woman '' . Personal problems led to original guitarists Green and Spencer leaving in short order , replaced by Bob Welch and Bob Weston . However , by 1974 , Welch and Weston had both left , leaving the band without a primary male vocalist or lead guitarist . In late 1974 , while the band was scouting studios in Los Angeles , they were introduced to folk - rock duo Lindsey Buckingham and Stevie Nicks . The band sought to add Buckingham as their new lead guitarist , who agreed under the condition that Nicks , his singing partner and girlfriend at the time , also would join the band . The addition of Buckingham and Nicks caused the band to take on a more pop rock sound , with their 1975 album Fleetwood Mac becoming their best selling record to date , reaching No. 1 in the US . Rumours ( 1977 ) , Fleetwood Mac 's second album after the incorporation of Buckingham and Nicks , produced four US Top 10 singles and remained at No. 1 on the American albums chart for 31 weeks , as well as reaching the top spot in various countries around the world . The album has sold over 40 million copies worldwide , making it the eighth - highest - selling album to date . During the recording of Rumours , the band went through personal turmoil , as both of the romantic partnerships in the band ( John & Christine McVie and Buckingam & Nicks ) separated , though the band kept making music together . The lineup remained stable through three more studio albums , but by the late 1980s the band began to disintegrate . First to leave was Buckingham , followed by Nicks in 1991 , to be replaced by a series of short - term guitarists and vocalists . In 1993 , a one - off performance for the Presidential Inauguration of Bill Clinton featured the five key members back together for the first time in six years , and by 1997 , a full reunion occurred . In 1998 , Christine McVie retired from touring , and the band stayed together as a four - piece with John McVie , Mick Fleetwood , Lindsey Buckingham , and Stevie Nicks . In 2014 , Christine McVie rejoined again full time . The latest studio album by the band was 2003 's Say You Will , though a side project known as Lindsey Buckingham / Christine McVie was released in 2017 containing contributions from the other band members . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1967 -- 1970 : Formation and early years 1.2 1970 -- 1974 : Transitional era 1.3 1974 : The fake Fleetwood Mac 1.4 1974 : Return of the real Fleetwood Mac 1.5 1975 -- 1987 : Mainstream success 1.6 1987 -- 1995 : Departure of Buckingham and Nicks 1.7 1995 -- 1997 : Break - up 1.8 1997 -- 2007 : Reunion and Christine McVie 's departure 1.9 2008 -- 2013 : Unleashed Tour and Extended Play 1.10 2014 -- present : Return of Christine McVie 2 Tours 3 Members 4 Discography 4.1 Studio albums 4.2 Remasters 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links History ( edit ) 1967 -- 1970 : formation and early years ( edit ) Peter Green , 18 March 1970 Fleetwood Mac were formed in July 1967 in London when Peter Green left the British blues band John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers . Peter Green had replaced guitarist Eric Clapton in the Bluesbreakers , and received critical acclaim for his work on their album A Hard Road . After he had been in the Bluesbreakers for some time , Green asked if drummer Mick Fleetwood could replace Aynsley Dunbar . Green had been in two bands with Fleetwood -- Peter B 's Looners and the subsequent Shotgun Express ( which featured a young Rod Stewart as vocalist ) . John Mayall agreed and Fleetwood became a member of the band . The Bluesbreakers now consisted of Green , Fleetwood , John McVie and Mayall . Mayall gave Green free recording time as a gift , in which Fleetwood , McVie and Green recorded five songs . The fifth song was an instrumental which Green named after the rhythm section , `` Fleetwood Mac '' . Soon after , Green contacted Fleetwood to form a new band . The pair wanted McVie on bass guitar and even named the band ' Fleetwood Mac ' as a way to entice him . However , McVie opted to keep his steady income with Mayall rather than take a risk with a new band . In the meantime , Peter Green and Mick Fleetwood teamed up with slide guitarist Jeremy Spencer and bassist Bob Brunning , who was in the band on the understanding that he would leave if McVie agreed to join . The Green , Fleetwood , Spencer , Brunning version of the band made its debut on 13 August 1967 at the Windsor Jazz and Blues Festival as Peter Green 's Fleetwood Mac featuring Jeremy Spencer . Brunning merely played at a handful of gigs with Fleetwood Mac . Within weeks of this show , John McVie agreed to join the band as permanent bassist . Fleetwood Mac 's first album , Fleetwood Mac , was a no - frills blues album and was released on the Blue Horizon label in February 1968 . In fact there were no other players on the album ( except for the song `` Long Grey Mare '' , which was recorded with Brunning on bass ) . The album was successful in the UK , hitting No. 4 , though it did not have any singles on it . The band soon released two singles `` Black Magic Woman '' ( later a big hit for Santana ) and `` Need Your Love So Bad '' . The band 's second album , Mr. Wonderful , was released in August 1968 . Like the first , it was an all - blues album . The album was recorded live in the studio with miked amplifiers and PA system , rather than plugged into the board. . They also added horns and featured a friend of the band on keyboards , Christine Perfect of Chicken Shack . Shortly after the release of their second album , Fleetwood Mac added guitarist Danny Kirwan , then just eighteen years old , to their line - up , recruited from the South London blues trio Boilerhouse , consisting of Kirwan on guitar with Trevor Stevens on bass and Dave Terrey on drums . Green and Fleetwood had been to watch Boilerhouse rehearse in a basement boiler - room and Green was so impressed , he invited the band to play support slots for Fleetwood Mac . Green wanted Boilerhouse to become a professional band but Stevens and Terrey were not prepared to turn professional at the time , so Green sought to find another rhythm section by placing an ad in Melody Maker . There were over 300 applicants , but when Green and Fleetwood ran auditions at the Nag 's Head in Battersea ( home of the Mike Vernon Blue Horizon Club ) , the hard to please Green could not find anyone good enough to replace the pair , so he invited Kirwan to join Fleetwood Mac as their third guitarist . Green had been frustrated that Jeremy Spencer had little desire to contribute to Green 's songs . A self - taught guitarist , Kirwan 's signature vibrato and unique style added a new dimension to an already complete band . With Kirwan , the band released their first number one single in Europe , `` Albatross '' . Around this time they released their second American album , English Rose , which contained half of Mr. Wonderful , new songs from Kirwan , and their third European album called The Pious Bird of Good Omen , which was a collection of singles , B - sides , and a selection of some work the band did with Eddie Boyd . When the band went to the United States in January 1969 they recorded many songs at the soon - to - close Chess Records Studio , with some blues legends of Chicago including Willie Dixon , Buddy Guy and Otis Spann . These would prove , however , to be Fleetwood Mac 's last all - blues recordings . Along with their change of style , the band was also going through some label changes . Up until this point , they had been on Blue Horizon . With Kirwan in the band , however , the musical possibilities were too great for them to stay on a blues - only label . The band signed with the Immediate Records label and released `` Man of the World '' , another British and European hit single . For the B - side Spencer fronted Fleetwood Mac as `` Earl Vince and the Valiants '' and recorded `` Somebody 's Gonna Get Their Head Kicked In Tonite '' , typifying the more raucous rock ' n ' roll side of the band . Immediate Records was in bad shape and the band shopped around for a new deal . Even though The Beatles wanted the band on Apple Records ( Mick Fleetwood and George Harrison were brothers - in - law ) , the band 's manager Clifford Davis decided to go with Warner Bros. Records ( through Reprise Records , a Frank Sinatra - founded label ) , the label they have stayed with ever since . Fleetwood Mac 's first album for Reprise , released in September 1969 , was the well - regarded Then Play On . Although the initial pressing of the American release of this album was the same as the British version , it was altered to contain the song `` Oh Well '' , which featured consistently in live performances from the time of its release through 1997 , and then again starting in 2009 . Then Play On , which was the band 's first rock album , featured only the songs of Kirwan and Green . Jeremy Spencer , meanwhile , recorded a solo album ( he was backed by the rest of the band ) which consisted of many 1950s - style rock and roll songs . In July 1969 , Fleetwood Mac opened for Ten Years After at the Schaefer Music Festival at New York City 's Wollman Rink . They re-appeared at the festival in 1970 . By 1970 , Peter Green , the frontman of the band , was not in good health . He had taken LSD in Munich , which may have contributed to the onset of his schizophrenia . German author and filmmaker Rainer Langhans mentions in his autobiography that he and Uschi Obermaier met Peter Green in Munich , where they invited him to their `` High - Fish - Commune '' . They were not really interested in Green ; they just wanted to get in contact with Mick Taylor : Langhans and Obermaier wished to organise a `` Bavarian Woodstock '' . They wanted Jimi Hendrix and The Rolling Stones to be the leading acts of their Bavarian open air festival . They needed Green just to get in contact with The Rolling Stones via Mick Taylor . Green 's last hit with Fleetwood Mac was `` The Green Manalishi ( With the Two - Prong Crown ) '' ( first recorded at the Boston Tea Party in February 1970 and later recorded by Judas Priest ) . This recording was released as Green 's mental stability deteriorated , and he wanted to give all of the band 's money to charity . Other members of the band did not agree , and subsequently Green decided to leave the band . His last show with Fleetwood Mac was on 20 May 1970 . During that show , the band went past their allotted time and the power was shut off , although Mick Fleetwood kept drumming . Some of the Boston Tea Party recordings ( 5 / 6 / 7 February 1970 ) were eventually released in the 1980s as the Live in Boston album , with a more complete remastered 3 - volume compilation released by Snapper Music in the late 1990s . 1970 -- 1974 : transitional era ( edit ) Kirwan and Spencer were left with the task of having to fill up Peter 's space in their live shows and on their recordings . In September 1970 , Fleetwood Mac released Kiln House . Kirwan 's songs moved the band in the direction of rock . Meanwhile , Spencer 's contributions focused on re-creating the country - tinged `` Sun Sound '' of the late 1950s . Christine Perfect , who had retired from the music business after one unsuccessful solo album , contributed to Kiln House , singing backup vocals , playing keyboards and drawing the album cover . Since Fleetwood Mac were progressing and developing a new sound , Perfect was asked to join the band . They also released a single at that time ; `` Dragonfly '' b / w `` The Purple Dancer '' in the UK and certain European countries . Despite good notices in the press , the single was not a success and the B - side has been reissued only once , on a Reprise German and Dutch - only `` Best of '' album , making it one of their most obscure songs . 1973 line - up with Christine McVie , Mick Fleetwood , Bob Weston , John McVie , and Bob Welch . Christine Perfect , who by this point had married bassist John McVie , made her first appearance with the band as Christine McVie at Bristol University in May 1969 just as she was leaving Chicken Shack . She had success with the Etta James classic , `` I 'd Rather Go Blind '' , and was twice voted female artist of the year in England . Christine McVie played her first gig as an official member on 6 August 1970 in New Orleans . CBS Records , which now owned Blue Horizon ( except in the US and Canada ) , released an album of previously unreleased material from the original Fleetwood Mac called The Original Fleetwood Mac . The album was relatively successful , and the band continued to gain popularity . While on tour in February 1971 , Jeremy Spencer said he was going out to `` get a magazine '' , but never returned . After several days of frantic searching , the band discovered that Spencer had joined a religious group , the Children of God . Liable for the remaining shows on the tour , they convinced Peter Green to help finish the tour . He brought along his friend , Nigel Watson , who played the congas ( twenty - five years later Green and Watson collaborated again to form the Peter Green Splinter Group ) . Green , however , would only be back with Fleetwood Mac temporarily , so the band decided to search for a new guitarist . In the summer of 1971 , the band held auditions for a guitarist in their large country home , `` Benifold '' , which they jointly bought with their manager Davis for £ 23,000 ( equivalent to £ 326,500 in 2016 ) prior to the Kiln House tour . A friend of the band named Judy Wong recommended her high school friend , Bob Welch , who was living in Paris at the time . The band had a few meetings with Welch and decided to hire him , without actually playing with him or listening to any of his recordings . In September 1971 , the band released Future Games . Due to Welch 's arrival and Spencer 's departure , the album was different from anything the band had done up to that point , and there were many new fans in America who were becoming more and more interested in the band . In Europe , CBS released Fleetwood Mac 's first Greatest Hits package , which was predominantly composed of songs by Peter Green , though there was one song by Spencer and one by Kirwan . In 1972 , six months after the release of Future Games , the band released the well - received album Bare Trees . Though mostly composed by Kirwan , Bare Trees featured Welch 's `` Sentimental Lady '' , which would be a much bigger hit for him five years later when he re-recorded it for his solo album French Kiss , backed with Mick Fleetwood and Christine McVie . It also featured `` Spare Me a Little of Your Love '' , a bright Christine McVie tune that became a staple of the band 's live act throughout the early to mid-1970s . While the band was doing well in the studio , their tours were more problematic . Danny Kirwan developed an alcohol dependency and became alienated from Welch and the McVies . It was not until he smashed his Les Paul Custom guitar before a concert , refused to go on stage , and criticised the band afterwards , that Fleetwood was finally convinced that he had no choice but to fire Kirwan . The next two and a half years proved to be the most challenging for the band . In the three albums they released in this period , they constantly changed line - ups . In September 1972 , the band added guitarist Bob Weston and vocalist Dave Walker , formerly of Savoy Brown and Idle Race . Bob Weston was well known for playing slide guitar and had known the band from his touring period with Long John Baldry . Fleetwood Mac also hired Savoy Brown 's road manager , John Courage . Fleetwood , The McVies , Welch , Weston , and Walker recorded Penguin , which was released in January 1973 . After the tour , the band fired Walker because his vocal style and attitude did not fit in with the rest of the band . The remaining five carried on and recorded Mystery to Me six months later . This album contained Welch 's song `` Hypnotized '' which got a lot of airplay on the radio and became one of the band 's most successful songs to date in the US . The band was proud of the new album and anticipated that it would be a hit . However , things were not well within the band . The McVies ' marriage at this time was under a lot of stress , which was aggravated by their constant working with each other , and John McVie 's considerable alcohol abuse . During the tour , Weston had an affair with Fleetwood 's wife , Jenny Boyd Fleetwood , the sister of Pattie Boyd Harrison . Courage soon fired Weston and the tour was cancelled , so due to lack of touring , the album sold less than its predecessor . 1974 : the fake Fleetwood Mac ( edit ) In 1974 , the band 's manager , Clifford Davis , then claimed that he owned the name Fleetwood Mac , and recruited members of a band called Legs ( which had recently issued one single under Davis ' management ) to tour as Fleetwood Mac . The fake Fleetwood Mac consisted of Elmer Gantry ( vocals , guitar ) , Kirby Gregory ( guitar ) , Paul Martinez ( bass ) , John Wilkinson ( keyboards ) and Australian - born drummer Craig Collinge ( formerly of The Librettos , Procession and Third World War ) . The members of the fake Fleetwood Mac apparently had been told that Mick Fleetwood would join them on later dates , and claimed that Fleetwood had been involved in the early planning stages of the tour before dropping out . As the tour got underway , Fleetwood Mac 's road manager , John Courage , realised that the line - up being used was n't authentic . Courage ended up hiding the real Fleetwood Mac 's equipment , which helped shorten the tour by the fake band , which soon dissolved . But the lawsuit that followed -- regarding who actually owned the rights to the band name `` Fleetwood Mac '' -- put the real Fleetwood Mac out of commission for almost a year . While the band was named after Mick Fleetwood and John McVie , they had signed contracts that showed the band forfeited the rights to the name . In the aftermath of the dissolution of the fake Fleetwood Mac , nobody from that lineup was ever officially made a part of the real Fleetwood Mac , although some of them later acted as Danny Kirwan 's studio band . Gantry and Gregory went on to become members of Stretch , whose 1975 UK hit single `` Why Did You Do It '' was written about the fake Fleetwood Mac touring debacle . Gantry later collaborated with The Alan Parsons Project . Fake Fleetwood Mac bassist Martinez , meanwhile , eventually went on to play with Paice Ashton Lord and Robert Plant 's backing band . 1974 : return of the real Fleetwood Mac ( edit ) During the fake Fleetwood Mac months , Welch stayed in Los Angeles and connected with entertainment attorneys . He swiftly realised that the band was being neglected by Warner Bros. , and that if they wanted to change that , they would have to change their base of operation from England to Los Angeles , to which the rest of the band agreed immediately . Rock promoter Bill Graham wrote a letter to Warner Bros. to convince them that the real Fleetwood Mac were , in fact , Fleetwood , Welch and the McVies . But while this did not end the legal battle , the band was able to record as Fleetwood Mac again . Instead of getting another manager , Fleetwood Mac decided to manage themselves . In September 1974 , Fleetwood Mac signed a new recording contract with Warner Bros. , but remained on the Reprise imprint . The quartet released their album Heroes Are Hard to Find in September 1974 and for the first time in its history , the band had only one guitarist . While on tour they added a second keyboardist , Doug Graves , who had been an engineer on Heroes Are Hard to Find . although Graves was preparing to be a full member of the band following the US tour in late 1974 . At the time he said : I 'm looking forward to adding something to this already great band ; I helped engineer their album ' Heroes Are Hard to Find ' and got to know each member well . It came to me as a shock when Mick asked me to join but I am enjoying playing live with the band , and hopefully will start a new studio album with the band soon . However , Graves did not ultimately join full - time . In 1980 , Christine McVie explained the decision : `` He ( Doug Graves ) was there to back me up , but I think it was decided after the first two or three concerts that I was better off without him . The band wanted me to expand my role and have a little more freedom , so he played some organ behind me , but he did n't play the same way I did ... Robert ( `` Bobby '' ) Hunt , who had been in the band Head West with Bob Welch back in 1970 replaced Graves . Neither musician , however , proved to be a long - term addition to the line - up , and Welch left soon after the tour ended ( on 5 December 1974 at Cal State University ) , having tired of the touring and legal struggles . Nevertheless , the tour enabled the Heroes album to reach a higher position on the American charts than any of the band 's previous records . 1975 -- 1987 : mainstream success ( edit ) After Welch announced that he was leaving the band , Fleetwood began searching for a possible replacement . While Fleetwood was checking out Sound City Studios in Los Angeles , the house engineer , Keith Olsen , played him a track which he had recorded in the studio , `` Frozen Love '' , from the album Buckingham Nicks ( 1973 ) . Fleetwood liked it , and was introduced to the guitarist from the band , Lindsey Buckingham , who coincidentally was at Sound City that day recording some demos . Fleetwood soon asked him to join . Buckingham agreed , on the condition that his music partner and girlfriend , Stevie Nicks , also become part of the band ; Fleetwood agreed . Buckingham and Nicks joined the band on New Year 's Eve 1974 ( within 4 weeks of the previous incarnation splitting ) . In 1975 , the new line - up released the eponymous Fleetwood Mac . The album proved to be a breakthrough for the band and became a huge hit , reaching No. 1 in the US and selling over 5 million copies . Among the hit singles from this album were Christine McVie 's `` Over My Head '' and `` Say You Love Me '' , and Stevie Nicks ' `` Rhiannon '' and `` Landslide '' ( actually a hit twenty years later on The Dance album ) . `` Landslide '' ( Fleetwood Mac ) 17 second sample from Fleetwood Mac 's song `` Landslide '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Behind the scenes the band was fraying apart in 1976 ; with the success of the band also came the end of John and Christine McVie 's marriage , as well as Buckingham and Nicks ' long term romantic relationship . Even Fleetwood was in the midst of divorce proceedings from his wife , Jenny . The pressure put on Fleetwood Mac to release a successful follow - up album , combined with their new - found wealth , led to creative and personal tensions , fuelled by high consumption of drugs and alcohol . The album Rumours ( the band 's first release on the main Warner label after Reprise was retired and all of its acts were reassigned to the parent label ) was released in the spring of 1977 , in which the band members laid bare the emotional turmoil they were experiencing at the time . Critically acclaimed , it was the recipient of the Grammy Award for Album of the Year for 1977 . The album generated multiple Top Ten singles , including Buckingham 's `` Go Your Own Way '' , Nicks ' US No. 1 `` Dreams '' ( sample ( help info ) ) , and Christine McVie 's `` Do n't Stop '' and `` You Make Loving Fun '' . Buckingham 's `` Second Hand News '' , Nicks ' `` Gold Dust Woman '' and `` The Chain '' ( the only song written by all five bandmates ) also received significant radio airplay . By 2003 , Rumours had sold over 19 million copies in the US alone ( certified as a diamond album by the RIAA ) , and a total of 40 million copies worldwide , making it the second biggest selling album of all time . Fleetwood Mac supported the album with a lucrative tour . On 10 October 1979 , Fleetwood Mac was honoured with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for their contributions to the music industry at 6608 Hollywood Boulevard . Buckingham was able to convince Fleetwood to allow his work on their next album to be more experimental and to work on tracks at home , then bring them to the band in the studio . The result of this was the 20 - track double album , Tusk , released in 1979 . It spawned three hit singles ; Lindsey Buckingham 's `` Tusk '' ( US No. 8 ) , which featured the USC Trojan Marching Band ; Christine McVie 's `` Think About Me '' ( US No. 20 ) ; and Stevie Nicks ' 61⁄2 minute opus `` Sara '' ( US No. 7 ) . The last of those three was cut to 41⁄2 minutes for both the hit single and the first CD - release of the album , but the unedited version has since been restored on the 1988 greatest hits compilation , the 2004 reissue of Tusk and Fleetwood Mac 's 2002 release of The Very Best of Fleetwood Mac . Original guitarist Green also took part in the sessions of Tusk , but his playing for the Christine McVie track `` Brown Eyes '' is not credited on the album . Tusk sold four million copies worldwide . Fleetwood blames the album 's relative failure on the RKO radio chain playing the album in its entirety prior to release , thus allowing mass home taping . The band embarked on an 11 - month tour to support and promote Tusk . They travelled across the world , including the USA , Australia , New Zealand , Japan , France , Belgium , Germany , the Netherlands , and the United Kingdom . In Germany they shared the bill with reggae superstar Bob Marley . It was on this world tour that the band recorded music for the Fleetwood Mac Live album , which was released at the end of 1980 . The next album , 1982 's Mirage -- following 1981 solo albums by Nicks ( Bella Donna ) , Fleetwood ( The Visitor ) , and Buckingham ( Law and Order ) -- was a return to a more conventional approach . Buckingham had been chided by critics , fellow band members and music business managers for the lesser commercial success enjoyed by Tusk . Recorded at Château d'Hérouville in France and produced by Richard Dashut , Mirage was an attempt to recapture the huge success of Rumours . Its hits included Christine McVie 's `` Hold Me '' and `` Love in Store '' ( co-written by Robbie Patton and Jim Recor , respectively ) , Stevie Nicks ' `` Gypsy '' , and Lindsey Buckingham 's `` Oh Diane '' , which made the Top 10 in the UK . A minor hit was also scored by Buckingham 's `` Eyes Of The World '' and `` Ca n't Go Back '' . In contrast to the Tusk Tour , the band only embarked on a short tour of 18 American cities , the Los Angeles show being recorded and released on video . They also headlined the first US Festival , on 5 September 1982 , for which the band was paid $500,000 ( $1,267,931 today ) . Mirage was certified double platinum in the US . Following Mirage , the band went on hiatus , which allowed members to pursue solo careers . Stevie Nicks released two more solo albums ( 1983 's The Wild Heart and 1985 's Rock a Little ) , Lindsey Buckingham issued Go Insane in 1984 , the same year that Christine McVie made an eponymous album ( yielding the Top 10 hit `` Got a Hold on Me '' and the Top 40 hit `` Love Will Show Us How '' ) . All three met with success and it was Nicks who became the most popular . However , also during this period , Mick Fleetwood had filed for bankruptcy , Nicks was admitted to the Betty Ford Clinic for addiction problems , and John McVie had suffered an addiction - related seizure -- all attributed to the lifestyle of excess afforded to them by their worldwide success . It was rumoured that Fleetwood Mac had finally broken up ; however , Buckingham commented that he was unhappy to allow Mirage to remain as the band 's last effort . The Rumours line - up of Fleetwood Mac recorded one more album for the time being , Tango in the Night , in 1987 . Initially , as with various other Fleetwood Mac albums , the material started off as a Buckingham solo album before becoming a group project . The album went on to become their best - selling release since Rumours , especially in the UK where it hit No. 1 three times over the following year . The album sold three million copies in the USA and contained four hits : Christine McVie 's `` Little Lies '' and `` Everywhere '' ( the former being co-written with McVie 's new husband Eddy Quintela ) , Sandy Stewart and Stevie Nicks ' `` Seven Wonders '' , and Lindsey Buckingham 's `` Big Love '' . `` Family Man '' ( Buckingham and Richard Dashut ) , and `` Is n't It Midnight '' ( Christine McVie ) , were also released as singles , with lesser success . 1987 -- 1995 : departure of Buckingham and Nicks ( edit ) 1987 -- 1991 line - up of Fleetwood Mac Although a ten - week tour was scheduled , Buckingham backed out at the last minute . He tried to explain to his bandmates that he felt his creativity was being stifled by his remaining in the band . A group meeting at Christine McVie 's house on 7 August 1987 resulted in much rancour and recrimination , as well as an alleged ( in Mick Fleetwood 's autobiography ) physical altercation between Buckingham and Nicks . Buckingham left the band the following day . Following Buckingham 's departure , Fleetwood Mac added two new guitarists to the band , Billy Burnette and Rick Vito , without auditions . Burnette is the son of Dorsey Burnette and nephew of Johnny Burnette , both of The Rock and Roll Trio . He had already worked with Mick Fleetwood in Zoo , with Christine McVie as part of her solo band , done some session work with Stevie Nicks , and backed Lindsey Buckingham on Saturday Night Live . Furthermore , Fleetwood and Christine McVie had played on his Try Me album in 1985 . Vito , a Peter Green admirer , had played with many artists from Bonnie Raitt to John Mayall , and worked with John McVie on two Mayall albums . The 1987 -- 88 `` Shake the Cage '' tour was the first outing for this line - up , and was successful enough to warrant the release of a concert video ( simply titled `` Tango in the Night '' ) , filmed at San Francisco 's Cow Palace arena in December 1987 . Capitalising on the success of Tango in the Night , the band continued with a Greatest Hits album in 1988 . It featured singles from the 1975 -- 1988 era , and included two new compositions : `` No Questions Asked '' written by Nicks , and `` As Long as You Follow '' written by McVie and Quintela , which was released as a single in 1988 but only made No. 43 in the US and No. 66 in the UK . It did , however , reach No. 1 on the US Adult Contemporary charts . The Greatest Hits album , which peaked at No. 3 in the UK and No. 14 in the US ( though has since sold over 8 million copies there ) , was dedicated to Buckingham by the band , with whom they had now reconciled . Following the Greatest Hits collection , Fleetwood Mac recorded Behind the Mask . With this album , the band veered away from the stylised sound that Buckingham had evolved during his tenure in the band ( also evident in his solo works ) , and ended up with a more adult contemporary style from producer Greg Ladanyi . However , the album yielded only one Top 40 hit , McVie 's `` Save Me '' . Behind the Mask only achieved Gold album status in the US , peaking at No. 18 on the Billboard album chart , though it entered the UK Albums Chart at No. 1 . It received mixed reviews , and was seen by some music critics as a low point for the band in the absence of Lindsey Buckingham ( who had actually made a guest appearance by playing on the title track ) . However , Rolling Stone magazine said that Vito and Burnette were `` the best thing to ever happen to Fleetwood Mac '' and the British Q magazine also praised the album in their review . The subsequent `` Behind the Mask '' tour saw the band play sold out shows at London 's Wembley Stadium , and on the final show in Los Angeles , the band were joined onstage by Buckingham . The two women of the band , McVie and Nicks , had decided that the tour would be their last ( McVie 's father died during the tour ) though both stated that they would still record with the band . However , in 1991 , both Nicks and Rick Vito announced they were leaving Fleetwood Mac altogether . In 1992 , Fleetwood himself arranged a 4 - disc box set spanning highlights from the band 's 25 - year history , titled 25 Years -- The Chain ( an edited 2 - disc set was also available ) . A notable inclusion in the box set was `` Silver Springs '' , a Stevie Nicks composition that was recorded during the Rumours sessions but was omitted from the album and used as the B - side of `` Go Your Own Way '' instead . Nicks had requested use of the track for her 1991 best - of compilation TimeSpace , but Fleetwood had refused her request as he had planned to include it in this collection as something of a rarity . The disagreement between Nicks and Fleetwood garnered press coverage , and is believed to be the main catalyst for Nicks leaving the band in 1991 . The box set , however , also included a brand new Stevie Nicks / Rick Vito composition , `` Paper Doll '' , which was released in the US as a single . As both members had left the band by this point , the track was presumably a leftover from the Behind the Mask sessions . There were also two new Christine McVie compositions , `` Heart of Stone '' and `` Love Shines '' , the latter of which was released as a single in the UK and certain other territories . Lindsey Buckingham also contributed a new song , `` Make Me a Mask '' , which bore all the markings of an insular Buckingham studio creation , devoid of input from other band members . Mick Fleetwood also released a deluxe hardcover companion book to coincide with the release of the box set , titled My 25 Years in Fleetwood Mac . The volume featured many rare photographs and notes ( written by Fleetwood himself ) detailing the band 's 25 - year history . Some months after this , the Buckingham / Nicks / McVie / McVie / Fleetwood line - up reunited at the request of US President Bill Clinton for his first Inaugural Ball in 1993 . Clinton had made Fleetwood Mac 's `` Do n't Stop '' his campaign theme song . His subsequent request to perform it at the Inauguration Ball was met with enthusiasm by the band . However , this line - up had no intention to reunite again . Inspired by the new interest in the band , Mick Fleetwood , John McVie , and Christine McVie recorded another album as Fleetwood Mac , with Billy Burnette taking on lead guitar duties . However , just as they made the decision to continue , Billy Burnette announced in March 1993 that he was leaving the band to pursue a country album and an acting career . Bekka Bramlett , who had worked a year earlier with Mick Fleetwood 's Zoo , was recruited . Solo singer - songwriter / guitarist and Traffic member Dave Mason , who had worked with Bekka 's parents Delaney & Bonnie twenty five years earlier , was subsequently added . By March 1994 , Billy Burnette , himself a good friend and co-songwriter with Delaney Bramlett , returned with Fleetwood 's blessing . The band , minus Christine McVie , toured in 1994 , opening for Crosby , Stills , & Nash , and in 1995 as part of a package with REO Speedwagon and Pat Benatar . The tour saw the band perform classic Fleetwood Mac songs from the initial 1967 -- 1974 era . In 1995 , at a concert in Tokyo , the band was greeted by former member Jeremy Spencer , who performed a few songs with them . On 10 October 1995 , Fleetwood Mac released the unsuccessful Time album . Although hitting the UK Top 60 for one week the album had zero impact in the US . It failed even to graze the Billboard Top 200 albums chart , a stunning reversal for a band that had been a mainstay on that chart for most of the previous two decades . Shortly after the album 's release , Christine McVie informed the band that the album was her last . Bramlett and Burnette subsequently formed a country music duo , Bekka & Billy . 1995 -- 1997 : break - up ( edit ) Just weeks after disbanding Fleetwood Mac , Mick Fleetwood announced that he was working with Lindsey Buckingham again . John McVie was soon added to the sessions , and later Christine McVie . Stevie Nicks also enlisted Lindsey Buckingham to produce a song for a soundtrack . In May 1996 , Mick Fleetwood , John McVie , Christine McVie and Stevie Nicks made an appearance at a private party in Louisville , Kentucky prior to the Kentucky Derby ( with Steve Winwood filling in for Lindsey Buckingham ) . A week later , the Twister film soundtrack was released , which featured the Stevie Nicks - Lindsey Buckingham duet , `` Twisted '' , with Mick Fleetwood on drums . This eventually led to a full Rumours line - up reunion when the band officially reformed in March 1997 . 1997 -- 2007 : reunion and Christine McVie 's departure ( edit ) The regrouped Fleetwood Mac performed a live concert recorded on a Warner Bros. Burbank , California soundstage on 22 May , and from this performance came the 1997 live album The Dance , bringing Fleetwood Mac back to the top of the US album charts for the first time in 10 years . The album returned Fleetwood Mac to their superstar commercial status that they had not enjoyed since their Tango in the Night album . The album was certified a 5 million seller by the RIAA . A successful arena tour followed the MTV premiere of The Dance , which kept the reunited Fleetwood Mac on the road throughout much of 1997 , the 20th anniversary of their Rumours album . With the added ensemble of Neale Heywood on guitar , Brett Tuggle on keyboards , Lenny Castro on percussion , and Sharon Celani ( she had toured with Fleetwood Mac in the late 1980s ) and Mindy Stein on backing vocals , this would , however , be the final foray of the classic line - up with Christine McVie for 16 years . As of 2015 , Brett Tuggle , Neale Heywood , and Sharon Celani still perform with Fleetwood Mac as touring musicians . Stevie Nicks and Lindsey Buckingham on the Say You Will Tour , 2003 In 1998 , Fleetwood Mac were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Members inducted included the original band -- Mick Fleetwood , John McVie , Peter Green , Jeremy Spencer and Danny Kirwan -- and Rumours - era members Christine McVie , Stevie Nicks , and Lindsey Buckingham , but not Bob Welch , despite his key role in keeping the band alive during the early 1970s . The Rumours - era version of the band performed both at the induction ceremony and at the Grammy Awards program that year . Peter Green attended the induction ceremony but did not perform with his former bandmates , opting instead to perform his composition `` Black Magic Woman '' with Santana , who were inducted the same night . Neither Jeremy Spencer nor Danny Kirwan attended . Fleetwood Mac were also the recipients of the `` Outstanding Contribution to Music '' award at the BRIT Awards ( British Phonographic Industry Awards ) the same year . In 1998 , Christine McVie left the band . Her departure left Buckingham and Nicks to sing all the lead vocals for the band 's 2003 album Say You Will , although Christine did contribute some backing vocals and keyboards . The album debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 chart ( No. 6 in the UK ) and yielded chart hits with `` Peacekeeper '' and the title track , and a successful world arena tour , which lasted through 2004 . The tour grossed $27,711,129 and was ranked No. 21 in the top 25 grossing tours of 2004 . Around 2004 -- 05 , there were rumours of a reunion of the early line - up of Fleetwood Mac , involving Peter Green and Jeremy Spencer . While these two guitarists and vocalists apparently remained unconvinced of the merits of such a project , in April 2006 , during a question - and - answer session on the Penguin Fleetwood Mac fan website , bassist John McVie said of the reunion idea : If we could get Peter and Jeremy to do it , I 'd probably , maybe , do it . I know Mick would do it in a flash . Unfortunately , I do n't think there 's much chance of Danny doing it . Bless his heart . In interviews given in November 2006 to support his solo album Under the Skin , Buckingham stated that plans for the band to reunite once more for a 2008 tour were still on the cards . Recording plans have been put on hold for the foreseeable future . In a September 2007 interview Stevie Nicks gave to the UK newspaper The Daily Telegraph , she noted that she was unwilling to carry on with the band unless Christine McVie returned . However , in a more recent interview , Mick Fleetwood said `` ... be very happy and hopeful that we will be working again . I can tell you everyone 's going to be extremely excited about what 's happening with Fleetwood Mac . '' 2008 -- 2013 : Unleashed tour and Extended Play ( edit ) On 14 March 2008 , the Associated Press reported Sheryl Crow as saying that she would be working with Fleetwood Mac in 2009 . Crow and Stevie Nicks collaborated a great deal in the past and she has stated that Nicks has been a great teacher and inspiration for her . In a subsequent interview with Buckingham , he said after discussions between the band and Crow , the potential collaboration with Crow `` lost its momentum '' . However , in a June 2008 interview , Nicks denied that Crow would be joining Fleetwood Mac as a replacement for Christine McVie . According to Nicks , `` the group will start working on material and recording probably in October , and finish an album . '' On 7 October 2008 , Mick Fleetwood confirmed on the BBC 's The One Show that the band were working in the studio and also announced plans for a world tour in 2009 . In late 2008 , Fleetwood Mac announced that the band would tour in 2009 , beginning in March . As per the 2003 -- 2004 tour , Christine McVie would not be featured in the line - up . The tour was branded as a greatest hits show entitled `` Unleashed '' , although they played album tracks such as `` Storms '' and `` I Know I 'm Not Wrong '' . The first show was on 1 March 2009 , and in February they announced a slew of new dates . During their show on 20 June 2009 in New Orleans , Louisiana , Stevie Nicks premiered part of a new song that she had written about Hurricane Katrina . The song was later released as `` New Orleans '' on Stevie Nicks ' 2011 album In Your Dreams with Mick Fleetwood on drums . In October 2009 , the band began a tour of Europe that carried on into early November , followed by a tour of Australia and New Zealand in December . Also in October , The Very Best of Fleetwood Mac was re-released in an extended two - disc format ( this format having been released in the US in 2002 ) , premiering at number six on the UK Albums Chart . On 1 November 2009 , a new one - hour documentary , Fleetwood Mac : Do n't Stop , was broadcast in the UK on BBC One , which featured recent interviews with all four current band members . During the documentary , Nicks gave a candid summary of the current state of her relationship with Buckingham , stating `` Maybe when we 're 75 and Fleetwood Mac is a distant memory , we might be friends . '' On 6 November 2009 , Fleetwood Mac played the last show of the European leg of their Unleashed tour at London 's Wembley Arena . Christine McVie was present in the audience , so Stevie Nicks paid a tribute from the stage to a standing ovation from the audience , stating that she thought about her former bandmate `` every day '' , and went on to dedicate that night 's performance of `` Landslide '' to McVie . On 19 December 2009 , Fleetwood Mac played the second to last act of their Unleashed tour to a sell - out crowd at what was originally intended to be a one - off event at the TSB Bowl of Brooklands , New Plymouth , New Zealand . Tickets , after pre-sales , sold out within twelve minutes of public release , and another date ( Sunday 20 December ) was added and also sold out . The tour grossed $84,900,000 and was ranked No. 13 in the highest grossing worldwide tours of 2009 . On 19 October 2010 , Fleetwood Mac played a private show at the Phoenician Hotel in Scottsdale , Arizona for TPG ( Texas Pacific Group ) . On 3 May 2011 , the Fox Network broadcast an episode of Glee entitled `` Rumours '' that featured six songs from the band 's 1977 album . The show sparked renewed interest in the band and its commercially most successful album , and Rumours reentered the Billboard 200 chart at No. 11 , the same week that Stevie Nicks ' new solo album In Your Dreams debuted at No. 6 . ( Nicks was quoted by Billboard saying that her new album was `` my own little Rumours . '' ) The two recordings sold about 30,000 and 52,000 units , respectively . Music downloads accounted for ninety - one percent of the Rumours sales . The spike in sales for Rumours represented an uptick of 1,951 % . It was the highest chart entry by a previously issued album since The Rolling Stones 's reissue of Exile On Main St. reentered the chart at No. 2 on 5 June 2010 . In a July 2012 interview , Nicks confirmed that the band would reunite for a tour in 2013 . Original Fleetwood Mac bassist Bob Brunning died on 18 October 2011 , at the age of 68 . Former guitarist and singer Bob Weston was found dead on 3 January 2012 , at the age of 64 . Former singer and guitarist Bob Welch was found dead from a self - inflicted gunshot wound on 7 June 2012 , at the age of 66 . Don Aaron , a spokesman at the scene , stated , `` He died from an apparent self - inflicted gunshot wound to the chest . '' A suicide note was found in the residence ( Tennessean Music Team ) . The musician had been struggling with health issues and was dealing with depression . His wife was the one to discover the body . The band 's 2013 tour , which covered 34 cities , started on 4 April in Columbus , OH . The band performed two new songs ( `` Sad Angel '' and `` Without You '' ) , which Buckingham described as some of the most `` Fleetwood Mac - ey '' sounding songs since Mirage , with the latter song re-recorded from the Buckingham - Nicks era . The band released their first new studio material in ten years , Extended Play , on 30 April 2013 . The EP debuted and peaked at No. 48 in the US , and produced one single , `` Sad Angel '' . On 25 and 27 September 2013 , the second and third nights of the band 's London O2 shows , Christine McVie joined them onstage for `` Do n't Stop '' . On 27 October , the band announced that John McVie had been diagnosed with cancer , and that they were cancelling their New Zealand and Australian performances in order for him to undergo treatment . They stated that `` We are sorry to not be able to play these Australian and New Zealand dates . We hope our Australian and New Zealand fans as well as Fleetwood Mac fans everywhere will join us in wishing John and his family all the best . '' According to an article in The Guardian on 22 November 2013 , Christine McVie stated that she would like to return to Fleetwood Mac if they wanted her , and also affirmed that John McVie 's prognosis was `` really good . '' 2014 -- present : return of Christine McVie ( edit ) On 11 January 2014 , Mick Fleetwood announced that Christine McVie would be rejoining Fleetwood Mac , and the news was confirmed on 13 January by the band 's primary publicist , Liz Rosenberg . Rosenberg also stated that an official announcement regarding a new album and tour would be forthcoming . In October 2014 , Nicks appeared in American Horror Story : Coven while Fleetwood Mac 's song `` Seven Wonders '' was playing in the background . On with the Show , a 33 - city North American Tour opened in Minneapolis , Minnesota on 30 September 2014 . A series of May -- June 2015 arena dates in the United Kingdom went on sale on 14 November , selling out in minutes . Additional dates for the tour were added , extending into November . In January 2015 , Buckingham suggested that the new album and the new tour might be Fleetwood Mac 's last act and that the band would cease to operate in 2015 or soon afterwards . He concluded : `` We 're going to continue working on the new album , and the solo stuff will take a back seat for a year or two . A beautiful way to wrap up this last act '' . On the other hand , Mick Fleetwood stated that the new album may take a few years to complete and that they are waiting for contributions from Stevie Nicks , who has been ambivalent about committing to a new record . In August 2016 , Fleetwood revealed that while the band has a `` a huge amount of recorded music '' , virtually none of it features Stevie Nicks . Buckingham and Christine McVie however , have contributed multiple songs to the new project . Fleetwood told Ultimate Classic Rock , `` She ( McVie ) ... wrote up a storm ... She and Lindsey could probably have a mighty strong duet album if they want . In truth , I hope it will come to more than that . There really are dozens of songs . And they 're really good . So we 'll see . '' Stevie Nicks explained her reluctance to record another album with Fleetwood Mac . `` Is it possible that Fleetwood Mac might do another record ? I can never tell you yes or no , because I do n't know . I honestly do n't know ... It 's like , do you want to take a chance of going in and setting up in a room for like a year ( to record an album ) and having a bunch of arguing people ? And then not wanting to go on tour because you just spent a year arguing ? '' . She also emphasized the point that people do n't buy as many records as they used to . Buckingham and Christine McVie announced a new album titled Lindsey Buckingham / Christine McVie , which features Mick Fleetwood and John McVie on a few tracks . Lindsey Buckingham / Christine McVie was released on 9 June 2017 , and was preceded by the single , `` In My World '' . A 38 - date tour was arranged , which began on 21 June and concluded 16 November . Fleetwood Mac also plan to embark on another tour in 2018 . Fleetwood Mac headlined the second night of the Classic West concert ( on 16 July 2017 at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles ) and the second night of the Classic East concert ( at New York 's Citi Field on 30 July 2017 ) . In November 2017 the band announced a deluxe reissue of their 1975 self - titled album . The reissue features a remastered version of the original album along with unreleased outtakes , alternate versions and live versions . It is scheduled to be officially released on 19 January 2018 . Tours ( edit ) Kiln House tour -- 1970 Future Games tour -- 1971 Bare Trees tour -- 1972 Penguin tour -- early 1973 Mystery To Me tour -- mid-1973 Heroes Are Hard to Find tour -- 1974 Fleetwood Mac tour -- 1975 Rumours tour -- 1977 Tusk tour -- 1979 -- 1980 Mirage tour -- 1982 Shake the Cage tour -- 1987 -- 1988 Behind the Mask tour -- 1990 Another Link in the Chain tour -- 1994 -- 1995 The Dance -- 1997 Say You Will tour -- 2003 -- 2004 Unleashed tour -- 2009 2013 World tour -- 2013 On With the Show tour -- 2014 -- 2015 Members ( edit ) Main article : List of Fleetwood Mac members Current members Mick Fleetwood -- drums , percussion ( 1967 -- 1995 , 1996 -- present ) John McVie -- bass guitar ( 1967 -- 1995 , 1996 -- present ) Christine McVie -- keyboards , vocals ( 1970 -- 1995 , 1996 -- 1998 , 2014 -- present ) Lindsey Buckingham -- guitars , vocals , keyboards ( 1974 -- 1987 , 1996 -- present ) Stevie Nicks -- vocals , tambourine ( 1974 -- 1991 , 1996 -- present ) Discography ( edit ) Main article : Fleetwood Mac discography Studio albums ( edit ) Fleetwood Mac ( 1968 ) Mr. Wonderful ( 1968 ) Then Play On ( 1969 ) Kiln House ( 1970 ) Future Games ( 1971 ) Bare Trees ( 1972 ) Penguin ( 1973 ) Mystery to Me ( 1973 ) Heroes Are Hard to Find ( 1974 ) Fleetwood Mac ( 1975 ) Rumours ( 1977 ) Tusk ( 1979 ) Mirage ( 1982 ) Tango in the Night ( 1987 ) Behind the Mask ( 1990 ) Time ( 1995 ) Say You Will ( 2003 ) Remasters ( edit ) The 1967 -- 1969 era Blue Horizon albums ( Fleetwood Mac , Mr. Wonderful , The Pious Bird of Good Omen and Fleetwood Mac in Chicago ) and 1971 outtakes album The Original Fleetwood Mac have been remastered and reissued on CD , as have the 1975 -- 1987 era Warner Bros. studio albums Fleetwood Mac , Rumours , Tusk , Mirage , and Tango in the Night In 2013 , a deluxe edition of Rumours was released . The same year , Then Play On was remastered and reissued on CD . Remasters of `` Then Play On '' , `` Kiln House '' , `` Future Games '' and `` Bare Trees '' were released on vinyl , initially bundled with a 7 '' single of `` Oh Well , Parts I & II '' , then released separately in 2014 . In 2015 , a 5CD / 1DVD / 2 LP deluxe edition , a 3CD expanded edition , plus a 1CD remaster of Tusk was released . In 2016 , multiple editions of Mirage remastered were released . A 30th anniversary edition of Tango in the Night was released 31 March 2017 . See also ( edit ) Book : Fleetwood Mac List of best - selling music artists References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Fleetwood Mac '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 5 January 2015 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2015 . Retrieved 4 August 2015 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Smith , Chris ( 2006 ) . The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Rock History : From Arenas to the Underground , 1974 -- 80 . 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Jump up ^ Sinha , Piya ( 31 August 1945 ) . `` Former Fleetwood Mac guitar player Bob Welch dies -- TODAY Entertainment '' . Todayentertainment.today.msnbc.msn.com . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Welch , former Fleetwood Mac member , commits suicide in Nashville '' . Blogs.tennessean.com . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fleetwood Mac Tour : Band To Start 34 - City Tour In April '' . The Huffington Post . 4 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Gallucci , Michael ( 30 April 2013 ) . `` Fleetwood Mac , `` Extended Play '' Album Review `` . Retrieved 24 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Christine McVie Reunites with Fleetwood Mac '' . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FLEETWOOD MAC CANCELS AUSTRALIAN / NEW ZEALAND TOUR '' . Fleetwood Mac . 27 October 2013 . Retrieved 27 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Christine McVie : I Want To Rejoin Fleetwood Mac '' . The Guardian . London . 22 November 2013 . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mick Fleetwood Announces Christine McVie 's return to Fleetwood Mac '' . Fleetwood Mac News . 12 January 2014 . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Christine McVie Rejoins Fleetwood Mac : Official '' . Billboard. 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Ginsberg , Merle ( 1 March 2014 ) . `` The Modern Knockoffs of Stevie Nicks '' . Billboard. 126 ( 7 ) : 18 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Fleetwood Mac : new album and tour will be our swansong , The Guardian ( London ) , 2 January 2015 , Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleetwood Mac album may take ' a couple of years ' to finish , The Guardian ( London ) , 10 March 2015 , Retrieved 19 May 2015 . Jump up ^ DeRiso , Nick . `` Fleetwood Mac 's New Album Is Apparently Being Held Up by Stevie Nicks '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Retrieved 5 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith . `` Stevie Nicks on Crafting a Setlist for 24 Karat Gold Tour , Possible Fleetwood Mac Album & Wishing She 'd Performed With Prince '' . Billboard . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Yoo , Noah . `` Fleetwood Mac 's Lindsey Buckingham and Christine McVie Announce New Duets Album '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon . `` Fleetwood Mac 's Lindsey Buckingham , Christine McVie Detail New Album '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 11 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mick Fleetwood : Stevie Nicks Wants To Go Deep On Next Fleetwood Mac Tour '' . 94.7 WLS . Retrieved 31 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Pinnock , Tom . `` Christine McVie : `` Fleetwood Mac 's 2018 tour is supposed to be a farewell tour '' `` . Uncut . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Blisten , Jon ( 16 November 2017 ) . `` Fleetwood Mac Unearth Rarities for 1975 Self - Titled LP Reissue '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ DeRiso , Nick . `` Fleetwood Mac 's Underrated ' Tusk ' Will be Explored in Expanded Reissue '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Retrieved 27 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fleetwood Mac 's Mirage Set For Deluxe Reissue '' . Rhino Media . Archived from the original on 19 August 2016 . Retrieved 8 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan . `` Fleetwood Mac Unearth Rare Tracks for ' Tango in the Night ' Reissue '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Berkery , Patrick . `` The Return of the Mac Daddy : Mick Fleetwood '' . ProQuest . Modern Drummer , Sep 2015 . Web . Jul 2016 . Bob Brunning , Blues : The British Connection , Helter Skelter Publishing , London 2002 , ISBN 1 - 900924 - 41 - 2 -- First edition 1986 -- Second edition 1995 Blues in Britain Bob Brunning , The Fleetwood Mac Story : Rumours and Lies , Omnibus Press London , 1990 and 1998 , ISBN 0 - 7119 - 6907 - 8 Caillat , Ken and Steve Steifel : Making Rumours : The Inside Story of the Classic Fleetwood Mac Album . New Jersey : Wiley , 2012 . Print Carol Ann Harris , Storms : My Life with Lindsey Buckingham and Fleetwood Mac , Chicago Review Press , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55652 - 660 - 2 Christopher Hjort , Strange brew : Eric Clapton and the British blues boom , 1965 -- 1970 , foreword by John Mayall , Jawbone 2007 , ISBN 1 - 906002 - 00 - 2 Dick Heckstall - Smith , The safest place in the world : A personal history of British Rhythm and blues , 1989 Quartet Books Limited , ISBN 0 - 7043 - 2696 - 5 -- Second Edition : Blowing The Blues -- Fifty Years Playing The British Blues , 2004 , Clear Books , ISBN 1 - 904555 - 04 - 7 Fancourt , L. , ( 1989 ) British blues on record ( 1957 -- 1970 ) , Retrack Books . Fleetwood , Mick , Stephen Davis and Frank Harding . My Twenty - Five Years in Fleetwood Mac . New York , NY : Hyperion , 1992 . Print . Harry Shapiro Alexis Korner : The Biography , Bloomsbury Publishing PLC , London 1997 , Discography by Mark Troster , ISBN 0 - 7475 - 3163 - 3 Fortner , Stephen . `` Filling Some Mightily High Heels with Fleetwood Mac '' . ProQuest . Keyboard , Jan 2016 . Web . Jul 2016 Martin Celmins , Peter Green -- Founder of Fleetwood Mac , Sanctuary London , 1995 , foreword by B.B. King , ISBN 1 - 86074 - 233 - 5 Mick Fleetwood with Stephen Davis , Fleetwood -- My Life and Adventures in Fleetwood Mac , William Morrow and Company , 1990 , ISBN 0 - 688 - 06647 - X Mike Vernon , The Blue Horizon story 1965 -- 1970 vol. 1 , notes of the booklet of the Box Set ( 60 pages ) Paul Myers , Long John Baldry and the Birth of the British Blues , Vancouver 2007 , GreyStone Books , ISBN 1 - 55365 - 200 - 2 Further reading ( edit ) Silver , Murray When Elvis Meets the Dalai Lama , ( Bonaventure Books , Savannah , 2005 ) in which the author recounts his days as a concert promoter in Atlanta , Ga. , and having brought Fleetwood Mac to town for the very first time in December 1969 . Stephen Thomas Erlewine , Allmusic The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll ( Simon & Schuster , 2001 ) External links ( edit ) Find more aboutFleetwood Macat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Data from Wikidata Official website Fleetwood Mac at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Fleetwood Mac Mick Fleetwood John McVie Christine McVie Lindsey Buckingham Stevie Nicks Peter Green Jeremy Spencer Bob Brunning Danny Kirwan Bob Welch Bob Weston Dave Walker Billy Burnette Rick Vito Bekka Bramlett Dave Mason Studio albums Fleetwood Mac Mr. Wonderful Then Play On Kiln House Future Games Bare Trees Penguin Mystery to Me Heroes Are Hard to Find Fleetwood Mac Rumours Tusk Mirage Tango in the Night Behind the Mask Time Say You Will EPs Extended Play Compilations English Rose The Pious Bird of Good Omen Fleetwood Mac in Chicago Black Magic Woman The Original Fleetwood Mac Greatest Hits Vintage Years Greatest Hits 25 Years -- The Chain Madison Blues The Vaudeville Years The Complete Blue Horizon Sessions 1967 -- 1969 Show - Biz Blues The Best of Peter Green 's Fleetwood Mac The Very Best of Fleetwood Mac The Essential Fleetwood Mac Live albums Live Live in Boston Live at the BBC The Dance Shrine ' 69 Live in Boston Tribute albums Just Tell Me That You Want Me : A Tribute to Fleetwood Mac 1960s songs `` I Believe My Time Ai n't Long '' `` Hellhound on My Trail '' `` Shake Your Moneymaker '' `` Stop Messin ' Around '' `` Need Your Love So Bad '' `` Madison Blues '' `` Great Balls of Fire '' `` Black Magic Woman '' `` Albatross '' `` When You Say '' `` Man of the World '' `` Somebody 's Gonna Get Their Head Kicked in Tonite '' `` Rattlesnake Shake '' `` Oh Well '' 1970s songs `` The Green Manalishi ( With the Two Prong Crown ) '' `` Dragonfly '' `` Jewel - Eyed Judy '' `` Sentimental Lady '' `` For Your Love '' `` Hypnotized '' `` Angel '' `` Monday Morning '' `` Warm Ways '' `` Blue Letter '' `` Over My Head '' `` Say You Love Me '' `` Rhiannon '' `` Landslide '' `` World Turning '' `` I 'm So Afraid '' `` Second Hand News '' `` Dreams '' `` Never Going Back Again '' `` Do n't Stop '' `` Go Your Own Way '' `` Songbird '' `` The Chain '' `` You Make Loving Fun '' `` I Do n't Want to Know '' `` Oh Daddy '' `` Gold Dust Woman '' `` Silver Springs '' `` Tusk '' `` Sara '' `` Think About Me '' `` Not That Funny '' `` Sisters of the Moon '' `` Walk a Thin Line '' `` Angel '' `` I Know I 'm Not Wrong '' `` Brown Eyes '' 1980s songs `` Hold Me '' `` Gypsy '' `` Oh Diane '' `` Love in Store '' `` Ca n't Go Back '' `` Big Love '' `` Seven Wonders '' `` Little Lies '' `` Everywhere '' `` Family Man '' `` Tango in the Night '' `` Is n't It Midnight '' `` As Long as You Follow '' `` No Questions Asked '' 1990s -- 2010s songs `` Skies the Limit '' `` In the Back of My Mind '' `` Love Is Dangerous '' `` Save Me '' `` Love Shines '' `` Paper Doll '' `` I Do '' `` Temporary One '' `` Murrow Turning Over in His Grave '' `` Peacekeeper '' `` Say You Will '' `` Sad Angel '' Concert tours Heroes Are Hard to Find Tour Fleetwood Mac Tour Rumours Tour Tusk Tour Mirage Tour Shake the Cage Tour Behind the Mask Tour Say You Will Tour Unleashed Fleetwood Mac Live On with the Show Related people Ken Caillat Richard Dashut Clifford Davis John Mayall Keith Olsen Related articles Discography List of Fleetwood Mac band members Buckingham Nicks Lindsey Buckingham Christine McVie Bekka & Billy Stretch ( `` Bogus Fleetwood Mac '' ) `` Rumours '' ( Glee episode ) Book Grammy Award for Album of the Year 1959 -- 1979 The Music from Peter Gunn -- Henry Mancini ( 1959 ) Come Dance with Me ! -- Frank Sinatra ( 1960 ) The Button - Down Mind of Bob Newhart -- Bob Newhart ( 1961 ) Judy at Carnegie Hall -- Judy Garland ( 1962 ) The First Family -- Vaughn Meader ( 1963 ) The Barbra Streisand Album -- Barbra Streisand ( 1964 ) Getz / Gilberto -- Stan Getz , João Gilberto ( 1965 ) September of My Years -- Frank Sinatra ( 1966 ) A Man and His Music -- Frank Sinatra ( 1967 ) Sgt . 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2788220070261213095	Time of the Season	Time of the Season - wikipedia Time of the Season Jump to : navigation , search `` Time of the Season '' Single by The Zombies from the album Odessey and Oracle B - side `` I 'll Call You Mine '' ( UK ) Friends of Mine ( US ) Released March 1968 ( 1968 - 03 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded August 1967 , Abbey Road Studios , London Length 3 : 34 Label CBS Songwriter ( s ) Rod Argent Producer ( s ) The Zombies The Zombies singles chronology `` Butcher 's Tale ( Western Front 1914 ) '' ( 1968 ) `` Time of the Season '' ( 1968 ) `` Imagine the Swan '' ( 1969 ) `` Butcher 's Tale ( Western Front 1914 ) '' ( 1968 ) `` Time of the Season '' ( 1968 ) `` Imagine the Swan '' ( 1969 ) `` Time of the Season '' is a song by the British rock band The Zombies , featured on their 1968 album Odessey and Oracle . It was written by keyboard player Rod Argent and recorded at Abbey Road Studios in August 1967 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song information 2 Usage in pop culture 3 Charts 4 Cover versions and samples 5 References 6 External links Song information ( edit ) Several other songs from Odessey and Oracle were released as singles prior to `` Time of the Season '' . Columbia Records supported the album and its singles at the urging of new A&R representative Al Kooper . One of the singles issued on Columbia 's Date label was the non-commercial - sounding `` Butcher 's Tale '' , which Columbia thought might catch on as an anti-war statement , at the time a popular trend . `` Time of the Season '' was only released at Kooper 's urging , initially coupled with its original UK B - side , `` I 'll Call You Mine '' , without success . After previous singles flopped , Date rereleased `` Time Of The Season '' backed with another UK flop single , `` Friends Of Mine '' , and it made its breakthrough in early 1969 , over a year after the band split up . It reached number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 in March , topped the Cashbox chart , and reached number 1 in Canada . It did not chart in the band 's native Britain , despite being rereleased twice , but it later found success there with Rod Argent saying that it became `` a classic in the UK , but it 's never been a hit . '' In mid-1969 , it peaked at number 2 on the South African hit parade . The song 's characteristics include the voice of lead singer Colin Blunstone , the bass riff , and Rod Argent 's fast - paced psychedelic improvisation . It is known for such call - and - response verses as `` What 's your name ? ( What 's your name ? ) / Who 's your daddy ? ( Who 's your daddy ? ) / He rich ? ( Is he rich like me ? ) '' approximately 50 seconds into the track . In 1998 , Big Beat Records released a CD reissue of Odessey and Oracle containing both the original stereo and mono versions of `` Time of the Season '' . It also featured a newly remixed alternate version containing instrumental backing underneath the vocals during the entire chorus . These instrumental backings had been mixed out on the original 1968 stereo and mono versions to create a cappella vocal sections . Music critic Antonio Mendez called it one of the sublime songs on Odessey and Oracle . Milwaukee 's Third Coast Daily.com called the song `` something of a counterculture anthem '' . In 2012 , NME named the track the 35th - best song of the 1960s . Usage in pop culture ( edit ) `` Time of the Season '' is frequently used in pop culture to represent the era . In that sense , it is featured in the films 1969 , Awakenings , A Walk on the Moon and Riding the Bullet , all of which depict 1969 , and The Conjuring , which depicts 1971 . It has been used as incidental or scene - setting music during many episodes of many television programs and has been featured in several TV commercials , such as a 1999 Tampax ad set at the Woodstock Festival , a 2005 Fidelity Investments commercial , and a 2006 ad for Sprite . It was also used in the advertising campaigns of Nissan Tiida in Japan ( 2004 ) , Greece ( 2007 ) , Russia ( 2008 ) and Toyota RAV4 ( 2013 ) in Russia . During the 2006 playoffs , the song was played in Shea Stadium as the home team New York Mets took the field . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1969 ) Peak position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 14 US Billboard Hot 100 Cover versions and samples ( edit ) The song has been covered many times by other bands in recordings , including : In 1969 , Thyme covered `` Time of the Season '' for A-Square records . Argent released a live version from a 1974 concert on their 1976 compilation album The Argent Anthology - A Collection of Greatest Hits . Brent Bourgeois covered `` Time of the Season '' on his eponymous self - titled album in 1990 . In 1997 , Kurt Elling and Cassandra Wilson for Elling 's second album The Messenger . In the following year , The Scofflaws released an instrumental cover of the song on their fourth album Record of Conviction . In 1999 , Big Blue Missile and Scott Weiland recorded the song for the soundtrack of Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me . In 2001 , it was recorded by Larry Goldings for Goldings ' ninth album As One . In 2003 , Ben Taylor recorded the song for his album Famous Among the Barns , later featured in the horror film Prom Night ( 2008 ) . In 2005 , The Guess Who released a cover of the song in the compilation album Let 's Go . Dave Matthews Band had the song on the CD - DVD Weekend on the Rocks ( 2005 ) and Live Trax Vol. 9 ( 2007 ) . In 2006 , Sage Francis covered the song for his live album Dead Poet Live Album . In March 20 , 2007 , it was performed by Blake Lewis , the runner - up on the sixth season of American Idol , and included on later recordings . Also in 2007 , it was recorded by Tommy Shaw ( of Styx ) and Jack Blades ( of Night Ranger ) for their album Influence . America remade `` Time of the Season '' for their 2012 release Back Pages a cover album . In 2017 , it was recorded by Haley Reinhart for Reinharts ' third album What 's That Sound ? . It has been sampled many times , including in 2005 on the Necro album The Sexorcist in the opening track `` Who 's Ya Daddy ? '' ; in 2009 by Melanie Fiona in her single `` Give It To Me Right '' ; in 2011 on the ScHoolboy Q album Setbacks in the bonus track `` Rolling Stone '' ; and on Eminem 's 2013 album The Marshall Mathers LP 2 , in `` Rhyme or Reason '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Zombies - Time Of The Season '' . Discogs . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Zombies - Time Of The Season '' . Discogs . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2011 ) . Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles . Menomonee Falls , WI : Record Research Inc. p. 1,002 . ISBN 0898201888 . Jump up ^ Hoffmann , Frank ( 1983 ) . The Cash Box Singles Charts , 1950 - 1981 . Metuchen , NJ & London : The Scarecrow Press , Inc. p. 661 . Jump up ^ `` Rod Argent of The Zombies : Songwriter Interviews '' . www.songfacts.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ Mendez , A. ( 2007 ) . Guía del pop y el rock 80 y 90 : Aloha poprock ( 2nd ed . ) . Editorial Visión Libros . p. 413 . ISBN 9788498215694 . Jump up ^ `` The Zombies return to Milwaukee , this time at the Pabst '' . Urban Milwaukee Dial . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Best Songs of the 1960s - # 35 The Zombies - Time Of The Season - NME.COM '' . NME.COM . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 5923 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Zombies -- Time of the Season '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` The Zombies -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for The Zombies . Jump up ^ `` 45 Discography for A-Square Records '' . Globaldogproductions.info . Retrieved 2 October 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Dizzy '' by Tommy Roe RPM Canadian Singles Chart number - one single March 31 , 1969 Succeeded by `` Aquarius / Let the Sunshine In '' by The 5th Dimension ( hide ) The Zombies Rod Argent Colin Blunstone Jim Rodford Steve Rodford Tom Toomey Keith Airey Paul Arnold Paul Atkinson Hugh Grundy Sebastian Santa Maria Chris White Albums Begin Here Odessey and Oracle New World As Far as I Can See ... Breathe Out , Breathe In Still Got That Hunger Singles `` She 's Not There '' `` Leave Me Be '' `` Tell Her No '' `` She 's Coming Home '' `` Whenever You 're Ready '' / `` I Love You '' `` Remember You '' `` Is This the Dream '' `` Indication '' `` Gotta Get a Hold of Myself '' `` Goin ' Out of My Head '' `` Friends of Mine '' `` Care of Cell 44 '' `` Butcher 's Tale ( Western Front 1914 ) '' `` Time of the Season '' `` Imagine the Swan '' `` If It Do n't Work Out '' Compilations Time of the Zombies Zombie Heaven Absolutely the Best Book : The Zombies Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_of_the_Season&oldid=803548027 '' Categories : 1967 songs 1968 singles The Zombies songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Blake Lewis songs Songs written by Rod Argent Columbia Records singles CBS Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart called without song Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 05 : 16 . 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802266466942932023	Make You Miss Me	Make You Miss Me - wikipedia Make You Miss Me Jump to : navigation , search `` Make You Miss Me '' Single by Sam Hunt from the album Montevallo Released March 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 07 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2014 Genre Country Length 3 : 45 Label MCA Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Sam Hunt Josh Osborne Matthew Ramsey Producer ( s ) Zach Crowell Shane McAnally Sam Hunt singles chronology `` Break Up in a Small Town '' ( 2015 ) `` Make You Miss Me '' ( 2016 ) `` Body Like a Back Road '' ( 2017 ) `` Break Up in a Small Town '' ( 2015 ) `` Make You Miss Me '' ( 2016 ) `` Body Like a Back Road '' ( 2017 ) `` Make You Miss Me '' is a song co-written and recorded by American singer Sam Hunt . It was released to country radio , by MCA Nashville on March 7 , 2016 as the fifth single from his debut studio album Montevallo ( 2014 ) . The song is written by Hunt , Matthew Ramsey and Josh Osborne . `` Make You Miss Me '' reached number one on the Billboard Country Airplay chart , becoming Hunt 's fourth number one and making him the first male solo artist to land four number ones on that chart from a debut studio album . It also peaked at number two on the Hot Country Songs chart and number 45 on the US Billboard Hot 100 . It has sold 659,000 units in the US as of October 2016 . The song achieved similar chart success in Canada , peaking at number two on the Canada Country chart and number 67 on the Canadian Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Commercial performance 2 Charts 2.1 Weekly charts 2.2 Year - end charts 3 References Commercial performance ( edit ) The song first entered the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart at number 32 when it became available for download on the release of his debut studio album Montevallo in October 2014 . It also debuted the same week at number seven on the Country Digital Songs chart , selling 21,000 copies . It entered the Country Airplay chart at number 58 for the week of March 12 , 2016 on its release as a single . The song has since reached number two on the Hot Country Songs chart and number one on the Country Airplay chart , making Hunt the first solo male artist to pull four Country Airplay number one hits from a debut studio album . As of April 2017 , the song has sold 708,000 copies in the US . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 -- 16 ) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 67 Canada Country ( Billboard ) US Billboard Hot 100 45 US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2016 ) Position US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) 15 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 26 Preceded by `` From the Ground Up '' by Dan + Shay Billboard Country Airplay number - one single September 10 , 2016 Succeeded by `` American Country Love Song '' by Jake Owen References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Sam Hunt 's 5th single announced '' ( PDF ) . CountryAircheck . Retrieved Feb 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Easton , Anthony ( 19 November 2014 ) . `` Sam Hunt : Montevallo '' . Popmatters . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 0Jessica Nicholson ( September 9 , 2014 ) . `` Sam Hunt To Release ' Montevallo ' In October '' . Music Row . Jump up ^ Courtney Carr ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Hear Sam Hunt 's New Single , ' Make You Miss Me ' '' . The Boot . ^ Jump up to : `` Billboard 200 Chart Moves : ' Stranger Things ' Soundtrack Makes Strong Debut '' . billboard.com . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard . November 15 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Country Music 's Top 30 Digital Singles : November 5 , 2014 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs '' . Billboard . March 12 , 2016 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Bjorke , Matt ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` Top 30 Digital Country Singles Chart : April 17 , 2017 '' . Roughstock . Jump up ^ `` Sam Hunt Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Sam Hunt Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Sam Hunt Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Sam Hunt Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Sam Hunt Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Country Airplay - Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Country Songs - Year - End 2016 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . ( hide ) Sam Hunt Discography Studio albums Montevallo ( 2014 ) EPs X2C ( 2014 ) Mixtapes Between the Pines ( 2013 ) Notable singles `` Raised on It '' `` Leave the Night On '' `` Take Your Time '' `` House Party '' `` Break Up in a Small Town '' `` Make You Miss Me '' `` Body Like a Back Road '' Other songs `` Cop Car '' `` Heartbeat '' Related articles MCA Nashville `` Come Over '' `` We Are Tonight '' `` I Met a Girl '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Make_You_Miss_Me&oldid=797393676 '' Categories : 2014 songs 2016 singles Sam Hunt songs MCA Nashville Records singles MCA Records singles Country ballads Billboard Country Airplay number - one singles Songs written by Sam Hunt Songs written by Zach Crowell Songs written by Matthew Ramsey ( songwriter ) Song recordings produced by Shane McAnally Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 19 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the girl in make you miss me	[]	[]
-7227472155096149167	Eustachian tube	Eustachian tube - wikipedia Eustachian tube Eustachian tube External and middle ear . Eustachian tube labelled as auditory tube Middle ear , with auditory tube at bottom right Details Pronunciation / juːˈsteɪʃən / Precursor first pharyngeal pouch Identifiers Latin Tuba auditiva , tuba auditivea , tuba auditoria MeSH D005064 TA A15. 3.02. 073 FMA 9705 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The Eustachian tube , also known as the auditory tube or pharyngotympanic tube , is a tube that links the nasopharynx to the middle ear . It is a part of the middle ear . In adult humans the Eustachian tube is approximately 35 mm ( 1.4 in ) long and 3 mm ( 0.12 in ) in diameter . It is named after the sixteenth - century anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachi . In humans and other land animals the middle ear ( like the ear canal ) is normally filled with air . Unlike the open ear canal , however , the air of the middle ear is not in direct contact with the atmosphere outside the body . The Eustachian tube connects from the chamber of the middle ear to the back of the nasopharynx . Normally , the Eustachian tube is collapsed , but it gapes open both with swallowing and with positive pressure . When taking off in an airplane , the surrounding air pressure goes from higher ( on the ground ) to lower ( in the sky ) . The air in the middle ear expands as the plane gains altitude , and pushes its way into the back of the nose and mouth . On the way down , the volume of air in the middle ear shrinks , and a slight vacuum is produced . Active opening of the Eustachian tube is required to equalize the pressure between the middle ear and the surrounding atmosphere as the plane descends . A diver also experiences this change in pressure , but with greater rates of pressure change ; active opening of the Eustachian tube is required more frequently as the diver goes deeper into higher pressure . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Bony part 1.2 Cartilaginous part 1.3 Muscles 2 Development 3 Function 3.1 Pressure equalization 3.2 Mucus drainage 4 Clinical significance 4.1 Surgical eardrum piercing 4.2 Permanent venting to external ear canal 4.3 Eustachian tube prosthesis 4.4 Removal of excessive tube tissue 5 Other animals 6 Additional images 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure ( edit ) Upper respiratory system , showing entrance to auditory tube near middle . The Eustachian tube extends from the anterior wall of the middle ear to the lateral wall of the nasopharynx , approximately at the level of the inferior nasal concha . It consists of a bony part and a cartilaginous part . Bony part ( edit ) The bony part ( 1 / 3 ) nearest to the middle ear is made of bone and is about 12 mm in length . It begins in the anterior wall of the tympanic cavity , below the septum canalis musculotubarii , and , gradually narrowing , ends at the angle of junction of the squamous and the petrous parts of the temporal bone , its extremity presenting a jagged margin which serves for the attachment of the cartilaginous part . Cartilaginous part ( edit ) The cartilaginous part of the Eustachian tube is about 24 mm in length and is formed of a triangular plate of elastic fibrocartilage , the apex of which is attached to the margin of the medial end of the bony part of the tube , while its base lies directly under the mucous membrane of the nasal part of the pharynx , where it forms an elevation , the torus tubarius or cushion , behind the pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube . The upper edge of the cartilage is curled upon itself , being bent laterally so as to present on transverse section the appearance of a hook ; a groove or furrow is thus produced , which is open below and laterally , and this part of the canal is completed by fibrous membrane . The cartilage lies in a groove between the petrous part of the temporal bone and the great wing of the sphenoid ; this groove ends opposite the middle of the medial pterygoid plate . The cartilaginous and bony portions of the tube are not in the same plane , the former inclining downward a little more than the latter . The diameter of the tube is not uniform throughout , being greatest at the pharyngeal opening , least at the junction of the bony and cartilaginous portions , and again increased toward the tympanic cavity ; the narrowest part of the tube is termed the isthmus . The position and relations of the pharyngeal opening are described with the nasal part of the pharynx . The mucous membrane of the tube is continuous in front with that of the nasal part of the pharynx , and behind with that of the tympanic cavity ; it is covered with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia and is thin in the osseous portion , while in the cartilaginous portion it contains many mucous glands and near the pharyngeal orifice a considerable amount of adenoid tissue , which has been named by Gerlach the tube tonsil . Muscles ( edit ) There are four muscles associated with the function of the Eustachian tube : Levator veli palatini ( innervated by the vagus nerve ) Salpingopharyngeus ( innervated by the vagus nerve ) Tensor tympani ( innervated by the mandibular nerve of CN V ) Tensor veli palatini ( innervated by the mandibular nerve of CN V ) The tube is opened during swallowing by contraction of the tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini , muscles of the soft palate . Development ( edit ) The Eustachian tube is derived from the ventral part of the first pharyngeal pouch and second endodermal pouch , which during embryogenesis forms the tubotympanic recess . The distal part of the tubotympanic sulcus gives rise to the tympanic cavity , while the proximal tubular structure becomes the Eustachian tube . It helps transformation of sound waves . Function ( edit ) Pressure equalization ( edit ) Under normal circumstances , the human Eustachian tube is closed , but it can open to let a small amount of air through to prevent damage by equalizing pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere . Pressure differences cause temporary conductive hearing loss by decreased motion of the tympanic membrane and ossicles of the ear . Various methods of ear clearing such as yawning , swallowing , or chewing gum may be used to intentionally open the tube and equalize pressures . When this happens , humans hear a small popping sound , an event familiar to aircraft passengers , scuba divers , or drivers in mountainous regions . Devices assisting in pressure equalization include an ad hoc balloon applied to the nose , creating inflation by positive air pressure . Some people learn to voluntarily ' click ' their ears , together or separately , performing a pressure equalizing routine by opening their Eustachian tubes when pressure changes are experienced , as in ascending / descending in aircraft , mountain driving , elevator lift / drops , etc . Some are even able to deliberately keep their Eustachian tubes open for a brief period , and even increase or decrease air pressure in the middle ear . The ' clicking ' can actually be heard by putting one 's ear to another 's while performing the clicking sound . This voluntary control may be first discovered when yawning or swallowing , or by other means ( above ) . Those who develop this ability may discover that it can be done deliberately without force even when there are no pressure issues involved . Mucus drainage ( edit ) The Eustachian tube also drains mucus from the middle ear . Upper respiratory tract infections or allergies can cause the Eustachian tube , or the membranes surrounding its opening to become swollen , trapping fluid , which serves as a growth medium for bacteria , causing ear infections . This swelling can be reduced through the use of decongestants such as pseudoephedrine , oxymetazoline , and phenylephrine . Ear infections are more common in children because the tube is horizontal and shorter , making bacterial entry easier , and it also has a smaller diameter , making the movement of fluid more difficult . In addition , children 's developing immune systems and poor hygiene habits make them more prone to upper respiratory infections . Clinical significance ( edit ) Otitis media , or inflammation of the middle ear , commonly affects the Eustachian tube . Children under 7 are more susceptible to this condition , one theory being that this is because the Eustachian tube is shorter and at more of a horizontal angle than in the adult ear . Others argue that susceptibility in this age group is related to immunological factors and not Eustachian tube anatomy . Barotitis , a form of barotrauma , may occur when there is a substantial difference in air or water pressure between the outer and the inner ear -- for example , during a rapid ascent while scuba diving , or during sudden decompression of an aircraft at high altitude . Some people are born with a dysfunctional Eustachian tube that is much slimmer than usual . The cause may be genetic , but it has also been posited as a condition in which the patient did not fully recover from the effects of pressure on the middle ear during birth ( retained birth compression ) . It is suggested that Eustachian tube dysfunction can result in a large amount of mucus accumulating in the middle ear , often impairing hearing to a degree . This condition is known as otitis media with effusion , and may result in the mucus becoming very thick and glue - like , a condition known as glue ear . A patulous Eustachian tube is a rare condition in which the Eustachian tube remains intermittently open , causing an echoing sound of the person 's own heartbeat , breathing , and speech . This may be temporarily relieved by holding the head upside down . Smoking can also cause damage to the cilia that protect the Eustachian tube from mucus , which can result in the clogging of the tube and a buildup of bacteria in the ear , leading to a middle ear infection . Recurring and chronic cases of sinus infection can result in Eustachian tube dysfunction caused by excessive mucus production which , in turn , causes obstruction to the openings of the Eustachian tubes . Surgical eardrum piercing ( edit ) In severe cases of childhood inner ear infections and Eustachian tube blockage , ventilation can be provided by a surgical puncturing of the eardrum to permit air equalization , known as myringotomy . The eardrum would normally naturally heal and close the hole , so a tiny plastic rimmed grommet is inserted into the hole to hold it open . This is known as a tympanostomy tube . As a child grows , the tube is eventually naturally expelled by the body . Longer - lasting vent grommets with larger flanges have been researched , but these can lead to permanent perforation of the eardrum . Permanent venting to external ear canal ( edit ) Surgical implantation of permanent bypasses around the eardrum have also been studied , though these suffer from blockage issues , requiring frequent manual cleaning . These also can lead to inner ear infection due to the direct path from the external to the internal ear . Eustachian tube prosthesis ( edit ) Another approach to permitting middle ear drainage is the use of a prosthesis inserted into the Eustachian tube , to assist in holding the tube open . The prosthesis does not necessarily hold the tube completely open all the time , but may instead lightly brace the tissue walls of a narrow tube to assist in venting . One such example invented in 1978 is a silicone tube with a flange at the top , which keeps it from dislodging and sliding out into the throat . However , in a study in 1978 it was not found to be effective for long - term use , and would eventually become internally blocked with mucus or otitis media , or dislodged from its position . Removal of excessive tube tissue ( edit ) Debridement has also been studied as a solution to inability to open the Eustachian tube . Hypertrophy ( excessive growth ) of the cells that produce mucus can make the tube hard to open , and the procedure to reduce the growth is known as `` microdebrider Eustachian tuboplasty '' . Other animals ( edit ) In the equids ( horses ) and some rodent - like species such as the desert hyrax , an evagination of the Eustachian tube is known as the guttural pouch and is divided into medial and lateral compartments by the stylohyoid bone of the hyoid apparatus . This is of great importance in equine medicine as the pouches are prone to infections , and , due to their intimate relationship to the cranial nerves ( VII , IX , X , XI ) and the internal and external carotid artery , various syndromes may arise relating to which is damaged . Epistaxis ( nosebleed ) is a very common presentation to veterinary surgeons and this may often be fatal unless a balloon catheter can be placed in time to suppress bleeding . Additional images ( edit ) Frontal section through left ear ; upper half of section View of the inner wall of the tympanum ( enlarged ) The right membrana tympani with the hammer and the chorda tympani , viewed from within , from behind , and from above See also ( edit ) Ear Ear drum References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Keith L. Moore ; Arthur F. Dalley ; A.M.R. Agur ( 13 February 2013 ) . Clinically Oriented Anatomy . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . p. 970 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4511 - 1945 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Eustachian Tube Dysfunction or Blockage Symptoms & How to Clear '' . medicinenet.com . Archived from the original on 5 October 2017 . Retrieved 6 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Eustachian tube at Who Named It ? Jump up ^ ' Ear -- Dissector Answers Archived 2006 - 08 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . at University of Michigan Medical School Jump up ^ Page 152 in : Rex S. Haberman ( 2004 ) . Middle Ear and Mastoid Surgery . New York : Thieme Medical Pub . ISBN 1 - 58890 - 173 - 4 . Jump up ^ Leunig , A. ; Mees , K. ( 2008 ) . `` Mittelohrbelüftung mit dem Otovent ® - Latexmembran - System '' . Laryngo - Rhino - Otologie. 74 ( 6 ) : 352 -- 354 . doi : 10.1055 / s - 2007 - 997756 . PMID 7662078 . Jump up ^ `` Middle Ear , Eustachian Tube , Inflammation / Infection Treatment & Management '' . Medscape . Archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Eustachian Tube Function and Dysfunction Archived 2016 - 08 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . at Baylor College of Medicine Jump up ^ `` FAQs -- Cranial Osteopathy '' . The Children 's Clinic . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Dubin MG , Pollock HW , Ebert CS , Berg E , Buenting JE , Prazma JP ( 2002 ) . `` Eustachian tube dysfunction after tobacco smoke exposure '' . Otolaryngology -- Head and Neck Surgery . 126 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 19 . doi : 10.1067 / mhn. 2002.121320 . PMID 11821759 . Jump up ^ US Patent # 3,982,545 , `` Middle ear aeration and implant '' , issued Aug 22 , 1974 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Accessed Feb 4 , 2016 Jump up ^ US Patent # 4015607 , `` Eustachian tube prosthesis '' , issued Jan 23 , 1976 `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 04 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Accessed Feb 4 , 2016 Jump up ^ J.W. Wright III et al . `` The Eustachian tube prosthesis revisited '' , Journal of Oto - Rhino - Laryngology , vol. 86 , 1978 , pp. 834 -- 837 Jump up ^ Metson , R ; Pletcher , SD ; Poe , DS ( 2007 ) . `` Microdebrider Eustachian tuboplasty : A preliminary report '' . Otolaryngol Head and Neck Surg. 136 : 422 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. otohns. 2006.10. 031 . PMID 17321871 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eustachian tube . Eustachian Tube Dysfunction And Sinus Infection 5 - Minute Clinical Consult Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Pressure Regulation Anatomy of hearing and balance Outer ear Auricle helix antihelix tragus antitragus intertragic notch earlobe Ear canal Auricular muscles Eardrum umbo pars flaccida Middle ear Tympanic cavity Medial structures oval window round window secondary tympanic membrane prominence of facial canal promontory of tympanic cavity Posterior structures mastoid cells aditus to mastoid antrum pyramidal eminence Ossicles Malleus superior ligament lateral ligament anterior ligament Incus superior ligament posterior ligament Stapes annular ligament Muscles stapedius tensor tympani Auditory tube / Eustachian tube Torus tubarius Inner ear / ( membranous labyrinth , bony labyrinth ) Auditory system / Cochlear labyrinth General cochlea Vestibular duct Helicotrema Tympanic duct Modiolus Cochlear cupula Perilymphatic space Perilymph Cochlear aqueduct Cochlear duct / scala media Reissner 's / vestibular membrane Basilar membrane Reticular membrane Endolymph Stria vascularis Spiral ligament Organ of Corti stereocilia tip links Tectorial membrane Sulcus spiralis externus internus Spiral limbus Cells Claudius cell Boettcher cell Vestibular system / Vestibular labyrinth Vestibule Utricle macula Saccule macula Kinocilium Otolith Vestibular aqueduct endolymphatic duct endolymphatic sac Ductus reuniens Semicircular canals Superior semicircular canal Posterior semicircular canal Horizontal semicircular canal Ampullary cupula Ampullae crista ampullaris NDL : 00575806 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eustachian_tube&oldid=854408996 '' Categories : Ear Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Archived copy as title All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from December 2014 Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 04 : 09 ( UTC ) . 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8011739107364929080	Earth mass	Earth mass - Wikipedia Earth mass Jump to : navigation , search This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish . ( September 2016 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . A model attribution edit summary ( using German ) : Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ( ( : de : Exact name of German article ) ) ; see its history for attribution . You should also add the template ( ( Translated page ) ) to the talk page . For more guidance , see Wikipedia : Translation . Earth Mass Common symbols M ⊕ ( \ displaystyle M_ ( \ oplus ) ) , M T ( \ displaystyle M_ ( \ mathrm ( T ) ) ) , M E ( \ displaystyle M_ ( \ mathrm ( E ) ) ) or E ( \ displaystyle E ) SI unit kilogram ( kg ) Other units gram ( g ) ( CGS ) Solar Mass ( M ) ( IAU ) In SI base units 7024597220000000000 ♠ ( 5.9722 ± 0.0006 ) × 10 kg Derivations from other quantities M = g R ∕ G M = ρ V M = μ ∕ G Dimension ( M ⊕ ) = M ( \ displaystyle ( M_ ( \ oplus ) ) = \ mathrm ( M ) ) ( mass ) Earth mass ( M , where ⊕ is the standard astronomical symbol for planet Earth ) is the unit of mass equal to that of Earth . This value includes the atmosphere but excludes the moon . The current best estimate for Earth mass is M = 7024597220000000000 ♠ ( 5.9722 ± 0.0006 ) × 10 kg . Earth mass is a standard unit of mass in astronomy that is used to indicate the masses of other planets , including rocky terrestrial planets and exoplanets . Contents ( hide ) 1 Value 2 History of measurement 2.1 Using the GM product 2.2 Using the gravitational constant 2.3 Using the deflection of a pendulum 2.4 Using the period of a pendulum 2.5 Experiments with pendulums in the nineteenth century 3 Variation 3.1 Net gains 3.2 Net losses 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Value ( edit ) The mass of Earth is estimated to be : M ⊕ = ( 5.9722 ± 0.0006 ) × 10 24 k g ( \ displaystyle M_ ( \ oplus ) = ( 5.9722 \ ; \ pm \ ; 0.0006 ) \ times 10 ^ ( 24 ) \ ; \ mathrm ( kg ) ) , which can be expressed in terms of solar mass as : M ⊕ = 1 332 946.0487 ± 0.0007 M ⊙ ≈ 3.003 × 10 − 6 M ⊙ ( \ displaystyle M_ ( \ oplus ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 332 \ ; 946.0487 \ ; \ pm \ ; 0.0007 ) ) \ ; \ mathrm ( M_ ( \ odot ) ) \ approx 3.003 \ times 10 ^ ( - 6 ) \ ; \ mathrm ( M_ ( \ odot ) ) ) . Masses of noteworthy astronomical objects relative to the mass of Earth Object Earth mass M Ref Moon 6998123000371000000 ♠ 0.012 300 0371 ( 4 ) Sun 7005332946048700000 ♠ 332 946. 0487 ± 0.0007 Mercury 0.0553 Venus 0.815 Earth By definition Mars 0.107 Jupiter 317.8 Saturn 95.2 Uranus 14.5 Neptune 17.1 Gliese 667 Cc 3.8 Kepler - 442b 1.0 -- 8.2 The ratio of Earth mass to lunar mass has been measured to great accuracy . The current best estimate is : M ⊕ / M L = 81.3005678 ± 0.0000027 ( \ displaystyle M_ ( \ oplus ) / M_ ( L ) = 81.3005678 \ ; \ pm \ ; 0.0000027 ) History of measurement ( edit ) The mass of Earth is measured indirectly by determining other quantities such as Earth 's density , gravity , or gravitational constant . Using the G M product ( edit ) Modern methods of determining the mass of Earth involve calculating the gravitational coefficient of the Earth and dividing by the Newtonian constant of gravitation , M ⊕ = G M ⊕ G . ( \ displaystyle M_ ( \ oplus ) = ( \ frac ( GM_ ( \ oplus ) ) ( G ) ) . ) The G M product for the Earth is called the geocentric gravitational constant and equals 7005398600441800000 ♠ 398 600. 4418 ± 0.0008 km s . It is determined using laser ranging data from Earth - orbiting satellites , such as LAGEOS - 1 . The G M product can also be calculated by observing the motion of the Moon or the period of a pendulum at various elevations . These methods are less precise than observations of artificial satellites . The uncertainty of the geocentric gravitational constant is just 1 to 7008500000000000000 ♠ 500 000 000 , however , M ( the mass of the Earth in kilograms ) can be found out only by dividing the G M product by G , and G is known only to an uncertainty of 1 to 7003700000000000000 ♠ 7000 , so M will have the same uncertainty . For this reason and others , astronomers prefer to use the un-reduced G M product rather than mass in kilograms when referencing and comparing planetary objects . Using the gravitational constant ( edit ) Earlier efforts ( after 1798 ) to determine Earth 's mass involved measuring G directly as in the Cavendish experiment . Earth 's mass could be then found by combining two equations ; Newton 's second law , and Newton 's law of universal gravitation : F = m a , F = G m M ⊕ r 2 . ( \ displaystyle F = ma , \ quad F = G ( \ frac ( mM_ ( \ oplus ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) Substituting earth 's gravity , g for the acceleration term , and combining the two equations gives m g = G m M ⊕ r 2 ( \ displaystyle mg = G ( \ frac ( mM_ ( \ oplus ) ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) . The equation can then be solved for M M ⊕ = g r 2 G . ( \ displaystyle M_ ( \ oplus ) = ( \ frac ( gr ^ ( 2 ) ) ( G ) ) . ) With this method , the values for Earth 's surface gravity , Earth 's radius , and G were measured empirically . Using the deflection of a pendulum ( edit ) Before the Cavendish Experiment , attempts to `` weigh '' Earth involved estimating the mean density of Earth and its volume . The volume was well understood through surveying techniques , and the density was measured by observing the slight deflection of a pendulum near a mountain , as in the Schiehallion experiment . The Earth mass could then be calculated as : M ⊕ = ρ V ( \ displaystyle M_ ( \ oplus ) = \ rho V ) . This technique resulted in a mass estimate that is 20 % lower than today 's accepted value . Using the period of a pendulum ( edit ) An expedition from 1737 to 1740 by French scientist Pierre Bouguer attempted to determine the density of Earth by measuring the period of a pendulum ( and therefore the strength of gravity ) as a function of elevation . The experiments were carried out in Ecuador and Peru , on Pichincha Volcano and mount Chimborazo . Bouguer 's work led to an estimate that is two to three times larger than the true mass of Earth . However , this historical determination showed that the Earth was not hollow nor filled with water , as some had argued at the time . Modern gravitometers are now used for measuring the local gravitational field . They surpass the accuracy limitations of pendulums . Experiments with pendulums in the nineteenth century ( edit ) Much later , in 1821 , Francesco Carlini determined a density value of ρ = 7000438999999999999 ♠ 4.39 g / cm through measurements made with pendulums in the Milan area . This value was refined in 1827 by Edward Sabine to 7000476999999999999 ♠ 4.77 g / cm , and then in 1841 by Carlo Ignazio Giulio to 7000495000000000000 ♠ 4.95 g / cm . On the other hand , George Biddell Airy sought to determine ρ by measuring the difference in the period of a pendulum between the surface and the bottom of a mine . The first tests took place in Cornwall between 1826 and 1828 . The experiment was a failure due to a fire and a flood . Finally , in 1854 , Airy got the value 7000660000000000000 ♠ 6.6 g / cm by measurements in a coal mine in Harton , Sunderland . Airy 's method assumed that the Earth had a spherical stratification . Later , in 1883 , the experiments conducted by Robert von Sterneck ( 1839 to 1910 ) at different depths in mines of Saxony and Bohemia provided the average density values ρ between 5.0 and 7000630000000000000 ♠ 6.3 g / cm . This led to the concept of isostasy , which limits the ability to accurately measure ρ , by either the deviation from vertical of a plumb line or using pendulums . Despite the little chance of an accurate estimate of the average density of the Earth in this way , Thomas Corwin Mendenhall in 1880 realized a gravimetry experiment in Tokyo and at the top of Mount Fuji . The result was ρ = 7000577000000000000 ♠ 5.77 g / cm . Variation ( edit ) This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( September 2016 ) Earth 's mass is constantly changing due to many contributors . Earth primarily gains mass from micrometeorites and cosmic dust , whereas it loses hydrogen and helium gas . The combined effect is a net loss of material , though the annual mass deficit represents an inconsequential fraction of its total mass , or even the uncertainty in its mass . So its inclusion does not affect total mass calculations . A number of other mechanisms are responsible for mass adjustments , and can be classified into two categories : physical transfer of matter , and mass that is gained or lost through the absorption or release of energy due to the mass -- energy equivalence principle . Several examples are provided for completeness , but their relative contribution is negligible . Net gains ( edit ) In - falling material Cosmic dust , Cosmic rays , meteors , comets , etc. are the most significant contributor to Earth 's increase in mass . The sum of material is estimated to be 37,000 to 78,000 tons annually Global warming Nasa has calculated that the Earth is gaining energy due to rising temperatures . It has been estimated that this added energy increases the mass of Earth by a tiny amount -- 160 tonnes per year . Solar energy conversion ( minuscule ) Solar energy is converted to chemical energy by photosynthetic pigments as plants construct carbohydrate molecules . This stored chemical energy represents in increase in mass . Most of the chemical energy is reconverted into heat and then lost ( radiated ) through chemical processes , but some is sequestered and becomes biomass or fossil fuel . Artificial photosynthesis ( minuscule ) Can also theoretically add mass , assumed to be negligible but added for sake of completeness . Heat conversion ( probably minuscule ) Some outbound radiation is absorbed within the atmosphere by photosynthetic bacteria and archaea , including from chlorophyll f , which bind the energy into matter in the form of chemical bonds . Net losses ( edit ) Atmospheric escape of gases . About 3 kg / s of hydrogen or 95,000 tons per year and 1,600 tons of helium per year are lost through atmospheric escape . Spacecraft on escape trajectories ( minuscule ) Spacecraft that are on escape trajectories represent an average mass loss at a rate of 7001650000000000000 ♠ 65 tons per year . Earth lost about 3473 tons in the initial 53 years of the space age , but the trend is currently decreasing . Human energy use ( minuscule ) Human activities conversely reduce Earth 's mass , by liberation of heat that is later radiated into space ; solar photovoltaics generally do not add to the mass of Earth because the energy collected is merely transmitted ( as electricity or heat ) and subsequently radiated , which is generally not converted into chemical means to be stored on Earth . In 2010 , the human world consumed 550 EJ of energy , or 6 tons of matter converted into heat , then almost entirely lost to space . Deceleration of Earth 's core ( minuscule ) As the rotation rate of Earth 's inner core decelerates , it loses rotational kinetic energy , which equates to a loss of 16 tons per year . However , this rotation speed has been shown to fluctuate over decades . Non photosynthesizing life forms consume energy , and radiate as heat . Natural processes ( probably minuscule ) Events including earthquakes and volcanoes can release energy as well as hydrogen , which may be lost as heat or atmospheric escape . Radiation Losses ( minuscule ) From radioisotopes either naturally or through human induced reactions such as nuclear fusion or nuclear fission amount to 16 tons per year . Additional human impact by induced nuclear fission Nuclear fission , both for civilian and military purposes , greatly speeds up natural process of radiodecay . Some 59,000 tons of uranium was supplied by mines in 2013 . The mass of the uranium is reduced as it is converted to energy during the fission reaction . See also ( edit ) Abundance of elements in Earth 's crust Cavendish experiment Schiehallion experiment Earth radius Planetary mass Orders of magnitude ( mass ) Solar mass Structure of the Earth Gravitational constant Earth Similarity Index Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The total estimated annual loss is 7007550000000000000 ♠ 5.5 × 10 kg , which constitutes a fraction of 5.5 e7 / 5.97 e24 ≈ 1 / 1e17 = 1 / 100 Quadrillion References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Solar System Exploration : Earth : Facts & Figures '' . NASA . 13 Dec 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 Selected Astronomical Constants '' in The Astronomical Almanac Online , USNO -- UKHO . ^ Jump up to : Pitjeva , E.V. ; Standish , E.M. ( 2009 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Proposals for the masses of the three largest asteroids , the Moon - Earth mass ratio and the Astronomical Unit '' . Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy . 103 ( 4 ) : 365 -- 372 . Bibcode : 2009CeMDA. 103 ... 365P . doi : 10.1007 / s10569 - 009 - 9203 - 8 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planetary Fact Sheet -- Ratio to Earth '' . nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Habitable Exoplanets Catalog -- Planetary Habitability Laboratory @ UPR Arecibo '' . Jump up ^ `` HEC : Data of Potential Habitable Worlds '' . Jump up ^ Luzum , Brian ; Capitaine , Nicole ; Fienga , Agnès ; et al. ( 10 July 2011 ) . `` The IAU 2009 system of astronomical constants : the report of the IAU working group on numerical standards for Fundamental Astronomy '' . Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy . 110 ( 4 ) : 293 -- 304 . Bibcode : 2011CeMDA. 110 ... 293L . doi : 10.1007 / s10569 - 011 - 9352 - 4 . Jump up ^ Ries , J.C. ; Eanes , R.J. ; Shum , C.K. ; Watkins , M.M. ( 20 March 1992 ) . `` Progress in the determination of the gravitational coefficient of the Earth '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 19 ( 6 ) . Bibcode : 1992GeoRL ... 19 ... 529R . doi : 10.1029 / 92GL00259 . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Lerch , Francis J. ; Laubscher , Roy E. ; Klosko , Steven M. ; Smith , David E. ; Kolenkiewicz , Ronald ; Putney , Barbara H. ; Marsh , James G. ; Brownd , Joseph E. ( December 1978 ) . `` Determination of the geocentric gravitational constant from laser ranging on near - Earth satellites '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 5 ( 12 ) : 1031 -- 1034 . Bibcode : 1978GeoRL ... 5.1031 L . doi : 10.1029 / GL005i012p01031 . Jump up ^ Shuch , H. Paul ( July 1991 ) . `` Measuring the mass of the earth : the ultimate moonbounce experiment '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings , 25th Conference of the Central States VHF Society . American Radio Relay League : 25 -- 30 . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Poynting , J.H. ( 1894 ) . The mean density of the earth ( PDF ) . pp. 12 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Ferreiro , Larrie ( 2011 ) . Measure of the Earth : The Enlightenment Expedition that Reshaped Our World . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 01723 - 2 . Jump up ^ N. Kollerstrom ( 1992 ) . `` The hollow world of Edmond Halley '' . Journal for the History of Astronomy . 23 : 185 -- 192 . Bibcode : 1992JHA ... 23 ... 185K . archive Jump up ^ Poynting , John Henry ( 1894 ) . The Mean Density of the Earth . London : Charles Griffin . pp. 22 -- 24 . ^ Jump up to : Saxena , Shivam ; Chandra , Mahesh ( May 2013 ) . `` Loss in Earth Mass due to Extraterrestrial Space Exploration Missions '' . International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications . 3 ( 5 ) : 1 . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spacecraft Measurements of the Cosmic Dust Flux '' , Herbert A. Zook . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4419 - 8694 - 8_5 Jump up ^ Carter , Lynn . `` How many meteorites hit Earth each year ? '' . Ask an Astronomer . The Curious Team , Cornell University . Retrieved 6 February 2016 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Charlotte ( 31 January 2012 ) . `` Who , What , Why : Is the Earth getting lighter ? '' . BBC Magazine . BBC News . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fantasy and Science Fiction : Science by Pat Murphy & Paul Doherty '' . Jump up ^ `` Earth Loses 50,000 Tonnes of Mass Every Year '' . SciTech Daily . Jump up ^ `` World energy consumption -- beyond 500 exajoules '' . Resilience . Jump up ^ Tkalčić , Hrvoje ; Young , Mallory ; Bodin , Thomas ; Ngo , Silvie ; Sambridge , Malcolm ( 12 May 2013 ) . `` The shuffling rotation of the Earth 's inner core revealed by earthquake doublets '' . Nature Geoscience. 6 : 497 -- 502 . Bibcode : 2013NatGe ... 6 ... 497T . doi : 10.1038 / ngeo1813 . Jump up ^ `` Uranium Markets '' . 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4867728940368670493	Brothers in Arms (album)	Brothers in Arms ( album ) - wikipedia Brothers in Arms ( album ) Jump to : navigation , search For other albums , see Brothers in Arms ( disambiguation ) . Brothers in Arms Studio album by Dire Straits Released 13 May 1985 ( 1985 - 05 - 13 ) Recorded November 1984 -- March 1985 Studio AIR Studios , Montserrat Genre Roots rock , blues rock , soft rock , pop rock Length 55 : 07 Label Vertigo ( UK ) Warner Bros. ( U.S. ) Producer Neil Dorfsman Mark Knopfler Dire Straits chronology Alchemy ( 1984 ) Alchemy 1984 Brothers in Arms ( 1985 ) Money for Nothing ( 1988 ) Money for Nothing 1988 Singles from Brothers in Arms `` So Far Away '' Released : 8 April 1985 `` Money for Nothing '' Released : 24 June 1985 `` Brothers in Arms '' Released : 14 October 1985 `` Walk of Life '' Released : 30 December 1985 `` Your Latest Trick '' Released : 21 April 1986 Brothers in Arms is the fifth studio album by the British rock band Dire Straits , released on 13 May 1985 by Vertigo Records internationally , and by Warner Bros. Records in the United States . It charted at number one worldwide , spending 10 weeks at number one on the UK Albums Chart ( between 18 January and 22 March 1986 ) , nine weeks at number one on the Billboard 200 in the United States , and 34 weeks at number one on the Australian Albums Chart . Brothers in Arms was the first album to be certified 10 - times platinum in the UK and is the eighth - best - selling album in UK chart history , is certified nine - times platinum in the United States , and is one of the world 's best - selling albums , having sold over 30 million copies worldwide . The album won two Grammy Awards in 1986 , and also won Best British Album at the 1987 Brit Awards . Q magazine placed the album at number 51 in its list of the 100 Greatest British Albums Ever . Brothers in Arms would become Dire Straits ' final album until they reunited and recorded 1991 's On Every Street . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recording 2 Release 3 Composition 4 Artwork 5 Critical reception 5.1 Reviews 5.2 Accolades 6 Track listings 6.1 CD and cassette 6.2 Single LP 6.3 Double LP 7 Personnel 8 Charts 8.1 Weekly charts 8.2 Singles 9 Awards 10 Sales and certifications 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Recording ( edit ) Brothers in Arms was recorded from November 1984 to March 1985 at AIR Studios on the island of Montserrat , a British overseas territory in the Caribbean . The album was produced by Mark Knopfler and Neil Dorfsman . Knopfler became aware of Dorfsman through his 1981 recording of the Wanderlust album by jazz vibraphonist Mike Mainieri . In 1982 , Knopfler asked Dorfsman to work with him on the 1982 Dire Straits album , Love over Gold , and his 1983 soundtrack album Local Hero . Brothers in Arms was one of the first albums to be recorded on a Sony 24 - track digital tape machine . The decision to move to digital recording came from Knopfler 's constant striving for better sound quality . `` One of the things that I totally respected about him , '' Dorfsman observed , `` was his interest in technology as a means of improving his music . He was always willing to spend on high - quality equipment . '' Before arriving at Montserrat , Knopfler had written all the songs and rehearsed them with the band . The studio lineup included Knopfler ( guitar ) , John Illsley ( bass ) , Terry Williams ( drums ) , Alan Clark ( piano and Hammond B3 ) , and Guy Fletcher , who was new to the band , playing a synth rig that consisted of a huge new Yamaha DX1 , a couple of Roland keyboards , and a Synclavier . The studio itself was small , with a 20 - by - 25 - foot ( 6 m × 8 m ) recording space that offered virtually no isolation . `` It was a good - sounding studio , '' Dorfsman later recalled , `` but the main room itself was nothing to write home about . The sound of that studio was the desk , '' referring to the Neve 8078 board . Knopfler and Dorfsman utilised the limited space to best effect , placing the drum kit in the far left corner , facing the control room , miked with Sennheiser MD421s on the toms , an Electro - Voice RE20 and AKG D12 on the kick drum , a Shure SM57 and AKG C451 with a 20 dB pad on the snare , 451s for overheads and the hi - hat , and Neumann U87s set back a little to capture `` some kind of ambience '' . They placed the piano in a tight booth in the far right corner of the studio , miked with AKG C414s . The Hammond B3 was placed nearby , with its Leslie speaker crammed into an airlock next to the control room . Illsley 's bass amplifier was recorded inside a small vocal booth with a Neumann FET 47 and a DI unit . Knopfler 's amplifiers were miked with 57s , 451s , and Neumann U67s . Fletcher 's synths were placed in the control room . During the recording of `` Money for Nothing '' , the signature sound of Knopfler 's guitar may have been enhanced by a `` happy accident '' of microphone placement . Knopfler was using his Gibson Les Paul going through a Laney amplifier . While setting up the guitar amplifier microphones in an effort to get the `` ZZ Top sound '' that Knopfler was after , guitar tech Ron Eve , who was in the control room , heard the `` amazing '' sound before Dorfsman was finished arranging the mics . `` One mic was pointing down at the floor , '' Dorfsman remembered , `` another was not quite on the speaker , another was somewhere else , and it was n't how I would want to set things up -- it was probably just left from the night before , when I 'd been preparing things for the next day and had not really finished the setup . '' What they heard was exactly what ended up on the record ; no additional processing or effects were used during the mix . According to a 2006 Sound on Sound magazine interview with the co-producer / engineer of the album , Neil Dorfsman , then - permanent drummer Terry Williams ' performance was found to be unsuitable for the desired sound of the album during the first month of the recording sessions . He was therefore temporarily replaced by one of the most popular jazz session drummers of the time , Omar Hakim , who re-recorded the album 's drum parts in two days and then left . Terry Williams ' improvised crescendo at the beginning of `` Money for Nothing '' was used on the record . Williams would be back in the band for the music videos and the tour . Release ( edit ) Brothers in Arms was one of the first albums to be directed at the CD market , and was a full digital recording ( DDD ) at a time when most popular music was recorded on analog equipment . It was also released on vinyl ( abridged to fit on one LP ) and cassette . It was listed as `` DDD '' , producer Neil Dorfsman says the digital multitrack was mixed on an analog board with the resulting two track mix re-digitized via a Prism A / D converter and recorded on a DAT machine . Brothers in Arms was the first album to sell one million copies in the CD format and to outsell its LP version . A Rykodisc employee would subsequently write , `` ( In 1985 we ) were fighting to get our CDs manufactured because the entire worldwide manufacturing capacity was overwhelmed by demand for a single rock title ( Dire Straits ' Brothers in Arms ) . '' It was remastered and released with the rest of the Dire Straits catalogue in 1996 for most of the world outside the United States and on 19 September 2000 in the United States . It was also released in XRCD2 format in 2000 , then the 20th Anniversary Edition was issued in Super Audio CD format on 26 July 2005 ( becoming the 3000th title for the SACD format ) and DualDisc format with DVD - Audio 24 bit / 96 kHz track on 16 August 2005 , remixed in 5.1 by Chuck Ainlay and winning a Grammy for Best Surround Sound Album at the 48th Grammy Awards ceremony . In 2006 , a half - speed - mastered vinyl version of the album was issued . Mastered by Stan Ricker , this version consists of four sides on two 33 1 / 3 rpm discs , containing the full - length songs on vinyl for the first time . In 2013 , a hybrid SACD mastered from the original tapes was released by Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab . In 2014 , a new master was released in Japan on SHM - SACD - it 's made from the original tapes and contains the original LP length of the album : 47 : 44 min . In 2015 , the album re-entered the UK Album Charts at # 8 following the record being made available at a discounted price on digital music retailers . The album has spent a total of 356 weeks on the UK Album Charts . Composition ( edit ) `` Money for Nothing '' was one of the most played music videos on MTV during the era . It is one of only two Dire Straits songs on a studio album to not be solely credited to Mark Knopfler -- Sting was given a co-writing credit . `` Walk of Life '' was a number 2 hit for the band in the UK in early 1986 and a number 7 hit in the United States later that year . The song was nearly left off the album , but was included after the band out - voted producer Neil Dorfsman . On the second side of the album , three songs ( `` Ride Across the River '' , `` The Man 's Too Strong '' and `` Brothers in Arms '' ) are lyrically focused on militarism . `` Ride Across the River '' uses immersive Latin American imagery , accompanied by synthesized pan flute , a reggae - influenced drum part and eerie background noises . `` The Man 's Too Strong '' depicts the character of an ancient soldier ( or war criminal ) and his fear of showing feelings as a weakness . `` Brothers in Arms '' deals with the senselessness of war . Artwork ( edit ) The guitar featured on the front of the album cover is Mark Knopfler 's 1937 National Style 0 Resonator . The Style 0 line of guitars was introduced in 1930 and discontinued in 1941 . The photographer was Deborah Feingold . The back cover features a painting of the same guitar , by German artist Thomas Steyer . A similar image was also used , with a similar color scheme , for the 1989 album The Booze Brothers by Brewers Droop . Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic BBC Positive Rolling Stone Mixed Reviews ( edit ) At the time , as well as retrospectively , Brothers in Arms received generally positive reviews . In his retrospective review for AllMusic , Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the album four out of five stars , crediting the international success of the album not only to the clever computer - animated video for `` Money for Nothing '' , but also to Knopfler 's `` increased sense of pop songcraft '' . The `` indelible guitar riff '' on `` Money for Nothing '' , the catchy up - tempo boogie of `` Walk of Life '' , the melodies of `` So Far Away '' and the Everly Brothers - style `` Why Worry '' , the jazzy `` Your Latest Trick '' , and the flinty `` Ride Across the River '' -- Dire Straits had `` never been so concise or pop - oriented , and it wore well on them . '' Erlewine concluded that the album remains `` one of their most focused and accomplished albums , and in its succinct pop sense , it 's distinctive within their catalog . '' In her contemporary review for Rolling Stone magazine , Debby Bull gave the album a mixed review , praising the `` carefully crafted '' effort , writing , `` The record is beautifully produced , with Mark Knopfler 's terrific guitar work catching the best light . '' Although she found the lyrics literate , Bull noted that the scenarios `` are n't as interesting as they used to be on records like Making Movies '' . Despite the production values and notable contributions from guest artists like drummer Omar Hakim and the Brecker Brothers , Bull concluded that `` the music lacks the ache that made Knopfler 's recent soundtracks for Comfort and Joy and Cal so powerful . '' Accolades ( edit ) In 1986 , Brothers in Arms won two Grammy Awards at the 28th Grammy Awards , and also won Best British Album at the 1987 Brit Awards . In 2000 , Q magazine placed the album at number 51 in its list of the 100 Greatest British Albums Ever . In 2003 , the album ranked number 351 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the `` 500 Greatest Albums of All Time '' . In November 2006 , the results of a national poll conducted by the public of Australia revealed their top 100 favourite albums . Brothers in Arms came in at number 64 ( see `` My Favourite Album '' ) . Brothers in Arms is ranked number 3 in the best albums of 1985 and number 31 in the best albums of the 1980s . As of June 2012 , Brothers in Arms is the seventh - best - selling album of all - time in the UK , the third - best - selling album of all - time in Australia , the 18th - best - selling album of all - time in France and the 109th - best - selling album in the United States . In the Netherlands , the album used to hold the record for longest run ever on the Dutch Album chart with 269 weeks ( non-consecutive ) but lost it to Adele 's 21 in 2016 . British music journalist Robert Sandall wrote : Looked at now with 20 / 20 vision of hindsight , the image on the sleeve of Brothers in Arms seems uncannily prophetic : that National steel guitar heading up into the clouds -- a shiny 6 stringed rocket devoid of any obvious means of propulsion -- describes , better than any words can , what happened to Dire Straits after the release of their 5th studio album . Up till the summer of 1985 success had , for them , come as a by - product of the music making process . They had never courted celebrity , chased fads , or played safe . Dire Straits had been loved and respected as one of the few bands to have maintained strong and credible links with the multifarious roots of rock and roll at a time -- remember all the desperate pop posing of the early 80s ? -- when roots were emphatically not a fashionable place to be . '' Track listings ( edit ) All songs were written by Mark Knopfler , except where indicated . The track lengths on the LP version differ from the lengths on the CD and cassette versions , due to the limitations of the vinyl medium . The full tracks would not all fit on a single disc . CD and cassette ( edit ) No . Title Length 1 . `` So Far Away '' 5 : 12 2 . `` Money for Nothing '' ( Mark Knopfler , Sting ) 8 : 26 3 . `` Walk of Life '' 4 : 12 4 . `` Your Latest Trick '' 6 : 33 5 . `` Why Worry '' 8 : 31 6 . `` Ride Across the River '' 6 : 58 7 . `` The Man 's Too Strong '' 4 : 40 8 . `` One World '' 3 : 40 9 . `` Brothers in Arms '' 7 : 00 Total length : 55 : 07 Single LP ( edit ) Side one No . Title Length 1 . `` So Far Away '' 3 : 59 2 . `` Money for Nothing '' ( Mark Knopfler , Sting ) 7 : 04 3 . `` Walk of Life '' 4 : 12 4 . `` Your Latest Trick '' 4 : 46 5 . `` Why Worry '' 5 : 22 Side two No . Title Length 6 . `` Ride Across the River '' 6 : 58 7 . `` The Man 's Too Strong '' 4 : 40 8 . `` One World '' 3 : 40 9 . `` Brothers in Arms '' 7 : 00 Total length : 47 : 21 Double LP ( edit ) Side one No . Title Length 1 . `` So Far Away '' 5 : 12 2 . `` Money for Nothing '' ( Mark Knopfler , Sting ) 8 : 27 Side two No . Title Length 3 . `` Walk of Life '' 4 : 12 4 . `` Your Latest Trick '' 6 : 34 Side three No . Title Length 5 . `` Why Worry '' 8 : 31 6 . `` Ride Across the River '' 6 : 58 Side four No . Title Length 7 . `` The Man 's Too Strong '' 4 : 40 8 . `` One World '' 3 : 40 9 . `` Brothers in Arms '' 7 : 00 Personnel ( edit ) Dire Straits Mark Knopfler -- guitars , lead vocals and Synclavier John Illsley -- bass , backing vocals Alan Clark -- piano , organ , synthesizer Guy Fletcher -- synthesizers , Synclavier and backing vocals Terry Williams -- drums Omar Hakim -- drums ( credited as an official member ) Jack Sonni -- guitar Chris White - saxophone Additional musicians Michael Brecker -- tenor saxophone Randy Brecker -- trumpet Malcolm Duncan -- tenor saxophone Neil Jason -- bass on `` One World '' , `` Your Latest Trick '' and fretless bass on `` Why Worry '' Tony Levin -- bass Jimmy Maelen -- percussion Michael Mainieri -- vibraphone Dave Plews -- trumpet Sting -- backing vocals ( 2 ) Production Mark Knopfler -- producer Neil Dorfsman -- producer , engineer Steve Jackson -- assistant engineer Bruce Lampcov -- assistant engineer John Dent -- mastering Sutton Cooper -- photography ( sleeve ) Deborah Feingold -- photography Thomas Steyer -- painting Charts ( edit ) Brothers in Arms was a major commercial success worldwide : In Australia , the album was the biggest selling album in 1985 and the second best selling album in 1986 . It topped the albums chart for 34 weeks ( non-consecutive ) , and is the album with the second most weeks at number - one in ARIA Albums Chart . In the Netherlands , the album broke the all - time record for the longest chart history , with 269 weeks ( non-consecutive ) . In the UK , the album reached number one on the UK Albums Chart , and remained on the chart for 228 weeks . In the United States , the album reached number one on the Billboard 200 and remained there for nine weeks . The album also topped the charts in Austria , Belgium , Canada , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Hong Kong , Iceland , Ireland , Israel , New Zealand , Norway , Portugal , Spain , Sweden , Switzerland , Turkey , and Yugoslavia . Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1985 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( Kent Music Report ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) Canadian Albums ( RPM ) Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) French Albums ( SNEP ) 111 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) Irish Albums ( IRMA ) Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 91 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 64 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 Singles ( edit ) Year Song US US Rock Australia Austria Dutch France Italy Norway Sweden Swiss UK 1985 `` Money for Nothing '' 7 27 34 -- -- -- -- 1985 `` One World '' -- 8 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1985 `` So Far Away '' -- 29 22 -- 23 -- 33 7 6 20 1985 `` Brothers in Arms '' -- -- 57 -- 59 -- -- -- -- -- 16 1986 `` Walk of Life '' 7 6 11 18 20 -- -- -- -- 24 1986 `` Ride Across the River '' -- 21 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1986 `` So Far Away '' 19 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 1986 `` Your Latest Trick '' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 26 A -- reached No. 1 in France in 1993 Awards ( edit ) Grammy Awards Year Winner 1985 Brothers in Arms Best Engineered Recording , Non-Classical 1985 `` Money for Nothing '' Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal 2006 Brothers in Arms Best Surround Sound Album Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Argentina ( CAPIF ) Gold 30,000 Australia ( ARIA ) 17 × Platinum 1,190,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) 4 × Platinum 200,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Diamond 1,000,000 Finland ( Musiikkituottajat ) 2 × Platinum 116,784 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 1,995,300 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 500,000 Hong Kong ( IFPI Hong Kong ) Platinum 20,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 24 × Platinum 360,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 3 × Platinum 300,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 50,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 6 × Platinum 350,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) 1996 release Platinum United Kingdom ( BPI ) 14 × Platinum 4,300,000 United States ( RIAA ) 9 × Platinum 9,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) List of best - selling albums List of best - selling albums in the United Kingdom List of best - selling albums in Australia List of best - selling albums in France List of best - selling albums in New Zealand References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ The album length of the original LP is 47 : 21 . Citations ^ Jump up to : Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` Brothers in Arms '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2 December 2012 ... what kept the record selling was Mark Knopfler 's increased sense of pop songcraft Jump up ^ `` bpi music on Twitter : `` The first ever album to go 10x Platinum in the UK was Dire Straits ' ' Brothers In Arms ' , released in 1985 # bpiAwards44 https://t.co/xWRX5DmaFW '' `` . Twitter . 1 April 2017 . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . External link in title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Brothers in Arms ( album ) '' . RIAA . Retrieved 13 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( 4 July 2016 ) . `` The UK 's 60 official biggest selling albums of all time revealed '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 2 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Queen head all - time sales chart '' . BBC News . 16 November 2006 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Knopfler hurt in crash '' . BBC News . 18 March 2003 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Winners '' , Awards , Grammy , archived from the original on 30 September 2007 , retrieved 11 May 2007 ^ Jump up to : `` 1987 '' , Awards , UK : Brit , retrieved 26 December 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Lists '' , Q Magazine , UK , retrieved 26 December 2011 contribution = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Brothers in Arms ( album ) ( booklet ) . Dire Straits . Warner Bros. Records . 1985 . p. 5 . 947773 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Buskin , Richard ( May 2006 ) . `` Classic Tracks : Dire Straits ' Money For Nothing ' '' . Sound on Sound . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` It was 20 -- or maybe not -- years ago today '' . Archived from the original on 10 June 2007 . Retrieved 14 June 2006 . Jump up ^ `` High Fidelity Review - Interview with Chuck Ainlay , who remixed album in 5.1 '' . Archived from the original on 10 June 2008 . Retrieved 2 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Billboard 18 Feb 2006 Billboard Retrieved : 30 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart UK Top 100 '' . Official Charts. 14 February 2015 . Archived from the original on 21 May 2012 . Retrieved 12 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dire Straits / Brothers in Arms '' . BBC . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/86rg// ^ Jump up to : Bull , Debby ( 4 July 1985 ) . `` Dire Straits : Brothers in Arms '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lists '' , Rolling Stone , retrieved 26 December 2011 contribution = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Albums '' . Gold & platinum . RIAA. 2012 . Retrieved 24 March 2012 . Jump up ^ CD sleeve of the remastered 1996 version of the album . Retrieved on 9 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Stats - Dire Straits - Brothers In Arms '' . Archive.is . Archived from the original on 21 September 2012 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Kent , David . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . Australian Chart Books . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Dire Straits -- Brothers in Arms '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Top Albums / CDs '' . RPM . Vol. 43 no . 1 . 14 September 1985 . p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Dire Straits -- Brothers in Arms '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Dire Straits -- Brothers in Arms '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Dire Straits -- Brothers in Arms '' ( in German ) . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Irish-charts.com -- Discography Dire Straits '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Dire Straits -- Brothers in Arms '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Dire Straits -- Brothers in Arms '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Dire Straits -- Brothers in Arms '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Dire Straits -- Brothers in Arms '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Dire Straits -- Brothers in Arms '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Dire Straits -- Brothers in Arms '' . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Dire Straits -- Chart history '' Billboard 200 for Dire Straits . Jump up ^ `` Argentinian album certifications -- Dire Straits -- Brothers in Arms '' . Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2009 Albums '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Jump up ^ `` Austrian album certifications -- Dire Straits -- Brothers in Arms '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Dire Straits in the field Interpret . Enter Brothers in Arms in the field Titel . Select album in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Canadian album certifications -- Dire Straits -- Brothers in Arms '' . Music Canada . ^ Jump up to : `` Dire Straits '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` French album certifications -- Dire Straits -- Brothers in Arms '' ( in French ) . InfoDisc . Select DIRE STRAITS and click OK Jump up ^ `` Les Albums Diamant : '' ( in French ) . Infodisc.fr . Archived from the original on 27 October 2012 . Retrieved 9 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Dire Straits ; ' Brothers in Arms ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` IFPIHK Gold Disc Award − 1988 '' . IFPI Hong Kong . Jump up ^ Scapolo , Dean ( 2007 ) . The Complete New Zealand Music Charts 1966 - 2006 . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . ISBN 978 - 1 - 877443 - 00 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Sólo Éxitos 1959 - 2002 Año A Año : Certificados 1979 - 1990 '' . Solo Exitos 1959 -- 2002 Ano A Ano . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 2002 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . ^ Jump up to : `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Dire Straits ; ' Brothers In Arms ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Dido -- Brothers in Arms '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Brothers in Arms in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Gumble , Daniel ( 5 July 2016 ) . `` UK 's 60 Biggest Selling Albums of All Time '' . Music Week . Intent Media . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Dire Straits -- Brothers in Arms '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Brothers in Arms at Mark Knopfler official website Brothers in Arms ( Adobe Flash ) at Radio3Net ( streamed copy where licensed ) Preceded by Songs from the Big Chair by Tears for Fears Billboard 200 number - one album 31 August 1985 -- 1 November 1985 Succeeded by Miami Vice I by Various Artists Preceded by Hits 2 by Various Artists Born in the U.S.A. by Bruce Springsteen Now That 's What I Call Music 6 by Various Artists UK number one album 25 May 1985 -- 7 June 1985 3 August 1985 -- 16 August 1985 18 January 1986 -- 28 March 1986 Succeeded by Our Favourite Shop by The Style Council Now That 's What I Call Music 5 by Various Artists Hits 4 by Various Artists Preceded by No Jacket Required by Phil Collins Be Yourself Tonight by Eurythmics Listen Like Thieves by INXS For the Working Class Man by Jimmy Barnes Australian Kent Music Report number - one album 27 May -- 30 June 1985 29 July -- 13 October 1985 28 October -- 15 December 1985 3 February 1986 -- 20 April 1986 Succeeded by Be Yourself Tonight by Eurythmics Listen Like Thieves by INXS For the Working Class Man by Jimmy Barnes The Dream of the Blue Turtles by Sting Dire Straits Mark Knopfler John Illsley David Knopfler Pick Withers Alan Clark Hal Lindes Terry Williams Guy Fletcher Jack Sonni Studio albums Dire Straits Communiqué Making Movies Love over Gold Brothers in Arms On Every Street Live albums Alchemy On the Night Live at the BBC Compilations Money for Nothing Sultans of Swing : The Very Best of Dire Straits Private Investigations : The Best of Dire Straits & Mark Knopfler EPs ExtendedancEPlay Encores Singles `` Sultans of Swing '' `` Water of Love '' / `` Down to the Waterline '' `` Lady Writer '' `` Romeo and Juliet '' `` Skateaway '' `` Tunnel of Love '' `` Private Investigations '' `` Industrial Disease '' `` Twisting by the Pool '' `` Love Over Gold '' `` So Far Away '' `` Money for Nothing '' `` Brothers in Arms '' `` Walk of Life '' `` Your Latest Trick '' `` Calling Elvis '' `` Heavy Fuel '' `` On Every Street '' `` The Bug '' `` You and Your Friend '' Tours Dire Straits Tour Communiqué Tour On Location Tour Love over Gold Tour Brothers in Arms Tour On Every Street Tour Related articles Discography Band members Michael Brecker The Notting Hillbillies Chris White Book : Dire Straits Category : Dire Straits Portal : Rock music UK best - selling albums ( by year ) ( 1970 -- 1989 ) 1970 : Bridge over Troubled Water ( Simon & Garfunkel ) 1971 : Bridge over Troubled Water ( Simon & Garfunkel ) 1972 : 20 Dynamic Hits ( Various Artists ) 1973 : Do n't Shoot Me I 'm Only the Piano Player ( Elton John ) 1974 : The Singles : 1969 -- 1973 ( The Carpenters ) 1975 : The Best of The Stylistics ( The Stylistics ) 1976 : Greatest Hits ( ABBA ) 1977 : Arrival ( ABBA ) 1978 : Saturday Night Fever ( Original Soundtrack ) 1979 : Parallel Lines ( Blondie ) 1980 : Super Trouper ( ABBA ) 1981 : Kings of the Wild Frontier ( Adam and the Ants ) 1982 : Love Songs ( Barbra Streisand ) 1983 : Thriller ( Michael Jackson ) 1984 : Ca n't Slow Down ( Lionel Richie ) 1985 : Brothers in Arms ( Dire Straits ) 1986 : True Blue ( Madonna ) 1987 : Bad ( Michael Jackson ) 1988 : Kylie ( Kylie Minogue ) 1989 : Ten Good Reasons ( Jason Donovan ) Complete list ( 1956 -- 1969 ) ( 1970 -- 1989 ) ( 1990 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- 2029 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brothers_in_Arms_(album)&oldid=803660278 '' Categories : 1985 albums APRA Award winners Albums produced by Mark Knopfler Dire Straits albums Vertigo Records albums Warner Bros. Records albums English - language albums Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 errors : chapter ignored CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Use British English from January 2014 Use dmy dates from January 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for Argentina Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Finland Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Hong Kong Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 21 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what kind of guitar is on the cover of brothers in arms	[ "The guitar featured on the front of the album cover is Mark Knopfler's 1937 National Style 0 Resonator. The Style 0 line of guitars was introduced in 1930 and discontinued in 1941. The photographer was Deborah Feingold.[16] The back cover features a painting of the same guitar, by German artist Thomas Steyer. A similar image was also used, with a similar color scheme, for the 1989 album The Booze Brothers by Brewers Droop." ]	[ "1937 National Style 0 Resonator" ]
-8208342287481861819	Chatham-Kent Airport	Chatham - Kent airport - Wikipedia Chatham - Kent airport Chatham - Kent Airport Chatham - Kent Municipal Airport Map of the airport IATA : XCM ICAO : CYCK Summary Airport type Public Owner / Operator Municipality of Chatham -- Kent Location Chatham - Kent , Ontario Time zone EST ( UTC − 05 : 00 ) Summer ( DST ) EDT ( UTC − 04 : 00 ) Elevation AMSL 645 ft / 197 m Coordinates 42 ° 18 ′ 22 '' N 082 ° 04 ′ 54 '' W / 42.30611 ° N 82.08167 ° W / 42.30611 ; - 82.08167 Coordinates : 42 ° 18 ′ 22 '' N 082 ° 04 ′ 54 '' W / 42.30611 ° N 82.08167 ° W / 42.30611 ; - 82.08167 Website www.chatham-kent.ca/ ... / ChathamAirport Map CYCK Location in Ontario Runways Direction Length Surface ft m 06 / 24 5,502 1,677 Asphalt Source : Canada Flight Supplement Chatham - Kent Municipal Airport , ( IATA : XCM , ICAO : CYCK ) , is located 6 nautical miles ( 11 km ; 6.9 mi ) southeast of Chatham - Kent , Ontario , Canada . The Chatham - Kent Municipal Airport is owned and operated by the Municipality of Chatham -- Kent . The airport is managed by Z3 Aviation . Several local pilots and businesses are tenants at the airport in the various hangars . The airport is operational 9 hours per day , 7 days per week and is capable of supporting both VFR ) and IFR operations down to 510 ft ( 160 m ) and 1 ⁄ mi ( 2.4 km ) visibility non-precision approach limits and departures in visibility down to ⁄ mi ( 0.8 km ) . Chatham - Kent Municipal Airport was previously identified as CNZ3 . This change occurred on September 20 , 2012 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Canada Flight Supplement . Effective 0901 Z 19 July 2018 to 0901Z 13 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Accident history for XCM at Aviation Safety Network External links ( edit ) Official site Page about this airport on COPA 's Places to Fly airport directory Z3Aviation Chatham - Kent Airport Information and more . Airports in Canada By name A -- B C -- D E -- G H -- K L -- M N -- Q R -- S T -- Z By location indicator CA CB CC CD CE CF CG CH CI CJ CK CL CM CN CO CP CQ CR CS CT CU CV CW CX CY CZ By province / territory AB BC MB NB NL NS NT NU ON PE QC SK YT By area Bracebridge Calgary Edmonton Fergus Fort McMurray Fort Simpson Gulf Islands Lethbridge London , ON Lower Mainland Montreal Okanagan Ottawa Parry Sound Port Carling Prince Rupert Red Deer Sault Ste . Marie , ON Thunder Bay Toronto Vancouver Island Victoria , BC Winnipeg National Airports System Calgary Charlottetown Edmonton Fredericton Gander Halifax Iqaluit Kelowna London Moncton Montréal -- Mirabel Montréal -- Trudeau Ottawa Prince George Québec Regina Saint John St. John 's Saskatoon Thunder Bay Toronto Vancouver Victoria Whitehorse Winnipeg Yellowknife Related List of airports by ICAO code : C List of the busiest airports in Canada List of defunct airports in Canada List of heliports in Canada List of international airports in Canada List of British Commonwealth Air Training Plan facilities in Canada Operation Yellow Ribbon Portal WikiProject This article about an airport in Ontario is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chatham-Kent_Airport&oldid=752947547 '' Categories : Certified airports in Ontario Transport in Chatham - Kent Buildings and structures in Chatham - Kent Ontario airport stubs Talk About Wikipedia Cebuano فارسی Piemontèis Svenska Тоҷикӣ Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2016 , at 08 : 26 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what is the closest airport to chatham ontario	[ "Chatham-Kent Municipal Airport, (IATA: XCM[2], ICAO: CYCK), is located 6 nautical miles (11 km; 6.9 mi) southeast of Chatham-Kent, Ontario, Canada.\n" ]	[ "Chatham-Kent Municipal Airport, (IATA: XCM[2], ICAO: CYCK)" ]
2312162702143565477	Monkey hanger	Monkey hanger - wikipedia Monkey hanger The Hartlepool Monkey monument on Hartlepool Headland . `` Monkey hanger '' is a colloquial nickname by which people from the town of Hartlepool in north eastern England are sometimes known . According to local folklore , the term originates from an incident in which a monkey was hanged in Hartlepool , England . During the Napoleonic Wars , a French ship of the type chasse marée was wrecked in a storm off the coast of Hartlepool . The only survivor from the ship was a monkey , allegedly dressed in a French army uniform to provide amusement for the crew . On finding the monkey on the beach , some locals decided to hold an impromptu trial ; since the monkey was unable to answer their questions and because they had seen neither a monkey nor a Frenchman before , they concluded that the monkey must be a French spy . Being found guilty , the animal was duly sentenced to death and was summarily hanged on the beach . An alternative theory is that it was a young boy who was hanged ( the term `` powder - monkey '' was commonly used at the time for children employed on naval warships to prime the cannon with gunpowder ) . The earliest evidenced mention of the hanging is from the popular song , written and performed by 19th century comic performer , Ned Corvan , `` The Monkey Song '' . Given that `` only after Corvan 's appearances in Hartlepool is there any strong evidence for the development of the Monkey story '' , the song itself seems the most plausible origin for the myth . An earlier and remarkably similar monkey - hanging legend with a similar associated song refers to the inhabitants of Boddam , Aberdeenshire . With similar lyrics and scansion ( `` And the Boddamers hung the Monkey , O '' ) it is plausible that Ned Corvan heard and adapted the song while travelling the Scottish Lowlands with Blind Willie Purvis . Contents ( hide ) 1 The Monkey Song 2 In popular culture 3 See also 4 References The monkey song ( edit ) In former times , mid war an ' strife , The French invasion threatened life , An ' all was armed to the knife , The Fishermen hung the Monkey O ! The Fishermen wi ' courage high , Seized on the Monkey for a spy , `` Hang him '' says yen , says another , `` He 'll die ! '' They did , and they hung the Monkey O ! . They tried every move to make him speak , They tortor 'd the Monkey till loud he did squeak Says yen , `` That 's French , '' says another `` it 's Greek '' For the Fishermen had got drunky , O ! `` He 's all ower hair ! '' sum chap did cry , E'en up te summic cute an ' sly Wiv a cod 's head then they closed an eye , Afore they hung the Monkey O ! In popular culture ( edit ) Another monkey statue at Hartlepool Marina collects coins for charity . The local football club , Hartlepool United F.C. , capitalised on their `` Monkey Hangers '' nickname by creating a mascot called `` H'Angus the Monkey '' in 1999 . Two of the town 's six rugby clubs use variations of the hanging monkey , Hartlepool Rovers crest being a beret wearing monkey hanging from a gibbet , while Hartlepool RFC neckties sport a rugby ball kicking monkey suspended from a rope . One wearer of the monkey suit , Stuart Drummond , unexpectedly became the first directly elected mayor of Hartlepool in 2002 while in the guise of H'Angus , but was forbidden from wearing the costume while in office . A statue of the monkey has been erected on the Headland ; another at Hartlepool Marina ( formerly in West Hartlepool ) also serves to collect coins for a local hospice . Although some Hartlepool residents find the term `` monkey hanger '' insulting , a large number of residents have embraced the term and celebrate it as an important and unique characteristic of the town ; as seen in the 2014 documentary Heart of the Pools . The French comic book Le Singe de Hartlepool by Wilfrid Lupano and Jérémie Moreau published in 2012 tells this story . The Electric Six song `` Unnatural Beauty '' from their 2013 album Mustang makes reference to the term Monkey Hanger and its association with Hartlepool with the lyrics : Monkey hangers are kids to me But even monkey hangers have a place to be A little town in Teesside In 2008 , a novel based on the legend called The Hartlepool Monkey , written by Sean Longley , was published . The novel tells the story of the monkey , named Jacques LeSinge by the French doctor who discovers him , that was supposedly hanged . In the book , the monkey talks and possesses several other human characteristics . The Hartlepool Monkey also featured prominently in the play Bestiary , written by Jim Burke and broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2003 . In 2014 , a documentary was made about the Hartlepool Monkey and its long - lasting significance to the city and its inhabitants called Heart of The Pools . See also ( edit ) List of British regional nicknames Mackem Mary ( elephant ) Smoggie References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Hartlepool Monkey , Who hung the monkey ? '' . This is Hartlepool . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ Maconie , Stuart ( 2008 ) , Pies and Prejudice : In search of the North , Ebury Press , ISBN 978 - 0091910235 ( p. 300 - 301 ) Jump up ^ This Is Hartlepool Jump up ^ Keith Gregson . Corvan - A Victorian Entertainer And His Songs . Jump up ^ Westwood , Jennifer and Kingshill , Sophia ( 2009 ) , The Lore of Scotland : A guide to Scottish legends , Random House Books , ISBN 9781905211623 ( p. 302 ) Jump up ^ Who Hung the Monkey by Paul Screeton Jump up ^ `` In praise of ... H'Angus the Monkey '' . www.theguardian.com . Guardian News and Media Limited . 19 November 2012 . Retrieved 19 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Oliver ( 22 January 2007 ) . `` The Hartlepool Monkey '' . www.geolocation.ws . Retrieved 19 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hartlepool - formerly West Hartlepool '' . www.stanlaundon.com . Launton , Stan . Retrieved 19 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Maconie 2008 ( p. 301 ) Jump up ^ https://vimeo.com/95639129 Jump up ^ `` Le Singe de Hartlepool page on Éditions Delcourt official site '' . www.editions-delcourt.fr. 2012 . Jump up ^ Bakewell , Sarah ( 29 February 2008 ) . `` The Hartlepool Monkey , By Sean Longley '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Daoust , Phil , `` Pick of the Day '' The Guardian , 8 July 2003 Jump up ^ Heart of The Pools Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monkey_hanger&oldid=846245435 '' Categories : Hartlepool Hartlepool United F.C. Monkeys Regional nicknames Northumbrian folklore English folklore Napoleonic Wars Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 11 : 57 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	where does the term monkey hanger come from	[]	[]
9002013168361923209	Geocentric model	Geocentric model - wikipedia Geocentric model Jump to : navigation , search `` Geocentric '' redirects here . For orbits around Earth , see Geocentric orbit . Figure of the heavenly bodies -- An illustration of the Ptolemaic geocentric system by Portuguese cosmographer and cartographer Bartolomeu Velho , 1568 ( Bibliothèque Nationale , Paris ) In astronomy , the geocentric model ( also known as geocentrism , or the Ptolemaic system ) is a superseded description of the universe with Earth at the center . Under the geocentric model , the Sun , Moon , stars , and planets all orbited Earth . The geocentric model served as the predominant description of the cosmos in many ancient civilizations , such as those of Aristotle and Ptolemy . Two observations supported the idea that Earth was the center of the Universe . First , from the view on Earth , the Sun appears to revolve around Earth once per day . While the Moon and the planets have their own motions , they also appear to revolve around Earth about once per day . The stars appeared to be on a celestial sphere , rotating once each day along an axis through the north and south geographic poles of Earth . Second , Earth does not seem to move from the perspective of an Earth - bound observer ; it appears to be solid , stable , and unmoving . Ancient Greek , ancient Roman and medieval philosophers usually combined the geocentric model with a spherical Earth . It is not the same as the older flat Earth model implied in some mythology . The ancient Jewish Babylonian uranography pictured a flat Earth with a dome - shaped , rigid canopy called the firmament placed over it ( רקיע - rāqîa ' ) . However , the ancient Greeks believed that the motions of the planets were circular and not elliptical , a view that was not challenged in Western culture until the 17th century through the synthesis of theories by Copernicus and Kepler . The astronomical predictions of Ptolemy 's geocentric model were used to prepare astrological and astronomical charts for over 1500 years . The geocentric model held sway into the early modern age , but from the late 16th century onward , it was gradually superseded by the Heliocentric model of Copernicus , Galileo and Kepler . There was much resistance to the transition between these two theories . Christian theologians were reluctant to reject a theory that agreed with Bible passages ( e.g. `` Sun , stand you still upon Gibeon '' , Joshua 10 : 12 ) . Others felt a new , unknown theory could not subvert an accepted consensus for geocentrism . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ancient Greece 2 Ptolemaic model 2.1 Ptolemaic system 2.2 Islamic astronomy and geocentrism 3 Geocentrism and rival systems 3.1 Copernican system 4 Gravitation 5 Relativity 6 Religious and contemporary adherence to geocentrism 6.1 Historical positions of the Roman Catholic hierarchy 6.2 Orthodox Judaism 6.3 Islam 7 Planetariums 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Ancient Greece ( edit ) Illustration of Anaximander 's models of the universe . On the left , daytime in summer ; on the right , nighttime in winter . The geocentric model entered Greek astronomy and philosophy at an early point ; it can be found in pre-Socratic philosophy . In the 6th century BC , Anaximander proposed a cosmology with Earth shaped like a section of a pillar ( a cylinder ) , held aloft at the center of everything . The Sun , Moon , and planets were holes in invisible wheels surrounding Earth ; through the holes , humans could see concealed fire . About the same time , Pythagoras thought that the Earth was a sphere ( in accordance with observations of eclipses ) , but not at the center ; they believed that it was in motion around an unseen fire . Later these views were combined , so most educated Greeks from the 4th century BC on thought that the Earth was a sphere at the center of the universe . In the 4th century BC , two influential Greek philosophers , Plato and his student Aristotle , wrote works based on the geocentric model . According to Plato , the Earth was a sphere , stationary at the center of the universe . The stars and planets were carried around the Earth on spheres or circles , arranged in the order ( outwards from the center ) : Moon , Sun , Venus , Mercury , Mars , Jupiter , Saturn , fixed stars , with the fixed stars located on the celestial sphere . In his `` Myth of Er '' , a section of the Republic , Plato describes the cosmos as the Spindle of Necessity , attended by the Sirens and turned by the three Fates . Eudoxus of Cnidus , who worked with Plato , developed a less mythical , more mathematical explanation of the planets ' motion based on Plato 's dictum stating that all phenomena in the heavens can be explained with uniform circular motion . Aristotle elaborated on Eudoxus ' system . In the fully developed Aristotelian system , the spherical Earth is at the center of the universe , and all other heavenly bodies are attached to 47 -- 55 transparent , rotating spheres surrounding the Earth , all concentric with it . ( The number is so high because several spheres are needed for each planet . ) These spheres , known as crystalline spheres , all moved at different uniform speeds to create the revolution of bodies around the Earth . They were composed of an incorruptible substance called aether . Aristotle believed that the moon was in the innermost sphere and therefore touches the realm of Earth , causing the dark spots ( macula ) and the ability to go through lunar phases . He further described his system by explaining the natural tendencies of the terrestrial elements : Earth , water , fire , air , as well as celestial aether . His system held that Earth was the heaviest element , with the strongest movement towards the center , thus water formed a layer surrounding the sphere of Earth . The tendency of air and fire , on the other hand , was to move upwards , away from the center , with fire being lighter than air . Beyond the layer of fire , were the solid spheres of aether in which the celestial bodies were embedded . They , themselves , were also entirely composed of aether . Adherence to the geocentric model stemmed largely from several important observations . First of all , if the Earth did move , then one ought to be able to observe the shifting of the fixed stars due to stellar parallax . In short , if the Earth was moving , the shapes of the constellations should change considerably over the course of a year . If they did not appear to move , the stars are either much farther away than the Sun and the planets than previously conceived , making their motion undetectable , or in reality they are not moving at all . Because the stars were actually much further away than Greek astronomers postulated ( making movement extremely subtle ) , stellar parallax was not detected until the 19th century . Therefore , the Greeks chose the simpler of the two explanations . The lack of any observable parallax was considered a fatal flaw in any non-geocentric theory . Another observation used in favor of the geocentric model at the time was the apparent consistency of Venus ' luminosity , which implies that it is usually about the same distance from Earth , which in turn is more consistent with geocentrism than heliocentrism . In reality , that is because the loss of light caused by Venus ' phases compensates for the increase in apparent size caused by its varying distance from Earth . Objectors to heliocentrism noted that terrestrial bodies naturally tend to come to rest as near as possible to the center of the Earth . Further barring the opportunity to fall closer the center , terrestrial bodies tend not to move unless forced by an outside object , or transformed to a different element by heat or moisture . Atmospheric explanations for many phenomena were preferred because the Eudoxan -- Aristotelian model based on perfectly concentric spheres was not intended to explain changes in the brightness of the planets due to a change in distance . Eventually , perfectly concentric spheres were abandoned as it was impossible to develop a sufficiently accurate model under that ideal . However , while providing for similar explanations , the later deferent and epicycle model was flexible enough to accommodate observations for many centuries . Ptolemaic model ( edit ) The basic elements of Ptolemaic astronomy , showing a planet on an epicycle with an eccentric deferent and an equant point . The Green shaded area is the celestial sphere which the planet occupies . Although the basic tenets of Greek geocentrism were established by the time of Aristotle , the details of his system did not become standard . The Ptolemaic system , developed by the Hellenistic astronomer Claudius Ptolemaeus in the 2nd century AD finally standardised geocentrism . His main astronomical work , the Almagest , was the culmination of centuries of work by Hellenic , Hellenistic and Babylonian astronomers . For over a millennium European and Islamic astronomers assumed it was the correct cosmological model . Because of its influence , people sometimes wrongly think the Ptolemaic system is identical with the geocentric model . Ptolemy argued that the Earth was a sphere in the center of the universe , from the simple observation that half the stars were above the horizon and half were below the horizon at any time ( stars on rotating stellar sphere ) , and the assumption that the stars were all at some modest distance from the center of the universe . If the Earth was substantially displaced from the center , this division into visible and invisible stars would not be equal . Ptolemaic system ( edit ) Pages from 1550 Annotazione on Sacrobosco 's Tractatus de Sphaera , showing the Ptolemaic system . In the Ptolemaic system , each planet is moved by a system of two spheres : one called its deferent ; the other , its epicycle . The deferent is a circle whose center point , called the eccentric and marked in the diagram with an X , is removed from the Earth . The original purpose of the eccentric was to account for the differences of the lengths of the seasons ( autumn is the shortest by a week or so ) , by placing the Earth away from the center of rotation of the rest of the universe . Another sphere , the epicycle , is embedded inside the deferent sphere and is represented by the smaller dotted line to the right . A given planet then moves around the epicycle at the same time the epicycle moves along the path marked by the deferent . These combined movements cause the given planet to move closer to and further away from the Earth at different points in its orbit , and explained the observation that planets slowed down , stopped , and moved backward in retrograde motion , and then again reversed to resume normal , or prograde , motion . The deferent - and - epicycle model had been used by Greek astronomers for centuries along with the idea of the eccentric ( a deferent which is slightly off - center from the Earth ) , which was even older . In the illustration , the center of the deferent is not the Earth but the spot marked X , making it eccentric ( from the Greek ἐκ ec - meaning `` from , '' and κέντρον kentron meaning `` center '' ) , from which the spot takes its name . Unfortunately , the system that was available in Ptolemy 's time did not quite match observations , even though it was considerably improved over Hipparchus ' system . Most noticeably the size of a planet 's retrograde loop ( especially that of Mars ) would be smaller , and sometimes larger , than expected , resulting in positional errors of as much as 30 degrees . To alleviate the problem , Ptolemy developed the equant . The equant was a point near the center of a planet 's orbit which , if you were to stand there and watch , the center of the planet 's epicycle would always appear to move at uniform speed ; all other locations would see non-uniform speed , like on the Earth . By using an equant , Ptolemy claimed to keep motion which was uniform and circular , although it departed from the Platonic ideal of uniform circular motion . The resultant system , which eventually came to be widely accepted in the west , seems unwieldy to modern astronomers ; each planet required an epicycle revolving on a deferent , offset by an equant which was different for each planet . It predicted various celestial motions , including the beginning and end of retrograde motion , to within a maximum error of 10 degrees , considerably better than without the equant . The model with epicycles is in fact a very good model of an elliptical orbit with low eccentricity . The well known ellipse shape does not appear to a noticeable extent when the eccentricity is less than 5 % , but the offset distance of the `` center '' ( in fact the focus occupied by the sun ) is very noticeable even with low eccentricities as possessed by the planets . To summarize , Ptolemy devised a system that was compatible with Aristotelian philosophy and managed to track actual observations and predict future movement mostly to within the limits of the next 1000 years of observations . The observed motions and his mechanisms for explaining them include : The Ptolemaic System Object ( s ) Observation Modeling mechanism Stars Motion of entire sky E to W in ~ 24 hrs ( `` first motion '' ) Stars : Daily motion E to W of sphere of stars , carrying all other spheres with it ; normally ignored ; other spheres have additional motions Sun Motion yearly W to E along ecliptic Motion of Sun 's sphere W to E in year Sun Non-uniform rate along ecliptic ( uneven seasons ) Eccentric orbit ( Sun 's deferent center off Earth ) Moon Monthly motion W to E compared to stars Monthly W to E motion of Moon 's sphere The 5 planets General motion W to E through zodiac Motion of deferents W to E ; period set by observation of planet going around the ecliptic Planets Retrograde motion Motion of epicycle in same direction as deferent . Period of epicycle is time between retrograde motions ( synodic period ) . Planets Variations in speed through the zodiac Eccentric per planet Planets Variations in retrograde timing Equants per planet ( Copernicus used a pair of epicycles instead ) Planets Size of deferents , epicycles Only ratio between radius of deferent and associated epicycle determined ; absolute distances not determined in theory Interior planets Average greatest elongations of 23 ° ( Mercury ) and 46 ° ( Venus ) Size of epicycles set by these angles , proportional to distances Interior planets Limited to movement near the Sun Center their deferent centers along the Sun -- Earth line Exterior planets Retrograde only at opposition , when brightest Radii of epicycles aligned to Sun -- Earth line The geocentric model was eventually replaced by the heliocentric model . The earliest heliocentric model , Copernican heliocentrism , could remove Ptolemy 's epicycles because the retrograde motion could be seen to be the result of the combination of Earth and planet movement and speeds . Copernicus felt strongly that equants were a violation of Aristotelian purity , and proved that replacement of the equant with a pair of new epicycles was entirely equivalent . Astronomers often continued using the equants instead of the epicycles because the former was easier to calculate , and gave the same result . It has been determined , in fact , that the Copernican , Ptolemaic and even the Tychonic models provided identical results to identical inputs . They are computationally equivalent . It was n't until Kepler demonstrated a physical observation that could show that the physical sun is directly involved in determining an orbit that a new model was required . The Ptolemaic order of spheres from Earth outward is : Moon Mercury Venus Sun Mars Jupiter Saturn Fixed Stars Primum Mobile ( `` First Moved '' ) Ptolemy did not invent or work out this order , which aligns with the ancient Seven Heavens religious cosmology common to the major Eurasian religious traditions . It also follows the decreasing orbital periods of the moon , sun , planets and stars . Islamic astronomy and geocentrism ( edit ) Main articles : Maragheh observatory , Astronomy in medieval Islam , and Islamic cosmology Muslim astronomers generally accepted the Ptolemaic system and the geocentric model , but by the 10th century texts appeared regularly whose subject matter was doubts concerning Ptolemy ( shukūk ) . Several Muslim scholars questioned the Earth 's apparent immobility and centrality within the universe . Some Muslim astronomers believed that the Earth rotates around its axis , such as Abu Sa'id al - Sijzi ( d. circa 1020 ) . According to al - Biruni , Sijzi invented an astrolabe called al - zūraqī based on a belief held by some of his contemporaries `` that the motion we see is due to the Earth 's movement and not to that of the sky . '' The prevalence of this view is further confirmed by a reference from the 13th century which states : According to the geometers ( or engineers ) ( muhandisīn ) , the Earth is in constant circular motion , and what appears to be the motion of the heavens is actually due to the motion of the Earth and not the stars . Early in the 11th century Alhazen wrote a scathing critique of Ptolemy 's model in his Doubts on Ptolemy ( c. 1028 ) , which some have interpreted to imply he was criticizing Ptolemy 's geocentrism , but most agree that he was actually criticizing the details of Ptolemy 's model rather than his geocentrism . In the 12th century , Arzachel departed from the ancient Greek idea of uniform circular motions by hypothesizing that the planet Mercury moves in an elliptic orbit , while Alpetragius proposed a planetary model that abandoned the equant , epicycle and eccentric mechanisms , though this resulted in a system that was mathematically less accurate . Alpetragius also declared the Ptolemaic system as an imaginary model that was successful at predicting planetary positions but not real or physical . His alternative system spread through most of Europe during the 13th century . Fakhr al - Din al - Razi ( 1149 -- 1209 ) , in dealing with his conception of physics and the physical world in his Matalib , rejects the Aristotelian and Avicennian notion of the Earth 's centrality within the universe , but instead argues that there are `` a thousand thousand worlds ( alfa alfi ' awalim ) beyond this world such that each one of those worlds be bigger and more massive than this world as well as having the like of what this world has . '' To support his theological argument , he cites the Qur'anic verse , `` All praise belongs to God , Lord of the Worlds , '' emphasizing the term `` Worlds . '' The `` Maragha Revolution '' refers to the Maragha school 's revolution against Ptolemaic astronomy . The `` Maragha school '' was an astronomical tradition beginning in the Maragha observatory and continuing with astronomers from the Damascus mosque and Samarkand observatory . Like their Andalusian predecessors , the Maragha astronomers attempted to solve the equant problem ( the circle around whose circumference a planet or the center of an epicycle was conceived to move uniformly ) and produce alternative configurations to the Ptolemaic model without abandoning geocentrism . They were more successful than their Andalusian predecessors in producing non-Ptolemaic configurations which eliminated the equant and eccentrics , were more accurate than the Ptolemaic model in numerically predicting planetary positions , and were in better agreement with empirical observations . The most important of the Maragha astronomers included Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi ( d . 1266 ) , Nasīr al - Dīn al - Tūsī ( 1201 -- 1274 ) , Qutb al - Din al - Shirazi ( 1236 -- 1311 ) , Ibn al - Shatir ( 1304 -- 1375 ) , Ali Qushji ( c. 1474 ) , Al - Birjandi ( d . 1525 ) , and Shams al - Din al - Khafri ( d . 1550 ) . Ibn al - Shatir , the Damascene astronomer ( 1304 -- 1375 AD ) working at the Umayyad Mosque , wrote a major book entitled Kitab Nihayat al - Sul fi Tashih al - Usul ( A Final Inquiry Concerning the Rectification of Planetary Theory ) on a theory which departs largely from the Ptolemaic system known at that time . In his book , Ibn al - Shatir , an Arab astronomer of the fourteenth century , E.S. Kennedy wrote `` what is of most interest , however , is that Ibn al - Shatir 's lunar theory , except for trivial differences in parameters , is identical with that of Copernicus ( 1473 -- 1543 AD ) . '' The discovery that the models of Ibn al - Shatir are mathematically identical to those of Copernicus suggests the possible transmission of these models to Europe . At the Maragha and Samarkand observatories , the Earth 's rotation was discussed by al - Tusi and Ali Qushji ( b . 1403 ) ; the arguments and evidence they used resemble those used by Copernicus to support the Earth 's motion . However , the Maragha school never made the paradigm shift to heliocentrism . The influence of the Maragha school on Copernicus remains speculative , since there is no documentary evidence to prove it . The possibility that Copernicus independently developed the Tusi couple remains open , since no researcher has yet demonstrated that he knew about Tusi 's work or that of the Maragha school . Geocentrism and rival systems ( edit ) The examples and perspective in this article may not include all significant viewpoints . Please improve the article or discuss the issue . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This drawing from an Icelandic manuscript dated around 1750 illustrates the geocentric model . Not all Greeks agreed with the geocentric model . The Pythagorean system has already been mentioned ; some Pythagoreans believed the Earth to be one of several planets going around a central fire . Hicetas and Ecphantus , two Pythagoreans of the 5th century BC , and Heraclides Ponticus in the 4th century BC , believed that the Earth rotated on its axis but remained at the center of the universe . Such a system still qualifies as geocentric . It was revived in the Middle Ages by Jean Buridan . Heraclides Ponticus was once thought to have proposed that both Venus and Mercury went around the Sun rather than the Earth , but this is no longer accepted . Martianus Capella definitely put Mercury and Venus in orbit around the Sun . Aristarchus of Samos was the most radical . He wrote a work , which has not survived , on heliocentrism , saying that the Sun was at the center of the universe , while the Earth and other planets revolved around it . His theory was not popular , and he had one named follower , Seleucus of Seleucia . Copernican system ( edit ) Main article : Copernican heliocentrism In 1543 , the geocentric system met its first serious challenge with the publication of Copernicus ' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres ) , which posited that the Earth and the other planets instead revolved around the Sun . The geocentric system was still held for many years afterwards , as at the time the Copernican system did not offer better predictions than the geocentric system , and it posed problems for both natural philosophy and scripture . The Copernican system was no more accurate than Ptolemy 's system , because it still used circular orbits . This was not altered until Johannes Kepler postulated that they were elliptical ( Kepler 's first law of planetary motion ) . With the invention of the telescope in 1609 , observations made by Galileo Galilei ( such as that Jupiter has moons ) called into question some of the tenets of geocentrism but did not seriously threaten it . Because he observed dark `` spots '' on the moon , craters , he remarked that the moon was not a perfect celestial body as had been previously conceived . This was the first time someone could see imperfections on a celestial body that was supposed to be composed of perfect aether . As such , because the moon 's imperfections could now be related to those seen on Earth , one could argue that neither was unique : rather , they were both just celestial bodies made from Earth - like material . Galileo could also see the moons of Jupiter , which he dedicated to Cosimo II de ' Medici , and stated that they orbited around Jupiter , not Earth . This was a significant claim as it would mean not only that not everything revolved around Earth as stated in the Ptolemaic model , but also showed a secondary celestial body could orbit a moving celestial body , strengthening the heliocentric argument that a moving Earth could retain the Moon . Galileo 's observations were verified by other astronomers of the time period who quickly adopted use of the telescope , including Christoph Scheiner , Johannes Kepler , and Giovan Paulo Lembo . Phases of Venus In December 1610 , Galileo Galilei used his telescope to observe that Venus showed all phases , just like the Moon . He thought that while this observation was incompatible with the Ptolemaic system , it was a natural consequence of the heliocentric system . However , Ptolemy placed Venus ' deferent and epicycle entirely inside the sphere of the Sun ( between the Sun and Mercury ) , but this was arbitrary ; he could just as easily have swapped Venus and Mercury and put them on the other side of the Sun , or made any other arrangement of Venus and Mercury , as long as they were always near a line running from the Earth through the Sun , such as placing the center of the Venus epicycle near the Sun . In this case , if the Sun is the source of all the light , under the Ptolemaic system : If Venus is between Earth and the Sun , the phase of Venus must always be crescent or all dark . If Venus is beyond the Sun , the phase of Venus must always be gibbous or full . But Galileo saw Venus at first small and full , and later large and crescent . In this depiction of the Tychonic system , the objects on blue orbits ( the moon and the sun ) revolve around the Earth . The objects on orange orbits ( Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter , and Saturn ) revolve around the sun . Around all is a sphere of stars , which rotates . This showed that with a Ptolemaic cosmology , the Venus epicycle can be neither completely inside nor completely outside of the orbit of the Sun . As a result , Ptolemaics abandoned the idea that the epicycle of Venus was completely inside the Sun , and later 17th century competition between astronomical cosmologies focused on variations of Tycho Brahe 's Tychonic system ( in which the Earth was still at the center of the universe , and around it revolved the Sun , but all other planets revolved around the Sun in one massive set of epicycles ) , or variations on the Copernican system . Gravitation ( edit ) Johannes Kepler analysed Tycho Brahe 's famously accurate observations and afterwards constructed his three laws in 1609 and 1619 , based on a heliocentric view where the planets move in elliptical paths . Using these laws , he was the first astronomer to successfully predict a transit of Venus ( for the year 1631 ) . The change from circular orbits to elliptical planetary paths dramatically improved the accuracy of celestial observations and predictions . Because the heliocentric model by Copernicus was no more accurate than Ptolemy 's system , new observations were needed to persuade those who still held on to the geocentric model . However , Kepler 's laws based on Brahe 's data became a problem which geocentrists could not easily overcome . In 1687 , Isaac Newton stated the law of universal gravitation , described earlier as a hypothesis by Robert Hooke and others . His main achievement was to mathematically derive Kepler 's laws of planetary motion from the law of gravitation , thus helping to prove the latter . This introduced gravitation as the force that both kept the Earth and planets moving through the heavens and also kept the air from flying away . The theory of gravity allowed scientists to construct a plausible heliocentric model for the solar system quickly . In his Principia , Newton explained his system of how gravity , previously thought of as an occult force ( that is , an unexplained force ) , directed the movements of celestial bodies , and kept our solar system in its working order . His descriptions of centripetal force were a breakthrough in scientific thought which used the newly developed differential calculus , and finally replaced the previous schools of scientific thought , i.e. those of Aristotle and Ptolemy . However , the process was gradual . Several empirical tests of Newton 's theory , explaining the longer period of oscillation of a pendulum at the equator and the differing size of a degree of latitude , gradually became available over the period 1673 -- 1738 . In addition , stellar aberration was observed by Robert Hooke in 1674 and tested in a series of observations by Jean Picard over ten years finishing in 1680 . However , it was not explained until 1729 when James Bradley provided an approximate explanation in terms of the Earth 's revolution about the sun . In 1838 , astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel measured the parallax of the star 61 Cygni successfully , and disproved Ptolemy 's claim that parallax motion did not exist . This finally confirmed the assumptions made by Copernicus , provided accurate , dependable scientific observations , and displayed truly how far away stars were from Earth . A geocentric frame is useful for many everyday activities and most laboratory experiments , but is a less appropriate choice for solar - system mechanics and space travel . While a heliocentric frame is most useful in those cases , galactic and extra-galactic astronomy is easier if the sun is treated as neither stationary nor the center of the universe , but rotating around the center of our galaxy , and in turn our galaxy is also not at rest in the cosmic background . Relativity ( edit ) Albert Einstein and Leopold Infeld wrote in The Evolution of Physics ( 1938 ) : `` Can we formulate physical laws so that they are valid for all CS ( = coordinate systems ) , not only those moving uniformly , but also those moving quite arbitrarily , relative to each other ? If this can be done , our difficulties will be over . We shall then be able to apply the laws of nature to any CS . The struggle , so violent in the early days of science , between the views of Ptolemy and Copernicus would then be quite meaningless . Either CS could be used with equal justification . The two sentences , ' the sun is at rest and the Earth moves ' , or ' the sun moves and the Earth is at rest ' , would simply mean two different conventions concerning two different CS . Could we build a real relativistic physics valid in all CS ; a physics in which there would be no place for absolute , but only for relative , motion ? This is indeed possible ! '' Despite giving more respectability to the geocentric view than Newtonian physics does , relativity is not geocentric . Rather , relativity states that the Sun , the Earth , the Moon , Jupiter , or any other point for that matter could be chosen as a center of the solar system with equal validity . For this reason Robert Sungenis , a modern geocentrist , spent much of Volume I of his book Galileo Was Wrong : The Church Was Right critiquing and trying to unravel the Special and General theories of Relativity . Relativity agrees with Newtonian predictions that regardless of whether the Sun or the Earth are chosen arbitrarily as the center of the coordinate system describing the solar system , the paths of the planets form ( roughly ) ellipses with respect to the Sun , not the Earth . With respect to the average reference frame of the fixed stars , the planets do indeed move around the Sun , which due to its much larger mass , moves far less than its own diameter and the gravity of which is dominant in determining the orbits of the planets . ( In other words , the center of mass of the solar system is near the center of the Sun . ) The Earth and Moon are much closer to being a binary planet ; the center of mass around which they both rotate is still inside the Earth , but is about 4,624 km ( 2,873 mi ) or 72.6 % of the Earth 's radius away from the centre of the Earth ( thus closer to the surface than the center ) . What the principle of relativity points out is that correct mathematical calculations can be made regardless of the reference frame chosen , and these will all agree with each other as to the predictions of actual motions of bodies with respect to each other . It is not necessary to choose the object in the solar system with the largest gravitational field as the center of the coordinate system in order to predict the motions of planetary bodies , though doing so may make calculations easier to perform or interpret . A geocentric coordinate system can be more convenient when dealing only with bodies mostly influenced by the gravity of the Earth ( such as artificial satellites and the Moon ) , or when calculating what the sky will look like when viewed from Earth ( as opposed to an imaginary observer looking down on the entire solar system , where a different coordinate system might be more convenient ) . Religious and contemporary adherence to geocentrism ( edit ) Map of the Square and Stationary Earth , by Orlando Ferguson ( 1893 ) The Ptolemaic model of the solar system held sway into the early modern age ; from the late 16th century onward it was gradually replaced as the consensus description by the heliocentric model . Geocentrism as a separate religious belief , however , never completely died out . In the United States between 1870 and 1920 , for example , various members of the Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod published articles disparaging Copernican astronomy , and geocentrism was widely taught within the synod during that period . However , in the 1902 Theological Quarterly , A.L. Graebner claimed that the synod had no doctrinal position on geocentrism , heliocentrism , or any scientific model , unless it were to contradict Scripture . He stated that any possible declarations of geocentrists within the synod did not set the position of the church body as a whole . Articles arguing that geocentrism was the biblical perspective appeared in some early creation science newsletters pointing to some passages in the Bible , which , when taken literally , indicate that the daily apparent motions of the Sun and the Moon are due to their actual motions around the Earth rather than due to the rotation of the Earth about its axis . For example , in Joshua 10 : 12 , the Sun and Moon are said to stop in the sky , and in Psalms the world is described as immobile . Psalms 93 : 1 says in part `` the world is established , firm and secure '' . ) Contemporary advocates for such religious beliefs include Robert Sungenis ( president of Bellarmine Theological Forum and author of the 2006 book Galileo Was Wrong ) . These people subscribe to the view that a plain reading of the Bible contains an accurate account of the manner in which the universe was created and requires a geocentric worldview . Modern geocentrism has been called pseudoscientific , and most contemporary creationist organizations reject such perspectives . After all , Copernicanism was the first major victory of science over religion , so it 's inevitable that some folks would think that everything that 's wrong with the world began there . -- Steven Dutch of the University of Wisconsin -- Madison Morris Berman quotes a 2006 survey that show currently some 20 % of the U.S. population believe that the sun goes around the Earth ( geocentricism ) rather than the Earth goes around the sun ( heliocentricism ) , while a further 9 % claimed not to know . Polls conducted by Gallup in the 1990s found that 16 % of Germans , 18 % of Americans and 19 % of Britons hold that the Sun revolves around the Earth . A study conducted in 2005 by Jon D. Miller of Northwestern University , an expert in the public understanding of science and technology , found that about 20 % , or one in five , of American adults believe that the Sun orbits the Earth . According to 2011 VTSIOM poll , 32 % of Russians believe that the Sun orbits the Earth . Historical positions of the Roman Catholic hierarchy ( edit ) The famous Galileo affair pitted the geocentric model against the claims of Galileo . In regards to the theological basis for such an argument , two Popes addressed the question of whether the use of phenomenological language would compel one to admit an error in Scripture . Both taught that it would not . Pope Leo XIII ( 1878 -- 1903 ) wrote : we have to contend against those who , making an evil use of physical science , minutely scrutinize the Sacred Book in order to detect the writers in a mistake , and to take occasion to vilify its contents ... There can never , indeed , be any real discrepancy between the theologian and the physicist , as long as each confines himself within his own lines , and both are careful , as St. Augustine warns us , `` not to make rash assertions , or to assert what is not known as known '' . If dissension should arise between them , here is the rule also laid down by St. Augustine , for the theologian : `` Whatever they can really demonstrate to be true of physical nature , we must show to be capable of reconciliation with our Scriptures ; and whatever they assert in their treatises which is contrary to these Scriptures of ours , that is to Catholic faith , we must either prove it as well as we can to be entirely false , or at all events we must , without the smallest hesitation , believe it to be so . '' To understand how just is the rule here formulated we must remember , first , that the sacred writers , or to speak more accurately , the Holy Ghost `` Who spoke by them , did not intend to teach men these things ( that is to say , the essential nature of the things of the visible universe ) , things in no way profitable unto salvation . '' Hence they did not seek to penetrate the secrets of nature , but rather described and dealt with things in more or less figurative language , or in terms which were commonly used at the time , and which in many instances are in daily use at this day , even by the most eminent men of science . Ordinary speech primarily and properly describes what comes under the senses ; and somewhat in the same way the sacred writers - as the Angelic Doctor also reminds us -- `` went by what sensibly appeared '' , or put down what God , speaking to men , signified , in the way men could understand and were accustomed to . -- Providentissimus Deus 18 Maurice Finocchiaro , author of a book on the Galileo affair , notes that this is `` a view of the relationship between biblical interpretation and scientific investigation that corresponds to the one advanced by Galileo in the `` Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina '' . Pope Pius XII ( 1939 -- 1958 ) repeated his predecessor 's teaching : The first and greatest care of Leo XIII was to set forth the teaching on the truth of the Sacred Books and to defend it from attack . Hence with grave words did he proclaim that there is no error whatsoever if the sacred writer , speaking of things of the physical order `` went by what sensibly appeared '' as the Angelic Doctor says , speaking either `` in figurative language , or in terms which were commonly used at the time , and which in many instances are in daily use at this day , even among the most eminent men of science '' . For `` the sacred writers , or to speak more accurately -- the words are St. Augustine 's -- the Holy Spirit , Who spoke by them , did not intend to teach men these things -- that is the essential nature of the things of the universe -- things in no way profitable to salvation '' ; which principle `` will apply to cognate sciences , and especially to history '' , that is , by refuting , `` in a somewhat similar way the fallacies of the adversaries and defending the historical truth of Sacred Scripture from their attacks '' . -- Divino afflante Spiritu , 3 In 1664 , Pope Alexander VII republished the Index Librorum Prohibitorum ( List of Prohibited Books ) and attached the various decrees connected with those books , including those concerned with heliocentrism . He stated in a Papal Bull that his purpose in doing so was that `` the succession of things done from the beginning might be made known ( quo rei ab initio gestae series innotescat ) '' . The position of the curia evolved slowly over the centuries towards permitting the heliocentric view . In 1757 , during the papacy of Benedict XIV , the Congregation of the Index withdrew the decree which prohibited all books teaching the Earth 's motion , although the Dialogue and a few other books continued to be explicitly included . In 1820 , the Congregation of the Holy Office , with the pope 's approval , decreed that Catholic astronomer Giuseppe Settele was allowed to treat the Earth 's motion as an established fact and removed any obstacle for Catholics to hold to the motion of the Earth : The Assessor of the Holy Office has referred the request of Giuseppe Settele , Professor of Optics and Astronomy at La Sapienza University , regarding permission to publish his work Elements of Astronomy in which he espouses the common opinion of the astronomers of our time regarding the Earth 's daily and yearly motions , to His Holiness through Divine Providence , Pope Pius VII . Previously , His Holiness had referred this request to the Supreme Sacred Congregation and concurrently to the consideration of the Most Eminent and Most Reverend General Cardinal Inquisitor . His Holiness has decreed that no obstacles exist for those who sustain Copernicus ' affirmation regarding the Earth 's movement in the manner in which it is affirmed today , even by Catholic authors . He has , moreover , suggested the insertion of several notations into this work , aimed at demonstrating that the above mentioned affirmation ( of Copernicus ) , as it has come to be understood , does not present any difficulties ; difficulties that existed in times past , prior to the subsequent astronomical observations that have now occurred . ( Pope Pius VII ) has also recommended that the implementation ( of these decisions ) be given to the Cardinal Secretary of the Supreme Sacred Congregation and Master of the Sacred Apostolic Palace . He is now appointed the task of bringing to an end any concerns and criticisms regarding the printing of this book , and , at the same time , ensuring that in the future , regarding the publication of such works , permission is sought from the Cardinal Vicar whose signature will not be given without the authorization of the Superior of his Order . In 1822 , the Congregation of the Holy Office removed the prohibition on the publication of books treating of the Earth 's motion in accordance with modern astronomy and Pope Pius VII ratified the decision : The most excellent ( cardinals ) have decreed that there must be no denial , by the present or by future Masters of the Sacred Apostolic Palace , of permission to print and to publish works which treat of the mobility of the Earth and of the immobility of the sun , according to the common opinion of modern astronomers , as long as there are no other contrary indications , on the basis of the decrees of the Sacred Congregation of the Index of 1757 and of this Supreme ( Holy Office ) of 1820 ; and that those who would show themselves to be reluctant or would disobey , should be forced under punishments at the choice of ( this ) Sacred Congregation , with derogation of ( their ) claimed privileges , where necessary . The 1835 edition of the Catholic Index of Prohibited Books for the first time omits the Dialogue from the list . In his 1921 papal encyclical , In praeclara summorum , Pope Benedict XV stated that , `` though this Earth on which we live may not be the center of the universe as at one time was thought , it was the scene of the original happiness of our first ancestors , witness of their unhappy fall , as too of the Redemption of mankind through the Passion and Death of Jesus Christ '' . In 1965 the Second Vatican Council stated that , `` Consequently , we can not but deplore certain habits of mind , which are sometimes found too among Christians , which do not sufficiently attend to the rightful independence of science and which , from the arguments and controversies they spark , lead many minds to conclude that faith and science are mutually opposed . '' The footnote on this statement is to Msgr . Pio Paschini 's , Vita e opere di Galileo Galilei , 2 volumes , Vatican Press ( 1964 ) . Pope John Paul II regretted the treatment which Galileo received , in a speech to the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in 1992 . The Pope declared the incident to be based on a `` tragic mutual miscomprehension '' . He further stated : Cardinal Poupard has also reminded us that the sentence of 1633 was not irreformable , and that the debate which had not ceased to evolve thereafter , was closed in 1820 with the imprimatur given to the work of Canon Settele ... The error of the theologians of the time , when they maintained the centrality of the Earth , was to think that our understanding of the physical world 's structure was , in some way , imposed by the literal sense of Sacred Scripture . Let us recall the celebrated saying attributed to Baronius `` Spiritui Sancto mentem fuisse nos docere quomodo ad coelum eatur , non quomodo coelum gradiatur '' . In fact , the Bible does not concern itself with the details of the physical world , the understanding of which is the competence of human experience and reasoning . There exist two realms of knowledge , one which has its source in Revelation and one which reason can discover by its own power . To the latter belong especially the experimental sciences and philosophy . The distinction between the two realms of knowledge ought not to be understood as opposition . Orthodox Judaism ( edit ) A few Orthodox Jewish leaders maintain a geocentric model of the universe based on the aforementioned Biblical verses and an interpretation of Maimonides to the effect that he ruled that the Earth is orbited by the sun . The Lubavitcher Rebbe also explained that geocentrism is defensible based on the theory of Relativity , which establishes that `` when two bodies in space are in motion relative to one another , ... science declares with absolute certainty that from the scientific point of view both possibilities are equally valid , namely that the Earth revolves around the sun , or the sun revolves around the Earth '' , although he also went on to refer to people who believed in geocentrism as `` remaining in the world of Copernicus '' . The Zohar implies : `` The entire world and those upon it , spin round in a circle like a ball '' , both those at the bottom of the ball and those at the top . All God 's creatures , wherever they live on the different parts of the ball , look different ( in color , in their features ) because the air is different in each place , but they stand erect as all other human beings . Therefore , there are places in the world where , when some have light , others have darkness ; when some have day , others have night . While geocentrism is important in Maimonides ' calendar calculations , the great majority of Jewish religious scholars , who accept the divinity of the Bible and accept many of his rulings as legally binding , do not believe that the Bible or Maimonides command a belief in geocentrism . Islam ( edit ) Prominent cases of modern geocentrism in Islam are very isolated . Very few individuals promoted a geocentric view of the universe . One of them was Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi , a Sunni scholar of Indian subcontinent . He rejected the heliocentric model and wrote a book that explains the movement of sun , moon and other planets around the Earth . The Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia from 1993 to 1999 , Ibn Baz also promoted the geocentric view between 1966 and 1985 . Planetariums ( edit ) The geocentric ( Ptolemaic ) model of the solar system is still of interest to planetarium makers , as , for technical reasons , a Ptolemaic - type motion for the planet light apparatus has some advantages over a Copernican - type motion . The celestial sphere , still used for teaching purposes and sometimes for navigation , is also based on a geocentric system which in effect ignores parallax . However this effect is negligible at the scale of accuracy that applies to a planetarium . See also ( edit ) Astronomy portal Cosmology portal Celestial spheres Firmament Flat Earth Religious cosmology Sphere of fire Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Egyptian universe was substantially similar to the Babylonian universe ; it was pictured as a rectangular box with a north - south orientation and with a slightly concave surface , with Egypt in the center . A good idea of the similarly primitive state of Hebrew astronomy can be gained from Biblical writings , such as the Genesis creation story and the various Psalms that extol the firmament , the stars , the sun , and the earth . The Hebrews saw the earth as an almost flat surface consisting of a solid and a liquid part , and the sky as the realm of light in which heavenly bodies move . The earth rested on cornerstones and could not be moved except by Jehovah ( as in an earthquake ) . According to the Hebrews , the sun and the moon were only a short distance from one another Jump up ^ The picture of the universe in Talmudic texts has the Earth in the center of creation with heaven as a hemisphere spread over it . The Earth is usually described as a disk encircled by water . Interestingly , cosmological and metaphysical speculations were not to be cultivated in public nor were they to be committed to writing . Rather , they were considered as `` secrets of the Torah not to be passed on to all and sundry '' ( Ketubot 112a ) . While study of God 's creation was not prohibited , speculations about `` what is above , what is beneath , what is before , and what is after '' ( Mishnah Hagigah : 2 ) were restricted to the intellectual elite . Jump up ^ `` firmament -- The division made by God , according to the P account of creation , to restrain the cosmic water and form the sky ( Genesis 1 : 6 -- 8 ) . Hebrew cosmology pictured a flat earth , over which was a dome - shaped firmament , supported above the earth by mountains , and surrounded by waters . Holes or sluices ( windows , Gen. 7 : 11 ) allowed the water to fall as rain . The firmament was the heavens in which God set the sun ( Psalms 19 : 4 ) and the stars ( Genesis 1 : 4 ) on the fourth day of the creation . There was more water under the earth ( Genesis 1 : 7 ) and during the Flood the two great oceans joined up and covered the earth ; sheol was at the bottom of the earth ( Isa. 14 : 9 ; Num. 16 : 30 ) . '' Jump up ^ The cosmographical structure assumed by this text is the ancient , traditional flat earth model that was common throughout the Near East and that persisted in Jewish tradition because of its place in the religiously authoritative biblical materials . Jump up ^ `` The term `` firmament '' ( רקיע - rāqîa ' ) denotes the atmosphere between the heavenly realm and the earth ( Gen. 1 : 6 -- 7 , 20 ) where the celestial bodies move ( Gen. 1 : 14 -- 17 ) . It can also be used as a synonym for `` heaven '' ( Gen. 1 : 8 ; Ps. 19 : 2 ) . This `` firmament is part of the heavenly structure whether it is the equivalent of ' heaven / sky ' or is what separates it from the earth ... The ancient Israelites also used more descriptive terms for how God created the celestial realm , and based on the collection of these more specific and illustrative terms , I would propose that they had two basic ideas of the composition of the heavenly realm . First is the idea that the heavenly realm was imagined as a vast cosmic canopy . The verb used to describe metaphorically how God stretched out this canopy over earth is הטנ ( nātāh ) ' stretch out ' , or ' spread ' . ' I made the earth , and created humankind upon it ; it was my hands that stretched out the heavens , and I commanded all their host ( Isa. 45 : 12 ) . ' In the Bible this verb is used to describe the stretching out ( pitching ) of a tent . Since the texts that mention the stretching out of the sky are typically drawing on creation imagery , it seems that the figure intends to suggest that the heavens are Yahweh 's cosmic tent . One can imagine ancient Israelites gazing up to the stars and comparing the canopy of the sky to the roofs of the tents under which they lived . In fact , if one were to look up at the ceiling of a dark tent with small holes in the roof during the daytime , the roof , with the sunlight shining through the holes , would look very much like the night sky with all its stars . The second image of the material composition of the heavenly realm involves a firm substance . The term רקיע ( răqîa ' ) , typically translated ' firmament ' , indicates the expanse above the earth . The root רקע means ' stamp out ' or ' forge ' . The idea of a solid , forged surface fits well with Ezekiel 1 where God 's throne rests upon the רקיע ( răqîa ' ) . According to Genesis 1 , the רקיע ( rāqîa ' ) is the sphere of the celestial bodies ( Gen. 1 : 6 -- 8 , 14 -- 17 ; cf . ben Sira 43 : 8 ) . It may be that some imagined the עיקר to be a firm substance on which the celestial bodies rode during their daily journeys across the sky . '' Jump up ^ In the course of the Second Temple Period Jews , and eventually Christians , began to describe the universe in new terms . The model of the universe inherited form the Hebrew Bible and the Ancient Near East of a flat earth completely surrounded by water with a heavenly realm of the gods arching above from horizon to horizon became obsolete . In the past the heavenly realm was for gods only . It was the place where all events on earth were determined by the gods , and their decisions were irrevocable . The gulf between the gods and humans could not have been greater . The evolution of Jewish cosmography in the course of the Second Temple Period followed developments in Hellenistic astronomy . Jump up ^ What is described in Genesis 1 : 1 to 2 : 3 was the commonly accepted structure of the universe from at least late in the second millennium BCE to the fourth or third century BCE . It represents a coherent model for the experiences of the people of Mesopotamia through that period . It reflects a world - view that made sense of water coming from the sky and the ground as well as the regular apparent movements of the stars , sun , moon , and planets . There is a clear understanding of the restrictions on breeding between different species of animals and of the way in which human beings had gained control over what were , by then , domestic animals . There is also recognition of the ability of humans to change the environment in which they lived . This same understanding occurred also in the great creation stories of Mesopotamia ; these stories formed the basis for the Jewish theological reflections of the Hebrew Scriptures concerning the creation of the world . The Jewish priests and theologians who constructed the narrative took accepted ideas about the structure of the world and reflected theologically on them in the light of their experience and faith . There was never any clash between Jewish and Babylonian people about the structure of the world , but only about who was responsible for it and its ultimate theological meaning . The envisaged structure is simple : Earth was seen as being situated in the middle of a great volume of water , with water both above and below Earth . A great dome was thought to be set above Earth ( like an inverted glass bowl ) , maintaining the water above Earth in its place . Earth was pictured as resting on foundations that go down into the deep . These foundations secured the stability of the land as something that is not floating on the water and so could not be tossed about by wind and wave . The waters surrounding Earth were thought to have been gathered together in their place . The stars , sun , moon , and planets moved in their allotted paths across the great dome above Earth , with their movements defining the months , seasons , and year . Jump up ^ From Myth to Cosmos : The earliest speculations about the origin and nature of the world took the form of religious myths . Almost all ancient cultures developed cosmological stories to explain the basic features of the cosmos : Earth and its inhabitants , sky , sea , sun , moon , and stars . For example , for the Babylonians , the creation of the universe was seen as born from a primeval pair of human - like gods . In early Egyptian cosmology , eclipses were explained as the moon being swallowed temporarily by a sow or as the sun being attacked by a serpent . For the early Hebrews , whose account is preserved in the biblical book of Genesis , a single God created the universe in stages within the relatively recent past . Such pre-scientific cosmologies tended to assume a flat Earth , a finite past , ongoing active interference by deities or spirits in the cosmic order , and stars and planets ( visible to the naked eye only as points of light ) that were different in nature from Earth . Jump up ^ This argument is given in Book I , Chapter 5 , of the Almagest . Jump up ^ Donald B. DeYoung , for example , states that `` Similar terminology is often used today when we speak of the sun 's rising and setting , even though the earth , not the sun , is doing the moving . Bible writers used the ' language of appearance , ' just as people always have . Without it , the intended message would be awkward at best and probably not understood clearly . When the Bible touches on scientific subjects , it is entirely accurate . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawson , Russell M. ( 2004 ) . Science in the Ancient World : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 29 -- 30 . ISBN 1851095349 . Jump up ^ Kuhn 1957 , pp. 5 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Abetti , Giorgio ( 2012 ) . `` Cosmology '' . Encyclopedia Americana ( Online ed . ) . Grolier . Jump up ^ Tirosh - Samuelson , Hava ( 2003 ) . `` Topic Overview : Judaism '' . In van Huyssteen , J. Wentzel Vrede . Encyclopedia of Science and Religion . 2 . New York : Macmillan Reference USA . pp. 477 -- 83 . Jump up ^ Gandz , Solomon ( 1953 ) . `` The distribution of land and sea on the Earth 's surface according to Hebrew sources '' . Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research . 22 : 23 -- 53 . Like the Midrash and the Talmud , the Targum does not think of a globe of the spherical earth , around which the sun revolves in 24 hours , but of a flat disk of the earth , above which the sun completes its semicircle in an average of 12 hours . Jump up ^ Browning , W.R.F. ( 1997 ) . `` firmament '' . Dictionary of the Bible ( Oxford Reference Online ed . ) . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Wright , J. Edward ( 2000 ) . The Early History Of Heaven . Oxford University Press . p. 155 . Jump up ^ Wright 2000 , pp. 55 -- 6 Jump up ^ Wright 2000 , p. 201 Jump up ^ Selley , Richard C. ; Cocks , L. Robin M. ; Plimer , Ian R. , eds. ( 2005 ) . `` Biblical Geology '' . Encyclopedia of Geology. 1 . Amsterdam : Elsevier . p. 253 -- via Gale Virtual Reference Library . Jump up ^ Applebaum , Wilbur ( 2009 ) . `` Astronomy and Cosmology : Cosmology '' . In Lerner , K. Lee ; Lerner , Brenda Wilmoth . Scientific Thought : In Context. 1 . Detroit : Gale . pp. 20 -- 31 -- via Gale Virtual Reference Library . Jump up ^ Fraser , Craig G. ( 2006 ) . The Cosmos : A Historical Perspective . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Hetherington , Norriss S. ( 2006 ) . Planetary Motions : A Historical Perspective . p. 28 . Jump up ^ Crowe 1990 , pp. 60 -- 2 Jump up ^ Goldstein , Bernard R. ( 1967 ) . `` The Arabic version of Ptolemy 's planetary hypothesis '' . Transactions of the American Philosophical Society . 57 ( pt. 4 ) : 6 . JSTOR 1006040 . Jump up ^ A.I. Sabra , `` Configuring the Universe : Aporetic , Problem Solving , and Kinematic Modeling as Themes of Arabic Astronomy , '' Perspectives on Science 6.3 ( 1998 ) : 288 -- 330 , at pp. 317 -- 18 : All Islamic astronomers from Thabit ibn Qurra in the ninth century to Ibn al - Shatir in the fourteenth , and all natural philosophers from al - Kindi to Averroes and later , are known to have accepted ... the Greek picture of the world as consisting of two spheres of which one , the celestial sphere ... concentrically envelops the other . Jump up ^ Hoskin , Michael ( 1999 - 03 - 18 ) . The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy . Cambridge University Press . p. 60 . ISBN 9780521576000 . ^ Jump up to : Ragep , F. Jamil ( 2001 ) . `` Tusi and Copernicus : The Earth 's motion in context '' . Science in Context . Cambridge University Press . 14 ( 1 - 2 ) : 145 -- 163 . doi : 10.1017 / s0269889701000060 . ^ Jump up to : Ragep , F. Jamil ( 2001 ) . `` Freeing astronomy from philosophy : An aspect of Islamic influence on science '' . Osiris . 2nd Series . 16 ( Science in Theistic Contexts : Cognitive Dimensions ) : 49 -- 64 , 66 -- 71 . doi : 10.1086 / 649338 . ^ Jump up to : Setia , Adi ( 2004 ) . `` Fakhr Al - Din Al - Razi on physics and the nature of the physical world : A preliminary survey '' . Islam & Science . 2 . Jump up ^ Alessandro Bausani ( 1973 ) . `` Cosmology and Religion in Islam '' . Scientia / Rivista di Scienza. 108 ( 67 ) : 762 . ^ Jump up to : Young , M.J.L. , ed. ( 2006 - 11 - 02 ) . Religion , Learning and Science in the ' Abbasid Period . Cambridge University Press . p. 413 . ISBN 9780521028875 . Jump up ^ Nasr , Seyyed Hossein ( 1993 - 01 - 01 ) . An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines . SUNY Press . p. 135 . ISBN 9781438414195 . Jump up ^ Qadir ( 1989 ) , p. 5 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Nicolaus Copernicus , Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy ( 2004 ) . Jump up ^ Rufus , W.C. ( May 1939 ) . `` The influence of Islamic astronomy in Europe and the far east '' . Popular Astronomy . Vol. 47 no . 5 . pp. 233 -- 8 . Bibcode : 1939PA ... 47 ... 233R . Jump up ^ Hartner , Willy ( 1955 ) . `` The Mercury horoscope of Marcantonio Michiel of Venice '' . Vistas in Astronomy . 1 : 118 -- 22 . Bibcode : 1955VA ... 1 ... 84H . doi : 10.1016 / 0083 - 6656 ( 55 ) 90016 - 7 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Bernard R. ( 1972 ) . `` Theory and observation in medieval astronomy '' . Isis. 63 ( 1 ) : 41 . doi : 10.1086 / 350839 . Jump up ^ `` Ptolemaic Astronomy , Islamic Planetary Theory , and Copernicus 's Debt to the Maragha School '' . Science and Its Times . Thomson Gale. 2006 . Jump up ^ Samsó , Julio ( 1970 -- 80 ) . `` Al - Bitruji Al - Ishbili , Abu Ishaq '' . Dictionary of Scientific Biography . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . ISBN 0 - 684 - 10114 - 9 . Jump up ^ Saliba , George ( 1994 ) . A History of Arabic Astronomy : Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam . New York University Press . pp. 233 -- 234 , 240 . ISBN 0814780237 . Jump up ^ Dallal , Ahmad ( 1999 ) . `` Science , Medicine and Technology '' . In Esposito , John . The Oxford History of Islam . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 171 . Jump up ^ Guessoum , N. ( June 2008 ) . `` Copernicus and Ibn Al - Shatir : Does the Copernican revolution have Islamic roots ? '' . The Observatory . 128 : 231 -- 9 . Bibcode : 2008Obs ... 128 ... 231G . ^ Jump up to : Huff , Toby E. ( 2003 ) . The Rise of Early Modern Science : Islam , China and the West . Cambridge University Press . p. 58 . ISBN 9780521529945 . Jump up ^ Kirmani , M. Zaki ; Singh , Nagendra Kr ( 2005 ) . Encyclopaedia of Islamic Science and Scientists : A-H . Global Vision . ISBN 9788182200586 . Jump up ^ Johansen , K.F. ; Rosenmeier , H. ( 1998 ) . A History of Ancient Philosophy : From the Beginnings to Augustine . p. 43 . Jump up ^ Sarton , George ( 1953 ) . Ancient Science Through the Golden Age of Greece . p. 290 . Jump up ^ Eastwood , B.S. ( 1992 - 11 - 01 ) . `` Heraclides and heliocentrism -- Texts diagrams and interpretations '' . Journal for the History of Astronomy . 23 : 233 . Bibcode : 1992JHA ... 23 ... 233E . Jump up ^ Lindberg , David C. ( 2010 ) . The Beginnings of Western Science : The European Scientific Tradition in Philosophical , Religious , and Institutional Context , Prehistory to A.D. 1450 ( 2nd ed . ) . University of Chicago Press . p. 197 . ISBN 9780226482040 . Jump up ^ Lawson 2004 , p. 19 Jump up ^ Russell , Bertrand ( 2013 ) ( 1945 ) . A History of Western Philosophy . Routledge . p. 215 . ISBN 9781134343676 . Jump up ^ Finocchiaro , Maurice A. ( 2008 ) . The Essential Galileo . Indianapolis , IL : Hackett . p. 49 . Jump up ^ `` Galileo and the Telescope '' . Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Lattis , James L. ( 1995 ) . Between Copernicus and Galileo : Christoph Clavius and the Collapse of Ptolemaic Cosmology , University of Chicago Press , pgs 186 - 190 Jump up ^ Densmore , Dana , ed. ( 2004 ) . Selections from Newton 's Principia . Green Lion Press . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Einstein , Albert ( 1938 ) . The Evolution of Physics ( 1966 ed . ) . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 212 . ISBN 0 - 671 - 20156 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hoyle , Fred ( 1973 ) . Nicolaus Copernicus : An Essay On His Life and Work . New York : Harper and Row . p. 87 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 011971 - 3 . Jump up ^ Hoyle , Fred ( 1973 ) . Nicolaus Copernicus : An Essay On His Life and Work . London : Heineman Educational Books Ltd. p. 1 . ISBN 0 - 435 - 54425 - X . Jump up ^ Sungenis , Robert ( 2007 ) . Galileo Was Wrong : The Church Was Right . Vol I. State Line , PA : Catholic Apologetics International Publishing . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9779640 - 5 - 5 . Jump up ^ Babinski , E.T. , ed. ( 1995 ) . `` Excerpts from Frank Zindler 's ' Report from the center of the universe ' and ' Turtles all the way down ' '' . TalkOrigins Archive . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Graebner , A.L. ( 1902 ) . `` Science and the church '' . Theological Quarterly . St. Louis , MO : Lutheran Synod of Missouri , Ohio and other states , Concordia Publishing . 6 : 37 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Numbers , Ronald L. ( 1993 ) . The Creationists : The Evolution of Scientific Creationism . University of California Press . p. 237 . ISBN 0520083938 . Jump up ^ Sefton , Dru ( 2006 - 03 - 30 ) . `` In this world view , the sun revolves around the earth '' . Times - News . Hendersonville , NC . p. 5A . Jump up ^ Modern Geocentrism : A Case Study of Pseudoscience in Astronomy Jump up ^ DeYoung , Donald B. ( 1997 - 11 - 05 ) . `` Astronomy and the Bible : Selected questions and answers excerpted from the book '' . Answers in Genesis . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Geocentrism lives Jump up ^ Berman , Morris ( 2006 ) . Dark Ages America : The Final Phase of Empire . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 9780393058666 . Jump up ^ Crabtree , Steve ( 1999 - 07 - 06 ) . `` New Poll Gauges Americans ' General Knowledge Levels '' . Gallup . Jump up ^ `` Jon D. Miller '' . Northwestern University website . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ Dean , Cornelia ( 2005 - 08 - 30 ) . `` Scientific savvy ? In U.S. , not much '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ ' СОЛНЦЕ -- СПУТНИК ЗЕМЛИ ' , ИЛИ РЕЙТИНГ НАУЧНЫХ ЗАБЛУЖДЕНИЙ РОССИЯН ( ' Sun - earth ' , or rating scientific fallacies of Russians ) ( in Russian ) ( Пресс - выпуск No 1684 ( Press release no . 1684 ) ) , ВЦИОМ ( All - Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion ) , 2011 - 02 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Finocchiaro , Maurice A. ( 1989 ) . The Galileo Affair : A Documentary History . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 307 . ISBN 9780520066625 . Jump up ^ Index librorum prohibitorum Alexandri VII ( in Latin ) . Rome : Ex typographia Reurendae Camerae Apostolicae. 1664 . p. v . Jump up ^ `` Interdisciplinary Encyclopedia of Religion and Science '' . Jump up ^ Fantoli , Annibale ( 1996 ) . Galileo : For Copernicanism and For the Church . University of Notre Dame . p. 475 . ISBN 0268010323 . Jump up ^ `` In Praeclara Summorum : Encyclical of Pope Benedict XV on Dante to Professors and Students of Literature and Learning in the Catholic World '' . Rome . 1921 - 04 - 30 . § 4 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World ' Gaudium Et Spes ' Promulgated by His Holiness , Pope Paul IV on December 7 , 1965 '' . § 36 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pope John Paul II ( 1992 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Faith can never conflict with reason '' . L'Osservatore Romano. 44 ( 1264 ) . ( Published English translation ) . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Alexander ( 2007 - 12 - 19 ) . `` Orthodox Jews & science : An empirical study of their attitudes toward evolution , the fossil record , and modern geology '' . Skeptic Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Nussbaum , Alexander ( January -- April 2002 ) . `` Creationism and geocentrism among Orthodox Jewish scientists '' . Reports of the National Center for Science Education : 38 -- 43 . Jump up ^ Schneersohn , Menachem Mendel ; Gotfryd , Arnie ( 2003 ) . Mind over Matter : The Lubavitcher Rebbe on Science , Technology and Medicine . Shamir . pp. 76ff. ; cf . xvi - xvii , 69 , 100 -- 1 , 171 -- 2 , 408ff . ISBN 9789652930804 . Jump up ^ `` Sefer Zemanim : Kiddush HaChodesh : Chapter 11 '' . Mishneh Torah . Translated by Touger , Eliyahu . Chabad - Lubavitch Media Center . Halacha 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Rabinowitz , Avi ( 1987 ) . `` EgoCentrism and GeoCentrism ; Human Significance and Existential Despair ; Bible and Science ; Fundamentalism and Skepticalism '' . Science & Religion . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 01 . Published in Branover , Herman ; Attia , Ilana Coven , eds. ( 1994 ) . Science in the Light of Torah : A B'Or Ha'Torah Reader . Jason Aronson . ISBN 9781568210346 . Jump up ^ `` Fauz e Mubeen Dar Radd e Harkat e Zamin '' . Jump up ^ Hort , William Jillard ( 1822 ) . A General View of the Sciences and Arts . p. 182 . Jump up ^ Kaler , James B. ( 2002 ) . The Ever - changing Sky : A Guide to the Celestial Sphere . p. 25 . Bibliography ( edit ) Crowe , Michael J. ( 1990 ) . Theories of the World from Antiquity to the Copernican Revolution . Mineola , NY : Dover Publications . ISBN 0486261735 . Dreyer , J.L.E. ( 1953 ) . A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler . New York : Dover Publications . Evans , James ( 1998 ) . The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy . New York : Oxford University Press . Grant , Edward ( 1984 - 01 - 01 ) . `` In Defense of the Earth 's Centrality and Immobility : Scholastic Reaction to Copernicanism in the Seventeenth Century '' . Transactions of the American Philosophical Society . New Series . 74 ( 4 ) : 1 -- 69 . doi : 10.2307 / 1006444 . ISSN 0065 - 9746 . JSTOR 1006444 . Heath , Thomas ( 1913 ) . Aristarchus of Samos . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Hoyle , Fred ( 1973 ) . Nicolaus Copernicus . Koestler , Arthur ( 1986 ) ( 1959 ) . The Sleepwalkers : A History of Man 's Changing Vision of the Universe . Penguin Books . ISBN 014055212X. 1990 reprint : ISBN 0140192468 . Kuhn , Thomas S. ( 1957 ) . The Copernican Revolution . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0674171039 . Linton , Christopher M. ( 2004 ) . From Eudoxus to Einstein -- A History of Mathematical Astronomy . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 9780521827508 . Walker , Christopher , ed. ( 1996 ) . Astronomy Before the Telescope . London : British Museum Press . ISBN 0714117463 . External links ( edit ) Another demonstration of the complexity of observed orbits when assuming a geocentric model of the solar system Geocentric Perspective animation of the Solar System in 150AD Ptolemy 's system of astronomy The Galileo Project -- Ptolemaic System ( hide ) Ancient Greek astronomy Astronomers Aglaonice Agrippa Anaximander Andronicus Apollonius Aratus Aristarchus Aristyllus Attalus Autolycus Bion Callippus Cleomedes Cleostratus Conon Eratosthenes Euctemon Eudoxus Geminus Heraclides Hicetas Hipparchus Hippocrates of Chios Hypsicles Menelaus Meton Oenopides Philip of Opus Philolaus Posidonius Ptolemy Pytheas Seleucus Sosigenes of Alexandria Sosigenes the Peripatetic Strabo Thales Theodosius Theon of Alexandria Theon of Smyrna Timocharis Works Almagest ( Ptolemy ) On Sizes and Distances ( Hipparchus ) On the Sizes and Distances ( Aristarchus ) On the Heavens ( Aristotle ) Instruments Antikythera mechanism Armillary sphere Astrolabe Dioptra Equatorial ring Gnomon Mural instrument Triquetrum Concepts Callippic cycle Celestial spheres Circle of latitude Counter-Earth Deferent and epicycle Equant Geocentrism Heliocentrism Hipparchic cycle Metonic cycle Octaeteris Solstice Spherical Earth Sublunary sphere Zodiac Influences Babylonian astronomy Egyptian astronomy Influenced Medieval European science Indian astronomy Medieval Islamic astronomy Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geocentric_model&oldid=815925406 '' Categories : Ancient Greek astronomy Celestial coordinate system Obsolete scientific theories Scientific modeling Early scientific cosmologies Copernican Revolution Hidden categories : CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) Articles needing more viewpoints from June 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 03 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who used the geocentric system to explain planetary motions	[ "In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, or the Ptolemaic system) is a superseded description of the universe with Earth at the center. Under the geocentric model, the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all orbited Earth.[1] The geocentric model served as the predominant description of the cosmos in many ancient civilizations, such as those of Aristotle and Ptolemy.", "In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, or the Ptolemaic system) is a superseded description of the universe with Earth at the center. Under the geocentric model, the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets all orbited Earth.[1] The geocentric model served as the predominant description of the cosmos in many ancient civilizations, such as those of Aristotle and Ptolemy." ]	[ "Aristotle", "Ptolemy" ]
1593206862750040789	Oggy and the Cockroaches: The Movie	Oggy and the Cockroaches : the Movie - Wikipedia Oggy and the Cockroaches : the Movie This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in French . ( October 2017 ) Click ( show ) for important translation instructions . View a machine - translated version of the French article . Google 's machine translation is a useful starting point for translations , but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate , rather than simply copy - pasting machine - translated text into the English Wikipedia . Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low - quality . If possible , verify the text with references provided in the foreign - language article . You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation . 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( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Oggy and the Cockroaches : The Movie Theatrical release poster Directed by Olivier Jean - Marie Produced by Marc du Pontavice Written by Olivier Jean - Marie Based on Oggy and the Cockroaches by Jean - Yves Raimbaud Music by Vincent Artaud Edited by Patrick Ducruet Production company Xilam France 3 Cinéma Distributed by BAC Films ( France ) Release date August 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 07 ) Running time 93 minutes Country France Budget € 5 million Oggy and the Cockroaches : The Movie ( also known as Oggy et les Cafards : Le Film in French ) is a 2013 French animated slapstick anthology comedy movie directed and written by Olivier Jean - Marie , that premiered in France on August 7 , 2013 . The movie is based on the series Oggy and the Cockroaches . Contents 1 Plot 1.1 Oggy Magnon 1.2 Prince Oggy 1.3 The Incredible Oggy Watson 1.4 Oggy - Wan Kenoggy 2 Release 3 Home Media 4 References 5 External links Plot ( edit ) This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When the Earth is made , organisms have been formed by matter . A blue shape was made from small pieces . It has floated in the water and comes up against three small forms of cockroach . The blue form pursues them and they evolve into animals and rise towards the ocean . Now the center has started now . Now , let me tell you how the war started . Oggy Magnon ( edit ) Millions of years ago , when the world was made there was a village with lots of cats . In the meantime , Oggy Magnon was playing a flute and a drum when suddenly , he saw fire in the hands of the village chief . He was afraid of fire due to this : When he was young and a storm struck out burning a tree , he got burned , causing him to cry . Poor him ... I wish he was never afraid of fire . Where was I now ? Ah , yes . When the roaches started taking the fire , Joey sneezed . No one knows why so . The Village chief was really angry on the wrong excuse he did . Jack came along to the volcano . In the meantime , the Magnon looked at a flower . It almost , I guess bit him , but DeeDee ate it all up . Even on the way , Oggy was just taking a bath in a pool until a swarm of piranhas attacked him . When the reached the walls , they chose who had to go by playing a game . Oggy `` lost '' against Jack , so he had to go restore the fire . But the cockroaches screw everything up , making themselves and the Magnon fall . Inside the volcano was a jungle that has a dog named Bob and his servants . The servants tied the cat up , bringing it to Bob . Olivia saved Oggy in time . Then it was no one but him ... and Olivia ! When she greeted him , Oggy screamed as if he were in trouble , and then he was unconscious . When he woke up , he found out that he was in Olivia 's flowerhouse aka hideout from the trollish enemies . She had also put leaves to recover Oggy 's feet . In that time , Olivia left him for a few minutes to something , then he fell fast asleep . In his dream he was walking for a few seconds , wondering where he could be . Then he paused . He saw Olivia for a few moments and then he woke up . The roaches were the only reason to wake him up , so he tried to hit them until Olivia returned . He threw his weapon away . The scene was switched to the two cats walking . Oggy saw a flower which once , I guess , bit him . Or something . `` Do n't be silly , it 's harmless . '' Olivia must have said this to Oggy when he was afraid of the flower . When the two were looking at the beautiful sunset , it was like that they became friends . The reason I think they became friends for their lives is this , when they were looking the sunset , they entwined their tails . In the meantime , Jack had also found the two which then resulted in a major problem for these guys . The cockroaches had told Bob that they have been to Olivia 's flowerhouse and they know the location . For this , they kidnapped Jack and Olivia . What , about Oggy ? Well , he was out to occupy himself . When he found out that the two were missing , he cried , then started finding them . Olivia told Oggy Magnon that the only way to free them is to use fire . But he told the female cat that he was afraid of fire . So she raised the stakes . If he would save the two using fire , she would give the Magnon a kiss . Oggy starts daydreaming of what would happen if he had saved her , going back to the village . `` Oh , you are such a brave person ! Thank you ! ( Kisses him ) '' . Of course , this is what I think . Then he accepted the deal . So , Oggy Magnon found those stones and built the fire . He had saved Jack and Olivia , but she forgot to give or faked that she would give a kiss to Oggy . When the two males were escaping , the female refused to come . Then Oggy told Olivia that her flowerhouse was burned down to ashes , so she came . Back at the village , Joey was the chief for a few minutes until he sneezed again and he , Marky and Dee Dee are chased by the tribe , The chief said that how would they get fire again . Oggy had just the thing . Rocks ! He used those rocks to recover the village fire . At this cost , the young Oggy Magnon became the next chief of the village . Prince Oggy ( edit ) The next story takes place in 1350 , on a kingdom that was looking good as they reveal a new statue of Oggy the 1st who vanish the Cockroach king . Trumpets were being blown as the king had handed down his sword to his prince named Oggy the 2nd . but after the sword was broken by an `` accident '' , the prince never met someone who could actually be capable of becoming a princess . The King ( Prince Oggy 's father ) said him to ride a horse , fight a dragon , and raid the enemy 's kingdom . But the prince replied negatively about those things . He said he would fail doing all that stuff . When the princess audition started , no lady became the next princess . The prince and the leader of the soldiers , Jack , came alongside with him . If they would hunt animals they would get money . But they did not know that there was someone living in this forest . Prince Oggy wanted to take the butterfly . Jack was hunting for dangerous animals for a big loot . A shadow - like appeared , disappearing the wild boar and the second animal . The third animal was almost gotten when a person kicked the soldier leader . When they were fighting it was revealed that the guardian was Olivia . She called the animals to punish Jack , but the prince had finally found a perfect match ! But she was not happy because the young prince had captured the butterfly he was trying to capture . Then he let the butterfly go . She then became happy of what Oggy did . Olivia told the prince that he would be a nicer man if he had carried her to her own house . And so he did . More animals punished Jack , but Oggy liked the place ! It was like a dream come true . Olivia gave the prince a piece of cloth so that he would not forget her . When he came back to the castle he told his father and his mother that he had finally found a perfect match ! The King and the Queen were very happy on his son . That he had found Olivia as the match . But something was not right . Black Knight Joey ( the son of the Cockroach King ) and his companions , Dee Dee and Marky , had devastated an evil plan to take over the kingdom . The guardian was captured and it was up to Oggy and Jack to save her once and for all . Oggy and Jack got in and rescued the guardian . When the prince and Olivia met again , they were going round and round . Using the curtain ropes was a brilliant idea to get out , but the cockroaches exploded the bridge to the castle and outside . Then the guardian called the birds to carry them to the other side . They were almost pronounced prince and princess when Oggy had to fight Joey again . But the prince won , and they lived happily ever after , except for the evil cockroaches , who were locked up in a cage on Bob 's collar . The incredible Oggy Watson ( edit ) In December , 1899 , at London , Olivia closed her clock shop when the Cockroaches plan to steal something inside the shop . The Cockroaches get inside , steal a golden key and give it to Joey , who is the Cockroaches leader . Meanwhile at Baker Street , Master Detective Jack Holmes and his easily amazed assistant Dr. Oggy Watson are in a house . Oggy is cooking and Jack is reading a newspaper contain the news that say about a new bomb that places in the Tower of London , which is a prison at the time , and has a security secure the bomb every time with a maximum level . Olivia comes to their house and tells the detectives that someone has stolen something , which is her golden key , from her . She also tells that her key can open the Big Ben . Oggy falls in love with Olivia so he agrees to find it . They investigate in her shop before Detective Bob and the police come to the scene and send Jack out of the shop for being aggressive to Bob . Meanwhile , the Cockroaches are planning for something badly . Joey writes something on the map and send it with a golden key to their members for sending to the detectives . Back at Jack and Oggy , they find clues ; the thieves are the Cockroaches . Then they got a map and a golden key . The map contains a location of one of the cockroaches who 's in the Cat 's Fish restaurant . So Jack and Oggy start to find that restaurant . When they arrive at Carnaby Street , they find the Cat 's Fish restaurant . They enter the restaurant and find a cockroach sitting . The cockroach and the detectives chatting and becoming friendly each other . The cockroach tells the detectives that the thieves ' base is located inside the Nelson 's Column at the Trafalgar Square . Then the cockroach secretly swaps the golden key and Jack 's yo - yo . The next day , at the Trafalgar square , the detectives and the police arrive . They find a channel under the ground that leads to the unknown room inside the column that probably the thieves ' base . They enter the room and find the Cockroaches . Oggy ask for the golden key , but the Cockroaches do n't know . Bob arrest them all . Jack and Oggy are happy . At the Tower of London , the Cockroaches secretly find the bomb and steal it to their member for bringing to the Big Ben . The next day , Bob and the police come to the scene . The police find Jack 's yo - yo . Then , they go to the detectives ' house and arrive while Jack is playing a violin . Bob shows the yo - yo , but Jack tells that the yo - yo is not his . So he finds his yo - yo but get a golden key instead . Bob and the police arrest Jack for having the golden key . Bob gives the golden key to Olivia , while Jack yells that he 's framed . Jack is thrown into the jail of the Tower of London while the Cockroaches are set free by Bob and the police . At the detectives ' house , Oggy is crying , while Olivia gets a newspaper , give it to Oggy . Oggy finds out that the cockroach he and Jack talked before at the Cat 's Fish restaurant are the Cockroaches ' ally . Oggy is angry so he and Olivia plan to make Jack 's jailbreak with Olivia 's helicopter at night . They fly to the Tower of London . Jack makes the jailbreak and try to escape on the helicopter . Bob and the police pursuit them , shooting at the suspects ' helicopter . The pursuit heads to the Tower Bridge . Olivia throws her spike watches into the road , making the crash . Oggy , Jack and Olivia escape but their helicopter crashes at the sheep farm . They find out that the countdown at the Big Ben for the 20th century is coming up . Oggy tells that the Big Ben , the bomb , the golden key and the Cockroaches are connected , but Olivia has the key . She takes the key out , but the sheep eats it . Jack confuses so he also eats it , finding out that it made from the chocolate . Instantly knowing that it is a chocolate key , they scream out load , knowing that the Cockroaches ' plan is to blow up the Big Ben while Queen Victoria gives a speech under it . So they hurry to London nearly before the 20th century countdown . When they arrive at the Big Ben , the Cockroaches activate the bomb to explode when the clock dial reaches 00 : 00 a.m. Oggy and Jack start chasing the Cockroaches while Olivia is trying to deactivate the bomb before it explode . Behind the cheering crowds , happy Bob , the police and the queen , Jack , Oggy and Olivia 's tension are higher when the time is going out . The Cockroaches escape on a blimp . Less seconds left , Olivia still ca n't deactivate the bomb . Oggy , Jack and Olivia know that it 's over , and have to wait for the death . But 1 second left , the clock dial stuck because Jack stop the mechanism . The crowd stop cheering , counting down and confuse , even the queen , while the detectives and Olivia have a hope to deactivate the bomb . Olivia finally deactivates it and the clock dial starts working because Jack ca n't stop anymore and it reaches 00 : 00 a.m. The crowd is cheering and happy and a lot of fireworks are fired into the sky over the Westminster Palace After the mission is completed , Olivia kisses Oggy . Joey is angry that his plan is failed . Then other cockroaches bring a rocket firework , but it explodes over the blimp they escape . Cheers for Oggy , Jack and Olivia , also Bob and the police until the clock was broken and almost hurt the queen . The police chased Oggy and Jack as the 20th century has already arrived with a big bang . Oggy - wan kenoggy ( edit ) During the Star Wars era , Oggy has to stop Bob from destroying a whole planet . He gets on the Bob Star and duels with the Cockroaches , after which Oggy and the Cockroaches hold onto the floor to avoid falling into the laser barrel . The Cockroaches call Bob for help but instead he switches the laser on causing their bodies to be apart and was about to destroy the planet . But , however , Jack has reflected the laser back which destroyed Bob 's ship instead . Meanwhile , the remaining pieces of Oggy have been sent to the planet that Bob wants to destroy and was back to the same form from the beginning of the film . The form chased the three forms ( who were the Cockroaches ) and starts to evolve back to their original form which starts the whole thing all over again . Release ( edit ) The film was released in France on August 7 2013 . In the UK and Ireland it was released on May 20 2014 . The trailer was released on July 17 2013 . Home media ( edit ) Oggy and the Cockroaches : The Movie was released on DVD and Blu - Ray on December 7 2013 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Oggy and the Cockroaches '' . Movie Insider . June 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Oggy and the Cockroaches , the Movie '' . Xilam . External links ( edit ) Oggy et les Cafards on IMDb Xilam Series Purchased from Gaumont Highlander : The Animated Series Dragon Flyz Sky Dancers Space Goofs The Magician Oggy and the Cockroaches Original The New Adventures of Lucky Luke Cartouche : Prince of the Streets Ratz Tupu Shuriken School Rintindumb A Kind of Magic Rahan Mr. Baby Zig & Sharko The Daltons FloopaLoo , Where Are You ? Hubert and Takako What 's the Big Idea ? Paprika Rolling with the Ronks ! Mr. Magoo Moka Films Purchased from Gaumont Dragon Flyz : The Legend Begins Original Kaena : The Prophecy Shuriken School : The Ninja 's Secret Go West ! A Lucky Luke Adventure Oggy and the Cockroaches : The Movie If I Were an Animal ... See also Marc du Pontavice Olivier Jean - Marie Jean - Yves Raimbaud Charles Vaucelle Hugo Gittard Ramon Pipin Hervé Lavendier Vincent Artaud Cockroaches Families Blaberidae Blattidae Corydiidae Cryptocercidae Ectobiidae Lamproblattidae Nocticolidae Tryonicidae In popular culture Archy and Mehitabel Bad Mojo Bug Cockroach Cooties Cockroach ( novel ) Damnation Alley Freaky Stories Iran newspaper cockroach cartoon controversy Joe 's Apartment `` La Cucaracha '' Oggy and the Cockroaches Oggy and the Cockroaches : The Movie RoboRoach Shinbone Alley Shinbone Alley The Cockroach The Exterminators The Passion According to G.H. The Revolt of the Cockroach People Twilight of the Cockroaches War of the Coprophages Other Cockroach farming Cockroach racing Depopulation in post-Soviet states Cockroach plant Nadezhda Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oggy_and_the_Cockroaches:_The_Movie&oldid=852724963 '' Categories : 2013 films 2013 animated films 2010s French animated films French films French animated films French children 's films French comedy films Animated comedy films Animated films about cats Animated films based on animated series Animated films set in prehistory Anthology films Children 's animated films Children 's comedy films Films produced by Marc du Pontavice Package films Xilam Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from October 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles needing translation from French Wikipedia Articles needing additional references from September 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from October 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles needing style editing from October 2017 All articles needing style editing Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Suomi Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 23 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	oggy and the cockroach movie oggy and the cockroaches movie	[]	[]
-7515291180888462869	Medicare (United States)	Medicare ( United States ) - wikipedia Medicare ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Medicaid . A sample Medicare card . There are separate lines for basic Part A and Part B 's supplementary medical coverage , each with its own date . There are no lines for Part C or D , for which additional supplemental policies are issued with a separate card . In the United States , Medicare is a single - payer , national social insurance program administered by the U.S. federal government since 1966 , currently using about 30 -- 50 private insurance companies across the United States under contract for administration . United States Medicare is funded by a payroll tax , premiums and surtaxes from beneficiaries , and general revenue . It provides health insurance for Americans aged 65 and older who have worked and paid into the system through the payroll tax . It also provides health insurance to younger people with some disability status as determined by the Social Security Administration , as well as people with end stage renal disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . In 2015 , Medicare provided health insurance for over 55 million -- 46 million people age 65 and older and 9 million younger people . On average , Medicare covers about half of the health care charges for those enrolled . The enrollees must then cover their remaining costs either with supplemental insurance , separate insurance , or out - of - pocket . Out - of - pocket costs can vary depending on the amount of health care a Medicare enrollee needs . They might include the costs of uncovered services -- such as for long - term , dental , hearing , and vision care -- and supplemental insurance premiums . Medicare and Medicaid are the two government sponsored medical insurance schemes in the United States . Medicare is further divided into parts A and B - Medicare Part A covers hospital and hospice services ; Part B covers outpatient services . Part D covers self - administered prescription drugs . Part C is an alternative to the other parts intended to allow experimentation with differently structured plans in an effort to reduce costs to the government and allow patients to choose plans with more benefits . Contents ( hide ) 1 Program history 2 Administration 3 Financing 4 Eligibility 5 Benefits and parts 5.1 Part A : Hospital / hospice insurance 5.2 Part B : Medical insurance 5.3 Part C : Medicare Advantage plans 5.4 Part D: Prescription drug plans 6 Out - of - pocket costs 6.1 Premiums 6.2 Deductible and coinsurance 6.3 Medicare supplement ( Medigap ) policies 7 Payment for services 7.1 Reimbursement for Part A services 7.2 Reimbursement for Part B services 7.2. 1 Provider participation 7.2. 2 Office medication reimbursement 7.2. 3 Medicare 10 percent incentive payments 8 Comparison with private insurance 9 Costs and funding challenges 9.1 Indicators 9.2 Total Medicare spending as a share of GDP 9.3 The solvency of the Medicare HI trust fund 9.4 Medicare per - capita spending growth relative to inflation and per - capita GDP growth 9.5 General fund revenue as a share of total Medicare spending 9.6 Unfunded obligation 9.7 Public opinion 9.8 Fraud and waste 10 Criticism 10.1 Unearned entitlement 10.2 Politicized payment 10.3 Quality of beneficiary services 10.4 Hospital accreditation 10.5 Graduate medical education 11 Legislation and reform 11.1 Effects of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 11.2 Proposals for reforming Medicare 12 Legislative oversight 13 See also 14 References 15 External links 15.1 Governmental links -- current 15.2 Governmental links -- historical 15.3 Non-governmental links Program history ( edit ) President Johnson signing the Medicare amendment . Former President Harry S. Truman ( seated ) and his wife , Bess , are on the far right `` Medicare '' was the name originally given to a program providing medical care for families of individuals serving in the military as part of the Dependents ' Medical Care Act passed in 1956 . President Eisenhower held the first White House Conference on Aging in January 1961 , in which the creation of a program of health care for social security beneficiaries was proposed . In July 1965 , under the leadership of President Lyndon Johnson , Congress enacted Medicare under Title XVIII of the Social Security Act to provide health insurance to people age 65 and older , regardless of income or medical history . Johnson signed the bill into law on July 30 , 1965 at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library in Independence , Missouri . Former President Truman and his wife , former First Lady Bess Truman became the first recipients of the program . Before Medicare 's creation , approximately 60 % of those over 65 had health insurance , with coverage often unavailable or unaffordable to many others , because older adults paid more than three times as much for health insurance as younger people . Many of this latter group ( about 20 % of the total in 2015 ) became `` dual eligible '' for both Medicare and Medicaid with the passage of the law . In 1966 , Medicare spurred the racial integration of thousands of waiting rooms , hospital floors , and physician practices by making payments to health care providers conditional on desegregation . Medicare has been in operation for a half century and , during that time , has undergone several changes . Since 1965 , the provisions of Medicare have expanded to include benefits for speech , physical , and chiropractic therapy in 1972 . Medicare added the option of payments to health maintenance organizations in the 1980s . Over the years , Congress expanded Medicare eligibility to younger people who have permanent disabilities and receive Social Security Disability Insurance ( SSDI ) payments and those who have end - stage renal disease ( ESRD ) . The association with HMOs begun in the 1980s was formalized under President Clinton in 1997 as Medicare Part C. In 2003 , under President George W. Bush , a Medicare program for covering almost all drugs was passed ( and went into effect in 2006 ) as Medicare Part D . The government added hospice benefits to aid the elderly on a temporary basis in 1982 , and made this permanent in 1984 . Congress further expanded Medicare in 2001 to cover younger people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS , or Lou Gehrig 's disease ) . Administration ( edit ) Health care in the United States Government Health Programs Federal Employees Health Benefits Program Indian Health Service Medicaid / State Health Insurance Assistance Program ( SHIP ) Medicare Prescription Assistance ( SPAP ) Military Health System / TRICARE State Children 's Health Insurance Program ( CHIP ) Program of All - Inclusive Care for the Elderly ( PACE ) Veterans Health Administration Private health coverage Consumer - driven health care Flexible spending account ( FSA ) Health Reimbursement Account Health savings account ( HSA ) High - deductible health plan ( HDHP ) Medical savings account ( MSA ) Private Fee - For - Service ( PFFS ) Health insurance in the United States Managed care ( CCP ) Exclusive provider organization ( EPO ) Health maintenance organization ( HMO ) Preferred provider organization ( PPO ) Medical underwriting Health care reform law Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act ( 1986 ) Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( 1996 ) Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act ( 2003 ) Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act ( 2005 ) Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act ( 2009 ) Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( 2010 ) State level reform Dirigo Health ( Maine ) Massachusetts health care reform Oregon Health Plan SustiNet ( Connecticut ) Vermont health care reform Municipal health coverage Fair Share Health Care Act ( Maryland ) Healthy Howard ( Howard Co. , Maryland ) Healthy San Francisco Healthy Way LA My Health LA This box : view talk edit The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) , a component of the Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) , administers Medicare , Medicaid , the Children 's Health Insurance Program ( CHIP ) , the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments ( CLIA ) and parts of the Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) . Along with the Departments of Labor and Treasury , CMS also implements the insurance reform provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ( HIPAA ) and most aspects of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( PPACA ) of 2010 as amended . The Social Security Administration is responsible for determining Medicare eligibility , eligibility for and payment of Extra Help / Low Income Subsidy payments related to Part D Medicare , and collecting some premium payments for the Medicare program . The Chief Actuary of CMS is responsible for providing accounting information and cost - projections to the Medicare Board of Trustees to assist them in assessing the financial health of the program . The Board is required by law to issue annual reports on the financial status of the Medicare Trust Funds , and those reports are required to contain a statement of actuarial opinion by the Chief Actuary . Since the beginning of the Medicare program , CMS ( that was not always the name of the responsible bureaucracy ) has contracted with private insurance companies to operate as intermediaries between the government and medical providers to administer Part A and Part B benefits . Contracted processes include claims and payment processing , call center services , clinician enrollment , and fraud investigation . Beginning in 1997 and 2005 respectively , these and other insurance companies also began administering Part C and Part D plans . The Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee ( or Relative Value Update Committee ; RUC ) , composed of physicians associated with the American Medical Association , advises the government about pay standards for Medicare patient procedures performed by doctors and other professionals under Medicare Part B. A similar but different CMS system determines the rates paid acute care and other hospitals -- including skilled nursing facilities -- under Medicare Part A . Financing ( edit ) Medicare has several sources of financing . Part A 's inpatient admitted hospital and skilled nursing coverage is largely funded by revenue from a 2.9 % payroll tax levied on employers and workers ( each pay 1.45 % ) . Until December 31 , 1993 , the law provided a maximum amount of compensation on which the Medicare tax could be imposed each year , in the same way that the Social Security tax works in the United States . Beginning January 1 , 1994 , the compensation limit was removed . Self - employed individuals must pay the entire 2.9 % tax on self - employed net earnings ( because they are both employee and employer ) , but may deduct half of the tax from the income in calculating income tax . Beginning in 2013 , the rate of Part A tax on earned income exceeding US $200,000 for individuals ( US $250,000 for married couples filing jointly ) rose to 3.8 % , in order to pay part of the cost of the subsidies mandated by the PPACA . Parts B and D are partially funded by premiums paid by Medicare enrollees and general fund revenue . In 2006 a surtax was added to Part B premium for higher - income seniors to partially fund Part D. In the PPACA legislation of 2010 , a surtax was added to the Part D premium for higher income seniors to partially fund PPACA and the number of Part B beneficiaries subject to the 2006 surtax was doubled , also partially to fund PPACA . Parts A and B / D use separate trust funds to receive and disburse the funds mentioned above . Part C uses these two trust funds as well in a proportion determined by CMS that reflect the fact that Part C beneficiaries are fully on Parts A and B of Medicare but that their medical needs are paid for per capita rather than `` fee for service '' ( FFS ) . In 2015 , Medicare spending accounted for about 15 % of total United States Federal spending . This share is projected to exceed 17 % by 2020 . Retirement of the Baby Boom generation -- which by 2030 is projected to increase enrollment to more than 80 million as the number of workers per enrollee declines from 3.7 to 2.4 -- and rising overall health care costs pose substantial financial challenges to the program . Medicare spending is projected to increase from $523 billion in 2010 to just over $1 trillion by 2022 . Baby - boomers ' health is also an important factor : 20 % have five or more chronic conditions , which will add to the future cost of health care ( www.cms.gov , 2012 ) . In response to these financial challenges , Congress made substantial cuts to future payouts to providers as part of PPACA in 2010 and the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 ( MACRA ) and policymakers have offered a number of additional competing proposals to reduce Medicare costs further . Nearly one in three dollars spent on Medicare flows through one of several cost - reduction programs . Cost reduction is influenced by factors including reduction in inappropriate and unnecessary care by evaluating evidence - based practices as well as reducing the amount of unnecessary , duplicative , and inappropriate care . Cost reduction may also be effected by reducing medical errors , investment in healthcare information technology , improving transparency of cost and quality data , increasing administrative efficiency , and by developing both clinical and non-clinical guidelines and quality standards . Eligibility ( edit ) In general , all persons 65 years of age or older who have been legal residents of the United States for at least five years are eligible for Medicare . People with disabilities under 65 may also be eligible if they receive Social Security Disability Insurance ( SSDI ) benefits . Specific medical conditions may also help people become eligible to enroll in Medicare . People qualify for Medicare coverage , and Medicare Part A premiums are entirely waived , if the following circumstances apply : They are 65 years or older and US citizens or have been permanent legal residents for five continuous years , and they or their spouse ( or qualifying ex-spouse ) has paid Medicare taxes for at least 10 years . or They are under 65 , disabled , and have been receiving either Social Security SSDI benefits or Railroad Retirement Board disability benefits ; they must receive one of these benefits for at least 24 months from date of entitlement ( eligibility for first disability payment ) before becoming eligible to enroll in Medicare . or They get continuing dialysis for end stage renal disease or need a kidney transplant . Those who are 65 and older who choose to enroll in Part A Medicare must pay a monthly premium to remain enrolled in Medicare Part A if they or their spouse have not paid the qualifying Medicare payroll taxes . People with disabilities who receive SSDI are eligible for Medicare while they continue to receive SSDI payments ; they lose eligibility for Medicare based on disability if they stop receiving SSDI . The 24 - month exclusion means that people who become disabled must wait two years before receiving government medical insurance , unless they have one of the listed diseases . The 24 - month period is measured from the date that an individual is determined to be eligible for SSDI payments , not necessarily when the first payment is actually received . Many new SSDI recipients receive `` back '' disability pay , covering a period that usually begins six months from the start of disability and ending with the first monthly SSDI payment . Some beneficiaries are dual - eligible . This means they qualify for both Medicare and Medicaid . In some states for those making below a certain income , Medicaid will pay the beneficiaries ' Part B premium for them ( most beneficiaries have worked long enough and have no Part A premium ) , as well as some of their out of pocket medical and hospital expenses . Benefits and Parts ( edit ) US Medicare logo ( 2008 ) Medicare has four parts : Part A is Hospital Insurance . Part B is Medical Insurance . Medicare Part D covers many prescription drugs , though some are covered by Part B. In general , the distinction is based on whether or not the drugs are self - administered . Part C health plans , the most popular of which are branded Medicare Advantage , are another way for Original Medicare ( Part A and B) beneficiaries to receive their Part A , B and D benefits ( basically Part C is a public supplement option that can be compared with group private supplemental Medicare coverage from a former employer or individually purchased private so - called Medigap insurance ) . All Medicare benefits are subject to medical necessity . The original program included Parts A and B. Part - C - like plans have existed as demonstration projects in Medicare since the early 1980s but the Part was formalized by 1997 legislation . ( Simplistically , Part C is a voucher program similar to the insurance reform included in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 as amended ) . Part D was introduced January 1 , 2006 . Part a : hospital / hospice insurance ( edit ) Part A covers inpatient hospital stays , including semi-private room , food , and tests . As of January 1 , 2016 , Medicare Part A has an inpatient hospital deductible of $1288 , coinsurance per day as $322 after 61 days confinement within one `` spell of illness '' , coinsurance for `` lifetime reserve days '' ( essentially , days 91 - 150 ) of $644 per day , and coinsurance in an Skilled Nursing Family ( following a medically necessary hospital confinement ) for days 21 - 100 of $161 per day . The maximum length of stay that Medicare Part A covers in a hospital inpatient stay or series of stays is typically 90 days . The first 60 days would be paid by Medicare in full , except one copay ( also and more commonly referred to as a `` deductible '' ) at the beginning of the 60 days of $1,288 as of 2016 . Days 61 -- 90 require a co-payment of $322 per day as of 2016 . The beneficiary is also allocated `` lifetime reserve days '' that can be used after 90 days . These lifetime reserve days require a copayment of $644 per day as of 2016 , and the beneficiary can only use a total of 60 of these days throughout their lifetime . A new pool of 90 hospital days , with new copays of $1288 in 2016 and $302 per day for days 61 -- 90 , starts only after the beneficiary has 60 days continuously with no payment from Medicare for hospital or nursing home confinement . Some `` hospital services '' can be done as inpatient services , which would be reimbursed under Part A ; or as outpatient services , which would be reimbursed , not under Part A , but under Part B instead . The `` Two - Midnight Rule '' decides which is which . In August 2013 , the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services announced a final rule concerning eligibility for hospital inpatient services effective October 1 , 2013 . Under the new rule , if a physician admits a Medicare beneficiary as an inpatient with an expectation that the patient will require hospital care that `` crosses two midnights , '' Medicare Part A payment is `` generally appropriate . '' However , if it is anticipated that the patient will require hospital care for less than two midnights , Medicare Part A payment is generally not appropriate ; payment such as is approved will be paid under Part B . The time a patient spends in the hospital before an inpatient admission is formally ordered is considered outpatient time . But , hospitals and physicians can take into consideration the pre-inpatient admission time when determining if a patient 's care will reasonably be expected to cross two midnights to be covered under Part A . In addition to deciding which trust fund is used to pay for these various outpatient vs. inpatient charges , the number of days for which a person is formally considered an admitted patient affects eligibility for Part A skilled nursing services . Medicare penalizes hospitals for readmissions . After making initial payments for hospital stays , Medicare will take back from the hospital these payments , plus a penalty of 4 to 18 times the initial payment , if an above - average number of patients from the hospital are readmitted within 30 days . These readmission penalties apply after some of the most common treatments : pneumonia , heart failure , heart attack , COPD , knee replacement , hip replacement . A study of 18 states conducted by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality ( AHRQ ) found that 1.8 million Medicare patients aged 65 and older were readmitted within 30 days of an initial hospital stay in 2011 ; the conditions with the highest readmission rates were congestive heart failure , septicemia , pneumonia , and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis . The highest penalties on hospitals are charged after knee or hip replacements , $265,000 per excess readmission . The goals are to encourage better post-hospital care and more referrals to hospice and end - of - life care in lieu of treatment , while the effect is also to reduce coverage in hospitals that treat poor and frail patients . The total penalties for above - average readmissions in 2013 are $280 million , for 7,000 excess readmissions , or $40,000 for each readmission above the US average rate . Part A fully covers brief stays for rehabilitation or convalescence in a skilled nursing facility and up to 100 days per medical necessity with a co-pay if certain criteria are met : A preceding hospital stay must be at least three days as an inpatient , three midnights , not counting the discharge date . The nursing home stay must be for something diagnosed during the hospital stay or for the main cause of hospital stay . If the patient is not receiving rehabilitation but has some other ailment that requires skilled nursing supervision then the nursing home stay would be covered . The care being rendered by the nursing home must be skilled . Medicare part A does not pay stays that only provide custodial , non-skilled , or long - term care activities , including activities of daily living ( ADL ) such as personal hygiene , cooking , cleaning , etc . The care must be medically necessary and progress against some set plan must be made on some schedule determined by a doctor . The first 20 days would be paid for in full by Medicare with the remaining 80 days requiring a co-payment of $161 per day as of 2016 . Many insurance group retiree , Medigap and Part C insurance plans have a provision for additional coverage of skilled nursing care in the policies they sell . If a beneficiary uses some portion of their Part A benefit and then goes at least 60 days without receiving facility - based skilled services , the 90 - day hospital clock and 100 - day nursing home clock are reset and the person qualifies for new benefit periods . Hospice benefits are also provided under Part A of Medicare for terminally ill persons with less than six months to live , as determined by the patient 's physician . The terminally ill person must sign a statement that hospice care has been chosen over other Medicare - covered benefits , ( e.g. assisted living or hospital care ) . Treatment provided includes pharmaceutical products for symptom control and pain relief as well as other services not otherwise covered by Medicare such as grief counseling . Hospice is covered 100 % with no co-pay or deductible by Medicare Part A except that patients are responsible for a copay for outpatient drugs and respite care , if needed . Part B : medical insurance ( edit ) Part B medical insurance helps pay for some services and products not covered by Part A , generally on an outpatient basis ( but also when on an unadmitted observation status in a hospital ) . Part B is optional and may be deferred if the beneficiary or his / her spouse is still working and has group health coverage through that employer . There is a lifetime penalty ( 10 % per year on the premium ) imposed for not enrolling in Part B unless actively working and receiving group health coverage from that employer , or covered by programs of the Veterans Health Administration . Part B coverage begins once a patient meets his or her deductible ( $183 for 2017 ) , then typically Medicare covers 80 % of the RUC - set rate for approved services , while the remaining 20 % is paid by the patient , either directly or indirectly by private group retiree or Medigap insurance . Part B coverage includes chiropractic care , out patient physician services , visiting nurse , and other services such as x-rays , laboratory and diagnostic tests , influenza and pneumonia vaccinations , blood transfusions , renal dialysis , outpatient hospital procedures , limited ambulance transportation , immunosuppressive drugs for organ transplant recipients , chemotherapy , hormonal treatments such as Lupron , and other outpatient medical treatments administered in a doctor 's office . Medication administration is covered under Part B if it is administered by the physician during an office visit . Part B also helps with durable medical equipment ( DME ) , including canes , walkers , lift chairs , wheelchairs , and mobility scooters for those with mobility impairments . Prosthetic devices such as artificial limbs and breast prosthesis following mastectomy , as well as one pair of eyeglasses following cataract surgery , and oxygen for home use is also covered . Complex rules control Part B benefits , and periodically issued advisories describe coverage criteria . On the national level these advisories are issued by CMS , and are known as National Coverage Determinations ( NCD ) . Local Coverage Determinations ( LCD ) apply within the multi-state area managed by a specific regional Medicare Part B contractor , and Local Medical Review Policies ( LMRP ) were superseded by LCDs in 2003 . Coverage information is also located in the CMS Internet - Only Manuals ( IOM ) , the Code of Federal Regulations ( CFR ) , the Social Security Act , and the Federal Register . The Monthly Premium for Part B for 2016 is $121.80 per month but anyone on Social Security in 2015 is `` held harmless '' ( from the fact that Social Security did not rise in 2016 ) and pays only the $104.90 premium withheld monthly in 2015 , with income - weighted additional surtaxes for those with incomes more than $85,000 per annum . Part C : Medicare Advantage plans ( edit ) Main article : Medicare Advantage With the passage of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 , Medicare beneficiaries were formally given the option to receive their Original Medicare benefits through capitated health insurance Part C plans , instead of through the Original fee for service Medicare payment system . Many had previously had that option via a series of demonstration projects that dated back to the early 1980s . These Part C plans were initially known as `` Medicare + Choice '' . As of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 , most `` Medicare + Choice '' plans were re-branded as `` Medicare Advantage '' ( MA ) plans ( though MA is a government term and might not be visible to the Part C health plan beneficiary ) . Other plan types , such as 1876 Cost plans , are also available in limited areas of the country . Cost plans are not Medicare Advantage plans and are not capitated . Instead , beneficiaries keep their Original Medicare benefits while their insurance company administers their Part A and Part B benefits . The insurance company is then reimbursed for Part B services by Medicare . Public Part C Medicare Advantage and other Part C health plans are required to offer coverage that meets or exceeds the standards set by Original Medicare but they do not have to cover every benefit in the same way . After approval by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services , if a Part C plan chooses to pay less than Original Medicare for some benefits , such as Skilled Nursing Facility care , the savings may be passed along to consumers by offering even lower co-payments for doctor visits . Original `` fee - for - service '' Medicare Parts A and B have a standard benefit package that covers medically necessary care as described in the sections above that members can receive from nearly any hospital or doctor in the country ( if that doctor or hospital accepts Medicare ) . Original Medicare beneficiaries who choose to enroll in a Part C Medicare Advantage health plan instead give up none of their rights as an Original Medicare beneficiary , receive the same standard benefits -- as a minimum -- as provided in Original Medicare , and get an annual out of pocket ( OOP ) upper spending limit not included in Original Medicare . However they must typically use only a select network of providers except in emergencies , typically restricted to the area surrounding their legal residence ( which can vary from tens to over 100 miles depending on county ) . Most Part C plans are traditional health maintenance organizations ( HMOs ) that require the patient to have a primary care physician , though a few are preferred provider organizations ( which typically means the provider restrictions are not as confining as with an HMO ) . Public Part C Medicare Advantage health plan members typically usually also pay a monthly premium in addition to the Medicare Part B premium to cover items not covered by traditional Medicare ( Parts A & B ) , such as the OOP limit , prescription drugs , dental care , vision care , annual physicals , coverage outside the United States , and even gym or health club memberships as well as -- and probably most importantly -- reduce the 20 % co-pays and high deductibles associated with Original Medicare . But in some situations the benefits are more limited ( but they can never be more limited than Original Medicare and must always include an OOP limit ) and there is no premium . In some cases , the insurer even rebates part or all of the Part B premium , though these types of Part C plans are becoming rare . The 2003 - law payment formulas purposely overcompensated some Part C plans by 12 percent or more on average compared to what Original Medicare beneficiaries received in the same county on average , in order to increase the availability of Part C plans in rural and inner - city geographies . Before 2003 Part C plans tended to be suburban HMOs tied to major nearby teaching hospitals that cost the government the same as or even 5 % less on average than it cost to cover the medical needs of a comparable beneficiary on Original Medicare . The 2003 payment formulas succeeded in increasing the percentage of rural and inner city poor that could take advantage of the OOP limit and lower co-pays and deductibles -- as well as the coordinated medical care -- associated with Part C plans . In practice however , one set of Medicare beneficiaries received more benefits than others . The differences caused by the 2003 - law payment formulas were almost completely eliminated by PPACA and have been almost totally phased out according to the 2013 MedPAC annual report , March 2013 . One remaining special - payment - formula program -- designed primarily for unions wishing to offer a Part C plan -- is being phased out beginning in 2017 . In 2015 , on average a Part C beneficiary cost the Medicare Trust Funds 5 % less than a beneficiary on traditional fee for service Medicare , completely reversing the situation in 2006 right after implementation of the 2003 law and restoring the capitated fee vs fee for service funding balance to its original intended level . Enrollment in public Part C health plans , including Medicare Advantage plans , grew from 5.4 million in 2005 to over 17 million in 2015 . This represents almost 32 % of Medicare beneficiaries . Almost all Medicare beneficiaries have access to at least two Medicare Advantage plans ; most have access to three or more . Part d: Prescription drug plans ( edit ) Main articles : Medicare Part D and Medicare Part D coverage gap Medicare Part D went into effect on January 1 , 2006 . Anyone with Part A or B is eligible for Part D , which covers mostly self - administered drugs . It was made possible by the passage of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 . To receive this benefit , a person with Medicare must enroll in a stand - alone Prescription Drug Plan ( PDP ) or Medicare Advantage plan with integrated prescription drug coverage ( MA - PD ) . These plans are approved and regulated by the Medicare program , but are actually designed and administered by private health insurance companies and pharmacy benefit managers . Unlike Original Medicare ( Part A and B ) , Part D coverage is not standardized ( though it is highly regulated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ) . Plans choose which drugs they wish to cover ( but must cover at least two drugs in 148 different categories and cover all or `` substantially all '' drugs in the following protected classes of drugs : anti-cancer ; anti-psychotic ; anti-convulsant , anti-depressants , immuno - suppressant , and HIV and AIDS drugs ) . The plans can also specify with CMS approval at what level ( or tier ) they wish to cover it , and are encouraged to use step therapy . Some drugs are excluded from coverage altogether and Part D plans that cover excluded drugs are not allowed to pass those costs on to Medicare , and plans are required to repay CMS if they are found to have billed Medicare in these cases . Under the 2003 law that created Medicare Part D , the Social Security Administration provides extensive extra help to lower income seniors such that they have almost no drug costs ; in addition approximately 25 states offer additional assistance on top of Part D. It should be noted again for beneficiaries who are dual - eligible ( Medicare and Medicaid eligible ) Medicaid may pay for drugs not covered by Part D of Medicare . Most of this aid to lower income seniors was available to them through other programs before Part D was implemented . Out - of - pocket costs ( edit ) No part of Medicare pays for all of a beneficiary 's covered medical costs and many costs and services are not covered at all . The program contains premiums , deductibles and coinsurance , which the covered individual must pay out - of - pocket . A study published by the Kaiser Family Foundation in 2008 found the Fee - for - Service Medicare benefit package was less generous than either the typical large employer Preferred provider organization plan or the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program Standard Option . Some people may qualify to have other governmental programs ( such as Medicaid ) pay premiums and some or all of the costs associated with Medicare . Premiums ( edit ) Most Medicare enrollees do not pay a monthly Part A premium , because they ( or a spouse ) have had 40 or more 3 - month quarters in which they paid Federal Insurance Contributions Act taxes. The benefit is the same no matter how much or how little the beneficiary paid as long as the minimum number of quarters is reached . Medicare - eligible persons who do not have 40 or more quarters of Medicare - covered employment may buy into Part A for an annual adjusted monthly premium of : $248.00 per month ( as of 2012 ) for those with 30 -- 39 quarters of Medicare - covered employment , or $451.00 per month ( as of 2012 ) for those with fewer than 30 quarters of Medicare - covered employment and who are not otherwise eligible for premium - free Part A coverage . Most Medicare Part B enrollees pay an insurance premium for this coverage ; the standard Part B premium for 2013 through 2015 was $104.90 -- $335.70 per month . The premium increased to over $120 a month in 2016 but only for those not on Social Security in 2015 . A new income - based premium surtax schema has been in effect since 2007 , wherein Part B premiums are higher for beneficiaries with incomes exceeding $85,000 for individuals or $170,000 for married couples . Depending on the extent to which beneficiary earnings exceed the base income , these higher Part B premiums are $139.90 , $199.80 , $259.70 , or $319.70 for 2012 , with the highest premium paid by individuals earning more than $214,000 , or married couples earning more than $428,000 . Medicare Part B premiums are commonly deducted automatically from beneficiaries ' monthly Social Security checks . They can also be paid quarterly via bill sent directly to beneficiaries . This alternative is becoming more common because whereas the eligibility age for Medicare has remained at 65 per the 1965 legislation , the so - called Full Retirement Age for Social Security has been increased to 66 and will go even higher over time . Therefore , many people delay collecting Social Security and have to pay their Part B premium directly . Part C plans may or may not charge premiums ( almost all do ) , depending on the plans ' designs as approved by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . Part D premiums vary widely based on the benefit level . Deductible and coinsurance ( edit ) Part A -- For each benefit period , a beneficiary pays an annually adjusted : A Part A deductible of $1,288 in 2016 and $1,316 in 2017 for a hospital stay of 1 -- 60 days . A $322 per day co-pay in 2016 and $329 co-pay in 2017 for days 61 -- 90 of a hospital stay . A $644 per day co-pay in 2016 and $658 co-pay in 2017 for days 91 -- 150 of a hospital stay. , as part of their limited Lifetime Reserve Days . All costs for each day beyond 150 days Coinsurance for a Skilled Nursing Facility is $161 per day in 2016 and $164.50 in 2017 for days 21 through 100 for each benefit period ( no co-pay for the first 20 days ) . A blood deductible of the first 3 pints of blood needed in a calendar year , unless replaced . There is a 3 pint blood deductible for both Part A and Part B , and these separate deductibles do not overlap . Part B -- After beneficiaries meet the yearly deductible of $183.00 for 2017 , they will be required to pay a co-insurance of 20 % of the Medicare - approved amount for all services covered by Part B with the exception of most lab services , which are covered at 100 % -- and outpatient mental health , which is currently ( 2010 -- 2011 ) covered at 55 % ( 45 % copay ) . The copay for outpatient mental health , which started at 50 % , is gradually decreasing over several years until it matches the 20 % required for other services . They are also required to pay an excess charge of 15 % for services rendered by physicians who do not accept assignment . The deductibles , co-pays , and coinsurance charges for Part C and D plans vary from plan to plan . All Part C plans include an annual out of pocket ( OOP ) upper spend limit . Original Medicare does not include an OOP limit . Medicare supplement ( Medigap ) policies ( edit ) Main article : Medigap Of the Medicare beneficiaries who are not dual eligible for both Medicare ( around 20 % ) and Medicaid or that do not receive supplemental insurance via a former employer ( 40 % ) or a public Part C Medicare Advantage health plan ( about 30 % ) , almost all elect to purchase a type of private supplemental insurance coverage , called a Medigap plan ( 20 % ) , to help fill in the financial holes in Original Medicare ( Part A and B) . Note that the percentages add up to over 100 % because many beneficiaries have more than one type of supplement . These Medigap insurance policies are standardized by CMS , but are sold and administered by private companies . Some Medigap policies sold before 2006 may include coverage for prescription drugs . Medigap policies sold after the introduction of Medicare Part D on January 1 , 2006 are prohibited from covering drugs . Medicare regulations prohibit a Medicare beneficiary from being sold both a public Part C Medicare Advantage health plan and a private Medigap Policy . As with public Part C health plans , private Medigap policies are only available to beneficiaries who are already signed up for benefits from Original Medicare Part A and Part B. These policies are regulated by state insurance departments rather than the federal government though CMS outlines what the various Medigap plans must cover at a minimum . Therefore , the types and prices of Medigap policies vary widely from state to state and the degree of underwriting , open enrollment and guaranteed issue also varies widely from state to state . As of 2016 , 11 policies are currently sold -- though few are available in all states , and some are not available at all in Massachusetts , Minnesota and Wisconsin . These are Plan A , Plan B , Plan C , Plan D , Plan F , High Deductible Plan F , Plan G , Plan K , Plan L , Plan M , and Plan N. Cost is usually the only difference between Medigap policies with the same letter sold by different insurance companies . Unlike Medicare Advantage Plans , Medicare Supplement Plans have no networks , and any provider who accepts Medicare must also accept the Medicare Supplement Plan . All insurance companies that sell Medigap policies are required to make Plan A available , and if they offer any other policies , they must also make either Plan C or Plan F available as well , though Plan F is scheduled to sunset in the year 2020 . Anyone who currently has a Plan F may keep it . Payment for services ( edit ) Medicare contracts with regional insurance companies to process over one billion fee - for - service claims per year . In 2008 , Medicare accounted for 13 % ( $386 billion ) of the federal budget . In 2016 it is projected to account for close to 15 % ( $683 billion ) of the total expenditures . For the decade 2010 -- 2019 Medicare is projected to cost 6.4 trillion dollars . Reimbursement for Part a services ( edit ) For institutional care , such as hospital and nursing home care , Medicare uses prospective payment systems . In a prospective payment system , the health care institution receives a set amount of money for each episode of care provided to a patient , regardless of the actual amount of care . The actual allotment of funds is based on a list of diagnosis - related groups ( DRG ) . The actual amount depends on the primary diagnosis that is actually made at the hospital . There are some issues surrounding Medicare 's use of DRGs because if the patient uses less care , the hospital gets to keep the remainder . This , in theory , should balance the costs for the hospital . However , if the patient uses more care , then the hospital has to cover its own losses . This results in the issue of `` upcoding , '' when a physician makes a more severe diagnosis to hedge against accidental costs . Reimbursement for Part B services ( edit ) Payment for physician services under Medicare has evolved since the program was created in 1965 . Initially , Medicare compensated physicians based on the physician 's charges , and allowed physicians to bill Medicare beneficiaries the amount in excess of Medicare 's reimbursement . In 1975 , annual increases in physician fees were limited by the Medicare Economic Index ( MEI ) . The MEI was designed to measure changes in costs of physician 's time and operating expenses , adjusted for changes in physician productivity . From 1984 to 1991 , the yearly change in fees was determined by legislation . This was done because physician fees were rising faster than projected . The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 made several changes to physician payments under Medicare . Firstly , it introduced the Medicare Fee Schedule , which took effect in 1992 . Secondly , it limited the amount Medicare non-providers could balance bill Medicare beneficiaries . Thirdly , it introduced the Medicare Volume Performance Standards ( MVPS ) as a way to control costs . On January 1 , 1992 , Medicare introduced the Medicare Fee Schedule ( MFS ) , a list of about 7,000 services that can be billed for . Each service is priced within the Resource - Based Relative Value Scale ( RBRVS ) with three Relative Value Units ( RVUs ) values largely determining the price . The three RVUs for a procedure are each geographically weighted and the weighted RVU value is multiplied by a global Conversion Factor ( CF ) , yielding a price in dollars . The RVUs themselves are largely decided by a private group of 29 ( mostly specialist ) physicians -- the American Medical Association 's Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee ( RUC ) . From 1992 to 1997 , adjustments to physician payments were adjusted using the MEI and the MVPS , which essentially tried to compensate for the increasing volume of services provided by physicians by decreasing their reimbursement per service . In 1998 , Congress replaced the VPS with the Sustainable Growth Rate ( SGR ) . This was done because of highly variable payment rates under the MVPS . The SGR attempts to control spending by setting yearly and cumulative spending targets . If actual spending for a given year exceeds the spending target for that year , reimbursement rates are adjusted downward by decreasing the Conversion Factor ( CF ) for RBRVS RVUs . In 2002 , payment rates were cut by 4.8 % . In 2003 , payment rates were scheduled to be reduced by 4.4 % . However , Congress boosted the cumulative SGR target in the Consolidated Appropriation Resolution of 2003 ( P.L. 108 - 7 ) , allowing payments for physician services to rise 1.6 % . In 2004 and 2005 , payment rates were again scheduled to be reduced . The Medicare Modernization Act ( P.L. 108 - 173 ) increased payments 1.5 % for those two years . In 2006 , the SGR mechanism was scheduled to decrease physician payments by 4.4 % . ( This number results from a 7 % decrease in physician payments times a 2.8 % inflation adjustment increase . ) Congress overrode this decrease in the Deficit Reduction Act ( P.L. 109 - 362 ) , and held physician payments in 2006 at their 2005 levels . Similarly , another congressional act held 2007 payments at their 2006 levels , and HR 6331 held 2008 physician payments to their 2007 levels , and provided for a 1.1 % increase in physician payments in 2009 . Without further continuing congressional intervention , the SGR is expected to decrease physician payments from 25 % to 35 % over the next several years . MFS has been criticized for not paying doctors enough because of the low conversion factor . By adjustments to the MFS conversion factor , it is possible to make global adjustments in payments to all doctors . The SGR was the subject of possible reform legislation again in 2014 . On March 14 , 2014 , the United States House of Representatives passed the SGR Repeal and Medicare Provider Payment Modernization Act of 2014 ( H.R. 4015 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would have replaced the ( SGR ) formula with new systems for establishing those payment rates . However , the bill would pay for these changes by delaying the Affordable Care Act 's individual mandate requirement , a proposal that was very unpopular with Democrats . The SGR was expected to cause Medicare reimbursement cuts of 24 percent on April 1 , 2014 , if a solution to reform or delay the SGR was not found . This led to another bill , the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014 ( H.R. 4302 ; 113th Congress ) , which would delay those cuts until March 2015 . This bill was also controversial . The American Medical Association and other medical groups opposed it , asking Congress to provide a permanent solution instead of just another delay . The SGR process was replaced by new rules as of the passage of MACRA in 2015 . Provider participation ( edit ) There are two ways for providers to be reimbursed in Medicare . `` Participating '' providers accept `` assignment , '' which means that they accept Medicare 's approved rate for their services as payment ( typically 80 % from Medicare and 20 % from the beneficiary ) . Some non participating doctors do not take assignment , but they also treat Medicare enrollees and are authorized to balance bill no more than a small fixed amount above Medicare 's approved rate . A minority of doctors are `` private contractors , '' which means they opt out of Medicare and refuse to accept Medicare payments altogether . These doctors are required to inform patients that they will be liable for the full cost of their services out - of - pocket in advance of treatment . While the majority of providers accept Medicare assignments , ( 97 percent for some specialties ) , and most physicians still accept at least some new Medicare patients , that number is in decline . While 80 % of physicians in the Texas Medical Association accepted new Medicare patients in 2000 , only 60 % were doing so by 2012 . A study published in 2012 concluded that the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) relies on the recommendations of an American Medical Association advisory panel . The study led by Dr. Miriam J. Laugesen , of Columbia Mailman School of Public Health , and colleagues at UCLA and the University of Illinois , shows that for services provided between 1994 and 2010 , CMS agreed with 87.4 % of the recommendations of the committee , known as RUC or the Relative Value Update Committee . Office medication reimbursement ( edit ) Chemotherapy and other medications dispensed in a physician 's office are reimbursed according to the Average Sales Price , a number computed by taking the total dollar sales of a drug as the numerator and the number of units sold nationwide as the denominator . The current reimbursement formula is known as `` ASP + 6 '' since it reimburses physicians at 106 % of the ASP of drugs . Pharmaceutical company discounts and rebates are included in the calculation of ASP , and tend to reduce it . In addition , Medicare pays 80 % of ASP + 6 , which is the equivalent of 84.8 % of the actual average cost of the drug . Some patients have supplemental insurance or can afford the co-pay . Large numbers do not . This leaves the payment to physicians for most of the drugs in an `` underwater '' state . ASP + 6 superseded Average Wholesale Price in 2005 , after a 2003 front - page New York Times article drew attention to the inaccuracies of Average Wholesale Price calculations . This procedure is scheduled to change dramatically in 2017 under a CMS proposal that will likely be finalized in October 2016 . Medicare 10 percent incentive payments ( edit ) `` Physicians in geographic Health Professional Shortage Areas ( HPSAs ) and Physician Scarcity Areas ( PSAs ) can receive incentive payments from Medicare . Payments are made on a quarterly basis , rather than claim - by - claim , and are handled by each area 's Medicare carrier . '' Enrollment Generally , if you already receive Social Security payments , at age 65 you are automatically enrolled in Medicare Part A ( Hospital Insurance ) . In addition , you are generally also automatically enrolled in Medicare Part B ( Medical Insurance ) . If you choose to accept Part B you must pay a monthly premium to keep it . However , you may delay enrollment with no penalty under some circumstances , or with penalty under other circumstances . Part A & B Part A Late Enrollment Penalty If you are not eligible for premium - free Part A , and you do n't buy a premium - based Part A when you 're first eligible , your monthly premium may go up 10 % . You must pay the higher premium for twice the number of years you could have had Part A , but did n't sign - up . For example , if you were eligible for Part A for 2 years but did n't sign - up , you must pay the higher premium for 4 years . Usually , you do n't have to pay a penalty if you meet certain conditions that allow you to sign up for Part A during a Special Enrollment Period . Part B Late Enrollment Penalty If you do n't sign up for Part B when you 're first eligible , you may have to pay a late enrollment penalty for as long as you have Medicare . Your monthly premium for Part B may go up 10 % for each full 12 - month period that you could have had Part B , but did n't sign up for it . Usually , you do n't pay a late enrollment penalty if you meet certain conditions that allow you to sign up for Part B during a special enrollment period . Comparison with private insurance ( edit ) Medicare differs from private insurance available to working Americans in that it is a social insurance program . Social insurance programs provide statutorily guaranteed benefits to the entire population ( under certain circumstances , such as old age or unemployment ) . These benefits are financed in significant part through universal taxes . In effect , Medicare is a mechanism by which the state takes a portion of its citizens ' resources to guarantee health and financial security to its citizens in old age or in case of disability , helping them cope with the enormous , unpredictable cost of health care . In its universality , Medicare differs substantially from private insurers , which must decide whom to cover and what benefits to offer to manage their risk pools and guarantee their costs do n't exceed premiums . Because the federal government is legally obligated to provide Medicare benefits to older and disabled Americans , it can not cut costs by restricting eligibility or benefits , except by going through a difficult legislative process , or by revising its interpretation of medical necessity . By statute , Medicare may only pay for items and services that are `` reasonable and necessary for the diagnosis or treatment of illness or injury or to improve the functioning of a malformed body member '' , unless there is another statutory authorization for payment . Cutting costs by cutting benefits is difficult , but the program can also achieve substantial economies of scale in terms of the prices it pays for health care and administrative expenses -- and , as a result , private insurers ' costs have grown almost 60 % more than Medicare 's since 1970 . Medicare 's cost growth is now the same as GDP growth and expected to stay well below private insurance 's for the next decade . Because Medicare offers statutorily determined benefits , its coverage policies and payment rates are publicly known , and all enrollees are entitled to the same coverage . In the private insurance market , plans can be tailored to offer different benefits to different customers , enabling individuals to reduce coverage costs while assuming risks for care that is not covered . Insurers , however , have far fewer disclosure requirements than Medicare , and studies show that customers in the private sector can find it difficult to know what their policy covers . and at what cost . Moreover , since Medicare collects data about utilization and costs for its enrollees -- data that private insurers treat as trade secrets -- it gives researchers key information about health care system performance . Medicare also has an important role driving changes in the entire health care system . Because Medicare pays for a huge share of health care in every region of the country , it has a great deal of power to set delivery and payment policies . For example , Medicare promoted the adaptation of prospective payments based on DRG 's , which prevents unscrupulous providers from setting their own exorbitant prices . Meanwhile , the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act has given Medicare the mandate to promote cost - containment throughout the health care system , for example , by promoting the creation of accountable care organizations or by replacing fee - for - service payments with bundled payments . Costs and funding challenges ( edit ) Medicare and Medicaid Spending as % GDP ( 2013 ) The Medicare Trustees reduced their forecast for Medicare costs as % GDP , mainly due to a lower rate of healthcare cost increases . Over the long - term , Medicare faces significant financial challenges because of rising overall health care costs , increasing enrollment as the population ages , and a decreasing ratio of workers to enrollees . Total Medicare spending is projected to increase from $523 billion in 2010 to around $900 billion by 2020 . From 2010 to 2030 , Medicare enrollment is projected to increase from 47 million to 79 million , and the ratio of workers to enrollees is expected to decrease from 3.7 to 2.4 . However , the ratio of workers to retirees has declined steadily for decades , and social insurance systems have remained sustainable due to rising worker productivity . There is some evidence that productivity gains will continue to offset demographic trends in the near future . The Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) wrote in 2008 that `` future growth in spending per beneficiary for Medicare and Medicaid -- the federal government 's major health care programs -- will be the most important determinant of long - term trends in federal spending . Changing those programs in ways that reduce the growth of costs -- which will be difficult , in part because of the complexity of health policy choices -- is ultimately the nation 's central long - term challenge in setting federal fiscal policy . '' Overall health care costs were projected in 2011 to increase by 5.8 percent annually from 2010 to 2020 , in part because of increased utilization of medical services , higher prices for services , and new technologies . Health care costs are rising across the board , but the cost of insurance has risen dramatically for families and employers as well as the federal government . In fact , since 1970 the per - capita cost of private coverage has grown roughly one percentage point faster each year than the per - capita cost of Medicare . Since the late 1990s , Medicare has performed especially well relative to private insurers . Over the next decade , Medicare 's per capita spending is projected to grow at a rate of 2.5 percent each year , compared to private insurance 's 4.8 percent . Nonetheless , most experts and policymakers agree containing health care costs is essential to the nation 's fiscal outlook . Much of the debate over the future of Medicare revolves around whether per capita costs should be reduced by limiting payments to providers or by shifting more costs to Medicare enrollees . Indicators ( edit ) Several measures serve as indicators of the long - term financial status of Medicare . These include total Medicare spending as a share of gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the solvency of the Medicare HI trust fund , Medicare per - capita spending growth relative to inflation and per - capita GDP growth ; general fund revenue as a share of total Medicare spending ; and actuarial estimates of unfunded liability over the 75 - year timeframe and the infinite horizon ( netting expected premium / tax revenue against expected costs ) . The major issue in all these indicators is comparing any future projections against current law vs. what the actuaries expect to happen . For example , current law specifies that Part A payments to hospitals and skilled nursing facilities will be cut substantially after 2028 and that doctors will get no raises after 2025 . The actuaries expect that the law will change to keep these events from happening . Total Medicare spending as a share of GDP ( edit ) Medicare Cost and Non-Interest Income by Source as a Percentage of GDP This measure , which examines Medicare spending in the context of the US economy as a whole , is expected to increase from 3.6 percent in 2010 to 6.2 percent by 2090 under current law and over 9 percent under what the actuaries really expect will happen ( called an `` illustrative example '' in recent - year Trustees Reports ) . The solvency of the Medicare HI trust fund ( edit ) This measure involves only Part A . The trust fund is considered insolvent when available revenue plus any existing balances will not cover 100 percent of annual projected costs . According to the latest estimate by the Medicare trustees ( 2016 ) , the trust fund is expected to become insolvent in 11 years ( 2028 ) , at which time available revenue will cover 87 percent of annual projected costs . Since Medicare began , this solvency projection has ranged from two to 28 years , with an average of 11.3 years . Medicare per - capita spending growth Relative to inflation and per - capita GDP growth ( edit ) The Independent Payment Advisory Board ( IPAB ) , which the Affordable Care Act or `` ACA '' created , will use this measure to determine whether it must recommend to Congress proposals to reduce Medicare costs . Under the ACA , Congress established maximum targets , or thresholds , for per - capita Medicare spending growth . For the five - year periods ending in 2015 through 2019 , these targets are based on the average of CPI - U and CPI - M. For the five - year periods ending in 2020 and subsequent years , these targets are based on per - capita GDP growth plus one percentage point . Each year , the CMS Office of the Actuary must compare those two values , and if the spending measure is larger than the economic measure , IPAB must propose cost - savings recommendations for consideration in Congress on an expedited basis . The Congressional Budget Office projects that Medicare per - capita spending growth will not exceed the economic target at any time between 2015 and 2021 . Through 2016 , these trigger points have never been reached and IPAB has not even been formed . However , in the 2016 Medicare Trustees Report , the actuaries estimate that the trigger points will be reached in 2016 or 2017 and that IPAB will affect Medicare spending for the first time in 2019 ( meaning it will need to be formed and recommend its cuts in 2017 ) . General fund revenue as a share of total Medicare spending ( edit ) This measure , established under the Medicare Modernization Act ( MMA ) , examines Medicare spending in the context of the federal budget . Each year , MMA requires the Medicare trustees to make a determination about whether general fund revenue is projected to exceed 45 percent of total program spending within a seven - year period . If the Medicare trustees make this determination in two consecutive years , a `` funding warning '' is issued . In response , the president must submit cost - saving legislation to Congress , which must consider this legislation on an expedited basis . This threshold was reached and a warning issued every year between 2006 and 2013 but it has not been reached since that time and is not expected to be reached in the 2016 - 2022 `` window . '' This is a reflection of the reduced spending growth mandated by the ACA according to the Trustees . Unfunded obligation ( edit ) Medicare 's unfunded obligation is the total amount of money that would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the gap between projected revenues ( mostly Part B premiums and Part A payroll taxes to be paid over the timeframe under current law ) and spending over a given timeframe . By law the timeframe used is 75 years though the Medicare actuaries also give an infinite - horizon estimate because life expectancy consistently increases and other economic factors underlying the estimates change . As of January 1 , 2016 , Medicare 's unfunded obligation over the 75 year timeframe is $3.8 trillion for the Part A Trust Fund and $28.6 trillion for Part B. Over an infinite timeframe the combined unfunded liability for both programs combined is over $50 trillion , with the difference primarily in the Part B estimate . These estimates assume that CMS will pay full benefits as currently specified over those periods though that would be contrary to current United States law . In addition , as discussed throughout each annual Trustees ' report , `` the Medicare projections shown could be substantially understated as a result of other potentially unsustainable elements of current law . '' For example , current law effectively provides no raises for doctors after 2025 ; that is unlikely to happen . It is impossible for actuaries to estimate unfunded liability other than assuming current law is followed ( except relative to benefits as noted ) , the Trustees state `` that actual long - range present values for ( Part A ) expenditures and ( Part B / D ) expenditures and revenues could exceed the amounts estimated by a substantial margin . '' Public opinion ( edit ) Popular opinion surveys show that the public views Medicare 's problems as serious , but not as urgent as other concerns . In January 2006 , the Pew Research Center found 62 percent of the public said addressing Medicare 's financial problems should be a high priority for the government , but that still put it behind other priorities . Surveys suggest that there 's no public consensus behind any specific strategy to keep the program solvent . Fraud and waste ( edit ) Main article : Medicare fraud The Government Accountability Office lists Medicare as a `` high - risk '' government program in need of reform , in part because of its vulnerability to fraud and partly because of its long - term financial problems . Fewer than 5 % of Medicare claims are audited . Criticism ( edit ) Unearned entitlement ( edit ) Yaron Brook of the Ayn Rand Institute has argued that the birth of Medicare represented a shift away from personal responsibility and towards a view that health care is an unearned `` entitlement '' to be provided at others ' expense . Robert M. Ball , a former commissioner of Social Security under President Kennedy in 1961 ( and later under Johnson , and Nixon ) defined the major obstacle to financing health insurance for the elderly : the high cost of care for the aged combined with the generally low incomes of retired people . Because retired older people use much more medical care than younger employed people , an insurance premium related to the risk for older people needed to be high , but if the high premium had to be paid after retirement , when incomes are low , it was an almost impossible burden for the average person . The only feasible approach , he said , was to finance health insurance in the same way as cash benefits for retirement , by contributions paid while at work , when the payments are least burdensome , with the protection furnished in retirement without further payment . In the early 1960s relatively few of the elderly had health insurance , and what they had was usually inadequate . Insurers such as Blue Cross , which had originally applied the principle of community rating , faced competition from other commercial insurers that did not community rate , and so were forced to raise their rates for the elderly . Medicare is not generally an unearned entitlement . Entitlement is most commonly based on a record of contributions to the Medicare fund . As such it is a form of social insurance making it feasible for people to pay for insurance for sickness in old age when they are young and able to work and be assured of getting back benefits when they are older and no longer working . Some people will pay in more than they receive back and others will receive more benefits than they paid in . Unlike private insurance where some amount must be paid to attain coverage , all eligible persons can receive coverage regardless of how much or if they had ever paid in . Politicized payment ( edit ) Bruce Vladeck , director of the Health Care Financing Administration in the Clinton administration , has argued that lobbyists have changed the Medicare program `` from one that provides a legal entitlement to beneficiaries to one that provides a de facto political entitlement to providers . '' Quality of beneficiary services ( edit ) A 2001 study by the Government Accountability Office evaluated the quality of responses given by Medicare contractor customer service representatives to provider ( physician ) questions . The evaluators assembled a list of questions , which they asked during a random sampling of calls to Medicare contractors . The rate of complete , accurate information provided by Medicare customer service representatives was 15 % . Since then , steps have been taken to improve the quality of customer service given by Medicare contractors , specifically the 1 - 800 - MEDICARE contractor . As a result , 1 - 800 - MEDICARE customer service representatives ( CSR ) have seen an increase in training , quality assurance monitoring has significantly increased , and a customer satisfaction survey is offered to random callers . Hospital Accreditation ( edit ) In most states the Joint Commission , a private , non-profit organization for accrediting hospitals , decides whether or not a hospital is able to participate in Medicare , as currently there are no competitor organizations recognized by CMS . Other organizations can also accredit hospitals for Medicare . These include the Community Health Accreditation Program , the Accreditation Commission for Health Care , the Compliance Team and the Healthcare Quality Association on Accreditation . Accreditation is voluntary and an organization may choose to be evaluated by their State Survey Agency or by CMS directly . Graduate medical Education ( edit ) Medicare funds the vast majority of residency training in the US . This tax - based financing covers resident salaries and benefits through payments called Direct Medical Education payments . Medicare also uses taxes for Indirect Medical Education , a subsidy paid to teaching hospitals in exchange for training resident physicians . For the 2008 fiscal year these payments were $2.7 and $5.7 billion respectively . Overall funding levels have remained at the same level over the last 10 years , so that the same number or fewer residents have been trained under this program . Meanwhile , the US population continues to grow older , which has led to greater demand for physicians . At the same time the cost of medical services continue rising rapidly and many geographic areas face physician shortages , both trends suggesting the supply of physicians remains too low . Medicare finds itself in the odd position of having assumed control of graduate medical education , currently facing major budget constraints , and as a result , freezing funding for graduate medical education , as well as for physician reimbursement rates . This halt in funding in turn exacerbates the exact problem Medicare sought to solve in the first place : improving the availability of medical care . However , some healthcare administration experts believe that the shortage of physicians may be an opportunity for providers to reorganize their delivery systems to become less costly and more efficient . Physicians ' assistants and Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioners may begin assuming more responsibilities that traditionally fell to doctors , but do not necessarily require the advanced training and skill of a physician . Of the 35,476 total active applicants who participated in The National Resident Matching Program in 2016 , 75.6 % ( 26,836 ) were able to find PGY - 1 ( R - 1 ) matches . Out of the total active applicants , 51.27 % ( 18,187 ) were graduates of conventional US medical schools ; 93.8 % ( 17,057 ) were able to find a match . In comparison , match rates were 80.3 % of osteopathic graduates , 53.9 % of US citizen international medical school graduates , and 50.5 % of non-US citizen international medical schools graduates . Legislation and reform ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : with separate more detailed descriptions of legislation and reforms . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2012 ) 1960 -- PL 86 - 778 Social Security Amendments of 1960 ( Kerr - Mills aid ) 1965 -- PL 89 - 97 Social Security Act of 1965 , Establishing Medicare Benefits 1980 -- Medicare Secondary Payer Act of 1980 , prescription drugs coverage added 1988 -- PL 100 - 360 Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988 1989 -- Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Repeal Act of 1989 1997 -- PL 105 - 33 Balanced Budget Act of 1997 2003 -- PL 108 - 173 Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act 2010 -- Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 2013 -- Sequestration effects on Medicare due to Budget Control Act of 2011 2015 -- Extensive changes to Medicare , primarily to the SGR provisions of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 as part of the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act ( MACRA ) 2016 -- Changes to the Social Security `` hold harmless '' laws as they affect Part B premiums based on the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 In 1977 , the Health Care Financing Administration ( HCFA ) was established as a federal agency responsible for the administration of Medicare and Medicaid . This would be renamed to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) in 2001 . By 1983 , the diagnosis - related group ( DRG ) replaced pay for service reimbursements to hospitals for Medicare patients . President Bill Clinton attempted an overhaul of Medicare through his health care reform plan in 1993 -- 1994 but was unable to get the legislation passed by Congress . In 2003 Congress passed the Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act , which President George W. Bush signed into law on December 8 , 2003 . Part of this legislation included filling gaps in prescription - drug coverage left by the Medicare Secondary Payer Act that was enacted in 1980 . The 2003 bill strengthened the Workers ' Compensation Medicare Set - Aside Program ( WCMSA ) that is monitored and administered by CMS . On August 1 , 2007 , the US House United States Congress voted to reduce payments to Medicare Advantage providers in order to pay for expanded coverage of children 's health under the SCHIP program . As of 2008 , Medicare Advantage plans cost , on average , 13 percent more per person insured for like beneficiaries than direct payment plans . Many health economists have concluded that payments to Medicare Advantage providers have been excessive . The Senate , after heavy lobbying from the insurance industry , declined to agree to the cuts in Medicare Advantage proposed by the House . President Bush subsequently vetoed the SCHIP extension . Effects of the patient Protection and Affordable care Act ( edit ) The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( `` PPACA '' ) of 2010 made a number of changes to the Medicare program . Several provisions of the law were designed to reduce the cost of Medicare . The most substantial provisions slowed the growth rate of payments to hospitals and skilled nursing facilities under Parts A of Medicare , through a variety of methods ( e.g. , arbitrary percentage cuts , penalties for readmissions ) . Congress also attempted to reduce payments to public Part C Medicare health plans by aligning the rules that establish Part C plans ' capitated fees more closely with the FFS paid for comparable care to `` similar beneficiaries '' under Parts A and B of Medicare . Primarily these reductions involved much discretion on the part of CMS and examples of what CMS did included effectively ending a Part C program Congress had previously initiated to increase the use of Part C in rural areas ( the so - called Part C PFFS plan ) and reducing over time a program that encouraged employers and unions to create their own Part C plans not available to the general Medicare beneficiary base ( so - called Part C EGWP plans ) by providing higher reimbursement . These two types of Part C plans had been identified by MedPAC as the programs that most negatively affected parity between the cost of Medicare beneficiaries on Parts A / B / C and the costs of beneficiaries not on Parts A / B / C. These efforts to reach parity have been more than successful . As of 2015 , all beneficiaries on A / B / C cost 4 % less per person than all beneficiaries not on A / B / C. But whether that is because the cost of the former decreased or the cost of the latter increased is not known . PPACA also slightly reduced annual increases in payments to physicians and to hospitals that serve a disproportionate share of low - income patients . Along with other minor adjustments , these changes reduced Medicare 's projected cost over the next decade by $455 billion . Additionally , the PPACA created the Independent Payment Advisory Board ( `` IPAB '' ) , which is empowered to submit legislative proposals to reduce the cost of Medicare if the program 's per - capita spending grows faster than per - capita GDP plus one percent . While the IPAB would be barred from rationing care , raising revenue , changing benefits or eligibility , increasing cost sharing , or cutting payments to hospitals , its creation has been one of the more controversial aspects of health reform . In 2016 , the Medicare Trustees projected that the IPAB will have to convene in 2017 and make cuts effective in 2019 . The PPACA also made some changes to Medicare enrollee 's ' benefits . By 2020 , it will close the so - called `` donut hole '' between Part D plans ' coverage limits and the catastrophic cap on out - of - pocket spending , reducing a Part D enrollee 's ' exposure to the cost of prescription drugs by an average of $2,000 a year . This lowered costs for about 5 % of the people on Medicare . Limits were also placed on out - of - pocket costs for in - network care for public Part C health plan enrollees . Most of these plans had such a limit but ACA formalized the annual out of pocket spend limit . Beneficiaries on traditional Medicare do not get such a limit but can effectively arrange for one through private insurance . Meanwhile , Medicare Part B and D premiums were restructured in ways that reduced costs for most people while raising contributions from the wealthiest people with Medicare . The law also expanded coverage of or eliminated co-pays for some preventive services . The PPACA instituted a number of measures to control Medicare fraud and abuse , such as longer oversight periods , provider screenings , stronger standards for certain providers , the creation of databases to share data between federal and state agencies , and stiffer penalties for violators . The law also created mechanisms , such as the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation to fund experiments to identify new payment and delivery models that could conceivably be expanded to reduce the cost of health care while improving quality . Proposals for reforming Medicare ( edit ) As legislators continue to seek new ways to control the cost of Medicare , a number of new proposals to reform Medicare have been introduced in recent years . Premium support Since the mid-1990s , there have been a number of proposals to change Medicare from a publicly run social insurance program with a defined benefit , for which there is no limit to the government 's expenses , into a program that offers `` premium support '' for enrollees . The basic concept behind the proposals is that the government would make a defined contribution , that is a premium support , to the health plan of a Medicare enrollee 's choice . Insurers would compete to provide Medicare benefits and this competition would set the level of fixed contribution . Additionally , enrollees would be able to purchase greater coverage by paying more in addition to the fixed government contribution . Conversely , enrollees could choose lower cost coverage and keep the difference between their coverage costs and the fixed government contribution . The goal of premium Medicare plans is for greater cost - effectiveness ; if such a proposal worked as planned , the financial incentive would be greatest for Medicare plans that offer the best care at the lowest cost . There have been a number of criticisms of the premium support model . Some have raised concern about risk selection , where insurers find ways to avoid covering people expected to have high health care costs . Premium support proposals , such as the 2011 plan proposed by Rep. Paul Ryan ( R -- Wis . ) , have aimed to avoid risk selection by including protection language mandating that plans participating in such coverage must provide insurance to all beneficiaries and are not able to avoid covering higher risk beneficiaries . Some critics are concerned that the Medicare population , which has particularly high rates of cognitive impairment and dementia , would have a hard time choosing between competing health plans . Robert Moffit , a senior fellow of The Heritage Foundation responded to this concern , stating that while there may be research indicating that individuals have difficulty making the correct choice of health care plan , there is no evidence to show that government officials can make better choices . Henry Aaron , one of the original proponents of premium supports , has recently argued that the idea should not be implemented , given that Medicare Advantage plans have not successfully contained costs more effectively than traditional Medicare and because the political climate is hostile to the kinds of regulations that would be needed to make the idea workable . Two distinct premium support systems have recently been proposed in Congress to control the cost of Medicare . The House Republicans ' 2012 budget would have abolished traditional Medicare and required the eligible population to purchase private insurance with a newly created premium support program . This plan would have cut the cost of Medicare by capping the value of the voucher and tying its growth to inflation , which is expected to be lower than rising health costs , saving roughly $155 billion over 10 years . Paul Ryan , the plan 's author , claimed that competition would drive down costs , but the Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) found that the plan would dramatically raise the cost of health care , with all of the additional costs falling on enrollees . The CBO found that under the plan , typical 65 - year - olds would go from paying 35 percent of their health care costs to paying 68 percent by 2030 . In December 2011 , Ryan and Sen. Ron Wyden ( D -- Oreg . ) jointly proposed a new premium support system . Unlike Ryan 's original plan , this new system would maintain traditional Medicare as an option , and the premium support would not be tied to inflation . The spending targets in the Ryan - Wyden plan are the same as the targets included in the Affordable Care Act ; it is unclear whether the plan would reduce Medicare expenditure relative to current law . Raising the age of eligibility A number of different plans have been introduced that would raise the age of Medicare eligibility . Some have argued that , as the population ages and the ratio of workers to retirees increases , programs for the elderly need to be reduced . Since the age at which Americans can retire with full Social Security benefits is rising to 67 , it is argued that the age of eligibility for Medicare should rise with it ( though people can begin receiving reduced Social Security benefits as early as age 62 ) . The CBO projected that raising the age of Medicare eligibility would save $113 billion over 10 years after accounting for the necessary expansion of Medicaid and state health insurance exchange subsidies under health care reform , which are needed to help those who could not afford insurance purchase it . The Kaiser Family Foundation found that raising the age of eligibility would save the federal government $5.7 billion a year , while raising costs for other payers . According to Kaiser , raising the age would cost $3.7 billion to 65 - and 66 - year - olds , $2.8 billion to other consumers whose premiums would rise as insurance pools absorbed more risk , $4.5 billion to employers offering insurance , and $0.7 billion to states expanding their Medicaid rolls . Ultimately Kaiser found that the plan would raise total social costs by more than twice the savings to the federal government . Negotiating the prices of prescription drugs Currently , people with Medicare can get prescription drug coverage through a Medicare Advantage plan or through the standalone private prescription drug plans ( PDPs ) established under Medicare Part D. Each plan established its own coverage policies and independently negotiates the prices it pays to drug manufacturers . But because each plan has a much smaller coverage pool than the entire Medicare program , many argue that this system of paying for prescription drugs undermines the government 's bargaining power and artificially raises the cost of drug coverage . Many look to the Veterans Health Administration as a model of lower cost prescription drug coverage . Since the VHA provides healthcare directly , it maintains its own formulary and negotiates prices with manufacturers . Studies show that the VHA pays dramatically less for drugs than the PDP plans Medicare Part D subsidizes . One analysis found that adopting a formulary similar to the VHA 's would save Medicare $14 billion a year ( over 10 years the savings would be around $140 billion ) . There are other proposals for savings on prescription drugs that do not require such fundamental changes to Medicare Part D 's payment and coverage policies . Manufacturers who supply drugs to Medicaid are required to offer a 15 percent rebate on the average manufacturer 's price . Low - income elderly individuals who qualify for both Medicare and Medicaid receive drug coverage through Medicare Part D , and no reimbursement is paid for the drugs the government purchases for them . Reinstating that rebate would yield savings of $112 billion , according to a recent CBO estimate . Some have questioned the ability of the federal government to achieve greater savings than the largest PDPs , since some of the larger plans have coverage pools comparable to Medicare 's , though the evidence from the VHA is promising . Some also worry that controlling the prices of prescription drugs would reduce incentives for manufacturers to invest in R&D , though the same could be said of anything that would reduce costs . Reforming care for the `` dual - eligibles '' Roughly nine million Americans -- mostly older adults with low incomes -- are eligible for both Medicare and Medicaid . These men and women tend to have particularly poor health -- more than half are being treated for five or more chronic conditions -- and high costs . Average annual per - capita spending for `` dual - eligibles '' is $20,000 , compared to $10,900 for the Medicare population as a whole all enrollees . The dual - eligible population comprises roughly 20 percent of Medicare 's enrollees but accounts for 36 percent of its costs . There is substantial evidence that these individuals receive highly inefficient care because responsibility for their care is split between the Medicare and Medicaid programs -- most see a number of different providers without any kind of mechanism to coordinate their care , and they face high rates of potentially preventable hospitalizations . Because Medicaid and Medicare cover different aspects of health care , both have a financial incentive to shunt patients into care the other program pays for . Many experts have suggested that establishing mechanisms to coordinate care for the dual - eligibles could yield substantial savings in the Medicare program , mostly by reducing hospitalizations . Such programs would connect patients with primary care , create an individualized health plan , assist enrollees in receiving social and human services as well as medical care , reconcile medications prescribed by different doctors to ensure they do not undermine one another , and oversee behavior to improve health . The general ethos of these proposals is to `` treat the patient , not the condition , '' and maintain health while avoiding costly treatments . There is some controversy over who exactly should take responsibility for coordinating the care of the dual eligibles . There have been some proposals to transfer dual eligibles into existing Medicaid managed care plans , which are controlled by individual states . But many states facing severe budget shortfalls might have some incentive to stint on necessary care or otherwise shift costs to enrollees and their families to capture some Medicaid savings . Medicare has more experience managing the care of older adults , and is already expanding coordinated care programs under the ACA , though there are some questions about private Medicare plans ' capacity to manage care and achieve meaningful cost savings . Estimated savings from more effective coordinated care for the dual eligibles range from $125 billion to over $200 billion , mostly by eliminating unnecessary , expensive hospital admissions . Income - relating Medicare premiums Both House Republicans and President Obama proposed increasing the additional premiums paid by the wealthiest people with Medicare , compounding several reforms in the ACA that would increase the number of wealthier individuals paying higher , income - related Part B and Part D premiums . Such proposals are projected to save $20 billion over the course of a decade , and would ultimately result in more than a quarter of Medicare enrollees paying between 35 and 90 percent of their Part B costs by 2035 , rather than the typical 25 percent . If the brackets mandated for 2035 were implemented today , it would mean that anyone earning more than $47,000 ( as an individual ) or $94,000 ( as a couple ) would be affected . Under the Republican proposals , affected individuals would pay 40 percent of the total Part B and Part D premiums , which would be equivalent of $2,500 today . More limited income - relation of premiums only raises limited revenue . Currently , only 5 percent of Medicare enrollees pay an income - related premium , and most only pay 35 percent of their total premium , compared to the 25 percent most people pay . Only a negligible number of enrollees fall into the higher income brackets required to bear a more substantial share of their costs -- roughly half a percent of individuals and less than three percent of married couples currently pay more than 35 percent of their total Part B costs . There is some concern that tying premiums to income would weaken Medicare politically over the long run , since people tend to be more supportive of universal social programs than of means - tested ones . Medigap restrictions Some Medicare supplemental insurance ( or `` Medigap '' ) plans cover all of an enrollee 's cost - sharing , insulating them from any out - of - pocket costs and guaranteeing financial security to individuals with significant health care needs . Many policymakers believe that such plans raise the cost of Medicare by creating a perverse incentive that leads patients to seek unnecessary , costly treatments . Many argue that unnecessary treatments are a major cause of rising costs and propose that people with Medicare should feel more of the cost of their care to create incentives to seek the most efficient alternatives . Various restrictions and surcharges on Medigap coverage have appeared in recent deficit reduction proposals . One of the furthest - reaching reforms proposed , which would prevent Medigap from covering any of the first $500 of coinsurance charges and limit it to covering 50 percent of all costs beyond that , could save $50 billion over 10 years . But it would also increase health care costs substantially for people with costly health care needs . There is some evidence that claims of Medigap 's tendency to cause over-treatment may be exaggerated and that potential savings from restricting it might be smaller than expected . Meanwhile , there are some concerns about the potential effects on enrollees . Individuals who face high charges with every episode of care have been shown to delay or forgo needed care , jeopardizing their health and possibly increasing their health care costs down the line . Given their lack of medical training , most patients tend to have difficulty distinguishing between necessary and unnecessary treatments . The problem could be exaggerated among the Medicare population , which has low levels of health literacy . Legislative oversight ( edit ) The following congressional committees provide oversight for Medicare programs : Senate Senate Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor , Health and Human Services , Education , and Related Agencies Senate Budget Committee Senate Committee on Finance Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management , the Federal Workforce , and the District of Columbia Senate Committee on Health , Education , Labor and Pensions Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management , Government Information , and International Security Subcommittee on Primary Health and Aging Senate Special Committee on Aging House House Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor , Health and Human Services , Education , and Related Agencies House Budget Committee House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Health Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations House Small Business Committee House Committee on Ways and Means Subcommittee on Health Joint Joint Economic Committee See also ( edit ) Administration on Aging Federal Insurance Contributions Act Health care in the United States Health care politics Health care reform in the United States Health insurance in the United States Maurice Mazel Medicaid Medicare ( Australia ) Medicare ( Canada ) Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 Medicare Prompt Pay Correction Act Medicare Quality Cancer Care Demonstration Act Medicare Rights Center National Health Service ( United Kingdom ) National Quality Cancer Care Demonstration Project Act of 2009 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( Obamacare ) Philosophy of healthcare Quality improvement organizations Single - payer health care Stark Law United States National Health Care Act ( Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Altman , Drew ; Frist , William H. ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Medicare and Medicaid at 50 Years : Perspectives of Beneficiaries , Health Care Professionals and Institutions , and Policy Makers '' . JAMA. 314 ( 4 ) : 384 -- 95 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 2015.7811 . PMID 26219056 . Jump up ^ 2016 Annual Report of the Medicare Trustees ( for the year 2015 ) , June 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Kaiser Slides The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Facts.kff.org . Retrieved on July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Medicare '' . https://www.medicare.gov/ . U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services , Baltimore . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Robinson , P.I. ( 1957 ) . Medicare : Uniformed Services Program for Dependents . Social Security Bulletin , 20 ( 7 ) , 9 -- 16 . Jump up ^ Tibbits C. `` The 1961 White House Conference on Aging : it 's rationale , objectives , and procedures '' . J Am Geriatr Soc. 1960 May . 8 : 373 -- 77 Jump up ^ Mcnamara PAT , Dirksen EM , Church F , Muskie ES . The 1961 White House Conference on Aging : basic policy statements and recommendations / prepared for the Special Committee on Aging , United States Senate 87th Congress , 1st Session , Committee Print , May 15 , 1961 . Jump up ^ Folliard , Edward T. ( July 31 , 1965 ) . `` Medicare Bill Signed By Johnson : 33 Congressmen Attend Ceremony In Truman Library '' . The Washington Post . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Drew ( July 29 , 1965 ) . `` What Medicare Means to Taxpayers : How to Get Voluntary Insurance '' . The Washington Post . p . C13 . Jump up ^ See Health Insurance for the Aged Act , Title I of the Social Security Amendments of 1965 , Pub . L. No. 89 - 97 , 79 Stat. 286 ( July 30 , 1965 ) , generally effective beginning with the month of July 1966 . Section 321 of the Act amended section 1401 of the Internal Revenue Code to impose the Medicare tax . Jump up ^ `` Truman Library - July 30 , 1965 : President Lyndon B. Johnson Signs Medicare Bill '' . www.trumanlibrary.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Study Panel on Medicare and Disparities ( October 2006 ) , Vladeck , Bruce C. ; Van de Water , Paul N. ; Eichner , June , eds. , `` Strengthening Medicare 's Role in Reducing Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities '' ( pdf ) , National Academy of Social Insurance , ISBN 1 - 884902 - 47 - 2 , retrieved July 17 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : medicare.gov , 2012 Jump up ^ `` About CMS '' . CMS.gov . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What Is the Role of the Federal Medicare Actuary ? , '' American Academy of Actuaries , January 2002 Jump up ^ `` Social Insurance , '' Actuarial Standard of Practice No. 32 , Actuarial Standards Board , January 1998 Jump up ^ Pear , Robert ( May 31 , 2015 ) . `` Federal Investigators Fault Medicare 's Reliance on Doctors for Pay Standards '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ `` Knee and hip replacement readmissions may cost $265,000 '' . EHR Intelligence . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Report to Congress , Medicare Payment Policy . March 2012 , pp. 195 -- 96 '' ( PDF ) . MedPAC . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Five Years of Quality , p. 8 '' ( PDF ) . Florida Hospital Association . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Joynt , Karen E. ; Jha , Ashish K. ( 2012 ) . `` Thirty - Day Readmissions -- Truth and Consequences '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 366 ( 15 ) : 1366 -- 69 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMp1201598 . PMID 22455752 . Jump up ^ Joynt , KE ; Jha , AK ( 2012 ) . `` Thirty - day readmissions -- truth and consequences '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 366 ( 15 ) : 1366 -- 9 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMp1201598 . PMID 22455752 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of Costs and Benefits '' . Federalregister.gov . August 31 , 2012 . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . 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Congressional Budget Office . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Viebeck , Elise ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Obama threatens to veto GOP ' doc fix ' bill '' . The Hill . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kasperowicz , Pete ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` House GOP readies year - long ' doc fix ' '' . The Hill . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kasperowicz , Pete ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` House approves ' doc fix ' in voice vote '' . The Hill . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ American Medical Association , Medicare Payment Options for Physicians Jump up ^ Kaiser Family Foundation 2010 Chartbook , `` Figure 2.15 '' Jump up ^ Kaiser Family Foundation 2010 Chartbook , `` Figure 2.16 Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/nextavenue/2013/06/11/what-to-do-if-your-doctor-wont-take-medicare/ Jump up ^ Laugesen Miriam ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` Study Finds that the AMA Committee Recommendations on Doctor Fees Are Followed Nine Times out of Ten '' . The National Law Review . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Why do manufacturers have to report average sales prices to CMS ? '' , CMS FAQs , HHS.gov Jump up ^ How does CMS calculate the Average Sales Price ( ASP ) - based payment limit ? , CMS FAQs , HHS.gov Jump up ^ `` Law Impedes Flow of Immunity in a Vial '' , New York Times , July 19 , 2005 , by Andrew Pollack Jump up ^ `` Cancer Drugs Face Funds Cut in a Bush Plan '' , New York Times , August 6 , 2003 , Robert Pear Jump up ^ `` Medicare Incentive Payments in Health Professional Shortage Areas and Physician Scarcity Areas '' . Raconline.org . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Overview HPSA / PSA ( Physician Bonuses ) '' . Cms.gov . Retrieved February 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 6 , 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ See 42 U.S.C. § 1395y ( a ) ( 1 ) ( A ) Jump up ^ Center or Medicare and Medicaid Services , `` NHE Web Tables for Selected Calendar Years 1960 -- 2010 '' Archived April 11 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Table 16 . Jump up ^ Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services , `` National Health Expenditure Projections 2010 -- 2020 '' Archived May 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Table 17 . Jump up ^ Karen Pollitz , et . Al `` '' Coverage When It Counts : What Does Health Insurance In Massachusetts Cover And How Can Consumers Know ? `` '' The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and Georgetown University . May 2009 . Jump up ^ GAO , `` '' Health Care Price Transparency : Meaningful price information is difficult for consumers to obtain prior to obtaining care. `` '' September 2011 Jump up ^ Uwe Reinhardt , `` '' How Medicare Pays Physicians `` '' , The New York Times , December 2010 Jump up ^ `` Summary of New Health Reform Law , '' Kaiser Family Foundation Jump up ^ https://www.cms.gov/ReportsTrustFunds/downloads/tr2010.pdf Jump up ^ `` Medicare Chartbook , 2010 '' . Kaiser Family Foundation . October 30 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2010 . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ CBO The Long - Term Budget Outlook and Options for Slowing the Growth of Health Care Costs . Cbo.gov ( June 17 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ U.S. Health Spending Projected To Grow 5.8 Percent Annually -- Health Affairs Blog . Healthaffairs.org ( July 28 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 9 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : https://www.cms.gov/ReportsTrustFunds/downloads/tr2016.pdf Jump up ^ `` Graph on Page 4 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Archived January 17 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ CBO CBO 's Analysis of the Major Health Care Legislation Enacted in March 2010 . Cbo.gov ( March 30 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ 2016 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE BOARDS OF TRUSTEES OF THE FEDERAL HOSPITAL INSURANCE AND FEDERAL SUPPLEMENTARY MEDICAL INSURANCE TRUST FUNDS Jump up ^ `` Medicare : People 's Chief Concerns '' . Public Agenda . Jump up ^ `` Paying for Quality over Quantity in Health Care '' . Public Agenda . 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Health Affairs . 14 ( 4 ) : 62 -- 72 . doi : 10.1377 / hlthaff. 14.4. 62 . Jump up ^ Pope , Chris . `` Medicare 's Single - Payer Experience '' . National Affairs . Retrieved 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Improvements Needed in Provider Communications and Contracting Procedures , Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Health , Committee on Ways and Means , House of Representatives , September 25 , 2001 . Jump up ^ The Accreditation Option for Deemed Medicare Status , Office of Licensure and Certification , Virginia Department of Health Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Scott ( November 1997 ) . `` Medicare funding for medical education : a waste of money ? '' . USA Today . Society for the Advancement of Education ... Reprint by BNET . Jump up ^ Fuchs , Elissa ( February 2009 ) . `` Overview : Medicare Direct Graduate and Indirect Medical Education Payments '' . AAMC Reporter . Association of American Medical Colleges . ISSN 1544 - 0540 . ^ Jump up to : Croasdale , Myrle ( January 30 , 2006 ) . `` Innovative funding opens new residency slots '' . American Medical News . American Medical Association . Jump up ^ Rosenblatt , Roger A. ; Andrilla , C. Holly A. ; Curtin , Thomas ; Hart , L. Gary ( March 1 , 2006 ) . `` Shortages of Medical Personnel at Community Health Centers '' . Journal of the American Medical Association . American Medical Association . 295 ( 9 ) : 1042 -- 49 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 295.9. 1042 . PMID 16507805 . Jump up ^ Rovner , Julie ( August 2012 ) . `` Prognosis Worsens For Shortages In Primary Care '' . Talk of the Nation . National Public Radio ... ( 2 ) by NPR . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Dallek , Robert ( Summer 2010 ) . `` Medicare 's Complicated Birth '' . americanheritage.com . American Heritage . p. 28 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Thomas ; Desmond , Katherine ; Gabel , Jon ( Fall 1990 ) . `` The Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act : a Post-mortem '' ( PDF ) . Health Affairs . 9 ( 3 ) : 75 -- 87 . doi : 10.1377 / hlthaff. 9.3. 75 . ^ Jump up to : Hulse , Carl ( November 17 , 2013 ) . `` Lesson Is Seen in Failure of Law on Medicare in 1989 '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Marcus , Aliza ( July 9 , 2008 ) . `` Senate Vote on Doctor Fees Carries Risks for McCain '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ Pear , Robert ( August 2 , 2007 ) . `` House Passes Children 's Health Plan 225 -- 204 '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/120xx/doc12033/12-23-selectedhealthcarepublications.pdf Jump up ^ Vaida , Bara ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Controversial health board braces for continued battles over Medicare '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` How will the Affordable Care Act Change Medicare ? '' . 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Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Moffit ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Premium Support : Medicare 's Future and its Critics '' . heritage.org . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Marilyn Moon ( September 1999 ) . `` Can Competition Improve Medicare ? A Look at Premium Support '' ( PDF ) . urban.org . Urban Institute . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frakt , Austin ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` Premium support proposal and critique : Objection 1 , risk selection '' . The Incidental Economist . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . ( ... ) The concern is that private plans will find ways to attract relatively healthier and cheaper - to - cover beneficiaries ( the `` good '' risks ) , leaving the sicker and more costly ones ( the `` bad '' risks ) in TM . Attracting good risks is known as `` favorable selection '' and attracting `` bad '' ones is `` adverse selection . '' ( ... ) Jump up ^ `` Debbie Wasserman Schultz says Ryan Medicare plan would allow insurers to use pre-existing conditions as barrier to coverage '' . PolitiFact . June 1 , 2011 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frakt , Austin ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` Premium support proposal and critique : Objection 4 , complexity '' . The Incidental Economist . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . ( ... ) Medicare is already very complex , some say too complex . There is research that suggests beneficiaries have difficulty making good choices among the myriad of available plans . ( ... ) Jump up ^ Horney , James R. ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Ryan Budget Plan Produces Far Less Real Deficit Cutting than Reported -- Center on Budget and Policy Priorities '' . Cbpp.org . 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'' America 's Health Insurance Plans , September 2011 . http://www.ahipcoverage.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Dual-Eligible-Study-September-2011.pdf Jump up ^ Dual Eligible : Medicaid 's Role for Low - Income Beneficiaries `` , Kaiser Family Foundation , Fact Sheet # 4091 - 07 , December 2010 , http://www.kff.org/medicaid/upload/4091-07.pdf . Jump up ^ CMS , National Health Expenditure Web Tables , Table 16 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Medicare Chartbook , Kaiser Family Foundation , November 2010 , 55 Jump up ^ John Holahan , Linda J. Blumberg , Stacey McMorrow , Stephen Zuckerman , Timothy Waidmann , and Karen Stockley , `` Containing the Growth of Spending in the U.S. Health System , '' The Urban Institute , October 2011 . http://www.urban.org/uploadedpdf/412419-Containing-the-Growth-of-Spending-in-the-US-Health-System.pdf Jump up ^ Jiang HJ , Wier LM , Potter DEB , Burgess J. Hospitalizations for Potentially Preventable Conditions among Medicare - Medicaid Dual Eligibles , 2008 . Statistical Brief # 96 . Rockville , MD : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality , Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project , September 2010 . Jump up ^ Medicare PPayment Advisory Commission , MedPAC 2011 Databook , Chapter 5 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 13 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ The National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform , `` The Moment of Truth . '' December 2010 . pdf . Jump up ^ Judy Feder , Lisa Clemans - Cope , Teresa Coughlin , John Holahan , Timothy Waidmann , `` Refocusing Responsibility For Dual Eligibles : Why Medicare Should Take The Lead . '' Robert Wood Johnson Foundation , October 2011 . http://www.rwjf.org/files/research/72868qs68dualeligiblesfull20110930.pdf Jump up ^ Families USA , `` A Guide for Advocates : State Demonstrations to Integrate Medicare and Medicaid . '' April 2011 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 24 , 2012 . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert A. Berenson and John Holahan , Preserving Medicare : A Practical Approach to Controlling Spending ( Washington , DC : Urban Institute , Sept. 2011 ) Jump up ^ The National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform , `` The Moment of Truth . '' December 2010 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kaiser Family Foundation , `` Income - Relating Medicare Part B and Part D Premiums Under Current Law and Recent Proposals : What are the Implications for Beneficiaries ? '' February 2012 . http://www.kff.org/medicare/upload/8276.pdf Jump up ^ Social Security Administration , Income of the Population , 55 and Older Jump up ^ Theda Skocpol and Vanessa Williams . The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism . Oxford University Press , 2012 . Jump up ^ National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform , `` The Moment of Truth , '' December 2010 . Jump up ^ Office of Management and Buddget , `` Living Within Our Means and Investing in the Future : The President 's Plan for Economic Growth and Deficit Reduction . '' September 2011 . Jump up ^ Sen. Tom Coburn and Sen. Richard Burr , `` The Seniors ' Choice Act , '' February 2012 . Jump up ^ CBO , `` Reducing the Deficit : Revenue and Spending Options , '' May 2012 . Option 21 Jump up ^ Jeff Lemieux , Teresa Chovan , and Karen Heath , `` Medigap Coverage And Medicare Spending : A Second Look , '' Health Affairs , Volume 27 , Number 2 , March / April 2008 Jump up ^ Beeuwkes Buntin M , Haviland AM , McDevitt R , and Sood N , `` Healthcare Spending and Preventive Care in High - Deductible and Consumer - Directed Health Plans , '' American Journal of Managed Care , Vol. 17 , No. 3 , March 2011 , pp. 222 -- 30 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Committees of Interest '' . Center for Medicare Services . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2007 . Retrieved February 15 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Medicare ( United States ) . Governmental links -- current ( edit ) Medicare at cms.gov Medicare.gov -- the official website for people with Medicare Medicare Primer Congressional Research Service Finding Medicare Enrollment Statistics Congressional Research Service Governmental links -- historical ( edit ) Medicare Is Signed Into Law page from ssa.gov -- material about the bill - signing ceremony Historical Background and Development of Social Security from ssa.gov -- includes information about Medicare Detailed Chronology of SSA from ssa.gov -- includes information about Medicare Early Medicare poster from ssa.gov Non-governmental links ( edit ) Consumer Reports Managing Medicare Kaiser Family Foundation -- Substantial research and analysis related to the Medicare program and the population of seniors and people with disabilities it covers . State - level data on Medicare beneficiaries , such as enrollment , demographics ( such as age , gender , race / ethnicity ) , spending , other sources of health coverage , managed care participation , and use of services . History of Medicare in an interactive timeline of key developments . Lyndon B. Johnson 36th President of the United States ( 1963 -- 1969 ) 37th Vice President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Texas ( 1949 -- 1961 ) U.S. Representative for TX - 10 ( 1937 -- 1949 ) Presidency 1963 inauguration 1965 inauguration Great Society Architectural Barriers Act Child Nutrition Act Civil Rights Act of 1964 Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of Transportation Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 Head Start Program Job Corps Elementary and Secondary Education Act Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Fair Housing Act of 1968 Food Stamp Act of 1964 Glassboro Summit Gun Control Act of 1968 Higher Education Act of 1965 Upward Bound TRIO Teacher Corps Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Johnson Doctrine Dominican Republic occupation Medicare Medicaid Meritorious Service Medal National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Humanities Non-Discrimination in Federal contracts Executive Order 11375 Older Americans Act Operation CHAOS Outer Space Treaty Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 Vietnam War Gulf of Tonkin Resolution `` Credibility gap '' VISTA Voting Rights Act of 1965 War on Poverty White House Conference on Civil Rights White House preservation State of the Union Address , 1966 1968 Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Life Early years and career Operation Texas Texas Broadcasting Company Johnson Amendment Bashir Ahmad Legacy Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Lyndon B. 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410532424633673298	Insulin resistance	Insulin resistance - wikipedia Insulin resistance This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2015 ) Insulin resistance Specialty Endocrinology Insulin resistance ( IR ) is a pathological condition in which cells fail to respond normally to the hormone insulin . To prevent hyperglycemia and noticeable organ damage over time , the body produces insulin when glucose starts to be released into the bloodstream from the digestion of carbohydrates ( primarily ) in the diet . Under normal conditions of insulin reactivity , this insulin response triggers glucose being taken into body cells , to be used for energy , and inhibits the body from using fat for energy , thereby causing the concentration of glucose in the blood to decrease as a result , staying within the normal range even when a large amount of carbohydrates is consumed . A habitually high intake of carbohydrates , simple sugars , and particularly fructose , e.g. with sweetened beverages , contributes to insulin resistance and has been linked to weight gain and obesity . If high and excess blood sugar from the digestion of primarily carbohydrates in the diet is not sufficiently absorbed by cells even in the presence of insulin , the increase in the level of blood sugar can result in the classic hyperglycemic triad of polyphagia ( increased appetite ) , polydipsia ( increased thirst ) , and polyuria ( increased urination ) . Avoiding carbohydrates and sugars , a no - carbohydrate diet or fasting can reverse insulin resistance . Contents 1 Overview 2 Signs and symptoms 3 Associated risk factors 4 Cause 4.1 Molecular mechanism 4.2 Diet 4.3 Sedentary lifestyle 4.4 Protease inhibitors 4.5 Cellular level 4.6 Molecular 4.7 Disease 4.8 HCV and insulin resistance 5 Pathophysiology 6 Diagnosis 6.1 Fasting insulin levels 6.2 Glucose tolerance testing 6.3 Measuring insulin resistance 6.3. 1 Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp 6.3. 2 Modified insulin suppression test 6.4 Alternatives 7 Management 8 History 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Overview ( edit ) When the body produces insulin under conditions of insulin resistance , the cells are resistant to the insulin and are unable to use it as effectively , leading to high blood sugar . Beta cells in the pancreas subsequently increase their production of insulin , further contributing to a high blood insulin level . This often remains undetected and can contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes , obesity or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults . Although this type of chronic insulin resistance is harmful , during acute illness it is actually a well - evolved protective mechanism . Recent investigations have revealed that insulin resistance helps to conserve the brain 's glucose supply by preventing muscles from taking up excessive glucose . In theory , insulin resistance should even be strengthened under harsh metabolic conditions such as pregnancy , during which the expanding fetal brain demands more glucose . People who develop type 2 diabetes usually pass through earlier stages of insulin resistance and prediabetes , although those often go undiagnosed . Insulin resistance is a syndrome ( a set of signs and symptoms ) resulting from reduced insulin activity ; it is also part of a larger constellation of symptoms called the metabolic syndrome . Insulin resistance may also develop in patients who have recently experienced abdominal or bariatric procedures . This acute form of insulin resistance that may result post-operatively tends to increase over the short term , with sensitivity to insulin typically returning to patients after about five days . Signs and symptoms ( edit ) These depend on poorly understood variations in individual biology and consequently may not be found with all people diagnosed with insulin resistance . Increased hunger Lethargy ( tiredness ) Brain fogginess and inability to focus High blood sugar Weight gain , fat storage , difficulty losing weight -- for most people , excess weight is from high subcutaneous fat storage ; the fat in IR is generally stored in and around abdominal organs in both males and females ; it is currently suspected that hormones produced in that fat are a precipitating cause of insulin resistance Increased blood cholesterol levels Increased blood pressure ; many people with hypertension are either diabetic or pre-diabetic and have elevated insulin levels due to insulin resistance ; one of insulin 's effects is to control arterial wall tension throughout the body Acanthosis nigricans -- insulin prevents lipolysis of adipose tissues . In the setting of insulin resistance , there is elevated lipolysis and release of free fatty acids into the blood stream which contributes to further insulin resistance via increasing hepatic gluconeogenesis and preventing insulin dependent glucose uptake in tissues . Associated risk factors ( edit ) Several associated risk factors include the following : Genetic factors ( inherited component ) : Family history of type 2 diabetes Insulin receptor mutations ( Donohue syndrome ) LMNA mutations ( familial partial lipodystrophy ) Cultural variables , such as diet varying with race and class ; factors related to stress , socio - economic status and history have been shown to activate the stress response , which increases the production of glucose and insulin resistance , as well as inhibiting pancreatic function and thus might be of importance , although it is not fully corroborated by the scientific evidence . Particular physiological conditions and environmental factors : Age 40 -- 45 years or older Obesity The tendency to store fat preferentially in the abdomen ( also known as `` abdominal obesity ) '' , as opposed to storing it in hips and thighs Sedentary lifestyle , lack of physical exercise Hypertension High triglyceride level ( hypertriglyceridemia ) Low level of high - density lipoprotein ( also known as HDL cholesterol or `` good cholesterol '' ) Prediabetes , blood glucose levels have been too high in the past , i.e. the patient 's body has previously shown slight problems with its production and usage of insulin ( `` previous evidence of impaired glucose homeostasis '' ) Having developed gestational diabetes during past pregnancies Giving birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds ( a bit over 4 kilograms ) Pathology : Obesity and overweight ( BMI > 25 ) Metabolic syndrome ( hyperlipidemia + HDL cholesterol level < 0.90 mmol / L or triglyceride level > 2.82 mmol / L ) , hypertension ( > 140 / 90 mmHg ) , or arteriosclerosis Liver pathologies Infection ( Hepatitis C ) Hemochromatosis Gastroparesis Polycystic ovary syndrome ( PCOS ) Hypercortisolism ( e.g. , Cushing 's syndrome , glucocorticoid therapy ) Medications ( e.g. , glucosamine , rifampicin , isoniazid , olanzapine , risperidone , progestogens , glucocorticoids , methadone , many antiretrovirals ) Cause ( edit ) Molecular mechanism ( edit ) Insulin resistance implies that the body 's cells ( primarily muscle ) lose sensitivity to insulin , a hormone secreted by the pancreas to promote glucose utilization . At the molecular level , a cell senses insulin through insulin receptors , with the signal propagating through a cascade of molecules collectively known as PI3K / Akt / mTOR signaling pathway . Recent studies suggested that the pathway may operate as a bistable switch under physiologic conditions for certain types of cells , and insulin response may well be a threshold phenomenon . The pathway 's sensitivity to insulin may be blunted by many factors such as free fatty acids , causing insulin resistance . From a broader perspective , however , sensitivity tuning ( including sensitivity reduction ) is a common practice for an organism to adapt to the changing environment or metabolic conditions . Pregnancy , for example , is a prominent change of metabolic conditions , under which the mother has to reduce her muscles ' insulin sensitivity to spare more glucose for the brains ( the mother 's brain and the fetal brain ) . This can be achieved through raising the response threshold ( i.e. , postponing the onset of sensitivity ) by secreting placental growth factor to interfere with the interaction between insulin receptor substrate ( IRS ) and PI3K , which is the essence of the so - called adjustable threshold hypothesis of insulin resistance . Diet ( edit ) It is well known that insulin regulates the conversion of carbohydrates into fats ( triglycerides ) by promoting the absorption of , especially , glucose from the blood into fat cells . The intake of simple sugars , and particularly fructose , is a factor that contributes to insulin resistance . Fructose is metabolized by the liver into triglycerides , and , as mentioned above , tends to raise their levels in the blood stream . High levels of fructose or sucrose ( table sugar ) induce insulin resistance in rats , and this insulin resistance is alleviated by fish oil supplementation . Once established , insulin resistance would result in increased circulating levels of insulin . Since insulin is the primary hormonal signal for energy storage into fat cells , which tend to retain their sensitivity in the face of hepatic and skeletal muscle resistance , IR stimulates the formation of new fatty tissue and accelerates weight gain . Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are associated with excess body weight . A possible explanation is that both insulin resistance and obesity often have the same cause , systematic overeating , which has the potential to lead to insulin resistance and obesity due to repeated administration of excess levels of glucose , which stimulate insulin secretion ; excess levels of fructose , which raise triglyceride levels in the bloodstream ; and fats , which may be absorbed easily by the adipose cells , and tend to end up as fatty tissue in a hypercaloric diet . Some scholars go as far as to claim that neither insulin resistance , nor obesity really are metabolic disorders per se , but simply adaptive responses to sustained caloric surplus , intended to protect bodily organs from lipotoxicity ( unsafe levels of lipids in the bloodstream and tissues ) : `` Obesity should therefore not be regarded as a pathology or disease , but rather as the normal , physiologic response to sustained caloric surplus ... As a consequence of the high level of lipid accumulation in insulin target tissues including skeletal muscle and liver , it has been suggested that exclusion of glucose from lipid - laden cells is a compensatory defense against further accumulation of lipogenic substrate . '' Fast food meals combined with drinks containing sugar typically possess several characteristics , all of which have independently been linked to IR : they are sugar rich , palatable , and cheap , increasing risk of overeating and leptin resistance ; simultaneously , they are high in dietary fat and fructose , and low in omega - 3 and fiber ; and they usually have high glycemic indices . Overconsumption of cheap sugar rich meals and beverages have been proposed as a fundamental factor behind the metabolic syndrome epidemic and all its constituents . An American study has shown that glucosamine ( often prescribed for joint problems ) may cause insulin resistance . Other studies , however , could not confirm a significant effect on blood glucose or insulin resistance . Vitamin D deficiency also is associated with insulin resistance . Elevated levels of free fatty acids and triglycerides in the blood stream and tissues also have been found in many studies to occur in states of insulin resistance . Triglyceride levels are driven by a variety of dietary factors . In studies on animals caloric intake that is far in excess of animals ' energy needs results in rapid weight gain and significant insulin resistance after just three weeks ( in rats ) . Sedentary lifestyle ( edit ) Sedentary lifestyle increases the likelihood of development of insulin resistance . It has been estimated that each 500 kcal / week increment in physical activity related energy expenditure , reduces the lifetime risk of type 2 diabetes by 9 % . A different study found that vigorous exercise at least once a week reduced the risk of type 2 diabetes in women by 33 % . Protease inhibitors ( edit ) Protease inhibitors found in HIV drugs are linked to insulin resistance . Cellular level ( edit ) At the cellular level , much of the variance in insulin sensitivity between untrained , non-diabetic humans may be explained by two mechanisms : differences in phospholipid profiles of skeletal muscle cell membranes , and in intramyocellular lipid ( ICML ) stores within these cells . High levels of lipids in the bloodstream have the potential to result in accumulation of triglycerides and their derivatives within muscle cells , which activate proteins Kinase C - ε and C - θ , ultimately reducing the glucose uptake at any given level of insulin . This mechanism is quite fast - acting and may induce insulin resistance within days or even hours in response to a large lipid influx . Draining the intracellular reserves , on the other hand , is more challenging : moderate caloric restriction alone , even over a period of several months , appears to be ineffective , and it must be combined with physical exercise to have any effect . In the long term , diet has the potential to change the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated phospholipids in cell membranes , correspondingly changing cell membrane fluidity ; full impact of such changes is not fully understood , but it is known that the percentage of polyunsaturated phospholipids is strongly inversely correlated with insulin resistance . It is hypothesized that increasing cell membrane fluidity by increasing PUFA concentration might result in an enhanced number of insulin receptors , an increased affinity of insulin to its receptors , and a reduced insulin resistance , and vice versa . Many stressing factors may lead to increased cortisol in the bloodstream . Cortisol counteracts insulin , contributes to hyperglycemia - causing hepatic gluconeogenesis , and inhibits the peripheral utilization of glucose , which eventually leads to insulin resistance . It does this by decreasing the translocation of glucose transporters ( especially GLUT4 ) to the cell membrane . Inflammation by itself also seems to be implicated in causing insulin resistance . Mice without JNK1 - signaling do not develop insulin resistance under dietary conditions that normally produce it . Recent study have found out the specific role of the MLK family of protein in the activation of JNK during obesity and insulin resistance . Rare type 2 diabetes cases sometimes use high levels of exogenous insulin . As short - term overdosing of insulin causes short - term insulin resistance , it has been hypothesized that chronic high dosing contributes to more permanent insulin resistance . Molecular ( edit ) At a molecular level , insulin resistance has been proposed to be a reaction to excess nutrition by superoxide dismutase in cell mitochondria that acts as an antioxidant defense mechanism . This link seems to exist under diverse causes of insulin resistance . It also is based on the finding that insulin resistance may be reversed rapidly by exposing cells to mitochondrial uncouplers , electron transport chain inhibitors , or mitochondrial superoxide dismutase mimetics . Disease ( edit ) Recent research and experimentation has uncovered a non-obesity related connection to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes . It has long been observed that patients who have had some kinds of bariatric surgery have increased insulin sensitivity and even remission of type 2 diabetes . It was discovered that diabetic / insulin resistant non-obese rats whose duodenum has been removed surgically , also experienced increased insulin sensitivity and remission of type 2 diabetes . This suggested similar surgery in humans , and early reports in prominent medical journals are that the same effect is seen in humans , at least the small number who have participated in the experimental surgical program . The speculation is , that some substance is produced in the mucosa of that initial portion of the small intestine that signals body cells to become insulin resistant . If the producing tissue is removed , the signal ceases and body cells revert to normal insulin sensitivity . No such substance has been found as yet , and the existence of such a substance remains speculative . Insulin resistance is associated with PCOS . Hcv and insulin resistance ( edit ) Hepatitis C also makes people three to four times more likely to develop type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance . In addition , `` people with Hepatitis C who develop diabetes probably have susceptible insulin - producing cells , and probably would get it anyway , but much later in life . The extra insulin resistance caused by Hepatitis C apparently brings on diabetes at age 35 or 40 , instead of 65 or 70 . '' Pathophysiology ( edit ) One of insulin 's functions is to regulate delivery of glucose into cells to provide them with energy . Insulin resistant cells can not take in glucose , amino acids and fatty acids . Thus , glucose , fatty acids and amino acids ' leak ' out of the cells . A decrease in insulin / glucagon ratio inhibits glycolysis which in turn decreases energy production . The resulting increase in blood glucose may raise levels outside the normal range and cause adverse health effects , depending on dietary conditions . Certain cell types such as fat and muscle cells require insulin to absorb glucose . When these cells fail to respond adequately to circulating insulin , blood glucose levels rise . The liver helps regulate glucose levels by reducing its secretion of glucose in the presence of insulin . This normal reduction in the liver 's glucose production may not occur in people with insulin resistance . Insulin resistance in muscle and fat cells reduces glucose uptake ( and also local storage of glucose as glycogen and triglycerides , respectively ) , whereas insulin resistance in liver cells results in reduced glycogen synthesis and storage and also a failure to suppress glucose production and release into the blood . Insulin resistance normally refers to reduced glucose - lowering effects of insulin . However , other functions of insulin can also be affected . For example , insulin resistance in fat cells reduces the normal effects of insulin on lipids and results in reduced uptake of circulating lipids and increased hydrolysis of stored triglycerides . Increased mobilization of stored lipids in these cells elevates free fatty acids in the blood plasma . Elevated blood fatty - acid concentrations ( associated with insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus Type 2 ) , reduced muscle glucose uptake , and increased liver glucose production all contribute to elevated blood glucose levels . High plasma levels of insulin and glucose due to insulin resistance are a major component of the metabolic syndrome . If insulin resistance exists , more insulin needs to be secreted by the pancreas . If this compensatory increase does not occur , blood glucose concentrations increase and type 2 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults occurs . Any food or drink containing glucose ( or the digestible carbohydrates that contain it , such as sucrose , starch , etc . ) causes blood glucose levels to increase . In normal metabolism , the elevated blood glucose level instructs beta ( β ) cells in the Islets of Langerhans , located in the pancreas , to release insulin into the blood . The insulin , in turn , makes insulin - sensitive tissues in the body ( primarily skeletal muscle cells , adipose tissue , and liver ) absorb glucose , and thereby lower the blood glucose level . The beta cells reduce insulin output as the blood glucose level falls , allowing blood glucose to settle at a constant of approximately 5 mmol / L ( mM ) ( 90 mg / dL ) . In an insulin - resistant person , normal levels of insulin do not have the same effect in controlling blood glucose levels . During the compensated phase on insulin resistance , insulin levels are higher , and blood glucose levels are still maintained . If compensatory insulin secretion fails , then either fasting ( impaired fasting glucose ) or postprandial ( impaired glucose tolerance ) glucose concentrations increase . Eventually , type 2 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes occurs when glucose levels become higher throughout the day as the resistance increases and compensatory insulin secretion fails . The elevated insulin levels also have additional effects ( see insulin ) that cause further abnormal biological effects throughout the body . The most common type of insulin resistance is associated with overweight and obesity in a condition known as the metabolic syndrome . Insulin resistance often progresses to full Type 2 diabetes mellitus ( T2DM ) or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults . This often is seen when hyperglycemia develops after a meal , when pancreatic β - cells are unable to produce sufficient insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels ( euglycemia ) in the face of insulin resistance . The inability of the β - cells to produce sufficient insulin in a condition of hyperglycemia is what characterizes the transition from insulin resistance to T2DM . Various disease states make body tissues more resistant to the actions of insulin . Examples include infection ( mediated by the cytokine TNFα ) and acidosis . Recent research is investigating the roles of adipokines ( the cytokines produced by adipose tissue ) in insulin resistance . Certain drugs also may be associated with insulin resistance ( e.g. , glucocorticoids ) . The presence of insulin leads to a kind of insulin resistance ; every time a cell is exposed to insulin , the production of GLUT4 ( Glucose transporter type 4 ) on the membrane of the cell decreases somewhat . In the presence of a higher than usual level of insulin ( generally caused by insulin resistance ) , this down - regulation acts as a kind of positive feedback , increasing the need for insulin . Exercise reverses this process in muscle tissue , but if it is left unchecked , it may contribute to insulin resistance . Elevated blood levels of glucose -- regardless of cause -- lead to increased glycation of proteins with changes , only a few of which are understood in any detail , in protein function throughout the body . Insulin resistance often is found in people with visceral adiposity ( i.e. , a high degree of fatty tissue within the abdomen -- as distinct from subcutaneous adiposity or fat between the skin and the muscle wall , especially elsewhere on the body , such as hips or thighs ) , hypertension , hyperglycemia , and dyslipidemia involving elevated triglycerides , small dense low - density lipoprotein ( sdLDL ) particles , and decreased HDL cholesterol levels . With respect to visceral adiposity , a great deal of evidence suggests two strong links with insulin resistance . First , unlike subcutaneous adipose tissue , visceral adipose cells produce significant amounts of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor - alpha ( TNF - a ) , and Interleukins - 1 and − 6 , etc . In numerous experimental models , these proinflammatory cytokines disrupt normal insulin action in fat and muscle cells , and may be a major factor in causing the whole - body insulin resistance observed in patients with visceral adiposity . Much of the attention on production of proinflammatory cytokines has focused on the IKK - beta / NF - kappa - B pathway , a protein network that enhances transcription of inflammatory markers and mediators that may cause insulin resistance . Second , visceral adiposity is related to an accumulation of fat in the liver , a condition known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD ) . The result of NAFLD is an excessive release of free fatty acids into the bloodstream ( due to increased lipolysis ) , and an increase in hepatic glycogenolysis and hepatic glucose production , both of which have the effect of exacerbating peripheral insulin resistance and increasing the likelihood of Type 2 diabetes mellitus . Also , insulin resistance often is associated with a hypercoagulable state ( impaired fibrinolysis ) and increased inflammatory cytokine levels . Diagnosis ( edit ) Fasting insulin levels ( edit ) A fasting serum insulin level greater than 25 mIU / L or 174 pmol / L is considered insulin resistance . The same levels apply three hours after the last meal . Glucose tolerance testing ( edit ) During a glucose tolerance test ( GTT ) , which may be used to diagnose diabetes mellitus , a fasting patient takes a 75 gram oral dose of glucose . Then blood glucose levels are measured over the following two hours . Interpretation is based on WHO guidelines . After two hours a glycemia less than 7.8 mmol / L ( 140 mg / dL ) is considered normal , a glycemia of between 7.8 and 11.0 mmol / L ( 140 to 197 mg / dL ) is considered as impaired glucose tolerance ( IGT ) , and a glycemia of greater than or equal to 11.1 mmol / L ( 200 mg / dL ) is considered diabetes mellitus . An oral glucose tolerance test ( OGTT ) may be normal or mildly abnormal in simple insulin resistance . Often , there are raised glucose levels in the early measurements , reflecting the loss of a postprandial peak ( after the meal ) in insulin production . Extension of the testing ( for several more hours ) may reveal a hypoglycemic `` dip , '' that is a result of an overshoot in insulin production after the failure of the physiologic postprandial insulin response . Measuring insulin resistance ( edit ) Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp ( edit ) The gold standard for investigating and quantifying insulin resistance is the `` hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp , '' so - called because it measures the amount of glucose necessary to compensate for an increased insulin level without causing hypoglycemia . It is a type of glucose clamp technique . The test is rarely performed in clinical care , but is used in medical research , for example , to assess the effects of different medications . The rate of glucose infusion commonly is referred to in diabetes literature as the GINF value . The procedure takes about two hours . Through a peripheral vein , insulin is infused at 10 -- 120 mU per m per minute . In order to compensate for the insulin infusion , glucose 20 % is infused to maintain blood sugar levels between 5 and 5.5 mmol / L. The rate of glucose infusion is determined by checking the blood sugar levels every five to ten minutes . The rate of glucose infusion during the last thirty minutes of the test determines insulin sensitivity . If high levels ( 7.5 mg / min or higher ) are required , the patient is insulin - sensitive . Very low levels ( 4.0 mg / min or lower ) indicate that the body is resistant to insulin action . Levels between 4.0 and 7.5 mg / min are not definitive , and suggest `` impaired glucose tolerance , '' an early sign of insulin resistance . This basic technique may be enhanced significantly by the use of glucose tracers . Glucose may be labeled with either stable or radioactive atoms . Commonly used tracers are 3 - H glucose ( radioactive ) , 6 , 6 H - glucose ( stable ) and 1 - C Glucose ( stable ) . Prior to beginning the hyperinsulinemic period , a 3h tracer infusion enables one to determine the basal rate of glucose production . During the clamp , the plasma tracer concentrations enable the calculation of whole - body insulin - stimulated glucose metabolism , as well as the production of glucose by the body ( i.e. , endogenous glucose production ) . Modified insulin suppression test ( edit ) Another measure of insulin resistance is the modified insulin suppression test developed by Gerald Reaven at Stanford University . The test correlates well with the euglycemic clamp , with less operator - dependent error . This test has been used to advance the large body of research relating to the metabolic syndrome . Patients initially receive 25 μg of octreotide ( Sandostatin ) in 5 mL of normal saline over 3 to 5 minutes via intravenous infusion ( IV ) as an initial bolus , and then , are infused continuously with an intravenous infusion of somatostatin ( 0.27 μg / m / min ) to suppress endogenous insulin and glucose secretion . Next , insulin and 20 % glucose are infused at rates of 32 and 267 mg / m / min , respectively . Blood glucose is checked at zero , 30 , 60 , 90 , and 120 minutes , and thereafter , every 10 minutes for the last half - hour of the test . These last four values are averaged to determine the steady - state plasma glucose level ( SSPG ) . Subjects with an SSPG greater than 150 mg / dL are considered to be insulin - resistant . Alternatives ( edit ) Given the complicated nature of the `` clamp '' technique ( and the potential dangers of hypoglycemia in some patients ) , alternatives have been sought to simplify the measurement of insulin resistance . The first was the Homeostatic Model Assessment ( HOMA ) , and a more recent method is the Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index ( QUICKI ) . Both employ fasting insulin and glucose levels to calculate insulin resistance , and both correlate reasonably with the results of clamping studies . Wallace et al. point out that QUICKI is the logarithm of the value from one of the HOMA equations . Management ( edit ) The primary treatment for insulin resistance is exercise and weight loss . Research shows that a low - carbohydrate diet may help . Both metformin and thiazolidinediones improve insulin resistance , but only are approved therapies for type 2 diabetes , not for insulin resistance . By contrast , growth hormone replacement therapy may be associated with increased insulin resistance . Metformin has become one of the more commonly prescribed medications for insulin resistance . Unfortunately , Metformin also masks Vitamin B12 deficiency , so accompanying sub-lingual Vitamin B12 tablets are recommended . Insulin resistance is often associated with abnormalities in lipids particularly high blood triglycerides and low high density lipoprotein . The Diabetes Prevention Program ( DPP ) showed that exercise and diet were nearly twice as effective as metformin at reducing the risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes . However , the participants in the DPP trial regained about 40 % of the weight that they had lost at the end of 2.8 years , resulting in a similar incidence of diabetes development in both the lifestyle intervention and the control arms of the trial . One 2009 study found that carbohydrate deficit after exercise , but not energy deficit , contributed to insulin sensitivity increase . Resistant starch from high - amylose corn , amylomaize , has been shown to reduce insulin resistance in healthy individuals , in individuals with insulin resistance , and in individuals with type 2 diabetes . Animal studies demonstrate that it can not reverse damage already done by high glucose levels , but that it reduces insulin resistance and reduces the development of further damage . Some types of polyunsaturated fatty acids ( omega - 3 ) may moderate the progression of insulin resistance into type 2 diabetes , however , omega - 3 fatty acids appear to have limited ability to reverse insulin resistance , and they cease to be efficacious once type 2 diabetes is established . Caffeine intake limits insulin action , but not enough to increase blood - sugar levels in healthy persons . People who already have type 2 diabetes may see a small increase in levels if they take 2 or 2 - 1 / 2 cups of coffee per day . History ( edit ) The concept that insulin resistance may be the underlying cause of diabetes mellitus type 2 was first advanced by Professor Wilhelm Falta and published in Vienna in 1931 , and confirmed as contributory by Sir Harold Percival Himsworth of the University College Hospital Medical Centre in London in 1936 , however , type 2 diabetes does not occur unless there is concurrent failure of compensatory insulin secretion . See also ( edit ) Chronic Somogyi rebound Hyperinsulinemia Resistin Chronic stress Systemic inflammation Circadian rhythm disruption Advanced glycation end - products PCOS References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Diagnosis and Mellitus. ( 2013 ) . Diabetes Care , 37 ( Supplement_1 ) , S81 -- 90 . https://dx.doi.org/10.2337/dc14-s081 ^ Jump up to : Basciano , Heather ; Federico , Lisa ; Adeli , Khosrow ( 2005 ) . `` Fructose , insulin resistance , and metabolic dyslipidemia '' . Nutrition & Metabolism. 2 ( 1 ) : 5 . doi : 10.1186 / 1743 - 7075 - 2 - 5 . PMC 552336 . 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Jump up ^ Nafiye , Y ; Sevtap , K ; Muammer , D ; Emre , O ; Senol , K ; Leyla , M ( Apr 2010 ) . `` The effect of serum and intrafollicular insulin resistance parameters and homocysteine levels of nonobese , nonhyperandrogenemic polycystic ovary syndrome patients on in vitro fertilization outcome '' . Fertility and Sterility. 93 ( 6 ) : 1864 -- 69 . doi : 10.1016 / j. fertnstert. 2008.12. 024 . PMID 19171332 . Jump up ^ `` A heavy burden '' . The Economist . December 15 , 2012 . Retrieved 10 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Insulin resistance '' . Medicine net . Jump up ^ `` Science daily '' . Jun 2009 . Jump up ^ Insulin Resistance Leads to LADA ( Report ) . Diabetes Health . Retrieved Feb 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Behme MT , Dupre J , Harris SB , Hramiak IM , Mahon JL ( 2003 ) . `` Insulin Resistance / LADA '' . Ann NY Acad Sci. 1005 : 374 -- 77 . Bibcode : 2003NYASA1005 ... 374B . doi : 10.1196 / annals. 1288.062 . PMID 14679095 . 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Jump up ^ Boden , G ; Sargrad , K ; Homko , C ; Mozzoli , M ; Stein , TP ( 2005 ) . `` Effect of a low - carbohydrate diet on appetite , blood glucose levels , and insulin resistance in obese patients with type 2 diabetes '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 142 ( 6 ) : 403 -- 11 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 142 - 6 - 200503150 - 00006 . PMID 15767618 . Jump up ^ Bramnert , M ; Segerlantz , M ; Laurila , E ; Daugaard , JR ; Manhem , P ; Groop , L ( 2003 ) . `` Growth hormone replacement therapy induces insulin resistance by activating the glucose - fatty acid cycle '' . The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 88 ( 4 ) : 1455 -- 63 . doi : 10.1210 / jc. 2002 - 020542 . PMID 12679422 . Jump up ^ Giannarelli R , Aragona M , Coppelli A , Del Prato S ( 2003 ) . `` Reducing insulin resistance with metformin : the evidence today '' . Diabetes Metab. 29 ( 4 Pt 2 ) : 6S28 -- 35 . doi : 10.1016 / s1262 - 3636 ( 03 ) 72785 - 2 . PMID 14502098 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Knowler , WC ; Barrett - Connor , E ; Fowler , SE ; Hamman , RF ; Lachin , JM ; Walker , EA ; Nathan , DM ( 2002 ) . `` Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin '' . New England Journal of Medicine . Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group . 346 ( 6 ) : 393 -- 403 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa012512 . PMC 1370926 . PMID 11832527 . Jump up ^ Kahn , R. ( January 2012 ) . `` Reducing the impact of diabetes : Is prevention feasible today , or should we aim for better treatment ? '' . Health Affairs . 31 ( 1 ) : 76 -- 83 . doi : 10.1377 / hlthaff. 2011.1075 . PMID 22232097 . Jump up ^ Newsom , S.A. ; Schenk , S. ; Thomas , K.M. ; Harber , M.P. ; Knuth , N.D. ; Goldenberg , N. ; Horowitz , J.F. ( 2009 ) . `` Energy deficit after exercise augments lipid mobilization but does not contribute to the exercise - induced increase in insulin sensitivity '' . Journal of Applied Physiology. 108 ( 3 ) : 554 -- 60 . doi : 10.1152 / japplphysiol. 01106.2009 . PMC 2838634 . PMID 20044472 . Jump up ^ Keenan , M.J. ; Zhou , J. ; Hegsted , M. ; Pelkman , C. ; Durham , H.A. ; Coulon , D.B. ; Martin , R.J. ( Mar 2015 ) . `` Role of resistant starch in improving gut health , adiposity , and insulin resistance '' . Advances in Nutrition. 6 ( 2 ) : 198 -- 205 . doi : 10.3945 / an. 114.007419 . PMC 4352178 . PMID 25770258 . Jump up ^ Higgins , JA ; Miller Brand , JC ; Denyer , GS ( 1996 ) . `` Development of insulin resistant in the rat is dependent on the rate of glucose absorption from the diet '' . Journal of Nutrition. 126 ( 3 ) : 596 -- 602 . PMID 8598543 . Jump up ^ Byrnes , SE ; Brand Miller , JC ; Denyer , GS ( 1995 ) . `` Amylopectin starch promotes the development of insulin resistance in rats '' . Journal of Nutrition. 125 ( 6 ) : 1430 -- 37 . PMID 7782895 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , CE ; Higgins , JA ; Denyer , GS ; Brand Miller , JC ( 1996 ) . `` Amylopectin starch induces nonreversible insulin resistance in rats '' . Journal of Nutrition. 126 ( 2 ) : 410 -- 15 . PMID 8632213 . Jump up ^ Lovejoy , Jennifer C ( 2002 ) . `` The influence of dietary fat on insulin resistance '' . Current Diabetes Reports . 2 ( 5 ) : 435 -- 40 . doi : 10.1007 / s11892 - 002 - 0098 - y . PMID 12643169 . Jump up ^ Fukuchi , S ; Hamaguchi , K ; Seike , M ; Himeno , K ; Sakata , T ; Yoshimatsu , H ( 2004 ) . `` Role of fatty acid composition in the development of metabolic disorders in sucrose - induced obese rats '' . Experimental biology and medicine . 229 ( 6 ) : 486 -- 93 . doi : 10.1177 / 153537020422900606 . PMID 15169967 . Jump up ^ Storlien , LH ; Baur , LA ; Kriketos , AD ; Pan , DA ; Cooney , GJ ; Jenkins , AB ; Calvert , GD ; Campbell , LV ( 1996 ) . `` Dietary fats and insulin action '' . Diabetologia. 39 ( 6 ) : 621 -- 31 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00418533 . PMID 8781757 . Jump up ^ De la Rue , J ; Lefoll , C ; Corporeau , C ; Lucas , D ( 2004 ) . `` N - 3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids : a nutritional tool to prevent insulin resistance associated to type 2 diabetes and obesity ? '' . Reproduction , nutrition , development . 44 ( 3 ) : 289 -- 99 . doi : 10.1051 / rnd : 2004033 . PMID 15460168 . Jump up ^ `` Does caffeine affect blood sugar ? '' . Mayo Clinic ( ( inconsistent citations ) ) Jump up ^ Falta , W. ; Boller , R. ( 1931 ) . `` Insulärer und Insulinresistenter Diabetes '' . Klinische Wochenschrift. 10 ( 10 ) : 438 -- 43 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01736348 . Jump up ^ Himsworth , H ( 1936 ) . `` Diabetes mellitus : its differentiation into insulin - sensitive and insulin insensitive types '' . The Lancet . 227 ( 5864 ) : 127 -- 30 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 01 ) 36134 - 2 . Jump up ^ Nolan , C ( 2010 ) . `` Failure of islet β - cell compensation for insulin resistance causes type 2 diabetes : What causes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis ? '' . Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 25 ( 10 ) : 1594 -- 97 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 1746.2010. 06473. x . PMID 20880166 . Further reading ( edit ) Reaven GM ( 2005 ) . `` The insulin resistance syndrome : definition and dietary approaches to treatment '' . Annual Review of Nutrition ( review ) . 25 : 391 -- 406 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. nutr. 24.012003. 132155 . PMID 16011472 . Rao , Goutham ( 2001 ) . `` Insulin resistance syndrome '' . American Family Physician ( review ) . US . 63 ( 6 ) : 1159 -- 63 , 1165 -- 66 . PMID 11277552 . External links ( edit ) Classification External resources eMedicine : med / 1173 Insulin resistance at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) `` The National Insulin Resistance Council '' . US . `` Insulin resistance '' . Diabetes . US : NIH . Diabetes ( E10 -- E14 , 250 ) Types Type 1 Type 2 LADA Gestational diabetes Diabetes and pregnancy Prediabetes Impaired fasting glucose Impaired glucose tolerance Insulin resistance KPD MODY Neonatal Transient Permanent Type 3c ( Pancreatogenic ) Blood tests Blood sugar level Glycosylated hemoglobin Glucose tolerance test Postprandial glucose test Fructosamine Glucose test C - peptide Noninvasive glucose monitor Insulin tolerance test Management Diabetic diet Anti-diabetic drugs Insulin therapy intensive conventional pulsatile Cure Embryonic stem cells Artificial pancreas Other Gastric bypass surgery Complications Diabetic comas Hypoglycemia Ketoacidosis Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state Diabetic foot ulcer Neuropathic arthropathy Organs in diabetes Blood vessels Muscle Kidney Nerves Retina Heart Diabetic skin disease Diabetic dermopathy Diabetic bulla Diabetic cheiroarthropathy Neuropathic ulcer Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia Other Glossary of diabetes Notable people with type 1 diabetes Diseases of the endocrine system ( E00 -- E35 , 240 -- 259 ) Pancreas / glucose metabolism Hypofunction Diabetes mellitus types : type 1 type 2 gestational MODY 1 2 3 4 5 6 complications coma angiopathy ketoacidosis nephropathy neuropathy retinopathy cardiomyopathy insulin receptor ( Rabson -- Mendenhall syndrome ) Insulin resistance Hyperfunction Hypoglycemia beta cell ( Hyperinsulinism ) G cell ( Zollinger -- Ellison syndrome ) Hypothalamic / pituitary axes Hypothalamus gonadotropin Kallmann syndrome Adiposogenital dystrophy CRH ( Tertiary adrenal insufficiency ) vasopressin ( Neurogenic diabetes insipidus ) general ( Hypothalamic hamartoma ) Pituitary Hyperpituitarism anterior Acromegaly Hyperprolactinaemia Pituitary ACTH hypersecretion posterior ( SIADH ) general ( Nelson 's syndrome ) Hypopituitarism anterior Kallmann syndrome Growth hormone deficiency Hypoprolactinemia ACTH deficiency / Secondary adrenal insufficiency GnRH insensitivity FSH insensitivity LH / hCG insensitivity posterior ( Neurogenic diabetes insipidus ) general Empty sella syndrome Pituitary apoplexy Sheehan 's syndrome Lymphocytic hypophysitis Thyroid Hypothyroidism Iodine deficiency Cretinism Congenital hypothyroidism Myxedema Myxedema coma Euthyroid sick syndrome Hyperthyroidism Hyperthyroxinemia Thyroid hormone resistance Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia Hashitoxicosis Thyrotoxicosis factitia Graves ' disease Thyroid storm Thyroiditis Acute infectious Subacute De Quervain 's Subacute lymphocytic Autoimmune / chronic Hashimoto 's Postpartum Riedel 's Goitre Endemic goitre Toxic nodular goitre Toxic multinodular goiter Thyroid nodule Parathyroid Hypoparathyroidism Pseudohypoparathyroidism Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism Hyperparathyroidism Primary Secondary Tertiary Osteitis fibrosa cystica Adrenal Hyperfunction aldosterone : Hyperaldosteronism / Primary aldosteronism Conn syndrome Bartter syndrome Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism AME Liddle 's syndrome 17α CAH cortisol : Cushing 's syndrome ( Pseudo-Cushing's syndrome ) sex hormones : 21α CAH 11β CAH Hypofunction / Adrenal insufficiency ( Addison 's , WF ) aldosterone : Hypoaldosteronism 21α CAH 11β CAH cortisol : CAH Lipoid 3β 11β 17α 21α sex hormones : 17α CAH Gonads ovarian : Polycystic ovary syndrome Premature ovarian failure testicular : enzymatic 5α - reductase deficiency 17β - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency aromatase excess syndrome Androgen receptor ( Androgen insensitivity syndrome ) general : Hypogonadism ( Delayed puberty ) Hypergonadism Precocious puberty Hypoandrogenism Hypoestrogenism Hyperandrogenism Hyperestrogenism Postorgasmic illness syndrome Height Dwarfism / Short stature Midget Laron syndrome Psychosocial Ateliosis Gigantism Multiple Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome multiple APS1 APS2 Carcinoid syndrome Multiple endocrine neoplasia 2A 2B Progeria Werner syndrome Acrogeria Metageria Woodhouse -- Sakati syndrome Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insulin_resistance&oldid=853876029 '' Categories : Articles requiring reliable medical sources Diabetes Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from February 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles needing additional medical references from October 2015 All articles needing additional references Infobox medical condition ( new ) Pages using infobox medical condition with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with Curlie links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Bosanski Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 14 : 29 ( UTC ) . 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1765129384179024142	Cotton gin	Cotton gin - wikipedia Cotton gin Jump to : navigation , search A model of a 19th - century cotton gin on display at the Eli Whitney Museum in Hamden , Connecticut . A cotton gin is a machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds , allowing for much greater productivity than manual cotton separation . The fibers are then processed into various cotton goods such as linens , while any undamaged cotton is used largely for textiles like clothing . Seeds may be used to grow more cotton or to produce cottonseed oil . Handheld roller gins had been used in the Indian subcontinent since at earliest AD 500 and then in other regions . The Indian worm - gear roller gin , invented some time around the sixteenth century , has , according to Lakwete , remained virtually unchanged up to the present time . A modern mechanical cotton gin was created by American inventor Eli Whitney in 1793 and patented in 1794 . Whitney 's gin used a combination of a wire screen and small wire hooks to pull the cotton through , while brushes continuously removed the loose cotton lint to prevent jams . It revolutionized the cotton industry in the United States , but also led to the growth of slavery in the American South as the demand for cotton workers rapidly increased . The invention has thus been identified as an inadvertent contributing factor to the outbreak of the American Civil War . Modern automated cotton gins use multiple powered cleaning cylinders and saws , and offer far higher productivity than their hand - powered precursors . Eli Whitney invented his cotton gin in 1793 . He began to work on this project after moving to Georgia in search of work . Given that farmers were desperately searching for a way to make cotton farming profitable , a woman named Catharine Greene provided Whitney with funding to create the first cotton gin . Whitney created two cotton gins : a small one that could be hand cranked and a large one that could be driven by a horse or water power . Thanks to the cotton gin , the amount of raw cotton yielded doubled each decade after 1800 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Purpose 1.2 Early cotton gins 1.3 Mughal India 1.4 United States 1.5 Eli Whitney 's patent 1.6 McCarthy 's gin 1.7 Effects in the United States 2 Modern cotton gins 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 External links History `` The First Cotton Gin '' , an engraving from Harper 's Magazine , 1869 . This carving depicts a roller gin , which preceded Eli Whitney 's invention . The Ajanta caves of India yield evidence of a single - roller cotton gin in use by the 5th century . This cotton gin was used in India until innovations were made in the form of foot powered gins . The cotton gin was invented in India as a mechanical device known as a charkhi , more technically the `` wooden - worm - worked roller '' . Purpose Cotton fibers are produced in the seed pods ( `` bolls '' ) of the cotton plant where the fibers ( `` lint '' ) in the bolls are tightly interwoven with seeds . To make the fibers usable , the seeds and fibers must first be separated , a task which had been previously performed manually , with production of cotton requiring hours of labor for the separation . Many simple seed - removing devices had been invented , but until the innovation of the cotton gin , most required significant operator attention and worked only on a small scale . Early cotton gins The earliest versions of the cotton gin , which were the size of a small printer , consisted of a single roller made of iron or wood and a flat piece of stone or wood . Evidence for this type of gin has been found in Africa , Asia , and North America . The first documentation of the cotton gin by contemporary scholars is found in the fifth century AD , in the form of Buddhist paintings depicting a single - roller gin in the Ajanta Caves in western India . These early gins were difficult to use and required a great deal of skill . A narrow single roller was necessary to expel the seeds from the cotton without crushing the seeds . The design was similar to that of a mealing stone , which was used to grind grain . The early history of the cotton gin is ambiguous , because archeologists likely mistook the cotton gin 's parts for other tools . Between the 12th and 14th centuries , dual - roller gins appeared in India and China . The Indian version of the dual - roller gin was prevalent throughout the Mediterranean cotton trade by the 16th century . This mechanical device was , in some areas , driven by water power . Mughal India Main article : Mughal Empire The worm gear roller gin , which was invented in the Indian subcontinent during the early Delhi Sultanate era of the 13th -- 14th centuries , came into use in the Mughal Empire some time around the 16th century , and is still used in the Indian subcontinent through to the present day . Another innovation , the incorporation of the crank handle in the cotton gin , first appeared some time during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire . The incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era . It was reported that , with an Indian cotton gin , which is half machine and half tool , one man and one woman could clean 28 pounds of cotton per day . With a modified Forbes version , one man and a boy could produce 250 pounds per day . If oxen were used to power 16 of these machines , and a few people 's labour was used to feed them , they could produce as much work as 750 people did formerly . United States The Indian roller cotton gin , known as the churka or charkha , was introduced to the United States in the mid-18th century , when it was adopted in the southern United States . The device was adopted for cleaning long - staple cotton , but was not suitable for the short - staple cotton that was more common in certain states such as Georgia . Several modifications were made to the Indian roller gin by Mr. Krebs in 1772 and Joseph Eve in 1788 , but their uses remained limited to the long - staple variety , up until Eli Whitney 's development of a short - staple cotton gin in 1793 . Eli Whitney 's patent Eli Whitney 's original cotton gin patent , dated March 14 , 1794 . Eli Whitney ( 1765 -- 1825 ) applied for a patent of his cotton gin on October 28 , 1793 ; the patent was granted on March 14 , 1794 , but was not validated until 1807 . Whitney 's patent was assigned patent number 72X . There is slight controversy over whether the idea of the modern cotton gin and its constituent elements are correctly attributed to Eli Whitney . The popular image of Whitney inventing the cotton gin is attributed to an article on the subject written in the early 1870s and later reprinted in 1910 in The Library of Southern Literature . In this article , the author claimed Catharine Littlefield Greene suggested to Whitney the use of a brush - like component instrumental in separating out the seeds and cotton . To date , Greene 's role in the invention of the gin has not been verified independently . Whitney 's cotton gin model was capable of cleaning 50 pounds ( 23 kg ) of lint per day . The model consisted of a wooden cylinder surrounded by rows of slender spikes , which pulled the lint through the bars of a comb - like grid . The grids were closely spaced , preventing the seeds from passing through . Loose cotton was brushed off , preventing the mechanism from jamming . Many contemporary inventors attempted to develop a design that would process short staple cotton , and Hodgen Holmes , Robert Watkins , William Longstreet , and John Murray had all been issued patents for improvements to the cotton gin by 1796 . However , the evidence indicates Whitney did invent the saw gin , for which he is famous . Although he spent many years in court attempting to enforce his patent against planters who made unauthorized copies , a change in patent law ultimately made his claim legally enforceable -- too late for him to make much money from the device in the single year remaining before the patent expired . McCarthy 's gin While Whitney 's gin facilitated the cleaning of seeds from short - staple cotton , it damaged the fibers of ( extra-long staple ) cotton ( Gossypium barbadense ) . In 1840 Fones McCarthy received a patent for a `` Smooth Cylinder Cotton - gin '' , a roller gin . McCarthy 's gin was marketed for use with both short - staple and extra-long staple cotton , but was particularly useful for processing long - staple cotton . After McCarthy 's patent expired in 1861 , McCarthy type gins were manufactured in Britain and sold around the world . McCarthy 's gin was adopted for cleaning the Sea Island variety of extra-long staple cotton grown in Florida , Georgia and South Carolina . It cleaned cotton several times faster than the older gins , and , when powered by one horse , produced 150 to 200 pounds of lint a day . The McCarthy gin used a reciprocating knife to detach seed from the lint . Vibration caused by the reciprocating motion limited the speed at which the gin could operate . In the middle of the 20th Century gins using a rotating blade replaced ones using a reciprocating blade . These descendants of the McCarthy gin are the only gins now used for extra-long staple cotton in the United States . Effects in the United States cotton gin at Jarrell Plantation Prior to the introduction of the mechanical cotton gin , cotton had required considerable labor to clean and separate the fibers from the seeds . With Eli Whitney 's gin , cotton became a tremendously profitable business , creating many fortunes in the Antebellum South . Cities such as New Orleans , Louisiana ; Mobile , Alabama ; Charleston , South Carolina ; and Galveston , Texas became major shipping ports , deriving substantial economic benefit from cotton raised throughout the South . Additionally , the greatly expanded supply of cotton created strong demand for textile machinery and improved machine designs that replaced wooden parts with metal . This led to the invention of many machine tools in the early 19th century . The invention of the cotton gin caused massive growth in the production of cotton in the United States , concentrated mostly in the South . Cotton production expanded from 750,000 bales in 1830 to 2.85 million bales in 1850 . As a result , the region became even more dependent on plantations and slavery , with plantation agriculture becoming the largest sector of its economy . While it took a single slave about ten hours to separate a single pound of fiber from the seeds , a team of two or three slaves using a cotton gin could produce around fifty pounds of cotton in just one day . The number of slaves rose in concert with the increase in cotton production , increasing from around 700,000 in 1790 to around 3.2 million in 1850 . By 1860 , black slave labor from the American South was providing two - thirds of the world 's supply of cotton , and up to 80 % of the crucial British market . The cotton gin thus `` transformed cotton as a crop and the American South into the globe 's first agricultural powerhouse '' . An 1896 advertisement for the Lummus cotton gin . Because of its inadvertent effect on American slavery , and on its ensuring that the South 's economy developed in the direction of plantation - based agriculture ( while encouraging the growth of the textile industry elsewhere , such as in the North ) , the invention of the cotton gin is frequently cited as one of the indirect causes of the American Civil War . Modern cotton gins This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Diagram of a modern cotton gin plant , displaying numerous stages of production Modern cotton gins In modern cotton production , cotton arrives at industrial cotton gins either in trailers , in compressed rectangular `` modules '' weighing up to 10 metric tons each or in polyethylene wrapped round modules similar to a bale of hay produced during the picking process by the most recent generation of cotton pickers . Cotton arriving at the gin is sucked in via a pipe , approximately 16 inches ( 41 cm ) in diameter , that is swung over the cotton . This pipe is usually manually operated , but is increasingly automated in modern cotton plants . The need for trailers to haul the product to the gin has been drastically reduced since the introduction of modules . If the cotton is shipped in modules , the module feeder breaks the modules apart using spiked rollers and extracts the largest pieces of foreign material from the cotton . The module feeder 's loose cotton is then sucked into the same starting point as the trailer cotton . The cotton then enters a dryer , which removes excess moisture. The cylinder cleaner uses six or seven rotating , spiked cylinders to break up large clumps of cotton . Finer foreign material , such as soil and leaves , passes through rods or screens for removal . The stick machine uses centrifugal force to remove larger foreign matter , such as sticks and burrs , while the cotton is held by rapidly rotating saw cylinders . The gin stand uses the teeth of rotating saws to pull the cotton through a series of `` ginning ribs '' , which pull the fibers from the seeds which are too large to pass through the ribs . The cleaned seed is then removed from the gin via an auger conveyor system . The seed is reused for planting or is sent to an oil mill to be further processed into cottonseed oil and cottonseed meal . The lint cleaners again use saws and grid bars , this time to separate immature seeds and any remaining foreign matter from the fibers . The bale press then compresses the cotton into bales for storage and shipping . Modern gins can process up to 15 tonnes ( 33,000 lb ) of cotton per hour . Modern cotton gins create a substantial amount of cotton gin residue ( CGR ) consisting of sticks , leaves , dirt , immature bolls , and cottonseed . Research is currently under way to investigate the use of this waste in producing ethanol . Due to fluctuations in the chemical composition in processing , there is difficulty in creating a consistent ethanol process , but there is potential to further maximize the utilization of waste in the cotton production . References ^ Jump up to : Roe , Joseph Wickham ( 1916 ) , English and American Tool Builders , New Haven , Connecticut : Yale University Press , LCCN 16011753 . Reprinted by McGraw - Hill , New York and London , 1926 ( LCCN 27 - 24075 ) ; and by Lindsay Publications , Inc. , Bradley , Illinois , ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 917914 - 73 - 7 ) . ^ Jump up to : Lakwete , 1 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Habib , Irfan ( February 3 , 2018 ) . `` Economic History of Medieval India , 1200 - 1500 '' . Pearson Education India -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Martin . `` Top Five Causes of the Civil War : Leading up to Secession and the Civil War '' . About.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : inventors.about.com ; `` Background on the Cotton Gin '' , retrieved October 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lakwete , 182 . Jump up ^ Bellis , Mary . inventors.about.com ; `` The Cotton Gin and Eli Whitney '' , retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Baber , Zaheer ( 1996 ) . The Science of Empire : Scientific Knowledge , Civilization , and Colonial Rule in India . Albany : State University of New York Press . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 2919 - 9 . Jump up ^ Irfan Habib ( 2011 ) , Economic History of Medieval India , 1200 - 1500 , page 53 , Pearson Education Jump up ^ Irfan Habib ( 2011 ) , Economic History of Medieval India , 1200 - 1500 , pages 53 - 54 , Pearson Education Jump up ^ Irfan Habib ( 2011 ) , Economic History of Medieval India , 1200 - 1500 , page 54 , Pearson Education Jump up ^ Karl Marx ( 1867 ) . Chapter 16 : `` Machinery and Large - Scale Industry . '' Das Kapital . Jump up ^ Hargrett , Elizabeth ; Dobbs , Chris ( 6 June 2017 ) . `` Cotton Gins '' . New Georgia Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ `` Who Invented the Cotton Gin and How Did it Impact History ? '' . Jump up ^ `` Catharine Littlefield Greene , Brain Behind the Cotton Gin '' . Finding Dulcinea . March 4 , 2010 . Retrieved November 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harr , M.E. ( 1977 ) . Mechanics of particulate media : A probabilistic approach . McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Lakwete , 64 -- 76 . Jump up ^ The American Historical Review by Henry Eldridge Bourne , Robert Livingston Schuyler Editors : 1895 -- July 1928 ; J.F. Jameson and others. ; Oct. 1928 -- Apr. 1936 , H.E. Bourne and others ; July 1936 -- Apr. 1941 , R.L. Schuyler and others ; July 1941 -- G.S. Ford and others . Published 1991 , American Historical Association ( etc . ) , pp 90 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Lakwete , Angela . `` Fones McCarthy '' . Encyclopedia of Alabama . Auburn University . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Shofner , Jerrel H. ; Rogers , William Warren ( April 1962 ) . `` Sea Island Cotton in Ante - Bellum Florida '' . The Florida Historical Quarterly . 40 ( 4 ) : 378 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Gillum , Marvis M. ; Van Doorn , D.W. ; Norman , B.M. ; Owen , Charles ( 1994 ) . `` Roller Ginning '' . In Anthony , Stanley W. ; Mayfield , William D. Cotton Ginner 's Handbook . United States Department of Agriculture . p. 244 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Hamner , Christopher . teachinghistory.org , `` The Disaster of Innovation '' , retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pierson , Parke ( September 2009 ) . `` Seeds of conflict '' . America 's Civil War . 22 ( 4 ) : 25 . Jump up ^ Woods , Robert ( September 1 , 2009 ) . `` A Turn of the Crank Started the Civil War . '' Mechanical Engineering . Jump up ^ Smith , N. Jeremy ( July 2009 ) . `` Making Cotton King '' . World Trade . 22 ( 7 ) : 82 . Jump up ^ `` Cotton -- a history '' . New Internationalist. 399 : 18 -- 19 . April 2007 . Jump up ^ Underhill , Paco ( 2008 ) . `` The cotton gin , oil , robots and the store of 2020 '' . Display & Design Ideas. 20 ( 10 ) : 48 . Jump up ^ Joe Ryan . `` What Caused the American Civil War ? '' AmericanCivilWar.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Randy Golden , `` Causes of the Civil War '' . About North Georgia . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Agblevor , Foster A. ; Batz , Sandra ; Trumbo , Jessica ( February 3 , 2018 ) . Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals . Humana Press , Totowa , NJ . pp. 219 -- 230 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4612 - 0057 - 4_17 -- via link.springer.com . Bibliography Lakwete , Angela ( 2003 ) . Inventing the Cotton Gin : Machine and Myth in Antebellum America . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 9780801873942 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cotton gins . Library resources about Cotton gin Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Overview of a Cotton Gin -- USDA site The Story of Cotton -- National Cotton Council of America site National Cotton Ginners Association US Cotton Gin Industry -- EH.Net Encyclopedia of Economic History Invention of Cotton Gin -- eHistory.com Cotton : the fiber of life -- includes a schematic diagram illustrating the seed removal process Video of manual cotton gin in operation via YouTube Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cotton_gin&oldid=824128903 '' Categories : Cotton gin 1793 introductions Agricultural machinery American inventions Cotton production Indian inventions Slavery in the United States Textile machinery Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Winaray Edit links This page was last edited on 5 February 2018 , at 14 : 07 . 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-7035472831087959383	War of the currents	War of the currents - wikipedia War of the currents Jump to : navigation , search American inventor and businessman Thomas Edison established the first investor - owned electric utility in 1882 , basing its infrastructure on DC power . The American entrepreneur and engineer George Westinghouse introduced a rival AC - based power distribution network in 1886 . The war of the currents ( sometimes called battle of the currents ) was a series of events surrounding the introduction of competing electric power transmission systems in the late 1880s and early 1890s . It included commercial competition , a debate over electrical safety , and a media / propaganda campaign that grew out of it , with the main players being the direct current ( DC ) -- based Edison Electric Light Company and the alternating current ( AC ) -- based Westinghouse Electric Company . It took place during the introduction and rapid expansion of the alternating current standard ( already in use and advocated by several US and European companies ) and its eventual adoption over the direct current distribution system . Three aspects have been conflated into the `` war '' : open competition involving large electric companies and a format war involving their developing systems , a general fear in the public 's mind of death by accidental electrocution from high voltage AC leading to a debate over its safety and regulation , and the debate and behind - the - scene maneuvers associated with the introduction of the electric chair . The introduction of large scale outdoor arc lighting systems in the mid - to late - 1870s , some of them powered by high - voltage alternating current , was followed in 1882 by Thomas Edison 's low voltage DC electric distribution `` utility '' designed for indoor business and residential use as an alternative to gas and oil - based lighting . In 1886 George Westinghouse began building an alternating current system that used a transformer to step up voltage for long - distance transmission and then stepped it back down for indoor lighting , a more efficient and less expensive system that directly competed for the market the Edison system was designed to serve . As many other electric companies joined in and the use of AC spread rapidly , Edison 's company made claims in early 1888 that alternating current was hazardous and inferior to the patented direct current system . In the spring of 1888 , a media furor arose over a series of deaths caused by pole - mounted high - voltage AC lines in New York City and around the country , attributed to the greed and callousness of the local AC - based lighting companies . In June of that year a New York electrical engineer named Harold P. Brown came to prominence as an opponent of the use of alternating current , claiming the AC - based lighting companies were putting the public at risk using high - voltages and installing it in a slipshod manner . Brown 's campaign immediately gained the assistance of Edison and his company , aiding Brown in his public electrocution of animals with AC , trying to claim that AC was more dangerous than DC . Historians noted , and documents from the period seem to show , that there grew to be collusion between the Edison company and Brown in their parallel attempts to limit the use of AC : assisting Brown 's attempt to push through legislation to control and severely limit AC installations and voltages ( to the point of making it an ineffective power delivery system ) , providing technical assistance in Brown 's tests to show AC would be the best current to power the new electric chair , and colluding with Brown and Westinghouse 's chief AC rival , the Thomson - Houston Electric Company , to make sure the first electric chair was powered by a Westinghouse AC generator . This was a period of industrial consolidation and by 1890 over a dozen electric companies had merged down to three ; Edison ( now Edison General Electric ) , Thomson - Houston , and Westinghouse . By the early 1890s the latter two were generating profits far in advance of the DC - based Edison company . During this period Thomas Edison left the electric power business and the company he founded was beginning to add AC technology to its system . Edison Electric 's institutional opposition to alternating current came to an end in 1892 when they merged with what had become their biggest competitor , the Thomson - Houston company , a merger that put the managers of Thomson - Houston in control of the new company , now called General Electric . The merger of the Edison company ( along with its strong lighting patents ) with Thomson - Houston ( and its AC patents ) created a company that now controlled three quarters of the US electrical business . Westinghouse won the bid to supply electrical power for the World 's Columbian Exposition in 1893 and won the first contract at Niagara Falls later that year . Their lead in the field quickly diminished with later contracts being split with General Electric . There were several technical factors that drove the adoption of alternating - current over direct - current . The direct - current system generated and distributed electrical power at the same voltage as used by the customer 's lamps and motors . This required the use of large , costly distribution wires and forced generating plants to be near the loads . With the development of a practical transformer , alternating - current power could be sent long distances over relatively small wires at a conveniently high voltage , then reduced in voltage to that used by a customer . Alternating - current generating stations could be larger , more efficient , and the distribution wires were relatively less costly . The lower cost of AC power distribution prevailed , though DC systems persisted in some urban areas throughout the 20th century . While DC power is not used generally for the transmission of energy from power plants into homes as Edison and others intended , it is still common when distances are small or when isolation between different AC systems is needed , known as HVDC ( High - Voltage DC ) . Low voltage DC is used widely in modern electronic devices , including computers , telephones , and automotive systems ; in contrast , most electric motors are powered by line voltage AC . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Arc lighting 1.2 Edison 's DC company 1.3 AC transformer development in Europe 1.4 Westinghouse enters the AC business 1.5 The spread of AC 1.6 Safety concerns 1.7 Edison 's anti-AC stance 1.8 Execution by electricity 2 Anti-AC backlash 2.1 Harold Brown 's crusade 2.1. 1 Brown 's demonstrations 2.1. 2 Collusion with Edison 3 Patents and mergers 4 The peak of the war 4.1 Associating AC and Westinghouse with the electric chair 4.1. 1 The Kemmler appeal 4.2 Brown 's collusion exposed 4.3 The `` Electric Wire Panic '' 5 The current war ends 5.1 Aftermath 6 Larger developments 6.1 International Electro - Technical Exhibition 6.2 Willamette Falls to Niagara Falls 6.3 AC deployment at Niagara 7 Electric power transmission 7.1 The competing systems 7.2 Transmission loss 7.3 Remnant and existent DC systems 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Background ( edit ) Further information : History of electric power transmission Very bright arc lighting ( such as this one in 1882 New York ) could only be used outdoors or in large indoor spaces where they could be mounted high out of people 's sight line . The war of the currents grew out of the development of two lighting systems ; arc lighting running on alternating current and incandescent lighting running on direct current . Both were supplanting gas lighting systems , with arc lighting taking over large area / street lighting , and incandescent lighting replacing gas for business and residential lighting . Arc lighting ( edit ) The first type of widely used electric light was the arc lamp . These lamps had been around for most of the 19th century but by the late 1870s were beginning to be installed in cities in large scale systems powered by central generating plants . Arc lighting systems were extremely brilliant and capable of lighting whole streets , factory yards , or the interior of large buildings . They needed high voltages ( above 3,000 volts ) and some ran better on alternating current . Alternating current had been under development for a while in Europe with contributions being made to the field by Guillaume Duchenne ( 1850s ) , the dynamo work of Zénobe Gramme , Ganz Works ( 1870s ) , Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti ( 1880s ) , Lucien Gaulard , and Galileo Ferraris . The high voltages allowed a central generating station to supply a large area , up to 7 - mile ( 11 km ) long circuits since the capacity of a wire is proportional to the square of the current traveling on it , each doubling of the voltage allowed the same size cable to transmit the same amount of power four times the distance . 1880 saw the installation of large - scale arc lighting systems in several US cities including a central station set up by the Brush Electric Company in December 1880 to supply a 2 - mile ( 3.2 km ) length of Broadway in New York City with a 3,500 -- volt demonstration arc lighting system . The disadvantages of arc lighting were : it was maintenance intensive , buzzed , flickered , constituted a fire hazard , was really only suitable for outdoor lighting , and , at the high voltages used , was dangerous to work with . Edison 's DC company ( edit ) Workmen burying Edison DC power lines under the streets in New York City in 1882 . This costly practice played to Edison 's favor in public perceptions after several deaths were caused by overhead high voltage AC lines . In 1878 inventor Thomas Edison saw a market for a system that could bring electric lighting directly into a customer 's business or home , a niche not served by arc lighting systems . By 1882 the investor - owned utility Edison Illuminating Company was established in New York City . Edison designed his `` utility '' to compete with the then established gas lighting utilities , basing it on a relatively low 110 volt direct current supply to power a high resistance incandescent lamp he had invented for the system . Edison direct current systems would be sold to cities throughout the United States , making it a standard with Edison controlling all technical development and holding all the key patents . Direct current worked well with incandescent lamps , which were the principal load of the day . Direct - current systems could be directly used with storage batteries , providing valuable load - leveling and backup power during interruptions of generator operation . Direct - current generators could be easily paralleled , allowing economical operation by using smaller machines during periods of light load and improving reliability . Edison had invented a meter to allow customers to be billed for energy proportional to consumption , but this meter worked only with direct current . Direct current also worked well with electric motors , an advantage DC held throughout the 1880s . The primary drawback with the Edison direct current system was that it ran at 110 volts from generation to its final destination giving it a relatively short useful transmission range : to keep the size of the expensive copper conductors down generating plants had to be situated in the middle of population centers and could only supply customers less than a mile from the plant . AC transformer development in Europe ( edit ) Further information : Transformer § History The Hungarian `` ZBD '' Team ( Károly Zipernowsky , Ottó Bláthy , Miksa Déri ) . They were the inventors of the first high efficiency , closed core shunt connection transformer . The three also invented the modern power distribution system : Instead of former series connection they connect transformers that supply the appliances in parallel to the main line . Starting in the 1880s alternating current gained its key advantage over direct current with the development of functional transformers that allowed the voltage to be `` stepped up '' to much higher transmission voltages and then dropped down to a lower end user voltage for business and residential use . Using induction coils to transfer power between electrical circuits had been around for 40 years with Pavel Yablochkov using them in his lighting system in 1876 and Lucien Gaulard and John Dixon Gibbs using the principle to create a `` step down '' transformer in 1882 , but the design was not very efficient . A prototype of the high efficiency , closed core shunt connection transformer was made by the Hungarian `` Z.B.D. '' team ( composed of Károly Zipernowsky , Ottó Bláthy and Miksa Déri ) at Ganz Works in 1884 . The new Z.B.D. transformers were 3.4 times more efficient than the open core bipolar devices of Gaulard and Gibbs . Transformers in use today are designed based on principles discovered by the three engineers . Their patents included another major related innovation : the use of parallel connected ( as opposed to series connected ) power distribution . Ottó Bláthy also invented the first AC electricity meter . The reliability of this type of AC technology received impetus after the Ganz Works electrified Rome , a large metropolis , in 1886 . Westinghouse enters the AC business ( edit ) Westinghouse Electric Company 1888 catalog advertising their `` Alternating System '' . In North America the inventor and entrepreneur George Westinghouse entered the electric lighting business in 1884 when he started to develop a DC system and hired William Stanley , Jr. to work on it . Westinghouse became aware of the new European transformer based AC systems in 1885 when he read about them in the UK technical journal Engineering . He grasped that AC combined with transformers meant greater economies of scale could be achieved with large centralized power plants transmitting stepped up voltage very long distances to be used in arc lighting as well lower voltage home and commercial incandescent lighting supplied via a `` step down '' transformer at the other end . Westinghouse saw a way to build a truly competitive system instead of simply building another barely competitive DC lighting system using patents just different enough to get around the Edison patents . The Edison DC system of centralized DC plants with their short transmission range also meant there was a patchwork of un-supplied customers between Edison 's plants that Westinghouse could easily supply with AC power . William Stanley developed the first practical AC transformer for Westinghouse and helped build the first AC systems . Westinghouse purchased the US patents rights to the Gaulard - Gibbs transformer and imported several of those as well as Siemens AC generators to begin experimenting with an AC - based lighting system in Pittsburgh . William Stanley used the Gaulard - Gibbs design and designs from the ZBD Transformer to develop the first practical transformer . The Westinghouse Electric Company was formed at the beginning of 1886 . In March 1886 Stanley , with Westinghouse 's backing , installed the first multiple - voltage AC power system , a demonstration incandescent lighting system , in Great Barrington , Massachusetts . Expanded to the point where it could light 23 businesses along main street with very little power loss over 4000 feet , the system used transformers to step 500 AC volts at the street down to 100 volts to power incandescent lamps at each location . By fall of 1886 Westinghouse , Stanley , and Oliver B. Shallenberger had built the first commercial AC power system in the US in Buffalo , New York . The spread of AC ( edit ) By the end of 1887 Westinghouse had 68 alternating current power stations to Edison 's 121 DC - based stations . To make matters worse for Edison , the Thomson - Houston Electric Company of Lynn , Massachusetts ( another competitor offering AC - and DC - based systems ) had built 22 power stations . Thomson - Houston was expanding their business while trying to avoid patent conflicts with Westinghouse , arranging deals such as coming to agreements over lighting company territory , paying a royalty to use the Stanley AC transformer patent , and allowing Westinghouse to use their Sawyer - Man incandescent bulb patent . Besides Thomson - Houston and Brush there were other competitors at the time included the United States Illuminating Company and the Waterhouse Electric Light Company . All of the companies had their own electric power systems , arc lighting systems , and even incandescent lamp designs for domestic lighting , leading to constant lawsuits and patent battles between themselves and with Edison . Safety concerns ( edit ) The myriad of telephone , telegraph , and power lines over the streets of New York City in a photo of the Great Blizzard of 1888 . An AC charged broken wire from the storm led to the electrocution of a boy that spring . Elihu Thomson of Thomson - Houston was concerned about AC safety and put a great deal of effort into developing a lightning arrestor for high - tension power lines as well as a magnetic blowout switch that could shut the system down in a power surge , a safety feature the Westinghouse system did not have . Thomson also worried what would happen with the equipment after they sold it , assuming customers would follow a risky practice of installing as many lights and generators as they could get away with . He also thought the idea of using AC lighting in residential homes was too dangerous and had the company hold back on that type of installations until a safer transformer could be developed . Due to the hazards presented by high voltage electrical lines most European cities and the city of Chicago in the US required them to be buried underground . The City of New York did not require burying and had little in the way of regulation so by the end of 1887 the mishmash of overhead wires for telephone , telegraph , fire and burglar alarm systems in Manhattan were now mixed with haphazardly strung AC lighting system wires carrying up to 6000 volts . Insulation on power lines was rudimentary , with one electrician referring to it as having as much value `` as a molasses covered rag '' , and exposure to the elements was eroding it over time . A third of the wires were simply abandoned by defunct companies and slowly deteriorating , causing damage to , and shorting out the other lines . Besides being an eyesore , New Yorkers were annoyed when a large March 1888 snowstorm ( the Great Blizzard of 1888 ) tore down a large number of the lines , cutting off utilities in the city . This spurred on the idea of having these lines moved underground but it was stopped by a court injunction obtained by Western Union . Legislation to give all the utilities 90 days to move their lines into underground conduits supplied by the city was slowly making its way through the government but that was also being fought in court by the United States Illuminating Company , who claimed their AC lines were perfectly safe . Edison 's anti-AC stance ( edit ) As AC systems continued to spread into territories covered by DC systems , with the companies seeming to impinge on Edison patents including incandescent lighting , things got worse for the company . The price of copper was rising , adding to the expense of Edison 's low voltage DC system , which required much heavier copper wires than higher voltage AC systems . Thomas Edison 's own colleagues and engineers were trying to get him to consider AC . Edison 's sales force was continually losing bids in municipalities that opted for cheaper AC systems and Edison Electric Illuminating Company president Edward Hibberd Johnson pointed out that if the company stuck with an all DC system it would not be able to do business in small towns and even mid-sized cities . Edison Electric had a patent option on the ZBD transformer , and a confidential in house report recommended that the company go AC , but Thomas Edison was against the idea . After Westinghouse installed his first large scale system Edison wrote in a November 1886 private letter to Edward Johnson , `` Just as certain as death Westinghouse will kill a customer within six months after he puts in a system of any size , He has got a new thing and it will require a great deal of experimenting to get it working practically . '' Edison seemed to hold a view that the very high voltage used in AC systems was too dangerous and that it would take many years to develop a safe and workable system . Safety and avoiding the bad press of killing a customer had been one of the goals in designing his DC system and he worried that a death caused by a mis - installed AC system could hold back the use of electricity in general , Edison 's understanding of how AC systems worked seemed to be extensive . He noted what he saw as inefficiencies and that , combined with the capital costs in trying to finance very large generating plants , led him to believe there would be very little cost savings in an AC venture . Edison was also of the opinion that DC was a superior system ( a fact that he was sure the public would come to recognize ) and inferior AC technology was being used by other companies as a way to get around his DC patents . In February 1888 Edison Electric president Edward Johnson published an 84 - page pamphlet titled `` A Warning from the Edison Electric Light Company '' and sent it to newspapers and to companies that had purchased or were planning to purchase electrical equipment from Edison competitors , including Westinghouse and Thomson Houston , stating that the competitors were infringing on Edison 's incandescent light and other electrical patents . It warned that purchasers could find themselves on the losing side of a court case if those patents were upheld . The pamphlet also emphasized the safety and efficiency of direct current , with the claim DC had not caused a single death , and included newspaper stories of accidental electrocutions caused by alternating current . Execution by electricity ( edit ) Further information : Electric chair A June 30 , 1888 Scientific American illustration of what the new electric chair might look like . As arc lighting systems spread so did stories of how the high voltages involved were killing people , usually unwary linemen , a strange new phenomenon that seemed to instantaneously strike a victim dead . One such story in 1881 of drunken dock worker dying after he grabbed a large electric dynamo led Buffalo , New York dentist Alfred P. Southwick to seek some application for the curious phenomenon . He worked with local physician George E. Fell and the Buffalo ASPCA , electrocuting hundreds of stray dogs , to come up with a method to euthanize animals via electricity . Southwick 's 1882 and 1883 articles on how electrocution could be a replacement for hanging , using a restraint similar to a dental chair ( an electric chair ) caught the attention of New York State politicians who , following a series of botched hangings , were desperately seeking an alternative . An 1886 commission appointed by New York governor David B. Hill , which including Southwick , recommended in 1888 that executions be carried out by electricity using the electric chair . There were early indications that this new form of execution would become mixed up with the war of currents . As part of their fact - finding , the commission sent out surveys to hundreds of experts on law and medicine , seeking their opinions , as well as contacting electrical experts , including Elihu Thomson and Thomas Edison . In late 1887 , when death penalty commission member Southwick contacted Edison , the inventor stated he was against capital punishment and wanted nothing to do with the matter . After further prompting , Edison hit out at his chief electric power competitor , George Westinghouse , in what may have been the opening salvo in the war of currents , stating in a December 1887 letter to Southwick that it would be best to use current generated by `` ' alternating machines , ' manufactured principally in this country by Geo . Westinghouse '' . Soon after the execution by electricity bill passed in June 1888 , Edison was asked by a New York government official what means would be the best way to implement the state 's new form of execution . `` Hire out your criminals as linemen to the New York electric lighting companies '' was Edison 's tongue in cheek answer . Anti-AC backlash ( edit ) As the number of deaths attributed to high voltage lighting around the country continued to mount , a cluster of deaths in New York City in the spring of 1888 related to AC arc lighting set off a media frenzy against the `` deadly arc - lighting current '' and the seemingly callous lighting companies that used it . These deaths included a 15 - year - old boy killed on April 15 by a broken telegraph line that had energized with alternating current from a United States Illuminating Company line , a clerk killed two weeks later by an AC line , and a Brush Electric Company lineman killed in May by the AC line he was cutting . The press in New York seemed to switch overnight from stories about electric lights vs gas lighting to `` death by wire '' incidents , with each new report seeming to fan public resentment against high voltage AC and the dangerously tangled overhead electrical wires in the city . Harold Brown 's crusade ( edit ) Electrical engineer Harold Pitney Brown emerged in June 1888 as an anti-AC crusader . At this point an electrical engineer named Harold P. Brown , who at that time seemed to have no connection to the Edison company , sent a June 5 , 1888 letter to the editor of the New York Post claiming the root of the problem was the alternating current ( AC ) system being used . Brown argued that the AC system was inherently dangerous and `` damnable '' and asked why the `` public must submit to constant danger from sudden death '' just so utilities could use a cheaper AC system . At the beginning of attacks on AC , Westinghouse , in a June 7 , 1888 letter , tried to defuse the situation . He invited Edison to visit him in Pittsburgh and said `` I believe there has been a systemic attempt on the part of some people to do a great deal of mischief and create as great a difference as possible between the Edison Company and The Westinghouse Electric Co. , when there ought to be an entirely different condition of affairs '' . Edison thanked him but said `` My laboratory work consumes the whole of my time '' . On June 8 Brown was lobbying in person before the New York Board of Electrical Control , asking that his letter to the paper be read into the meeting 's record and demanding severe regulations on AC including limiting power to 300 volts , a level that would make AC next to useless for transmission . There were many rebuttals to Browns claims in the newspapers and letters to the board , with people pointing out he was showing no scientific evidence that AC was more dangerous than DC . Westinghouse pointed out in letters to various newspapers the number of fires caused by DC equipment and suggested that Brown was obviously being controlled by Edison , something Brown continually denied . A July edition of The Electrical Journal covered Brown 's appearance before the New York Board of Electrical Control and the debate in technical societies over the merits of DC and AC and noted that : `` The battle of the currents is being fought this week in New York . '' At a July meeting Board of Electrical Control , Brown 's criticisms of AC and even his knowledge of electricity was challenged by other electrical engineers , some of whom worked for Westinghouse . At this meeting , supporters of AC provided anecdotal stories from electricians on how they had survived shocks from AC at voltages up to 1000 volts and argued that DC was the more dangerous of the two . Brown 's demonstrations ( edit ) Brown , determined to prove alternating current was more dangerous than direct current , at some point contacted Thomas Edison to see if he could make use of equipment to conduct experiments . Edison immediately offered to assist Brown in his crusade against AC companies . Before long , Brown was loaned space and equipment at Edison 's West Orange , New Jersey laboratory , as well as laboratory assistant Arthur Kennelly . Brown paid local children to collect stray dogs off the street for his experiments with direct and alternating current . After much experimentation killing a series of dogs , Brown held a public demonstration on July 30 in a lecture room at Columbia College . With many participants shouting for the demonstration to stop and others walking out , Brown subjected a caged dog to several shocks with increasing levels of direct current up to 1000 volts , which the dog survived . Brown then applied 330 volts of alternating current which killed the dog . Four days later he held a second demonstration to answer critics ' claims that the DC probably weakened the dog before it died . In this second demonstration , three dogs were killed in quick succession with 300 volts of AC . Brown wrote to a college that he was sure this demonstration would get the New York Board of Electrical Control to limit AC installations to 300 volts . Brown 's campaign to restrict AC to 300 volts went nowhere but legislation did come close to passing in Ohio and Virginia . Collusion with Edison ( edit ) What brought Brown to the forefront of the debate over AC and his motives remain unclear , but historians note there grew to be some form of collusion between the Edison company and Brown . Edison records seem to show it was Edison Electric Light treasurer Francis S. Hastings who came up with the idea of using Brown and several New York physicians to attack Westinghouse and the other AC companies in retaliation for what Hastings thought were unscrupulous bids by Westinghouse for lighting contracts in Denver and Minneapolis . Hasting brought Brown and Edison together and was in continual contact with Brown . Edison Electric seemed to be footing the bill for some of Brown 's publications on the dangers of AC . In addition , Thomas Edison himself sent a letter to the city government of Scranton , Pennsylvania recommending Brown as an expert on the dangers of AC . Some of this collusion was exposed in letters stolen from Brown 's office and published in August 1889 . Patents and mergers ( edit ) Nikola Tesla 's induction motor patent was acquired by Westinghouse in July 1888 with plans to incorporate it in a completely integrated AC system . During this period Westinghouse continued to pour money and engineering resources into the goal of building a completely integrated AC system . To gain control of the Sawyer - Man lamp patents he bought Consolidated Electric Light in 1887 . He bought the Waterhouse Electric Light Company in 1888 and the United States Illuminating Company in 1890 , giving Westinghouse their own arc lighting systems as well as control over all the major incandescent lamp patents not controlled by Edison . In April 1888 Westinghouse engineer Oliver B. Shallenberger developed an induction meter that used a rotating magnetic field for measuring alternating current giving the company a way to calculate how much electricity a customer used . In July 1888 Westinghouse paid a substantial amount to license Nikola Tesla 's US patents for a poly - phase AC induction motor and obtained a patent option on Galileo Ferraris ' induction motor design . Although the acquisition of a feasible AC motor gave Westinghouse a key patent in building a completely integrated AC system , the general shortage of cash the company was going through by 1890 meant development had to be put on hold for a while . The difficulties of obtaining funding for such a capital intensive business was becoming a serious problem for the company and 1890 saw the first of several attempts by investor J.P. Morgan to take over Westinghouse Electric . Thomson - Houston was continuing to expand , buying seven smaller electric companies including a purchase of the Brush Electric Company in 1889 . By 1890 Thomson - Houston controlled the majority of the arc lighting systems in the US and a collection of its own US AC patents . Several of the business deals between Thomson - Houston and Westinghouse fell apart and in April 1888 a judge rolled back part of Westinghouse 's original Gaulard Gibbs patent , stating it only covered transformers linked in series . With the help of the financier Henry Villard the Edison group of companies also went through a series of mergers : Edison Lamp Company , a lamp manufacturer in East Newark , New Jersey ; Edison Machine Works , a manufacturer of dynamos and large electric motors in Schenectady , New York ; Bergmann & Company , a manufacturer of electric lighting fixtures , sockets , and other electric lighting devices ; and Edison Electric Light Company , the patent - holding company and the financial arm backed by J.P. Morgan and the Vanderbilt family for Edison 's lighting experiments , merged . The new company , Edison General Electric Company , was formed in January 1889 with the help of Drexel , Morgan & Co. and Grosvenor Lowrey with Villard as president . It later included the Sprague Electric Railway & Motor Company . The peak of the war ( edit ) Through the fall of 1888 a battle of words with Brown specifically attacking Westinghouse continued to escalate . In November George Westinghouse challenged Brown 's assertion in the pages of the Electrical Engineer that the Westinghouse AC systems had caused 30 deaths . The magazine investigated the claim and found at most only two of the deaths could be attributed to Westinghouse installations . Associating AC and Westinghouse with the Electric chair ( edit ) Although New York had a criminal procedure code that specified electrocution via an electric chair , it did not spell out the type of electricity , the amount of current , or its method of supply , since these were still relative unknowns . The New York Medico - Legal Society , an informal society composed of doctors and lawyers , was given the task of working out the details and in late 1888 through early 1889 conducted a series of animal experiments on voltage amounts , electrode design and placement , and skin conductivity . During this time they sought the advice of Harold Brown as a consultant . This ended up expanding the war of currents into the development of the chair and the general debate over capital punishment in the US . After the Medico - Legal Society formed their committee in September 1888 chairman Frederick Peterson , who had been an assistant at Brown 's July 1888 public electrocution of dogs with AC at Columbia College , had the results of those experiments submitted to the committee . The claims that AC was more deadly than DC and was the best current to use was questioned with some committee members , pointing out that Brown 's experiments were not scientifically carried out and were on animals smaller than a human being . At their November meeting the committee recommended 3000 volts although the type of electricity , direct current or alternating current , was not determined . Harold Brown demonstrating the killing power of AC to the New York Medico - Legal Society by electrocuting a horse at Thomas Edison 's West Orange laboratory . In order to more conclusively prove to the committee that AC was more deadly than DC , Brown contacted Edison Electric Light treasurer Francis S. Hastings to arrange the use of the West Orange laboratory . There on December 5 , 1888 Brown set up an experiment with members of the press , members of the Medico - Legal Society , the chairman of the death penalty commission , and Thomas Edison looking on . Brown used alternating current for all of his tests on animals larger than a human , including 4 calves and a lame horse , all dispatched with 750 volts of AC . Based on these results the Medico - Legal Society 's December meeting recommended the use of 1000 -- 1500 volts of alternating current for executions and newspapers noted the AC used was half the voltage used in the power lines over the streets of American cities . Westinghouse criticized these test as a skewed self - serving demonstration designed to be a direct attack on alternating current . On December 13 in a letter to the New York Times , Westinghouse spelled out where Brown 's experiments were wrong and claimed again that Brown was being employed by the Edison company . Brown 's December 18 letter refuted the claims and Brown even challenged Westinghouse to an electrical duel , with Brown agreeing to be shocked by ever - increasing amounts of DC power if Westinghouse submitted himself to the same amount of increasing AC power , first to quit loses . Westinghouse declined the offer . In March 1889 when members of the Medico - Legal Society embarked on another series of tests to work out the details of electrode composition and placement they turned to Brown for technical assistance . Edison treasurer Hastings tried unsuccessfully to obtain a Westinghouse AC generator for the test . They ended up using Edison 's West Orange laboratory for the animal tests . Also in March , Superintendent of Prisons Austin Lathrop asked Brown if he could supply the equipment needed for the executions as well as design the electric chair . Brown turned down the job of designing the chair but did agree to fulfill the contract to supply the necessary electrical equipment . The state refused to pay up front , and Brown apparently turned to Edison Electric as well as Thomson - Houston Electric Company to help obtaining the equipment . This became another behind - the - scenes maneuver to acquire Westinghouse AC generators to supply the current , apparently with the help of the Edison company and Westinghouse 's chief AC rival , Thomson - Houston . Thomson - Houston arranged to acquire three Westinghouse AC generators by replacing them with new Thomson - Houston AC generators and Edison Electric probably put up the money to acquire them for Brown . Thomson - Houston president Charles Coffin had at least two reasons for obtaining the Westinghouse generators ; he did not want his company 's equipment to be associated with the death penalty and he wanted to use one to prove a point , paying Brown to set up a public efficiency test to show that Westinghouse 's sales claim of manufacturing 50 % more efficient generators was false . That spring Brown published `` The Comparative Danger to Life of the Alternating and Continuous Electrical Current '' detailing the animal experiments done at Edison 's lab and claiming they showed AC was far deadlier then DC . This 61 - page professionally printed booklet ( probably paid for by the Edison company ) was sent to government officials , newspapers , and businessmen in towns with populations greater than 5000 inhabitants . In May 1889 when New York had its first criminal sentenced to be executed in the electric chair , a street merchant named William Kemmler , there was a great deal of discussion in the editorial column of the New York Times as to what to call the then - new form of execution . The term `` Westinghoused '' was put forward as well as `` Gerrycide '' ( after death penalty commission head Elbridge Gerry ) , and `` Browned '' . The Times hated the word that was eventually adopted , electrocution , describing it as being pushed forward by `` pretentious ignoramuses '' . One of Edison 's lawyers wrote to his colleague expressing an opinion that Edison 's preference for dynamort , ampermort and electromort were not good terms but thought Westinghoused was the best choice . The Kemmler appeal ( edit ) After William Kemmler was sentenced to death in the electric chair his appeal was financed by Westinghouse , an attempt to prevent Westinghouse AC generators from being used in an execution , by repealing the electrocution law . William Kemmler was sentenced to die in the electric chair around June 24 , 1889 , but before the sentence could be carried out an appeal was filed on the grounds that it constituted cruel and unusual punishment under the US Constitution . It became obvious to the press and everyone involved that the politically connected ( and expensive ) lawyer who filed the appeal , William Bourke Cockran , had no connection to the case but did have connection to the Westinghouse company , obviously paying for his services . During fact - finding hearings held around the state beginning on July 9 in New York City , Cockran used his considerable skills as a cross-examiner and orator to attack Brown , Edison , and their supporters . His strategy was to show that Brown had falsified his test on the killing power of AC and to prove that electricity would not cause certain death and simply lead to torturing the condemned . In cross examination he questioned Brown 's lack of credentials in the electrical field and brought up possible collusion between Brown and Edison , which Brown again denied . Many witnesses were called by both sides to give firsthand anecdotal accounts about encounters with electricity and evidence was given by medical professionals on the human body 's nervous system and the electrical conductivity of skin . Brown was accused of fudging his tests on animals , hiding the fact that he was using lower current DC and high - current AC . When the hearing convened for a day at Edison 's West Orange lab to witness demonstrations of skin resistance to electricity , Brown almost got in a fight with a Westinghouse representative , accusing him of being in the Edison laboratory to conduct industrial espionage . Newspapers noted the often contradictory testimony was raising public doubts about the electrocution law but after Edison took the stand many accepted assurances from the `` wizard of Menlo Park '' that 1000 volts of AC would easily kill any man . After the gathered testimony was submitted and the two sides presented their case , Judge Edwin Day ruled against Kemmler 's appeal on October 9 and US Supreme Court denied Kemmler 's appeal on May 23 , 1890 . When the chair was first used , on August 6 , 1890 , the technicians on hand misjudged the voltage needed to kill William Kemmler . After the first jolt of electricity Kemmler was found to be still breathing . The procedure had to be repeated and a reporter on hand described it as `` an awful spectacle , far worse than hanging . '' George Westinghouse commented : `` They would have done better using an axe . '' Brown 's collusion exposed ( edit ) On August 25 , 1889 the New York Sun ran a story headlined : `` `` For Shame , Brown ! - Disgraceful Facts About the Electric Killing Scheme ; Queer Work for a State 's Expert ; Paid by One Electric Company to Injure Another '' '' The story was based on 45 letters stolen from Brown 's office that spelled out Brown 's collusion with Thomson - Houston and Edison Electric . The majority of the letters were correspondence between Brown and Thomson - Houston on the topic of acquiring the three Westinghouse generators for the state of New York as well as using one of them in an efficiency test . They also showed that Brown had received $5,000 from Edison Electric to purchase the surplus Westinghouse generators from Thomson - Houston . Further Edison involvement was contained in letters from Edison treasurer Hastings asking Brown to send anti-AC pamphlets to all the legislators in the state of Missouri ( at the company 's expense ) , Brown requesting that a letter of recommendation from Thomas Edison be sent to Scranton , PA , as well as Edison and Arthur Kennelly coaching Brown in his upcoming testimony in the Kemmler appeal trial . Brown was not slowed down by this revelation and characterized his efforts to expose Westinghouse as the same as going after a grocer who sells poison and calls it sugar . The `` Electric wire Panic '' ( edit ) The death of Western Union Lineman John Feeks led to laws finally being passed to move AC lines underground in New York City . 1889 saw another round of deaths attributed to alternating current including a lineman in Buffalo , New York , four linemen in New York City , and a New York fruit merchant who was killed when the display he was using came in contact with an overhead line . NYC Mayor Hugh J. Grant , in a meeting with the Board of Electrical Control and the AC electric companies , rejected the claims that the AC lines were perfectly safe saying `` we get news of all who touch them through the coroners office '' . On October 11 , 1889 John Feeks , a Western Union lineman , was high up in the tangle of overhead electrical wires working on what were supposed to be low - voltage telegraph lines in a busy Manhattan district . As the lunchtime crowd below looked on he grabbed a nearby line that , unknown to him , had been shorted many blocks away with a high - voltage AC line . The jolt entered through his bare right hand and exited his left steel studded climbing boot . Feeks was killed almost instantly , his body falling into the tangle of wire , sparking , burning , and smoldering for the better part of an hour while a horrified crowd of thousands gathered below . The source of the power that killed Feeks was not determined although United States Illuminating Company lines ran nearby . Feeks ' public death sparked a new round of people fearing the electric lines over their heads in what has been called the `` Electric Wire Panic '' . The blame seemed to settle on Westinghouse since , having bought many of the lighting companies involved , people assumed Feeks ' death was the fault of a Westinghouse subsidiary . Newspapers joined into the public outcry following Feeks ' death , pointing out men 's lives `` were cheaper to this monopoly than insulated wires '' and calling for the executives of AC companies to be charged with manslaughter . The October 13 , 1889 New Orleans Times - Picayune noted `` Death does not stop at the door , but comes right into the house , and perhaps as you are closing a door or turning on the gas you are killed . '' Harold Brown 's reputation was rehabilitated almost overnight with newspapers and magazines seeking his opinion and reporters following him around New York City where he measured how much current was leaking from AC power lines . The death of Feeks marked the first time Edison publicly denounced alternating current . At the peak of the war of currents , Edison himself joined the public debate for the first time , denounced AC current in a November 1889 article in the North American Review titled `` The Dangers of Electric Lighting '' . Edison put forward the view that burying the high - voltage lines was not a solution , and would simply move the deaths underground and be a `` constant menace '' that could short with other lines threatening people 's homes and lives . He stated the only way to make AC safe was to limit its voltage and vowed Edison Electric would never adopt AC as long as he was in charge . George Westinghouse was suddenly put in the role of a `` villain '' trying to defend pole - mounted AC installations that he knew were unsafe and fumbled at reporters ' questions trying to point out all the other things in a large city that were more dangerous . The next month he did better in his response printed in the North American Review , pointing out that his AC / transformer system actually used lower household voltages than the Edison DC system . He also pointed out 87 deaths in one year caused by street cars and gas lighting vs only 5 accidental electrocutions and no in - home deaths attributed to AC current . The crowd that watched Feeks contained many New York aldermen due to the site of the accident being near the New York government offices and the horrifying affair galvanized them into the action of passing the law on moving utilities underground . The electric companies involved obtained an injunction preventing their lines from being cut down immediately but shut down most of their lighting until the situation was settled , plunging many New York streets into darkness . The legislation ordering the cutting down of all of the utility lines was finally upheld by the New York Supreme Court in December . The AC lines were cut down keeping many New York City streets in darkness for the rest of the winter since little had been done by the overpaid Tammany Hall city supervisors who were supposed to see to building the underground `` subways '' to house them . The current war ends ( edit ) Even with the Westinghouse propaganda losses the war of currents itself was winding down with direct current on the losing side . This was due in part to Thomas Edison himself leaving the electric power business . Edison was becoming marginalized in his own company having lost majority control in the 1889 merger that formed Edison General Electric . In 1890 he told president Henry Villard he thought it was time to retire from the lighting business and moved on to an iron ore refining project that preoccupied his time . Edison 's dogmatic anti-AC values were no longer controlling the company . By 1889 Edison 's Electric 's own subsidiaries were lobbying to add AC power transmission to their systems and in October 1890 Edison Machine Works began developing AC - based equipment . With Thomas Edison no longer involved with Edison General Electric , the war of currents came to a close with a financial merger . Edison president Henry Villard , who had engineered the merger that formed Edison General Electric , was continually working on the idea of merging that company with Thomson - Houston or Westinghouse . He saw a real opportunity in 1891 . The market was in a general downturn causing cash shortages for all the companies concerned and Villard was in talks with Thomson - Houston , which was now Edison General Electric 's biggest competitor . Thomson - Houston had a habit of saving money on development by buying , or sometimes stealing , patents . Patent conflicts were stymieing the growth of both companies and the idea of saving on some 60 ongoing lawsuits as well as saving on profit losses of trying to undercut each other by selling generating plants below cost pushed forward the idea of this merger in financial circles . Edison hated the idea and tried to hold it off but Villard thought his company , now winning its incandescent light patent lawsuits in the courts , was in a position to dictate the terms of any merger . As a committee of financiers , which included J.P. Morgan , worked on the deal in early 1892 things went against Villard . In Morgan 's view Thomson - Houston looked on the books to be the stronger of the two companies and engineered a behind the scenes deal announced on April 15 , 1892 that put the management of Thomson - Houston in control of the new company , now called General Electric ( dropping Edison 's name ) . Thomas Edison was not aware of the deal until the day before it happened . The fifteen electric companies that existed 5 years before had merged down to two ; General Electric and Westinghouse . The war of currents came to an end and this merger of the Edison company , along with its lighting patents , and the Thomson - Houston , with its AC patents , created a company that controlled three quarters of the US electrical business . From this point on General Electric and Westinghouse were both marketing alternating current systems . Edison put on a brave face noting to the media how his stock had gained value in the deal but privately he was bitter that his company and all of his patents had been turned over to the competition . Aftermath ( edit ) Even though the institutional war of currents had ended in a financial merger the technical difference between direct and alternating current systems followed a much longer technical merger . Due to innovation in the US and Europe , alternating current 's economy of scale with very large generating plants linked to loads via long distance transmission was slowly being combined with the ability to link it up with all of the existing systems that needed to be supplied . These included single phase AC systems , poly - phase AC systems , low voltage incandescent lighting , high voltage arc lighting , and existing DC motors in factories and street cars . In the engineered universal system these technological differences were temporarily being bridged via the development of rotary converters and motor -- generators that allowed the large number of legacy systems to be connected to the AC grid . These stopgaps were slowly replaced as older systems were retired or upgraded . In May 1892 Westinghouse Electric managed to underbid General Electric on the contract to electrify the World 's Columbian Exposition in Chicago and , although they made no profit , their demonstration of a safe and effective highly flexible universal alternating current system powering all of the disparate electrical systems at the Exposition led to them winning the bid at the end of that year to build an AC power station at Niagara Falls . General Electric was awarded contracts to build AC transmission lines and transformers in that project and further bids at Niagara were split with GE who were quickly catching up in the AC field due partly to Charles Proteus Steinmetz , a Prussian mathematician who was the first person to fully understand AC power from a solid mathematical standpoint . General Electric hired many talented new engineers to improve its design of transformers , generators , motors and other apparatus . Patent lawsuits were still hampering both companies and bleeding off cash , so in 1896 , J.P. Morgan engineered a patent sharing agreement between the two companies that remained in force for 11 years . In 1897 Edison sold his remaining stock in Edison Electric Illuminating of New York to finance his iron ore refining prototype plant . In 1908 Edison said to George Stanley , son of AC transformer inventor William Stanley , Jr. , `` Tell your father I was wrong '' , probably admitting he had underestimated the developmental potential of alternating current . Larger developments ( edit ) International Electro - technical exhibition ( edit ) The International Electro - Technical Exhibition of 1891 , in Frankfurt , Germany , featured the long distance transmission of high - power , three - phase electric current . It was held between 16 May and 19 October on the disused site of the three former `` Westbahnhöfe '' ( Western Railway Stations ) in Frankfurt am Main . The exhibition featured the first long distance transmission of high - power , three - phase electric current , which was generated 175 km away at Lauffen am Neckar . It successfully operated motors and lights at the fair . When the exhibition closed , the power station at Lauffen continued in operation , providing electricity for the administrative capital , Heilbronn , making it the first place to be equipped with three - phase AC power . Many corporate technical representatives ( including E.W. Rice of Thomson - Houston Electric Company ( what became General Electric ) ) attended . The technical advisers and representatives were impressed . As a result of the successful field trial , three - phase current , as far as Germany was concerned , became the most economical means of transmitting electrical energy . In Europe , Siemens and Halske became the dominant force . Three phase 60 Hz at 120 volts became the dominant system in North America while 220 - 240 volts at 50 Hz became the standard in Europe . Alternating current power transmission networks today provide redundant paths and lines for power routing from any power plant to any load center , based on the economics of the transmission path , the cost of power , and the importance of keeping a particular load center powered at all times . High voltage power transmission allows generators ( such as hydroelectric sites ) to be located far from the loads . Willamette Falls to Niagara Falls ( edit ) In 1882 , the German Miesbach -- Munich Power Transmission used 2kV DC over a distance of 57 kilometres ( 35 mi ) . In 1889 , the first long distance transmission of DC electricity in the United States was switched on at Willamette Falls Station , in Oregon City , Oregon . In 1890 , a flood destroyed the power station . This unfortunate event paved the way for the first long distance transmission of AC electricity in the world when Willamette Falls Electric company installed experimental AC generators from Westinghouse in 1890 . That same year , the Niagara Falls Power Company ( NFPC ) and its subsidiary Cataract Company formed the International Niagara Commission composed of experts , to analyze proposals to harness Niagara Falls to generate electricity . The commission was led by Sir William Thomson ( later Lord Kelvin ) and included Eleuthère Mascart from France , William Unwin from England , Coleman Sellers from the US , and Théodore Turrettini from Switzerland . It was backed by entrepreneurs such as J.P. Morgan , Lord Rothschild , and John Jacob Astor IV . Among 19 proposals , they even briefly considered compressed air as a power transmission medium , but preferred electricity . They could not decide which method would be best overall . AC deployment at Niagara ( edit ) By 1893 the NFPC had rejected the remaining proposals from a half dozen companies and awarded the generating contract to Westinghouse with further transmission lines and transformer contracts awarded to General Electric . Work began in 1893 on the Niagara Falls generation project : 5,000 horsepower ( 3,700 kW ) was to be generated and transmitted as alternating current , at a frequency of 25 Hz to minimize impedance losses in transmission ( changed to 60 Hz in the 1950s ) . Some doubted that the system would generate enough electricity to power industry in Buffalo , New York . The inventor Nikola Tesla was sure it would work , saying that Niagara Falls could power the entire eastern United States . None of the previous polyphase alternating current transmission demonstration projects were on the scale of power available from Niagara : The German Lauffen - Neckar demonstration in 1891 had a capacity of 225 kW over 175 km Westinghouse successfully used AC in the commercial Ames Hydroelectric Generating Plant in 1891 at 75 kW ( Single phase ) The Chicago World 's Fair in 1893 exhibited a complete 11,000 kW polyphase generation and distribution system with multiple generators , installed by Westinghouse . Almirian Decker designed a three - phase 250 kW AC system at Mill Creek , California in 1893 Westinghouse also had to develop a system that could be converted to all the needed power standards including single phase and polyphase AC and DC for street cars and factory motors . Westinghouse 's initial customer for the hydroelectric generators at the Edward Dean Adams Station at Niagara in 1895 were the plants of the Pittsburgh Reduction Company which needed large quantities of cheap electricity for smelting aluminum . On November 16 , 1896 , electrical power transmitted to Buffalo began powering its street cars . The generators were built by Westinghouse Electric Corporation with generators that bore Tesla 's name . The scale of the project soon had General Electric contributing equally , building transmission equipment , plants , and generators . Electric power transmission ( edit ) The competing systems ( edit ) Edison 's DC distribution system consisted of generating plants feeding heavy distribution conductors , with customer loads ( lighting and motors ) tapped off them . The system operated at the same voltage level throughout ; for example , 100 volt lamps at the customer 's location were connected to a generator supplying 110 volts , to allow for some voltage drop in the wires between the generator and load . The voltage level was chosen for convenience in lamp manufacture ; high - resistance carbon filament lamps could be constructed to withstand 100 volts , and to provide lighting performance economically competitive with gas lighting . At the time it was felt that 100 volts was not likely to present a severe hazard of fatal electric shock . To save on the cost of copper conductors , a three - wire distribution system was used . The three wires were at + 110 volts , 0 volts and − 110 volts relative potential . 100 - volt lamps could be operated between either the + 110 or − 110 volt legs of the system and the 0 - volt `` neutral '' conductor , which carried only the unbalanced current between the + and − sources . The resulting three - wire system used less copper wire for a given quantity of electric power transmitted , while still maintaining ( relatively ) low voltages . Even with this innovation , the voltage drop due to the resistance of the system conductors was so high that generating plants had to be located within a mile ( 1 -- 2 km ) or so of the load . Higher voltages could not so easily be used with the DC system because there was no efficient low - cost technology to reduce a high transmission voltage to a low utilization voltage . Westinghouse early AC system 1887 ( U.S. Patent 373,035 ) . In the alternating current system , transformers were used between the ( relatively ) high voltage distribution system and the customer loads . Lamps and small motors could still be operated at some convenient low voltage , but the transformers allowed power to be transmitted at much higher voltages , say , ten times that of the loads . For a given quantity of power transmitted , the wire cross-sectional area was inversely proportional to the voltage used . Alternatively , the allowable length of a circuit , given a wire size and allowable voltage drop , increased approximately as the square of the distribution voltage . This meant that fewer , larger generating plants could serve the load in a given area . Large loads , such as industrial motors or converters for electric railway power , could be served by the same distribution network that fed lighting , by using a transformer with a suitable secondary voltage . Edison 's response to the limitations of direct current was to generate power close to where it was consumed ( today called distributed generation ) and install large conductors to handle the growing demand for electricity , but this solution proved to be costly ( especially for rural areas which could not afford to build a local station or to pay for large amounts of very thick copper wire ) , impractical ( including inefficient voltage conversion ) and unmanageable . Direct current could not easily be converted to higher or lower voltages . This meant that separate electrical lines had to be installed to supply power to appliances that used different voltages , for example , lighting and electric motors . This required more wires to lay and maintain , wasting money and introducing unnecessary hazards . Low - frequency ( 50 -- 60 Hz ) alternating currents can be more dangerous than similar levels of DC since the alternating fluctuations can cause the heart to lose coordination , inducing ventricular fibrillation , a deadly loss of heart rhythm that must be corrected immediately . Any practical distribution system will use voltage levels sufficient for a dangerous amount of current to flow , whether it uses alternating or direct current . As precautions against electrocution are similar for both AC and DC , the technical and economic advantages of AC power transmission outweighed this theoretical risk , and it was eventually adopted as the standard worldwide . Tesla 's US390721 patent for a `` Dynamo Electric Machine '' . Transmission loss ( edit ) The advantage of AC for distributing power over a distance is due to the ease of changing voltages using a transformer . Available power is the product of current × voltage at the load . For a given amount of power , a low voltage requires a higher current and a higher voltage requires a lower current . Since metal conducting wires have an almost fixed electrical resistance , some power will be wasted as heat in the wires . This power loss is given by Joule 's laws and is proportional to the square of the current . Thus , if the overall transmitted power is the same , and given the constraints of practical conductor sizes , high - current , low - voltage transmissions will suffer a much greater power loss than low - current , high - voltage ones . This holds whether DC or AC is used . Converting DC power from one voltage to another required a large spinning rotary converter or motor - generator set , which was difficult , expensive , inefficient , and required maintenance , whereas with AC the voltage can be changed with simple and efficient transformers that have no moving parts and require very little maintenance . This was the key to the success of the AC system . Modern transmission grids regularly use AC voltages up to 765,000 volts. Power electronic devices such as the mercury - arc valve and thyristor made high - voltage direct current transmission practical by improving the reliability and efficiency of conversion between alternating and direct current , but such technology only became possible on an industrial scale starting in the 1960s . Alternating - current transmission lines have losses that do not occur with direct current . Due to the skin effect , a conductor will have a higher resistance to alternating current than to direct current ; the effect is measurable and of practical significance for large conductors carrying thousands of amperes . The increased resistance due to the skin effect can be offset by changing the shape of conductors from a solid core to a braid of many small ( isolated ) wires . Total losses in systems using high - voltage transmission and transformers to reduce ( or increase ) the voltage are very much lower than DC transmission at working voltage . Remnant and existent DC systems ( edit ) Some cities continued to use DC well into the 20th century . For example , central Helsinki had a DC network until the late 1940s , and Stockholm lost its dwindling DC network as late as the 1970s . A mercury - arc valve rectifier station could convert AC to DC where networks were still used . Parts of Boston , Massachusetts along Beacon Street and Commonwealth Avenue still used 110 volts DC in the 1960s , causing the destruction of many small appliances ( typically hair dryers and phonographs ) used by Boston University students , who ignored warnings about the electricity supply . New York City 's electric utility company , Consolidated Edison , continued to supply direct current to customers who had adopted it early in the twentieth century , mainly for elevators . The New Yorker Hotel , constructed in 1929 , had a large direct - current power plant and did not convert fully to alternating - current service until well into the 1960s . This was the building in which AC pioneer Nikola Tesla spent his last years , and where he died in 1943 . New York City 's Broadway theaters continued to use DC services until 1975 , requiring the use of outmoded manual resistance dimmer boards operated by several stagehands . This practice ended when the musical A Chorus Line introduced computerized lighting control and thyristor ( SCR ) dimmers to Broadway , and New York theaters were finally converted to AC . In January 1998 , Consolidated Edison started to eliminate DC service . At that time there were 4,600 DC customers . By 2006 , there were only 60 customers using DC service , and on November 14 , 2007 , the last direct - current distribution by Con Edison was shut down . Customers still using DC were provided with on - site AC to DC rectifiers . Pacific Gas and Electric Company still provided DC power to some locations in San Francisco through at least 2012 , primarily for elevators , supplied by close to 200 rectifiers each providing power for 7 - 10 customers . The last DC commercial power distribution system in the United States was decommissioned in 2007 . The Central Electricity Generating Board in the UK continued to maintain a 200 volt DC generating station at Bankside Power Station on the River Thames in London as late as 1981 . It exclusively powered DC printing machinery in Fleet Street , then the heart of the UK 's newspaper industry . It was decommissioned later in 1981 when the newspaper industry moved into the developing docklands area further down the river ( using modern AC - powered equipment ) . The building was converted into an art gallery , the Tate Modern . Electric railways that use a third - rail system exclusively employ DC power between 110 and 1500 volts . Railways with overhead catenary lines use various power schemes including both high - voltage AC and low voltage DC . Low voltage in this context is 5 kV or below . High - voltage direct current ( HVDC ) systems are used for bulk transmission of energy from distant generating stations or for interconnection of separate alternating - current systems . These HVDC systems use electronic devices like mercury - arc valves , thyristors or IGBTs that were unavailable during the war of currents era . Power is still converted to and from alternating current at each side of the modern HVDC link . The advantages of HVDC over AC systems for bulk transmission include higher power ratings for a given line ( important since installing new lines and even upgrading old ones is extremely expensive ) and better control of power flows , especially in transient and emergency conditions that can often lead to blackouts . Many modern plants now use HVDC as an alternative to AC systems for long distance , high load transmission , especially in developing countries such as Russia , China , India and Brazil . One of the principal advantages is the ability to transfer power between two AC systems that are not in synchronized phase . ( See List of HVDC projects for more details . ) DC power distribution is still common when distances are small , and especially when energy storage or conversion uses batteries or fuel cells . These applications include : Electronics , including integrated circuits , high - power transmitters and computers Vehicle starting , lighting , and ignition systems Hybrid and all - electric vehicle propulsion with internal power - supply Telecommunication plant power ( wired and cellular mobile ) use a − 48 volt DC battery supply Electric Utility electrical substations continue to use a 125 volt DC `` Station Battery '' to operate control equipment Uninterruptible power supply ( UPS ) for computer systems Utility - scale battery systems `` Off - grid '' isolated power installations using wind or solar power In these applications , direct current may be used directly or converted to alternating current using power electronic devices . In the future , this may provide a way to supply energy to a grid from distributed sources . For example , hybrid vehicle owners may rent the capacity of their vehicle 's batteries for load - levelling purposes by the local electrical utility company . See also ( edit ) Energy portal Book : Thomas Edison History of electronic engineering Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering Topsy ( elephant ) -- in popular culture associated with the war of currents Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ broken during the Great Blizzard of 1888 a month before , Jump up ^ Brown claimed he made contact with Edison at this point or was brought to Edison by Edison Electric Light treasurer Francis S. Hastings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` AC Power History and Timeline '' . Edison Tech Center . ^ Jump up to : Klein ( 2010 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Arc Lamps - How They Work & History '' . Edison Tech Center . 2015 . Jump up ^ Dobson , John M. ( 1 January 2007 ) . `` Bulls , Bears , Boom , and Bust : A Historical Encyclopedia of American Business Concepts '' . ABC - CLIO . 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Technological Competitiveness : Contemporary and Historical Perspectives on Electrical , Electronics , and Computer Industries . Piscataway , New Jersey : IEEE Press . pp. 287 -- 311 . Jump up ^ Stross ( 2007 ) , pp. 171 -- 174 . ^ Jump up to : Essig ( 2009 ) , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Stross ( 2007 ) , pp. 171 - 173 . Jump up ^ Brandon ( 1999 ) , pp. 12 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Brandon ( 1999 ) , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Brandon ( 1999 ) , p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Southwick , Alfred Porter '' . American National Biography Online . Jump up ^ Brandon ( 1999 ) , pp. 54 & 57 -- 58 . Jump up ^ Jonnes ( 2003 ) , p. 420 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Terry S. ; Bernstein , Theodore ( March 1989 ) . `` Edison and `` The Chair '' '' ( PDF ) . Technology and Society . Vol. 8 no . 1 . Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . Jump up ^ `` Thomas Alva Edison '' . Scientific American . 87 ( 26 ) : 463 . December 27 , 1902 . Jump up ^ Stross ( 2007 ) , pp. 172 . ^ Jump up to : Jonnes ( 2003 ) , p. 143 . 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Edison to Enron : Energy Markets and Political Strategies . New York : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 47091 - 736 - 7 . Brandon , Craig ( 1999 ) . The Electric Chair : An Unnatural American History . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 58538 - 476 - 4 . Essig , Mark ( 2009 ) . Edison and the Electric Chair : A Story of Light and Death . New York : Bloomsbury Publishing USA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 80271 - 928 - 7 . Higonnet , Patrice L.R. ; Landes , David S. ; Rosovsky , Henry ( 1991 ) . Favorites of Fortune : Technology , Growth , and Economic Development Since the Industrial Revolution . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 67429 - 520 - 9 . Hughes , Thomas Parke ( 1993 ) . Networks of Power : Electrification in Western Society , 1880 -- 1930 . Baltimore , Maryland : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 80182 - 873 - 7 . Jonnes , Jill ( 2003 ) . Empires of Light : Edison , Tesla , Westinghouse , and the Race to Electrify the World . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 37550 - 739 - 7 . Klein , Maury ( 2010 ) . The Power Makers : Steam , Electricity , and the Men Who Invented Modern America . New York : Bloomsbury Publishing USA . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59691 - 834 - 4 . McNichol , Tom ( 2006 ) . AC / DC : The Savage Tale of the First Standards War . New York : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7879 - 8267 - 6 . Moran , Richard ( 2007 ) . Executioner 's Current : Thomas Edison , George Westinghouse , and the Invention of the Electric Chair . New York : Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 37572 - 446 - 6 . Rockman , Howard B. ( 2004 ) . Intellectual Property Law for Engineers and Scientists . Wiley - IEEE Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 44998 - 0 . Skrabec , Quentin R. ( 2007 ) . George Westinghouse : Gentle Genius . New York : Algora Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87586 - 404 - 4 . Skrabec , Quentin R. ( 2012 ) . The 100 Most Significant Events in American Business : An Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 31339 - 863 - 6 . Stross , Randall E. ( 2007 ) . The Wizard of Menlo Park : How Thomas Alva Edison Invented the Modern World . New York : Crown Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 40004 - 762 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) Berton , Pierre ( 1997 ) . Niagara : A History of the Falls . New York : Kodansha International . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56836 - 154 - 3 . Bordeau , Sanford P. ( 1982 ) . Volts to Hertz -- the rise of electricity : from the compass to the radio through the works of sixteen great men of science whose names are used in measuring electricity and magnetism . Minneapolis , Minnesota : Burgess Pub. Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 80874 - 908 - 0 . Edquist , Charles ; Hommen , Leif ; Tsipouri , Lena J. ( 2000 ) . Public technology procurement and innovation . Economics of science , technology , and innovation . 16 . Boston : Kluwer Academic . ISBN 978 - 0 - 79238 - 685 - 8 . `` A new system of alternating current motors and transformers '' . The Electrical Engineer . London , UK : Biggs & Co. : 568 -- 572 May 18 , 1888 . `` Practical electrical problems at Chicago '' . The Electrical Engineer . London , UK : Biggs & Co. : 458 -- 459 , 484 -- 485 & 489 -- 490 May 12 , 1893 . Foster , Abram John ( 1979 ) . The Coming of the Electrical Age to the United States . New York : Arno Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 40511 - 983 - 5 . External links ( edit ) `` Thomas Edison Hates Cats '' . Pinky Show . January 17 , 2007 . ( AC vs DC an online video mini-history ) . `` War of the Currents '' . PBS . Chang , Maria . `` War of the Currents '' . University of California at Berkeley . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . 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3963000554091159658	Don Novello	Don Novello - wikipedia Don Novello Jump to : navigation , search Don Novello Donald Andrew Novello ( 1943 - 01 - 01 ) January 1 , 1943 ( age 74 ) Ashtabula , Ohio , U.S. Occupation Writer , film director , producer , actor , singer , comedian Years active 1963 -- present Donald Andrew `` Don '' Novello ( born January 1 , 1943 ) is an American writer , film director , producer , actor , singer and comedian . He is best known for his work on NBC 's Saturday Night Live from 1977 until 1980 , and again in 1985 -- 86 , often as the character Father Guido Sarducci . He appeared as Sarducci in the video of Rodney Dangerfield 's `` Rappin ' Rodney '' , and on many subsequent television shows , including Married ... with Children , Blossom , It 's Garry Shandling 's Show , Unhappily Ever After , Square Pegs and The Colbert Report . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Writing credits 5 Selected acting credits 6 Bibliography 7 Albums 8 References 9 External links Early Life ( edit ) Novello was born in Ashtabula , Ohio , the son of Eleanor Eileen ( Finnerty ) , a nurse , and Augustine Joseph Novello , a physician . He is of Italian and Irish descent . In 1961 , he graduated from Lorain High School in Lorain , Ohio . He graduated from the University of Dayton . In 1965 , he graduated from the Thunderbird School of Global Management in Glendale , Arizona . Career ( edit ) In the late 1960s , Novello worked as an advertising copywriter for Leo Burnett in Chicago . Novello created the Father Guido Sarducci character in 1973 after finding a monsignor 's outfit for $7.50 at a St. Vincent de Paul thrift shop . Adding sunglasses , a broom mustache , cigarette and a thick Italian accent , Sarducci became popular in a San Francisco nightclub . Sarducci appeared on San Francisco Channel 20 's Chicken Little Comedy Show , and comic David Steinberg was watching . Steinberg hired Novello as a writer for a TV show that never aired , but he also introduced Novello to Tommy and Dick Smothers , and they hired Novello , too . Novello performed on The Smothers Brothers Show in 1975 , appearing as Sarducci . In the 1970s , Novello started to write letters to famous people under the pen name of Lazlo Toth ( after Laszlo Toth , a deranged man who vandalized Michelangelo 's Pietà in Rome ) . The letters , written to suggest a serious but misinformed and obtuse correspondent , were designed to tweak the noses of politicians and corporations . Many of them received serious responses ; Novello sometimes continued the charade correspondence at length , with humorous results . The letters and responses were published in the books The Lazlo Letters , Citizen Lazlo ! , and From Bush to Bush : The Lazlo Toth Letters . The Lazlo Letters , Novello 's first book of stilted letters to celebrities , caught the attention of Lorne Michaels , producer of Saturday Night Live . Novello was hired as a writer for the show 's third season in 1977 - 1978 where he remained through the fifth season , and returned as a writer in the eleventh season . He also appeared numerous times on the show in the Father Guido Sarducci character . In 1980 , under the name of Father Guido Sarducci , he sang lead vocals on the Warner Bros. Records release , `` I Wo n't Be Twisting This Christmas '' / `` Parco MacArthur '' ( WBS49627 ) . Novello co-wrote the first tune with M. Davich , and the second tune is an Italian language cover of `` MacArthur Park '' , the Jimmy Webb song , in an arrangement similar to that recorded by Richard Harris . Novello made newspapers around the world when he visited the Vatican in 1981 wearing the Father Guido Sarducci costume and , while taking photographs for a magazine article in an area where photography was prohibited , was arrested by the Swiss Guards along with his photographer ( Paul Solomon ) , and eventually charged with `` impersonating a priest '' . The charges were later dropped , and Solomon managed to protect the film from confiscation . In his stage show in Las Vegas and Reno with the Smothers Brothers , Father Guido Sarducci rolled a wheelchair with a dummy in the robes of a cardinal . In the act , Sarducci explained he was the assistant of 108 - year - old `` Cardinal Dario Fungi . '' For a brief period in 1982 , Novello was a producer on SCTV , a Toronto - based comedy show starring Martin Short , Joe Flaherty , John Candy , Eugene Levy , Dave Thomas , Rick Moranis , Andrea Martin and Catherine O'Hara . He was installed by NBC as one of a series of producers for the show 's fourth season , and produced a total of 9 episodes . In 1984 Novello wrote The Blade , a high school yearbook parody in which the students are represented by sheep . Novello co-wrote the unfilmed script for Noble Rot , with John Belushi . He also narrated Faerie Tale Theatre 's third - season episode Pinocchio with Paul Reubens as the titular puppet . Also in 1984 , Novello appeared in the music video for the Jefferson Starship song `` No Way Out '' . In 1989 , Novello co-starred in the anthology film New York Stories in the Francis Ford Coppola - directed segment , Life Without Zoe . In his 2 1 / 2 star review of the movie , Roger Ebert cited Novello for giving `` the most engaging performance in the movie . '' In 1990 , Novello portrayed `` Dominic Abbandando '' in the film The Godfather Part III . Abbandando appears with speaking lines in the first scene as public relations and media coordinator for Don Michael Corleone . Most notable is when he slaps down a news reporter with the challenge : `` You think you know better than the Pope ? '' Novello appears in many other scenes as well , shadowing George Hamilton , and in the climactic scene on the steps of the Palermo opera house , Teatro Massimo . In 2001 , he lent his voice to the character Vincenzo `` Vinny '' Santorini in the Disney animated film Atlantis : The Lost Empire , and subsequently in the direct - to - video sequel Atlantis : Milo 's Return . In 2003 , he filed papers to enter the 2003 California recall election , but failed to collect enough valid signatures to qualify for the ballot . In 2005 , after the death of Pope John Paul II , Novello , as Father Guido Sarducci , reprised his former SNL role as `` Special Vatican Reporter '' for Air America Radio host ( and fellow Saturday Night Live alumnus ) Al Franken . He continued this role until the election of Pope Benedict XVI . In 2006 , he portrayed the role of Galileo on the podcast `` The Radio Adventures of Dr. Floyd '' . He portrayed Pope Pius XII in the 2009 short film All in the Bunker . On June 23 , 2010 , he appeared on The Colbert Report as Father Guido Sarducci . On October 30 , 2010 , he gave the benediction at the Rally to Restore Sanity and / or Fear hosted by Jon Stewart and Stephen Colbert . American recording artist Guthrie Thomas credited Don Novello as `` the best performer in the room '' when Novello appeared as Father Guido Sarducci on one of Thomas ' albums in a recording studio full of famous performers . Personal Life ( edit ) Novello resides in San Anselmo , California . He has one brother , Joseph `` Joe '' Novello . His former sister - in - law Dr. Antonia Novello M.D. was Surgeon General of the United States from 1990 to 1993 . Writing credits ( edit ) The Smothers Brothers Show ( 1975 ) ( TV ) Van Dyke and Company ( 1976 ) ( TV ) Saturday Night Live ( 1978 - 1986 ) ( TV ) Things We Did Last Summer ( 1978 ) ( TV ) Gilda Live ( with Gilda Radner , Anne Beatts , Lorne Michaels , Michael O'Donoghue , Rosie Shuster , Marilyn Suzanne Miller , Paul Shaffer and Alan Zweibel ) ( 1980 ) SCTV ( 1982 ) ( TV ) Noble Rot ( with John Belushi ) ( 1982 ) ( unproduced ) Blondes vs. Brunettes ( with Lisa Medway ) ( 1984 ) ( TV ) Father Guido Sarducci Goes To College ( 1985 ) ( VHS ) Our Planet Tonight ( 1987 ) ( TV ) Selected acting credits ( edit ) Saturday Night Live ( 1978 - 1980 ) ( TV ) - Father Guido Sarducci Gilda Live ( 1980 ) - Father Guido Sarducci Square Pegs ( 1982 ) ( TV ) - Father Guido Sarducci Mr. Mike 's Mondo Video ( 1979 ) - Men in Film Room ( voice , uncredited ) Become an Artist ( 1982 ) - Father Guido Sarducci Head Office ( 1985 ) - Sal Father Guido Sarducci Goes to College ( 1985 ) - Father Guido Sarducci It 's Garry Shandling 's Show ( 1986 ) ( TV ) - Father Guido Sarducci Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) - Stan New York Stories ( 1989 ) - Hector ( segment `` Life without Zoe '' ) The Spirit of ' 76 ( 1990 ) - Translator The Godfather Part III ( 1990 ) - Dominic Abbandando Teenage Bonnie and Klepto Clyde ( 1993 ) - Sanchez Blossom ( 1993 ) - Father Guido Sarducci One Night Stand ( 1995 ) - Warren Miller Casper ( 1995 ) - Father Guido Sarducci Married ... with Children ( 1995 ) ( TV ) - Father Guido Sarducci Jack ( 1996 ) - Bartender Touch ( 1997 ) - Father Navaroli Just the Ticket ( 1999 ) - Tony The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle ( 2000 ) - Fruit Vendor Twins Just One Night ( 2000 ) - Italian Drifter Nothing Sacred ( 2000 ) - Caterer Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) - Vincenzo ' Vinny ' Santorini ( voice ) Atlantis : Milo 's Return ( 2003 ) - Vincenzo ' Vinny ' Santorini ( voice ) Factory Girl ( 2006 ) - Mort Silvers The Colbert Report ( 2010 ) ( TV ) - Father Guido Sarducci Twixt ( 2011 ) - Melvin Palo Alto ( 2013 ) - Mr. Wilson Bibliography ( edit ) The Lazlo Letters ( 1977 ) The Blade : Shellville High School Yearbook ( 1984 ) Citizen Lazlo ! : The Lazlo Letters Vol. 2 ( 1992 ) From Bush to Bush : The Lazlo Toth Letters ( 2003 ) Albums ( edit ) Father Guido Sarducci Live at St. Douglas Convent ( 1980 ) Breakfast in Heaven ( 1986 ) Everybody 's Free to Wear Camouflage ( 2000 ) ( CD Single ) written by ; Cat McLean , Don Novello and Narada Michael Walden , which was a top 20 hit in the UK . One Hundred Bulbs on the Christmas Tree Party ( 2006 ) Appeared on the compilations `` Holidays in Dementia '' ( 1995 ) and `` A Classic Rock Christmas '' ( 2002 ) . He made guest appearances on the Handsome Boy Modeling School albums So ... How 's Your Girl ? ( 1999 ) and White People ( 2004 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lebzelter , Robert ( September 15 , 2007 ) . `` What You Need to Know about Your Home State '' . Star Beacon . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ http://birth-records.mooseroots.com/l/6598422/Donald-Andrew-Novello Jump up ^ http://www.gluvna.net/Gobitdetail.asp?letter=N&RecNo=1359 Jump up ^ `` Don Novello Biography ( 1943 - ) '' . Filmreference.com . January 1 , 1943 . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV priest joins movie Mafia '' . Ellensburg Daily Record . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Live from New York : an uncensored ... - Google Books . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Don Novello Tries To Save His Sheep / One - shot musical detailed in TV special '' . Sfgate.com . September 2 , 1997 . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ISBN 1 - 56305 - 285 - 7 Jump up ^ ISBN 1 - 56305 - 182 - 6 Jump up ^ ISBN 0 - 7432 - 5108 - 3 Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ Liberatore , Paul ( November 30 , 2006 ) . `` Paul Liberatore : Holiday songs ? Bah humbug ! - Marin Independent Journal '' . Marinij.com . Retrieved November 3 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Don Novello on IMDb VIAF : 11248432 LCCN : n84105854 MusicBrainz : 66358bbf - 43b0 - 422b - 8e53 - e067e386125f Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_Novello&oldid=799967796 '' Categories : 1943 births American male comedians American male film actors American male television actors American television writers Male television writers American people of Irish descent American people of Italian descent Living people People from Ashtabula , Ohio People from San Anselmo , California Thunderbird School of Global Management alumni American sketch comedians Male actors of Italian descent Comedians from California Comedians from Ohio Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2013 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano 日本語 Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 22 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played father guido sarducci on saturday night live	[ "Donald Andrew \"Don\" Novello (born January 1, 1943) is an American writer, film director, producer, actor, singer and comedian. He is best known for his work on NBC's Saturday Night Live from 1977 until 1980, and again in 1985–86, often as the character Father Guido Sarducci. He appeared as Sarducci in the video of Rodney Dangerfield's \"Rappin' Rodney\", and on many subsequent television shows, including Married... with Children, Blossom, It's Garry Shandling's Show, Unhappily Ever After, Square Pegs and The Colbert Report." ]	[ "Donald Andrew \"Don\" Novello" ]

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